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git-blame(1)
============
NAME
----
git-blame - Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file
SYNOPSIS
--------
[verse]
'git-blame' [-c] [-b] [--root] [-s] [-l] [-t] [-f] [-n] [-p] [--incremental] [-L n,m]
[-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>]
[<rev> | --contents <file>] [--] <file>
DESCRIPTION
-----------
Annotates each line in the given file with information from the revision which
last modified the line. Optionally, start annotating from the given revision.
Also it can limit the range of lines annotated.
This report doesn't tell you anything about lines which have been deleted or
replaced; you need to use a tool such as gitlink:git-diff[1] or the "pickaxe"
interface briefly mentioned in the following paragraph.
Apart from supporting file annotation, git also supports searching the
development history for when a code snippet occurred in a change. This makes it
possible to track when a code snippet was added to a file, moved or copied
between files, and eventually deleted or replaced. It works by searching for
a text string in the diff. A small example:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ git log --pretty=oneline -S'blame_usage'
5040f17eba15504bad66b14a645bddd9b015ebb7 blame -S <ancestry-file>
ea4c7f9bf69e781dd0cd88d2bccb2bf5cc15c9a7 git-blame: Make the output
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
OPTIONS
-------
include::blame-options.txt[]
-c::
Use the same output mode as gitlink:git-annotate[1] (Default: off).
--score-debug::
Include debugging information related to the movement of
lines between files (see `-C`) and lines moved within a
file (see `-M`). The first number listed is the score.
This is the number of alphanumeric characters detected
to be moved between or within files. This must be above
a certain threshold for git-blame to consider those lines
of code to have been moved.
-f, --show-name::
Show filename in the original commit. By default
filename is shown if there is any line that came from a
file with different name, due to rename detection.
-n, --show-number::
Show line number in the original commit (Default: off).
-s::
Suppress author name and timestamp from the output.
THE PORCELAIN FORMAT
--------------------
In this format, each line is output after a header; the
header at the minimum has the first line which has:
- 40-byte SHA-1 of the commit the line is attributed to;
- the line number of the line in the original file;
- the line number of the line in the final file;
- on a line that starts a group of line from a different
commit than the previous one, the number of lines in this
group. On subsequent lines this field is absent.
This header line is followed by the following information
at least once for each commit:
- author name ("author"), email ("author-mail"), time
("author-time"), and timezone ("author-tz"); similarly
for committer.
- filename in the commit the line is attributed to.
- the first line of the commit log message ("summary").
The contents of the actual line is output after the above
header, prefixed by a TAB. This is to allow adding more
header elements later.
SPECIFYING RANGES
-----------------
Unlike `git-blame` and `git-annotate` in older git, the extent
of annotation can be limited to both line ranges and revision
ranges. When you are interested in finding the origin for
ll. 40-60 for file `foo`, you can use `-L` option like these
(they mean the same thing -- both ask for 21 lines starting at
line 40):
git blame -L 40,60 foo
git blame -L 40,+21 foo
Also you can use regular expression to specify the line range.
git blame -L '/^sub hello {/,/^}$/' foo
would limit the annotation to the body of `hello` subroutine.
When you are not interested in changes older than the version
v2.6.18, or changes older than 3 weeks, you can use revision
range specifiers similar to `git-rev-list`:
git blame v2.6.18.. -- foo
git blame --since=3.weeks -- foo
When revision range specifiers are used to limit the annotation,
lines that have not changed since the range boundary (either the
commit v2.6.18 or the most recent commit that is more than 3
weeks old in the above example) are blamed for that range
boundary commit.
A particularly useful way is to see if an added file have lines
created by copy-and-paste from existing files. Sometimes this
indicates that the developer was being sloppy and did not
refactor the code properly. You can first find the commit that
introduced the file with:
git log --diff-filter=A --pretty=short -- foo
and then annotate the change between the commit and its
parents, using `commit{caret}!` notation:
git blame -C -C -f $commit^! -- foo
INCREMENTAL OUTPUT
------------------
When called with `--incremental` option, the command outputs the
result as it is built. The output generally will talk about
lines touched by more recent commits first (i.e. the lines will
be annotated out of order) and is meant to be used by
interactive viewers.
The output format is similar to the Porcelain format, but it
does not contain the actual lines from the file that is being
annotated.
. Each blame entry always starts with a line of:
<40-byte hex sha1> <sourceline> <resultline> <num_lines>
+
Line numbers count from 1.
. The first time that commit shows up in the stream, it has various
other information about it printed out with a one-word tag at the
beginning of each line about that "extended commit info" (author,
email, committer, dates, summary etc).
. Unlike Porcelain format, the filename information is always
given and terminates the entry:
"filename" <whitespace-quoted-filename-goes-here>
+
and thus it's really quite easy to parse for some line- and word-oriented
parser (which should be quite natural for most scripting languages).
+
[NOTE]
For people who do parsing: to make it more robust, just ignore any
lines in between the first and last one ("<sha1>" and "filename" lines)
where you don't recognize the tag-words (or care about that particular
one) at the beginning of the "extended information" lines. That way, if
there is ever added information (like the commit encoding or extended
commit commentary), a blame viewer won't ever care.
SEE ALSO
--------
gitlink:git-annotate[1]
AUTHOR
------
Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
GIT
---
Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite
|
