1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
|
SPECIFYING REVISIONS
--------------------
A revision parameter typically, but not necessarily, names a
commit object. They use what is called an 'extended SHA1'
syntax. Here are various ways to spell object names. The
ones listed near the end of this list are to name trees and
blobs contained in a commit.
* The full SHA1 object name (40-byte hexadecimal string), or
a substring of such that is unique within the repository.
E.g. dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735 and dae86e both
name the same commit object if there are no other object in
your repository whose object name starts with dae86e.
* An output from 'git describe'; i.e. a closest tag, optionally
followed by a dash and a number of commits, followed by a dash, a
`g`, and an abbreviated object name.
* A symbolic ref name. E.g. 'master' typically means the commit
object referenced by refs/heads/master. If you
happen to have both heads/master and tags/master, you can
explicitly say 'heads/master' to tell git which one you mean.
When ambiguous, a `<name>` is disambiguated by taking the
first match in the following rules:
. if `$GIT_DIR/<name>` exists, that is what you mean (this is usually
useful only for `HEAD`, `FETCH_HEAD`, `ORIG_HEAD`, `MERGE_HEAD`
and `CHERRY_PICK_HEAD`);
. otherwise, `refs/<name>` if exists;
. otherwise, `refs/tags/<name>` if exists;
. otherwise, `refs/heads/<name>` if exists;
. otherwise, `refs/remotes/<name>` if exists;
. otherwise, `refs/remotes/<name>/HEAD` if exists.
+
HEAD names the commit your changes in the working tree is based on.
FETCH_HEAD records the branch you fetched from a remote repository
with your last 'git fetch' invocation.
ORIG_HEAD is created by commands that moves your HEAD in a drastic
way, to record the position of the HEAD before their operation, so that
you can change the tip of the branch back to the state before you ran
them easily.
MERGE_HEAD records the commit(s) you are merging into your branch
when you run 'git merge'.
CHERRY_PICK_HEAD records the commit you are cherry-picking
when you run 'git cherry-pick'.
+
Note that any of the `refs/*` cases above may come either from
the `$GIT_DIR/refs` directory or from the `$GIT_DIR/packed-refs` file.
* A ref followed by the suffix '@' with a date specification
enclosed in a brace
pair (e.g. '\{yesterday\}', '\{1 month 2 weeks 3 days 1 hour 1
second ago\}' or '\{1979-02-26 18:30:00\}') to specify the value
of the ref at a prior point in time. This suffix may only be
used immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an
existing log ($GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>). Note that this looks up the state
of your *local* ref at a given time; e.g., what was in your local
`master` branch last week. If you want to look at commits made during
certain times, see `--since` and `--until`.
* A ref followed by the suffix '@' with an ordinal specification
enclosed in a brace pair (e.g. '\{1\}', '\{15\}') to specify
the n-th prior value of that ref. For example 'master@\{1\}'
is the immediate prior value of 'master' while 'master@\{5\}'
is the 5th prior value of 'master'. This suffix may only be used
immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an existing
log ($GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>).
* You can use the '@' construct with an empty ref part to get at a
reflog of the current branch. For example, if you are on the
branch 'blabla', then '@\{1\}' means the same as 'blabla@\{1\}'.
* The special construct '@\{-<n>\}' means the <n>th branch checked out
before the current one.
* The suffix '@\{upstream\}' to a ref (short form 'ref@\{u\}') refers to
the branch the ref is set to build on top of. Missing ref defaults
to the current branch.
* A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter (e.g. 'HEAD{caret}') means the first parent of
that commit object. '{caret}<n>' means the <n>th parent (i.e.
'rev{caret}'
is equivalent to 'rev{caret}1'). As a special rule,
'rev{caret}0' means the commit itself and is used when 'rev' is the
object name of a tag object that refers to a commit object.
* A suffix '{tilde}<n>' to a revision parameter means the commit
object that is the <n>th generation grand-parent of the named
commit object, following only the first parent. I.e. rev~3 is
equivalent to rev{caret}{caret}{caret} which is equivalent to
rev{caret}1{caret}1{caret}1. See below for a illustration of
the usage of this form.
* A suffix '{caret}' followed by an object type name enclosed in
brace pair (e.g. `v0.99.8{caret}\{commit\}`) means the object
could be a tag, and dereference the tag recursively until an
object of that type is found or the object cannot be
dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf). `rev{caret}0`
introduced earlier is a short-hand for `rev{caret}\{commit\}`.
* A suffix '{caret}' followed by an empty brace pair
(e.g. `v0.99.8{caret}\{\}`) means the object could be a tag,
and dereference the tag recursively until a non-tag object is
found.
* A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter followed by a brace
pair that contains a text led by a slash (e.g. `HEAD^{/fix nasty bug}`):
this is the same as `:/fix nasty bug` syntax below except that
it returns the youngest matching commit which is reachable from
the ref before '{caret}'.
* A colon, followed by a slash, followed by a text (e.g. `:/fix nasty bug`): this names
a commit whose commit message matches the specified regular expression.
This name returns the youngest matching commit which is
reachable from any ref. If the commit message starts with a
'!', you have to repeat that; the special sequence ':/!',
followed by something else than '!' is reserved for now.
The regular expression can match any part of the commit message. To
match messages starting with a string, one can use e.g. `:/^foo`.
* A suffix ':' followed by a path (e.g. `HEAD:README`); this names the blob or tree
at the given path in the tree-ish object named by the part
before the colon.
':path' (with an empty part before the colon, e.g. `:README`)
is a special case of the syntax described next: content
recorded in the index at the given path.
A path starting with './' or '../' is relative to current working directory.
The given path will be converted to be relative to working tree's root directory.
This is most useful to address a blob or tree from a commit or tree that has
the same tree structure with the working tree.
* A colon, optionally followed by a stage number (0 to 3) and a
colon, followed by a path (e.g. `:0:README`); this names a blob object in the
index at the given path. Missing stage number (and the colon
that follows it, e.g. `:README`) names a stage 0 entry. During a merge, stage
1 is the common ancestor, stage 2 is the target branch's version
(typically the current branch), and stage 3 is the version from
the branch being merged.
Here is an illustration, by Jon Loeliger. Both commit nodes B
and C are parents of commit node A. Parent commits are ordered
left-to-right.
........................................
G H I J
\ / \ /
D E F
\ | / \
\ | / |
\|/ |
B C
\ /
\ /
A
........................................
A = = A^0
B = A^ = A^1 = A~1
C = A^2 = A^2
D = A^^ = A^1^1 = A~2
E = B^2 = A^^2
F = B^3 = A^^3
G = A^^^ = A^1^1^1 = A~3
H = D^2 = B^^2 = A^^^2 = A~2^2
I = F^ = B^3^ = A^^3^
J = F^2 = B^3^2 = A^^3^2
SPECIFYING RANGES
-----------------
History traversing commands such as 'git log' operate on a set
of commits, not just a single commit. To these commands,
specifying a single revision with the notation described in the
previous section means the set of commits reachable from that
commit, following the commit ancestry chain.
To exclude commits reachable from a commit, a prefix `{caret}`
notation is used. E.g. `{caret}r1 r2` means commits reachable
from `r2` but exclude the ones reachable from `r1`.
This set operation appears so often that there is a shorthand
for it. When you have two commits `r1` and `r2` (named according
to the syntax explained in SPECIFYING REVISIONS above), you can ask
for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable
from r1 by `{caret}r1 r2` and it can be written as `r1..r2`.
A similar notation `r1\...r2` is called symmetric difference
of `r1` and `r2` and is defined as
`r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)`.
It is the set of commits that are reachable from either one of
`r1` or `r2` but not from both.
Two other shorthands for naming a set that is formed by a commit
and its parent commits exist. The `r1{caret}@` notation means all
parents of `r1`. `r1{caret}!` includes commit `r1` but excludes
all of its parents.
Here are a handful of examples:
D G H D
D F G H I J D F
^G D H D
^D B E I J F B
B...C G H D E B C
^D B C E I J F B C
C^@ I J F
F^! D G H D F
|
