[feature] support processing of (many) more media types (#3090)

* initial work replacing our media decoding / encoding pipeline with ffprobe + ffmpeg

* specify the video codec to use when generating static image from emoji

* update go-storage library (fixes incompatibility after updating go-iotools)

* maintain image aspect ratio when generating a thumbnail for it

* update readme to show go-ffmpreg

* fix a bunch of media tests, move filesize checking to callers of media manager for more flexibility

* remove extra debug from error message

* fix up incorrect function signatures

* update PutFile to just use regular file copy, as changes are file is on separate partition

* fix remaining tests, remove some unneeded tests now we're working with ffmpeg/ffprobe

* update more tests, add more code comments

* add utilities to generate processed emoji / media outputs

* fix remaining tests

* add test for opus media file, add license header to utility cmds

* limit the number of concurrently available ffmpeg / ffprobe instances

* reduce number of instances

* further reduce number of instances

* fix envparsing test with configuration variables

* update docs and configuration with new media-{local,remote}-max-size variables

11 files changed, 1319 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/LICENSE b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f288702d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
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+
+  If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
+versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's
+public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
+to choose that version for the Program.
+
+  Later license versions may give you additional or different
+permissions.  However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
+author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
+later version.
+
+  15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
+
+  THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
+APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
+HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
+OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
+IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
+ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
+
+  16. Limitation of Liability.
+
+  IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
+WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
+THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
+GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
+USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
+DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
+PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
+EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+
+  If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
+above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
+reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
+an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
+Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
+copy of the Program in return for a fee.
+
+                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+            How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
+possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
+free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
+to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
+state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
+the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
+    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+  If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
+notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+    <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
+    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
+
+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
+parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your program's commands
+might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
+
+  You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
+if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
+For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+  The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
+into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you
+may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
+the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
+Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html>.
diff --git a/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/embed/ffmpeg/ffmpeg.wasm b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/embed/ffmpeg/ffmpeg.wasm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..36626ca05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/embed/ffmpeg/ffmpeg.wasm
diff --git a/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/embed/ffmpeg/lib.go b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/embed/ffmpeg/lib.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c1400114
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/embed/ffmpeg/lib.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package ffmpeg
+
+import (
+	_ "embed"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/api"
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/experimental"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	// Check for WASM source file path.
+	path := os.Getenv("FFMPEG_WASM")
+	if path == "" {
+		return
+	}
+
+	var err error
+
+	// Read file into memory.
+	B, err = os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+}
+
+// CoreFeatures is the WebAssembly Core specification
+// features this embedded binary was compiled with.
+const CoreFeatures = api.CoreFeatureSIMD |
+	api.CoreFeatureBulkMemoryOperations |
+	api.CoreFeatureNonTrappingFloatToIntConversion |
+	api.CoreFeatureMutableGlobal |
+	api.CoreFeatureReferenceTypes |
+	api.CoreFeatureSignExtensionOps |
+	experimental.CoreFeaturesThreads
+
+//go:embed ffmpeg.wasm
+var B []byte
diff --git a/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/embed/ffprobe/ffprobe.wasm b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/embed/ffprobe/ffprobe.wasm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ebef6767a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/embed/ffprobe/ffprobe.wasm
diff --git a/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/embed/ffprobe/lib.go b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/embed/ffprobe/lib.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2ffb3c54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/embed/ffprobe/lib.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package ffprobe
+
+import (
+	_ "embed"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/api"
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/experimental"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	// Check for WASM source file path.
+	path := os.Getenv("FFPROBE_WASM")
+	if path == "" {
+		return
+	}
+
+	var err error
+
+	// Read file into memory.
+	B, err = os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+}
+
+// CoreFeatures is the WebAssembly Core specification
+// features this embedded binary was compiled with.
+const CoreFeatures = api.CoreFeatureSIMD |
+	api.CoreFeatureBulkMemoryOperations |
+	api.CoreFeatureNonTrappingFloatToIntConversion |
+	api.CoreFeatureMutableGlobal |
+	api.CoreFeatureReferenceTypes |
+	api.CoreFeatureSignExtensionOps |
+	experimental.CoreFeaturesThreads
+
+//go:embed ffprobe.wasm
+var B []byte
diff --git a/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/ffmpeg/ffmpeg.go b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/ffmpeg/ffmpeg.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5f4b2b9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/ffmpeg/ffmpeg.go
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+package ffmpeg
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/embed/ffmpeg"
+	"codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/internal"
+	"codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/util"
+	"codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/wasm"
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero"
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/api"
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/imports/wasi_snapshot_preview1"
+)
+
+// pool of WASM module instances.
+var pool = wasm.InstancePool{
+	Instantiator: wasm.Instantiator{
+
+		// WASM module name.
+		Module: "ffmpeg",
+
+		// Per-instance WebAssembly runtime (with shared cache).
+		Runtime: func(ctx context.Context) wazero.Runtime {
+
+			// Prepare config with cache.
+			cfg := wazero.NewRuntimeConfig()
+			cfg = cfg.WithCoreFeatures(ffmpeg.CoreFeatures)
+			cfg = cfg.WithCompilationCache(internal.Cache)
+
+			// Instantiate runtime with our config.
+			rt := wazero.NewRuntimeWithConfig(ctx, cfg)
+
+			// Prepare default "env" host module.
+			env := rt.NewHostModuleBuilder("env")
+			env = env.NewFunctionBuilder().
+				WithGoModuleFunction(
+					api.GoModuleFunc(util.Wasm_Tempnam),
+					[]api.ValueType{api.ValueTypeI32, api.ValueTypeI32},
+					[]api.ValueType{api.ValueTypeI32},
+				).
+				Export("tempnam")
+
+			// Instantiate "env" module in our runtime.
+			_, err := env.Instantiate(context.Background())
+			if err != nil {
+				panic(err)
+			}
+
+			// Instantiate the wasi snapshot preview 1 in runtime.
+			_, err = wasi_snapshot_preview1.Instantiate(ctx, rt)
+			if err != nil {
+				panic(err)
+			}
+
+			return rt
+		},
+
+		// Per-run module configuration.
+		Config: wazero.NewModuleConfig,
+
+		// Embedded WASM.
+		Source: ffmpeg.B,
+	},
+}
+
+// Precompile ensures at least compiled ffmpeg
+// instance is available in the global pool.
+func Precompile(ctx context.Context) error {
+	inst, err := pool.Get(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	pool.Put(inst)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Get fetches new ffmpeg instance from pool, prefering cached if available.
+func Get(ctx context.Context) (*wasm.Instance, error) { return pool.Get(ctx) }
+
+// Put places the given ffmpeg instance in pool.
+func Put(inst *wasm.Instance) { pool.Put(inst) }
+
+// Run will run the given args against an ffmpeg instance from pool.
+func Run(ctx context.Context, args wasm.Args) (uint32, error) {
+	inst, err := pool.Get(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	rc, err := inst.Run(ctx, args)
+	pool.Put(inst)
+	return rc, err
+}
+
+// Cached returns a cached instance (if any) from pool.
+func Cached() *wasm.Instance { return pool.Cached() }
+
+// Free drops all instances
+// cached in instance pool.
+func Free() {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	for {
+		inst := pool.Cached()
+		if inst == nil {
+			return
+		}
+		_ = inst.Close(ctx)
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/ffprobe/ffprobe.go b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/ffprobe/ffprobe.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e8178e97a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/ffprobe/ffprobe.go
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+package ffprobe
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/embed/ffprobe"
+	"codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/internal"
+	"codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/util"
+	"codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/wasm"
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero"
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/api"
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/imports/wasi_snapshot_preview1"
+)
+
+// pool of WASM module instances.
+var pool = wasm.InstancePool{
+	Instantiator: wasm.Instantiator{
+
+		// WASM module name.
+		Module: "ffprobe",
+
+		// Per-instance WebAssembly runtime (with shared cache).
+		Runtime: func(ctx context.Context) wazero.Runtime {
+
+			// Prepare config with cache.
+			cfg := wazero.NewRuntimeConfig()
+			cfg = cfg.WithCoreFeatures(ffprobe.CoreFeatures)
+			cfg = cfg.WithCompilationCache(internal.Cache)
+
+			// Instantiate runtime with our config.
+			rt := wazero.NewRuntimeWithConfig(ctx, cfg)
+
+			// Prepare default "env" host module.
+			env := rt.NewHostModuleBuilder("env")
+			env = env.NewFunctionBuilder().
+				WithGoModuleFunction(
+					api.GoModuleFunc(util.Wasm_Tempnam),
+					[]api.ValueType{api.ValueTypeI32, api.ValueTypeI32},
+					[]api.ValueType{api.ValueTypeI32},
+				).
+				Export("tempnam")
+
+			// Instantiate "env" module in our runtime.
+			_, err := env.Instantiate(context.Background())
+			if err != nil {
+				panic(err)
+			}
+
+			// Instantiate the wasi snapshot preview 1 in runtime.
+			_, err = wasi_snapshot_preview1.Instantiate(ctx, rt)
+			if err != nil {
+				panic(err)
+			}
+
+			return rt
+		},
+
+		// Per-run module configuration.
+		Config: wazero.NewModuleConfig,
+
+		// Embedded WASM.
+		Source: ffprobe.B,
+	},
+}
+
+// Precompile ensures at least compiled ffprobe
+// instance is available in the global pool.
+func Precompile(ctx context.Context) error {
+	inst, err := pool.Get(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	pool.Put(inst)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Get fetches new ffprobe instance from pool, prefering cached if available.
+func Get(ctx context.Context) (*wasm.Instance, error) { return pool.Get(ctx) }
+
+// Put places the given ffprobe instance in pool.
+func Put(inst *wasm.Instance) { pool.Put(inst) }
+
+// Run will run the given args against an ffprobe instance from pool.
+func Run(ctx context.Context, args wasm.Args) (uint32, error) {
+	inst, err := pool.Get(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	rc, err := inst.Run(ctx, args)
+	pool.Put(inst)
+	return rc, err
+}
+
+// Cached returns a cached instance (if any) from pool.
+func Cached() *wasm.Instance { return pool.Cached() }
+
+// Free drops all instances
+// cached in instance pool.
+func Free() {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	for {
+		inst := pool.Cached()
+		if inst == nil {
+			return
+		}
+		_ = inst.Close(ctx)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/internal/wasm.go b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/internal/wasm.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94fdfbdde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/internal/wasm.go
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	var err error
+
+	if dir := os.Getenv("WAZERO_COMPILATION_CACHE"); dir != "" {
+		// Use on-filesystem compilation cache given by env.
+		Cache, err = wazero.NewCompilationCacheWithDir(dir)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		// Use in-memory compilation cache.
+		Cache = wazero.NewCompilationCache()
+	}
+}
+
+// Shared WASM compilation cache.
+var Cache wazero.CompilationCache
diff --git a/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/util/funcs.go b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/util/funcs.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4b584cf41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/util/funcs.go
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package util
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+	"strconv"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/api"
+)
+
+// Wasm_Tempnam wraps Go_Tempnam to fulfill wazero's api.GoModuleFunc,
+// the argument definition is (i32, i32) and return definition is (i32).
+// NOTE: the calling module MUST have access to exported malloc / free.
+func Wasm_Tempnam(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, stack []uint64) {
+	dirptr := api.DecodeU32(stack[0])
+	pfxptr := api.DecodeU32(stack[1])
+	dir := readString(ctx, mod, dirptr, 0)
+	pfx := readString(ctx, mod, pfxptr, 0)
+	tmpstr := Go_Tempnam(dir, pfx)
+	tmpptr := writeString(ctx, mod, tmpstr)
+	stack[0] = api.EncodeU32(tmpptr)
+}
+
+// Go_Tempname is functionally similar to C's tempnam.
+func Go_Tempnam(dir, prefix string) string {
+	now := time.Now().Unix()
+	prefix = path.Join(dir, prefix)
+	for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
+		n := murmur2(uint32(now + int64(i)))
+		name := prefix + strconv.FormatUint(uint64(n), 10)
+		_, err := os.Stat(name)
+		if err == nil {
+			continue
+		} else if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return name
+		} else {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+	}
+	panic("too many attempts")
+}
+
+// murmur2 is a simple uint32 murmur2 hash
+// impl with fixed seed and input size.
+func murmur2(k uint32) (h uint32) {
+	const (
+		//  seed ^ bitlen
+		s = uint32(2147483647) ^ 8
+
+		M = 0x5bd1e995
+		R = 24
+	)
+	h = s
+	k *= M
+	k ^= k >> R
+	k *= M
+	h *= M
+	h ^= k
+	h ^= h >> 13
+	h *= M
+	h ^= h >> 15
+	return
+}
diff --git a/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/util/wasm.go b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/util/wasm.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fce41d0a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/util/wasm.go
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+package util
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/api"
+)
+
+// NOTE:
+// the below functions are not very well optimized
+// for repeated calls. this is relying on the fact
+// that the only place they get used (tempnam), is
+// not called very often, should only be once per run
+// so calls to ExportedFunction() and Call() instead
+// of caching api.Function and using CallWithStack()
+// will work out the same (if only called once).
+
+// maxaddr is the maximum
+// wasm32 memory address.
+const maxaddr = ^uint32(0)
+
+func malloc(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, sz uint32) uint32 {
+	stack, err := mod.ExportedFunction("malloc").Call(ctx, uint64(sz))
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	ptr := api.DecodeU32(stack[0])
+	if ptr == 0 {
+		panic("out of memory")
+	}
+	return ptr
+}
+
+func free(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, ptr uint32) {
+	if ptr != 0 {
+		mod.ExportedFunction("free").Call(ctx, uint64(ptr))
+	}
+}
+
+func view(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, ptr uint32, n uint32) []byte {
+	if n == 0 {
+		n = maxaddr - ptr
+	}
+	mem := mod.Memory()
+	b, ok := mem.Read(ptr, n)
+	if !ok {
+		panic("out of range")
+	}
+	return b
+}
+
+func read(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, ptr, n uint32) []byte {
+	return bytes.Clone(view(ctx, mod, ptr, n))
+}
+
+func readString(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, ptr, n uint32) string {
+	return string(view(ctx, mod, ptr, n))
+}
+
+func write(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, b []byte) uint32 {
+	mem := mod.Memory()
+	len := uint32(len(b))
+	ptr := malloc(ctx, mod, len)
+	ok := mem.Write(ptr, b)
+	if !ok {
+		panic("out of range")
+	}
+	return ptr
+}
+
+func writeString(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module, str string) uint32 {
+	mem := mod.Memory()
+	len := uint32(len(str) + 1)
+	ptr := malloc(ctx, mod, len)
+	ok := mem.WriteString(ptr, str)
+	if !ok {
+		panic("out of range")
+	}
+	return ptr
+}
diff --git a/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/wasm/instance.go b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/wasm/instance.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21a080ce9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/codeberg.org/gruf/go-ffmpreg/wasm/instance.go
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+package wasm
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero"
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/sys"
+)
+
+type Args struct {
+	// Standard FDs.
+	Stdin  io.Reader
+	Stdout io.Writer
+	Stderr io.Writer
+
+	// CLI args.
+	Args []string
+
+	// Optional further module configuration function.
+	// (e.g. to mount filesystem dir, set env vars, etc).
+	Config func(wazero.ModuleConfig) wazero.ModuleConfig
+}
+
+type Instantiator struct {
+	// Module ...
+	Module string
+
+	// Runtime ...
+	Runtime func(context.Context) wazero.Runtime
+
+	// Config ...
+	Config func() wazero.ModuleConfig
+
+	// Source ...
+	Source []byte
+}
+
+func (inst *Instantiator) New(ctx context.Context) (*Instance, error) {
+	switch {
+	case inst.Module == "":
+		panic("missing module name")
+	case inst.Runtime == nil:
+		panic("missing runtime instantiator")
+	case inst.Config == nil:
+		panic("missing module configuration")
+	case len(inst.Source) == 0:
+		panic("missing module source")
+	}
+
+	// Create new host runtime.
+	rt := inst.Runtime(ctx)
+
+	// Compile guest module from WebAssembly source.
+	mod, err := rt.CompileModule(ctx, inst.Source)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &Instance{
+		inst: inst,
+		wzrt: rt,
+		cmod: mod,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+type InstancePool struct {
+	Instantiator
+
+	pool []*Instance
+	lock sync.Mutex
+}
+
+func (p *InstancePool) Get(ctx context.Context) (*Instance, error) {
+	for {
+		// Check for cached.
+		inst := p.Cached()
+		if inst == nil {
+			break
+		}
+
+		// Check if closed.
+		if inst.IsClosed() {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		return inst, nil
+	}
+
+	// Must create new instance.
+	return p.Instantiator.New(ctx)
+}
+
+func (p *InstancePool) Put(inst *Instance) {
+	if inst.inst != &p.Instantiator {
+		panic("instance and pool instantiators do not match")
+	}
+	p.lock.Lock()
+	p.pool = append(p.pool, inst)
+	p.lock.Unlock()
+}
+
+func (p *InstancePool) Cached() *Instance {
+	var inst *Instance
+	p.lock.Lock()
+	if len(p.pool) > 0 {
+		inst = p.pool[len(p.pool)-1]
+		p.pool = p.pool[:len(p.pool)-1]
+	}
+	p.lock.Unlock()
+	return inst
+}
+
+// Instance ...
+//
+// NOTE: Instance is NOT concurrency
+// safe. One at a time please!!
+type Instance struct {
+	inst *Instantiator
+	wzrt wazero.Runtime
+	cmod wazero.CompiledModule
+}
+
+func (inst *Instance) Run(ctx context.Context, args Args) (uint32, error) {
+	if inst.inst == nil {
+		panic("not initialized")
+	}
+
+	// Check instance open.
+	if inst.IsClosed() {
+		return 0, errors.New("instance closed")
+	}
+
+	// Prefix binary name as argv0 to args.
+	cargs := make([]string, len(args.Args)+1)
+	copy(cargs[1:], args.Args)
+	cargs[0] = inst.inst.Module
+
+	// Create base module config.
+	modcfg := inst.inst.Config()
+	modcfg = modcfg.WithName(inst.inst.Module)
+	modcfg = modcfg.WithArgs(cargs...)
+	modcfg = modcfg.WithStdin(args.Stdin)
+	modcfg = modcfg.WithStdout(args.Stdout)
+	modcfg = modcfg.WithStderr(args.Stderr)
+
+	if args.Config != nil {
+		// Pass through config fn.
+		modcfg = args.Config(modcfg)
+	}
+
+	// Instantiate the module from precompiled wasm module data.
+	mod, err := inst.wzrt.InstantiateModule(ctx, inst.cmod, modcfg)
+
+	if mod != nil {
+		// Close module.
+		mod.Close(ctx)
+	}
+
+	// Check for a returned exit code error.
+	if err, ok := err.(*sys.ExitError); ok {
+		return err.ExitCode(), nil
+	}
+
+	return 0, err
+}
+
+func (inst *Instance) IsClosed() bool {
+	return (inst.wzrt == nil || inst.cmod == nil)
+}
+
+func (inst *Instance) Close(ctx context.Context) error {
+	if inst.IsClosed() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	err1 := inst.cmod.Close(ctx)
+	err2 := inst.wzrt.Close(ctx)
+	return errors.Join(err1, err2)
+}