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diff --git a/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.txt b/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..54e4b4a243 --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.txt @@ -0,0 +1,351 @@ +git-subtree(1) +============== + +NAME +---- +git-subtree - Merge subtrees together and split repository into subtrees + + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git subtree' add -P <prefix> <commit> +'git subtree' add -P <prefix> <repository> <ref> +'git subtree' pull -P <prefix> <repository> <ref> +'git subtree' push -P <prefix> <repository> <ref> +'git subtree' merge -P <prefix> <commit> +'git subtree' split -P <prefix> [OPTIONS] [<commit>] + + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +Subtrees allow subprojects to be included within a subdirectory +of the main project, optionally including the subproject's +entire history. + +For example, you could include the source code for a library +as a subdirectory of your application. + +Subtrees are not to be confused with submodules, which are meant for +the same task. Unlike submodules, subtrees do not need any special +constructions (like .gitmodule files or gitlinks) be present in +your repository, and do not force end-users of your +repository to do anything special or to understand how subtrees +work. A subtree is just a subdirectory that can be +committed to, branched, and merged along with your project in +any way you want. + +They are also not to be confused with using the subtree merge +strategy. The main difference is that, besides merging +the other project as a subdirectory, you can also extract the +entire history of a subdirectory from your project and make it +into a standalone project. Unlike the subtree merge strategy +you can alternate back and forth between these +two operations. If the standalone library gets updated, you can +automatically merge the changes into your project; if you +update the library inside your project, you can "split" the +changes back out again and merge them back into the library +project. + +For example, if a library you made for one application ends up being +useful elsewhere, you can extract its entire history and publish +that as its own git repository, without accidentally +intermingling the history of your application project. + +[TIP] +In order to keep your commit messages clean, we recommend that +people split their commits between the subtrees and the main +project as much as possible. That is, if you make a change that +affects both the library and the main application, commit it in +two pieces. That way, when you split the library commits out +later, their descriptions will still make sense. But if this +isn't important to you, it's not *necessary*. git subtree will +simply leave out the non-library-related parts of the commit +when it splits it out into the subproject later. + + +COMMANDS +-------- +add:: + Create the <prefix> subtree by importing its contents + from the given <commit> or <repository> and remote <ref>. + A new commit is created automatically, joining the imported + project's history with your own. With '--squash', imports + only a single commit from the subproject, rather than its + entire history. + +merge:: + Merge recent changes up to <commit> into the <prefix> + subtree. As with normal 'git merge', this doesn't + remove your own local changes; it just merges those + changes into the latest <commit>. With '--squash', + creates only one commit that contains all the changes, + rather than merging in the entire history. ++ +If you use '--squash', the merge direction doesn't always have to be +forward; you can use this command to go back in time from v2.5 to v2.4, +for example. If your merge introduces a conflict, you can resolve it in +the usual ways. + +pull:: + Exactly like 'merge', but parallels 'git pull' in that + it fetches the given ref from the specified remote + repository. + +push:: + Does a 'split' (see below) using the <prefix> supplied + and then does a 'git push' to push the result to the + repository and ref. This can be used to push your + subtree to different branches of the remote repository. + +split:: + Extract a new, synthetic project history from the + history of the <prefix> subtree. The new history + includes only the commits (including merges) that + affected <prefix>, and each of those commits now has the + contents of <prefix> at the root of the project instead + of in a subdirectory. Thus, the newly created history + is suitable for export as a separate git repository. ++ +After splitting successfully, a single commit id is printed to stdout. +This corresponds to the HEAD of the newly created tree, which you can +manipulate however you want. ++ +Repeated splits of exactly the same history are guaranteed to be +identical (i.e. to produce the same commit ids). Because of this, if +you add new commits and then re-split, the new commits will be attached +as commits on top of the history you generated last time, so 'git merge' +and friends will work as expected. ++ +Note that if you use '--squash' when you merge, you should usually not +just '--rejoin' when you split. + + +OPTIONS +------- +-q:: +--quiet:: + Suppress unnecessary output messages on stderr. + +-d:: +--debug:: + Produce even more unnecessary output messages on stderr. + +-P <prefix>:: +--prefix=<prefix>:: + Specify the path in the repository to the subtree you + want to manipulate. This option is mandatory + for all commands. + +-m <message>:: +--message=<message>:: + This option is only valid for add, merge and pull (unsure). + Specify <message> as the commit message for the merge commit. + + +OPTIONS FOR add, merge, push, pull +---------------------------------- +--squash:: + This option is only valid for add, merge, push and pull + commands. ++ +Instead of merging the entire history from the subtree project, produce +only a single commit that contains all the differences you want to +merge, and then merge that new commit into your project. ++ +Using this option helps to reduce log clutter. People rarely want to see +every change that happened between v1.0 and v1.1 of the library they're +using, since none of the interim versions were ever included in their +application. ++ +Using '--squash' also helps avoid problems when the same subproject is +included multiple times in the same project, or is removed and then +re-added. In such a case, it doesn't make sense to combine the +histories anyway, since it's unclear which part of the history belongs +to which subtree. ++ +Furthermore, with '--squash', you can switch back and forth between +different versions of a subtree, rather than strictly forward. 'git +subtree merge --squash' always adjusts the subtree to match the exactly +specified commit, even if getting to that commit would require undoing +some changes that were added earlier. ++ +Whether or not you use '--squash', changes made in your local repository +remain intact and can be later split and send upstream to the +subproject. + + +OPTIONS FOR split +----------------- +--annotate=<annotation>:: + This option is only valid for the split command. ++ +When generating synthetic history, add <annotation> as a prefix to each +commit message. Since we're creating new commits with the same commit +message, but possibly different content, from the original commits, this +can help to differentiate them and avoid confusion. ++ +Whenever you split, you need to use the same <annotation>, or else you +don't have a guarantee that the new re-created history will be identical +to the old one. That will prevent merging from working correctly. git +subtree tries to make it work anyway, particularly if you use --rejoin, +but it may not always be effective. + +-b <branch>:: +--branch=<branch>:: + This option is only valid for the split command. ++ +After generating the synthetic history, create a new branch called +<branch> that contains the new history. This is suitable for immediate +pushing upstream. <branch> must not already exist. + +--ignore-joins:: + This option is only valid for the split command. ++ +If you use '--rejoin', git subtree attempts to optimize its history +reconstruction to generate only the new commits since the last +'--rejoin'. '--ignore-join' disables this behaviour, forcing it to +regenerate the entire history. In a large project, this can take a long +time. + +--onto=<onto>:: + This option is only valid for the split command. ++ +If your subtree was originally imported using something other than git +subtree, its history may not match what git subtree is expecting. In +that case, you can specify the commit id <onto> that corresponds to the +first revision of the subproject's history that was imported into your +project, and git subtree will attempt to build its history from there. ++ +If you used 'git subtree add', you should never need this option. + +--rejoin:: + This option is only valid for the split command. ++ +After splitting, merge the newly created synthetic history back into +your main project. That way, future splits can search only the part of +history that has been added since the most recent --rejoin. ++ +If your split commits end up merged into the upstream subproject, and +then you want to get the latest upstream version, this will allow git's +merge algorithm to more intelligently avoid conflicts (since it knows +these synthetic commits are already part of the upstream repository). ++ +Unfortunately, using this option results in 'git log' showing an extra +copy of every new commit that was created (the original, and the +synthetic one). ++ +If you do all your merges with '--squash', don't use '--rejoin' when you +split, because you don't want the subproject's history to be part of +your project anyway. + + +EXAMPLE 1. Add command +---------------------- +Let's assume that you have a local repository that you would like +to add an external vendor library to. In this case we will add the +git-subtree repository as a subdirectory of your already existing +git-extensions repository in ~/git-extensions/: + + $ git subtree add --prefix=git-subtree --squash \ + git://github.com/apenwarr/git-subtree.git master + +'master' needs to be a valid remote ref and can be a different branch +name + +You can omit the --squash flag, but doing so will increase the number +of commits that are included in your local repository. + +We now have a ~/git-extensions/git-subtree directory containing code +from the master branch of git://github.com/apenwarr/git-subtree.git +in our git-extensions repository. + +EXAMPLE 2. Extract a subtree using commit, merge and pull +--------------------------------------------------------- +Let's use the repository for the git source code as an example. +First, get your own copy of the git.git repository: + + $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git test-git + $ cd test-git + +gitweb (commit 1130ef3) was merged into git as of commit +0a8f4f0, after which it was no longer maintained separately. +But imagine it had been maintained separately, and we wanted to +extract git's changes to gitweb since that time, to share with +the upstream. You could do this: + + $ git subtree split --prefix=gitweb --annotate='(split) ' \ + 0a8f4f0^.. --onto=1130ef3 --rejoin \ + --branch gitweb-latest + $ gitk gitweb-latest + $ git push git@github.com:whatever/gitweb.git gitweb-latest:master + +(We use '0a8f4f0^..' because that means "all the changes from +0a8f4f0 to the current version, including 0a8f4f0 itself.") + +If gitweb had originally been merged using 'git subtree add' (or +a previous split had already been done with --rejoin specified) +then you can do all your splits without having to remember any +weird commit ids: + + $ git subtree split --prefix=gitweb --annotate='(split) ' --rejoin \ + --branch gitweb-latest2 + +And you can merge changes back in from the upstream project just +as easily: + + $ git subtree pull --prefix=gitweb \ + git@github.com:whatever/gitweb.git master + +Or, using '--squash', you can actually rewind to an earlier +version of gitweb: + + $ git subtree merge --prefix=gitweb --squash gitweb-latest~10 + +Then make some changes: + + $ date >gitweb/myfile + $ git add gitweb/myfile + $ git commit -m 'created myfile' + +And fast forward again: + + $ git subtree merge --prefix=gitweb --squash gitweb-latest + +And notice that your change is still intact: + + $ ls -l gitweb/myfile + +And you can split it out and look at your changes versus +the standard gitweb: + + git log gitweb-latest..$(git subtree split --prefix=gitweb) + +EXAMPLE 3. Extract a subtree using branch +----------------------------------------- +Suppose you have a source directory with many files and +subdirectories, and you want to extract the lib directory to its own +git project. Here's a short way to do it: + +First, make the new repository wherever you want: + + $ <go to the new location> + $ git init --bare + +Back in your original directory: + + $ git subtree split --prefix=lib --annotate="(split)" -b split + +Then push the new branch onto the new empty repository: + + $ git push <new-repo> split:master + + +AUTHOR +------ +Written by Avery Pennarun <apenwarr@gmail.com> + + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite |