diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
192 files changed, 9288 insertions, 1809 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/.gitignore b/Documentation/.gitignore index d8edd90406..1c3a9fead5 100644 --- a/Documentation/.gitignore +++ b/Documentation/.gitignore @@ -8,3 +8,4 @@ gitman.info howto-index.txt doc.dep cmds-*.txt +manpage-base-url.xsl diff --git a/Documentation/Makefile b/Documentation/Makefile index 7a8037f586..8a8a3954dc 100644 --- a/Documentation/Makefile +++ b/Documentation/Makefile @@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ DOC_HTML=$(MAN_HTML) ARTICLES = howto-index ARTICLES += everyday ARTICLES += git-tools +ARTICLES += git-bisect-lk2009 # with their own formatting rules. SP_ARTICLES = howto/revert-branch-rebase howto/using-merge-subtree user-manual API_DOCS = $(patsubst %.txt,%,$(filter-out technical/api-index-skel.txt technical/api-index.txt, $(wildcard technical/api-*.txt))) @@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ endif # ifdef ASCIIDOC8 -ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a asciidoc7compatible +ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a asciidoc7compatible -a no-inline-literal endif ifdef DOCBOOK_XSL_172 ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a git-asciidoc-no-roff @@ -103,6 +104,25 @@ ifdef DOCBOOK_SUPPRESS_SP XMLTO_EXTRA += -m manpage-suppress-sp.xsl endif +# Newer DocBook stylesheet emits warning cruft in the output when +# this is not set, and if set it shows an absolute link. Older +# stylesheets simply ignore this parameter. +# +# Distros may want to use MAN_BASE_URL=file:///path/to/git/docs/ +# or similar. +ifndef MAN_BASE_URL +MAN_BASE_URL = file://$(htmldir)/ +endif +XMLTO_EXTRA += -m manpage-base-url.xsl + +# If your target system uses GNU groff, it may try to render +# apostrophes as a "pretty" apostrophe using unicode. This breaks +# cut&paste, so you should set GNU_ROFF to force them to be ASCII +# apostrophes. Unfortunately does not work with non-GNU roff. +ifdef GNU_ROFF +XMLTO_EXTRA += -m manpage-quote-apos.xsl +endif + SHELL_PATH ?= $(SHELL) # Shell quote; SHELL_PATH_SQ = $(subst ','\'',$(SHELL_PATH)) @@ -184,7 +204,7 @@ install-pdf: pdf install-html: html '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./install-webdoc.sh $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) -../GIT-VERSION-FILE: .FORCE-GIT-VERSION-FILE +../GIT-VERSION-FILE: FORCE $(QUIET_SUBDIR0)../ $(QUIET_SUBDIR1) GIT-VERSION-FILE -include ../GIT-VERSION-FILE @@ -222,6 +242,7 @@ clean: $(RM) howto-index.txt howto/*.html doc.dep $(RM) technical/api-*.html technical/api-index.txt $(RM) $(cmds_txt) *.made + $(RM) manpage-base-url.xsl $(MAN_HTML): %.html : %.txt $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ @@ -229,7 +250,10 @@ $(MAN_HTML): %.html : %.txt $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) -agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) -o $@+ $< && \ mv $@+ $@ -%.1 %.5 %.7 : %.xml +manpage-base-url.xsl: manpage-base-url.xsl.in + sed "s|@@MAN_BASE_URL@@|$(MAN_BASE_URL)|" $< > $@ + +%.1 %.5 %.7 : %.xml manpage-base-url.xsl $(QUIET_XMLTO)$(RM) $@ && \ xmlto -m $(MANPAGE_XSL) $(XMLTO_EXTRA) man $< @@ -313,4 +337,4 @@ quick-install-man: quick-install-html: '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./install-doc-quick.sh $(HTML_REF) $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) -.PHONY: .FORCE-GIT-VERSION-FILE +.PHONY: FORCE diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e439e45b96 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +GIT v1.6.4.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.4 +------------------ + + * An unquoted value in the configuration file, when it contains more than + one whitespaces in a row, got them replaced with a single space. + + * "git am" used to accept a single piece of e-mail per file (not a mbox) + as its input, but multiple input format support in v1.6.4 broke it. + Apparently many people have been depending on this feature. + + * The short help text for "git filter-branch" command was a single long + line, wrapped by terminals, and was hard to read. + + * The "recursive" strategy of "git merge" segfaulted when a merge has + more than one merge-bases, and merging of these merge-bases involves + a rename/rename or a rename/add conflict. + + * "git pull --rebase" did not use the right fork point when the + repository has already fetched from the upstream that rewinds the + branch it is based on in an earlier fetch. + + * Explain the concept of fast-forward more fully in "git push" + documentation, and hint to refer to it from an error message when the + command refuses an update to protect the user. + + * The default value for pack.deltacachesize, used by "git repack", is now + 256M, instead of unbounded. Otherwise a repack of a moderately sized + repository would needlessly eat into swap. + + * Document how "git repack" (hence "git gc") interacts with a repository + that borrows its objects from other repositories (e.g. ones created by + "git clone -s"). + + * "git show" on an annotated tag lacked a delimiting blank line between + the tag itself and the contents of the object it tags. + + * "git verify-pack -v" erroneously reported number of objects with too + deep delta depths as "chain length 0" objects. + + * Long names of authors and committers outside US-ASCII were sometimes + incorrectly shown in "gitweb". + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c11ec0115c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +GIT v1.6.4.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.4.1 +-------------------- + +* --date=relative output between 1 and 5 years ago rounded the number of + years when saying X years Y months ago, instead of rounding it down. + +* "git add -p" did not handle changes in executable bits correctly + (a regression around 1.6.3). + +* "git apply" did not honor GNU diff's convention to mark the creation/deletion + event with UNIX epoch timestamp on missing side. + +* "git checkout" incorrectly removed files in a directory pointed by a + symbolic link during a branch switch that replaces a directory with + a symbolic link. + +* "git clean -d -f" happily descended into a subdirectory that is managed by a + separate git repository. It now requires two -f options for safety. + +* "git fetch/push" over http transports had two rather grave bugs. + +* "git format-patch --cover-letter" did not prepare the cover letter file + for use with non-ASCII strings when there are the series contributors with + non-ASCII names. + +* "git pull origin branch" and "git fetch origin && git merge origin/branch" + left different merge messages in the resulting commit. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4f29babdeb --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +GIT v1.6.4.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.4.2 +-------------------- + +* "git clone" from an empty repository gave unnecessary error message, + even though it did everything else correctly. + +* "git cvsserver" invoked git commands via "git-foo" style, which has long + been deprecated. + +* "git fetch" and "git clone" had an extra sanity check to verify the + presense of the corresponding *.pack file before downloading *.idx + file by issuing a HEAD request. Github server however sometimes + gave 500 (Internal server error) response to HEAD even if a GET + request for *.pack file to the same URL would have succeeded, and broke + clone over HTTP from some of their repositories. As a workaround, this + verification has been removed (as it is not absolutely necessary). + +* "git grep" did not like relative pathname to refer outside the current + directory when run from a subdirectory. + +* an error message from "git push" was formatted in a very ugly way. + +* "git svn" did not quote the subversion user name correctly when + running its author-prog helper program. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0ead45fc72 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +GIT v1.6.4.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.4.4 +-------------------- + +* The workaround for Github server that sometimes gave 500 (Internal server + error) response to HEAD requests in 1.6.4.3 introduced a regression that + caused re-fetching projects over http to segfault in certain cases due + to uninitialized pointer being freed. + +* "git pull" on an unborn branch used to consider anything in the work + tree and the index discardable. + +* "git diff -b/w" did not work well on the incomplete line at the end of + the file, due to an incorrect hashing of lines in the low-level xdiff + routines. + +* "git checkout-index --prefix=$somewhere" used to work when $somewhere is + a symbolic link to a directory elsewhere, but v1.6.4.2 broke it. + +* "git unpack-objects --strict", invoked when receive.fsckobjects + configuration is set in the receiving repository of "git push", did not + properly check the objects, especially the submodule links, it received. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7a904419f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ +GIT v1.6.4 Release Notes +======================== + +With the next major release, "git push" into a branch that is +currently checked out will be refused by default. You can choose +what should happen upon such a push by setting the configuration +variable receive.denyCurrentBranch in the receiving repository. + +To ease the transition plan, the receiving repository of such a +push running this release will issue a big warning when the +configuration variable is missing. Please refer to: + + http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/GitFaq#non-bare + http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/107758/focus=108007 + +for more details on the reason why this change is needed and the +transition plan. + +For a similar reason, "git push $there :$killed" to delete the branch +$killed in a remote repository $there, if $killed branch is the current +branch pointed at by its HEAD, gets a large warning. You can choose what +should happen upon such a push by setting the configuration variable +receive.denyDeleteCurrent in the receiving repository. + + +Updates since v1.6.3 +-------------------- + +(subsystems) + + * gitweb Perl style clean-up. + + * git-svn updates, including a new --authors-prog option to map author + names by invoking an external program, 'git svn reset' to unwind + 'git svn fetch', support for more than one branches, documenting + of the useful --minimize-url feature, new "git svn gc" command, etc. + +(portability) + + * We feed iconv with "UTF-8" instead of "utf8"; the former is + understood more widely. Similarly updated test scripts to use + encoding names more widely understood (e.g. use "ISO8859-1" instead + of "ISO-8859-1"). + + * Various portability fixes/workarounds for different vintages of + SunOS, IRIX, and Windows. + + * Git-over-ssh transport on Windows supports PuTTY plink and TortoisePlink. + +(performance) + + * Many repeated use of lstat() are optimized out in "checkout" codepath. + + * git-status (and underlying git-diff-index --cached) are optimized + to take advantage of cache-tree information in the index. + +(usability, bells and whistles) + + * "git add --edit" lets users edit the whole patch text to fine-tune what + is added to the index. + + * "git am" accepts StGIT series file as its input. + + * "git bisect skip" skips to a more randomly chosen place in the hope + to avoid testing a commit that is too close to a commit that is + already known to be untestable. + + * "git cvsexportcommit" learned -k option to stop CVS keywords expansion + + * "git fast-export" learned to handle history simplification more + gracefully. + + * "git fast-export" learned an option --tag-of-filtered-object to handle + dangling tags resulting from history simplification more usefully. + + * "git grep" learned -p option to show the location of the match using the + same context hunk marker "git diff" uses. + + * https transport can optionally be told that the used client + certificate is password protected, in which case it asks the + password only once. + + * "git imap-send" is IPv6 aware. + + * "git log --graph" draws graphs more compactly by using horizontal lines + when able. + + * "git log --decorate" shows shorter refnames by stripping well-known + refs/* prefix. + + * "git push $name" honors remote.$name.pushurl if present before + using remote.$name.url. In other words, the URL used for fetching + and pushing can be different. + + * "git send-email" understands quoted aliases in .mailrc files (might + have to be backported to 1.6.3.X). + + * "git send-email" can fetch the sender address from the configuration + variable "sendmail.from" (and "sendmail.<identity>.from"). + + * "git show-branch" can color its output. + + * "add" and "update" subcommands to "git submodule" learned --reference + option to use local clone with references. + + * "git submodule update" learned --rebase option to update checked + out submodules by rebasing the local changes. + + * "gitweb" can optionally use gravatar to adorn author/committer names. + +(developers) + + * A major part of the "git bisect" wrapper has moved to C. + + * Formatting with the new version of AsciiDoc 8.4.1 is now supported. + +Fixes since v1.6.3 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.6.3.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. + +Here are fixes that this release has, but have not been backported to +v1.6.3.X series. + + * "git diff-tree -r -t" used to omit new or removed directories from + the output. df533f3 (diff-tree -r -t: include added/removed + directories in the output, 2009-06-13) may need to be cherry-picked + to backport this fix. + + * The way Git.pm sets up a Repository object was not friendly to callers + that chdir around. It now internally records the repository location + as an absolute path when autodetected. + + * Removing a section with "git config --remove-section", when its + section header has a variable definition on the same line, lost + that variable definition. + + * "git rebase -p --onto" used to always leave side branches of a merge + intact, even when both branches are subject to rewriting. + + * "git repack" used to faithfully follow grafts and considered true + parents recorded in the commit object unreachable from the commit. + After such a repacking, you cannot remove grafts without corrupting + the repository. + + * "git send-email" did not detect erroneous loops in alias expansion. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..309ba181b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +GIT v1.6.5.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5 +------------------ + + * An corrupt pack could make codepath to read objects into an + infinite loop. + + * Download throughput display was always shown in KiB/s but on fast links + it is more appropriate to show it in MiB/s. + + * "git grep -f filename" used uninitialized variable and segfaulted. + + * "git clone -b branch" gave a wrong commit object name to post-checkout + hook. + + * "git pull" over http did not work on msys. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..aa7ccce3a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +GIT v1.6.5.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.1 +-------------------- + + * Installation of templates triggered a bug in busybox when using tar + implementation from it. + + * "git add -i" incorrectly ignored paths that are already in the index + if they matched .gitignore patterns. + + * "git describe --always" should have produced some output even there + were no tags in the repository, but it didn't. + + * "git ls-files" when showing tracked files incorrectly paid attention + to the exclude patterns. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b2fad1b22e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +Git v1.6.5.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.2 +-------------------- + + * info/grafts file didn't ignore trailing CR at the end of lines. + + * Packages generated on newer FC were unreadable by older versions of + RPM as the new default is to use stronger hash. + + * output from "git blame" was unreadable when the file ended in an + incomplete line. + + * "git add -i/-p" didn't handle deletion of empty files correctly. + + * "git clone" takes up to two parameters, but did not complain when + given more arguments than necessary and silently ignored them. + + * "git cvsimport" did not read files given as command line arguments + correctly when it is run from a subdirectory. + + * "git diff --color-words -U0" didn't work correctly. + + * The handling of blank lines at the end of file by "git diff/apply + --whitespace" was inconsistent with the other kinds of errors. + They are now colored, warned against, and fixed the same way as others. + + * There was no way to allow blank lines at the end of file without + allowing extra blanks at the end of lines. You can use blank-at-eof + and blank-at-eol whitespace error class to specify them separately. + The old trailing-space error class is now a short-hand to set both. + + * "-p" option to "git format-patch" was supposed to suppress diffstat + generation, but it was broken since 1.6.1. + + * "git imap-send" did not compile cleanly with newer OpenSSL. + + * "git help -a" outside of a git repository was broken. + + * "git ls-files -i" was supposed to be inverse of "git ls-files" without -i + with respect to exclude patterns, but it was broken since 1.6.5.2. + + * "git ls-remote" outside of a git repository over http was broken. + + * "git rebase -i" gave bogus error message when the command word was + misspelled. + + * "git receive-pack" that is run in response to "git push" did not run + garbage collection nor update-server-info, but in larger hosting sites, + these almost always need to be run. To help site administrators, the + command now runs "gc --auto" and "u-s-i" by setting receive.autogc + and receive.updateserverinfo configuration variables, respectively. + + * Release notes spelled the package name with incorrect capitalization. + + * "gitweb" did not escape non-ascii characters correctly in the URL. + + * "gitweb" showed "patch" link even for merge commits. + + * "gitweb" showed incorrect links for blob line numbers in pathinfo mode. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e42f8b2397 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Git v1.6.5.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.3 +-------------------- + + * "git help" (without argument) used to check if you are in a directory + under git control. There was no breakage in behaviour per-se, but this + was unnecessary. + + * "git prune-packed" gave progress output even when its standard error is + not connected to a terminal; this caused cron jobs that run it to + produce crufts. + + * "git pack-objects --all-progress" is an option to ask progress output + from write-object phase _if_ progress output were to be produced, and + shouldn't have forced the progress output. + + * "git apply -p<n> --directory=<elsewhere>" did not work well for a + non-default value of n. + + * "git merge foo HEAD" was misparsed as an old-style invocation of the + command and produced a confusing error message. As it does not specify + any other branch to merge, it shouldn't be mistaken as such. We will + remove the old style "git merge <message> HEAD <commit>..." syntax in + future versions, but not in this release, + + * "git merge -m <message> <branch>..." added the standard merge message + on its own after user-supplied message, which should have overrided the + standard one. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ecfc57d875 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +Git v1.6.5.5 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.4 +-------------------- + + * Manual pages can be formatted with older xmlto again. + + * GREP_OPTIONS exported from user's environment could have broken + our scripted commands. + + * In configuration files, a few variables that name paths can begin with + ~/ and ~username/ and they are expanded as expected. This is not a + bugfix but 1.6.6 will have this and without backporting users cannot + easily use the same ~/.gitconfig across versions. + + * "git diff -B -M" did the same computation to hash lines of contents + twice, and held onto memory after it has used the data in it + unnecessarily before it freed. + + * "git diff -B" and "git diff --dirstat" was not counting newly added + contents correctly. + + * "git format-patch revisions... -- path" issued an incorrect error + message that suggested to use "--" on the command line when path + does not exist in the current work tree (it is a separate matter if + it makes sense to limit format-patch with pathspecs like that + without using the --full-diff option). + + * "git grep -F -i StRiNg" did not work as expected. + + * Enumeration of available merge strategies iterated over the list of + commands in a wrong way, sometimes producing an incorrect result. + + * "git shortlog" did not honor the "encoding" header embedded in the + commit object like "git log" did. + + * Reading progress messages that come from the remote side while running + "git pull" is given precedence over reading the actual pack data to + prevent garbled progress message on the user's terminal. + + * "git rebase" got confused when the log message began with certain + strings that looked like Subject:, Date: or From: header. + + * "git reset" accidentally run in .git/ directory checked out the + work tree contents in there. + + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a9eaf76f62 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +Git v1.6.5.6 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.5 +-------------------- + + * "git add -p" had a regression since v1.6.5.3 that broke deletion of + non-empty files. + + * "git archive -o o.zip -- Makefile" produced an archive in o.zip + but in POSIX tar format. + + * Error message given to "git pull --rebase" when the user didn't give + enough clue as to what branch to integrate with still talked about + "merging with" the branch. + + * Error messages given by "git merge" when the merge resulted in a + fast-forward still were in plumbing lingo, even though in v1.6.5 + we reworded messages in other cases. + + * The post-upload-hook run by upload-pack in response to "git fetch" has + been removed, due to security concerns (the hook first appeared in + 1.6.5). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.7.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.7.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5b49ea53be --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Git v1.6.5.7 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.6 +-------------------- + +* If a user specifies a color for a <slot> (i.e. a class of things to show + in a particular color) that is known only by newer versions of git + (e.g. "color.diff.func" was recently added for upcoming 1.6.6 release), + an older version of git should just ignore them. Instead we diagnosed + it as an error. + +* With help.autocorrect set to non-zero value, the logic to guess typoes + in the subcommand name misfired and ran a random nonsense command. + +* If a command is run with an absolute path as a pathspec inside a bare + repository, e.g. "rev-list HEAD -- /home", the code tried to run + strlen() on NULL, which is the result of get_git_work_tree(), and + segfaulted. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.8.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8b24bebb96 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Git v1.6.5.8 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.7 +-------------------- + +* "git count-objects" did not handle packfiles that are bigger than 4G on + platforms with 32-bit off_t. + +* "git rebase -i" did not abort cleanly if it failed to launch the editor. + +* "git blame" did not work well when commit lacked the author name. + +* "git fast-import" choked when handling a tag that points at an object + that is not a commit. + +* "git reset --hard" did not work correctly when GIT_WORK_TREE environment + variable is used to point at the root of the true work tree. + +* "git grep" fed a buffer that is not NUL-terminated to underlying + regexec(). + +* "git checkout -m other" while on a branch that does not have any commit + segfaulted, instead of failing. + +* "git branch -a other" should have diagnosed the command as an error. + +Other minor documentation updates are also included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ee141c19ad --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,169 @@ +GIT v1.6.5 Release Notes +======================== + +In git 1.7.0, which was planned to be the release after 1.6.5, "git +push" into a branch that is currently checked out will be refused by +default. + +You can choose what should happen upon such a push by setting the +configuration variable receive.denyCurrentBranch in the receiving +repository. + +Also, "git push $there :$killed" to delete the branch $killed in a remote +repository $there, when $killed branch is the current branch pointed at by +its HEAD, will be refused by default. + +You can choose what should happen upon such a push by setting the +configuration variable receive.denyDeleteCurrent in the receiving +repository. + +To ease the transition plan, the receiving repository of such a +push running this release will issue a big warning when the +configuration variable is missing. Please refer to: + + http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/GitFaq#non-bare + http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/107758/focus=108007 + +for more details on the reason why this change is needed and the +transition plan. + +Updates since v1.6.4 +-------------------- + +(subsystems) + + * various updates to gitk, git-svn and gitweb. + +(portability) + + * more improvements on mingw port. + + * mingw will also give FRSX as the default value for the LESS + environment variable when the user does not have one. + + * initial support to compile git on Windows with MSVC. + +(performance) + + * On major platforms, the system can be compiled to use with Linus's + block-sha1 implementation of the SHA-1 hash algorithm, which + outperforms the default fallback implementation we borrowed from + Mozilla. + + * Unnecessary inefficiency in deepening of a shallow repository has + been removed. + + * "git clone" does not grab objects that it does not need (i.e. + referenced only from refs outside refs/heads and refs/tags + hierarchy) anymore. + + * The "git" main binary used to link with libcurl, which then dragged + in a large number of external libraries. When using basic plumbing + commands in scripts, this unnecessarily slowed things down. We now + implement http/https/ftp transfer as a separate executable as we + used to. + + * "git clone" run locally hardlinks or copies the files in .git/ to + newly created repository. It used to give new mtime to copied files, + but this delayed garbage collection to trigger unnecessarily in the + cloned repository. We now preserve mtime for these files to avoid + this issue. + +(usability, bells and whistles) + + * Human writable date format to various options, e.g. --since=yesterday, + master@{2000.09.17}, are taught to infer some omitted input properly. + + * A few programs gave verbose "advice" messages to help uninitiated + people when issuing error messages. An infrastructure to allow + users to squelch them has been introduced, and a few such messages + can be silenced now. + + * refs/replace/ hierarchy is designed to be usable as a replacement + of the "grafts" mechanism, with the added advantage that it can be + transferred across repositories. + + * "git am" learned to optionally ignore whitespace differences. + + * "git am" handles input e-mail files that has CRLF line endings sensibly. + + * "git am" learned "--scissors" option to allow you to discard early part + of an incoming e-mail. + + * "git archive -o output.zip" works without being told what format to + use with an explicit "--format=zip".option. + + * "git checkout", "git reset" and "git stash" learned to pick and + choose to use selected changes you made, similar to "git add -p". + + * "git clone" learned a "-b" option to pick a HEAD to check out + different from the remote's default branch. + + * "git clone" learned --recursive option. + + * "git clone" from a local repository on a different filesystem used to + copy individual object files without preserving the old timestamp, giving + them extra lifetime in the new repository until they gc'ed. + + * "git commit --dry-run $args" is a new recommended way to ask "what would + happen if I try to commit with these arguments." + + * "git commit --dry-run" and "git status" shows conflicted paths in a + separate section to make them easier to spot during a merge. + + * "git cvsimport" now supports password-protected pserver access even + when the password is not taken from ~/.cvspass file. + + * "git fast-export" learned --no-data option that can be useful when + reordering commits and trees without touching the contents of + blobs. + + * "git fast-import" has a pair of new front-end in contrib/ area. + + * "git init" learned to mkdir/chdir into a directory when given an + extra argument (i.e. "git init this"). + + * "git instaweb" optionally can use mongoose as the web server. + + * "git log --decorate" can optionally be told with --decorate=full to + give the reference name in full. + + * "git merge" issued an unnecessarily scary message when it detected + that the merge may have to touch the path that the user has local + uncommitted changes to. The message has been reworded to make it + clear that the command aborted, without doing any harm. + + * "git push" can be told to be --quiet. + + * "git push" pays attention to url.$base.pushInsteadOf and uses a URL + that is derived from the URL used for fetching. + + * informational output from "git reset" that lists the locally modified + paths is made consistent with that of "git checkout $another_branch". + + * "git submodule" learned to give submodule name to scripts run with + "foreach" subcommand. + + * various subcommands to "git submodule" learned --recursive option. + + * "git submodule summary" learned --files option to compare the work + tree vs the commit bound at submodule path, instead of comparing + the index. + + * "git upload-pack", which is the server side support for "git clone" and + "git fetch", can call a new post-upload-pack hook for statistics purposes. + +(developers) + + * With GIT_TEST_OPTS="--root=/p/a/t/h", tests can be run outside the + source directory; using tmpfs may give faster turnaround. + + * With NO_PERL_MAKEMAKER set, DESTDIR= is now honoured, so you can + build for one location, and install into another location to tar it + up. + +Fixes since v1.6.4 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.6.4.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.6.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.6.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f1d0a4ae2d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.6.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Git v1.6.6.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.6 +------------------ + + * "git blame" did not work well when commit lacked the author name. + + * "git branch -a name" wasn't diagnosed as an error. + + * "git count-objects" did not handle packfiles that are bigger than 4G on + platforms with 32-bit off_t. + + * "git checkout -m other" while on a branch that does not have any commit + segfaulted, instead of failing. + + * "git fast-import" choked when fed a tag that do not point at a + commit. + + * "git grep" finding from work tree files could have fed garbage to + the underlying regexec(3). + + * "git grep -L" didn't show empty files (they should never match, and + they should always appear in -L output as unmatching). + + * "git rebase -i" did not abort cleanly if it failed to launch the editor. + + * "git reset --hard" did not work correctly when GIT_WORK_TREE environment + variable is used to point at the root of the true work tree. + + * http-backend was not listed in the command list in the documentation. + + * Building on FreeBSD (both 7 and 8) needs OLD_ICONV set in the Makefile + + * "git checkout -m some-branch" while on an unborn branch crashed. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.6.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.6.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4eaddc0106 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.6.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +Git v1.6.6.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.6.1 +-------------------- + + * recursive merge didn't correctly diagnose its own programming errors, + and instead caused the caller to segfault. + + * The new "smart http" aware clients probed the web servers to see if + they support smart http, but did not fall back to dumb http transport + correctly with some servers. + + * Time based reflog syntax e.g. "@{yesterday}" didn't diagnose a misspelled + time specification and instead assumed "@{now}". + + * "git archive HEAD -- no-such-directory" produced an empty archive + without complaining. + + * "git blame -L start,end -- file" misbehaved when given a start that is + larger than the number of lines in the file. + + * "git checkout -m" didn't correctly call custom merge backend supplied + by the end user. + + * "git config -f <file>" misbehaved when run from a subdirectory. + + * "git cvsserver" didn't like having regex metacharacters (e.g. '+') in + CVSROOT environment. + + * "git fast-import" did not correctly handle large blobs that may + bust the pack size limit. + + * "git gui" is supposed to work even when launched from inside a .git + directory. + + * "git gui" misbehaved when applying a hunk that ends with deletion. + + * "git imap-send" did not honor imap.preformattedHTML as documented. + + * "git log" family incorrectly showed the commit notes unconditionally by + mistake, which was especially irritating when running "git log --oneline". + + * "git status" shouldn't require an write access to the repository. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..04e205c457 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,224 @@ +Git v1.6.6 Release Notes +======================== + +Notes on behaviour change +------------------------- + + * In this release, "git fsck" defaults to "git fsck --full" and + checks packfiles, and because of this it will take much longer to + complete than before. If you prefer a quicker check only on loose + objects (the old default), you can say "git fsck --no-full". This + has been supported by 1.5.4 and newer versions of git, so it is + safe to write it in your script even if you use slightly older git + on some of your machines. + +Preparing yourselves for compatibility issues in 1.7.0 +------------------------------------------------------ + +In git 1.7.0, which is planned to be the release after 1.6.6, there will +be a handful of behaviour changes that will break backward compatibility. + +These changes were discussed long time ago and existing behaviours have +been identified as more problematic to the userbase than keeping them for +the sake of backward compatibility. + +When necessary, a transition strategy for existing users has been designed +not to force them running around setting configuration variables and +updating their scripts in order to either keep the traditional behaviour +or adjust to the new behaviour, on the day their sysadmin decides to install +the new version of git. When we switched from "git-foo" to "git foo" in +1.6.0, even though the change had been advertised and the transition +guide had been provided for a very long time, the users procrastinated +during the entire transtion period, and ended up panicking on the day +their sysadmins updated their git installation. We are trying to avoid +repeating that unpleasantness in the 1.7.0 release. + +For changes decided to be in 1.7.0, commands that will be affected +have been much louder to strongly discourage such procrastination, and +they continue to be in this release. If you have been using recent +versions of git, you would have seen warnings issued when you used +features whose behaviour will change, with a clear instruction on how +to keep the existing behaviour if you want to. You hopefully are +already well prepared. + +Of course, we have also been giving "this and that will change in +1.7.0; prepare yourselves" warnings in the release notes and +announcement messages for the past few releases. Let's see how well +users will fare this time. + + * "git push" into a branch that is currently checked out (i.e. pointed by + HEAD in a repository that is not bare) will be refused by default. + + Similarly, "git push $there :$killed" to delete the branch $killed + in a remote repository $there, when $killed branch is the current + branch pointed at by its HEAD, will be refused by default. + + Setting the configuration variables receive.denyCurrentBranch and + receive.denyDeleteCurrent to 'ignore' in the receiving repository + can be used to override these safety features. Versions of git + since 1.6.2 have issued a loud warning when you tried to do these + operations without setting the configuration, so repositories of + people who still need to be able to perform such a push should + already have been future proofed. + + Please refer to: + + http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/GitFaq#non-bare + http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/107758/focus=108007 + + for more details on the reason why this change is needed and the + transition process that already took place so far. + + * "git send-email" will not make deep threads by default when sending a + patch series with more than two messages. All messages will be sent + as a reply to the first message, i.e. cover letter. Git 1.6.6 (this + release) will issue a warning about the upcoming default change, when + it uses the traditional "deep threading" behaviour as the built-in + default. To squelch the warning but still use the "deep threading" + behaviour, give --chain-reply-to option or set sendemail.chainreplyto + to true. + + It has been possible to configure send-email to send "shallow thread" + by setting sendemail.chainreplyto configuration variable to false. + The only thing 1.7.0 release will do is to change the default when + you haven't configured that variable. + + * "git status" will not be "git commit --dry-run". This change does not + affect you if you run the command without pathspec. + + Nobody sane found the current behaviour of "git status Makefile" useful + nor meaningful, and it confused users. "git commit --dry-run" has been + provided as a way to get the current behaviour of this command since + 1.6.5. + + * "git diff" traditionally treated various "ignore whitespace" options + only as a way to filter the patch output. "git diff --exit-code -b" + exited with non-zero status even if all changes were about changing the + ammount of whitespace and nothing else. and "git diff -b" showed the + "diff --git" header line for such a change without patch text. + + In 1.7.0, the "ignore whitespaces" will affect the semantics of the + diff operation itself. A change that does not affect anything but + whitespaces will be reported with zero exit status when run with + --exit-code, and there will not be "diff --git" header for such a + change. + + +Updates since v1.6.5 +-------------------- + +(subsystems) + + * various gitk updates including use of themed widgets under Tk 8.5, + Japanese translation, a fix to a bug when running "gui blame" from + a subdirectory, etc. + + * various git-gui updates including new translations, wm states fixes, + Tk bug workaround after quitting, improved heuristics to trigger gc, + etc. + + * various git-svn updates. + + * "git fetch" over http learned a new mode that is different from the + traditional "dumb commit walker". + +(portability) + + * imap-send can be built on mingw port. + +(performance) + + * "git diff -B" has smaller memory footprint. + +(usability, bells and whistles) + + * The object replace mechanism can be bypassed with --no-replace-objects + global option given to the "git" program. + + * In configuration files, a few variables that name paths can begin with ~/ + and ~username/ and they are expanded as expected. + + * "git subcmd -h" now shows short usage help for many more subcommands. + + * "git bisect reset" can reset to an arbitrary commit. + + * "git checkout frotz" when there is no local branch "frotz" but there + is only one remote tracking branch "frotz" is taken as a request to + start the named branch at the corresponding remote tracking branch. + + * "git commit -c/-C/--amend" can be told with a new "--reset-author" option + to ignore authorship information in the commit it is taking the message + from. + + * "git describe" can be told to add "-dirty" suffix with "--dirty" option. + + * "git diff" learned --submodule option to show a list of one-line logs + instead of differences between the commit object names. + + * "git diff" learned to honor diff.color.func configuration to paint + function name hint printed on the hunk header "@@ -j,k +l,m @@" line + in the specified color. + + * "git fetch" learned --all and --multiple options, to run fetch from + many repositories, and --prune option to remove remote tracking + branches that went stale. These make "git remote update" and "git + remote prune" less necessary (there is no plan to remove "remote + update" nor "remote prune", though). + + * "git fsck" by default checks the packfiles (i.e. "--full" is the + default); you can turn it off with "git fsck --no-full". + + * "git grep" can use -F (fixed strings) and -i (ignore case) together. + + * import-tars contributed fast-import frontend learned more types of + compressed tarballs. + + * "git instaweb" knows how to talk with mod_cgid to apache2. + + * "git log --decorate" shows the location of HEAD as well. + + * "git log" and "git rev-list" learned to take revs and pathspecs from + the standard input with the new "--stdin" option. + + * "--pretty=format" option to "log" family of commands learned: + + . to wrap text with the "%w()" specifier. + . to show reflog information with "%g[sdD]" specifier. + + * "git notes" command to annotate existing commits. + + * "git merge" (and "git pull") learned --ff-only option to make it fail + if the merge does not result in a fast-forward. + + * "git mergetool" learned to use p4merge. + + * "git rebase -i" learned "reword" that acts like "edit" but immediately + starts an editor to tweak the log message without returning control to + the shell, which is done by "edit" to give an opportunity to tweak the + contents. + + * "git send-email" can be told with "--envelope-sender=auto" to use the + same address as "From:" address as the envelope sender address. + + * "git send-email" will issue a warning when it defaults to the + --chain-reply-to behaviour without being told by the user and + instructs to prepare for the change of the default in 1.7.0 release. + + * In "git submodule add <repository> <path>", <path> is now optional and + inferred from <repository> the same way "git clone <repository>" does. + + * "git svn" learned to read SVN 1.5+ and SVK merge tickets. + + * "git svn" learned to recreate empty directories tracked only by SVN. + + * "gitweb" can optionally render its "blame" output incrementally (this + requires JavaScript on the client side). + + * Author names shown in gitweb output are links to search commits by the + author. + +Fixes since v1.6.5 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.6.5.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.7.0.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.7.0.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8ff5bcada8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.7.0.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Git v1.7.0.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.0 +------------------ + + * In a freshly created repository "rev-parse HEAD^0" complained that + it is dangling symref, even though "rev-parse HEAD" didn't. + + * "git show :no-such-name" tried to access the index without bounds + check, leading to a potential segfault. + + * Message from "git cherry-pick" was harder to read and use than necessary + when it stopped due to conflicting changes. + + * We referred to ".git/refs/" throughout the documentation when we + meant to talk about abstract notion of "ref namespace". Because + people's repositories often have packed refs these days, this was + confusing. + + * "git diff --output=/path/that/cannot/be/written" did not correctly + error out. + + * "git grep -e -pattern-that-begin-with-dash paths..." could not be + spelled as "git grep -- -pattern-that-begin-with-dash paths..." which + would be a GNU way to use "--" as "end of options". + + * "git grep" compiled with threading support tried to access an + uninitialized mutex on boxes with a single CPU. + + * "git stash pop -q --index" failed because the unnecessary --index + option was propagated to "git stash drop" that is internally run at the + end. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.7.0.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.7.0.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fcb46ca6a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.7.0.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +Git v1.7.0.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.0.1 +-------------------- + + * GIT_PAGER was not honored consistently by some scripted Porcelains, most + notably "git am". + + * updating working tree files after telling git to add them to the + index and while it is still working created garbage object files in + the repository without diagnosing it as an error. + + * "git bisect -- pathspec..." did not diagnose an error condition properly when + the simplification with given pathspec made the history empty. + + * "git rev-list --cherry-pick A...B" now has an obvious optimization when the + histories haven't diverged (i.e. when one end is an ancestor of the other). + + * "git diff --quiet -w" did not work as expected. + + * "git fast-import" didn't work with a large input, as it lacked support + for producing the pack index in v2 format. + + * "git imap-send" didn't use CRLF line endings over the imap protocol + when storing its payload to the draft box, violating RFC 3501. + + * "git log --format='%w(x,y,z)%b'" and friends that rewrap message + has been optimized for utf-8 payload. + + * Error messages generated on the receiving end did not come back to "git + push". + + * "git status" in 1.7.0 lacked the optimization we used to have in 1.6.X series + to speed up scanning of large working tree. + + * "gitweb" did not diagnose parsing errors properly while reading tis configuration + file. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.7.0.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.7.0.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3b355737c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.7.0.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Git v1.7.0.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.0.2 +-------------------- + + * Object files are created in a more ACL friendly way in repositories + where group permission is ACL controlled. + + * "git add -i" didn't handle a deleted path very well. + + * "git blame" padded line numbers with one extra SP when the total number + of lines was one less than multiple of ten due to an off-by-one error. + + * "git fetch --all/--multi" used to discard information for remotes that + are fetched earlier. + + * "git log --author=me --grep=it" tried to find commits that have "it" + or are written by "me", instead of the ones that have "it" _and_ are + written by "me". + + * "git log -g branch" misbehaved when there was no entries in the reflog + for the named branch. + + * "git mailinfo" (hence "git am") incorrectly removed initial indent from + paragraphs. + + * "git prune" and "git reflog" (hence "git gc" as well) didn't honor + an instruction never to expire by setting gc.reflogexpire to never. + + * "git push" misbehaved when branch.<name>.merge was configured without + matching branch.<name>.remote. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.7.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.7.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..43e3f33615 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.7.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,214 @@ +Git v1.7.0 Release Notes +======================== + +Notes on behaviour change +------------------------- + + * "git push" into a branch that is currently checked out (i.e. pointed at by + HEAD in a repository that is not bare) is refused by default. + + Similarly, "git push $there :$killed" to delete the branch $killed + in a remote repository $there, when $killed branch is the current + branch pointed at by its HEAD, will be refused by default. + + Setting the configuration variables receive.denyCurrentBranch and + receive.denyDeleteCurrent to 'ignore' in the receiving repository + can be used to override these safety features. + + * "git send-email" does not make deep threads by default when sending a + patch series with more than two messages. All messages will be sent + as a reply to the first message, i.e. cover letter. + + It has been possible already to configure send-email to send "shallow thread" + by setting sendemail.chainreplyto configuration variable to false. The + only thing this release does is to change the default when you haven't + configured that variable. + + * "git status" is not "git commit --dry-run" anymore. This change does + not affect you if you run the command without argument. + + * "git diff" traditionally treated various "ignore whitespace" options + only as a way to filter the patch output. "git diff --exit-code -b" + exited with non-zero status even if all changes were about changing the + amount of whitespace and nothing else; and "git diff -b" showed the + "diff --git" header line for such a change without patch text. + + In this release, the "ignore whitespaces" options affect the semantics + of the diff operation. A change that does not affect anything but + whitespaces is reported with zero exit status when run with + --exit-code, and there is no "diff --git" header for such a change. + + * External diff and textconv helpers are now executed using the shell. + This makes them consistent with other programs executed by git, and + allows you to pass command-line parameters to the helpers. Any helper + paths containing spaces or other metacharacters now need to be + shell-quoted. The affected helpers are GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF in the + environment, and diff.*.command and diff.*.textconv in the config + file. + + * The --max-pack-size argument to 'git repack', 'git pack-objects', and + 'git fast-import' was assuming the provided size to be expressed in MiB, + unlike the corresponding config variable and other similar options accepting + a size value. It is now expecting a size expressed in bytes, with a possible + unit suffix of 'k', 'm', or 'g'. + +Updates since v1.6.6 +-------------------- + +(subsystems) + + * "git fast-import" updates; adds "option" and "feature" to detect the + mismatch between fast-import and the frontends that produce the input + stream. + + * "git svn" support of subversion "merge tickets" and miscellaneous fixes. + + * "gitk" and "git gui" translation updates. + + * "gitweb" updates (code clean-up, load checking etc.) + +(portability) + + * Some more MSVC portability patches for msysgit port. + + * Minimum Pthreads emulation for msysgit port. + +(performance) + + * More performance improvement patches for msysgit port. + +(usability, bells and whistles) + + * More commands learned "--quiet" and "--[no-]progress" options. + + * Various commands given by the end user (e.g. diff.type.textconv, + and GIT_EDITOR) can be specified with command line arguments. E.g. it + is now possible to say "[diff "utf8doc"] textconv = nkf -w". + + * "sparse checkout" feature allows only part of the work tree to be + checked out. + + * HTTP transfer can use authentication scheme other than basic + (i.e./e.g. digest). + + * Switching from a version of superproject that used to have a submodule + to another version of superproject that no longer has it did not remove + the submodule directory when it should (namely, when you are not + interested in the submodule at all and didn't clone/checkout). + + * A new attribute conflict-marker-size can be used to change the size of + the conflict markers from the default 7; this is useful when tracked + contents (e.g. git-merge documentation) have strings that resemble the + conflict markers. + + * A new syntax "<branch>@{upstream}" can be used on the command line to + substitute the name of the "upstream" of the branch. Missing branch + defaults to the current branch, so "git fetch && git merge @{upstream}" + will be equivalent to "git pull". + + * "git am --resolved" has a synonym "git am --continue". + + * "git branch --set-upstream" can be used to update the (surprise!) upstream, + i.e. where the branch is supposed to pull and merge from (or rebase onto). + + * "git checkout A...B" is a way to detach HEAD at the merge base between + A and B. + + * "git checkout -m path" to reset the work tree file back into the + conflicted state works even when you already ran "git add path" and + resolved the conflicts. + + * "git commit --date='<date>'" can be used to override the author date + just like "git commit --author='<name> <email>'" can be used to + override the author identity. + + * "git commit --no-status" can be used to omit the listing of the index + and the work tree status in the editor used to prepare the log message. + + * "git commit" warns a bit more aggressively until you configure user.email, + whose default value almost always is not (and fundamentally cannot be) + what you want. + + * "git difftool" has been extended to make it easier to integrate it + with gitk. + + * "git fetch --all" can now be used in place of "git remote update". + + * "git grep" does not rely on external grep anymore. It can use more than + one thread to accelerate the operation. + + * "git grep" learned "--quiet" option. + + * "git log" and friends learned "--glob=heads/*" syntax that is a more + flexible way to complement "--branches/--tags/--remotes". + + * "git merge" learned to pass options specific to strategy-backends. E.g. + + - "git merge -Xsubtree=path/to/directory" can be used to tell the subtree + strategy how much to shift the trees explicitly. + + - "git merge -Xtheirs" can be used to auto-merge as much as possible, + while discarding your own changes and taking merged version in + conflicted regions. + + * "git push" learned "git push origin --delete branch", a syntactic sugar + for "git push origin :branch". + + * "git push" learned "git push --set-upstream origin forker:forkee" that + lets you configure your "forker" branch to later pull from "forkee" + branch at "origin". + + * "git rebase --onto A...B" means the history is replayed on top of the + merge base between A and B. + + * "git rebase -i" learned new action "fixup" that squashes the change + but does not affect existing log message. + + * "git rebase -i" also learned --autosquash option that is useful + together with the new "fixup" action. + + * "git remote" learned set-url subcommand that updates (surprise!) url + for an existing remote nickname. + + * "git rerere" learned "forget path" subcommand. Together with "git + checkout -m path" it will be useful when you recorded a wrong + resolution. + + * Use of "git reset --merge" has become easier when resetting away a + conflicted mess left in the work tree. + + * "git rerere" had rerere.autoupdate configuration but there was no way + to countermand it from the command line; --no-rerere-autoupdate option + given to "merge", "revert", etc. fixes this. + + * "git status" learned "-s(hort)" output format. + +(developers) + + * The infrastructure to build foreign SCM interface has been updated. + + * Many more commands are now built-in. + + * THREADED_DELTA_SEARCH is no more. If you build with threads, delta + compression will always take advantage of it. + +Fixes since v1.6.6 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.6.6.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. + + * "git branch -d branch" used to refuse deleting the branch even when + the branch is fully merged to its upstream branch if it is not merged + to the current branch. It now deletes it in such a case. + + * "fiter-branch" command incorrectly said --prune-empty and --filter-commit + were incompatible; the latter should be read as --commit-filter. + + * When using "git status" or asking "git diff" to compare the work tree + with something, they used to consider that a checked-out submodule with + uncommitted changes is not modified; this could cause people to forget + committing these changes in the submodule before committing in the + superproject. They now consider such a change as a modification and + "git diff" will append a "-dirty" to the work tree side when generating + patch output or when used with the --submodule option. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.7.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.7.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..750d40f34a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.7.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +Git v1.7.1 Release Notes (draft) +================================ + +Updates since v1.7.0 +-------------------- + + * Some commands (e.g. svn and http interfaces) that interactively ask + password can be told to use an external program given via GIT_ASKPASS. + + * Color values given to "color.<cmd>.<slot>" configuration can now have + more than one attributes (e.g. "bold ul"). + + * "git apply --whitespace=fix" didn't work well when an early patch in + a patch series adds trailing blank lines and a later one depended on + such a block of blank lines at the end. + + * "git am" learned "--keep-cr" option to handle inputs that are + mixture of changes to files with and without CRLF line endings. + + * "git cvsimport" learned -R option to leave revision mapping between + CVS revisions and resulting git commits. + + * "git for-each-ref" learned %(symref), %(symref:short) and %(flag) + tokens. + + * "git hash-object --stdin-paths" can take "--no-filters" option now. + + * "git init" can be told to look at init.templatedir configuration + variable (obviously that has to come from either /etc/gitconfig or + $HOME/.gitconfig). + + * "git grep" learned "--no-index" option, to search inside contents that + are not managed by git. + + * "git grep" learned --color=auto/always/never. + + * "git grep" learned to paint filename and line-number in colors. + + * "git merge-file" learned to use custom conflict marker size and also use + the "union merge" behaviour. + + * "git notes" command has been rewritten in C and learned quite a + many commands. + + * "git request-pull" identifies the commit the request is relative to in + a more readable way. + + * "git reset" learned "--keep" option that lets you discard commits + near the tip while preserving your local changes in a way similar + to how "git checkout branch" does. + + * "git svn" should work better when interacting with repositories + with CRLF line endings. + + * "git imap-send" learned to support CRAM-MD5 authentication. + +Fixes since v1.7.0 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.7.0.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. + + * "git add frotz/nitfol" did not complain when the entire frotz/ directory + was ignored. + +--- +exec >/var/tmp/1 +echo O=$(git describe) +O=v1.7.0.2-323-g0d0925c +git shortlog --no-merges ^maint $O.. diff --git a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches index 76fc84d878..c686f8646b 100644 --- a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +++ b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches @@ -280,6 +280,20 @@ people play with it without having to pick up and apply the patch to their trees themselves. ------------------------------------------------ +Know the status of your patch after submission + +* You can use Git itself to find out when your patch is merged in + master. 'git pull --rebase' will automatically skip already-applied + patches, and will let you know. This works only if you rebase on top + of the branch in which your patch has been merged (i.e. it will not + tell you if your patch is merged in pu if you rebase on top of + master). + +* Read the git mailing list, the maintainer regularly posts messages + entitled "What's cooking in git.git" and "What's in git.git" giving + the status of various proposed changes. + +------------------------------------------------ MUA specific hints Some of patches I receive or pick up from the list share common diff --git a/Documentation/blame-options.txt b/Documentation/blame-options.txt index 1625ffce6a..4833cac4b9 100644 --- a/Documentation/blame-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/blame-options.txt @@ -98,8 +98,10 @@ commit. files that were modified in the same commit. This is useful when you reorganize your program and move code around across files. When this option is given twice, - the command additionally looks for copies from all other - files in the parent for the commit that creates the file. + the command additionally looks for copies from other + files in the commit that creates the file. When this + option is given three times, the command additionally + looks for copies from other files in any commit. + <num> is optional but it is the lower bound on the number of alphanumeric characters that git must detect as moving diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt index 181c2f9bde..1dbded0fdc 100644 --- a/Documentation/config.txt +++ b/Documentation/config.txt @@ -49,7 +49,8 @@ There is also a case insensitive alternative `[section.subsection]` syntax. In this syntax, subsection names follow the same restrictions as for section names. -All the other lines are recognized as setting variables, in the form +All the other lines (and the remainder of the line after the section +header) are recognized as setting variables, in the form 'name = value'. If there is no equal sign on the line, the entire line is taken as 'name' and the variable is recognized as boolean "true". The variable names are case-insensitive and only alphanumeric @@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ The values following the equals sign in variable assign are all either a string, an integer, or a boolean. Boolean values may be given as yes/no, 0/1, true/false or on/off. Case is not significant in boolean values, when converting value to the canonical form using '--bool' type specifier; -'git-config' will ensure that the output is "true" or "false". +'git config' will ensure that the output is "true" or "false". String values may be entirely or partially enclosed in double quotes. You need to enclose variable values in double quotes if you want to @@ -112,10 +113,46 @@ For command-specific variables, you will find a more detailed description in the appropriate manual page. You will find a description of non-core porcelain configuration variables in the respective porcelain documentation. +advice.*:: + When set to 'true', display the given optional help message. + When set to 'false', do not display. The configuration variables + are: ++ +-- + pushNonFastForward:: + Advice shown when linkgit:git-push[1] refuses + non-fast-forward refs. Default: true. + statusHints:: + Directions on how to stage/unstage/add shown in the + output of linkgit:git-status[1] and the template shown + when writing commit messages. Default: true. + commitBeforeMerge:: + Advice shown when linkgit:git-merge[1] refuses to + merge to avoid overwritting local changes. + Default: true. + resolveConflict:: + Advices shown by various commands when conflicts + prevent the operation from being performed. + Default: true. + implicitIdentity:: + Advice on how to set your identity configuration when + your information is guessed from the system username and + domain name. Default: true. + + detachedHead:: + Advice shown when you used linkgit::git-checkout[1] to + move to the detach HEAD state, to instruct how to create + a local branch after the fact. Default: true. +-- + core.fileMode:: If false, the executable bit differences between the index and the working copy are ignored; useful on broken filesystems like FAT. - See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. True by default. + See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. ++ +The default is true, except linkgit:git-clone[1] or linkgit:git-init[1] +will probe and set core.fileMode false if appropriate when the +repository is created. core.ignoreCygwinFSTricks:: This option is only used by Cygwin implementation of Git. If false, @@ -128,6 +165,18 @@ core.ignoreCygwinFSTricks:: is true, in which case ignoreCygwinFSTricks is ignored as Cygwin's POSIX emulation is required to support core.filemode. +core.ignorecase:: + If true, this option enables various workarounds to enable + git to work better on filesystems that are not case sensitive, + like FAT. For example, if a directory listing finds + "makefile" when git expects "Makefile", git will assume + it is really the same file, and continue to remember it as + "Makefile". ++ +The default is false, except linkgit:git-clone[1] or linkgit:git-init[1] +will probe and set core.ignorecase true if appropriate when the repository +is created. + core.trustctime:: If false, the ctime differences between the index and the working copy are ignored; useful when the inode change time @@ -153,9 +202,10 @@ core.autocrlf:: writing to the filesystem. The variable can be set to 'input', in which case the conversion happens only while reading from the filesystem but files are written out with - `LF` at the end of lines. Currently, which paths to consider - "text" (i.e. be subjected to the autocrlf mechanism) is - decided purely based on the contents. + `LF` at the end of lines. A file is considered + "text" (i.e. be subjected to the autocrlf mechanism) based on + the file's `crlf` attribute, or if `crlf` is unspecified, + based on the file's contents. See linkgit:gitattributes[5]. core.safecrlf:: If true, makes git check if converting `CRLF` as controlled by @@ -207,7 +257,11 @@ core.symlinks:: contain the link text. linkgit:git-update-index[1] and linkgit:git-add[1] will not change the recorded type to regular file. Useful on filesystems like FAT that do not support - symbolic links. True by default. + symbolic links. ++ +The default is true, except linkgit:git-clone[1] or linkgit:git-init[1] +will probe and set core.symlinks false if appropriate when the repository +is created. core.gitProxy:: A "proxy command" to execute (as 'command host port') instead @@ -256,17 +310,24 @@ false), while all other repositories are assumed to be bare (bare = true). core.worktree:: - Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be - used in combination with repositories found automatically in - a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set). + Set the path to the root of the work tree. This can be overridden by the GIT_WORK_TREE environment variable and the '--work-tree' command line option. It can be - a absolute path or relative path to the directory specified by - --git-dir or GIT_DIR. - Note: If --git-dir or GIT_DIR are specified but none of + an absolute path or a relative path to the .git directory, + either specified by --git-dir or GIT_DIR, or automatically + discovered. + If --git-dir or GIT_DIR are specified but none of --work-tree, GIT_WORK_TREE and core.worktree is specified, - the current working directory is regarded as the top directory - of your working tree. + the current working directory is regarded as the root of the + work tree. ++ +Note that this variable is honored even when set in a configuration +file in a ".git" subdirectory of a directory, and its value differs +from the latter directory (e.g. "/path/to/.git/config" has +core.worktree set to "/different/path"), which is most likely a +misconfiguration. Running git commands in "/path/to" directory will +still use "/different/path" as the root of the work tree and can cause +great confusion to the users. core.logAllRefUpdates:: Enable the reflog. Updates to a ref <ref> is logged to the file @@ -361,19 +422,32 @@ You probably do not need to adjust this value. + Common unit suffixes of 'k', 'm', or 'g' are supported. +core.bigFileThreshold:: + Files larger than this size are stored deflated, without + attempting delta compression. Storing large files without + delta compression avoids excessive memory usage, at the + slight expense of increased disk usage. ++ +Default is 512 MiB on all platforms. This should be reasonable +for most projects as source code and other text files can still +be delta compressed, but larger binary media files won't be. ++ +Common unit suffixes of 'k', 'm', or 'g' are supported. ++ +Currently only linkgit:git-fast-import[1] honors this setting. + core.excludesfile:: In addition to '.gitignore' (per-directory) and '.git/info/exclude', git looks into this file for patterns - of files which are not meant to be tracked. See - linkgit:gitignore[5]. + of files which are not meant to be tracked. "{tilde}/" is expanded + to the value of `$HOME` and "{tilde}user/" to the specified user's + home directory. See linkgit:gitignore[5]. core.editor:: Commands such as `commit` and `tag` that lets you edit messages by launching an editor uses the value of this variable when it is set, and the environment variable - `GIT_EDITOR` is not set. The order of preference is - `GIT_EDITOR` environment, `core.editor`, `VISUAL` and - `EDITOR` environment variables and then finally `vi`. + `GIT_EDITOR` is not set. See linkgit:git-var[1]. core.pager:: The command that git will use to paginate output. Can @@ -395,18 +469,22 @@ core.pager:: core.whitespace:: A comma separated list of common whitespace problems to - notice. 'git-diff' will use `color.diff.whitespace` to - highlight them, and 'git-apply --whitespace=error' will + notice. 'git diff' will use `color.diff.whitespace` to + highlight them, and 'git apply --whitespace=error' will consider them as errors. You can prefix `-` to disable any of them (e.g. `-trailing-space`): + -* `trailing-space` treats trailing whitespaces at the end of the line +* `blank-at-eol` treats trailing whitespaces at the end of the line as an error (enabled by default). * `space-before-tab` treats a space character that appears immediately before a tab character in the initial indent part of the line as an error (enabled by default). * `indent-with-non-tab` treats a line that is indented with 8 or more space characters as an error (not enabled by default). +* `blank-at-eof` treats blank lines added at the end of file as an error + (enabled by default). +* `trailing-space` is a short-hand to cover both `blank-at-eol` and + `blank-at-eof`. * `cr-at-eol` treats a carriage-return at the end of line as part of the line terminator, i.e. with it, `trailing-space` does not trigger if the character before such a carriage-return @@ -438,8 +516,25 @@ On some file system/operating system combinations, this is unreliable. Set this config setting to 'rename' there; However, This will remove the check that makes sure that existing object files will not get overwritten. +core.notesRef:: + When showing commit messages, also show notes which are stored in + the given ref. This ref is expected to contain files named + after the full SHA-1 of the commit they annotate. ++ +If such a file exists in the given ref, the referenced blob is read, and +appended to the commit message, separated by a "Notes:" line. If the +given ref itself does not exist, it is not an error, but means that no +notes should be printed. ++ +This setting defaults to "refs/notes/commits", and can be overridden by +the `GIT_NOTES_REF` environment variable. + +core.sparseCheckout:: + Enable "sparse checkout" feature. See section "Sparse checkout" in + linkgit:git-read-tree[1] for more information. + add.ignore-errors:: - Tells 'git-add' to continue adding files when some files cannot be + Tells 'git add' to continue adding files when some files cannot be added due to indexing errors. Equivalent to the '--ignore-errors' option of linkgit:git-add[1]. @@ -460,12 +555,27 @@ it will be treated as a shell command. For example, defining executed from the top-level directory of a repository, which may not necessarily be the current directory. +am.keepcr:: + If true, git-am will call git-mailsplit for patches in mbox format + with parameter '--keep-cr'. In this case git-mailsplit will + not remove `\r` from lines ending with `\r\n`. Can be overrriden + by giving '--no-keep-cr' from the command line. + See linkgit:git-am[1], linkgit:git-mailsplit[1]. + +apply.ignorewhitespace:: + When set to 'change', tells 'git apply' to ignore changes in + whitespace, in the same way as the '--ignore-space-change' + option. + When set to one of: no, none, never, false tells 'git apply' to + respect all whitespace differences. + See linkgit:git-apply[1]. + apply.whitespace:: - Tells 'git-apply' how to handle whitespaces, in the same way + Tells 'git apply' how to handle whitespaces, in the same way as the '--whitespace' option. See linkgit:git-apply[1]. branch.autosetupmerge:: - Tells 'git-branch' and 'git-checkout' to setup new branches + Tells 'git branch' and 'git checkout' to set up new branches so that linkgit:git-pull[1] will appropriately merge from the starting point branch. Note that even if this option is not set, this behavior can be chosen per-branch using the `--track` @@ -476,7 +586,7 @@ branch.autosetupmerge:: branch. This option defaults to true. branch.autosetuprebase:: - When a new branch is created with 'git-branch' or 'git-checkout' + When a new branch is created with 'git branch' or 'git checkout' that tracks another branch, this variable tells git to set up pull to rebase instead of merge (see "branch.<name>.rebase"). When `never`, rebase is never automatically set to true. @@ -491,31 +601,31 @@ branch.autosetuprebase:: This option defaults to never. branch.<name>.remote:: - When in branch <name>, it tells 'git-fetch' and 'git-push' which + When in branch <name>, it tells 'git fetch' and 'git push' which remote to fetch from/push to. It defaults to `origin` if no remote is configured. `origin` is also used if you are not on any branch. branch.<name>.merge:: Defines, together with branch.<name>.remote, the upstream branch - for the given branch. It tells 'git-fetch'/'git-pull' which - branch to merge and can also affect 'git-push' (see push.default). - When in branch <name>, it tells 'git-fetch' the default + for the given branch. It tells 'git fetch'/'git pull' which + branch to merge and can also affect 'git push' (see push.default). + When in branch <name>, it tells 'git fetch' the default refspec to be marked for merging in FETCH_HEAD. The value is handled like the remote part of a refspec, and must match a ref which is fetched from the remote given by "branch.<name>.remote". - The merge information is used by 'git-pull' (which at first calls - 'git-fetch') to lookup the default branch for merging. Without - this option, 'git-pull' defaults to merge the first refspec fetched. + The merge information is used by 'git pull' (which at first calls + 'git fetch') to lookup the default branch for merging. Without + this option, 'git pull' defaults to merge the first refspec fetched. Specify multiple values to get an octopus merge. - If you wish to setup 'git-pull' so that it merges into <name> from + If you wish to setup 'git pull' so that it merges into <name> from another branch in the local repository, you can point branch.<name>.merge to the desired branch, and use the special setting `.` (a period) for branch.<name>.remote. branch.<name>.mergeoptions:: Sets default options for merging into branch <name>. The syntax and - supported options are equal to that of linkgit:git-merge[1], but + supported options are the same as those of linkgit:git-merge[1], but option values containing whitespace characters are currently not supported. @@ -570,29 +680,39 @@ color.diff.<slot>:: Use customized color for diff colorization. `<slot>` specifies which part of the patch to use the specified color, and is one of `plain` (context text), `meta` (metainformation), `frag` - (hunk header), `old` (removed lines), `new` (added lines), - `commit` (commit headers), or `whitespace` (highlighting - whitespace errors). The values of these variables may be specified as - in color.branch.<slot>. + (hunk header), 'func' (function in hunk header), `old` (removed lines), + `new` (added lines), `commit` (commit headers), or `whitespace` + (highlighting whitespace errors). The values of these variables may be + specified as in color.branch.<slot>. color.grep:: When set to `always`, always highlight matches. When `false` (or `never`), never. When set to `true` or `auto`, use color only when the output is written to the terminal. Defaults to `false`. -color.grep.external:: - The string value of this variable is passed to an external 'grep' - command as a command line option if match highlighting is turned - on. If set to an empty string, no option is passed at all, - turning off coloring for external 'grep' calls; this is the default. - For GNU grep, set it to `--color=always` to highlight matches even - when a pager is used. - -color.grep.match:: - Use customized color for matches. The value of this variable - may be specified as in color.branch.<slot>. It is passed using - the environment variables 'GREP_COLOR' and 'GREP_COLORS' when - calling an external 'grep'. +color.grep.<slot>:: + Use customized color for grep colorization. `<slot>` specifies which + part of the line to use the specified color, and is one of ++ +-- +`context`;; + non-matching text in context lines (when using `-A`, `-B`, or `-C`) +`filename`;; + filename prefix (when not using `-h`) +`function`;; + function name lines (when using `-p`) +`linenumber`;; + line number prefix (when using `-n`) +`match`;; + matching text +`selected`;; + non-matching text in selected lines +`separator`;; + separators between fields on a line (`:`, `-`, and `=`) + and between hunks (`--`) +-- ++ +The values of these variables may be specified as in color.branch.<slot>. color.interactive:: When set to `always`, always use colors for interactive prompts @@ -601,7 +721,7 @@ color.interactive:: colors only when the output is to the terminal. Defaults to false. color.interactive.<slot>:: - Use customized color for 'git-add --interactive' + Use customized color for 'git add --interactive' output. `<slot>` may be `prompt`, `header`, `help` or `error`, for four distinct types of normal output from interactive commands. The values of these variables may be specified as @@ -611,6 +731,12 @@ color.pager:: A boolean to enable/disable colored output when the pager is in use (default is true). +color.showbranch:: + A boolean to enable/disable color in the output of + linkgit:git-show-branch[1]. May be set to `always`, + `false` (or `never`) or `auto` (or `true`), in which case colors are used + only when the output is to a terminal. Defaults to false. + color.status:: A boolean to enable/disable color in the output of linkgit:git-status[1]. May be set to `always`, @@ -634,18 +760,25 @@ color.ui:: terminal. When more specific variables of color.* are set, they always take precedence over this setting. Defaults to false. +commit.status:: + A boolean to enable/disable inclusion of status information in the + commit message template when using an editor to prepare the commit + message. Defaults to true. + commit.template:: Specify a file to use as the template for new commit messages. + "{tilde}/" is expanded to the value of `$HOME` and "{tilde}user/" to the + specified user's home directory. diff.autorefreshindex:: - When using 'git-diff' to compare with work tree + When using 'git diff' to compare with work tree files, do not consider stat-only change as changed. Instead, silently run `git update-index --refresh` to update the cached stat information for paths whose contents in the work tree match the contents in the index. This option defaults to true. Note that this - affects only 'git-diff' Porcelain, and not lower level - 'diff' commands, such as 'git-diff-files'. + affects only 'git diff' Porcelain, and not lower level + 'diff' commands such as 'git diff-files'. diff.external:: If this config variable is set, diff generation is not @@ -657,24 +790,24 @@ diff.external:: your files, you might want to use linkgit:gitattributes[5] instead. diff.mnemonicprefix:: - If set, 'git-diff' uses a prefix pair that is different from the + If set, 'git diff' uses a prefix pair that is different from the standard "a/" and "b/" depending on what is being compared. When this configuration is in effect, reverse diff output also swaps the order of the prefixes: -'git-diff';; +`git diff`;; compares the (i)ndex and the (w)ork tree; -'git-diff HEAD';; +`git diff HEAD`;; compares a (c)ommit and the (w)ork tree; -'git diff --cached';; +`git diff --cached`;; compares a (c)ommit and the (i)ndex; -'git-diff HEAD:file1 file2';; +`git diff HEAD:file1 file2`;; compares an (o)bject and a (w)ork tree entity; -'git diff --no-index a b';; +`git diff --no-index a b`;; compares two non-git things (1) and (2). diff.renameLimit:: The number of files to consider when performing the copy/rename - detection; equivalent to the 'git-diff' option '-l'. + detection; equivalent to the 'git diff' option '-l'. diff.renames:: Tells git to detect renames. If set to any boolean value, it @@ -760,9 +893,9 @@ format.pretty:: linkgit:git-whatchanged[1]. format.thread:: - The default threading style for 'git-format-patch'. Can be - either a boolean value, `shallow` or `deep`. `shallow` - threading makes every mail a reply to the head of the series, + The default threading style for 'git format-patch'. Can be + a boolean value, or `shallow` or `deep`. `shallow` threading + makes every mail a reply to the head of the series, where the head is chosen from the cover letter, the `\--in-reply-to`, and the first patch mail, in this order. `deep` threading makes every mail a reply to the previous one. @@ -778,7 +911,7 @@ format.signoff:: gc.aggressiveWindow:: The window size parameter used in the delta compression - algorithm used by 'git-gc --aggressive'. This defaults + algorithm used by 'git gc --aggressive'. This defaults to 10. gc.auto:: @@ -795,39 +928,36 @@ gc.autopacklimit:: default value is 50. Setting this to 0 disables it. gc.packrefs:: - 'git-gc' does not run `git pack-refs` in a bare repository by - default so that older dumb-transport clients can still fetch - from the repository. Setting this to `true` lets 'git-gc' - to run `git pack-refs`. Setting this to `false` tells - 'git-gc' never to run `git pack-refs`. The default setting is - `notbare`. Enable it only when you know you do not have to - support such clients. The default setting will change to `true` - at some stage, and setting this to `false` will continue to - prevent `git pack-refs` from being run from 'git-gc'. + Running `git pack-refs` in a repository renders it + unclonable by Git versions prior to 1.5.1.2 over dumb + transports such as HTTP. This variable determines whether + 'git gc' runs `git pack-refs`. This can be set to `nobare` + to enable it within all non-bare repos or it can be set to a + boolean value. The default is `true`. gc.pruneexpire:: - When 'git-gc' is run, it will call 'prune --expire 2.weeks.ago'. + When 'git gc' is run, it will call 'prune --expire 2.weeks.ago'. Override the grace period with this config variable. The value "now" may be used to disable this grace period and always prune unreachable objects immediately. gc.reflogexpire:: - 'git-reflog expire' removes reflog entries older than + 'git reflog expire' removes reflog entries older than this time; defaults to 90 days. gc.reflogexpireunreachable:: - 'git-reflog expire' removes reflog entries older than + 'git reflog expire' removes reflog entries older than this time and are not reachable from the current tip; defaults to 30 days. gc.rerereresolved:: Records of conflicted merge you resolved earlier are - kept for this many days when 'git-rerere gc' is run. + kept for this many days when 'git rerere gc' is run. The default is 60 days. See linkgit:git-rerere[1]. gc.rerereunresolved:: Records of conflicted merge you have not resolved are - kept for this many days when 'git-rerere gc' is run. + kept for this many days when 'git rerere gc' is run. The default is 15 days. See linkgit:git-rerere[1]. gitcvs.commitmsgannotation:: @@ -935,7 +1065,7 @@ gui.spellingdictionary:: off. gui.fastcopyblame:: - If true, 'git gui blame' uses '-C' instead of '-C -C' for original + If true, 'git gui blame' uses `-C` instead of `-C -C` for original location detection. It makes blame significantly faster on huge repositories at the expense of less thorough copy detection. @@ -1039,6 +1169,12 @@ http.sslKey:: over HTTPS. Can be overridden by the 'GIT_SSL_KEY' environment variable. +http.sslCertPasswordProtected:: + Enable git's password prompt for the SSL certificate. Otherwise + OpenSSL will prompt the user, possibly many times, if the + certificate or private key is encrypted. Can be overridden by the + 'GIT_SSL_CERT_PASSWORD_PROTECTED' environment variable. + http.sslCAInfo:: File containing the certificates to verify the peer with when fetching or pushing over HTTPS. Can be overridden by the @@ -1053,6 +1189,20 @@ http.maxRequests:: How many HTTP requests to launch in parallel. Can be overridden by the 'GIT_HTTP_MAX_REQUESTS' environment variable. Default is 5. +http.minSessions:: + The number of curl sessions (counted across slots) to be kept across + requests. They will not be ended with curl_easy_cleanup() until + http_cleanup() is invoked. If USE_CURL_MULTI is not defined, this + value will be capped at 1. Defaults to 1. + +http.postBuffer:: + Maximum size in bytes of the buffer used by smart HTTP + transports when POSTing data to the remote system. + For requests larger than this buffer size, HTTP/1.1 and + Transfer-Encoding: chunked is used to avoid creating a + massive pack file locally. Default is 1 MiB, which is + sufficient for most requests. + http.lowSpeedLimit, http.lowSpeedTime:: If the HTTP transfer speed is less than 'http.lowSpeedLimit' for longer than 'http.lowSpeedTime' seconds, the transfer is aborted. @@ -1074,12 +1224,16 @@ i18n.commitEncoding:: i18n.logOutputEncoding:: Character encoding the commit messages are converted to when - running 'git-log' and friends. + running 'git log' and friends. imap:: The configuration variables in the 'imap' section are described in linkgit:git-imap-send[1]. +init.templatedir:: + Specify the directory from which templates will be copied. + (See the "TEMPLATE DIRECTORY" section of linkgit:git-init[1].) + instaweb.browser:: Specify the program that will be used to browse your working repository in gitweb. See linkgit:git-instaweb[1]. @@ -1108,7 +1262,7 @@ interactive.singlekey:: log.date:: Set default date-time mode for the log command. Setting log.date - value is similar to using 'git-log'\'s --date option. The value is one of the + value is similar to using 'git log'\'s --date option. The value is one of the following alternatives: {relative,local,default,iso,rfc,short}. See linkgit:git-log[1]. @@ -1205,12 +1359,20 @@ pack.compression:: pack.deltaCacheSize:: The maximum memory in bytes used for caching deltas in - linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. - A value of 0 means no limit. Defaults to 0. + linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] before writing them out to a pack. + This cache is used to speed up the writing object phase by not + having to recompute the final delta result once the best match + for all objects is found. Repacking large repositories on machines + which are tight with memory might be badly impacted by this though, + especially if this cache pushes the system into swapping. + A value of 0 means no limit. The smallest size of 1 byte may be + used to virtually disable this cache. Defaults to 256 MiB. pack.deltaCacheLimit:: The maximum size of a delta, that is cached in - linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. Defaults to 1000. + linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. This cache is used to speed up the + writing object phase by not having to recompute the final delta + result once the best match for all objects is found. Defaults to 1000. pack.threads:: Specifies the number of threads to spawn when searching for best @@ -1240,10 +1402,13 @@ you can use linkgit:git-index-pack[1] on the *.pack file to regenerate the `{asterisk}.idx` file. pack.packSizeLimit:: - The default maximum size of a pack. This setting only affects - packing to a file, i.e. the git:// protocol is unaffected. It - can be overridden by the `\--max-pack-size` option of - linkgit:git-repack[1]. + The maximum size of a pack. This setting only affects + packing to a file when repacking, i.e. the git:// protocol + is unaffected. It can be overridden by the `\--max-pack-size` + option of linkgit:git-repack[1]. The minimum size allowed is + limited to 1 MiB. The default is unlimited. + Common unit suffixes of 'k', 'm', or 'g' are + supported. pager.<cmd>:: Allows turning on or off pagination of the output of a @@ -1276,6 +1441,11 @@ rebase.stat:: Whether to show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last rebase. False by default. +receive.autogc:: + By default, git-receive-pack will run "git-gc --auto" after + receiving data from git-push and updating refs. You can stop + it by setting this variable to false. + receive.fsckObjects:: If it is set to true, git-receive-pack will check all received objects. It will abort in the case of a malformed object or a @@ -1303,18 +1473,25 @@ receive.denyCurrentBranch:: out of sync with the index and working tree. If set to "warn", print a warning of such a push to stderr, but allow the push to proceed. If set to false or "ignore", allow such pushes with no - message. Defaults to "warn". + message. Defaults to "refuse". receive.denyNonFastForwards:: If set to true, git-receive-pack will deny a ref update which is - not a fast forward. Use this to prevent such an update via a push, + not a fast-forward. Use this to prevent such an update via a push, even if that push is forced. This configuration variable is set when initializing a shared repository. +receive.updateserverinfo:: + If set to true, git-receive-pack will run git-update-server-info + after receiving data from git-push and updating refs. + remote.<name>.url:: The URL of a remote repository. See linkgit:git-fetch[1] or linkgit:git-push[1]. +remote.<name>.pushurl:: + The push URL of a remote repository. See linkgit:git-push[1]. + remote.<name>.proxy:: For remotes that require curl (http, https and ftp), the URL to the proxy to use for that remote. Set to the empty string to @@ -1334,7 +1511,13 @@ remote.<name>.mirror:: remote.<name>.skipDefaultUpdate:: If true, this remote will be skipped by default when updating - using the update subcommand of linkgit:git-remote[1]. + using linkgit:git-fetch[1] or the `update` subcommand of + linkgit:git-remote[1]. + +remote.<name>.skipFetchAll:: + If true, this remote will be skipped by default when updating + using linkgit:git-fetch[1] or the `update` subcommand of + linkgit:git-remote[1]. remote.<name>.receivepack:: The default program to execute on the remote side when pushing. See @@ -1348,6 +1531,10 @@ remote.<name>.tagopt:: Setting this value to \--no-tags disables automatic tag following when fetching from remote <name> +remote.<name>.vcs:: + Setting this to a value <vcs> will cause git to interact with + the remote with the git-remote-<vcs> helper. + remotes.<group>:: The list of remotes which are fetched by "git remote update <group>". See linkgit:git-remote[1]. @@ -1372,6 +1559,50 @@ rerere.enabled:: default enabled if you create `rr-cache` directory under `$GIT_DIR`, but can be disabled by setting this option to false. +sendemail.identity:: + A configuration identity. When given, causes values in the + 'sendemail.<identity>' subsection to take precedence over + values in the 'sendemail' section. The default identity is + the value of 'sendemail.identity'. + +sendemail.smtpencryption:: + See linkgit:git-send-email[1] for description. Note that this + setting is not subject to the 'identity' mechanism. + +sendemail.smtpssl:: + Deprecated alias for 'sendemail.smtpencryption = ssl'. + +sendemail.<identity>.*:: + Identity-specific versions of the 'sendemail.*' parameters + found below, taking precedence over those when the this + identity is selected, through command-line or + 'sendemail.identity'. + +sendemail.aliasesfile:: +sendemail.aliasfiletype:: +sendemail.bcc:: +sendemail.cc:: +sendemail.cccmd:: +sendemail.chainreplyto:: +sendemail.confirm:: +sendemail.envelopesender:: +sendemail.from:: +sendemail.multiedit:: +sendemail.signedoffbycc:: +sendemail.smtppass:: +sendemail.suppresscc:: +sendemail.suppressfrom:: +sendemail.to:: +sendemail.smtpserver:: +sendemail.smtpserverport:: +sendemail.smtpuser:: +sendemail.thread:: +sendemail.validate:: + See linkgit:git-send-email[1] for description. + +sendemail.signedoffcc:: + Deprecated alias for 'sendemail.signedoffbycc'. + showbranch.default:: The default set of branches for linkgit:git-show-branch[1]. See linkgit:git-show-branch[1]. @@ -1424,6 +1655,19 @@ url.<base>.insteadOf:: never-before-seen repository on the site. When more than one insteadOf strings match a given URL, the longest match is used. +url.<base>.pushInsteadOf:: + Any URL that starts with this value will not be pushed to; + instead, it will be rewritten to start with <base>, and the + resulting URL will be pushed to. In cases where some site serves + a large number of repositories, and serves them with multiple + access methods, some of which do not allow push, this feature + allows people to specify a pull-only URL and have git + automatically use an appropriate URL to push, even for a + never-before-seen repository on the site. When more than one + pushInsteadOf strings match a given URL, the longest match is + used. If a remote has an explicit pushurl, git will ignore this + setting for that remote. + user.email:: Your email address to be recorded in any newly created commits. Can be overridden by the 'GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL', 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL', and diff --git a/Documentation/date-formats.txt b/Documentation/date-formats.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c000f08a9d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/date-formats.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +DATE FORMATS +------------ + +The GIT_AUTHOR_DATE, GIT_COMMITTER_DATE environment variables +ifdef::git-commit[] +and the `--date` option +endif::git-commit[] +support the following date formats: + +Git internal format:: + It is `<unix timestamp> <timezone offset>`, where `<unix + timestamp>` is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch. + `<timezone offset>` is a positive or negative offset from UTC. + For example CET (which is 2 hours ahead UTC) is `+0200`. + +RFC 2822:: + The standard email format as described by RFC 2822, for example + `Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200`. + +ISO 8601:: + Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example + `2005-04-07T22:13:13`. The parser accepts a space instead of the + `T` character as well. ++ +NOTE: In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats: +`YYYY.MM.DD`, `MM/DD/YYYY` and `DD.MM.YYYY`. diff --git a/Documentation/diff-format.txt b/Documentation/diff-format.txt index 1eeb1c7683..15c7e794f4 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-format.txt @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@ -The output format from "git-diff-index", "git-diff-tree", +Raw output format +----------------- + +The raw output format from "git-diff-index", "git-diff-tree", "git-diff-files" and "git diff --raw" are very similar. These commands all compare two sets of things; what is @@ -16,6 +19,9 @@ git-diff-tree [-r] <tree-ish-1> <tree-ish-2> [<pattern>...]:: git-diff-files [<pattern>...]:: compares the index and the files on the filesystem. +The "git-diff-tree" command begins its output by printing the hash of +what is being compared. After that, all the commands print one output +line per changed file. An output line is formatted this way: diff --git a/Documentation/diff-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-options.txt index 9276faeb11..60e922e6ef 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-options.txt @@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ endif::git-format-patch[] ifdef::git-format-patch[] -p:: - Generate patches without diffstat. +--no-stat:: + Generate plain patches without any diffstats. endif::git-format-patch[] ifndef::git-format-patch[] @@ -27,33 +28,40 @@ endif::git-format-patch[] -U<n>:: --unified=<n>:: Generate diffs with <n> lines of context instead of - the usual three. Implies "-p". + the usual three. +ifndef::git-format-patch[] + Implies `-p`. +endif::git-format-patch[] +ifndef::git-format-patch[] --raw:: Generate the raw format. {git-diff-core? This is the default.} +endif::git-format-patch[] +ifndef::git-format-patch[] --patch-with-raw:: - Synonym for "-p --raw". + Synonym for `-p --raw`. +endif::git-format-patch[] --patience:: Generate a diff using the "patience diff" algorithm. --stat[=width[,name-width]]:: Generate a diffstat. You can override the default - output width for 80-column terminal by "--stat=width". + output width for 80-column terminal by `--stat=width`. The width of the filename part can be controlled by giving another width to it separated by a comma. --numstat:: - Similar to \--stat, but shows number of added and + Similar to `\--stat`, but shows number of added and deleted lines in decimal notation and pathname without abbreviation, to make it more machine friendly. For binary files, outputs two `-` instead of saying `0 0`. --shortstat:: - Output only the last line of the --stat format containing total + Output only the last line of the `--stat` format containing total number of modified files, as well as number of added and deleted lines. @@ -61,24 +69,39 @@ endif::git-format-patch[] Output the distribution of relative amount of changes (number of lines added or removed) for each sub-directory. Directories with changes below a cut-off percent (3% by default) are not shown. The cut-off percent - can be set with "--dirstat=limit". Changes in a child directory is not - counted for the parent directory, unless "--cumulative" is used. + can be set with `--dirstat=limit`. Changes in a child directory is not + counted for the parent directory, unless `--cumulative` is used. --dirstat-by-file[=limit]:: - Same as --dirstat, but counts changed files instead of lines. + Same as `--dirstat`, but counts changed files instead of lines. --summary:: Output a condensed summary of extended header information such as creations, renames and mode changes. +ifndef::git-format-patch[] --patch-with-stat:: - Synonym for "-p --stat". - {git-format-patch? This is the default.} + Synonym for `-p --stat`. +endif::git-format-patch[] + +ifndef::git-format-patch[] -z:: - NUL-line termination on output. This affects the --raw - output field terminator. Also output from commands such - as "git-log" will be delimited with NUL between commits. +ifdef::git-log[] + Separate the commits with NULs instead of with new newlines. ++ +Also, when `--raw` or `--numstat` has been given, do not munge +pathnames and use NULs as output field terminators. +endif::git-log[] +ifndef::git-log[] + When `--raw` or `--numstat` has been given, do not munge + pathnames and use NULs as output field terminators. +endif::git-log[] ++ +Without this option, each pathname output will have TAB, LF, double quotes, +and backslash characters replaced with `\t`, `\n`, `\"`, and `\\`, +respectively, and the pathname will be enclosed in double quotes if +any of those replacements occurred. --name-only:: Show only names of changed files. @@ -87,12 +110,21 @@ endif::git-format-patch[] Show only names and status of changed files. See the description of the `--diff-filter` option on what the status letters mean. ---color:: +--submodule[=<format>]:: + Chose the output format for submodule differences. <format> can be one of + 'short' and 'log'. 'short' just shows pairs of commit names, this format + is used when this option is not given. 'log' is the default value for this + option and lists the commits in that commit range like the 'summary' + option of linkgit:git-submodule[1] does. + +--color[=<when>]:: Show colored diff. + The value must be always (the default), never, or auto. --no-color:: Turn off colored diff, even when the configuration file gives the default to color output. + Same as `--color=never`. --color-words[=<regex>]:: Show colored word diff, i.e., color words which have changed. @@ -110,16 +142,19 @@ The regex can also be set via a diff driver or configuration option, see linkgit:gitattributes[1] or linkgit:git-config[1]. Giving it explicitly overrides any diff driver or configuration setting. Diff drivers override configuration settings. +endif::git-format-patch[] --no-renames:: Turn off rename detection, even when the configuration file gives the default to do so. +ifndef::git-format-patch[] --check:: Warn if changes introduce trailing whitespace or an indent that uses a space before a tab. Exits with non-zero status if problems are found. Not compatible with --exit-code. +endif::git-format-patch[] --full-index:: Instead of the first handful of characters, show the full @@ -127,16 +162,16 @@ override configuration settings. line when generating patch format output. --binary:: - In addition to --full-index, output "binary diff" that - can be applied with "git apply". + In addition to `--full-index`, output a binary diff that + can be applied with `git-apply`. --abbrev[=<n>]:: Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object name in diff-raw format output and diff-tree header lines, show only a partial prefix. This is - independent of --full-index option above, which controls + independent of the `--full-index` option above, which controls the diff-patch output format. Non default number of - digits can be specified with --abbrev=<n>. + digits can be specified with `--abbrev=<n>`. -B:: Break complete rewrite changes into pairs of delete and create. @@ -147,6 +182,7 @@ override configuration settings. -C:: Detect copies as well as renames. See also `--find-copies-harder`. +ifndef::git-format-patch[] --diff-filter=[ACDMRTUXB*]:: Select only files that are Added (`A`), Copied (`C`), Deleted (`D`), Modified (`M`), Renamed (`R`), have their @@ -158,6 +194,7 @@ override configuration settings. paths are selected if there is any file that matches other criteria in the comparison; if there is no file that matches other criteria, nothing is selected. +endif::git-format-patch[] --find-copies-harder:: For performance reasons, by default, `-C` option finds copies only @@ -169,12 +206,13 @@ override configuration settings. `-C` option has the same effect. -l<num>:: - -M and -C options require O(n^2) processing time where n + The `-M` and `-C` options require O(n^2) processing time where n is the number of potential rename/copy targets. This option prevents rename/copy detection from running if the number of rename/copy targets exceeds the specified number. +ifndef::git-format-patch[] -S<string>:: Look for differences that introduce or remove an instance of <string>. Note that this is different than the string simply @@ -182,18 +220,20 @@ override configuration settings. linkgit:gitdiffcore[7] for more details. --pickaxe-all:: - When -S finds a change, show all the changes in that + When `-S` finds a change, show all the changes in that changeset, not just the files that contain the change in <string>. --pickaxe-regex:: Make the <string> not a plain string but an extended POSIX regex to match. +endif::git-format-patch[] -O<orderfile>:: Output the patch in the order specified in the <orderfile>, which has one shell glob pattern per line. +ifndef::git-format-patch[] -R:: Swap two inputs; that is, show differences from index or on-disk file to tree contents. @@ -205,6 +245,7 @@ override configuration settings. not in a subdirectory (e.g. in a bare repository), you can name which subdirectory to make the output relative to by giving a <path> as an argument. +endif::git-format-patch[] -a:: --text:: @@ -229,13 +270,15 @@ override configuration settings. Show the context between diff hunks, up to the specified number of lines, thereby fusing hunks that are close to each other. +ifndef::git-format-patch[] --exit-code:: Make the program exit with codes similar to diff(1). That is, it exits with 1 if there were differences and 0 means no differences. --quiet:: - Disable all output of the program. Implies --exit-code. + Disable all output of the program. Implies `--exit-code`. +endif::git-format-patch[] --ext-diff:: Allow an external diff helper to be executed. If you set an diff --git a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt index ea3b1bc19f..044ec882cc 100644 --- a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt @@ -1,11 +1,5 @@ --q:: ---quiet:: - Pass --quiet to git-fetch-pack and silence any other internally - used git commands. - --v:: ---verbose:: - Be verbose. +--all:: + Fetch all remotes. -a:: --append:: @@ -13,20 +7,38 @@ existing contents of `.git/FETCH_HEAD`. Without this option old data in `.git/FETCH_HEAD` will be overwritten. ---upload-pack <upload-pack>:: - When given, and the repository to fetch from is handled - by 'git-fetch-pack', '--exec=<upload-pack>' is passed to - the command to specify non-default path for the command - run on the other end. +--depth=<depth>:: + Deepen the history of a 'shallow' repository created by + `git clone` with `--depth=<depth>` option (see linkgit:git-clone[1]) + by the specified number of commits. + +ifndef::git-pull[] +--dry-run:: + Show what would be done, without making any changes. +endif::git-pull[] -f:: --force:: - When 'git-fetch' is used with `<rbranch>:<lbranch>` + When 'git fetch' is used with `<rbranch>:<lbranch>` refspec, it refuses to update the local branch `<lbranch>` unless the remote branch `<rbranch>` it fetches is a descendant of `<lbranch>`. This option overrides that check. +-k:: +--keep:: + Keep downloaded pack. + +ifndef::git-pull[] +--multiple:: + Allow several <repository> and <group> arguments to be + specified. No <refspec>s may be specified. + +--prune:: + After fetching, remove any remote tracking branches which + no longer exist on the remote. +endif::git-pull[] + ifdef::git-pull[] --no-tags:: endif::git-pull[] @@ -47,20 +59,35 @@ endif::git-pull[] flag lets all tags and their associated objects be downloaded. --k:: ---keep:: - Keep downloaded pack. - -u:: --update-head-ok:: - By default 'git-fetch' refuses to update the head which + By default 'git fetch' refuses to update the head which corresponds to the current branch. This flag disables the - check. This is purely for the internal use for 'git-pull' - to communicate with 'git-fetch', and unless you are + check. This is purely for the internal use for 'git pull' + to communicate with 'git fetch', and unless you are implementing your own Porcelain you are not supposed to use it. ---depth=<depth>:: - Deepen the history of a 'shallow' repository created by - `git clone` with `--depth=<depth>` option (see linkgit:git-clone[1]) - by the specified number of commits. +--upload-pack <upload-pack>:: + When given, and the repository to fetch from is handled + by 'git fetch-pack', '--exec=<upload-pack>' is passed to + the command to specify non-default path for the command + run on the other end. + +ifndef::git-pull[] +-q:: +--quiet:: + Pass --quiet to git-fetch-pack and silence any other internally + used git commands. Progress is not reported to the standard error + stream. + +-v:: +--verbose:: + Be verbose. +endif::git-pull[] + +--progress:: + Progress status is reported on the standard error stream + by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q + is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the + standard error stream is not directed to a terminal. diff --git a/Documentation/git-add.txt b/Documentation/git-add.txt index d938b42289..51cbeb7032 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-add.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-add.txt @@ -9,33 +9,37 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git add' [-n] [-v] [--force | -f] [--interactive | -i] [--patch | -p] - [--all | [--update | -u]] [--intent-to-add | -N] - [--refresh] [--ignore-errors] [--] <filepattern>... + [--edit | -e] [--all | [--update | -u]] [--intent-to-add | -N] + [--refresh] [--ignore-errors] [--] [<filepattern>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -This command adds the current content of new or modified files to the -index, thus staging that content for inclusion in the next commit. +This command updates the index using the current content found in +the working tree, to prepare the content staged for the next commit. +It typically adds the current content of existing paths as a whole, +but with some options it can also be used to add content with +only part of the changes made to the working tree files applied, or +remove paths that do not exist in the working tree anymore. The "index" holds a snapshot of the content of the working tree, and it is this snapshot that is taken as the contents of the next commit. Thus after making any changes to the working directory, and before running -the commit command, you must use the 'add' command to add any new or +the commit command, you must use the `add` command to add any new or modified files to the index. This command can be performed multiple times before a commit. It only adds the content of the specified file(s) at the time the add command is run; if you want subsequent changes included in the next commit, then -you must run 'git add' again to add the new content to the index. +you must run `git add` again to add the new content to the index. -The 'git status' command can be used to obtain a summary of which +The `git status` command can be used to obtain a summary of which files have changes that are staged for the next commit. -The 'git add' command will not add ignored files by default. If any -ignored files were explicitly specified on the command line, 'git add' +The `git add` command will not add ignored files by default. If any +ignored files were explicitly specified on the command line, `git add` will fail with a list of ignored files. Ignored files reached by directory recursion or filename globbing performed by Git (quote your -globs before the shell) will be silently ignored. The 'add' command can +globs before the shell) will be silently ignored. The 'git add' command can be used to add ignored files with the `-f` (force) option. Please see linkgit:git-commit[1] for alternative ways to add content to a @@ -72,34 +76,51 @@ OPTIONS -p:: --patch:: - Similar to Interactive mode but the initial command loop is - bypassed and the 'patch' subcommand is invoked using each of - the specified filepatterns before exiting. + Interactively choose hunks of patch between the index and the + work tree and add them to the index. This gives the user a chance + to review the difference before adding modified contents to the + index. ++ +This effectively runs `add --interactive`, but bypasses the +initial command menu and directly jumps to the `patch` subcommand. +See ``Interactive mode'' for details. + +-e, \--edit:: + Open the diff vs. the index in an editor and let the user + edit it. After the editor was closed, adjust the hunk headers + and apply the patch to the index. ++ +*NOTE*: Obviously, if you change anything else than the first character +on lines beginning with a space or a minus, the patch will no longer +apply. -u:: --update:: - Update only files that git already knows about, staging modified - content for commit and marking deleted files for removal. This - is similar - to what "git commit -a" does in preparation for making a commit, - except that the update is limited to paths specified on the - command line. If no paths are specified, all tracked files in the - current directory and its subdirectories are updated. + Only match <filepattern> against already tracked files in + the index rather than the working tree. That means that it + will never stage new files, but that it will stage modified + new contents of tracked files and that it will remove files + from the index if the corresponding files in the working tree + have been removed. ++ +If no <filepattern> is given, default to "."; in other words, +update all tracked files in the current directory and its +subdirectories. -A:: --all:: - Update files that git already knows about (same as '\--update') - and add all untracked files that are not ignored by '.gitignore' - mechanism. - + Like `-u`, but match <filepattern> against files in the + working tree in addition to the index. That means that it + will find new files as well as staging modified content and + removing files that are no longer in the working tree. -N:: --intent-to-add:: Record only the fact that the path will be added later. An entry for the path is placed in the index with no content. This is useful for, among other things, showing the unstaged content of - such files with 'git diff' and committing them with 'git commit - -a'. + such files with `git diff` and committing them with `git commit + -a`. --refresh:: Don't add the file(s), but only refresh their stat() @@ -119,7 +140,7 @@ OPTIONS Configuration ------------- -The optional configuration variable 'core.excludesfile' indicates a path to a +The optional configuration variable `core.excludesfile` indicates a path to a file containing patterns of file names to exclude from git-add, similar to $GIT_DIR/info/exclude. Patterns in the exclude file are used in addition to those in info/exclude. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5]. @@ -132,7 +153,7 @@ EXAMPLES and its subdirectories: + ------------ -$ git add Documentation/\\*.txt +$ git add Documentation/\*.txt ------------ + Note that the asterisk `\*` is quoted from the shell in this @@ -167,7 +188,7 @@ and type return, like this: What now> 1 ------------ -You also could say "s" or "sta" or "status" above as long as the +You also could say `s` or `sta` or `status` above as long as the choice is unique. The main command loop has 6 subcommands (plus help and quit). @@ -175,9 +196,9 @@ The main command loop has 6 subcommands (plus help and quit). status:: This shows the change between HEAD and index (i.e. what will be - committed if you say "git commit"), and between index and + committed if you say `git commit`), and between index and working tree files (i.e. what you could stage further before - "git commit" using "git-add") for each path. A sample output + `git commit` using `git add`) for each path. A sample output looks like this: + ------------ diff --git a/Documentation/git-am.txt b/Documentation/git-am.txt index 6d92cbee64..9e62f8778f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-am.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-am.txt @@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ git-am - Apply a series of patches from a mailbox SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git am' [--signoff] [--keep] [--utf8 | --no-utf8] +'git am' [--signoff] [--keep] [--keep-cr | --no-keep-cr] [--utf8 | --no-utf8] [--3way] [--interactive] [--committer-date-is-author-date] - [--ignore-date] + [--ignore-date] [--ignore-space-change | --ignore-whitespace] [--whitespace=<option>] [-C<n>] [-p<n>] [--directory=<dir>] - [--reject] + [--reject] [-q | --quiet] [--scissors | --no-scissors] [<mbox> | <Maildir>...] -'git am' (--skip | --resolved | --abort) +'git am' (--continue | --skip | --abort) DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -37,11 +37,30 @@ OPTIONS -k:: --keep:: - Pass `-k` flag to 'git-mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). + Pass `-k` flag to 'git mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). + +--keep-cr:: +--no-keep-cr:: + With `--keep-cr`, call 'git mailsplit' (see linkgit:git-mailsplit[1]) + with the same option, to prevent it from stripping CR at the end of + lines. `am.keepcr` configuration variable can be used to specify the + default behaviour. `--no-keep-cr` is useful to override `am.keepcr`. + +-c:: +--scissors:: + Remove everything in body before a scissors line (see + linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). + +--no-scissors:: + Ignore scissors lines (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). + +-q:: +--quiet:: + Be quiet. Only print error messages. -u:: --utf8:: - Pass `-u` flag to 'git-mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). + Pass `-u` flag to 'git mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). The proposed commit log message taken from the e-mail is re-coded into UTF-8 encoding (configuration variable `i18n.commitencoding` can be used to specify project's @@ -51,7 +70,7 @@ This was optional in prior versions of git, but now it is the default. You can use `--no-utf8` to override this. --no-utf8:: - Pass `-n` flag to 'git-mailinfo' (see + Pass `-n` flag to 'git mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). -3:: @@ -61,12 +80,15 @@ default. You can use `--no-utf8` to override this. it is supposed to apply to and we have those blobs available locally. +--ignore-date:: +--ignore-space-change:: +--ignore-whitespace:: --whitespace=<option>:: -C<n>:: -p<n>:: --directory=<dir>:: --reject:: - These flags are passed to the 'git-apply' (see linkgit:git-apply[1]) + These flags are passed to the 'git apply' (see linkgit:git-apply[1]) program that applies the patch. @@ -92,6 +114,7 @@ default. You can use `--no-utf8` to override this. Skip the current patch. This is only meaningful when restarting an aborted patch. +--continue:: -r:: --resolved:: After a patch failure (e.g. attempting to apply @@ -106,7 +129,7 @@ default. You can use `--no-utf8` to override this. to the screen before exiting. This overrides the standard message informing you to use `--resolved` or `--skip` to handle the failure. This is solely - for internal use between 'git-rebase' and 'git-am'. + for internal use between 'git rebase' and 'git am'. --abort:: Restore the original branch and abort the patching operation. @@ -121,10 +144,8 @@ the commit, after stripping common prefix "[PATCH <anything>]". The "Subject: " line is supposed to concisely describe what the commit is about in one line of text. -"From: " and "Subject: " lines starting the body (the rest of the -message after the blank line terminating the RFC2822 headers) -override the respective commit author name and title values taken -from the headers. +"From: " and "Subject: " lines starting the body override the respective +commit author name and title values taken from the headers. The commit message is formed by the title taken from the "Subject: ", a blank line and the body of the message up to diff --git a/Documentation/git-apply.txt b/Documentation/git-apply.txt index 9e5baa2777..8463439ac5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-apply.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-apply.txt @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ git-apply(1) NAME ---- -git-apply - Apply a patch on a git index file and a working tree +git-apply - Apply a patch to files and/or to the index SYNOPSIS @@ -13,14 +13,18 @@ SYNOPSIS [--apply] [--no-add] [--build-fake-ancestor=<file>] [-R | --reverse] [--allow-binary-replacement | --binary] [--reject] [-z] [-pNUM] [-CNUM] [--inaccurate-eof] [--recount] [--cached] + [--ignore-space-change | --ignore-whitespace ] [--whitespace=<nowarn|warn|fix|error|error-all>] [--exclude=PATH] [--include=PATH] [--directory=<root>] [--verbose] [<patch>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Reads supplied 'diff' output and applies it on a git index file -and a work tree. +Reads the supplied diff output (i.e. "a patch") and applies it to files. +With the `--index` option the patch is also applied to the index, and +with the `--cache` option the patch is only applied to the index. +Without these options, the command applies the patch only to files, +and does not require them to be in a git repository. OPTIONS ------- @@ -33,7 +37,7 @@ OPTIONS input. Turns off "apply". --numstat:: - Similar to \--stat, but shows the number of added and + Similar to `--stat`, but shows the number of added and deleted lines in decimal notation and the pathname without abbreviation, to make it more machine friendly. For binary files, outputs two `-` instead of saying @@ -47,25 +51,25 @@ OPTIONS --check:: Instead of applying the patch, see if the patch is - applicable to the current work tree and/or the index + applicable to the current working tree and/or the index file and detects errors. Turns off "apply". --index:: - When --check is in effect, or when applying the patch + When `--check` is in effect, or when applying the patch (which is the default when none of the options that disables it is in effect), make sure the patch is applicable to what the current index file records. If - the file to be patched in the work tree is not + the file to be patched in the working tree is not up-to-date, it is flagged as an error. This flag also causes the index file to be updated. --cached:: Apply a patch without touching the working tree. Instead take the cached data, apply the patch, and store the result in the index - without using the working tree. This implies '--index'. + without using the working tree. This implies `--index`. --build-fake-ancestor=<file>:: - Newer 'git-diff' output has embedded 'index information' + Newer 'git diff' output has embedded 'index information' for each blob to help identify the original version that the patch applies to. When this flag is given, and if the original versions of the blobs are available locally, @@ -79,18 +83,20 @@ the information is read from the current index instead. Apply the patch in reverse. --reject:: - For atomicity, 'git-apply' by default fails the whole patch and + For atomicity, 'git apply' by default fails the whole patch and does not touch the working tree when some of the hunks do not apply. This option makes it apply the parts of the patch that are applicable, and leave the rejected hunks in corresponding *.rej files. -z:: - When showing the index information, do not munge paths, - but use NUL terminated machine readable format. Without - this flag, the pathnames output will have TAB, LF, and - backslash characters replaced with `\t`, `\n`, and `\\`, - respectively. + When `--numstat` has been given, do not munge pathnames, + but use a NUL-terminated machine-readable format. ++ +Without this option, each pathname output will have TAB, LF, double quotes, +and backslash characters replaced with `\t`, `\n`, `\"`, and `\\`, +respectively, and the pathname will be enclosed in double quotes if +any of those replacements occurred. -p<n>:: Remove <n> leading slashes from traditional diff paths. The @@ -103,18 +109,18 @@ the information is read from the current index instead. ever ignored. --unidiff-zero:: - By default, 'git-apply' expects that the patch being + By default, 'git apply' expects that the patch being applied is a unified diff with at least one line of context. This provides good safety measures, but breaks down when - applying a diff generated with --unified=0. To bypass these - checks use '--unidiff-zero'. + applying a diff generated with `--unified=0`. To bypass these + checks use `--unidiff-zero`. + Note, for the reasons stated above usage of context-free patches is discouraged. --apply:: If you use any of the options marked "Turns off - 'apply'" above, 'git-apply' reads and outputs the + 'apply'" above, 'git apply' reads and outputs the requested information without actually applying the patch. Give this flag after those flags to also apply the patch. @@ -143,12 +149,20 @@ discouraged. be useful when importing patchsets, where you want to include certain files or directories. + -When --exclude and --include patterns are used, they are examined in the +When `--exclude` and `--include` patterns are used, they are examined in the order they appear on the command line, and the first match determines if a patch to each path is used. A patch to a path that does not match any include/exclude pattern is used by default if there is no include pattern on the command line, and ignored if there is any include pattern. +--ignore-space-change:: +--ignore-whitespace:: + When applying a patch, ignore changes in whitespace in context + lines if necessary. + Context lines will preserve their whitespace, and they will not + undergo whitespace fixing regardless of the value of the + `--whitespace` option. New lines will still be fixed, though. + --whitespace=<action>:: When applying a patch, detect a new or modified line that has whitespace errors. What are considered whitespace errors is @@ -205,22 +219,26 @@ running `git apply --directory=modules/git-gui`. Configuration ------------- +apply.ignorewhitespace:: + Set to 'change' if you want changes in whitespace to be ignored by default. + Set to one of: no, none, never, false if you want changes in + whitespace to be significant. apply.whitespace:: When no `--whitespace` flag is given from the command line, this configuration item is used as the default. Submodules ---------- -If the patch contains any changes to submodules then 'git-apply' +If the patch contains any changes to submodules then 'git apply' treats these changes as follows. -If --index is specified (explicitly or implicitly), then the submodule +If `--index` is specified (explicitly or implicitly), then the submodule commits must match the index exactly for the patch to apply. If any of the submodules are checked-out, then these check-outs are completely ignored, i.e., they are not required to be up-to-date or clean and they are not updated. -If --index is not specified, then the submodule commits in the patch +If `--index` is not specified, then the submodule commits in the patch are ignored and only the absence or presence of the corresponding subdirectory is checked and (if possible) updated. diff --git a/Documentation/git-archimport.txt b/Documentation/git-archimport.txt index c7a6e3ec05..4d4325f222 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-archimport.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-archimport.txt @@ -29,17 +29,17 @@ branches that have different roots, it will refuse to run. In that case, edit your <archive/branch> parameters to define clearly the scope of the import. -'git-archimport' uses `tla` extensively in the background to access the +'git archimport' uses `tla` extensively in the background to access the Arch repository. Make sure you have a recent version of `tla` available in the path. `tla` must -know about the repositories you pass to 'git-archimport'. +know about the repositories you pass to 'git archimport'. -For the initial import, 'git-archimport' expects to find itself in an empty +For the initial import, 'git archimport' expects to find itself in an empty directory. To follow the development of a project that uses Arch, rerun -'git-archimport' with the same parameters as the initial import to perform +'git archimport' with the same parameters as the initial import to perform incremental imports. -While 'git-archimport' will try to create sensible branch names for the +While 'git archimport' will try to create sensible branch names for the archives that it imports, it is also possible to specify git branch names manually. To do so, write a git branch name after each <archive/branch> parameter, separated by a colon. This way, you can shorten the Arch @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ OPTIONS -o:: Use this for compatibility with old-style branch names used by - earlier versions of 'git-archimport'. Old-style branch names + earlier versions of 'git archimport'. Old-style branch names were category--branch, whereas new-style branch names are archive,category--branch--version. In both cases, names given on the command-line will override the automatically-generated diff --git a/Documentation/git-archive.txt b/Documentation/git-archive.txt index 92444ddf10..8d3e66626f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-archive.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-archive.txt @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git archive' [--format=<fmt>] [--list] [--prefix=<prefix>/] [<extra>] - [--output=<file>] [--worktree-attributes] + [-o | --output=<file>] [--worktree-attributes] [--remote=<repo> [--exec=<git-upload-archive>]] <tree-ish> [path...] @@ -21,21 +21,24 @@ structure for the named tree, and writes it out to the standard output. If <prefix> is specified it is prepended to the filenames in the archive. -'git-archive' behaves differently when given a tree ID versus when +'git archive' behaves differently when given a tree ID versus when given a commit ID or tag ID. In the first case the current time is used as the modification time of each file in the archive. In the latter case the commit time as recorded in the referenced commit object is used instead. Additionally the commit ID is stored in a global extended pax header if the tar format is used; it can be extracted -using 'git-get-tar-commit-id'. In ZIP files it is stored as a file +using 'git get-tar-commit-id'. In ZIP files it is stored as a file comment. OPTIONS ------- --format=<fmt>:: - Format of the resulting archive: 'tar' or 'zip'. The default - is 'tar'. + Format of the resulting archive: 'tar' or 'zip'. If this option + is not given, and the output file is specified, the format is + inferred from the filename if possible (e.g. writing to "foo.zip" + makes the output to be in the zip format). Otherwise the output + format is `tar`. -l:: --list:: @@ -48,6 +51,7 @@ OPTIONS --prefix=<prefix>/:: Prepend <prefix>/ to each filename in the archive. +-o <file>:: --output=<file>:: Write the archive to <file> instead of stdout. @@ -70,8 +74,9 @@ OPTIONS The tree or commit to produce an archive for. path:: - If one or more paths are specified, include only these in the - archive, otherwise include all files and subdirectories. + Without an optional path parameter, all files and subdirectories + of the current working directory are included in the archive. + If one or more paths are specified, only these are included. BACKEND EXTRA OPTIONS --------------------- @@ -107,6 +112,14 @@ export-subst:: expand several placeholders when adding this file to an archive. See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. +Note that attributes are by default taken from the `.gitattributes` files +in the tree that is being archived. If you want to tweak the way the +output is generated after the fact (e.g. you committed without adding an +appropriate export-ignore in its `.gitattributes`), adjust the checked out +`.gitattributes` file as necessary and use `--work-tree-attributes` +option. Alternatively you can keep necessary attributes that should apply +while archiving any tree in your `$GIT_DIR/info/attributes` file. + EXAMPLES -------- git archive --format=tar --prefix=junk/ HEAD | (cd /var/tmp/ && tar xf -):: @@ -129,6 +142,12 @@ git archive --format=zip --prefix=git-docs/ HEAD:Documentation/ > git-1.4.0-docs Put everything in the current head's Documentation/ directory into 'git-1.4.0-docs.zip', with the prefix 'git-docs/'. +git archive -o latest.zip HEAD:: + + Create a Zip archive that contains the contents of the latest + commit on the current branch. Note that the output format is + inferred by the extension of the output file. + SEE ALSO -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt b/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..86b3015c13 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1358 @@ +Fighting regressions with git bisect +==================================== +:Author: Christian Couder +:Email: chriscool@tuxfamily.org +:Date: 2009/11/08 + +Abstract +-------- + +"git bisect" enables software users and developers to easily find the +commit that introduced a regression. We show why it is important to +have good tools to fight regressions. We describe how "git bisect" +works from the outside and the algorithms it uses inside. Then we +explain how to take advantage of "git bisect" to improve current +practices. And we discuss how "git bisect" could improve in the +future. + + +Introduction to "git bisect" +---------------------------- + +Git is a Distributed Version Control system (DVCS) created by Linus +Torvalds and maintained by Junio Hamano. + +In Git like in many other Version Control Systems (VCS), the different +states of the data that is managed by the system are called +commits. And, as VCS are mostly used to manage software source code, +sometimes "interesting" changes of behavior in the software are +introduced in some commits. + +In fact people are specially interested in commits that introduce a +"bad" behavior, called a bug or a regression. They are interested in +these commits because a commit (hopefully) contains a very small set +of source code changes. And it's much easier to understand and +properly fix a problem when you only need to check a very small set of +changes, than when you don't know where look in the first place. + +So to help people find commits that introduce a "bad" behavior, the +"git bisect" set of commands was invented. And it follows of course +that in "git bisect" parlance, commits where the "interesting +behavior" is present are called "bad" commits, while other commits are +called "good" commits. And a commit that introduce the behavior we are +interested in is called a "first bad commit". Note that there could be +more than one "first bad commit" in the commit space we are searching. + +So "git bisect" is designed to help find a "first bad commit". And to +be as efficient as possible, it tries to perform a binary search. + + +Fighting regressions overview +----------------------------- + +Regressions: a big problem +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Regressions are a big problem in the software industry. But it's +difficult to put some real numbers behind that claim. + +There are some numbers about bugs in general, like a NIST study in +2002 <<1>> that said: + +_____________ +Software bugs, or errors, are so prevalent and so detrimental that +they cost the U.S. economy an estimated $59.5 billion annually, or +about 0.6 percent of the gross domestic product, according to a newly +released study commissioned by the Department of Commerce's National +Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). At the national level, +over half of the costs are borne by software users and the remainder +by software developers/vendors. The study also found that, although +all errors cannot be removed, more than a third of these costs, or an +estimated $22.2 billion, could be eliminated by an improved testing +infrastructure that enables earlier and more effective identification +and removal of software defects. These are the savings associated with +finding an increased percentage (but not 100 percent) of errors closer +to the development stages in which they are introduced. Currently, +over half of all errors are not found until "downstream" in the +development process or during post-sale software use. +_____________ + +And then: + +_____________ +Software developers already spend approximately 80 percent of +development costs on identifying and correcting defects, and yet few +products of any type other than software are shipped with such high +levels of errors. +_____________ + +Eventually the conclusion started with: + +_____________ +The path to higher software quality is significantly improved software +testing. +_____________ + +There are other estimates saying that 80% of the cost related to +software is about maintenance <<2>>. + +Though, according to Wikipedia <<3>>: + +_____________ +A common perception of maintenance is that it is merely fixing +bugs. However, studies and surveys over the years have indicated that +the majority, over 80%, of the maintenance effort is used for +non-corrective actions (Pigosky 1997). This perception is perpetuated +by users submitting problem reports that in reality are functionality +enhancements to the system. +_____________ + +But we can guess that improving on existing software is very costly +because you have to watch out for regressions. At least this would +make the above studies consistent among themselves. + +Of course some kind of software is developed, then used during some +time without being improved on much, and then finally thrown away. In +this case, of course, regressions may not be a big problem. But on the +other hand, there is a lot of big software that is continually +developed and maintained during years or even tens of years by a lot +of people. And as there are often many people who depend (sometimes +critically) on such software, regressions are a really big problem. + +One such software is the linux kernel. And if we look at the linux +kernel, we can see that a lot of time and effort is spent to fight +regressions. The release cycle start with a 2 weeks long merge +window. Then the first release candidate (rc) version is tagged. And +after that about 7 or 8 more rc versions will appear with around one +week between each of them, before the final release. + +The time between the first rc release and the final release is +supposed to be used to test rc versions and fight bugs and especially +regressions. And this time is more than 80% of the release cycle +time. But this is not the end of the fight yet, as of course it +continues after the release. + +And then this is what Ingo Molnar (a well known linux kernel +developer) says about his use of git bisect: + +_____________ +I most actively use it during the merge window (when a lot of trees +get merged upstream and when the influx of bugs is the highest) - and +yes, there have been cases that i used it multiple times a day. My +average is roughly once a day. +_____________ + +So regressions are fought all the time by developers, and indeed it is +well known that bugs should be fixed as soon as possible, so as soon +as they are found. That's why it is interesting to have good tools for +this purpose. + +Other tools to fight regressions +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +So what are the tools used to fight regressions? They are nearly the +same as those used to fight regular bugs. The only specific tools are +test suites and tools similar as "git bisect". + +Test suites are very nice. But when they are used alone, they are +supposed to be used so that all the tests are checked after each +commit. This means that they are not very efficient, because many +tests are run for no interesting result, and they suffer from +combinational explosion. + +In fact the problem is that big software often has many different +configuration options and that each test case should pass for each +configuration after each commit. So if you have for each release: N +configurations, M commits and T test cases, you should perform: + +------------- +N * M * T tests +------------- + +where N, M and T are all growing with the size your software. + +So very soon it will not be possible to completely test everything. + +And if some bugs slip through your test suite, then you can add a test +to your test suite. But if you want to use your new improved test +suite to find where the bug slipped in, then you will either have to +emulate a bisection process or you will perhaps bluntly test each +commit backward starting from the "bad" commit you have which may be +very wasteful. + +"git bisect" overview +--------------------- + +Starting a bisection +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The first "git bisect" subcommand to use is "git bisect start" to +start the search. Then bounds must be set to limit the commit +space. This is done usually by giving one "bad" and at least one +"good" commit. They can be passed in the initial call to "git bisect +start" like this: + +------------- +$ git bisect start [BAD [GOOD...]] +------------- + +or they can be set using: + +------------- +$ git bisect bad [COMMIT] +------------- + +and: + +------------- +$ git bisect good [COMMIT...] +------------- + +where BAD, GOOD and COMMIT are all names that can be resolved to a +commit. + +Then "git bisect" will checkout a commit of its choosing and ask the +user to test it, like this: + +------------- +$ git bisect start v2.6.27 v2.6.25 +Bisecting: 10928 revisions left to test after this (roughly 14 steps) +[2ec65f8b89ea003c27ff7723525a2ee335a2b393] x86: clean up using max_low_pfn on 32-bit +------------- + +Note that the example that we will use is really a toy example, we +will be looking for the first commit that has a version like +"2.6.26-something", that is the commit that has a "SUBLEVEL = 26" line +in the top level Makefile. This is a toy example because there are +better ways to find this commit with git than using "git bisect" (for +example "git blame" or "git log -S<string>"). + +Driving a bisection manually +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +At this point there are basically 2 ways to drive the search. It can +be driven manually by the user or it can be driven automatically by a +script or a command. + +If the user is driving it, then at each step of the search, the user +will have to test the current commit and say if it is "good" or "bad" +using the "git bisect good" or "git bisect bad" commands respectively +that have been described above. For example: + +------------- +$ git bisect bad +Bisecting: 5480 revisions left to test after this (roughly 13 steps) +[66c0b394f08fd89236515c1c84485ea712a157be] KVM: kill file->f_count abuse in kvm +------------- + +And after a few more steps like that, "git bisect" will eventually +find a first bad commit: + +------------- +$ git bisect bad +2ddcca36c8bcfa251724fe342c8327451988be0d is the first bad commit +commit 2ddcca36c8bcfa251724fe342c8327451988be0d +Author: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> +Date: Sat May 3 11:59:44 2008 -0700 + + Linux 2.6.26-rc1 + +:100644 100644 5cf8258195331a4dbdddff08b8d68642638eea57 4492984efc09ab72ff6219a7bc21fb6a957c4cd5 M Makefile +------------- + +At this point we can see what the commit does, check it out (if it's +not already checked out) or tinker with it, for example: + +------------- +$ git show HEAD +commit 2ddcca36c8bcfa251724fe342c8327451988be0d +Author: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> +Date: Sat May 3 11:59:44 2008 -0700 + + Linux 2.6.26-rc1 + +diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile +index 5cf8258..4492984 100644 +--- a/Makefile ++++ b/Makefile +@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ + VERSION = 2 + PATCHLEVEL = 6 +-SUBLEVEL = 25 +-EXTRAVERSION = ++SUBLEVEL = 26 ++EXTRAVERSION = -rc1 + NAME = Funky Weasel is Jiggy wit it + + # *DOCUMENTATION* +------------- + +And when we are finished we can use "git bisect reset" to go back to +the branch we were in before we started bisecting: + +------------- +$ git bisect reset +Checking out files: 100% (21549/21549), done. +Previous HEAD position was 2ddcca3... Linux 2.6.26-rc1 +Switched to branch 'master' +------------- + +Driving a bisection automatically +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The other way to drive the bisection process is to tell "git bisect" +to launch a script or command at each bisection step to know if the +current commit is "good" or "bad". To do that, we use the "git bisect +run" command. For example: + +------------- +$ git bisect start v2.6.27 v2.6.25 +Bisecting: 10928 revisions left to test after this (roughly 14 steps) +[2ec65f8b89ea003c27ff7723525a2ee335a2b393] x86: clean up using max_low_pfn on 32-bit +$ +$ git bisect run grep '^SUBLEVEL = 25' Makefile +running grep ^SUBLEVEL = 25 Makefile +Bisecting: 5480 revisions left to test after this (roughly 13 steps) +[66c0b394f08fd89236515c1c84485ea712a157be] KVM: kill file->f_count abuse in kvm +running grep ^SUBLEVEL = 25 Makefile +SUBLEVEL = 25 +Bisecting: 2740 revisions left to test after this (roughly 12 steps) +[671294719628f1671faefd4882764886f8ad08cb] V4L/DVB(7879): Adding cx18 Support for mxl5005s +... +... +running grep ^SUBLEVEL = 25 Makefile +Bisecting: 0 revisions left to test after this (roughly 0 steps) +[2ddcca36c8bcfa251724fe342c8327451988be0d] Linux 2.6.26-rc1 +running grep ^SUBLEVEL = 25 Makefile +2ddcca36c8bcfa251724fe342c8327451988be0d is the first bad commit +commit 2ddcca36c8bcfa251724fe342c8327451988be0d +Author: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> +Date: Sat May 3 11:59:44 2008 -0700 + + Linux 2.6.26-rc1 + +:100644 100644 5cf8258195331a4dbdddff08b8d68642638eea57 4492984efc09ab72ff6219a7bc21fb6a957c4cd5 M Makefile +bisect run success +------------- + +In this example, we passed "grep '^SUBLEVEL = 25' Makefile" as +parameter to "git bisect run". This means that at each step, the grep +command we passed will be launched. And if it exits with code 0 (that +means success) then git bisect will mark the current state as +"good". If it exits with code 1 (or any code between 1 and 127 +included, except the special code 125), then the current state will be +marked as "bad". + +Exit code between 128 and 255 are special to "git bisect run". They +make it stop immediately the bisection process. This is useful for +example if the command passed takes too long to complete, because you +can kill it with a signal and it will stop the bisection process. + +It can also be useful in scripts passed to "git bisect run" to "exit +255" if some very abnormal situation is detected. + +Avoiding untestable commits +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Sometimes it happens that the current state cannot be tested, for +example if it does not compile because there was a bug preventing it +at that time. This is what the special exit code 125 is for. It tells +"git bisect run" that the current commit should be marked as +untestable and that another one should be chosen and checked out. + +If the bisection process is driven manually, you can use "git bisect +skip" to do the same thing. (In fact the special exit code 125 makes +"git bisect run" use "git bisect skip" in the background.) + +Or if you want more control, you can inspect the current state using +for example "git bisect visualize". It will launch gitk (or "git log" +if the DISPLAY environment variable is not set) to help you find a +better bisection point. + +Either way, if you have a string of untestable commits, it might +happen that the regression you are looking for has been introduced by +one of these untestable commits. In this case it's not possible to +tell for sure which commit introduced the regression. + +So if you used "git bisect skip" (or the run script exited with +special code 125) you could get a result like this: + +------------- +There are only 'skip'ped commits left to test. +The first bad commit could be any of: +15722f2fa328eaba97022898a305ffc8172db6b1 +78e86cf3e850bd755bb71831f42e200626fbd1e0 +e15b73ad3db9b48d7d1ade32f8cd23a751fe0ace +070eab2303024706f2924822bfec8b9847e4ac1b +We cannot bisect more! +------------- + +Saving a log and replaying it +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +If you want to show other people your bisection process, you can get a +log using for example: + +------------- +$ git bisect log > bisect_log.txt +------------- + +And it is possible to replay it using: + +------------- +$ git bisect replay bisect_log.txt +------------- + + +"git bisect" details +-------------------- + +Bisection algorithm +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +As the Git commits form a directed acyclic graph (DAG), finding the +best bisection commit to test at each step is not so simple. Anyway +Linus found and implemented a "truly stupid" algorithm, later improved +by Junio Hamano, that works quite well. + +So the algorithm used by "git bisect" to find the best bisection +commit when there are no skipped commits is the following: + +1) keep only the commits that: + +a) are ancestor of the "bad" commit (including the "bad" commit itself), +b) are not ancestor of a "good" commit (excluding the "good" commits). + +This means that we get rid of the uninteresting commits in the DAG. + +For example if we start with a graph like this: + +------------- +G-Y-G-W-W-W-X-X-X-X + \ / + W-W-B + / +Y---G-W---W + \ / \ +Y-Y X-X-X-X + +-> time goes this way -> +------------- + +where B is the "bad" commit, "G" are "good" commits and W, X, and Y +are other commits, we will get the following graph after this first +step: + +------------- +W-W-W + \ + W-W-B + / +W---W +------------- + +So only the W and B commits will be kept. Because commits X and Y will +have been removed by rules a) and b) respectively, and because commits +G are removed by rule b) too. + +Note for git users, that it is equivalent as keeping only the commit +given by: + +------------- +git rev-list BAD --not GOOD1 GOOD2... +------------- + +Also note that we don't require the commits that are kept to be +descendants of a "good" commit. So in the following example, commits W +and Z will be kept: + +------------- +G-W-W-W-B + / +Z-Z +------------- + +2) starting from the "good" ends of the graph, associate to each +commit the number of ancestors it has plus one + +For example with the following graph where H is the "bad" commit and A +and D are some parents of some "good" commits: + +------------- +A-B-C + \ + F-G-H + / +D---E +------------- + +this will give: + +------------- +1 2 3 +A-B-C + \6 7 8 + F-G-H +1 2/ +D---E +------------- + +3) associate to each commit: min(X, N - X) + +where X is the value associated to the commit in step 2) and N is the +total number of commits in the graph. + +In the above example we have N = 8, so this will give: + +------------- +1 2 3 +A-B-C + \2 1 0 + F-G-H +1 2/ +D---E +------------- + +4) the best bisection point is the commit with the highest associated +number + +So in the above example the best bisection point is commit C. + +5) note that some shortcuts are implemented to speed up the algorithm + +As we know N from the beginning, we know that min(X, N - X) can't be +greater than N/2. So during steps 2) and 3), if we would associate N/2 +to a commit, then we know this is the best bisection point. So in this +case we can just stop processing any other commit and return the +current commit. + +Bisection algorithm debugging +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +For any commit graph, you can see the number associated with each +commit using "git rev-list --bisect-all". + +For example, for the above graph, a command like: + +------------- +$ git rev-list --bisect-all BAD --not GOOD1 GOOD2 +------------- + +would output something like: + +------------- +e15b73ad3db9b48d7d1ade32f8cd23a751fe0ace (dist=3) +15722f2fa328eaba97022898a305ffc8172db6b1 (dist=2) +78e86cf3e850bd755bb71831f42e200626fbd1e0 (dist=2) +a1939d9a142de972094af4dde9a544e577ddef0e (dist=2) +070eab2303024706f2924822bfec8b9847e4ac1b (dist=1) +a3864d4f32a3bf5ed177ddef598490a08760b70d (dist=1) +a41baa717dd74f1180abf55e9341bc7a0bb9d556 (dist=1) +9e622a6dad403b71c40979743bb9d5be17b16bd6 (dist=0) +------------- + +Bisection algorithm discussed +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +First let's define "best bisection point". We will say that a commit X +is a best bisection point or a best bisection commit if knowing its +state ("good" or "bad") gives as much information as possible whether +the state of the commit happens to be "good" or "bad". + +This means that the best bisection commits are the commits where the +following function is maximum: + +------------- +f(X) = min(information_if_good(X), information_if_bad(X)) +------------- + +where information_if_good(X) is the information we get if X is good +and information_if_bad(X) is the information we get if X is bad. + +Now we will suppose that there is only one "first bad commit". This +means that all its descendants are "bad" and all the other commits are +"good". And we will suppose that all commits have an equal probability +of being good or bad, or of being the first bad commit, so knowing the +state of c commits gives always the same amount of information +wherever these c commits are on the graph and whatever c is. (So we +suppose that these commits being for example on a branch or near a +good or a bad commit does not give more or less information). + +Let's also suppose that we have a cleaned up graph like one after step +1) in the bisection algorithm above. This means that we can measure +the information we get in terms of number of commit we can remove from +the graph.. + +And let's take a commit X in the graph. + +If X is found to be "good", then we know that its ancestors are all +"good", so we want to say that: + +------------- +information_if_good(X) = number_of_ancestors(X) (TRUE) +------------- + +And this is true because at step 1) b) we remove the ancestors of the +"good" commits. + +If X is found to be "bad", then we know that its descendants are all +"bad", so we want to say that: + +------------- +information_if_bad(X) = number_of_descendants(X) (WRONG) +------------- + +But this is wrong because at step 1) a) we keep only the ancestors of +the bad commit. So we get more information when a commit is marked as +"bad", because we also know that the ancestors of the previous "bad" +commit that are not ancestors of the new "bad" commit are not the +first bad commit. We don't know if they are good or bad, but we know +that they are not the first bad commit because they are not ancestor +of the new "bad" commit. + +So when a commit is marked as "bad" we know we can remove all the +commits in the graph except those that are ancestors of the new "bad" +commit. This means that: + +------------- +information_if_bad(X) = N - number_of_ancestors(X) (TRUE) +------------- + +where N is the number of commits in the (cleaned up) graph. + +So in the end this means that to find the best bisection commits we +should maximize the function: + +------------- +f(X) = min(number_of_ancestors(X), N - number_of_ancestors(X)) +------------- + +And this is nice because at step 2) we compute number_of_ancestors(X) +and so at step 3) we compute f(X). + +Let's take the following graph as an example: + +------------- + G-H-I-J + / \ +A-B-C-D-E-F O + \ / + K-L-M-N +------------- + +If we compute the following non optimal function on it: + +------------- +g(X) = min(number_of_ancestors(X), number_of_descendants(X)) +------------- + +we get: + +------------- + 4 3 2 1 + G-H-I-J +1 2 3 4 5 6/ \0 +A-B-C-D-E-F O + \ / + K-L-M-N + 4 3 2 1 +------------- + +but with the algorithm used by git bisect we get: + +------------- + 7 7 6 5 + G-H-I-J +1 2 3 4 5 6/ \0 +A-B-C-D-E-F O + \ / + K-L-M-N + 7 7 6 5 +------------- + +So we chose G, H, K or L as the best bisection point, which is better +than F. Because if for example L is bad, then we will know not only +that L, M and N are bad but also that G, H, I and J are not the first +bad commit (since we suppose that there is only one first bad commit +and it must be an ancestor of L). + +So the current algorithm seems to be the best possible given what we +initially supposed. + +Skip algorithm +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When some commits have been skipped (using "git bisect skip"), then +the bisection algorithm is the same for step 1) to 3). But then we use +roughly the following steps: + +6) sort the commit by decreasing associated value + +7) if the first commit has not been skipped, we can return it and stop +here + +8) otherwise filter out all the skipped commits in the sorted list + +9) use a pseudo random number generator (PRNG) to generate a random +number between 0 and 1 + +10) multiply this random number with its square root to bias it toward +0 + +11) multiply the result by the number of commits in the filtered list +to get an index into this list + +12) return the commit at the computed index + +Skip algorithm discussed +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +After step 7) (in the skip algorithm), we could check if the second +commit has been skipped and return it if it is not the case. And in +fact that was the algorithm we used from when "git bisect skip" was +developed in git version 1.5.4 (released on February 1st 2008) until +git version 1.6.4 (released July 29th 2009). + +But Ingo Molnar and H. Peter Anvin (another well known linux kernel +developer) both complained that sometimes the best bisection points +all happened to be in an area where all the commits are +untestable. And in this case the user was asked to test many +untestable commits, which could be very inefficient. + +Indeed untestable commits are often untestable because a breakage was +introduced at one time, and that breakage was fixed only after many +other commits were introduced. + +This breakage is of course most of the time unrelated to the breakage +we are trying to locate in the commit graph. But it prevents us to +know if the interesting "bad behavior" is present or not. + +So it is a fact that commits near an untestable commit have a high +probability of being untestable themselves. And the best bisection +commits are often found together too (due to the bisection algorithm). + +This is why it is a bad idea to just chose the next best unskipped +bisection commit when the first one has been skipped. + +We found that most commits on the graph may give quite a lot of +information when they are tested. And the commits that will not on +average give a lot of information are the one near the good and bad +commits. + +So using a PRNG with a bias to favor commits away from the good and +bad commits looked like a good choice. + +One obvious improvement to this algorithm would be to look for a +commit that has an associated value near the one of the best bisection +commit, and that is on another branch, before using the PRNG. Because +if such a commit exists, then it is not very likely to be untestable +too, so it will probably give more information than a nearly randomly +chosen one. + +Checking merge bases +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +There is another tweak in the bisection algorithm that has not been +described in the "bisection algorithm" above. + +We supposed in the previous examples that the "good" commits were +ancestors of the "bad" commit. But this is not a requirement of "git +bisect". + +Of course the "bad" commit cannot be an ancestor of a "good" commit, +because the ancestors of the good commits are supposed to be +"good". And all the "good" commits must be related to the bad commit. +They cannot be on a branch that has no link with the branch of the +"bad" commit. But it is possible for a good commit to be related to a +bad commit and yet not be neither one of its ancestor nor one of its +descendants. + +For example, there can be a "main" branch, and a "dev" branch that was +forked of the main branch at a commit named "D" like this: + +------------- +A-B-C-D-E-F-G <--main + \ + H-I-J <--dev +------------- + +The commit "D" is called a "merge base" for branch "main" and "dev" +because it's the best common ancestor for these branches for a merge. + +Now let's suppose that commit J is bad and commit G is good and that +we apply the bisection algorithm like it has been previously +described. + +As described in step 1) b) of the bisection algorithm, we remove all +the ancestors of the good commits because they are supposed to be good +too. + +So we would be left with only: + +------------- +H-I-J +------------- + +But what happens if the first bad commit is "B" and if it has been +fixed in the "main" branch by commit "F"? + +The result of such a bisection would be that we would find that H is +the first bad commit, when in fact it's B. So that would be wrong! + +And yes it can happen in practice that people working on one branch +are not aware that people working on another branch fixed a bug! It +could also happen that F fixed more than one bug or that it is a +revert of some big development effort that was not ready to be +released. + +In fact development teams often maintain both a development branch and +a maintenance branch, and it would be quite easy for them if "git +bisect" just worked when they want to bisect a regression on the +development branch that is not on the maintenance branch. They should +be able to start bisecting using: + +------------- +$ git bisect start dev main +------------- + +To enable that additional nice feature, when a bisection is started +and when some good commits are not ancestors of the bad commit, we +first compute the merge bases between the bad and the good commits and +we chose these merge bases as the first commits that will be checked +out and tested. + +If it happens that one merge base is bad, then the bisection process +is stopped with a message like: + +------------- +The merge base BBBBBB is bad. +This means the bug has been fixed between BBBBBB and [GGGGGG,...]. +------------- + +where BBBBBB is the sha1 hash of the bad merge base and [GGGGGG,...] +is a comma separated list of the sha1 of the good commits. + +If some of the merge bases are skipped, then the bisection process +continues, but the following message is printed for each skipped merge +base: + +------------- +Warning: the merge base between BBBBBB and [GGGGGG,...] must be skipped. +So we cannot be sure the first bad commit is between MMMMMM and BBBBBB. +We continue anyway. +------------- + +where BBBBBB is the sha1 hash of the bad commit, MMMMMM is the sha1 +hash of the merge base that is skipped and [GGGGGG,...] is a comma +separated list of the sha1 of the good commits. + +So if there is no bad merge base, the bisection process continues as +usual after this step. + +Best bisecting practices +------------------------ + +Using test suites and git bisect together +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +If you both have a test suite and use git bisect, then it becomes less +important to check that all tests pass after each commit. Though of +course it is probably a good idea to have some checks to avoid +breaking too many things because it could make bisecting other bugs +more difficult. + +You can focus your efforts to check at a few points (for example rc +and beta releases) that all the T test cases pass for all the N +configurations. And when some tests don't pass you can use "git +bisect" (or better "git bisect run"). So you should perform roughly: + +------------- +c * N * T + b * M * log2(M) tests +------------- + +where c is the number of rounds of test (so a small constant) and b is +the ratio of bug per commit (hopefully a small constant too). + +So of course it's much better as it's O(N \* T) vs O(N \* T \* M) if +you would test everything after each commit. + +This means that test suites are good to prevent some bugs from being +committed and they are also quite good to tell you that you have some +bugs. But they are not so good to tell you where some bugs have been +introduced. To tell you that efficiently, git bisect is needed. + +The other nice thing with test suites, is that when you have one, you +already know how to test for bad behavior. So you can use this +knowledge to create a new test case for "git bisect" when it appears +that there is a regression. So it will be easier to bisect the bug and +fix it. And then you can add the test case you just created to your +test suite. + +So if you know how to create test cases and how to bisect, you will be +subject to a virtuous circle: + +more tests => easier to create tests => easier to bisect => more tests + +So test suites and "git bisect" are complementary tools that are very +powerful and efficient when used together. + +Bisecting build failures +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +You can very easily automatically bisect broken builds using something +like: + +------------- +$ git bisect start BAD GOOD +$ git bisect run make +------------- + +Passing sh -c "some commands" to "git bisect run" +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +For example: + +------------- +$ git bisect run sh -c "make || exit 125; ./my_app | grep 'good output'" +------------- + +On the other hand if you do this often, then it can be worth having +scripts to avoid too much typing. + +Finding performance regressions +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Here is an example script that comes slightly modified from a real +world script used by Junio Hamano <<4>>. + +This script can be passed to "git bisect run" to find the commit that +introduced a performance regression: + +------------- +#!/bin/sh + +# Build errors are not what I am interested in. +make my_app || exit 255 + +# We are checking if it stops in a reasonable amount of time, so +# let it run in the background... + +./my_app >log 2>&1 & + +# ... and grab its process ID. +pid=$! + +# ... and then wait for sufficiently long. +sleep $NORMAL_TIME + +# ... and then see if the process is still there. +if kill -0 $pid +then + # It is still running -- that is bad. + kill $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid; + exit 1 +else + # It has already finished (the $pid process was no more), + # and we are happy. + exit 0 +fi +------------- + +Following general best practices +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +It is obviously a good idea not to have commits with changes that +knowingly break things, even if some other commits later fix the +breakage. + +It is also a good idea when using any VCS to have only one small +logical change in each commit. + +The smaller the changes in your commit, the most effective "git +bisect" will be. And you will probably need "git bisect" less in the +first place, as small changes are easier to review even if they are +only reviewed by the commiter. + +Another good idea is to have good commit messages. They can be very +helpful to understand why some changes were made. + +These general best practices are very helpful if you bisect often. + +Avoiding bug prone merges +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +First merges by themselves can introduce some regressions even when +the merge needs no source code conflict resolution. This is because a +semantic change can happen in one branch while the other branch is not +aware of it. + +For example one branch can change the semantic of a function while the +other branch add more calls to the same function. + +This is made much worse if many files have to be fixed to resolve +conflicts. That's why such merges are called "evil merges". They can +make regressions very difficult to track down. It can even be +misleading to know the first bad commit if it happens to be such a +merge, because people might think that the bug comes from bad conflict +resolution when it comes from a semantic change in one branch. + +Anyway "git rebase" can be used to linearize history. This can be used +either to avoid merging in the first place. Or it can be used to +bisect on a linear history instead of the non linear one, as this +should give more information in case of a semantic change in one +branch. + +Merges can be also made simpler by using smaller branches or by using +many topic branches instead of only long version related branches. + +And testing can be done more often in special integration branches +like linux-next for the linux kernel. + +Adapting your work-flow +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +A special work-flow to process regressions can give great results. + +Here is an example of a work-flow used by Andreas Ericsson: + +* write, in the test suite, a test script that exposes the regression +* use "git bisect run" to find the commit that introduced it +* fix the bug that is often made obvious by the previous step +* commit both the fix and the test script (and if needed more tests) + +And here is what Andreas said about this work-flow <<5>>: + +_____________ +To give some hard figures, we used to have an average report-to-fix +cycle of 142.6 hours (according to our somewhat weird bug-tracker +which just measures wall-clock time). Since we moved to git, we've +lowered that to 16.2 hours. Primarily because we can stay on top of +the bug fixing now, and because everyone's jockeying to get to fix +bugs (we're quite proud of how lazy we are to let git find the bugs +for us). Each new release results in ~40% fewer bugs (almost certainly +due to how we now feel about writing tests). +_____________ + +Clearly this work-flow uses the virtuous circle between test suites +and "git bisect". In fact it makes it the standard procedure to deal +with regression. + +In other messages Andreas says that they also use the "best practices" +described above: small logical commits, topic branches, no evil +merge,... These practices all improve the bisectability of the commit +graph, by making it easier and more useful to bisect. + +So a good work-flow should be designed around the above points. That +is making bisecting easier, more useful and standard. + +Involving QA people and if possible end users +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +One nice about "git bisect" is that it is not only a developer +tool. It can effectively be used by QA people or even end users (if +they have access to the source code or if they can get access to all +the builds). + +There was a discussion at one point on the linux kernel mailing list +of whether it was ok to always ask end user to bisect, and very good +points were made to support the point of view that it is ok. + +For example David Miller wrote <<6>>: + +_____________ +What people don't get is that this is a situation where the "end node +principle" applies. When you have limited resources (here: developers) +you don't push the bulk of the burden upon them. Instead you push +things out to the resource you have a lot of, the end nodes (here: +users), so that the situation actually scales. +_____________ + +This means that it is often "cheaper" if QA people or end users can do +it. + +What is interesting too is that end users that are reporting bugs (or +QA people that reproduced a bug) have access to the environment where +the bug happens. So they can often more easily reproduce a +regression. And if they can bisect, then more information will be +extracted from the environment where the bug happens, which means that +it will be easier to understand and then fix the bug. + +For open source projects it can be a good way to get more useful +contributions from end users, and to introduce them to QA and +development activities. + +Using complex scripts +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +In some cases like for kernel development it can be worth developing +complex scripts to be able to fully automate bisecting. + +Here is what Ingo Molnar says about that <<7>>: + +_____________ +i have a fully automated bootup-hang bisection script. It is based on +"git-bisect run". I run the script, it builds and boots kernels fully +automatically, and when the bootup fails (the script notices that via +the serial log, which it continuously watches - or via a timeout, if +the system does not come up within 10 minutes it's a "bad" kernel), +the script raises my attention via a beep and i power cycle the test +box. (yeah, i should make use of a managed power outlet to 100% +automate it) +_____________ + +Combining test suites, git bisect and other systems together +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +We have seen that test suites an git bisect are very powerful when +used together. It can be even more powerful if you can combine them +with other systems. + +For example some test suites could be run automatically at night with +some unusual (or even random) configurations. And if a regression is +found by a test suite, then "git bisect" can be automatically +launched, and its result can be emailed to the author of the first bad +commit found by "git bisect", and perhaps other people too. And a new +entry in the bug tracking system could be automatically created too. + + +The future of bisecting +----------------------- + +"git replace" +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +We saw earlier that "git bisect skip" is now using a PRNG to try to +avoid areas in the commit graph where commits are untestable. The +problem is that sometimes the first bad commit will be in an +untestable area. + +To simplify the discussion we will suppose that the untestable area is +a simple string of commits and that it was created by a breakage +introduced by one commit (let's call it BBC for bisect breaking +commit) and later fixed by another one (let's call it BFC for bisect +fixing commit). + +For example: + +------------- +...-Y-BBC-X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-X6-BFC-Z-... +------------- + +where we know that Y is good and BFC is bad, and where BBC and X1 to +X6 are untestable. + +In this case if you are bisecting manually, what you can do is create +a special branch that starts just before the BBC. The first commit in +this branch should be the BBC with the BFC squashed into it. And the +other commits in the branch should be the commits between BBC and BFC +rebased on the first commit of the branch and then the commit after +BFC also rebased on. + +For example: + +------------- + (BBC+BFC)-X1'-X2'-X3'-X4'-X5'-X6'-Z' + / +...-Y-BBC-X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-X6-BFC-Z-... +------------- + +where commits quoted with ' have been rebased. + +You can easily create such a branch with Git using interactive rebase. + +For example using: + +------------- +$ git rebase -i Y Z +------------- + +and then moving BFC after BBC and squashing it. + +After that you can start bisecting as usual in the new branch and you +should eventually find the first bad commit. + +For example: + +------------- +$ git bisect start Z' Y +------------- + +If you are using "git bisect run", you can use the same manual fix up +as above, and then start another "git bisect run" in the special +branch. Or as the "git bisect" man page says, the script passed to +"git bisect run" can apply a patch before it compiles and test the +software <<8>>. The patch should turn a current untestable commits +into a testable one. So the testing will result in "good" or "bad" and +"git bisect" will be able to find the first bad commit. And the script +should not forget to remove the patch once the testing is done before +exiting from the script. + +(Note that instead of a patch you can use "git cherry-pick BFC" to +apply the fix, and in this case you should use "git reset --hard +HEAD^" to revert the cherry-pick after testing and before returning +from the script.) + +But the above ways to work around untestable areas are a little bit +clunky. Using special branches is nice because these branches can be +shared by developers like usual branches, but the risk is that people +will get many such branches. And it disrupts the normal "git bisect" +work-flow. So, if you want to use "git bisect run" completely +automatically, you have to add special code in your script to restart +bisection in the special branches. + +Anyway one can notice in the above special branch example that the Z' +and Z commits should point to the same source code state (the same +"tree" in git parlance). That's because Z' result from applying the +same changes as Z just in a slightly different order. + +So if we could just "replace" Z by Z' when we bisect, then we would +not need to add anything to a script. It would just work for anyone in +the project sharing the special branches and the replacements. + +With the example above that would give: + +------------- + (BBC+BFC)-X1'-X2'-X3'-X4'-X5'-X6'-Z'-... + / +...-Y-BBC-X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-X6-BFC-Z +------------- + +That's why the "git replace" command was created. Technically it +stores replacements "refs" in the "refs/replace/" hierarchy. These +"refs" are like branches (that are stored in "refs/heads/") or tags +(that are stored in "refs/tags"), and that means that they can +automatically be shared like branches or tags among developers. + +"git replace" is a very powerful mechanism. It can be used to fix +commits in already released history, for example to change the commit +message or the author. And it can also be used instead of git "grafts" +to link a repository with another old repository. + +In fact it's this last feature that "sold" it to the git community, so +it is now in the "master" branch of git's git repository and it should +be released in git 1.6.5 in October or November 2009. + +One problem with "git replace" is that currently it stores all the +replacements refs in "refs/replace/", but it would be perhaps better +if the replacement refs that are useful only for bisecting would be in +"refs/replace/bisect/". This way the replacement refs could be used +only for bisecting, while other refs directly in "refs/replace/" would +be used nearly all the time. + +Bisecting sporadic bugs +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Another possible improvement to "git bisect" would be to optionally +add some redundancy to the tests performed so that it would be more +reliable when tracking sporadic bugs. + +This has been requested by some kernel developers because some bugs +called sporadic bugs do not appear in all the kernel builds because +they are very dependent on the compiler output. + +The idea is that every 3 test for example, "git bisect" could ask the +user to test a commit that has already been found to be "good" or +"bad" (because one of its descendants or one of its ancestors has been +found to be "good" or "bad" respectively). If it happens that a commit +has been previously incorrectly classified then the bisection can be +aborted early, hopefully before too many mistakes have been made. Then +the user will have to look at what happened and then restart the +bisection using a fixed bisect log. + +There is already a project called BBChop created by Ealdwulf Wuffinga +on Github that does something like that using Bayesian Search Theory +<<9>>: + +_____________ +BBChop is like 'git bisect' (or equivalent), but works when your bug +is intermittent. That is, it works in the presence of false negatives +(when a version happens to work this time even though it contains the +bug). It assumes that there are no false positives (in principle, the +same approach would work, but adding it may be non-trivial). +_____________ + +But BBChop is independent of any VCS and it would be easier for Git +users to have something integrated in Git. + +Conclusion +---------- + +We have seen that regressions are an important problem, and that "git +bisect" has nice features that complement very well practices and +other tools, especially test suites, that are generally used to fight +regressions. But it might be needed to change some work-flows and +(bad) habits to get the most out of it. + +Some improvements to the algorithms inside "git bisect" are possible +and some new features could help in some cases, but overall "git +bisect" works already very well, is used a lot, and is already very +useful. To back up that last claim, let's give the final word to Ingo +Molnar when he was asked by the author how much time does he think +"git bisect" saves him when he uses it: + +_____________ +a _lot_. + +About ten years ago did i do my first 'bisection' of a Linux patch +queue. That was prior the Git (and even prior the BitKeeper) days. I +literally days spent sorting out patches, creating what in essence +were standalone commits that i guessed to be related to that bug. + +It was a tool of absolute last resort. I'd rather spend days looking +at printk output than do a manual 'patch bisection'. + +With Git bisect it's a breeze: in the best case i can get a ~15 step +kernel bisection done in 20-30 minutes, in an automated way. Even with +manual help or when bisecting multiple, overlapping bugs, it's rarely +more than an hour. + +In fact it's invaluable because there are bugs i would never even +_try_ to debug if it wasn't for git bisect. In the past there were bug +patterns that were immediately hopeless for me to debug - at best i +could send the crash/bug signature to lkml and hope that someone else +can think of something. + +And even if a bisection fails today it tells us something valuable +about the bug: that it's non-deterministic - timing or kernel image +layout dependent. + +So git bisect is unconditional goodness - and feel free to quote that +;-) +_____________ + +Acknowledgements +---------------- + +Many thanks to Junio Hamano for his help in reviewing this paper, for +reviewing the patches I sent to the git mailing list, for discussing +some ideas and helping me improve them, for improving "git bisect" a +lot and for his awesome work in maintaining and developing Git. + +Many thanks to Ingo Molnar for giving me very useful information that +appears in this paper, for commenting on this paper, for his +suggestions to improve "git bisect" and for evangelizing "git bisect" +on the linux kernel mailing lists. + +Many thanks to Linus Torvalds for inventing, developing and +evangelizing "git bisect", Git and Linux. + +Many thanks to the many other great people who helped one way or +another when I worked on git, especially to Andreas Ericsson, Johannes +Schindelin, H. Peter Anvin, Daniel Barkalow, Bill Lear, John Hawley, +Shawn O. Pierce, Jeff King, Sam Vilain, Jon Seymour. + +Many thanks to the Linux-Kongress program committee for choosing the +author to given a talk and for publishing this paper. + +References +---------- + +- [[[1]]] http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n02-10.htm['Software Errors Cost U.S. Economy $59.5 Billion Annually'. Nist News Release.] +- [[[2]]] http://java.sun.com/docs/codeconv/html/CodeConventions.doc.html#16712['Code Conventions for the Java Programming Language'. Sun Microsystems.] +- [[[3]]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenance['Software maintenance'. Wikipedia.] +- [[[4]]] http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/45195/[Junio C Hamano. 'Automated bisect success story'. Gmane.] +- [[[5]]] http://lwn.net/Articles/317154/[Christian Couder. 'Fully automated bisecting with "git bisect run"'. LWN.net.] +- [[[6]]] http://lwn.net/Articles/277872/[Jonathan Corbet. 'Bisection divides users and developers'. LWN.net.] +- [[[7]]] http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.scsi/36652/[Ingo Molnar. 'Re: BUG 2.6.23-rc3 can't see sd partitions on Alpha'. Gmane.] +- [[[8]]] http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-bisect.html[Junio C Hamano and the git-list. 'git-bisect(1) Manual Page'. Linux Kernel Archives.] +- [[[9]]] http://github.com/Ealdwulf/bbchop[Ealdwulf. 'bbchop'. GitHub.] diff --git a/Documentation/git-bisect.txt b/Documentation/git-bisect.txt index ffc02c737c..c39d957c3a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-bisect.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-bisect.txt @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ on the subcommand: git bisect bad [<rev>] git bisect good [<rev>...] git bisect skip [(<rev>|<range>)...] - git bisect reset [<branch>] + git bisect reset [<commit>] git bisect visualize git bisect replay <logfile> git bisect log @@ -81,16 +81,27 @@ will have been left with the first bad kernel revision in "refs/bisect/bad". Bisect reset ~~~~~~~~~~~~ -To return to the original head after a bisect session, issue the -following command: +After a bisect session, to clean up the bisection state and return to +the original HEAD, issue the following command: ------------------------------------------------ $ git bisect reset ------------------------------------------------ -This resets the tree to the original branch instead of being on the -bisection commit ("git bisect start" will also do that, as it resets -the bisection state). +By default, this will return your tree to the commit that was checked +out before `git bisect start`. (A new `git bisect start` will also do +that, as it cleans up the old bisection state.) + +With an optional argument, you can return to a different commit +instead: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git bisect reset <commit> +------------------------------------------------ + +For example, `git bisect reset HEAD` will leave you on the current +bisection commit and avoid switching commits at all, while `git bisect +reset bisect/bad` will check out the first bad revision. Bisect visualize ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -164,9 +175,8 @@ to do it for you by issuing the command: $ git bisect skip # Current version cannot be tested ------------ -But computing the commit to test may be slower afterwards and git may -eventually not be able to tell the first bad commit among a bad commit -and one or more skipped commits. +But git may eventually be unable to tell the first bad commit among +a bad commit and one or more skipped commits. You can even skip a range of commits, instead of just one commit, using the "'<commit1>'..'<commit2>'" notation. For example: @@ -320,6 +330,11 @@ Documentation ------------- Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +SEE ALSO +-------- +link:git-bisect-lk2009.html[Fighting regressions with git bisect], +linkgit:git-blame[1]. + GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-blame.txt b/Documentation/git-blame.txt index 8c7b7b0838..a27f43950f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-blame.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-blame.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git blame' [-c] [-b] [-l] [--root] [-t] [-f] [-n] [-s] [-p] [-w] [--incremental] [-L n,m] - [-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>] + [-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>] [<rev> | --contents <file> | --reverse <rev>] [--] <file> DESCRIPTION @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ last modified the line. Optionally, start annotating from the given revision. The command can also limit the range of lines annotated. The report does not tell you anything about lines which have been deleted or -replaced; you need to use a tool such as 'git-diff' or the "pickaxe" +replaced; you need to use a tool such as 'git diff' or the "pickaxe" interface briefly mentioned in the following paragraph. Apart from supporting file annotation, git also supports searching the @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ include::blame-options.txt[] file (see `-M`). The first number listed is the score. This is the number of alphanumeric characters detected as having been moved between or within files. This must be above - a certain threshold for 'git-blame' to consider those lines + a certain threshold for 'git blame' to consider those lines of code to have been moved. -f:: @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ header elements later. SPECIFYING RANGES ----------------- -Unlike 'git-blame' and 'git-annotate' in older versions of git, the extent +Unlike 'git blame' and 'git annotate' in older versions of git, the extent of the annotation can be limited to both line ranges and revision ranges. When you are interested in finding the origin for lines 40-60 for file `foo`, you can use the `-L` option like so @@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ which limits the annotation to the body of the `hello` subroutine. When you are not interested in changes older than version v2.6.18, or changes older than 3 weeks, you can use revision -range specifiers similar to 'git-rev-list': +range specifiers similar to 'git rev-list': git blame v2.6.18.. -- foo git blame --since=3.weeks -- foo diff --git a/Documentation/git-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-branch.txt index cbd4275871..903a690f10 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-branch.txt @@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ git-branch - List, create, or delete branches SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git branch' [--color | --no-color] [-r | -a] +'git branch' [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [-r | -a] [-v [--abbrev=<length> | --no-abbrev]] [(--merged | --no-merged | --contains) [<commit>]] -'git branch' [--track | --no-track] [-l] [-f] <branchname> [<start-point>] +'git branch' [--set-upstream | --track | --no-track] [-l] [-f] <branchname> [<start-point>] 'git branch' (-m | -M) [<oldbranch>] <newbranch> 'git branch' (-d | -D) [-r] <branchname>... @@ -30,17 +30,15 @@ commit) will be listed. With `--no-merged` only branches not merged into the named commit will be listed. If the <commit> argument is missing it defaults to 'HEAD' (i.e. the tip of the current branch). -In the command's second form, a new branch named <branchname> will be created. -It will start out with a head equal to the one given as <start-point>. -If no <start-point> is given, the branch will be created with a head -equal to that of the currently checked out branch. +The command's second form creates a new branch head named <branchname> +which points to the current 'HEAD', or <start-point> if given. Note that this will create the new branch, but it will not switch the working tree to it; use "git checkout <newbranch>" to switch to the new branch. When a local branch is started off a remote branch, git sets up the -branch so that 'git-pull' will appropriately merge from +branch so that 'git pull' will appropriately merge from the remote branch. This behavior may be changed via the global `branch.autosetupmerge` configuration flag. That setting can be overridden by using the `--track` and `--no-track` options. @@ -57,7 +55,7 @@ has a reflog then the reflog will also be deleted. Use -r together with -d to delete remote-tracking branches. Note, that it only makes sense to delete remote-tracking branches if they no longer exist -in the remote repository or if 'git-fetch' was configured not to fetch +in the remote repository or if 'git fetch' was configured not to fetch them again. See also the 'prune' subcommand of linkgit:git-remote[1] for a way to clean up all obsolete remote-tracking branches. @@ -76,8 +74,9 @@ OPTIONS based sha1 expressions such as "<branchname>@\{yesterday}". -f:: +--force:: Reset <branchname> to <startpoint> if <branchname> exists - already. Without `-f` 'git-branch' refuses to change an existing branch. + already. Without `-f` 'git branch' refuses to change an existing branch. -m:: Move/rename a branch and the corresponding reflog. @@ -85,12 +84,14 @@ OPTIONS -M:: Move/rename a branch even if the new branch name already exists. ---color:: +--color[=<when>]:: Color branches to highlight current, local, and remote branches. + The value must be always (the default), never, or auto. --no-color:: Turn off branch colors, even when the configuration file gives the default to color output. + Same as `--color=never`. -r:: List or delete (if used with -d) the remote-tracking branches. @@ -111,6 +112,7 @@ OPTIONS --no-abbrev:: Display the full sha1s in the output listing rather than abbreviating them. +-t:: --track:: When creating a new branch, set up configuration to mark the start-point branch as "upstream" from the new branch. This @@ -129,14 +131,22 @@ start-point is either a local or remote branch. Do not set up "upstream" configuration, even if the branch.autosetupmerge configuration variable is true. +--set-upstream:: + If specified branch does not exist yet or if '--force' has been + given, acts exactly like '--track'. Otherwise sets up configuration + like '--track' would when creating the branch, except that where + branch points to is not changed. + --contains <commit>:: Only list branches which contain the specified commit. ---merged:: - Only list branches which are fully contained by HEAD. +--merged [<commit>]:: + Only list branches whose tips are reachable from the + specified commit (HEAD if not specified). ---no-merged:: - Do not list branches which are fully contained by HEAD. +--no-merged [<commit>]:: + Only list branches whose tips are not reachable from the + specified commit (HEAD if not specified). <branchname>:: The name of the branch to create or delete. @@ -145,9 +155,9 @@ start-point is either a local or remote branch. may restrict the characters allowed in a branch name. <start-point>:: - The new branch will be created with a HEAD equal to this. It may - be given as a branch name, a commit-id, or a tag. If this option - is omitted, the current branch is assumed. + The new branch head will point to this commit. It may be + given as a branch name, a commit-id, or a tag. If this + option is omitted, the current HEAD will be used instead. <oldbranch>:: The name of an existing branch to rename. @@ -208,6 +218,14 @@ but different purposes: - `--no-merged` is used to find branches which are candidates for merging into HEAD, since those branches are not fully contained by HEAD. +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-check-ref-format[1], +linkgit:git-fetch[1], +linkgit:git-remote[1], +link:user-manual.html#what-is-a-branch[``Understanding history: What is +a branch?''] in the Git User's Manual. + Author ------ Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> diff --git a/Documentation/git-bundle.txt b/Documentation/git-bundle.txt index aee7e4a8c9..a5ed8fb05b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-bundle.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-bundle.txt @@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ Some workflows require that one or more branches of development on one machine be replicated on another machine, but the two machines cannot be directly connected, and therefore the interactive git protocols (git, ssh, rsync, http) cannot be used. This command provides support for -'git-fetch' and 'git-pull' to operate by packaging objects and references +'git fetch' and 'git pull' to operate by packaging objects and references in an archive at the originating machine, then importing those into -another repository using 'git-fetch' and 'git-pull' -after moving the archive by some means (i.e., by sneakernet). As no +another repository using 'git fetch' and 'git pull' +after moving the archive by some means (e.g., by sneakernet). As no direct connection between the repositories exists, the user must specify a basis for the bundle that is held by the destination repository: the bundle assumes that all objects in the basis are already in the @@ -35,14 +35,14 @@ OPTIONS create <file>:: Used to create a bundle named 'file'. This requires the - 'git-rev-list' arguments to define the bundle contents. + 'git rev-list' arguments to define the bundle contents. verify <file>:: Used to check that a bundle file is valid and will apply cleanly to the current repository. This includes checks on the bundle format itself as well as checking that the prerequisite commits exist and are fully linked in the current repository. - 'git-bundle' prints a list of missing commits, if any, and exits + 'git bundle' prints a list of missing commits, if any, and exits with a non-zero status. list-heads <file>:: @@ -51,15 +51,15 @@ list-heads <file>:: printed out. unbundle <file>:: - Passes the objects in the bundle to 'git-index-pack' + Passes the objects in the bundle to 'git index-pack' for storage in the repository, then prints the names of all defined references. If a list of references is given, only references matching those in the list are printed. This command is - really plumbing, intended to be called only by 'git-fetch'. + really plumbing, intended to be called only by 'git fetch'. [git-rev-list-args...]:: - A list of arguments, acceptable to 'git-rev-parse' and - 'git-rev-list', that specifies the specific objects and references + A list of arguments, acceptable to 'git rev-parse' and + 'git rev-list', that specifies the specific objects and references to transport. For example, `master\~10..master` causes the current master reference to be packaged along with all objects added since its 10th ancestor commit. There is no explicit @@ -69,16 +69,16 @@ unbundle <file>:: [refname...]:: A list of references used to limit the references reported as - available. This is principally of use to 'git-fetch', which + available. This is principally of use to 'git fetch', which expects to receive only those references asked for and not - necessarily everything in the pack (in this case, 'git-bundle' acts - like 'git-fetch-pack'). + necessarily everything in the pack (in this case, 'git bundle' acts + like 'git fetch-pack'). SPECIFYING REFERENCES --------------------- -'git-bundle' will only package references that are shown by -'git-show-ref': this includes heads, tags, and remote heads. References +'git bundle' will only package references that are shown by +'git show-ref': this includes heads, tags, and remote heads. References such as `master\~1` cannot be packaged, but are perfectly suitable for defining the basis. More than one reference may be packaged, and more than one basis can be specified. The objects packaged are those not diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt b/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt index c1ce26884e..379eee6734 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt @@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git check-ref-format' <refname> -'git check-ref-format' [--branch] <branchname-shorthand> +'git check-ref-format' --print <refname> +'git check-ref-format' --branch <branchname-shorthand> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -18,13 +19,18 @@ status if it is not. A reference is used in git to specify branches and tags. A branch head is stored under the `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads` directory, and -a tag is stored under the `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags` directory. git -imposes the following rules on how references are named: +a tag is stored under the `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags` directory (or, if refs +are packed by `git gc`, as entries in the `$GIT_DIR/packed-refs` file). +git imposes the following rules on how references are named: . They can include slash `/` for hierarchical (directory) grouping, but no slash-separated component can begin with a dot `.`. +. They must contain at least one `/`. This enforces the presence of a + category like `heads/`, `tags/` etc. but the actual names are not + restricted. + . They cannot have two consecutive dots `..` anywhere. . They cannot have ASCII control characters (i.e. bytes whose @@ -38,6 +44,8 @@ imposes the following rules on how references are named: . They cannot contain a sequence `@{`. +. They cannot contain a `\`. + These rules make it easy for shell script based tools to parse reference names, pathname expansion by the shell when a reference name is used unquoted (by mistake), and also avoids ambiguities in certain @@ -53,20 +61,35 @@ reference name expressions (see linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]): . A colon `:` is used as in `srcref:dstref` to mean "use srcref\'s value and store it in dstref" in fetch and push operations. It may also be used to select a specific object such as with - 'git-cat-file': "git cat-file blob v1.3.3:refs.c". + 'git cat-file': "git cat-file blob v1.3.3:refs.c". . at-open-brace `@{` is used as a notation to access a reflog entry. -With the `--branch` option, it expands a branch name shorthand and -prints the name of the branch the shorthand refers to. +With the `--print` option, if 'refname' is acceptable, it prints the +canonicalized name of a hypothetical reference with that name. That is, +it prints 'refname' with any extra `/` characters removed. -EXAMPLE -------- +With the `--branch` option, it expands the ``previous branch syntax'' +`@{-n}`. For example, `@{-1}` is a way to refer the last branch you +were on. This option should be used by porcelains to accept this +syntax anywhere a branch name is expected, so they can act as if you +typed the branch name. -git check-ref-format --branch @{-1}:: - -Print the name of the previous branch. +EXAMPLES +-------- +* Print the name of the previous branch: ++ +------------ +$ git check-ref-format --branch @{-1} +------------ + +* Determine the reference name to use for a new branch: ++ +------------ +$ ref=$(git check-ref-format --print "refs/heads/$newbranch") || +die "we do not like '$newbranch' as a branch name." +------------ GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt index 62d84836b8..d6aa6e14eb 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ $ find . -name '*.h' -print0 | xargs -0 git checkout-index -f -- which will force all existing `*.h` files to be replaced with their cached copies. If an empty command line implied "all", then this would force-refresh everything in the index, which was not the point. But -since 'git-checkout-index' accepts --stdin it would be faster to use: +since 'git checkout-index' accepts --stdin it would be faster to use: ---------------- $ find . -name '*.h' -print0 | git checkout-index -f -z --stdin @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ Using `--` is probably a good policy in scripts. Using --temp or --stage=all --------------------------- When `--temp` is used (or implied by `--stage=all`) -'git-checkout-index' will create a temporary file for each index +'git checkout-index' will create a temporary file for each index entry being checked out. The index will not be updated with stat information. These options can be useful if the caller needs all stages of all unmerged entries so that the unmerged files can be @@ -147,9 +147,9 @@ To update and refresh only the files already checked out:: $ git checkout-index -n -f -a && git update-index --ignore-missing --refresh ---------------- -Using 'git-checkout-index' to "export an entire tree":: +Using 'git checkout-index' to "export an entire tree":: The prefix ability basically makes it trivial to use - 'git-checkout-index' as an "export as tree" function. + 'git checkout-index' as an "export as tree" function. Just read the desired tree into the index, and do: + ---------------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt index ad4b31e892..37c1810e3f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt @@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [<branch>] 'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [-b <new_branch>] [<start_point>] 'git checkout' [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>... +'git checkout' --patch [<tree-ish>] [--] [<paths>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ use the --track or --no-track options, which will be passed to `git branch`. As a convenience, --track without `-b` implies branch creation; see the description of --track below. -When <paths> are given, this command does *not* switch +When <paths> or --patch are given, this command does *not* switch branches. It updates the named paths in the working tree from the index file, or from a named <tree-ish> (most often a commit). In this case, the `-b` and `--track` options are meaningless and giving @@ -45,9 +46,11 @@ file can be discarded to recreate the original conflicted merge result. OPTIONS ------- -q:: +--quiet:: Quiet, suppress feedback messages. -f:: +--force:: When switching branches, proceed even if the index or the working tree differs from HEAD. This is used to throw away local changes. @@ -113,6 +116,16 @@ the conflicted merge in the specified paths. "merge" (default) and "diff3" (in addition to what is shown by "merge" style, shows the original contents). +-p:: +--patch:: + Interactively select hunks in the difference between the + <tree-ish> (or the index, if unspecified) and the working + tree. The chosen hunks are then applied in reverse to the + working tree (and if a <tree-ish> was specified, the index). ++ +This means that you can use `git checkout -p` to selectively discard +edits from your current working tree. + <branch>:: Branch to checkout; if it refers to a branch (i.e., a name that, when prepended with "refs/heads/", is a valid ref), then that diff --git a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt index b764130d26..78f4714da0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ OPTIONS -e:: --edit:: - With this option, 'git-cherry-pick' will let you edit the commit + With this option, 'git cherry-pick' will let you edit the commit message prior to committing. -x:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-cherry.txt b/Documentation/git-cherry.txt index 7deefdae8f..fed115acd0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cherry.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cherry.txt @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ DESCRIPTION The changeset (or "diff") of each commit between the fork-point and <head> is compared against each commit between the fork-point and <upstream>. The commits are compared with their 'patch id', obtained from -the 'git-patch-id' program. +the 'git patch-id' program. Every commit that doesn't exist in the <upstream> branch has its id (sha1) reported, prefixed by a symbol. The ones that have @@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ to and including <limit> are not reported: \__*__*__<limit>__-__+__> <head> -Because 'git-cherry' compares the changeset rather than the commit id -(sha1), you can use 'git-cherry' to find out if a commit you made locally +Because 'git cherry' compares the changeset rather than the commit id +(sha1), you can use 'git cherry' to find out if a commit you made locally has been applied <upstream> under a different commit id. For example, this will happen if you're feeding patches <upstream> via email rather than pushing or pulling commits directly. diff --git a/Documentation/git-citool.txt b/Documentation/git-citool.txt index 670cb02b6c..fb2753c97e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-citool.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-citool.txt @@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ DESCRIPTION A Tcl/Tk based graphical interface to review modified files, stage them into the index, enter a commit message and record the new commit onto the current branch. This interface is an alternative -to the less interactive 'git-commit' program. +to the less interactive 'git commit' program. -'git-citool' is actually a standard alias for `git gui citool`. +'git citool' is actually a standard alias for `git gui citool`. See linkgit:git-gui[1] for more details. Author diff --git a/Documentation/git-clean.txt b/Documentation/git-clean.txt index be894af39f..a81cb6c280 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-clean.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-clean.txt @@ -27,10 +27,14 @@ OPTIONS ------- -d:: Remove untracked directories in addition to untracked files. + If an untracked directory is managed by a different git + repository, it is not removed by default. Use -f option twice + if you really want to remove such a directory. -f:: - If the git configuration specifies clean.requireForce as true, - 'git-clean' will refuse to run unless given -f or -n. +--force:: + If the git configuration variable clean.requireForce is not set + to false, 'git clean' will refuse to run unless given -f or -n. -n:: --dry-run:: @@ -44,7 +48,7 @@ OPTIONS -x:: Don't use the ignore rules. This allows removing all untracked files, including build products. This can be used (possibly in - conjunction with 'git-reset') to create a pristine + conjunction with 'git reset') to create a pristine working directory to test a clean build. -X:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-clone.txt b/Documentation/git-clone.txt index 87c13ab13e..dc7d3d17b1 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-clone.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-clone.txt @@ -11,16 +11,17 @@ SYNOPSIS [verse] 'git clone' [--template=<template_directory>] [-l] [-s] [--no-hardlinks] [-q] [-n] [--bare] [--mirror] - [-o <name>] [-u <upload-pack>] [--reference <repository>] - [--depth <depth>] [--] <repository> [<directory>] + [-o <name>] [-b <name>] [-u <upload-pack>] [--reference <repository>] + [--depth <depth>] [--recursive] [--] <repository> [<directory>] DESCRIPTION ----------- Clones a repository into a newly created directory, creates remote-tracking branches for each branch in the cloned repository -(visible using `git branch -r`), and creates and checks out an initial -branch equal to the cloned repository's currently active branch. +(visible using `git branch -r`), and creates and checks out an +initial branch that is forked from the cloned repository's +currently active branch. After the clone, a plain `git fetch` without arguments will update all the remote-tracking branches, and a `git pull` without @@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ arguments will in addition merge the remote master branch into the current master branch, if any. This default configuration is achieved by creating references to -the remote branch heads under `$GIT_DIR/refs/remotes/origin` and +the remote branch heads under `refs/remotes/origin` and by initializing `remote.origin.url` and `remote.origin.fetch` configuration variables. @@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ OPTIONS --local:: -l:: When the repository to clone from is on a local machine, - this flag bypasses normal "git aware" transport + this flag bypasses the normal "git aware" transport mechanism and clones the repository by making a copy of HEAD and everything under objects and refs directories. The files under `.git/objects/` directory are hardlinked @@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ OPTIONS -s:: When the repository to clone is on the local machine, instead of using hard links, automatically setup - .git/objects/info/alternates to share the objects + `.git/objects/info/alternates` to share the objects with the source repository. The resulting repository starts out without any object of its own. + @@ -68,32 +69,47 @@ it unless you understand what it does. If you clone your repository using this option and then delete branches (or use any other git command that makes any existing commit unreferenced) in the source repository, some objects may become unreferenced (or dangling). -These objects may be removed by normal git operations (such as 'git-commit') +These objects may be removed by normal git operations (such as `git commit`) which automatically call `git gc --auto`. (See linkgit:git-gc[1].) If these objects are removed and were referenced by the cloned repository, then the cloned repository will become corrupt. - - ++ +Note that running `git repack` without the `-l` option in a repository +cloned with `-s` will copy objects from the source repository into a pack +in the cloned repository, removing the disk space savings of `clone -s`. +It is safe, however, to run `git gc`, which uses the `-l` option by +default. ++ +If you want to break the dependency of a repository cloned with `-s` on +its source repository, you can simply run `git repack -a` to copy all +objects from the source repository into a pack in the cloned repository. --reference <repository>:: If the reference repository is on the local machine, - automatically setup .git/objects/info/alternates to + automatically setup `.git/objects/info/alternates` to obtain objects from the reference repository. Using an already existing repository as an alternate will require fewer objects to be copied from the repository being cloned, reducing network and local storage costs. + -*NOTE*: see NOTE to --shared option. +*NOTE*: see the NOTE for the `--shared` option. --quiet:: -q:: - Operate quietly. This flag is also passed to the `rsync' + Operate quietly. Progress is not reported to the standard + error stream. This flag is also passed to the `rsync' command when given. --verbose:: -v:: - Display the progressbar, even in case the standard output is not - a terminal. + Run verbosely. Does not affect the reporting of progress status + to the standard error stream. + +--progress:: + Progress status is reported on the standard error stream + by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q + is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the + standard error stream is not directed to a terminal. --no-checkout:: -n:: @@ -112,12 +128,19 @@ then the cloned repository will become corrupt. configuration variables are created. --mirror:: - Set up a mirror of the remote repository. This implies --bare. + Set up a mirror of the remote repository. This implies `--bare`. --origin <name>:: -o <name>:: - Instead of using the remote name 'origin' to keep track - of the upstream repository, use <name>. + Instead of using the remote name `origin` to keep track + of the upstream repository, use `<name>`. + +--branch <name>:: +-b <name>:: + Instead of pointing the newly created HEAD to the branch pointed + to by the cloned repository's HEAD, point to `<name>` branch + instead. In a non-bare repository, this is the branch that will + be checked out. --upload-pack <upload-pack>:: -u <upload-pack>:: @@ -127,8 +150,7 @@ then the cloned repository will become corrupt. --template=<template_directory>:: Specify the directory from which templates will be used; - if unset the templates are taken from the installation - defined default, typically `/usr/share/git-core/templates`. + (See the "TEMPLATE DIRECTORY" section of linkgit:git-init[1].) --depth <depth>:: Create a 'shallow' clone with a history truncated to the @@ -139,6 +161,14 @@ then the cloned repository will become corrupt. with a long history, and would want to send in fixes as patches. +--recursive:: + After the clone is created, initialize all submodules within, + using their default settings. This is equivalent to running + `git submodule update --init --recursive` immediately after + the clone is finished. This option is ignored if the cloned + repository does not have a worktree/checkout (i.e. if any of + `--no-checkout`/`-n`, `--bare`, or `--mirror` is given) + <repository>:: The (possibly remote) repository to clone from. See the <<URLS,URLS>> section below for more information on specifying @@ -147,8 +177,8 @@ then the cloned repository will become corrupt. <directory>:: The name of a new directory to clone into. The "humanish" part of the source repository is used if no directory is - explicitly given ("repo" for "/path/to/repo.git" and "foo" - for "host.xz:foo/.git"). Cloning into an existing directory + explicitly given (`repo` for `/path/to/repo.git` and `foo` + for `host.xz:foo/.git`). Cloning into an existing directory is only allowed if the directory is empty. :git-clone: 1 @@ -157,7 +187,7 @@ include::urls.txt[] Examples -------- -Clone from upstream:: +* Clone from upstream: + ------------ $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../linux-2.6 my2.6 @@ -166,7 +196,7 @@ $ make ------------ -Make a local clone that borrows from the current directory, without checking things out:: +* Make a local clone that borrows from the current directory, without checking things out: + ------------ $ git clone -l -s -n . ../copy @@ -175,7 +205,7 @@ $ git show-branch ------------ -Clone from upstream while borrowing from an existing local directory:: +* Clone from upstream while borrowing from an existing local directory: + ------------ $ git clone --reference my2.6 \ @@ -185,14 +215,14 @@ $ cd my2.7 ------------ -Create a bare repository to publish your changes to the public:: +* Create a bare repository to publish your changes to the public: + ------------ $ git clone --bare -l /home/proj/.git /pub/scm/proj.git ------------ -Create a repository on the kernel.org machine that borrows from Linus:: +* Create a repository on the kernel.org machine that borrows from Linus: + ------------ $ git clone --bare -l -s /pub/scm/.../torvalds/linux-2.6.git \ diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt index b8834baced..61888547a1 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt @@ -70,9 +70,10 @@ is taken from the configuration items user.name and user.email, or, if not present, system user name and fully qualified hostname. A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog -entry is not provided via "<" redirection, 'git-commit-tree' will just wait +entry is not provided via "<" redirection, 'git commit-tree' will just wait for one to be entered and terminated with ^D. +include::date-formats.txt[] Diagnostics ----------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit.txt b/Documentation/git-commit.txt index b5d81be7ec..64fb458b45 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit.txt @@ -8,10 +8,11 @@ git-commit - Record changes to the repository SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git commit' [-a | --interactive] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend] - [(-c | -C) <commit>] [-F <file> | -m <msg>] +'git commit' [-a | --interactive] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend] [--dry-run] + [(-c | -C) <commit>] [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>] - [--cleanup=<mode>] [--] [[-i | -o ]<file>...] + [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--status | --no-status] [--] + [[-i | -o ]<file>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -20,11 +21,11 @@ with a log message from the user describing the changes. The content to be added can be specified in several ways: -1. by using 'git-add' to incrementally "add" changes to the +1. by using 'git add' to incrementally "add" changes to the index before using the 'commit' command (Note: even modified files must be "added"); -2. by using 'git-rm' to remove files from the working tree +2. by using 'git rm' to remove files from the working tree and the index, again before using the 'commit' command; 3. by listing files as arguments to the 'commit' command, in which @@ -40,15 +41,14 @@ The content to be added can be specified in several ways: 5. by using the --interactive switch with the 'commit' command to decide one by one which files should be part of the commit, before finalizing the - operation. Currently, this is done by invoking 'git-add --interactive'. + operation. Currently, this is done by invoking 'git add --interactive'. -The 'git-status' command can be used to obtain a +The `--dry-run` option can be used to obtain a summary of what is included by any of the above for the next -commit by giving the same set of parameters you would give to -this command. +commit by giving the same set of parameters (options and paths). If you make a commit and then find a mistake immediately after -that, you can recover from it with 'git-reset'. +that, you can recover from it with 'git reset'. OPTIONS @@ -70,6 +70,25 @@ OPTIONS Like '-C', but with '-c' the editor is invoked, so that the user can further edit the commit message. +--reset-author:: + When used with -C/-c/--amend options, declare that the + authorship of the resulting commit now belongs of the committer. + This also renews the author timestamp. + +--short:: + When doing a dry-run, give the output in the short-format. See + linkgit:git-status[1] for details. Implies `--dry-run`. + +--porcelain:: + When doing a dry-run, give the output in a porcelain-ready + format. See linkgit:git-status[1] for details. Implies + `--dry-run`. + +-z:: + When showing `short` or `porcelain` status output, terminate + entries in the status output with NUL, instead of LF. If no + format is given, implies the `--porcelain` output format. + -F <file>:: --file=<file>:: Take the commit message from the given file. Use '-' to @@ -81,6 +100,9 @@ OPTIONS an existing commit that matches the given string and its author name is used. +--date=<date>:: + Override the author date used in the commit. + -m <msg>:: --message=<msg>:: Use the given <msg> as the commit message. @@ -163,7 +185,7 @@ FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1].) Make a commit only from the paths specified on the command line, disregarding any contents that have been staged so far. This is the default mode of operation of - 'git-commit' if any paths are given on the command line, + 'git commit' if any paths are given on the command line, in which case this option can be omitted. If this option is specified together with '--amend', then no paths need to be specified, which can be used to amend @@ -175,13 +197,13 @@ FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1].) Show untracked files (Default: 'all'). + The mode parameter is optional, and is used to specify -the handling of untracked files. The possible options are: +the handling of untracked files. ++ +The possible options are: + --- - 'no' - Show no untracked files - 'normal' - Shows untracked files and directories - 'all' - Also shows individual files in untracked directories. --- + See linkgit:git-config[1] for configuration variable used to change the default for when the option is not @@ -198,6 +220,22 @@ specified. --quiet:: Suppress commit summary message. +--dry-run:: + Do not create a commit, but show a list of paths that are + to be committed, paths with local changes that will be left + uncommitted and paths that are untracked. + +--status:: + Include the output of linkgit:git-status[1] in the commit + message template when using an editor to prepare the commit + message. Defaults to on, but can be used to override + configuration variable commit.status. + +--no-status:: + Do not include the output of linkgit:git-status[1] in the + commit message template when using an editor to prepare the + default commit message. + \--:: Do not interpret any more arguments as options. @@ -208,15 +246,17 @@ specified. these files are also staged for the next commit on top of what have been staged before. +:git-commit: 1 +include::date-formats.txt[] EXAMPLES -------- When recording your own work, the contents of modified files in your working tree are temporarily stored to a staging area -called the "index" with 'git-add'. A file can be +called the "index" with 'git add'. A file can be reverted back, only in the index but not in the working tree, to that of the last commit with `git reset HEAD -- <file>`, -which effectively reverts 'git-add' and prevents the changes to +which effectively reverts 'git add' and prevents the changes to this file from participating in the next commit. After building the state to be committed incrementally with these commands, `git commit` (without any pathname parameter) is used to record what @@ -272,13 +312,13 @@ $ git commit this second commit would record the changes to `hello.c` and `hello.h` as expected. -After a merge (initiated by 'git-merge' or 'git-pull') stops +After a merge (initiated by 'git merge' or 'git pull') stops because of conflicts, cleanly merged paths are already staged to be committed for you, and paths that conflicted are left in unmerged state. You would have to first -check which paths are conflicting with 'git-status' +check which paths are conflicting with 'git status' and after fixing them manually in your working tree, you would -stage the result as usual with 'git-add': +stage the result as usual with 'git add': ------------ $ git status | grep unmerged @@ -319,7 +359,7 @@ ENVIRONMENT AND CONFIGURATION VARIABLES The editor used to edit the commit log message will be chosen from the GIT_EDITOR environment variable, the core.editor configuration variable, the VISUAL environment variable, or the EDITOR environment variable (in that -order). +order). See linkgit:git-var[1] for details. HOOKS ----- diff --git a/Documentation/git-config.txt b/Documentation/git-config.txt index f68b198205..543dd64a46 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-config.txt @@ -37,11 +37,12 @@ existing values that match the regexp are updated or unset. If you want to handle the lines that do *not* match the regex, just prepend a single exclamation mark in front (see also <<EXAMPLES>>). -The type specifier can be either '--int' or '--bool', which will make -'git-config' ensure that the variable(s) are of the given type and +The type specifier can be either '--int' or '--bool', to make +'git config' ensure that the variable(s) are of the given type and convert the value to the canonical form (simple decimal number for int, -a "true" or "false" string for bool). If no type specifier is passed, -no checks or transformations are performed on the value. +a "true" or "false" string for bool), or '--path', which does some +path expansion (see '--path' below). If no type specifier is passed, no +checks or transformations are performed on the value. The file-option can be one of '--system', '--global' or '--file' which specify where the values will be read from or written to. @@ -124,18 +125,25 @@ See also <<FILES>>. List all variables set in config file. --bool:: - 'git-config' will ensure that the output is "true" or "false" + 'git config' will ensure that the output is "true" or "false" --int:: - 'git-config' will ensure that the output is a simple + 'git config' will ensure that the output is a simple decimal number. An optional value suffix of 'k', 'm', or 'g' in the config file will cause the value to be multiplied by 1024, 1048576, or 1073741824 prior to output. --bool-or-int:: - 'git-config' will ensure that the output matches the format of + 'git config' will ensure that the output matches the format of either --bool or --int, as described above. +--path:: + 'git-config' will expand leading '{tilde}' to the value of + '$HOME', and '{tilde}user' to the home directory for the + specified user. This option has no effect when setting the + value (but you can use 'git config bla {tilde}/' from the + command line to let your shell do the expansion). + -z:: --null:: For all options that output values and/or keys, always @@ -173,7 +181,7 @@ FILES ----- If not set explicitly with '--file', there are three files where -'git-config' will search for configuration options: +'git config' will search for configuration options: $GIT_DIR/config:: Repository specific configuration file. (The filename is @@ -190,12 +198,12 @@ $(prefix)/etc/gitconfig:: If no further options are given, all reading options will read all of these files that are available. If the global or the system-wide configuration file are not available they will be ignored. If the repository configuration -file is not available or readable, 'git-config' will exit with a non-zero +file is not available or readable, 'git config' will exit with a non-zero error code. However, in neither case will an error message be issued. All writing options will per default write to the repository specific configuration file. Note that this also affects options like '--replace-all' -and '--unset'. *'git-config' will only ever change one file at a time*. +and '--unset'. *'git config' will only ever change one file at a time*. You can override these rules either by command line options or by environment variables. The '--global' and the '--system' options will limit the file used diff --git a/Documentation/git-cvsexportcommit.txt b/Documentation/git-cvsexportcommit.txt index 2da8588f4f..b2696efae9 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cvsexportcommit.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cvsexportcommit.txt @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ by default. Supports file additions, removals, and commits that affect binary files. -If the commit is a merge commit, you must tell 'git-cvsexportcommit' what +If the commit is a merge commit, you must tell 'git cvsexportcommit' what parent the changeset should be done against. OPTIONS @@ -63,6 +63,10 @@ OPTIONS -u:: Update affected files from CVS repository before attempting export. +-k:: + Reverse CVS keyword expansion (e.g. $Revision: 1.2.3.4$ + becomes $Revision$) in working CVS checkout before applying patch. + -w:: Specify the location of the CVS checkout to use for the export. This option does not require GIT_DIR to be set before execution if the diff --git a/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt b/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt index 614e769f4e..8bcd875a67 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [-A <author-conv-file>] [-p <options-for-cvsps>] [-P <file>] [-C <git_repository>] [-z <fuzz>] [-i] [-k] [-u] [-s <subst>] [-a] [-m] [-M <regex>] [-S <regex>] [-L <commitlimit>] - [-r <remote>] [<CVS_module>] + [-r <remote>] [-R] [<CVS_module>] DESCRIPTION @@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ At least version 2.1 is required. Please see the section <<issues,ISSUES>> for further reference. You should *never* do any work of your own on the branches that are -created by 'git-cvsimport'. By default initial import will create and populate a +created by 'git cvsimport'. By default initial import will create and populate a "master" branch from the CVS repository's main branch which you're free -to work with; after that, you need to 'git-merge' incremental imports, or +to work with; after that, you need to 'git merge' incremental imports, or any CVS branches, yourself. It is advisable to specify a named remote via -r to separate and protect the incoming branches. @@ -49,13 +49,13 @@ OPTIONS -d <CVSROOT>:: The root of the CVS archive. May be local (a simple path) or remote; currently, only the :local:, :ext: and :pserver: access methods - are supported. If not given, 'git-cvsimport' will try to read it + are supported. If not given, 'git cvsimport' will try to read it from `CVS/Root`. If no such file exists, it checks for the `CVSROOT` environment variable. <CVS_module>:: The CVS module you want to import. Relative to <CVSROOT>. - If not given, 'git-cvsimport' tries to read it from + If not given, 'git cvsimport' tries to read it from `CVS/Repository`. -C <target-dir>:: @@ -65,14 +65,14 @@ OPTIONS -r <remote>:: The git remote to import this CVS repository into. Moves all CVS branches into remotes/<remote>/<branch> - akin to the way 'git-clone' uses 'origin' by default. + akin to the way 'git clone' uses 'origin' by default. -o <branch-for-HEAD>:: When no remote is specified (via -r) the 'HEAD' branch from CVS is imported to the 'origin' branch within the git repository, as 'HEAD' already has a special meaning for git. When a remote is specified the 'HEAD' branch is named - remotes/<remote>/master mirroring 'git-clone' behaviour. + remotes/<remote>/master mirroring 'git clone' behaviour. Use this option if you want to import into a different branch. + @@ -145,17 +145,33 @@ This option can be used several times to provide several detection regexes. --------- + -'git-cvsimport' will make it appear as those authors had +'git cvsimport' will make it appear as those authors had their GIT_AUTHOR_NAME and GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL set properly all along. + For convenience, this data is saved to `$GIT_DIR/cvs-authors` each time the '-A' option is provided and read from that same -file each time 'git-cvsimport' is run. +file each time 'git cvsimport' is run. + It is not recommended to use this feature if you intend to export changes back to CVS again later with -'git-cvsexportcommit'. +'git cvsexportcommit'. + +-R:: + Generate a `$GIT_DIR/cvs-revisions` file containing a mapping from CVS + revision numbers to newly-created Git commit IDs. The generated file + will contain one line for each (filename, revision) pair imported; + each line will look like ++ +--------- +src/widget.c 1.1 1d862f173cdc7325b6fa6d2ae1cfd61fd1b512b7 +--------- ++ +The revision data is appended to the file if it already exists, for use when +doing incremental imports. ++ +This option may be useful if you have CVS revision numbers stored in commit +messages, bug-tracking systems, email archives, and the like. -h:: Print a short usage message and exit. diff --git a/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt b/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt index 785779e221..dbb053ee17 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ cvspserver stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/bin/git-cvsserver git-cvsserver pserver Usage: [verse] -'git cvsserver' [options] [pserver|server] [<directory> ...] +'git-cvsserver' [options] [pserver|server] [<directory> ...] OPTIONS ------- @@ -182,10 +182,9 @@ Database Backend ---------------- 'git-cvsserver' uses one database per git head (i.e. CVS module) to -store information about the repository for faster access. The -database doesn't contain any persistent data and can be completely -regenerated from the git repository at any time. The database -needs to be updated (i.e. written to) after every commit. +store information about the repository to maintain consistent +CVS revision numbers. The database needs to be +updated (i.e. written to) after every commit. If the commit is done directly by using `git` (as opposed to using 'git-cvsserver') the update will need to happen on the @@ -204,6 +203,18 @@ write so it might not be enough to grant the users using 'git-cvsserver' write access to the database file without granting them write access to the directory, too. +The database can not be reliably regenerated in a +consistent form after the branch it is tracking has changed. +Example: For merged branches, 'git-cvsserver' only tracks +one branch of development, and after a 'git merge' an +incrementally updated database may track a different branch +than a database regenerated from scratch, causing inconsistent +CVS revision numbers. `git-cvsserver` has no way of knowing which +branch it would have picked if it had been run incrementally +pre-merge. So if you have to fully or partially (from old +backup) regenerate the database, you should be suspicious +of pre-existing CVS sandboxes. + You can configure the database backend with the following configuration variables: @@ -266,6 +277,21 @@ In `dbdriver` and `dbuser` you can use the following variables: If no name can be determined, the numeric uid is used. +ENVIRONMENT +----------- + +These variables obviate the need for command-line options in some +circumstances, allowing easier restricted usage through git-shell. + +GIT_CVSSERVER_BASE_PATH takes the place of the argument to --base-path. + +GIT_CVSSERVER_ROOT specifies a single-directory whitelist. The +repository must still be configured to allow access through +git-cvsserver, as described above. + +When these environment variables are set, the corresponding +command-line arguments may not be used. + Eclipse CVS Client Notes ------------------------ @@ -283,7 +309,7 @@ To get a checkout with the Eclipse CVS client: Protocol notes: If you are using anonymous access via pserver, just select that. Those using SSH access should choose the 'ext' protocol, and configure 'ext' access on the Preferences->Team->CVS->ExtConnection pane. Set CVS_SERVER to -"'git cvsserver'". Note that password support is not good when using 'ext', +"`git cvsserver`". Note that password support is not good when using 'ext', you will definitely want to have SSH keys setup. Alternatively, you can just use the non-standard extssh protocol that Eclipse diff --git a/Documentation/git-daemon.txt b/Documentation/git-daemon.txt index a85121c689..01c9f8eb9e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-daemon.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-daemon.txt @@ -28,36 +28,36 @@ that service if it is enabled. It verifies that the directory has the magic file "git-daemon-export-ok", and it will refuse to export any git directory that hasn't explicitly been marked for export this way (unless the '--export-all' parameter is specified). If you -pass some directory paths as 'git-daemon' arguments, you can further restrict +pass some directory paths as 'git daemon' arguments, you can further restrict the offers to a whitelist comprising of those. By default, only `upload-pack` service is enabled, which serves -'git-fetch-pack' and 'git-ls-remote' clients, which are invoked -from 'git-fetch', 'git-pull', and 'git-clone'. +'git fetch-pack' and 'git ls-remote' clients, which are invoked +from 'git fetch', 'git pull', and 'git clone'. This is ideally suited for read-only updates, i.e., pulling from git repositories. -An `upload-archive` also exists to serve 'git-archive'. +An `upload-archive` also exists to serve 'git archive'. OPTIONS ------- --strict-paths:: Match paths exactly (i.e. don't allow "/foo/repo" when the real path is "/foo/repo.git" or "/foo/repo/.git") and don't do user-relative paths. - 'git-daemon' will refuse to start when this option is enabled and no + 'git daemon' will refuse to start when this option is enabled and no whitelist is specified. --base-path=path:: Remap all the path requests as relative to the given path. - This is sort of "GIT root" - if you run 'git-daemon' with + This is sort of "GIT root" - if you run 'git daemon' with '--base-path=/srv/git' on example.com, then if you later try to pull - 'git://example.com/hello.git', 'git-daemon' will interpret the path + 'git://example.com/hello.git', 'git daemon' will interpret the path as '/srv/git/hello.git'. --base-path-relaxed:: If --base-path is enabled and repo lookup fails, with this option - 'git-daemon' will attempt to lookup without prefixing the base path. + 'git daemon' will attempt to lookup without prefixing the base path. This is useful for switching to --base-path usage, while still allowing the old paths. @@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ OPTIONS + Giving these options is an error when used with `--inetd`; use the facility of inet daemon to achieve the same before spawning -'git-daemon' if needed. +'git daemon' if needed. --enable=service:: --disable=service:: @@ -169,24 +169,24 @@ SERVICES These services can be globally enabled/disabled using the command line options of this command. If a finer-grained -control is desired (e.g. to allow 'git-archive' to be run +control is desired (e.g. to allow 'git archive' to be run against only in a few selected repositories the daemon serves), the per-repository configuration file can be used to enable or disable them. upload-pack:: - This serves 'git-fetch-pack' and 'git-ls-remote' + This serves 'git fetch-pack' and 'git ls-remote' clients. It is enabled by default, but a repository can disable it by setting `daemon.uploadpack` configuration item to `false`. upload-archive:: - This serves 'git-archive --remote'. It is disabled by + This serves 'git archive --remote'. It is disabled by default, but a repository can enable it by setting `daemon.uploadarch` configuration item to `true`. receive-pack:: - This serves 'git-send-pack' clients, allowing anonymous + This serves 'git send-pack' clients, allowing anonymous push. It is disabled by default, as there is _no_ authentication in the protocol (in other words, anybody can push anything into the repository, including removal @@ -204,8 +204,8 @@ $ grep 9418 /etc/services git 9418/tcp # Git Version Control System ------------ -'git-daemon' as inetd server:: - To set up 'git-daemon' as an inetd service that handles any +'git daemon' as inetd server:: + To set up 'git daemon' as an inetd service that handles any repository under the whitelisted set of directories, /pub/foo and /pub/bar, place an entry like the following into /etc/inetd all on one line: @@ -217,8 +217,8 @@ git 9418/tcp # Git Version Control System ------------------------------------------------ -'git-daemon' as inetd server for virtual hosts:: - To set up 'git-daemon' as an inetd service that handles +'git daemon' as inetd server for virtual hosts:: + To set up 'git daemon' as an inetd service that handles repositories for different virtual hosts, `www.example.com` and `www.example.org`, place an entry like the following into `/etc/inetd` all on one line: @@ -240,8 +240,8 @@ clients, a symlink from `/software` into the appropriate default repository could be made as well. -'git-daemon' as regular daemon for virtual hosts:: - To set up 'git-daemon' as a regular, non-inetd service that +'git daemon' as regular daemon for virtual hosts:: + To set up 'git daemon' as a regular, non-inetd service that handles repositories for multiple virtual hosts based on their IP addresses, start the daemon like this: + @@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ Repositories can still be accessed by hostname though, assuming they correspond to these IP addresses. selectively enable/disable services per repository:: - To enable 'git-archive --remote' and disable 'git-fetch' against + To enable 'git archive --remote' and disable 'git fetch' against a repository, have the following in the configuration file in the repository (that is the file 'config' next to 'HEAD', 'refs' and 'objects'). @@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ selectively enable/disable services per repository:: ENVIRONMENT ----------- -'git-daemon' will set REMOTE_ADDR to the IP address of the client +'git daemon' will set REMOTE_ADDR to the IP address of the client that connected to it, if the IP address is available. REMOTE_ADDR will be available in the environment of hooks called when services are performed. diff --git a/Documentation/git-describe.txt b/Documentation/git-describe.txt index b231dbb947..7ef9d51577 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-describe.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-describe.txt @@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ git-describe - Show the most recent tag that is reachable from a commit SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git describe' [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] <committish>... +'git describe' [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<mark>] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -27,6 +29,11 @@ OPTIONS <committish>...:: Committish object names to describe. +--dirty[=<mark>]:: + Describe the working tree. + It means describe HEAD and appends <mark> (`-dirty` by + default) if the working tree is dirty. + --all:: Instead of using only the annotated tags, use any ref found in `.git/refs/`. This option enables matching @@ -44,7 +51,9 @@ OPTIONS --abbrev=<n>:: Instead of using the default 7 hexadecimal digits as the - abbreviated object name, use <n> digits. + abbreviated object name, use <n> digits, or as many digits + as needed to form a unique object name. An <n> of 0 + will suppress long format, only showing the closest tag. --candidates=<n>:: Instead of considering only the 10 most recent tags as @@ -68,8 +77,8 @@ OPTIONS This is useful when you want to see parts of the commit object name in "describe" output, even when the commit in question happens to be a tagged version. Instead of just emitting the tag name, it will - describe such a commit as v1.2-0-deadbeef (0th commit since tag v1.2 - that points at object deadbeef....). + describe such a commit as v1.2-0-gdeadbee (0th commit since tag v1.2 + that points at object deadbee....). --match <pattern>:: Only consider tags matching the given pattern (can be used to avoid @@ -96,8 +105,11 @@ The number of additional commits is the number of commits which would be displayed by "git log v1.0.4..parent". The hash suffix is "-g" + 7-char abbreviation for the tip commit of parent (which was `2414721b194453f058079d897d13c4e377f92dc6`). +The "g" prefix stands for "git" and is used to allow describing the version of +a software depending on the SCM the software is managed with. This is useful +in an environment where people may use different SCMs. -Doing a 'git-describe' on a tag-name will just show the tag name: +Doing a 'git describe' on a tag-name will just show the tag name: [torvalds@g5 git]$ git describe v1.0.4 v1.0.4 @@ -108,7 +120,7 @@ the output shows the reference path as well: [torvalds@g5 git]$ git describe --all --abbrev=4 v1.0.5^2 tags/v1.0.0-21-g975b - [torvalds@g5 git]$ git describe --all HEAD^ + [torvalds@g5 git]$ git describe --all --abbrev=4 HEAD^ heads/lt/describe-7-g975b With --abbrev set to 0, the command can be used to find the @@ -117,16 +129,23 @@ closest tagname without any suffix: [torvalds@g5 git]$ git describe --abbrev=0 v1.0.5^2 tags/v1.0.0 +Note that the suffix you get if you type these commands today may be +longer than what Linus saw above when he ran these commands, as your +git repository may have new commits whose object names begin with +975b that did not exist back then, and "-g975b" suffix alone may not +be sufficient to disambiguate these commits. + + SEARCH STRATEGY --------------- -For each committish supplied, 'git-describe' will first look for +For each committish supplied, 'git describe' will first look for a tag which tags exactly that commit. Annotated tags will always be preferred over lightweight tags, and tags with newer dates will always be preferred over tags with older dates. If an exact match is found, its name will be output and searching will stop. -If an exact match was not found, 'git-describe' will walk back +If an exact match was not found, 'git describe' will walk back through the commit history to locate an ancestor commit which has been tagged. The ancestor's tag will be output along with an abbreviation of the input committish's SHA1. diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt index c526141564..9cd8ccef37 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ DESCRIPTION Compares the files in the working tree and the index. When paths are specified, compares only those named paths. Otherwise all entries in the index are compared. The output format is the -same as for 'git-diff-index' and 'git-diff-tree'. +same as for 'git diff-index' and 'git diff-tree'. OPTIONS ------- @@ -43,8 +43,7 @@ omit diff output for unmerged entries and just show "Unmerged". -q:: Remain silent even on nonexistent files -Output format -------------- + include::diff-format.txt[] diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt index 26920d4f63..162cb741b3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt @@ -31,11 +31,9 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] -m:: By default, files recorded in the index but not checked out are reported as deleted. This flag makes - 'git-diff-index' say that all non-checked-out files are up + 'git diff-index' say that all non-checked-out files are up to date. -Output format -------------- include::diff-format.txt[] Operating Modes @@ -50,7 +48,7 @@ Cached Mode If '--cached' is specified, it allows you to ask: show me the differences between HEAD and the current index - contents (the ones I'd write using 'git-write-tree') + contents (the ones I'd write using 'git write-tree') For example, let's say that you have worked on your working directory, updated some files in the index and are ready to commit. You want to see exactly @@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ object and compare it that way, and to do that, you just do Example: let's say I had renamed `commit.c` to `git-commit.c`, and I had done an `update-index` to make that effective in the index file. `git diff-files` wouldn't show anything at all, since the index file -matches my working directory. But doing a 'git-diff-index' does: +matches my working directory. But doing a 'git diff-index' does: torvalds@ppc970:~/git> git diff-index --cached HEAD -100644 blob 4161aecc6700a2eb579e842af0b7f22b98443f74 commit.c @@ -71,10 +69,10 @@ matches my working directory. But doing a 'git-diff-index' does: You can see easily that the above is a rename. In fact, `git diff-index --cached` *should* always be entirely equivalent to -actually doing a 'git-write-tree' and comparing that. Except this one is much +actually doing a 'git write-tree' and comparing that. Except this one is much nicer for the case where you just want to check where you are. -So doing a 'git-diff-index --cached' is basically very useful when you are +So doing a `git diff-index --cached` is basically very useful when you are asking yourself "what have I already marked for being committed, and what's the difference to a previous tree". @@ -82,20 +80,20 @@ Non-cached Mode --------------- The "non-cached" mode takes a different approach, and is potentially the more useful of the two in that what it does can't be emulated with -a 'git-write-tree' + 'git-diff-tree'. Thus that's the default mode. +a 'git write-tree' + 'git diff-tree'. Thus that's the default mode. The non-cached version asks the question: show me the differences between HEAD and the currently checked out tree - index contents _and_ files that aren't up-to-date which is obviously a very useful question too, since that tells you what -you *could* commit. Again, the output matches the 'git-diff-tree -r' +you *could* commit. Again, the output matches the 'git diff-tree -r' output to a tee, but with a twist. The twist is that if some file doesn't match the index, we don't have a backing store thing for it, and we use the magic "all-zero" sha1 to show that. So let's say that you have edited `kernel/sched.c`, but -have not actually done a 'git-update-index' on it yet - there is no +have not actually done a 'git update-index' on it yet - there is no "object" associated with the new state, and you get: torvalds@ppc970:~/v2.6/linux> git diff-index HEAD @@ -106,11 +104,11 @@ not up-to-date and may contain new stuff. The all-zero sha1 means that to get the real diff, you need to look at the object in the working directory directly rather than do an object-to-object diff. -NOTE: As with other commands of this type, 'git-diff-index' does not +NOTE: As with other commands of this type, 'git diff-index' does not actually look at the contents of the file at all. So maybe `kernel/sched.c` hasn't actually changed, and it's just that you touched it. In either case, it's a note that you need to -'git-update-index' it to make the index be in sync. +'git update-index' it to make the index be in sync. NOTE: You can have a mixture of files show up as "has been updated" and "is still dirty in the working directory" together. You can always diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt index 23b7abd3c6..a7e37b875f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Compares the content and mode of the blobs found via two tree objects. If there is only one <tree-ish> given, the commit is compared with its parents (see --stdin below). -Note that 'git-diff-tree' can use the tree encapsulated in a commit object. +Note that 'git diff-tree' can use the tree encapsulated in a commit object. OPTIONS ------- @@ -67,25 +67,25 @@ The following flags further affect the behavior when comparing commits (but not trees). -m:: - By default, 'git-diff-tree --stdin' does not show + By default, 'git diff-tree --stdin' does not show differences for merge commits. With this flag, it shows differences to that commit from all of its parents. See also '-c'. -s:: - By default, 'git-diff-tree --stdin' shows differences, + By default, 'git diff-tree --stdin' shows differences, either in machine-readable form (without '-p') or in patch form (with '-p'). This output can be suppressed. It is only useful with '-v' flag. -v:: - This flag causes 'git-diff-tree --stdin' to also show + This flag causes 'git diff-tree --stdin' to also show the commit message before the differences. include::pretty-options.txt[] --no-commit-id:: - 'git-diff-tree' outputs a line with the commit ID when + 'git diff-tree' outputs a line with the commit ID when applicable. This flag suppressed the commit ID output. -c:: @@ -159,8 +159,7 @@ HEAD commits it finds, which is even more interesting. in case you care). -Output format -------------- + include::diff-format.txt[] diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff.txt b/Documentation/git-diff.txt index a2f192fb75..723a64872f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff.txt @@ -84,8 +84,7 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] the diff to the named paths (you can give directory names and get diff for all files under them). -Output format -------------- + include::diff-format.txt[] EXAMPLES @@ -158,6 +157,10 @@ $ git diff -R <2> rewrites (very expensive). <2> Output diff in reverse. +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-difftool[1]:: + Show changes using common diff tools Author ------ diff --git a/Documentation/git-difftool.txt b/Documentation/git-difftool.txt index 15b247bab4..8250bad2ce 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-difftool.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-difftool.txt @@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ git-difftool - Show changes using common diff tools SYNOPSIS -------- -'git difftool' [--tool=<tool>] [-y|--no-prompt|--prompt] [<'git diff' options>] +'git difftool' [<options>] <commit>{0,2} [--] [<path>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -'git-difftool' is a git command that allows you to compare and edit files +'git difftool' is a git command that allows you to compare and edit files between revisions using common diff tools. 'git difftool' is a frontend -to 'git-diff' and accepts the same options and arguments. +to 'git diff' and accepts the same options and arguments. OPTIONS ------- @@ -31,25 +31,25 @@ OPTIONS Use the diff tool specified by <tool>. Valid merge tools are: kdiff3, kompare, tkdiff, meld, xxdiff, emerge, vimdiff, gvimdiff, - ecmerge, diffuse and opendiff + ecmerge, diffuse, opendiff, p4merge and araxis. + -If a diff tool is not specified, 'git-difftool' +If a diff tool is not specified, 'git difftool' will use the configuration variable `diff.tool`. If the -configuration variable `diff.tool` is not set, 'git-difftool' +configuration variable `diff.tool` is not set, 'git difftool' will pick a suitable default. + You can explicitly provide a full path to the tool by setting the configuration variable `difftool.<tool>.path`. For example, you can configure the absolute path to kdiff3 by setting -`difftool.kdiff3.path`. Otherwise, 'git-difftool' assumes the +`difftool.kdiff3.path`. Otherwise, 'git difftool' assumes the tool is available in PATH. + Instead of running one of the known diff tools, -'git-difftool' can be customized to run an alternative program +'git difftool' can be customized to run an alternative program by specifying the command line to invoke in a configuration variable `difftool.<tool>.cmd`. + -When 'git-difftool' is invoked with this tool (either through the +When 'git difftool' is invoked with this tool (either through the `-t` or `--tool` option or the `diff.tool` configuration variable) the configured command line will be invoked with the following variables available: `$LOCAL` is set to the name of the temporary @@ -58,16 +58,31 @@ is set to the name of the temporary file containing the contents of the diff post-image. `$BASE` is provided for compatibility with custom merge tool commands and has the same value as `$LOCAL`. +-x <command>:: +--extcmd=<command>:: + Specify a custom command for viewing diffs. + 'git-difftool' ignores the configured defaults and runs + `$command $LOCAL $REMOTE` when this option is specified. + +-g:: +--gui:: + When 'git-difftool' is invoked with the `-g` or `--gui` option + the default diff tool will be read from the configured + `diff.guitool` variable instead of `diff.tool`. + See linkgit:git-diff[1] for the full list of supported options. CONFIG VARIABLES ---------------- -'git-difftool' falls back to 'git-mergetool' config variables when the +'git difftool' falls back to 'git mergetool' config variables when the difftool equivalents have not been defined. diff.tool:: The default diff tool to use. +diff.guitool:: + The default diff tool to use when `--gui` is specified. + difftool.<tool>.path:: Override the path for the given tool. This is useful in case your tool is not in the PATH. diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt index 0c9eb567cb..98ec6b5871 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt @@ -13,18 +13,18 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- This program dumps the given revisions in a form suitable to be piped -into 'git-fast-import'. +into 'git fast-import'. You can use it as a human-readable bundle replacement (see linkgit:git-bundle[1]), or as a kind of an interactive -'git-filter-branch'. +'git filter-branch'. OPTIONS ------- --progress=<n>:: Insert 'progress' statements every <n> objects, to be shown by - 'git-fast-import' during import. + 'git fast-import' during import. --signed-tags=(verbatim|warn|strip|abort):: Specify how to handle signed tags. Since any transformation @@ -36,6 +36,17 @@ when encountering a signed tag. With 'strip', the tags will be made unsigned, with 'verbatim', they will be silently exported and with 'warn', they will be exported, but you will see a warning. +--tag-of-filtered-object=(abort|drop|rewrite):: + Specify how to handle tags whose tagged object is filtered out. + Since revisions and files to export can be limited by path, + tagged objects may be filtered completely. ++ +When asking to 'abort' (which is the default), this program will die +when encountering such a tag. With 'drop' it will omit such tags from +the output. With 'rewrite', if the tagged object is a commit, it will +rewrite the tag to tag an ancestor commit (via parent rewriting; see +linkgit:git-rev-list[1]) + -M:: -C:: Perform move and/or copy detection, as described in the @@ -71,6 +82,20 @@ marks the same across runs. allow that. So fake a tagger to be able to fast-import the output. +--no-data:: + Skip output of blob objects and instead refer to blobs via + their original SHA-1 hash. This is useful when rewriting the + directory structure or history of a repository without + touching the contents of individual files. Note that the + resulting stream can only be used by a repository which + already contains the necessary objects. + +[git-rev-list-args...]:: + A list of arguments, acceptable to 'git rev-parse' and + 'git rev-list', that specifies the specific objects and references + to export. For example, `master\~10..master` causes the + current master reference to be exported along with all objects + added since its 10th ancestor commit. EXAMPLES -------- @@ -100,7 +125,7 @@ referenced by that revision range contains the string Limitations ----------- -Since 'git-fast-import' cannot tag trees, you will not be +Since 'git fast-import' cannot tag trees, you will not be able to export the linux-2.6.git repository completely, as it contains a tag referencing a tree instead of a commit. diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt index c2f483a8d2..19082b04eb 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ DESCRIPTION This program is usually not what the end user wants to run directly. Most end users want to use one of the existing frontend programs, which parses a specific type of foreign source and feeds the contents -stored there to 'git-fast-import'. +stored there to 'git fast-import'. fast-import reads a mixed command/data stream from standard input and writes one or more packfiles directly into the current repository. @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ updated branch and tag refs, fully updating the current repository with the newly imported data. The fast-import backend itself can import into an empty repository (one that -has already been initialized by 'git-init') or incrementally +has already been initialized by 'git init') or incrementally update an existing populated repository. Whether or not incremental imports are supported from a particular foreign source depends on the frontend program in use. @@ -44,11 +44,14 @@ OPTIONS not contain the old commit). --max-pack-size=<n>:: - Maximum size of each output packfile, expressed in MiB. - The default is 4096 (4 GiB) as that is the maximum allowed - packfile size (due to file format limitations). Some - importers may wish to lower this, such as to ensure the - resulting packfiles fit on CDs. + Maximum size of each output packfile. + The default is unlimited. + +--big-file-threshold=<n>:: + Maximum size of a blob that fast-import will attempt to + create a delta for, expressed in bytes. The default is 512m + (512 MiB). Some importers may wish to lower this on systems + with constrained memory. --depth=<n>:: Maximum delta depth, for blob and tree deltification. @@ -75,6 +78,20 @@ OPTIONS set of marks. If a mark is defined to different values, the last file wins. +--relative-marks:: + After specifying --relative-marks= the paths specified + with --import-marks= and --export-marks= are relative + to an internal directory in the current repository. + In git-fast-import this means that the paths are relative + to the .git/info/fast-import directory. However, other + importers may use a different location. + +--no-relative-marks:: + Negates a previous --relative-marks. Allows for combining + relative and non-relative marks by interweaving + --(no-)-relative-marks= with the --(import|export)-marks= + options. + --export-pack-edges=<file>:: After creating a packfile, print a line of data to <file> listing the filename of the packfile and the last @@ -82,7 +99,7 @@ OPTIONS This information may be useful after importing projects whose total object set exceeds the 4 GiB packfile limit, as these commits can be used as edge points during calls - to 'git-pack-objects'. + to 'git pack-objects'. --quiet:: Disable all non-fatal output, making fast-import silent when it @@ -124,9 +141,9 @@ an ideal situation, given that most conversion tools are throw-away Parallel Operation ------------------ -Like 'git-push' or 'git-fetch', imports handled by fast-import are safe to +Like 'git push' or 'git fetch', imports handled by fast-import are safe to run alongside parallel `git repack -a -d` or `git gc` invocations, -or any other Git operation (including 'git-prune', as loose objects +or any other Git operation (including 'git prune', as loose objects are never used by fast-import). fast-import does not lock the branch or tag refs it is actively importing. @@ -138,7 +155,7 @@ fast-forward update, fast-import will skip updating that ref and instead prints a warning message. fast-import will always attempt to update all branch refs, and does not stop on the first failure. -Branch updates can be forced with \--force, but its recommended that +Branch updates can be forced with \--force, but it's recommended that this only be used on an otherwise quiet repository. Using \--force is not necessary for an initial import into an empty repository. @@ -220,7 +237,7 @@ variation in formatting will cause fast-import to reject the value. + An example value is ``Tue Feb 6 11:22:18 2007 -0500''. The Git parser is accurate, but a little on the lenient side. It is the -same parser used by 'git-am' when applying patches +same parser used by 'git am' when applying patches received from email. + Some malformed strings may be accepted as valid dates. In some of @@ -253,10 +270,10 @@ is always copied into the identity string at the time it is being created by fast-import. There is no way to specify a different time or timezone. + -This particular format is supplied as its short to implement and +This particular format is supplied as it's short to implement and may be useful to a process that wants to create a new commit right now, without needing to use a working directory or -'git-update-index'. +'git update-index'. + If separate `author` and `committer` commands are used in a `commit` the timestamps may not match, as the system clock will be polled @@ -303,6 +320,15 @@ and control the current import process. More detailed discussion standard output. This command is optional and is not needed to perform an import. +`feature`:: + Require that fast-import supports the specified feature, or + abort if it does not. + +`option`:: + Specify any of the options listed under OPTIONS that do not + change stream semantic to suit the frontend's needs. This + command is optional and is not needed to perform an import. + `commit` ~~~~~~~~ Create or update a branch with a new commit, recording one logical @@ -311,12 +337,12 @@ change to the project. .... 'commit' SP <ref> LF mark? - ('author' SP <name> SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF)? - 'committer' SP <name> SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF + ('author' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF)? + 'committer' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF data ('from' SP <committish> LF)? ('merge' SP <committish> LF)? - (filemodify | filedelete | filecopy | filerename | filedeleteall)* + (filemodify | filedelete | filecopy | filerename | filedeleteall | notemodify)* LF? .... @@ -339,14 +365,13 @@ commit message use a 0 length data. Commit messages are free-form and are not interpreted by Git. Currently they must be encoded in UTF-8, as fast-import does not permit other encodings to be specified. -Zero or more `filemodify`, `filedelete`, `filecopy`, `filerename` -and `filedeleteall` commands +Zero or more `filemodify`, `filedelete`, `filecopy`, `filerename`, +`filedeleteall` and `notemodify` commands may be included to update the contents of the branch prior to creating the commit. These commands may be supplied in any order. However it is recommended that a `filedeleteall` command precede -all `filemodify`, `filecopy` and `filerename` commands in the same -commit, as `filedeleteall` -wipes the branch clean (see below). +all `filemodify`, `filecopy`, `filerename` and `notemodify` commands in +the same commit, as `filedeleteall` wipes the branch clean (see below). The `LF` after the command is optional (it used to be required). @@ -398,7 +423,7 @@ quoting or escaping syntax is supported within `<committish>`. Here `<committish>` is any of the following: * The name of an existing branch already in fast-import's internal branch - table. If fast-import doesn't know the name, its treated as a SHA-1 + table. If fast-import doesn't know the name, it's treated as a SHA-1 expression. * A mark reference, `:<idnum>`, where `<idnum>` is the mark number. @@ -595,6 +620,40 @@ more memory per active branch (less than 1 MiB for even most large projects); so frontends that can easily obtain only the affected paths for a commit are encouraged to do so. +`notemodify` +^^^^^^^^^^^^ +Included in a `commit` command to add a new note (annotating a given +commit) or change the content of an existing note. This command has +two different means of specifying the content of the note. + +External data format:: + The data content for the note was already supplied by a prior + `blob` command. The frontend just needs to connect it to the + commit that is to be annotated. ++ +.... + 'N' SP <dataref> SP <committish> LF +.... ++ +Here `<dataref>` can be either a mark reference (`:<idnum>`) +set by a prior `blob` command, or a full 40-byte SHA-1 of an +existing Git blob object. + +Inline data format:: + The data content for the note has not been supplied yet. + The frontend wants to supply it as part of this modify + command. ++ +.... + 'N' SP 'inline' SP <committish> LF + data +.... ++ +See below for a detailed description of the `data` command. + +In both formats `<committish>` is any of the commit specification +expressions also accepted by `from` (see above). + `mark` ~~~~~~ Arranges for fast-import to save a reference to the current object, allowing @@ -624,7 +683,7 @@ lightweight (non-annotated) tags see the `reset` command below. .... 'tag' SP <name> LF 'from' SP <committish> LF - 'tagger' SP <name> SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF + 'tagger' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF data .... @@ -657,7 +716,7 @@ recommended, as the frontend does not (easily) have access to the complete set of bytes which normally goes into such a signature. If signing is required, create lightweight tags from within fast-import with `reset`, then create the annotated versions of those tags offline -with the standard 'git-tag' process. +with the standard 'git tag' process. `reset` ~~~~~~~ @@ -703,7 +762,7 @@ assigned mark. The mark command is optional here as some frontends have chosen to generate the Git SHA-1 for the blob on their own, and feed that -directly to `commit`. This is typically more work than its worth +directly to `commit`. This is typically more work than it's worth however, as marks are inexpensive to store and easy to use. `data` @@ -813,6 +872,62 @@ Placing a `progress` command immediately after a `checkpoint` will inform the reader when the `checkpoint` has been completed and it can safely access the refs that fast-import updated. +`feature` +~~~~~~~~~ +Require that fast-import supports the specified feature, or abort if +it does not. + +.... + 'feature' SP <feature> LF +.... + +The <feature> part of the command may be any string matching +^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z-]*$ and should be understood by fast-import. + +Feature work identical as their option counterparts with the +exception of the import-marks feature, see below. + +The following features are currently supported: + +* date-format +* import-marks +* export-marks +* relative-marks +* no-relative-marks +* force + +The import-marks behaves differently from when it is specified as +commandline option in that only one "feature import-marks" is allowed +per stream. Also, any --import-marks= specified on the commandline +will override those from the stream (if any). + +`option` +~~~~~~~~ +Processes the specified option so that git fast-import behaves in a +way that suits the frontend's needs. +Note that options specified by the frontend are overridden by any +options the user may specify to git fast-import itself. + +.... + 'option' SP <option> LF +.... + +The `<option>` part of the command may contain any of the options +listed in the OPTIONS section that do not change import semantics, +without the leading '--' and is treated in the same way. + +Option commands must be the first commands on the input (not counting +feature commands), to give an option command after any non-option +command is an error. + +The following commandline options change import semantics and may therefore +not be passed as option: + +* date-format +* import-marks +* export-marks +* force + Crash Reports ------------- If fast-import is supplied invalid input it will terminate with a @@ -958,7 +1073,7 @@ is not `refs/heads/TAG_FIXUP`). When committing fixups, consider using `merge` to connect the commit(s) which are supplying file revisions to the fixup branch. -Doing so will allow tools such as 'git-blame' to track +Doing so will allow tools such as 'git blame' to track through the real commit history and properly annotate the source files. @@ -987,7 +1102,7 @@ Repacking Historical Data ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ If you are repacking very old imported data (e.g. older than the last year), consider expending some extra CPU time and supplying -\--window=50 (or higher) when you run 'git-repack'. +\--window=50 (or higher) when you run 'git repack'. This will take longer, but will also produce a smaller packfile. You only need to expend the effort once, and everyone using your project will benefit from the smaller repository. diff --git a/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt index 47448da22e..4a8487c154 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt @@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -Usually you would want to use 'git-fetch', which is a +Usually you would want to use 'git fetch', which is a higher level wrapper of this command, instead. Invokes 'git-upload-pack' on a possibly remote repository and asks it to send objects missing from this repository, to update the named heads. The list of commits available locally -is found out by scanning local $GIT_DIR/refs/ and sent to +is found out by scanning the local refs/ hierarchy and sent to 'git-upload-pack' running on the other end. This command degenerates to download everything to complete the @@ -33,19 +33,19 @@ OPTIONS -q:: --quiet:: - Pass '-q' flag to 'git-unpack-objects'; this makes the + Pass '-q' flag to 'git unpack-objects'; this makes the cloning process less verbose. -k:: --keep:: - Do not invoke 'git-unpack-objects' on received data, but + Do not invoke 'git unpack-objects' on received data, but create a single packfile out of it instead, and store it in the object database. If provided twice then the pack is locked against repacking. --thin:: - Spend extra cycles to minimize the number of objects to be sent. - Use it on slower connection. + Fetch a "thin" pack, which records objects in deltified form based + on objects not included in the pack to reduce network traffic. --include-tag:: If the remote side supports it, annotated tags objects will diff --git a/Documentation/git-fetch.txt b/Documentation/git-fetch.txt index d3164c5c88..948ea26c5a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fetch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fetch.txt @@ -10,15 +10,21 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- 'git fetch' <options> <repository> <refspec>... +'git fetch' <options> <group> + +'git fetch' --multiple <options> [<repository> | <group>]... + +'git fetch' --all <options> + DESCRIPTION ----------- -Fetches named heads or tags from another repository, along with -the objects necessary to complete them. +Fetches named heads or tags from one or more other repositories, +along with the objects necessary to complete them. The ref names and their object names of fetched refs are stored in `.git/FETCH_HEAD`. This information is left for a later merge -operation done by 'git-merge'. +operation done by 'git merge'. When <refspec> stores the fetched result in tracking branches, the tags that point at these branches are automatically @@ -28,6 +34,10 @@ pointed by remote tags that it does not yet have, then fetch those missing tags. If the other end has tags that point at branches you are not interested in, you will not get them. +'git fetch' can fetch from either a single named repository, or +or from several repositories at once if <group> is given and +there is a remotes.<group> entry in the configuration file. +(See linkgit:git-config[1]). OPTIONS ------- @@ -37,6 +47,35 @@ include::pull-fetch-param.txt[] include::urls-remotes.txt[] + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +* Update the remote-tracking branches: ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git fetch origin +------------------------------------------------ ++ +The above command copies all branches from the remote refs/heads/ +namespace and stores them to the local refs/remotes/origin/ namespace, +unless the branch.<name>.fetch option is used to specify a non-default +refspec. + +* Using refspecs explicitly: ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git fetch origin +pu:pu maint:tmp +------------------------------------------------ ++ +This updates (or creates, as necessary) branches `pu` and `tmp` in +the local repository by fetching from the branches (respectively) +`pu` and `maint` from the remote repository. ++ +The `pu` branch will be updated even if it is does not fast-forward, +because it is prefixed with a plus sign; `tmp` will not be. + + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-pull[1] diff --git a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt index ab527b5b31..020028cf9a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt @@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [--index-filter <command>] [--parent-filter <command>] [--msg-filter <command>] [--commit-filter <command>] [--tag-name-filter <command>] [--subdirectory-filter <directory>] + [--prune-empty] [--original <namespace>] [-d <directory>] [-f | --force] [--] [<rev-list options>...] @@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ OPTIONS --commit-filter <command>:: This is the filter for performing the commit. If this filter is specified, it will be called instead of the - 'git-commit-tree' command, with arguments of the form + 'git commit-tree' command, with arguments of the form "<TREE_ID> [-p <PARENT_COMMIT_ID>]..." and the log message on stdin. The commit id is expected on stdout. + @@ -126,10 +127,10 @@ have all of them as parents. You can use the 'map' convenience function in this filter, and other convenience functions, too. For example, calling 'skip_commit "$@"' will leave out the current commit (but not its changes! If you want -that, use 'git-rebase' instead). +that, use 'git rebase' instead). + -You can also use the 'git_commit_non_empty_tree "$@"' instead of -'git commit-tree "$@"' if you don't wish to keep commits with a single parent +You can also use the `git_commit_non_empty_tree "$@"` instead of +`git commit-tree "$@"` if you don't wish to keep commits with a single parent and that makes no change to the tree. --tag-name-filter <command>:: @@ -158,7 +159,18 @@ to other tags will be rewritten to point to the underlying commit. --subdirectory-filter <directory>:: Only look at the history which touches the given subdirectory. The result will contain that directory (and only that) as its - project root. + project root. Implies --remap-to-ancestor. + +--remap-to-ancestor:: + Rewrite refs to the nearest rewritten ancestor instead of + ignoring them. ++ +Normally, positive refs on the command line are only changed if the +commit they point to was rewritten. However, you can limit the extent +of this rewriting by using linkgit:rev-list[1] arguments, e.g., path +limiters. Refs pointing to such excluded commits would then normally +be ignored. With this option, they are instead rewritten to point at +the nearest ancestor that was not excluded. --prune-empty:: Some kind of filters will generate empty commits, that left the tree @@ -167,7 +179,7 @@ to other tags will be rewritten to point to the underlying commit. and only one parent, it will hence keep merges points. Also, this option is not compatible with the use of '--commit-filter'. Though you just need to use the function 'git_commit_non_empty_tree "$@"' instead - of the 'git commit-tree "$@"' idiom in your commit filter to make that + of the `git commit-tree "$@"` idiom in your commit filter to make that happen. --original <namespace>:: @@ -184,15 +196,15 @@ to other tags will be rewritten to point to the underlying commit. -f:: --force:: - 'git-filter-branch' refuses to start with an existing temporary + 'git filter-branch' refuses to start with an existing temporary directory or when there are already refs starting with 'refs/original/', unless forced. <rev-list options>...:: - Arguments for 'git-rev-list'. All positive refs included by + Arguments for 'git rev-list'. All positive refs included by these options are rewritten. You may also specify options such as '--all', but you must use '--' to separate them from - the 'git-filter-branch' options. + the 'git filter-branch' options. Examples @@ -209,7 +221,7 @@ However, if the file is absent from the tree of some commit, a simple `rm filename` will fail for that tree and commit. Thus you may instead want to use `rm -f filename` as the script. -Using `\--index-filter` with 'git-rm' yields a significantly faster +Using `\--index-filter` with 'git rm' yields a significantly faster version. Like with using `rm filename`, `git rm --cached filename` will fail if the file is absent from the tree of a commit. If you want to "completely forget" a file, it does not matter when it entered @@ -291,7 +303,7 @@ and all children of the merge will become merge commits with P1,P2 as their parents instead of the merge commit. You can rewrite the commit log messages using `--msg-filter`. For -example, 'git-svn-id' strings in a repository created by 'git-svn' can +example, 'git svn-id' strings in a repository created by 'git svn' can be removed this way: ------------------------------------------------------- @@ -302,13 +314,23 @@ git filter-branch --msg-filter ' To restrict rewriting to only part of the history, specify a revision range in addition to the new branch name. The new branch name will -point to the top-most revision that a 'git-rev-list' of this range +point to the top-most revision that a 'git rev-list' of this range will print. +If you need to add 'Acked-by' lines to, say, the last 10 commits (none +of which is a merge), use this command: + +-------------------------------------------------------- +git filter-branch --msg-filter ' + cat && + echo "Acked-by: Bugs Bunny <bunny@bugzilla.org>" +' HEAD~10..HEAD +-------------------------------------------------------- + *NOTE* the changes introduced by the commits, and which are not reverted by subsequent commits, will still be in the rewritten branch. If you want to throw out _changes_ together with the commits, you should use the -interactive mode of 'git-rebase'. +interactive mode of 'git rebase'. Consider this history: @@ -336,7 +358,7 @@ To move the whole tree into a subdirectory, or remove it from there: --------------------------------------------------------------- git filter-branch --index-filter \ - 'git ls-files -s | sed "s-\t-&newsubdir/-" | + 'git ls-files -s | sed "s-\t\"*-&newsubdir/-" | GIT_INDEX_FILE=$GIT_INDEX_FILE.new \ git update-index --index-info && mv $GIT_INDEX_FILE.new $GIT_INDEX_FILE' HEAD diff --git a/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt b/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt index 1c24796d66..a585dbe898 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt @@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ DESCRIPTION ----------- Takes the list of merged objects on stdin and produces a suitable commit message to be used for the merge commit, usually to be -passed as the '<merge-message>' argument of 'git-merge'. +passed as the '<merge-message>' argument of 'git merge'. -This script is intended mostly for internal use by scripts -automatically invoking 'git-merge'. +This command is intended mostly for internal use by scripts +automatically invoking 'git merge'. OPTIONS ------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt index 8dc873fd44..7e83288d18 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt @@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ objecttype:: The type of the object (`blob`, `tree`, `commit`, `tag`). objectsize:: - The size of the object (the same as 'git-cat-file -s' reports). + The size of the object (the same as 'git cat-file -s' reports). objectname:: The object name (aka SHA-1). diff --git a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt index 6f1fc80119..835fb7135b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git format-patch' [-k] [(-o|--output-directory) <dir> | --stdout] - [--thread[=<style>]] + [--no-thread | --thread[=<style>]] [(--attach|--inline)[=<boundary>] | --no-attach] [-s | --signoff] [-n | --numbered | -N | --no-numbered] @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [--in-reply-to=Message-Id] [--suffix=.<sfx>] [--ignore-if-in-upstream] [--subject-prefix=Subject-Prefix] - [--cc=<email>] + [--to=<email>] [--cc=<email>] [--cover-letter] [<common diff options>] [ <since> | <revision range> ] @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ DESCRIPTION Prepare each commit with its patch in one file per commit, formatted to resemble UNIX mailbox format. The output of this command is convenient for e-mail submission or -for use with 'git-am'. +for use with 'git am'. There are two ways to specify which commits to operate on. @@ -43,28 +43,28 @@ There are two ways to specify which commits to operate on. The first rule takes precedence in the case of a single <commit>. To apply the second rule, i.e., format everything since the beginning of -history up until <commit>, use the '\--root' option: "git format-patch -\--root <commit>". If you want to format only <commit> itself, you -can do this with "git format-patch -1 <commit>". +history up until <commit>, use the '\--root' option: `git format-patch +\--root <commit>`. If you want to format only <commit> itself, you +can do this with `git format-patch -1 <commit>`. By default, each output file is numbered sequentially from 1, and uses the first line of the commit message (massaged for pathname safety) as -the filename. With the --numbered-files option, the output file names +the filename. With the `--numbered-files` option, the output file names will only be numbers, without the first line of the commit appended. The names of the output files are printed to standard -output, unless the --stdout option is specified. +output, unless the `--stdout` option is specified. -If -o is specified, output files are created in <dir>. Otherwise +If `-o` is specified, output files are created in <dir>. Otherwise they are created in the current working directory. By default, the subject of a single patch is "[PATCH] First Line" and the subject when multiple patches are output is "[PATCH n/m] First -Line". To force 1/1 to be added for a single patch, use -n. To omit -patch numbers from the subject, use -N +Line". To force 1/1 to be added for a single patch, use `-n`. To omit +patch numbers from the subject, use `-N`. -If given --thread, 'git-format-patch' will generate In-Reply-To and -References headers to make the second and subsequent patch mails appear -as replies to the first mail; this also generates a Message-Id header to +If given `--thread`, `git-format-patch` will generate `In-Reply-To` and +`References` headers to make the second and subsequent patch mails appear +as replies to the first mail; this also generates a `Message-Id` header to reference. OPTIONS @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] --attach[=<boundary>]:: Create multipart/mixed attachment, the first part of which is the commit message and the patch itself in the - second part, with "Content-Disposition: attachment". + second part, with `Content-Disposition: attachment`. --no-attach:: Disable the creation of an attachment, overriding the @@ -121,23 +121,31 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] --inline[=<boundary>]:: Create multipart/mixed attachment, the first part of which is the commit message and the patch itself in the - second part, with "Content-Disposition: inline". + second part, with `Content-Disposition: inline`. --thread[=<style>]:: - Add In-Reply-To and References headers to make the second and - subsequent mails appear as replies to the first. Also generates - the Message-Id header to reference. +--no-thread:: + Controls addition of `In-Reply-To` and `References` headers to + make the second and subsequent mails appear as replies to the + first. Also controls generation of the `Message-Id` header to + reference. + The optional <style> argument can be either `shallow` or `deep`. 'shallow' threading makes every mail a reply to the head of the series, where the head is chosen from the cover letter, the `\--in-reply-to`, and the first patch mail, in this order. 'deep' -threading makes every mail a reply to the previous one. If not -specified, defaults to the 'format.thread' configuration, or `shallow` -if that is not set. +threading makes every mail a reply to the previous one. ++ +The default is `--no-thread`, unless the 'format.thread' configuration +is set. If `--thread` is specified without a style, it defaults to the +style specified by 'format.thread' if any, or else `shallow`. ++ +Beware that the default for 'git send-email' is to thread emails +itself. If you want `git format-patch` to take care of threading, you +will want to ensure that threading is disabled for `git send-email`. --in-reply-to=Message-Id:: - Make the first mail (or all the mails with --no-thread) appear as a + Make the first mail (or all the mails with `--no-thread`) appear as a reply to the given Message-Id, which avoids breaking threads to provide a new patch series. @@ -152,16 +160,20 @@ if that is not set. Instead of the standard '[PATCH]' prefix in the subject line, instead use '[<Subject-Prefix>]'. This allows for useful naming of a patch series, and can be - combined with the --numbered option. + combined with the `--numbered` option. + +--to=<email>:: + Add a `To:` header to the email headers. This is in addition + to any configured headers, and may be used multiple times. --cc=<email>:: - Add a "Cc:" header to the email headers. This is in addition + Add a `Cc:` header to the email headers. This is in addition to any configured headers, and may be used multiple times. --add-header=<header>:: Add an arbitrary header to the email headers. This is in addition to any configured headers, and may be used multiple times. - For example, --add-header="Organization: git-foo" + For example, `--add-header="Organization: git-foo"` --cover-letter:: In addition to the patches, generate a cover letter file @@ -194,8 +206,8 @@ CONFIGURATION ------------- You can specify extra mail header lines to be added to each message, defaults for the subject prefix and file suffix, number patches when -outputting more than one patch, add "Cc:" headers, configure attachments, -and sign off patches with configuration variables. +outputting more than one patch, add "To" or "Cc:" headers, configure +attachments, and sign off patches with configuration variables. ------------ [format] @@ -203,6 +215,7 @@ and sign off patches with configuration variables. subjectprefix = CHANGE suffix = .txt numbered = auto + to = <email> cc = <email> attach [ = mime-boundary-string ] signoff = true @@ -213,7 +226,7 @@ EXAMPLES -------- * Extract commits between revisions R1 and R2, and apply them on top of -the current branch using 'git-am' to cherry-pick them: +the current branch using 'git am' to cherry-pick them: + ------------ $ git format-patch -k --stdout R1..R2 | git am -3 -k diff --git a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt index 287c4fc5e0..3ad48a6336 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git fsck' [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs] - [--full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found] [<object>*] + [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found] [<object>*] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ OPTIONS <object>:: An object to treat as the head of an unreachability trace. + -If no objects are given, 'git-fsck' defaults to using the +If no objects are given, 'git fsck' defaults to using the index file, all SHA1 references in .git/refs/*, and all reflogs (unless --no-reflogs is given) as heads. @@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ index file, all SHA1 references in .git/refs/*, and all reflogs (unless or $GIT_DIR/objects/info/alternates, and in packed git archives found in $GIT_DIR/objects/pack and corresponding pack subdirectories in alternate - object pools. + object pools. This is now default; you can turn it off + with --no-full. --strict:: Enable more strict checking, namely to catch a file mode @@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ So for example will do quite a _lot_ of verification on the tree. There are a few extra validity tests to be added (make sure that tree objects are -sorted properly etc), but on the whole if 'git-fsck' is happy, you +sorted properly etc), but on the whole if 'git fsck' is happy, you do have a valid tree. Any corrupt objects you will have to find in backups or other archives diff --git a/Documentation/git-gc.txt b/Documentation/git-gc.txt index dcac8c8e29..189573a3b3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-gc.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-gc.txt @@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ DESCRIPTION Runs a number of housekeeping tasks within the current repository, such as compressing file revisions (to reduce disk space and increase performance) and removing unreachable objects which may have been -created from prior invocations of 'git-add'. +created from prior invocations of 'git add'. Users are encouraged to run this task on a regular basis within each repository to maintain good disk space utilization and good operating performance. -Some git commands may automatically run 'git-gc'; see the `--auto` flag +Some git commands may automatically run 'git gc'; see the `--auto` flag below for details. If you know what you're doing and all you want is to disable this behavior permanently without further considerations, just do: @@ -33,15 +33,15 @@ OPTIONS ------- --aggressive:: - Usually 'git-gc' runs very quickly while providing good disk + Usually 'git gc' runs very quickly while providing good disk space utilization and performance. This option will cause - 'git-gc' to more aggressively optimize the repository at the expense + 'git gc' to more aggressively optimize the repository at the expense of taking much more time. The effects of this optimization are persistent, so this option only needs to be used occasionally; every few hundred changesets or so. --auto:: - With this option, 'git-gc' checks whether any housekeeping is + With this option, 'git gc' checks whether any housekeeping is required; if not, it exits without performing any work. Some git commands run `git gc --auto` after performing operations that could create many loose objects. @@ -50,13 +50,13 @@ Housekeeping is required if there are too many loose objects or too many packs in the repository. If the number of loose objects exceeds the value of the `gc.auto` configuration variable, then all loose objects are combined into a single pack using -'git-repack -d -l'. Setting the value of `gc.auto` to 0 +`git repack -d -l`. Setting the value of `gc.auto` to 0 disables automatic packing of loose objects. + If the number of packs exceeds the value of `gc.autopacklimit`, then existing packs (except those marked with a `.keep` file) are consolidated into a single pack by using the `-A` option of -'git-repack'. Setting `gc.autopacklimit` to 0 disables +'git repack'. Setting `gc.autopacklimit` to 0 disables automatic consolidation of packs. --prune=<date>:: @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ how long records of conflicted merge you have not resolved are kept. This defaults to 15 days. The optional configuration variable 'gc.packrefs' determines if -'git-gc' runs 'git-pack-refs'. This can be set to "nobare" to enable +'git gc' runs 'git pack-refs'. This can be set to "nobare" to enable it within all non-bare repos or it can be set to a boolean value. This defaults to true. @@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ much time is spent optimizing the delta compression of the objects in the repository when the --aggressive option is specified. The larger the value, the more time is spent optimizing the delta compression. See the documentation for the --window' option in linkgit:git-repack[1] for -more details. This defaults to 10. +more details. This defaults to 250. The optional configuration variable 'gc.pruneExpire' controls how old the unreferenced loose objects have to be before they are pruned. The @@ -116,11 +116,11 @@ default is "2 weeks ago". Notes ----- -'git-gc' tries very hard to be safe about the garbage it collects. In +'git gc' tries very hard to be safe about the garbage it collects. In particular, it will keep not only objects referenced by your current set of branches and tags, but also objects referenced by the index, remote -tracking branches, refs saved by 'git-filter-branch' in -refs/original/, or reflogs (which may references commits in branches +tracking branches, refs saved by 'git filter-branch' in +refs/original/, or reflogs (which may reference commits in branches that were later amended or rewound). If you are expecting some objects to be collected and they aren't, check diff --git a/Documentation/git-get-tar-commit-id.txt b/Documentation/git-get-tar-commit-id.txt index 84f23ee525..790af9573b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-get-tar-commit-id.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-get-tar-commit-id.txt @@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- Acts as a filter, extracting the commit ID stored in archives created by -'git-archive'. It reads only the first 1024 bytes of input, thus its +'git archive'. It reads only the first 1024 bytes of input, thus its runtime is not influenced by the size of <tarfile> very much. -If no commit ID is found, 'git-get-tar-commit-id' quietly exists with a +If no commit ID is found, 'git get-tar-commit-id' quietly exists with a return code of 1. This can happen if <tarfile> had not been created -using 'git-archive' or if the first parameter of 'git-archive' had been +using 'git archive' or if the first parameter of 'git archive' had been a tree ID instead of a commit ID or tag. diff --git a/Documentation/git-grep.txt b/Documentation/git-grep.txt index fccb82deb4..4b32322a67 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-grep.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-grep.txt @@ -9,31 +9,35 @@ git-grep - Print lines matching a pattern SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git grep' [--cached] - [-a | --text] [-I] [-i | --ignore-case] [-w | --word-regexp] +'git grep' [-a | --text] [-I] [-i | --ignore-case] [-w | --word-regexp] [-v | --invert-match] [-h|-H] [--full-name] [-E | --extended-regexp] [-G | --basic-regexp] [-F | --fixed-strings] [-n] [-l | --files-with-matches] [-L | --files-without-match] [-z | --null] - [-c | --count] [--all-match] - [--color | --no-color] + [-c | --count] [--all-match] [-q | --quiet] + [--max-depth <depth>] + [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [-A <post-context>] [-B <pre-context>] [-C <context>] [-f <file>] [-e] <pattern> - [--and|--or|--not|(|)|-e <pattern>...] [<tree>...] - [--] [<path>...] + [--and|--or|--not|(|)|-e <pattern>...] + [--cached | --no-index | <tree>...] + [--] [<pathspec>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Look for specified patterns in the working tree files, blobs -registered in the index file, or given tree objects. +Look for specified patterns in the tracked files in the work tree, blobs +registered in the index file, or blobs in given tree objects. OPTIONS ------- --cached:: - Instead of searching in the working tree files, check - the blobs registered in the index file. + Instead of searching tracked files in the working tree, search + blobs registered in the index file. + +--no-index:: + Search files in the current directory, not just those tracked by git. -a:: --text:: @@ -47,6 +51,10 @@ OPTIONS -I:: Don't match the pattern in binary files. +--max-depth <depth>:: + For each <pathspec> given on command line, descend at most <depth> + levels of directories. A negative value means no limit. + -w:: --word-regexp:: Match the pattern only at word boundary (either begin at the @@ -93,8 +101,8 @@ OPTIONS --files-without-match:: Instead of showing every matched line, show only the names of files that contain (or do not contain) matches. - For better compatibility with 'git-diff', --name-only is a - synonym for --files-with-matches. + For better compatibility with 'git diff', `--name-only` is a + synonym for `--files-with-matches`. -z:: --null:: @@ -106,12 +114,14 @@ OPTIONS Instead of showing every matched line, show the number of lines that match. ---color:: +--color[=<when>]:: Show colored matches. + The value must be always (the default), never, or auto. --no-color:: Turn off match highlighting, even when the configuration file gives the default to color output. + Same as `--color=never`. -[ABC] <context>:: Show `context` trailing (`A` -- after), or leading (`B` @@ -120,14 +130,22 @@ OPTIONS matches. -<num>:: - A shortcut for specifying -C<num>. + A shortcut for specifying `-C<num>`. + +-p:: +--show-function:: + Show the preceding line that contains the function name of + the match, unless the matching line is a function name itself. + The name is determined in the same way as 'git diff' works out + patch hunk headers (see 'Defining a custom hunk-header' in + linkgit:gitattributes[5]). -f <file>:: Read patterns from <file>, one per line. -e:: The next parameter is the pattern. This option has to be - used for patterns starting with - and should be used in + used for patterns starting with `-` and should be used in scripts passing user input to grep. Multiple patterns are combined by 'or'. @@ -145,16 +163,29 @@ OPTIONS this flag is specified to limit the match to files that have lines to match all of them. -`<tree>...`:: - Search blobs in the trees for specified patterns. +-q:: +--quiet:: + Do not output matched lines; instead, exit with status 0 when + there is a match and with non-zero status when there isn't. + +<tree>...:: + Instead of searching tracked files in the working tree, search + blobs in the given trees. \--:: Signals the end of options; the rest of the parameters - are <path> limiters. + are <pathspec> limiters. +<pathspec>...:: + If given, limit the search to paths matching at least one pattern. + Both leading paths match and glob(7) patterns are supported. -Example -------- +Examples +-------- + +git grep 'time_t' -- '*.[ch]':: + Looks for `time_t` in all tracked .c and .h files in the working + directory and its subdirectories. git grep -e \'#define\' --and \( -e MAX_PATH -e PATH_MAX \):: Looks for a line that has `#define` and either `MAX_PATH` or diff --git a/Documentation/git-gui.txt b/Documentation/git-gui.txt index d0bc98b852..2563710b56 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-gui.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-gui.txt @@ -11,19 +11,19 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -A Tcl/Tk based graphical user interface to Git. 'git-gui' focuses +A Tcl/Tk based graphical user interface to Git. 'git gui' focuses on allowing users to make changes to their repository by making new commits, amending existing ones, creating branches, performing local merges, and fetching/pushing to remote repositories. -Unlike 'gitk', 'git-gui' focuses on commit generation +Unlike 'gitk', 'git gui' focuses on commit generation and single file annotation and does not show project history. It does however supply menu actions to start a 'gitk' session from -within 'git-gui'. +within 'git gui'. -'git-gui' is known to work on all popular UNIX systems, Mac OS X, +'git gui' is known to work on all popular UNIX systems, Mac OS X, and Windows (under both Cygwin and MSYS). To the extent possible -OS specific user interface guidelines are followed, making 'git-gui' +OS specific user interface guidelines are followed, making 'git gui' a fairly native interface for users. COMMANDS @@ -38,13 +38,13 @@ browser:: browser are opened in the blame viewer. citool:: - Start 'git-gui' and arrange to make exactly one commit before + Start 'git gui' and arrange to make exactly one commit before exiting and returning to the shell. The interface is limited to only commit actions, slightly reducing the application's startup time and simplifying the menubar. version:: - Display the currently running version of 'git-gui'. + Display the currently running version of 'git gui'. Examples @@ -103,15 +103,15 @@ SEE ALSO linkgit:gitk[1]:: The git repository browser. Shows branches, commit history and file differences. gitk is the utility started by - 'git-gui''s Repository Visualize actions. + 'git gui''s Repository Visualize actions. Other ----- -'git-gui' is actually maintained as an independent project, but stable +'git gui' is actually maintained as an independent project, but stable versions are distributed as part of the Git suite for the convenience of end users. -A 'git-gui' development repository can be obtained from: +A 'git gui' development repository can be obtained from: git clone git://repo.or.cz/git-gui.git diff --git a/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt b/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt index 0af40cfb85..6904739a48 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git hash-object' [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file>|--no-filters] [--stdin] [--] <file>... -'git hash-object' [-t <type>] [-w] --stdin-paths < <list-of-paths> +'git hash-object' [-t <type>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters] < <list-of-paths> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Computes the object ID value for an object with specified type with the contents of the named file (which can be outside of the work tree), and optionally writes the resulting object into the object database. Reports its object ID to its standard output. -This is used by 'git-cvsimport' to update the index +This is used by 'git cvsimport' to update the index without modifying files in the work tree. When <type> is not specified, it defaults to "blob". diff --git a/Documentation/git-help.txt b/Documentation/git-help.txt index d9b9c34b3a..f8df109d07 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-help.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-help.txt @@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ other display programs (see below). + The web browser can be specified using the configuration variable 'help.browser', or 'web.browser' if the former is not set. If none of -these config variables is set, the 'git-web--browse' helper script -(called by 'git-help') will pick a suitable default. See +these config variables is set, the 'git web--browse' helper script +(called by 'git help') will pick a suitable default. See linkgit:git-web--browse[1] for more information about this. CONFIGURATION VARIABLES @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ help.format If no command line option is passed, the 'help.format' configuration variable will be checked. The following values are supported for this -variable; they make 'git-help' behave as their corresponding command +variable; they make 'git help' behave as their corresponding command line option: * "man" corresponds to '-m|--man', @@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ man.<tool>.path You can explicitly provide a full path to your preferred man viewer by setting the configuration variable 'man.<tool>.path'. For example, you can configure the absolute path to konqueror by setting -'man.konqueror.path'. Otherwise, 'git-help' assumes the tool is +'man.konqueror.path'. Otherwise, 'git help' assumes the tool is available in PATH. man.<tool>.cmd diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt b/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5238820657 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt @@ -0,0 +1,188 @@ +git-http-backend(1) +=================== + +NAME +---- +git-http-backend - Server side implementation of Git over HTTP + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git http-backend' + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +A simple CGI program to serve the contents of a Git repository to Git +clients accessing the repository over http:// and https:// protocols. +The program supports clients fetching using both the smart HTTP protocol +and the backwards-compatible dumb HTTP protocol, as well as clients +pushing using the smart HTTP protocol. + +It verifies that the directory has the magic file +"git-daemon-export-ok", and it will refuse to export any git directory +that hasn't explicitly been marked for export this way (unless the +GIT_HTTP_EXPORT_ALL environmental variable is set). + +By default, only the `upload-pack` service is enabled, which serves +'git fetch-pack' and 'git ls-remote' clients, which are invoked from +'git fetch', 'git pull', and 'git clone'. If the client is authenticated, +the `receive-pack` service is enabled, which serves 'git send-pack' +clients, which is invoked from 'git push'. + +SERVICES +-------- +These services can be enabled/disabled using the per-repository +configuration file: + +http.getanyfile:: + This serves older Git clients which are unable to use the + upload pack service. When enabled, clients are able to read + any file within the repository, including objects that are + no longer reachable from a branch but are still present. + It is enabled by default, but a repository can disable it + by setting this configuration item to `false`. + +http.uploadpack:: + This serves 'git fetch-pack' and 'git ls-remote' clients. + It is enabled by default, but a repository can disable it + by setting this configuration item to `false`. + +http.receivepack:: + This serves 'git send-pack' clients, allowing push. It is + disabled by default for anonymous users, and enabled by + default for users authenticated by the web server. It can be + disabled by setting this item to `false`, or enabled for all + users, including anonymous users, by setting it to `true`. + +URL TRANSLATION +--------------- +To determine the location of the repository on disk, 'git http-backend' +concatenates the environment variables PATH_INFO, which is set +automatically by the web server, and GIT_PROJECT_ROOT, which must be set +manually in the web server configuration. If GIT_PROJECT_ROOT is not +set, 'git http-backend' reads PATH_TRANSLATED, which is also set +automatically by the web server. + +EXAMPLES +-------- +All of the following examples map 'http://$hostname/git/foo/bar.git' +to '/var/www/git/foo/bar.git'. + +Apache 2.x:: + Ensure mod_cgi, mod_alias, and mod_env are enabled, set + GIT_PROJECT_ROOT (or DocumentRoot) appropriately, and + create a ScriptAlias to the CGI: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +SetEnv GIT_PROJECT_ROOT /var/www/git +SetEnv GIT_HTTP_EXPORT_ALL +ScriptAlias /git/ /usr/libexec/git-core/git-http-backend/ +---------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +To enable anonymous read access but authenticated write access, +require authorization with a LocationMatch directive: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +<LocationMatch "^/git/.*/git-receive-pack$"> + AuthType Basic + AuthName "Git Access" + Require group committers + ... +</LocationMatch> +---------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +To require authentication for both reads and writes, use a Location +directive around the repository, or one of its parent directories: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +<Location /git/private> + AuthType Basic + AuthName "Private Git Access" + Require group committers + ... +</Location> +---------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +To serve gitweb at the same url, use a ScriptAliasMatch to only +those URLs that 'git http-backend' can handle, and forward the +rest to gitweb: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +ScriptAliasMatch \ + "(?x)^/git/(.*/(HEAD | \ + info/refs | \ + objects/(info/[^/]+ | \ + [0-9a-f]{2}/[0-9a-f]{38} | \ + pack/pack-[0-9a-f]{40}\.(pack|idx)) | \ + git-(upload|receive)-pack))$" \ + /usr/libexec/git-core/git-http-backend/$1 + +ScriptAlias /git/ /var/www/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/ +---------------------------------------------------------------- + +Accelerated static Apache 2.x:: + Similar to the above, but Apache can be used to return static + files that are stored on disk. On many systems this may + be more efficient as Apache can ask the kernel to copy the + file contents from the file system directly to the network: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +SetEnv GIT_PROJECT_ROOT /var/www/git + +AliasMatch ^/git/(.*/objects/[0-9a-f]{2}/[0-9a-f]{38})$ /var/www/git/$1 +AliasMatch ^/git/(.*/objects/pack/pack-[0-9a-f]{40}.(pack|idx))$ /var/www/git/$1 +ScriptAlias /git/ /usr/libexec/git-core/git-http-backend/ +---------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +This can be combined with the gitweb configuration: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +SetEnv GIT_PROJECT_ROOT /var/www/git + +AliasMatch ^/git/(.*/objects/[0-9a-f]{2}/[0-9a-f]{38})$ /var/www/git/$1 +AliasMatch ^/git/(.*/objects/pack/pack-[0-9a-f]{40}.(pack|idx))$ /var/www/git/$1 +ScriptAliasMatch \ + "(?x)^/git/(.*/(HEAD | \ + info/refs | \ + objects/info/[^/]+ | \ + git-(upload|receive)-pack))$" \ + /usr/libexec/git-core/git-http-backend/$1 +ScriptAlias /git/ /var/www/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/ +---------------------------------------------------------------- + + +ENVIRONMENT +----------- +'git http-backend' relies upon the CGI environment variables set +by the invoking web server, including: + +* PATH_INFO (if GIT_PROJECT_ROOT is set, otherwise PATH_TRANSLATED) +* REMOTE_USER +* REMOTE_ADDR +* CONTENT_TYPE +* QUERY_STRING +* REQUEST_METHOD + +The GIT_HTTP_EXPORT_ALL environmental variable may be passed to +'git-http-backend' to bypass the check for the "git-daemon-export-ok" +file in each repository before allowing export of that repository. + +The backend process sets GIT_COMMITTER_NAME to '$REMOTE_USER' and +GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL to '$\{REMOTE_USER}@http.$\{REMOTE_ADDR\}', +ensuring that any reflogs created by 'git-receive-pack' contain some +identifying information of the remote user who performed the push. + +All CGI environment variables are available to each of the hooks +invoked by the 'git-receive-pack'. + +Author +------ +Written by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>. + +Documentation +-------------- +Documentation by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt b/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt index e7c796155f..d91cb7ff85 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ commit-id:: --stdin:: Instead of a commit id on the command line (which is not expected in this - case), 'git-http-fetch' expects lines on stdin in the format + case), 'git http-fetch' expects lines on stdin in the format <commit-id>['\t'<filename-as-in--w>] diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-push.txt b/Documentation/git-http-push.txt index aef383e0b1..ddf7a18dc4 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-http-push.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-http-push.txt @@ -82,11 +82,11 @@ destination side. Without '--force', the <src> ref is stored at the remote only if <dst> does not exist, or <dst> is a proper subset (i.e. an -ancestor) of <src>. This check, known as "fast forward check", +ancestor) of <src>. This check, known as "fast-forward check", is performed in order to avoid accidentally overwriting the remote ref and lose other peoples' commits from there. -With '--force', the fast forward check is disabled for all refs. +With '--force', the fast-forward check is disabled for all refs. Optionally, a <ref> parameter can be prefixed with a plus '+' sign to disable the fast-forward check only on that ref. diff --git a/Documentation/git-imap-send.txt b/Documentation/git-imap-send.txt index d016dafd49..6cafbe2ec1 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-imap-send.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-imap-send.txt @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -This command uploads a mailbox generated with 'git-format-patch' +This command uploads a mailbox generated with 'git format-patch' into an IMAP drafts folder. This allows patches to be sent as other email is when using mail clients that cannot read mailbox files directly. @@ -71,6 +71,10 @@ imap.preformattedHTML:: option causes Thunderbird to send the patch as a plain/text, format=fixed email. Default is `false`. +imap.authMethod:: + Specify authenticate method for authentication with IMAP server. + Current supported method is 'CRAM-MD5' only. + Examples ~~~~~~~~ diff --git a/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt index 4b5c743c1e..f3ccc72f0d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt @@ -43,23 +43,19 @@ OPTIONS a default name determined from the pack content. If <pack-file> is not specified consider using --keep to prevent a race condition between this process and - 'git-repack'. + 'git repack'. --fix-thin:: - It is possible for 'git-pack-objects' to build - "thin" pack, which records objects in deltified form based on - objects not included in the pack to reduce network traffic. - Those objects are expected to be present on the receiving end - and they must be included in the pack for that pack to be self - contained and indexable. Without this option any attempt to - index a thin pack will fail. This option only makes sense in - conjunction with --stdin. + Fix a "thin" pack produced by `git pack-objects --thin` (see + linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] for details) by adding the + excluded objects the deltified objects are based on to the + pack. This option only makes sense in conjunction with --stdin. --keep:: Before moving the index into its final destination create an empty .keep file for the associated pack file. This option is usually necessary with --stdin to prevent a - simultaneous 'git-repack' process from deleting + simultaneous 'git repack' process from deleting the newly constructed pack and index before refs can be updated to use objects contained in the pack. @@ -86,7 +82,7 @@ Once the index has been created, the list of object names is sorted and the SHA1 hash of that list is printed to stdout. If --stdin was also used then this is prefixed by either "pack\t", or "keep\t" if a new .keep file was successfully created. This is useful to remove a -.keep file used as a lock to prevent the race with 'git-repack' +.keep file used as a lock to prevent the race with 'git repack' mentioned above. diff --git a/Documentation/git-init-db.txt b/Documentation/git-init-db.txt index 1fd0ff2610..eba3cb4998 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-init-db.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-init-db.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-init-db - Creates an empty git repository SYNOPSIS -------- -'git init-db' [-q | --quiet] [--template=<template_directory>] [--shared[=<permissions>]] +'git init-db' [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template_directory>] [--shared[=<permissions>]] DESCRIPTION diff --git a/Documentation/git-init.txt b/Documentation/git-init.txt index 7151d12f34..246b07ebf9 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-init.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-init.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-init - Create an empty git repository or reinitialize an existing one SYNOPSIS -------- -'git init' [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template_directory>] [--shared[=<permissions>]] +'git init' [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template_directory>] [--shared[=<permissions>]] [directory] OPTIONS @@ -28,14 +28,8 @@ current working directory. --template=<template_directory>:: -Provide the directory from which templates will be used. The default template -directory is `/usr/share/git-core/templates`. - -When specified, `<template_directory>` is used as the source of the template -files rather than the default. The template files include some directory -structure, some suggested "exclude patterns", and copies of non-executing -"hook" files. The suggested patterns and hook files are all modifiable and -extensible. +Specify the directory from which templates will be used. (See the "TEMPLATE +DIRECTORY" section below.) --shared[={false|true|umask|group|all|world|everybody|0xxx}]:: @@ -74,6 +68,9 @@ By default, the configuration flag receive.denyNonFastForwards is enabled in shared repositories, so that you cannot force a non fast-forwarding push into it. +If you name a (possibly non-existent) directory at the end of the command +line, the command is run inside the directory (possibly after creating it). + -- @@ -92,17 +89,36 @@ If the object storage directory is specified via the `$GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY` environment variable then the sha1 directories are created underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects` directory is used. -Running 'git-init' in an existing repository is safe. It will not overwrite -things that are already there. The primary reason for rerunning 'git-init' +Running 'git init' in an existing repository is safe. It will not overwrite +things that are already there. The primary reason for rerunning 'git init' is to pick up newly added templates. -Note that 'git-init' is the same as 'git-init-db'. The command +Note that 'git init' is the same as 'git init-db'. The command was primarily meant to initialize the object database, but over time it has become responsible for setting up the other aspects of the repository, such as installing the default hooks and setting the configuration variables. The old name is retained for backward compatibility reasons. +TEMPLATE DIRECTORY +------------------ + +The template directory contains files and directories that will be copied to +the `$GIT_DIR` after it is created. + +The template directory used will (in order): + + - The argument given with the `--template` option. + + - The contents of the `$GIT_TEMPLATE_DIR` environment variable. + + - The `init.templatedir` configuration variable. + + - The default template directory: `/usr/share/git-core/templates`. + +The default template directory includes some directory structure, some +suggested "exclude patterns", and copies of sample "hook" files. +The suggested patterns and hook files are all modifiable and extensible. EXAMPLES -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-instaweb.txt b/Documentation/git-instaweb.txt index 22da21a54f..a1f17df074 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-instaweb.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-instaweb.txt @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ OPTIONS The HTTP daemon command-line that will be executed. Command-line options may be specified here, and the configuration file will be added at the end of the command-line. - Currently lighttpd, apache2 and webrick are supported. + Currently apache2, lighttpd, mongoose and webrick are supported. (Default: lighttpd) -m:: @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ OPTIONS -b:: --browser:: The web browser that should be used to view the gitweb - page. This will be passed to the 'git-web--browse' helper + page. This will be passed to the 'git web--browse' helper script along with the URL of the gitweb instance. See linkgit:git-web--browse[1] for more information about this. If the script fails, the URL will be printed to stdout. diff --git a/Documentation/git-log.txt b/Documentation/git-log.txt index 34cf4e5811..0e39bb61ee 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-log.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-log.txt @@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ DESCRIPTION ----------- Shows the commit logs. -The command takes options applicable to the 'git-rev-list' +The command takes options applicable to the 'git rev-list' command to control what is shown and how, and options applicable to -the 'git-diff-*' commands to control how the changes +the 'git diff-*' commands to control how the changes each commit introduces are shown. @@ -37,8 +37,12 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] and <until>, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. ---decorate:: - Print out the ref names of any commits that are shown. +--decorate[=short|full]:: + Print out the ref names of any commits that are shown. If 'short' is + specified, the ref name prefixes 'refs/heads/', 'refs/tags/' and + 'refs/remotes/' will not be printed. If 'full' is specified, the + full ref name (including prefix) will be printed. The default option + is 'short'. --source:: Print out the ref name given on the command line by which each @@ -103,6 +107,17 @@ git log --follow builtin-rev-list.c:: those commits that occurred before the file was given its present name. +git log --branches --not --remotes=origin:: + + Shows all commits that are in any of local branches but not in + any of remote tracking branches for 'origin' (what you have that + origin doesn't). + +git log master --not --remotes=*/master:: + + Shows all commits that are in local master but not in any remote + repository master branches. + Discussion ---------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt index 057a021eb5..3521637b58 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt @@ -44,12 +44,14 @@ OPTIONS -o:: --others:: - Show other files in the output + Show other (i.e. untracked) files in the output -i:: --ignored:: - Show ignored files in the output. - Note that this also reverses any exclude list present. + Show only ignored files in the output. When showing files in the + index, print only those matched by an exclude pattern. When + showing "other" files, show only those matched by an exclude + pattern. -s:: --stage:: @@ -107,6 +109,7 @@ OPTIONS Identify the file status with the following tags (followed by a space) at the start of each line: H:: cached + S:: skip-worktree M:: unmerged R:: removed/deleted C:: modified/changed @@ -138,12 +141,12 @@ OPTIONS Output ------ -show files just outputs the filename unless '--stage' is specified in +'git ls-files' just outputs the filenames unless '--stage' is specified in which case it outputs: [<tag> ]<mode> <object> <stage> <file> -'git-ls-files --unmerged' and 'git-ls-files --stage' can be used to examine +'git ls-files --unmerged' and 'git ls-files --stage' can be used to examine detailed information on unmerged paths. For an unmerged path, instead of recording a single mode/SHA1 pair, @@ -160,7 +163,7 @@ respectively. Exclude Patterns ---------------- -'git-ls-files' can use a list of "exclude patterns" when +'git ls-files' can use a list of "exclude patterns" when traversing the directory tree and finding files to show when the flags --others or --ignored are specified. linkgit:gitignore[5] specifies the format of exclude patterns. @@ -176,7 +179,7 @@ These exclude patterns come from these places, in order: in the same order they appear in the file. 3. command line flag --exclude-per-directory=<name> specifies - a name of the file in each directory 'git-ls-files' + a name of the file in each directory 'git ls-files' examines, normally `.gitignore`. Files in deeper directories take precedence. Patterns are ordered in the same order they appear in the files. diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt index c3fdccb4c2..1f89d36800 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ in the current working directory. Note that: in a directory 'sub' that has a directory 'dir', you can run 'git ls-tree -r HEAD dir' to list the contents of the tree (that is 'sub/dir' in 'HEAD'). You don't want to give a tree that is not at the - root level (e.g. 'git ls-tree -r HEAD:sub dir') in this case, as that + root level (e.g. `git ls-tree -r HEAD:sub dir`) in this case, as that would result in asking for 'sub/sub/dir' in the 'HEAD' commit. However, the current working directory can be ignored by passing --full-tree option. @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ Output Format Unless the `-z` option is used, TAB, LF, and backslash characters in pathnames are represented as `\t`, `\n`, and `\\`, respectively. -This output format is compatible with what '--index-info --stdin' of +This output format is compatible with what `--index-info --stdin` of 'git update-index' expects. When the `-l` option is used, format changes to diff --git a/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt b/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt index 8d95aaa304..e3d58cbac3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-mailinfo - Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message SYNOPSIS -------- -'git mailinfo' [-k] [-u | --encoding=<encoding> | -n] <msg> <patch> +'git mailinfo' [-k|-b] [-u | --encoding=<encoding> | -n] [--scissors] <msg> <patch> DESCRIPTION @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ DESCRIPTION Reads a single e-mail message from the standard input, and writes the commit log message in <msg> file, and the patches in <patch> file. The author name, e-mail and e-mail subject are -written out to the standard output to be used by 'git-am' +written out to the standard output to be used by 'git am' to create a commit. It is usually not necessary to use this command directly. See linkgit:git-am[1] instead. @@ -30,7 +30,12 @@ OPTIONS whitespaces, (3) '[' up to ']', typically '[PATCH]', and then prepends "[PATCH] ". This flag forbids this munging, and is most useful when used to read back - 'git-format-patch -k' output. + 'git format-patch -k' output. + +-b:: + When -k is not in effect, all leading strings bracketed with '[' + and ']' pairs are stripped. This option limits the stripping to + only the pairs whose bracketed string contains the word "PATCH". -u:: The commit log message, author name and author email are @@ -49,6 +54,25 @@ conversion, even with this flag. -n:: Disable all charset re-coding of the metadata. +--scissors:: + Remove everything in body before a scissors line. A line that + mainly consists of scissors (either ">8" or "8<") and perforation + (dash "-") marks is called a scissors line, and is used to request + the reader to cut the message at that line. If such a line + appears in the body of the message before the patch, everything + before it (including the scissors line itself) is ignored when + this option is used. ++ +This is useful if you want to begin your message in a discussion thread +with comments and suggestions on the message you are responding to, and to +conclude it with a patch submission, separating the discussion and the +beginning of the proposed commit log message with a scissors line. ++ +This can enabled by default with the configuration option mailinfo.scissors. + +--no-scissors:: + Ignore scissors lines. Useful for overriding mailinfo.scissors settings. + <msg>:: The commit log message extracted from e-mail, usually except the title line which comes from e-mail Subject. diff --git a/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt b/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt index 5cc94ec53d..a634485281 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ git-mailsplit - Simple UNIX mbox splitter program SYNOPSIS -------- -'git mailsplit' [-b] [-f<nn>] [-d<prec>] -o<directory> [--] [<mbox>|<Maildir>...] +'git mailsplit' [-b] [-f<nn>] [-d<prec>] [--keep-cr] -o<directory> [--] [<mbox>|<Maildir>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -43,6 +43,9 @@ OPTIONS Skip the first <nn> numbers, for example if -f3 is specified, start the numbering with 0004. +--keep-cr:: + Do not remove `\r` from lines ending with `\r\n`. + Author ------ Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt index 767486c770..ce5b369985 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ git-merge-base - Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge SYNOPSIS -------- -'git merge-base' [--all] <commit> <commit>... +'git merge-base' [-a|--all] <commit> <commit>... DESCRIPTION ----------- -'git-merge-base' finds best common ancestor(s) between two commits to use +'git merge-base' finds best common ancestor(s) between two commits to use in a three-way merge. One common ancestor is 'better' than another common ancestor if the latter is an ancestor of the former. A common ancestor that does not have any better common ancestor is a 'best common @@ -27,8 +27,13 @@ commits on the command line. As the most common special case, specifying only two commits on the command line means computing the merge base between the given two commits. +As a consequence, the 'merge base' is not necessarily contained in each of the +commit arguments if more than two commits are specified. This is different +from linkgit:git-show-branch[1] when used with the `--merge-base` option. + OPTIONS ------- +-a:: --all:: Output all merge bases for the commits, instead of just one. diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt index 303537357b..f334d694e0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt @@ -10,20 +10,21 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git merge-file' [-L <current-name> [-L <base-name> [-L <other-name>]]] - [-p|--stdout] [-q|--quiet] <current-file> <base-file> <other-file> + [--ours|--theirs|--union] [-p|--stdout] [-q|--quiet] [--marker-size=<n>] + <current-file> <base-file> <other-file> DESCRIPTION ----------- -'git-merge-file' incorporates all changes that lead from the `<base-file>` +'git merge-file' incorporates all changes that lead from the `<base-file>` to `<other-file>` into `<current-file>`. The result ordinarily goes into -`<current-file>`. 'git-merge-file' is useful for combining separate changes +`<current-file>`. 'git merge-file' is useful for combining separate changes to an original. Suppose `<base-file>` is the original, and both `<current-file>` and `<other-file>` are modifications of `<base-file>`, -then 'git-merge-file' combines both changes. +then 'git merge-file' combines both changes. A conflict occurs if both `<current-file>` and `<other-file>` have changes -in a common segment of lines. If a conflict is found, 'git-merge-file' +in a common segment of lines. If a conflict is found, 'git merge-file' normally outputs a warning and brackets the conflict with lines containing <<<<<<< and >>>>>>> markers. A typical conflict will look like this: @@ -34,12 +35,15 @@ normally outputs a warning and brackets the conflict with lines containing >>>>>>> B If there are conflicts, the user should edit the result and delete one of -the alternatives. +the alternatives. When `--ours`, `--theirs`, or `--union` option is in effect, +however, these conflicts are resolved favouring lines from `<current-file>`, +lines from `<other-file>`, or lines from both respectively. The length of the +conflict markers can be given with the `--marker-size` option. The exit value of this program is negative on error, and the number of conflicts otherwise. If the merge was clean, the exit value is 0. -'git-merge-file' is designed to be a minimal clone of RCS 'merge'; that is, it +'git merge-file' is designed to be a minimal clone of RCS 'merge'; that is, it implements all of RCS 'merge''s functionality which is needed by linkgit:git[1]. @@ -62,6 +66,12 @@ OPTIONS -q:: Quiet; do not warn about conflicts. +--ours:: +--theirs:: +--union:: + Instead of leaving conflicts in the file, resolve conflicts + favouring our (or their or both) side of the lines. + EXAMPLES -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt index 123e6d024a..4d266de9cc 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt @@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ OPTIONS failure usually indicates conflicts during the merge). This is for porcelains which might want to emit custom messages. -If 'git-merge-index' is called with multiple <file>s (or -a) then it +If 'git merge-index' is called with multiple <file>s (or -a) then it processes them in turn only stopping if merge returns a non-zero exit code. Typically this is run with a script calling git's imitation of the 'merge' command from the RCS package. -A sample script called 'git-merge-one-file' is included in the +A sample script called 'git merge-one-file' is included in the distribution. ALERT ALERT ALERT! The git "merge object order" is different from the @@ -68,10 +68,10 @@ or This is added AA in the branch B. fatal: merge program failed -where the latter example shows how 'git-merge-index' will stop trying to +where the latter example shows how 'git merge-index' will stop trying to merge once anything has returned an error (i.e., `cat` returned an error for the AA file, because it didn't exist in the original, and thus -'git-merge-index' didn't even try to merge the MM thing). +'git merge-index' didn't even try to merge the MM thing). Author ------ diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-one-file.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-one-file.txt index dc8a96adb0..a163cfca69 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-one-file.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-one-file.txt @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ git-merge-one-file - The standard helper program to use with git-merge-index SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-merge-one-file' +'git merge-one-file' DESCRIPTION ----------- -This is the standard helper program to use with 'git-merge-index' -to resolve a merge after the trivial merge done with 'git-read-tree -m'. +This is the standard helper program to use with 'git merge-index' +to resolve a merge after the trivial merge done with 'git read-tree -m'. Author ------ diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge.txt b/Documentation/git-merge.txt index af68d694a0..9c9618cead 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge.txt @@ -10,115 +10,134 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git merge' [-n] [--stat] [--no-commit] [--squash] [-s <strategy>]... - [-m <msg>] <remote>... -'git merge' <msg> HEAD <remote>... + [--[no-]rerere-autoupdate] [-m <msg>] <commit>... +'git merge' <msg> HEAD <commit>... DESCRIPTION ----------- -This is the top-level interface to the merge machinery -which drives multiple merge strategy scripts. - -The second syntax (<msg> `HEAD` <remote>) is supported for -historical reasons. Do not use it from the command line or in -new scripts. It is the same as `git merge -m <msg> <remote>`. +Incorporates changes from the named commits (since the time their +histories diverged from the current branch) into the current +branch. This command is used by 'git pull' to incorporate changes +from another repository and can be used by hand to merge changes +from one branch into another. +Assume the following history exists and the current branch is +"`master`": -OPTIONS -------- -include::merge-options.txt[] +------------ + A---B---C topic + / + D---E---F---G master +------------ --m <msg>:: - The commit message to be used for the merge commit (in case - it is created). The 'git-fmt-merge-msg' script can be used - to give a good default for automated 'git-merge' invocations. +Then "`git merge topic`" will replay the changes made on the +`topic` branch since it diverged from `master` (i.e., `E`) until +its current commit (`C`) on top of `master`, and record the result +in a new commit along with the names of the two parent commits and +a log message from the user describing the changes. -<remote>...:: - Other branch heads to merge into our branch. You need at - least one <remote>. Specifying more than one <remote> - obviously means you are trying an Octopus. +------------ + A---B---C topic + / \ + D---E---F---G---H master +------------ -include::merge-strategies.txt[] +The second syntax (<msg> `HEAD` <commit>...) is supported for +historical reasons. Do not use it from the command line or in +new scripts. It is the same as `git merge -m <msg> <commit>...`. +*Warning*: Running 'git merge' with uncommitted changes is +discouraged: while possible, it leaves you in a state that is hard to +back out of in the case of a conflict. -If you tried a merge which resulted in complex conflicts and -want to start over, you can recover with 'git-reset'. -CONFIGURATION -------------- -include::merge-config.txt[] +OPTIONS +------- +include::merge-options.txt[] -branch.<name>.mergeoptions:: - Sets default options for merging into branch <name>. The syntax and - supported options are equal to that of 'git-merge', but option values - containing whitespace characters are currently not supported. - -HOW MERGE WORKS ---------------- - -A merge is always between the current `HEAD` and one or more -commits (usually, branch head or tag), and the index file must -match the tree of `HEAD` commit (i.e. the contents of the last commit) -when it starts out. In other words, `git diff --cached HEAD` must -report no changes. (One exception is when the changed index -entries are already in the same state that would result from -the merge anyway.) - -Three kinds of merge can happen: - -* The merged commit is already contained in `HEAD`. This is the - simplest case, called "Already up-to-date." - -* `HEAD` is already contained in the merged commit. This is the - most common case especially when invoked from 'git pull': - you are tracking an upstream repository, have committed no local - changes and now you want to update to a newer upstream revision. - Your `HEAD` (and the index) is updated to point at the merged - commit, without creating an extra merge commit. This is - called "Fast-forward". - -* Both the merged commit and `HEAD` are independent and must be - tied together by a merge commit that has both of them as its parents. - The rest of this section describes this "True merge" case. - -The chosen merge strategy merges the two commits into a single -new source tree. -When things merge cleanly, this is what happens: - -1. The results are updated both in the index file and in your - working tree; -2. Index file is written out as a tree; -3. The tree gets committed; and -4. The `HEAD` pointer gets advanced. - -Because of 2., we require that the original state of the index -file matches exactly the current `HEAD` commit; otherwise we -will write out your local changes already registered in your -index file along with the merge result, which is not good. -Because 1. involves only those paths differing between your -branch and the remote branch you are pulling from during the -merge (which is typically a fraction of the whole tree), you can -have local modifications in your working tree as long as they do -not overlap with what the merge updates. - -When there are conflicts, the following happens: - -1. `HEAD` stays the same. - -2. Cleanly merged paths are updated both in the index file and +-m <msg>:: + Set the commit message to be used for the merge commit (in + case one is created). The 'git fmt-merge-msg' command can be + used to give a good default for automated 'git merge' + invocations. + +--rerere-autoupdate:: +--no-rerere-autoupdate:: + Allow the rerere mechanism to update the index with the + result of auto-conflict resolution if possible. + +<commit>...:: + Commits, usually other branch heads, to merge into our branch. + You need at least one <commit>. Specifying more than one + <commit> obviously means you are trying an Octopus. + + +PRE-MERGE CHECKS +---------------- + +Before applying outside changes, you should get your own work in +good shape and committed locally, so it will not be clobbered if +there are conflicts. See also linkgit:git-stash[1]. +'git pull' and 'git merge' will stop without doing anything when +local uncommitted changes overlap with files that 'git pull'/'git +merge' may need to update. + +To avoid recording unrelated changes in the merge commit, +'git pull' and 'git merge' will also abort if there are any changes +registered in the index relative to the `HEAD` commit. (One +exception is when the changed index entries are in the state that +would result from the merge already.) + +If all named commits are already ancestors of `HEAD`, 'git merge' +will exit early with the message "Already up-to-date." + +FAST-FORWARD MERGE +------------------ + +Often the current branch head is an ancestor of the named commit. +This is the most common case especially when invoked from 'git +pull': you are tracking an upstream repository, you have committed +no local changes, and now you want to update to a newer upstream +revision. In this case, a new commit is not needed to store the +combined history; instead, the `HEAD` (along with the index) is +updated to point at the named commit, without creating an extra +merge commit. + +This behavior can be suppressed with the `--no-ff` option. + +TRUE MERGE +---------- + +Except in a fast-forward merge (see above), the branches to be +merged must be tied together by a merge commit that has both of them +as its parents. + +A merged version reconciling the changes from all branches to be +merged is committed, and your `HEAD`, index, and working tree are +updated to it. It is possible to have modifications in the working +tree as long as they do not overlap; the update will preserve them. + +When it is not obvious how to reconcile the changes, the following +happens: + +1. The `HEAD` pointer stays the same. +2. The `MERGE_HEAD` ref is set to point to the other branch head. +3. Paths that merged cleanly are updated both in the index file and in your working tree. - -3. For conflicting paths, the index file records up to three - versions; stage1 stores the version from the common ancestor, - stage2 from `HEAD`, and stage3 from the remote branch (you +4. For conflicting paths, the index file records up to three + versions: stage 1 stores the version from the common ancestor, + stage 2 from `HEAD`, and stage 3 from `MERGE_HEAD` (you can inspect the stages with `git ls-files -u`). The working tree files contain the result of the "merge" program; i.e. 3-way - merge results with familiar conflict markers `<<< === >>>`. - -4. No other changes are done. In particular, the local + merge results with familiar conflict markers `<<<` `===` `>>>`. +5. No other changes are made. In particular, the local modifications you had before you started merge will stay the same and the index entries for them stay as they were, i.e. matching `HEAD`. +If you tried a merge which resulted in complex conflicts and +want to start over, you can recover with `git reset --merge`. + HOW CONFLICTS ARE PRESENTED --------------------------- @@ -188,28 +207,74 @@ After seeing a conflict, you can do two things: * Decide not to merge. The only clean-ups you need are to reset the index file to the `HEAD` commit to reverse 2. and to clean - up working tree changes made by 2. and 3.; 'git-reset --hard' can + up working tree changes made by 2. and 3.; `git-reset --hard` can be used for this. * Resolve the conflicts. Git will mark the conflicts in the working tree. Edit the files into shape and - 'git-add' them to the index. Use 'git-commit' to seal the deal. + 'git add' them to the index. Use 'git commit' to seal the deal. You can work through the conflict with a number of tools: - * Use a mergetool. 'git mergetool' to launch a graphical + * Use a mergetool. `git mergetool` to launch a graphical mergetool which will work you through the merge. - * Look at the diffs. 'git diff' will show a three-way diff, - highlighting changes from both the HEAD and remote versions. + * Look at the diffs. `git diff` will show a three-way diff, + highlighting changes from both the `HEAD` and `MERGE_HEAD` + versions. + + * Look at the diffs from each branch. `git log --merge -p <path>` + will show diffs first for the `HEAD` version and then the + `MERGE_HEAD` version. + + * Look at the originals. `git show :1:filename` shows the + common ancestor, `git show :2:filename` shows the `HEAD` + version, and `git show :3:filename` shows the `MERGE_HEAD` + version. + + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +* Merge branches `fixes` and `enhancements` on top of + the current branch, making an octopus merge: ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git merge fixes enhancements +------------------------------------------------ + +* Merge branch `obsolete` into the current branch, using `ours` + merge strategy: ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git merge -s ours obsolete +------------------------------------------------ + +* Merge branch `maint` into the current branch, but do not make + a new commit automatically: ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git merge --no-commit maint +------------------------------------------------ ++ +This can be used when you want to include further changes to the +merge, or want to write your own merge commit message. ++ +You should refrain from abusing this option to sneak substantial +changes into a merge commit. Small fixups like bumping +release/version name would be acceptable. + + +include::merge-strategies.txt[] - * Look at the diffs on their own. 'git log --merge -p <path>' - will show diffs first for the HEAD version and then the - remote version. +CONFIGURATION +------------- +include::merge-config.txt[] - * Look at the originals. 'git show :1:filename' shows the - common ancestor, 'git show :2:filename' shows the HEAD - version and 'git show :3:filename' shows the remote version. +branch.<name>.mergeoptions:: + Sets default options for merging into branch <name>. The syntax and + supported options are the same as those of 'git merge', but option + values containing whitespace characters are currently not supported. SEE ALSO -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt b/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt index ff9700d17a..55735faf7b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt @@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ DESCRIPTION ----------- Use `git mergetool` to run one of several merge utilities to resolve -merge conflicts. It is typically run after 'git-merge'. +merge conflicts. It is typically run after 'git merge'. If one or more <file> parameters are given, the merge tool program will be run to resolve differences on each file. If no <file> names are -specified, 'git-mergetool' will run the merge tool program on every file +specified, 'git mergetool' will run the merge tool program on every file with merge conflicts. OPTIONS @@ -27,25 +27,25 @@ OPTIONS Use the merge resolution program specified by <tool>. Valid merge tools are: kdiff3, tkdiff, meld, xxdiff, emerge, vimdiff, gvimdiff, ecmerge, - diffuse, tortoisemerge and opendiff + diffuse, tortoisemerge, opendiff, p4merge and araxis. + -If a merge resolution program is not specified, 'git-mergetool' +If a merge resolution program is not specified, 'git mergetool' will use the configuration variable `merge.tool`. If the -configuration variable `merge.tool` is not set, 'git-mergetool' +configuration variable `merge.tool` is not set, 'git mergetool' will pick a suitable default. + You can explicitly provide a full path to the tool by setting the configuration variable `mergetool.<tool>.path`. For example, you can configure the absolute path to kdiff3 by setting -`mergetool.kdiff3.path`. Otherwise, 'git-mergetool' assumes the +`mergetool.kdiff3.path`. Otherwise, 'git mergetool' assumes the tool is available in PATH. + Instead of running one of the known merge tool programs, -'git-mergetool' can be customized to run an alternative program +'git mergetool' can be customized to run an alternative program by specifying the command line to invoke in a configuration variable `mergetool.<tool>.cmd`. + -When 'git-mergetool' is invoked with this tool (either through the +When 'git mergetool' is invoked with this tool (either through the `-t` or `--tool` option or the `merge.tool` configuration variable) the configured command line will be invoked with `$BASE` set to the name of a temporary file containing the common base for @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ merge resolution. If the custom merge tool correctly indicates the success of a merge resolution with its exit code, then the configuration variable `mergetool.<tool>.trustExitCode` can be set to `true`. -Otherwise, 'git-mergetool' will prompt the user to indicate the +Otherwise, 'git mergetool' will prompt the user to indicate the success of the resolution after the custom tool has exited. -y:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-mktree.txt b/Documentation/git-mktree.txt index af19f06ed7..81e3326772 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mktree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mktree.txt @@ -8,12 +8,13 @@ git-mktree - Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text SYNOPSIS -------- -'git mktree' [-z] +'git mktree' [-z] [--missing] [--batch] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Reads standard input in non-recursive `ls-tree` output format, -and creates a tree object. The object name of the tree object +Reads standard input in non-recursive `ls-tree` output format, and creates +a tree object. The order of the tree entries is normalised by mktree so +pre-sorting the input is not required. The object name of the tree object built is written to the standard output. OPTIONS @@ -21,6 +22,18 @@ OPTIONS -z:: Read the NUL-terminated `ls-tree -z` output instead. +--missing:: + Allow missing objects. The default behaviour (without this option) + is to verify that each tree entry's sha1 identifies an existing + object. This option has no effect on the treatment of gitlink entries + (aka "submodules") which are always allowed to be missing. + +--batch:: + Allow building of more than one tree object before exiting. Each + tree is separated by as single blank line. The final new-line is + optional. Note - if the '-z' option is used, lines are terminated + with NUL. + Author ------ Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> diff --git a/Documentation/git-mv.txt b/Documentation/git-mv.txt index 9c5660275b..bdcb58526e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mv.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mv.txt @@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ committed. OPTIONS ------- -f:: +--force:: Force renaming or moving of a file even if the target exists -k:: Skip move or rename actions which would lead to an error diff --git a/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt b/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt index 7ca8a7b48c..2108237c36 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- Finds symbolic names suitable for human digestion for revisions given in any -format parsable by 'git-rev-parse'. +format parsable by 'git rev-parse'. OPTIONS @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ wrote you about that fantastic commit 33db5f4d9027a10e477ccf054b2c1ab94f74c85a. Of course, you look into the commit, but that only tells you what happened, but not the context. -Enter 'git-name-rev': +Enter 'git name-rev': ------------ % git name-rev 33db5f4d9027a10e477ccf054b2c1ab94f74c85a diff --git a/Documentation/git-notes.txt b/Documentation/git-notes.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bef2f3942e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-notes.txt @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +git-notes(1) +============ + +NAME +---- +git-notes - Add/inspect object notes + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git notes' [list [<object>]] +'git notes' add [-f] [-F <file> | -m <msg> | (-c | -C) <object>] [<object>] +'git notes' copy [-f] <from-object> <to-object> +'git notes' append [-F <file> | -m <msg> | (-c | -C) <object>] [<object>] +'git notes' edit [<object>] +'git notes' show [<object>] +'git notes' remove [<object>] +'git notes' prune + + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +This command allows you to add/remove notes to/from objects, without +changing the objects themselves. + +A typical use of notes is to extend a commit message without having +to change the commit itself. Such commit notes can be shown by `git log` +along with the original commit message. To discern these notes from the +message stored in the commit object, the notes are indented like the +message, after an unindented line saying "Notes:". + +To disable notes, you have to set the config variable core.notesRef to +the empty string. Alternatively, you can set it to a different ref, +something like "refs/notes/bugzilla". This setting can be overridden +by the environment variable "GIT_NOTES_REF". + + +SUBCOMMANDS +----------- + +list:: + List the notes object for a given object. If no object is + given, show a list of all note objects and the objects they + annotate (in the format "<note object> <annotated object>"). + This is the default subcommand if no subcommand is given. + +add:: + Add notes for a given object (defaults to HEAD). Abort if the + object already has notes (use `-f` to overwrite an + existing note). + +copy:: + Copy the notes for the first object onto the second object. + Abort if the second object already has notes, or if the first + object has none (use -f to overwrite existing notes to the + second object). This subcommand is equivalent to: + `git notes add [-f] -C $(git notes list <from-object>) <to-object>` + +append:: + Append to the notes of an existing object (defaults to HEAD). + Creates a new notes object if needed. + +edit:: + Edit the notes for a given object (defaults to HEAD). + +show:: + Show the notes for a given object (defaults to HEAD). + +remove:: + Remove the notes for a given object (defaults to HEAD). + This is equivalent to specifying an empty note message to + the `edit` subcommand. + +prune:: + Remove all notes for non-existing/unreachable objects. + +OPTIONS +------- +-f:: +--force:: + When adding notes to an object that already has notes, + overwrite the existing notes (instead of aborting). + +-m <msg>:: +--message=<msg>:: + Use the given note message (instead of prompting). + If multiple `-m` options are given, their values + are concatenated as separate paragraphs. + +-F <file>:: +--file=<file>:: + Take the note message from the given file. Use '-' to + read the note message from the standard input. + +-C <object>:: +--reuse-message=<object>:: + Reuse the note message from the given note object. + +-c <object>:: +--reedit-message=<object>:: + Like '-C', but with '-c' the editor is invoked, so that + the user can further edit the note message. + +Author +------ +Written by Johannes Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de> and +Johan Herland <johan@herland.net> + +Documentation +------------- +Documentation by Johannes Schindelin and Johan Herland + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt index 7d4c1a7556..8ed09c0b3c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt @@ -9,9 +9,11 @@ git-pack-objects - Create a packed archive of objects SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git pack-objects' [-q] [--no-reuse-delta] [--delta-base-offset] [--non-empty] - [--local] [--incremental] [--window=N] [--depth=N] [--all-progress] - [--revs [--unpacked | --all]*] [--stdout | base-name] < object-list +'git pack-objects' [-q | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-progress-implied] + [--no-reuse-delta] [--delta-base-offset] [--non-empty] + [--local] [--incremental] [--window=N] [--depth=N] + [--revs [--unpacked | --all]*] [--stdout | base-name] + [--keep-true-parents] < object-list DESCRIPTION @@ -19,27 +21,28 @@ DESCRIPTION Reads list of objects from the standard input, and writes a packed archive with specified base-name, or to the standard output. -A packed archive is an efficient way to transfer set of objects -between two repositories, and also is an archival format which -is efficient to access. The packed archive format (.pack) is -designed to be self contained so that it can be unpacked without -any further information, but for fast, random access to the objects -in the pack, a pack index file (.idx) will be generated. +A packed archive is an efficient way to transfer a set of objects +between two repositories as well as an access efficient archival +format. In a packed archive, an object is either stored as a +compressed whole or as a difference from some other object. +The latter is often called a delta. -Placing both in the pack/ subdirectory of $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY (or +The packed archive format (.pack) is designed to be self-contained +so that it can be unpacked without any further information. Therefore, +each object that a delta depends upon must be present within the pack. + +A pack index file (.idx) is generated for fast, random access to the +objects in the pack. Placing both the index file (.idx) and the packed +archive (.pack) in the pack/ subdirectory of $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY (or any of the directories on $GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES) -enables git to read from such an archive. +enables git to read from the pack archive. -The 'git-unpack-objects' command can read the packed archive and +The 'git unpack-objects' command can read the packed archive and expand the objects contained in the pack into "one-file one-object" format; this is typically done by the smart-pull commands when a pack is created on-the-fly for efficient network transport by their peers. -In a packed archive, an object is either stored as a compressed -whole, or as a difference from some other object. The latter is -often called a delta. - OPTIONS ------- @@ -59,7 +62,7 @@ base-name:: --revs:: Read the revision arguments from the standard input, instead of individual object names. The revision arguments are processed - the same way as 'git-rev-list' with the `--objects` flag + the same way as 'git rev-list' with the `--objects` flag uses its `commit` arguments to build the list of objects it outputs. The objects on the resulting list are packed. @@ -71,7 +74,7 @@ base-name:: --all:: This implies `--revs`. In addition to the list of revision arguments read from the standard input, pretend - as if all refs under `$GIT_DIR/refs` are specified to be + as if all refs under `refs/` are specified to be included. --include-tag:: @@ -103,26 +106,26 @@ base-name:: `--window-memory=0` makes memory usage unlimited, which is the default. ---max-pack-size=<n>:: - Maximum size of each output packfile, expressed in MiB. +--max-pack-size=[N]:: + Maximum size of each output pack file. The size can be suffixed with + "k", "m", or "g". The minimum size allowed is limited to 1 MiB. If specified, multiple packfiles may be created. The default is unlimited, unless the config variable `pack.packSizeLimit` is set. --honor-pack-keep:: This flag causes an object already in a local pack that - has a .keep file to be ignored, even if it appears in the - standard input. + has a .keep file to be ignored, even if it it would have + otherwise been packed. --incremental:: - This flag causes an object already in a pack ignored - even if it appears in the standard input. + This flag causes an object already in a pack to be ignored + even if it would have otherwise been packed. --local:: - This flag is similar to `--incremental`; instead of - ignoring all packed objects, it only ignores objects - that are packed and/or not in the local object store - (i.e. borrowed from an alternate). + This flag causes an object that is borrowed from an alternate + object store to be ignored even if it would have otherwise been + packed. --non-empty:: Only create a packed archive if it would contain at @@ -136,7 +139,7 @@ base-name:: --all-progress:: When --stdout is specified then progress report is - displayed during the object count and deltification phases + displayed during the object count and compression phases but inhibited during the write-out phase. The reason is that in some cases the output stream is directly linked to another command which may wish to display progress @@ -145,6 +148,11 @@ base-name:: report for the write-out phase as well even if --stdout is used. +--all-progress-implied:: + This is used to imply --all-progress whenever progress display + is activated. Unlike --all-progress this flag doesn't actually + force any progress display by itself. + -q:: This flag makes the command not to report its progress on the standard error stream. @@ -171,11 +179,21 @@ base-name:: Add --no-reuse-object if you want to force a uniform compression level on all data no matter the source. +--thin:: + Create a "thin" pack by omitting the common objects between a + sender and a receiver in order to reduce network transfer. This + option only makes sense in conjunction with --stdout. ++ +Note: A thin pack violates the packed archive format by omitting +required objects and is thus unusable by git without making it +self-contained. Use `git index-pack --fix-thin` +(see linkgit:git-index-pack[1]) to restore the self-contained property. + --delta-base-offset:: A packed archive can express base object of a delta as either 20-byte object name or as an offset in the stream, but older version of git does not understand the - latter. By default, 'git-pack-objects' only uses the + latter. By default, 'git pack-objects' only uses the former format for better compatibility. This option allows the command to use the latter format for compactness. Depending on the average delta chain @@ -197,6 +215,10 @@ base-name:: to force the version for the generated pack index, and to force 64-bit index entries on objects located above the given offset. +--keep-true-parents:: + With this option, parents that are hidden by grafts are packed + nevertheless. + Author ------ diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt index 5f9435e59b..d0607879db 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ This program computes which packs in your repository are redundant. The output is suitable for piping to `xargs rm` if you are in the root of the repository. -'git-pack-redundant' accepts a list of objects on standard input. Any objects +'git pack-redundant' accepts a list of objects on standard input. Any objects given will be ignored when checking which packs are required. This makes the following command useful when wanting to remove packs which contain unreachable objects. diff --git a/Documentation/git-parse-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-parse-remote.txt index cd43069874..39d9daa7e0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-parse-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-parse-remote.txt @@ -17,26 +17,6 @@ routines to parse files under $GIT_DIR/remotes/ and $GIT_DIR/branches/ and configuration variables that are related to fetching, pulling and pushing. -The primary entry points are: - -get_remote_refs_for_fetch:: - Given the list of user-supplied `<repo> <refspec>...`, - return the list of refs to fetch after canonicalizing - them into `$GIT_DIR` relative paths - (e.g. `refs/heads/foo`). When `<refspec>...` is empty - the returned list of refs consists of the defaults - for the given `<repo>`, if specified in - `$GIT_DIR/remotes/`, `$GIT_DIR/branches/`, or `remote.*.fetch` - configuration. - -get_remote_refs_for_push:: - Given the list of user-supplied `<repo> <refspec>...`, - return the list of refs to push in a form suitable to be - fed to the 'git-send-pack' command. When `<refspec>...` - is empty the returned list of refs consists of the - defaults for the given `<repo>`, if specified in - `$GIT_DIR/remotes/`. - Author ------ Written by Junio C Hamano. diff --git a/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt b/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt index 253fc0fc25..4dae1390a5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ ID" are almost guaranteed to be the same thing. IOW, you can use this thing to look for likely duplicate commits. -When dealing with 'git-diff-tree' output, it takes advantage of +When dealing with 'git diff-tree' output, it takes advantage of the fact that the patch is prefixed with the object name of the commit, and outputs two 40-byte hexadecimal strings. The first string is the patch ID, and the second string is the commit ID. diff --git a/Documentation/git-peek-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-peek-remote.txt index 8282a5e82b..87dacd797f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-peek-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-peek-remote.txt @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -This command is deprecated; use 'git-ls-remote' instead. +This command is deprecated; use 'git ls-remote' instead. OPTIONS ------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt b/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt index b5f26cee13..abfc6b6ead 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-prune-packed - Remove extra objects that are already in pack files SYNOPSIS -------- -'git prune-packed' [-n] [-q] +'git prune-packed' [-n|--dry-run] [-q|--quiet] DESCRIPTION @@ -28,10 +28,12 @@ disk storage, etc. OPTIONS ------- -n:: +--dry-run:: Don't actually remove any objects, only show those that would have been removed. -q:: +--quiet:: Squelch the progress indicator. Author diff --git a/Documentation/git-prune.txt b/Documentation/git-prune.txt index da6055d4b8..15cfb7a8dc 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-prune.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-prune.txt @@ -8,21 +8,21 @@ git-prune - Prune all unreachable objects from the object database SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-prune' [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>] [--] [<head>...] +'git prune' [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>] [--] [<head>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -NOTE: In most cases, users should run 'git-gc', which calls -'git-prune'. See the section "NOTES", below. +NOTE: In most cases, users should run 'git gc', which calls +'git prune'. See the section "NOTES", below. -This runs 'git-fsck --unreachable' using all the refs -available in `$GIT_DIR/refs`, optionally with additional set of +This runs 'git fsck --unreachable' using all the refs +available in `refs/`, optionally with additional set of objects specified on the command line, and prunes all unpacked objects unreachable from any of these head objects from the object database. In addition, it prunes the unpacked objects that are also found in packs by -running 'git-prune-packed'. +running 'git prune-packed'. Note that unreachable, packed objects will remain. If this is not desired, see linkgit:git-repack[1]. @@ -62,12 +62,12 @@ $ git prune $(cd ../another && $(git rev-parse --all)) Notes ----- -In most cases, users will not need to call 'git-prune' directly, but -should instead call 'git-gc', which handles pruning along with +In most cases, users will not need to call 'git prune' directly, but +should instead call 'git gc', which handles pruning along with many other housekeeping tasks. For a description of which objects are considered for pruning, see -'git-fsck''s --unreachable option. +'git fsck''s --unreachable option. SEE ALSO -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-pull.txt b/Documentation/git-pull.txt index 7578623edb..ab4de10358 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pull.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pull.txt @@ -13,19 +13,37 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -Runs 'git-fetch' with the given parameters, and calls 'git-merge' +Runs 'git fetch' with the given parameters, and calls 'git merge' to merge the retrieved head(s) into the current branch. -With `--rebase`, calls 'git-rebase' instead of 'git-merge'. +With `--rebase`, calls 'git rebase' instead of 'git merge'. Note that you can use `.` (current directory) as the <repository> to pull from the local repository -- this is useful when merging local branches into the current branch. -Also note that options meant for 'git-pull' itself and underlying -'git-merge' must be given before the options meant for 'git-fetch'. +Also note that options meant for 'git pull' itself and underlying +'git merge' must be given before the options meant for 'git fetch'. + +*Warning*: Running 'git pull' (actually, the underlying 'git merge') +with uncommitted changes is discouraged: while possible, it leaves you +in a state that is hard to back out of in the case of a conflict. OPTIONS ------- + +-q:: +--quiet:: + This is passed to both underlying git-fetch to squelch reporting of + during transfer, and underlying git-merge to squelch output during + merging. + +-v:: +--verbose:: + Pass --verbose to git-fetch and git-merge. + +Options related to merging +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + include::merge-options.txt[] :git-pull: 1 @@ -47,6 +65,9 @@ unless you have read linkgit:git-rebase[1] carefully. --no-rebase:: Override earlier --rebase. +Options related to fetching +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + include::fetch-options.txt[] include::pull-fetch-param.txt[] @@ -131,58 +152,17 @@ $ git pull origin next ------------------------------------------------ + This leaves a copy of `next` temporarily in FETCH_HEAD, but -does not update any remote-tracking branches. - -* Bundle local branch `fixes` and `enhancements` on top of - the current branch, making an Octopus merge: +does not update any remote-tracking branches. Using remote-tracking +branches, the same can be done by invoking fetch and merge: + ------------------------------------------------ -$ git pull . fixes enhancements +$ git fetch origin +$ git merge origin/next ------------------------------------------------ -+ -This `git pull .` syntax is equivalent to `git merge`. - -* Merge local branch `obsolete` into the current branch, using `ours` - merge strategy: -+ ------------------------------------------------- -$ git pull -s ours . obsolete ------------------------------------------------- - -* Merge local branch `maint` into the current branch, but do not make - a commit automatically: -+ ------------------------------------------------- -$ git pull --no-commit . maint ------------------------------------------------- -+ -This can be used when you want to include further changes to the -merge, or want to write your own merge commit message. -+ -You should refrain from abusing this option to sneak substantial -changes into a merge commit. Small fixups like bumping -release/version name would be acceptable. - -* Command line pull of multiple branches from one repository: -+ ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout master -$ git fetch origin +pu:pu maint:tmp -$ git pull . tmp ------------------------------------------------- -+ -This updates (or creates, as necessary) branches `pu` and `tmp` in -the local repository by fetching from the branches (respectively) -`pu` and `maint` from the remote repository. -+ -The `pu` branch will be updated even if it is does not fast-forward; -the others will not be. -+ -The final command then merges the newly fetched `tmp` into master. If you tried a pull which resulted in a complex conflicts and -would want to start over, you can recover with 'git-reset'. +would want to start over, you can recover with 'git reset'. SEE ALSO diff --git a/Documentation/git-push.txt b/Documentation/git-push.txt index fd53c49fb8..59dc8b197e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-push.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-push.txt @@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ git-push - Update remote refs along with associated objects SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git push' [--all | --mirror | --tags] [--dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>] - [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [-v | --verbose] +'git push' [--all | --mirror | --tags] [-n | --dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>] + [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [-v | --verbose] [-u | --set-upstream] [<repository> <refspec>...] DESCRIPTION @@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ updated. + The object referenced by <src> is used to update the <dst> reference on the remote side, but by default this is only allowed if the -update can fast forward <dst>. By having the optional leading `{plus}`, +update can fast-forward <dst>. By having the optional leading `{plus}`, you can tell git to update the <dst> ref even when the update is not a -fast forward. This does *not* attempt to merge <src> into <dst>. See +fast-forward. This does *not* attempt to merge <src> into <dst>. See EXAMPLES below for details. + `tag <tag>` means the same as `refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag>`. @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ EXAMPLES below for details. Pushing an empty <src> allows you to delete the <dst> ref from the remote repository. + -The special refspec `:` (or `{plus}:` to allow non-fast forward updates) +The special refspec `:` (or `{plus}:` to allow non-fast-forward updates) directs git to push "matching" branches: for every branch that exists on the local side, the remote side is updated if a branch of the same name already exists on the remote side. This is the default operation mode @@ -69,11 +69,11 @@ nor in any Push line of the corresponding remotes file---see below). --all:: Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all - refs under `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/` be pushed. + refs under `refs/heads/` be pushed. --mirror:: Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all - refs under `$GIT_DIR/refs/` (which includes but is not + refs under `refs/` (which includes but is not limited to `refs/heads/`, `refs/remotes/`, and `refs/tags/`) be mirrored to the remote repository. Newly created local refs will be pushed to the remote end, locally updated refs @@ -82,11 +82,21 @@ nor in any Push line of the corresponding remotes file---see below). if the configuration option `remote.<remote>.mirror` is set. +-n:: --dry-run:: Do everything except actually send the updates. +--porcelain:: + Produce machine-readable output. The output status line for each ref + will be tab-separated and sent to stdout instead of stderr. The full + symbolic names of the refs will be given. + +--delete:: + All listed refs are deleted from the remote repository. This is + the same as prefixing all refs with a colon. + --tags:: - All refs under `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags` are pushed, in + All refs under `refs/tags` are pushed, in addition to refspecs explicitly listed on the command line. @@ -106,7 +116,7 @@ nor in any Push line of the corresponding remotes file---see below). --repo=<repository>:: This option is only relevant if no <repository> argument is - passed in the invocation. In this case, 'git-push' derives the + passed in the invocation. In this case, 'git push' derives the remote name from the current branch: If it tracks a remote branch, then that remote repository is pushed to. Otherwise, the name "origin" is used. For this latter case, this option @@ -120,18 +130,38 @@ git push --repo=public #2 + is that #1 always pushes to "public" whereas #2 pushes to "public" only if the current branch does not track a remote branch. This is -useful if you write an alias or script around 'git-push'. +useful if you write an alias or script around 'git push'. + +-u:: +--set-upstream:: + For every branch that is up to date or successfully pushed, add + upstream (tracking) reference, used by argument-less + linkgit:git-pull[1] and other commands. For more information, + see 'branch.<name>.merge' in linkgit:git-config[1]. --thin:: --no-thin:: - These options are passed to 'git-send-pack'. Thin - transfer spends extra cycles to minimize the number of - objects to be sent and meant to be used on slower connection. + These options are passed to linkgit:git-send-pack[1]. A thin transfer + significantly reduces the amount of sent data when the sender and + receiver share many of the same objects in common. The default is + \--thin. + +-q:: +--quiet:: + Suppress all output, including the listing of updated refs, + unless an error occurs. Progress is not reported to the standard + error stream. -v:: --verbose:: Run verbosely. +--progress:: + Progress status is reported on the standard error stream + by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q + is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the + standard error stream is not directed to a terminal. + include::urls-remotes.txt[] OUTPUT @@ -148,21 +178,32 @@ representing the status of a single ref. Each line is of the form: <flag> <summary> <from> -> <to> (<reason>) ------------------------------- +If --porcelain is used, then each line of the output is of the form: + +------------------------------- + <flag> \t <from>:<to> \t <summary> (<reason>) +------------------------------- + +The status of up-to-date refs is shown only if --porcelain or --verbose +option is used. + flag:: - A single character indicating the status of the ref. This is - blank for a successfully pushed ref, `!` for a ref that was - rejected or failed to push, and '=' for a ref that was up to - date and did not need pushing (note that the status of up to - date refs is shown only when `git push` is running verbosely). + A single character indicating the status of the ref: +(space);; for a successfully pushed fast-forward; +`{plus}`;; for a successful forced update; +`-`;; for a successfully deleted ref; +`*`;; for a successfully pushed new ref; +`!`;; for a ref that was rejected or failed to push; and +`=`;; for a ref that was up to date and did not need pushing. summary:: For a successfully pushed ref, the summary shows the old and new values of the ref in a form suitable for using as an argument to `git log` (this is `<old>..<new>` in most cases, and - `<old>...<new>` for forced non-fast forward updates). For a + `<old>...<new>` for forced non-fast-forward updates). For a failed update, more details are given for the failure. The string `rejected` indicates that git did not try to send the - ref at all (typically because it is not a fast forward). The + ref at all (typically because it is not a fast-forward). The string `remote rejected` indicates that the remote end refused the update; this rejection is typically caused by a hook on the remote side. The string `remote failure` indicates that the @@ -184,6 +225,92 @@ reason:: refs, no explanation is needed. For a failed ref, the reason for failure is described. +Note about fast-forwards +------------------------ + +When an update changes a branch (or more in general, a ref) that used to +point at commit A to point at another commit B, it is called a +fast-forward update if and only if B is a descendant of A. + +In a fast-forward update from A to B, the set of commits that the original +commit A built on top of is a subset of the commits the new commit B +builds on top of. Hence, it does not lose any history. + +In contrast, a non-fast-forward update will lose history. For example, +suppose you and somebody else started at the same commit X, and you built +a history leading to commit B while the other person built a history +leading to commit A. The history looks like this: + +---------------- + + B + / + ---X---A + +---------------- + +Further suppose that the other person already pushed changes leading to A +back to the original repository you two obtained the original commit X. + +The push done by the other person updated the branch that used to point at +commit X to point at commit A. It is a fast-forward. + +But if you try to push, you will attempt to update the branch (that +now points at A) with commit B. This does _not_ fast-forward. If you did +so, the changes introduced by commit A will be lost, because everybody +will now start building on top of B. + +The command by default does not allow an update that is not a fast-forward +to prevent such loss of history. + +If you do not want to lose your work (history from X to B) nor the work by +the other person (history from X to A), you would need to first fetch the +history from the repository, create a history that contains changes done +by both parties, and push the result back. + +You can perform "git pull", resolve potential conflicts, and "git push" +the result. A "git pull" will create a merge commit C between commits A +and B. + +---------------- + + B---C + / / + ---X---A + +---------------- + +Updating A with the resulting merge commit will fast-forward and your +push will be accepted. + +Alternatively, you can rebase your change between X and B on top of A, +with "git pull --rebase", and push the result back. The rebase will +create a new commit D that builds the change between X and B on top of +A. + +---------------- + + B D + / / + ---X---A + +---------------- + +Again, updating A with this commit will fast-forward and your push will be +accepted. + +There is another common situation where you may encounter non-fast-forward +rejection when you try to push, and it is possible even when you are +pushing into a repository nobody else pushes into. After you push commit +A yourself (in the first picture in this section), replace it with "git +commit --amend" to produce commit B, and you try to push it out, because +forgot that you have pushed A out already. In such a case, and only if +you are certain that nobody in the meantime fetched your earlier commit A +(and started building on top of it), you can run "git push --force" to +overwrite it. In other words, "git push --force" is a method reserved for +a case where you do mean to lose history. + + Examples -------- @@ -244,9 +371,9 @@ git push origin :experimental:: git push origin {plus}dev:master:: Update the origin repository's master branch with the dev branch, - allowing non-fast forward updates. *This can leave unreferenced + allowing non-fast-forward updates. *This can leave unreferenced commits dangling in the origin repository.* Consider the - following situation, where a fast forward is not possible: + following situation, where a fast-forward is not possible: + ---- o---o---o---A---B origin/master diff --git a/Documentation/git-quiltimport.txt b/Documentation/git-quiltimport.txt index d4037de512..579e8d2f3b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-quiltimport.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-quiltimport.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-quiltimport - Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git quiltimport' [--dry-run] [--author <author>] [--patches <dir>] +'git quiltimport' [--dry-run | -n] [--author <author>] [--patches <dir>] DESCRIPTION diff --git a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt index 7160fa1536..f6037c4f6a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt @@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ git-read-tree - Reads tree information into the index SYNOPSIS -------- -'git read-tree' (<tree-ish> | [[-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>] [-u | -i]] [--exclude-per-directory=<gitignore>] [--index-output=<file>] <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]]) +'git read-tree' [[-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>] + [-u [--exclude-per-directory=<gitignore>] | -i]] + [--index-output=<file>] [--no-sparse-checkout] + <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]] DESCRIPTION @@ -22,8 +25,8 @@ fast-forward (i.e. 2-way) merge, or a 3-way merge, with the `-m` flag. When used with `-m`, the `-u` flag causes it to also update the files in the work tree with the result of the merge. -Trivial merges are done by 'git-read-tree' itself. Only conflicting paths -will be in unmerged state when 'git-read-tree' returns. +Trivial merges are done by 'git read-tree' itself. Only conflicting paths +will be in unmerged state when 'git read-tree' returns. OPTIONS ------- @@ -54,13 +57,13 @@ OPTIONS Show the progress of checking files out. --trivial:: - Restrict three-way merge by 'git-read-tree' to happen + Restrict three-way merge by 'git read-tree' to happen only if there is no file-level merging required, instead of resolving merge for trivial cases and leaving conflicting files unresolved in the index. --aggressive:: - Usually a three-way merge by 'git-read-tree' resolves + Usually a three-way merge by 'git read-tree' resolves the merge for really trivial cases and leaves other cases unresolved in the index, so that Porcelains can implement different merge policies. This flag makes the @@ -107,13 +110,17 @@ OPTIONS directories the index file and index output file are located in. +--no-sparse-checkout:: + Disable sparse checkout support even if `core.sparseCheckout` + is true. + <tree-ish#>:: The id of the tree object(s) to be read/merged. Merging ------- -If `-m` is specified, 'git-read-tree' can perform 3 kinds of +If `-m` is specified, 'git read-tree' can perform 3 kinds of merge, a single tree merge if only 1 tree is given, a fast-forward merge with 2 trees, or a 3-way merge if 3 trees are provided. @@ -121,18 +128,18 @@ provided. Single Tree Merge ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -If only 1 tree is specified, 'git-read-tree' operates as if the user did not +If only 1 tree is specified, 'git read-tree' operates as if the user did not specify `-m`, except that if the original index has an entry for a -given pathname, and the contents of the path matches with the tree +given pathname, and the contents of the path match with the tree being read, the stat info from the index is used. (In other words, the index's stat()s take precedence over the merged tree's). That means that if you do a `git read-tree -m <newtree>` followed by a -`git checkout-index -f -u -a`, the 'git-checkout-index' only checks out +`git checkout-index -f -u -a`, the 'git checkout-index' only checks out the stuff that really changed. -This is used to avoid unnecessary false hits when 'git-diff-files' is -run after 'git-read-tree'. +This is used to avoid unnecessary false hits when 'git diff-files' is +run after 'git read-tree'. Two Tree Merge @@ -141,46 +148,48 @@ Two Tree Merge Typically, this is invoked as `git read-tree -m $H $M`, where $H is the head commit of the current repository, and $M is the head of a foreign tree, which is simply ahead of $H (i.e. we are in a -fast forward situation). +fast-forward situation). -When two trees are specified, the user is telling 'git-read-tree' +When two trees are specified, the user is telling 'git read-tree' the following: 1. The current index and work tree is derived from $H, but - the user may have local changes in them since $H; + the user may have local changes in them since $H. 2. The user wants to fast-forward to $M. In this case, the `git read-tree -m $H $M` command makes sure that no local change is lost as the result of this "merge". -Here are the "carry forward" rules: +Here are the "carry forward" rules, where "I" denotes the index, +"clean" means that index and work tree coincide, and "exists"/"nothing" +refer to the presence of a path in the specified commit: - I (index) H M Result + I H M Result ------------------------------------------------------- - 0 nothing nothing nothing (does not happen) - 1 nothing nothing exists use M - 2 nothing exists nothing remove path from index - 3 nothing exists exists, use M if "initial checkout" + 0 nothing nothing nothing (does not happen) + 1 nothing nothing exists use M + 2 nothing exists nothing remove path from index + 3 nothing exists exists, use M if "initial checkout", H == M keep index otherwise - exists fail + exists, fail H != M clean I==H I==M ------------------ - 4 yes N/A N/A nothing nothing keep index - 5 no N/A N/A nothing nothing keep index + 4 yes N/A N/A nothing nothing keep index + 5 no N/A N/A nothing nothing keep index - 6 yes N/A yes nothing exists keep index - 7 no N/A yes nothing exists keep index - 8 yes N/A no nothing exists fail - 9 no N/A no nothing exists fail + 6 yes N/A yes nothing exists keep index + 7 no N/A yes nothing exists keep index + 8 yes N/A no nothing exists fail + 9 no N/A no nothing exists fail 10 yes yes N/A exists nothing remove path from index 11 no yes N/A exists nothing fail 12 yes no N/A exists nothing fail 13 no no N/A exists nothing fail - clean (H=M) + clean (H==M) ------ 14 yes exists exists keep index 15 no exists exists keep index @@ -195,26 +204,26 @@ Here are the "carry forward" rules: 21 no yes no exists exists fail In all "keep index" cases, the index entry stays as in the -original index file. If the entry were not up to date, -'git-read-tree' keeps the copy in the work tree intact when +original index file. If the entry is not up to date, +'git read-tree' keeps the copy in the work tree intact when operating under the -u flag. -When this form of 'git-read-tree' returns successfully, you can -see what "local changes" you made are carried forward by running +When this form of 'git read-tree' returns successfully, you can +see which of the "local changes" that you made were carried forward by running `git diff-index --cached $M`. Note that this does not -necessarily match `git diff-index --cached $H` would have +necessarily match what `git diff-index --cached $H` would have produced before such a two tree merge. This is because of cases 18 and 19 --- if you already had the changes in $M (e.g. maybe you picked it up via e-mail in a patch form), `git diff-index --cached $H` would have told you about the change before this merge, but it would not show in `git diff-index --cached $M` -output after two-tree merge. +output after the two-tree merge. -Case #3 is slightly tricky and needs explanation. The result from this +Case 3 is slightly tricky and needs explanation. The result from this rule logically should be to remove the path if the user staged the removal of the path and then switching to a new branch. That however will prevent the initial checkout from happening, so the rule is modified to use M (new -tree) only when the contents of the index is empty. Otherwise the removal +tree) only when the content of the index is empty. Otherwise the removal of the path is kept as long as $H and $M are the same. 3-Way Merge @@ -222,7 +231,7 @@ of the path is kept as long as $H and $M are the same. Each "index" entry has two bits worth of "stage" state. stage 0 is the normal one, and is the only one you'd see in any kind of normal use. -However, when you do 'git-read-tree' with three trees, the "stage" +However, when you do 'git read-tree' with three trees, the "stage" starts out at 1. This means that you can do @@ -238,7 +247,7 @@ branch into the current branch, we use the common ancestor tree as <tree1>, the current branch head as <tree2>, and the other branch head as <tree3>. -Furthermore, 'git-read-tree' has special-case logic that says: if you see +Furthermore, 'git read-tree' has special-case logic that says: if you see a file that matches in all respects in the following states, it "collapses" back to "stage0": @@ -254,7 +263,7 @@ a file that matches in all respects in the following states, it - stage 1 and stage 3 are the same and stage 2 is different take stage 2 (we did something while they did nothing) -The 'git-write-tree' command refuses to write a nonsensical tree, and it +The 'git write-tree' command refuses to write a nonsensical tree, and it will complain about unmerged entries if it sees a single entry that is not stage 0. @@ -270,7 +279,7 @@ start a 3-way merge with an index file that is already populated. Here is an outline of how the algorithm works: - if a file exists in identical format in all three trees, it will - automatically collapse to "merged" state by 'git-read-tree'. + automatically collapse to "merged" state by 'git read-tree'. - a file that has _any_ difference what-so-ever in the three trees will stay as separate entries in the index. It's up to "porcelain @@ -294,8 +303,8 @@ populated. Here is an outline of how the algorithm works: matching "stage1" entry if it exists too. .. all the normal trivial rules .. -You would normally use 'git-merge-index' with supplied -'git-merge-one-file' to do this last step. The script updates +You would normally use 'git merge-index' with supplied +'git merge-one-file' to do this last step. The script updates the files in the working tree as it merges each path and at the end of a successful merge. @@ -317,7 +326,7 @@ $ JC=`git rev-parse --verify "HEAD^0"` $ git checkout-index -f -u -a $JC ---------------- -You do random edits, without running 'git-update-index'. And then +You do random edits, without running 'git update-index'. And then you notice that the tip of your "upstream" tree has advanced since you pulled from him: @@ -343,20 +352,66 @@ your work-in-progress changes, and your work tree would be updated to the result of the merge. However, if you have local changes in the working tree that -would be overwritten by this merge, 'git-read-tree' will refuse +would be overwritten by this merge, 'git read-tree' will refuse to run to prevent your changes from being lost. In other words, there is no need to worry about what exists only in the working tree. When you have local changes in a part of the project that is not involved in the merge, your changes do not interfere with the merge, and are kept intact. When they -*do* interfere, the merge does not even start ('git-read-tree' +*do* interfere, the merge does not even start ('git read-tree' complains loudly and fails without modifying anything). In such a case, you can simply continue doing what you were in the middle of doing, and when your working tree is ready (i.e. you have finished your work-in-progress), attempt the merge again. +Sparse checkout +--------------- + +"Sparse checkout" allows to sparsely populate working directory. +It uses skip-worktree bit (see linkgit:git-update-index[1]) to tell +Git whether a file on working directory is worth looking at. + +"git read-tree" and other merge-based commands ("git merge", "git +checkout"...) can help maintaining skip-worktree bitmap and working +directory update. `$GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout` is used to +define the skip-worktree reference bitmap. When "git read-tree" needs +to update working directory, it will reset skip-worktree bit in index +based on this file, which uses the same syntax as .gitignore files. +If an entry matches a pattern in this file, skip-worktree will be +set on that entry. Otherwise, skip-worktree will be unset. + +Then it compares the new skip-worktree value with the previous one. If +skip-worktree turns from unset to set, it will add the corresponding +file back. If it turns from set to unset, that file will be removed. + +While `$GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout` is usually used to specify what +files are in. You can also specify what files are _not_ in, using +negate patterns. For example, to remove file "unwanted": + +---------------- +* +!unwanted +---------------- + +Another tricky thing is fully repopulating working directory when you +no longer want sparse checkout. You cannot just disable "sparse +checkout" because skip-worktree are still in the index and you working +directory is still sparsely populated. You should re-populate working +directory with the `$GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout` file content as +follows: + +---------------- +* +---------------- + +Then you can disable sparse checkout. Sparse checkout support in "git +read-tree" and similar commands is disabled by default. You need to +turn `core.sparseCheckout` on in order to have sparse checkout +support. + + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-write-tree[1]; linkgit:git-ls-files[1]; diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt index 3d5a066c31..823f2a4638 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -If <branch> is specified, 'git-rebase' will perform an automatic +If <branch> is specified, 'git rebase' will perform an automatic `git checkout <branch>` before doing anything else. Otherwise it remains on the current branch. @@ -170,8 +170,8 @@ This is useful if F and G were flawed in some way, or should not be part of topicA. Note that the argument to --onto and the <upstream> parameter can be any valid commit-ish. -In case of conflict, 'git-rebase' will stop at the first problematic commit -and leave conflict markers in the tree. You can use 'git-diff' to locate +In case of conflict, 'git rebase' will stop at the first problematic commit +and leave conflict markers in the tree. You can use 'git diff' to locate the markers (<<<<<<) and make edits to resolve the conflict. For each file you edit, you need to tell git that the conflict has been resolved, typically this would be done with @@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ desired resolution, you can continue the rebasing process with git rebase --continue -Alternatively, you can undo the 'git-rebase' with +Alternatively, you can undo the 'git rebase' with git rebase --abort @@ -228,14 +228,27 @@ OPTIONS Use merging strategies to rebase. When the recursive (default) merge strategy is used, this allows rebase to be aware of renames on the upstream side. ++ +Note that a rebase merge works by replaying each commit from the working +branch on top of the <upstream> branch. Because of this, when a merge +conflict happens, the side reported as 'ours' is the so-far rebased +series, starting with <upstream>, and 'theirs' is the working branch. In +other words, the sides are swapped. -s <strategy>:: --strategy=<strategy>:: - Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than - once to specify them in the order they should be tried. - If there is no `-s` option, a built-in list of strategies - is used instead ('git-merge-recursive' when merging a single - head, 'git-merge-octopus' otherwise). This implies --merge. + Use the given merge strategy. + If there is no `-s` option 'git merge-recursive' is used + instead. This implies --merge. ++ +Because 'git rebase' replays each commit from the working branch +on top of the <upstream> branch using the given strategy, using +the 'ours' strategy simply discards all patches from the <branch>, +which makes little sense. + +-q:: +--quiet:: + Be quiet. Implies --no-stat. -v:: --verbose:: @@ -265,14 +278,15 @@ OPTIONS exit with the message "Current branch is up to date" in such a situation. +--ignore-whitespace:: --whitespace=<option>:: - This flag is passed to the 'git-apply' program + These flag are passed to the 'git apply' program (see linkgit:git-apply[1]) that applies the patch. Incompatible with the --interactive option. --committer-date-is-author-date:: --ignore-date:: - These flags are passed to 'git-am' to easily change the dates + These flags are passed to 'git am' to easily change the dates of the rebased commits (see linkgit:git-am[1]). -i:: @@ -294,12 +308,22 @@ OPTIONS root commits will be rewritten to have <newbase> as parent instead. +--autosquash:: + When the commit log message begins with "squash! ..." (or + "fixup! ..."), and there is a commit whose title begins with + the same ..., automatically modify the todo list of rebase -i + so that the commit marked for squashing comes right after the + commit to be modified, and change the action of the moved + commit from `pick` to `squash` (or `fixup`). ++ +This option is only valid when '--interactive' option is used. + include::merge-strategies.txt[] NOTES ----- -You should understand the implications of using 'git-rebase' on a +You should understand the implications of using 'git rebase' on a repository that you share. See also RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE below. @@ -355,27 +379,33 @@ pick fa1afe1 The oneline of the next commit ... ------------------------------------------- -The oneline descriptions are purely for your pleasure; 'git-rebase' will +The oneline descriptions are purely for your pleasure; 'git rebase' will not look at them but at the commit names ("deadbee" and "fa1afe1" in this example), so do not delete or edit the names. By replacing the command "pick" with the command "edit", you can tell -'git-rebase' to stop after applying that commit, so that you can edit +'git rebase' to stop after applying that commit, so that you can edit the files and/or the commit message, amend the commit, and continue rebasing. +If you just want to edit the commit message for a commit, replace the +command "pick" with the command "reword". + If you want to fold two or more commits into one, replace the command -"pick" with "squash" for the second and subsequent commit. If the -commits had different authors, it will attribute the squashed commit to -the author of the first commit. +"pick" for the second and subsequent commits with "squash" or "fixup". +If the commits had different authors, the folded commit will be +attributed to the author of the first commit. The suggested commit +message for the folded commit is the concatenation of the commit +messages of the first commit and of those with the "squash" command, +but omits the commit messages of commits with the "fixup" command. -In both cases, or when a "pick" does not succeed (because of merge -errors), the loop will stop to let you fix things, and you can continue -the loop with `git rebase --continue`. +'git rebase' will stop when "pick" has been replaced with "edit" or +when a command fails due to merge errors. When you are done editing +and/or resolving conflicts you can continue with `git rebase --continue`. For example, if you want to reorder the last 5 commits, such that what was HEAD~4 becomes the new HEAD. To achieve that, you would call -'git-rebase' like this: +'git rebase' like this: ---------------------- $ git rebase -i HEAD~5 @@ -405,7 +435,7 @@ SPLITTING COMMITS ----------------- In interactive mode, you can mark commits with the action "edit". However, -this does not necessarily mean that 'git-rebase' expects the result of this +this does not necessarily mean that 'git rebase' expects the result of this edit to be exactly one commit. Indeed, you can undo the commit, or you can add other commits. This can be used to split a commit into two: @@ -421,7 +451,7 @@ add other commits. This can be used to split a commit into two: - Now add the changes to the index that you want to have in the first commit. You can use `git add` (possibly interactively) or - 'git-gui' (or both) to do that. + 'git gui' (or both) to do that. - Commit the now-current index with whatever commit message is appropriate now. @@ -432,7 +462,7 @@ add other commits. This can be used to split a commit into two: If you are not absolutely sure that the intermediate revisions are consistent (they compile, pass the testsuite, etc.) you should use -'git-stash' to stash away the not-yet-committed changes +'git stash' to stash away the not-yet-committed changes after each commit, test, and amend the commit if fixes are necessary. @@ -495,8 +525,8 @@ Easy case: The changes are literally the same.:: Hard case: The changes are not the same.:: This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase had conflicts, or used - `\--interactive` to omit, edit, or squash commits; or if the - upstream used one of `commit \--amend`, `reset`, or + `\--interactive` to omit, edit, squash, or fixup commits; or + if the upstream used one of `commit \--amend`, `reset`, or `filter-branch`. @@ -507,7 +537,7 @@ Only works if the changes (patch IDs based on the diff contents) on 'subsystem' are literally the same before and after the rebase 'subsystem' did. -In that case, the fix is easy because 'git-rebase' knows to skip +In that case, the fix is easy because 'git rebase' knows to skip changes that are already present in the new upstream. So if you say (assuming you're on 'topic') ------------ @@ -534,12 +564,12 @@ NOTE: While an "easy case recovery" sometimes appears to be successful example, a commit that was removed via `git rebase \--interactive` will be **resurrected**! -The idea is to manually tell 'git-rebase' "where the old 'subsystem' +The idea is to manually tell 'git rebase' "where the old 'subsystem' ended and your 'topic' began", that is, what the old merge-base between them was. You will have to find a way to name the last commit of the old 'subsystem', for example: -* With the 'subsystem' reflog: after 'git-fetch', the old tip of +* With the 'subsystem' reflog: after 'git fetch', the old tip of 'subsystem' is at `subsystem@\{1}`. Subsequent fetches will increase the number. (See linkgit:git-reflog[1].) diff --git a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt index 514f03c979..2790eebaff 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt @@ -8,19 +8,19 @@ git-receive-pack - Receive what is pushed into the repository SYNOPSIS -------- -'git receive-pack' <directory> +'git-receive-pack' <directory> DESCRIPTION ----------- -Invoked by 'git-send-pack' and updates the repository with the +Invoked by 'git send-pack' and updates the repository with the information fed from the remote end. This command is usually not invoked directly by the end user. -The UI for the protocol is on the 'git-send-pack' side, and the +The UI for the protocol is on the 'git send-pack' side, and the program pair is meant to be used to push updates to remote repository. For pull operations, see linkgit:git-fetch-pack[1]. -The command allows for creation and fast forwarding of sha1 refs +The command allows for creation and fast-forwarding of sha1 refs (heads/tags) on the remote end (strictly speaking, it is the local end 'git-receive-pack' runs, but to the user who is sitting at the send-pack end, it is updating the remote. Confused?) diff --git a/Documentation/git-reflog.txt b/Documentation/git-reflog.txt index 7f7a5445c7..4eaa62b691 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-reflog.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-reflog.txt @@ -18,9 +18,7 @@ depending on the subcommand: [verse] 'git reflog expire' [--dry-run] [--stale-fix] [--verbose] [--expire=<time>] [--expire-unreachable=<time>] [--all] <refs>... -+ 'git reflog delete' ref@\{specifier\}... -+ 'git reflog' ['show'] [log-options] [<ref>] Reflog is a mechanism to record when the tip of branches are @@ -60,7 +58,7 @@ OPTIONS refs. + This computation involves traversing all the reachable objects, i.e. it -has the same cost as 'git-prune'. Fortunately, once this is run, we +has the same cost as 'git prune'. Fortunately, once this is run, we should not have to ever worry about missing objects, because the current prune and pack-objects know about reflogs and protect objects referred by them. diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txt b/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1b5f61aa0b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txt @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ +git-remote-helpers(1) +===================== + +NAME +---- +git-remote-helpers - Helper programs for interoperation with remote git + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +'git remote-<transport>' <remote> + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +These programs are normally not used directly by end users, but are +invoked by various git programs that interact with remote repositories +when the repository they would operate on will be accessed using +transport code not linked into the main git binary. Various particular +helper programs will behave as documented here. + +COMMANDS +-------- + +Commands are given by the caller on the helper's standard input, one per line. + +'capabilities':: + Lists the capabilities of the helper, one per line, ending + with a blank line. Each capability may be preceded with '*'. + This marks them mandatory for git version using the remote + helper to understand (unknown mandatory capability is fatal + error). + +'list':: + Lists the refs, one per line, in the format "<value> <name> + [<attr> ...]". The value may be a hex sha1 hash, "@<dest>" for + a symref, or "?" to indicate that the helper could not get the + value of the ref. A space-separated list of attributes follows + the name; unrecognized attributes are ignored. After the + complete list, outputs a blank line. ++ +If 'push' is supported this may be called as 'list for-push' +to obtain the current refs prior to sending one or more 'push' +commands to the helper. + +'option' <name> <value>:: + Set the transport helper option <name> to <value>. Outputs a + single line containing one of 'ok' (option successfully set), + 'unsupported' (option not recognized) or 'error <msg>' + (option <name> is supported but <value> is not correct + for it). Options should be set before other commands, + and may how those commands behave. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "option" capability. + +'fetch' <sha1> <name>:: + Fetches the given object, writing the necessary objects + to the database. Fetch commands are sent in a batch, one + per line, and the batch is terminated with a blank line. + Outputs a single blank line when all fetch commands in the + same batch are complete. Only objects which were reported + in the ref list with a sha1 may be fetched this way. ++ +Optionally may output a 'lock <file>' line indicating a file under +GIT_DIR/objects/pack which is keeping a pack until refs can be +suitably updated. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "fetch" capability. + +'push' +<src>:<dst>:: + Pushes the given <src> commit or branch locally to the + remote branch described by <dst>. A batch sequence of + one or more push commands is terminated with a blank line. ++ +Zero or more protocol options may be entered after the last 'push' +command, before the batch's terminating blank line. ++ +When the push is complete, outputs one or more 'ok <dst>' or +'error <dst> <why>?' lines to indicate success or failure of +each pushed ref. The status report output is terminated by +a blank line. The option field <why> may be quoted in a C +style string if it contains an LF. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "push" capability. + +'import' <name>:: + Produces a fast-import stream which imports the current value + of the named ref. It may additionally import other refs as + needed to construct the history efficiently. The script writes + to a helper-specific private namespace. The value of the named + ref should be written to a location in this namespace derived + by applying the refspecs from the "refspec" capability to the + name of the ref. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "import" capability. + +'connect' <service>:: + Connects to given service. Standard input and standard output + of helper are connected to specified service (git prefix is + included in service name so e.g. fetching uses 'git-upload-pack' + as service) on remote side. Valid replies to this command are + empty line (connection established), 'fallback' (no smart + transport support, fall back to dumb transports) and just + exiting with error message printed (can't connect, don't + bother trying to fall back). After line feed terminating the + positive (empty) response, the output of service starts. After + the connection ends, the remote helper exits. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "connect" capability. + +If a fatal error occurs, the program writes the error message to +stderr and exits. The caller should expect that a suitable error +message has been printed if the child closes the connection without +completing a valid response for the current command. + +Additional commands may be supported, as may be determined from +capabilities reported by the helper. + +CAPABILITIES +------------ + +'fetch':: + This helper supports the 'fetch' command. + +'option':: + This helper supports the option command. + +'push':: + This helper supports the 'push' command. + +'import':: + This helper supports the 'import' command. + +'refspec' 'spec':: + When using the import command, expect the source ref to have + been written to the destination ref. The earliest applicable + refspec takes precedence. For example + "refs/heads/*:refs/svn/origin/branches/*" means that, after an + "import refs/heads/name", the script has written to + refs/svn/origin/branches/name. If this capability is used at + all, it must cover all refs reported by the list command; if + it is not used, it is effectively "*:*" + +'connect':: + This helper supports the 'connect' command. + +REF LIST ATTRIBUTES +------------------- + +'for-push':: + The caller wants to use the ref list to prepare push + commands. A helper might chose to acquire the ref list by + opening a different type of connection to the destination. + +'unchanged':: + This ref is unchanged since the last import or fetch, although + the helper cannot necessarily determine what value that produced. + +OPTIONS +------- +'option verbosity' <N>:: + Change the level of messages displayed by the helper. + When N is 0 the end-user has asked the process to be + quiet, and the helper should produce only error output. + N of 1 is the default level of verbosity, higher values + of N correspond to the number of -v flags passed on the + command line. + +'option progress' \{'true'|'false'\}:: + Enable (or disable) progress messages displayed by the + transport helper during a command. + +'option depth' <depth>:: + Deepen the history of a shallow repository. + +'option followtags' \{'true'|'false'\}:: + If enabled the helper should automatically fetch annotated + tag objects if the object the tag points at was transferred + during the fetch command. If the tag is not fetched by + the helper a second fetch command will usually be sent to + ask for the tag specifically. Some helpers may be able to + use this option to avoid a second network connection. + +'option dry-run' \{'true'|'false'\}: + If true, pretend the operation completed successfully, + but don't actually change any repository data. For most + helpers this only applies to the 'push', if supported. + +'option servpath <c-style-quoted-path>':: + Set service path (--upload-pack, --receive-pack etc.) for + next connect. Remote helper MAY support this option. Remote + helper MUST NOT rely on this option being set before + connect request occurs. + +Documentation +------------- +Documentation by Daniel Barkalow and Ilari Liusvaara + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-remote.txt index 82a3d29673..3fc599c0c7 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-remote.txt @@ -13,10 +13,13 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git remote add' [-t <branch>] [-m <master>] [-f] [--mirror] <name> <url> 'git remote rename' <old> <new> 'git remote rm' <name> -'git remote set-head' <name> [-a | -d | <branch>] -'git remote show' [-n] <name> +'git remote set-head' <name> (-a | -d | <branch>) +'git remote set-url' [--push] <name> <newurl> [<oldurl>] +'git remote set-url --add' [--push] <name> <newurl> +'git remote set-url --delete' [--push] <name> <url> +'git remote' [-v | --verbose] 'show' [-n] <name> 'git remote prune' [-n | --dry-run] <name> -'git remote update' [-p | --prune] [group | remote]... +'git remote' [-v | --verbose] 'update' [-p | --prune] [group | remote]... DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -30,6 +33,7 @@ OPTIONS -v:: --verbose:: Be a little more verbose and show remote url after name. + NOTE: This must be placed between `remote` and `subcommand`. COMMANDS @@ -100,6 +104,20 @@ remote set-head origin master" will set `$GIT_DIR/refs/remotes/origin/HEAD` to `refs/remotes/origin/master` already exists; if not it must be fetched first. + +'set-url':: + +Changes URL remote points to. Sets first URL remote points to matching +regex <oldurl> (first URL if no <oldurl> is given) to <newurl>. If +<oldurl> doesn't match any URL, error occurs and nothing is changed. ++ +With '--push', push URLs are manipulated instead of fetch URLs. ++ +With '--add', instead of changing some URL, new URL is added. ++ +With '--delete', instead of changing some URL, all URLs matching +regex <url> are deleted. Trying to delete all non-push URLs is an +error. + 'show':: Gives some information about the remote <name>. @@ -160,7 +178,7 @@ $ git checkout -b nfs linux-nfs/master ... ------------ -* Imitate 'git-clone' but track only selected branches +* Imitate 'git clone' but track only selected branches + ------------ $ mkdir project.git diff --git a/Documentation/git-repack.txt b/Documentation/git-repack.txt index aaa8852629..8c67d1724f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-repack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-repack.txt @@ -31,11 +31,14 @@ OPTIONS Instead of incrementally packing the unpacked objects, pack everything referenced into a single pack. Especially useful when packing a repository that is used - for private development and there is no need to worry - about people fetching via dumb protocols from it. Use + for private development. Use with '-d'. This will clean up the objects that `git prune` leaves behind, but `git fsck --full` shows as dangling. ++ +Note that users fetching over dumb protocols will have to fetch the +whole new pack in order to get any contained object, no matter how many +other objects in that pack they already have locally. -A:: Same as `-a`, unless '-d' is used. Then any unreachable @@ -46,16 +49,16 @@ OPTIONS deleted by way of being left in the old pack and then removed. Instead, the loose unreachable objects will be pruned according to normal expiry rules - with the next 'git-gc' invocation. See linkgit:git-gc[1]. + with the next 'git gc' invocation. See linkgit:git-gc[1]. -d:: After packing, if the newly created packs make some existing packs redundant, remove the redundant packs. - Also run 'git-prune-packed' to remove redundant + Also run 'git prune-packed' to remove redundant loose object files. -l:: - Pass the `--local` option to 'git-pack-objects'. See + Pass the `--local` option to 'git pack-objects'. See linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. -f:: @@ -63,12 +66,12 @@ OPTIONS linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. -q:: - Pass the `-q` option to 'git-pack-objects'. See + Pass the `-q` option to 'git pack-objects'. See linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. -n:: Do not update the server information with - 'git-update-server-info'. This option skips + 'git update-server-info'. This option skips updating local catalog files needed to publish this repository (or a direct copy of it) over HTTP or FTP. See linkgit:git-update-server-info[1]. @@ -95,24 +98,26 @@ OPTIONS `--window-memory=0` makes memory usage unlimited, which is the default. ---max-pack-size=<n>:: - Maximum size of each output packfile, expressed in MiB. +--max-pack-size=[N]:: + Maximum size of each output pack file. The size can be suffixed with + "k", "m", or "g". The minimum size allowed is limited to 1 MiB. If specified, multiple packfiles may be created. - The default is unlimited. + The default is unlimited, unless the config variable + `pack.packSizeLimit` is set. Configuration ------------- -When configuration variable `repack.UseDeltaBaseOffset` is set -for the repository, the command passes `--delta-base-offset` -option to 'git-pack-objects'; this typically results in slightly -smaller packs, but the generated packs are incompatible with -versions of git older than (and including) v1.4.3; do not set -the variable in a repository that older version of git needs to -be able to read (this includes repositories from which packs can -be copied out over http or rsync, and people who obtained packs -that way can try to use older git with it). +By default, the command passes `--delta-base-offset` option to +'git pack-objects'; this typically results in slightly smaller packs, +but the generated packs are incompatible with versions of Git older than +version 1.4.4. If you need to share your repository with such ancient Git +versions, either directly or via the dumb http or rsync protocol, then you +need to set the configuration variable `repack.UseDeltaBaseOffset` to +"false" and repack. Access from old Git versions over the native protocol +is unaffected by this option as the conversion is performed on the fly +as needed in that case. Author diff --git a/Documentation/git-replace.txt b/Documentation/git-replace.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fde2092582 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-replace.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +git-replace(1) +============== + +NAME +---- +git-replace - Create, list, delete refs to replace objects + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git replace' [-f] <object> <replacement> +'git replace' -d <object>... +'git replace' -l [<pattern>] + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +Adds a 'replace' reference in `.git/refs/replace/` + +The name of the 'replace' reference is the SHA1 of the object that is +replaced. The content of the 'replace' reference is the SHA1 of the +replacement object. + +Unless `-f` is given, the 'replace' reference must not yet exist in +`.git/refs/replace/` directory. + +Replacement references will be used by default by all git commands +except those doing reachability traversal (prune, pack transfer and +fsck). + +It is possible to disable use of replacement references for any +command using the `--no-replace-objects` option just after 'git'. + +For example if commit 'foo' has been replaced by commit 'bar': + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git --no-replace-objects cat-file commit foo +------------------------------------------------ + +shows information about commit 'foo', while: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git cat-file commit foo +------------------------------------------------ + +shows information about commit 'bar'. + +The 'GIT_NO_REPLACE_OBJECTS' environment variable can be set to +achieve the same effect as the `--no-replace-objects` option. + +OPTIONS +------- +-f:: + If an existing replace ref for the same object exists, it will + be overwritten (instead of failing). + +-d:: + Delete existing replace refs for the given objects. + +-l <pattern>:: + List replace refs for objects that match the given pattern (or + all if no pattern is given). + Typing "git replace" without arguments, also lists all replace + refs. + +BUGS +---- +Comparing blobs or trees that have been replaced with those that +replace them will not work properly. And using `git reset --hard` to +go back to a replaced commit will move the branch to the replacement +commit instead of the replaced commit. + +There may be other problems when using 'git rev-list' related to +pending objects. And of course things may break if an object of one +type is replaced by an object of another type (for example a blob +replaced by a commit). + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-tag[1] +linkgit:git-branch[1] +linkgit:git[1] + +Author +------ +Written by Christian Couder <chriscool@tuxfamily.org> and Junio C +Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>, based on 'git tag' by Kristian Hogsberg +<krh@redhat.com> and Carlos Rica <jasampler@gmail.com>. + +Documentation +-------------- +Documentation by Christian Couder <chriscool@tuxfamily.org> and the +git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>, based on 'git tag' documentation. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-rerere.txt b/Documentation/git-rerere.txt index a53c3cd35b..acc220a00f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rerere.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rerere.txt @@ -23,21 +23,21 @@ on the initial manual merge, and applying previously recorded hand resolutions to their corresponding automerge results. [NOTE] -You need to set the configuration variable rerere.enabled to +You need to set the configuration variable rerere.enabled in order to enable this command. COMMANDS -------- -Normally, 'git-rerere' is run without arguments or user-intervention. +Normally, 'git rerere' is run without arguments or user-intervention. However, it has several commands that allow it to interact with its working state. 'clear':: This resets the metadata used by rerere if a merge resolution is to be -aborted. Calling 'git-am [--skip|--abort]' or 'git-rebase [--skip|--abort]' +aborted. Calling 'git am [--skip|--abort]' or 'git rebase [--skip|--abort]' will automatically invoke this command. 'diff':: @@ -142,32 +142,32 @@ finally ready and merged into the master branch. This merge would require you to resolve the conflict, introduced by the commits marked with `*`. However, this conflict is often the same conflict you resolved when you created the test merge you -blew away. 'git-rerere' helps you resolve this final +blew away. 'git rerere' helps you resolve this final conflicted merge using the information from your earlier hand resolve. -Running the 'git-rerere' command immediately after a conflicted +Running the 'git rerere' command immediately after a conflicted automerge records the conflicted working tree files, with the usual conflict markers `<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>` in them. Later, after you are done resolving the conflicts, -running 'git-rerere' again will record the resolved state of these +running 'git rerere' again will record the resolved state of these files. Suppose you did this when you created the test merge of master into the topic branch. Next time, after seeing the same conflicted automerge, -running 'git-rerere' will perform a three-way merge between the +running 'git rerere' will perform a three-way merge between the earlier conflicted automerge, the earlier manual resolution, and the current conflicted automerge. If this three-way merge resolves cleanly, the result is written out to your working tree file, so you do not have to manually -resolve it. Note that 'git-rerere' leaves the index file alone, +resolve it. Note that 'git rerere' leaves the index file alone, so you still need to do the final sanity checks with `git diff` -(or `git diff -c`) and 'git-add' when you are satisfied. +(or `git diff -c`) and 'git add' when you are satisfied. -As a convenience measure, 'git-merge' automatically invokes -'git-rerere' upon exiting with a failed automerge and 'git-rerere' +As a convenience measure, 'git merge' automatically invokes +'git rerere' upon exiting with a failed automerge and 'git rerere' records the hand resolve when it is a new conflict, or reuses the earlier hand -resolve when it is not. 'git-commit' also invokes 'git-rerere' +resolve when it is not. 'git commit' also invokes 'git rerere' when committing a merge result. What this means is that you do not have to do anything special yourself (besides enabling the rerere.enabled config variable). @@ -177,8 +177,8 @@ resolution is recorded, and it will be reused when you do the actual merge later with the updated master and topic branch, as long as the recorded resolution is still applicable. -The information 'git-rerere' records is also used when running -'git-rebase'. After blowing away the test merge and continuing +The information 'git rerere' records is also used when running +'git rebase'. After blowing away the test merge and continuing development on the topic branch: ------------ @@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ you could run `git rebase master topic`, to bring yourself up-to-date before your topic is ready to be sent upstream. This would result in falling back to a three-way merge, and it would conflict the same way as the test merge you resolved earlier. -'git-rerere' will be run by 'git-rebase' to help you resolve this +'git rerere' will be run by 'git rebase' to help you resolve this conflict. diff --git a/Documentation/git-reset.txt b/Documentation/git-reset.txt index abb25d1c00..645f0c1748 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-reset.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-reset.txt @@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ git-reset - Reset current HEAD to the specified state SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git reset' [--mixed | --soft | --hard | --merge] [-q] [<commit>] +'git reset' [--mixed | --soft | --hard | --merge | --keep] [-q] [<commit>] 'git reset' [-q] [<commit>] [--] <paths>... +'git reset' --patch [<commit>] [--] [<paths>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -23,8 +24,9 @@ the undo in the history. If you want to undo a commit other than the latest on a branch, linkgit:git-revert[1] is your friend. -The second form with 'paths' is used to revert selected paths in -the index from a given commit, without moving HEAD. +The second and third forms with 'paths' and/or --patch are used to +revert selected paths in the index from a given commit, without moving +HEAD. OPTIONS @@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ OPTIONS --soft:: Does not touch the index file nor the working tree at all, but requires them to be in a good order. This leaves all your changed - files "Changes to be committed", as 'git-status' would + files "Changes to be committed", as 'git status' would put it. --hard:: @@ -50,12 +52,136 @@ OPTIONS and updates the files that are different between the named commit and the current commit in the working tree. +--keep:: + Reset the index to the given commit, keeping local changes in + the working tree since the current commit, while updating + working tree files without local changes to what appears in + the given commit. If a file that is different between the + current commit and the given commit has local changes, reset + is aborted. + +-p:: +--patch:: + Interactively select hunks in the difference between the index + and <commit> (defaults to HEAD). The chosen hunks are applied + in reverse to the index. ++ +This means that `git reset -p` is the opposite of `git add -p` (see +linkgit:git-add[1]). + -q:: +--quiet:: Be quiet, only report errors. <commit>:: Commit to make the current HEAD. If not given defaults to HEAD. +DISCUSSION +---------- + +The tables below show what happens when running: + +---------- +git reset --option target +---------- + +to reset the HEAD to another commit (`target`) with the different +reset options depending on the state of the files. + +In these tables, A, B, C and D are some different states of a +file. For example, the first line of the first table means that if a +file is in state A in the working tree, in state B in the index, in +state C in HEAD and in state D in the target, then "git reset --soft +target" will put the file in state A in the working tree, in state B +in the index and in state D in HEAD. + + working index HEAD target working index HEAD + ---------------------------------------------------- + A B C D --soft A B D + --mixed A D D + --hard D D D + --merge (disallowed) + --keep (disallowed) + + working index HEAD target working index HEAD + ---------------------------------------------------- + A B C C --soft A B C + --mixed A C C + --hard C C C + --merge (disallowed) + --keep A C C + + working index HEAD target working index HEAD + ---------------------------------------------------- + B B C D --soft B B D + --mixed B D D + --hard D D D + --merge D D D + --keep (disallowed) + + working index HEAD target working index HEAD + ---------------------------------------------------- + B B C C --soft B B C + --mixed B C C + --hard C C C + --merge C C C + --keep B C C + + working index HEAD target working index HEAD + ---------------------------------------------------- + B C C D --soft B C D + --mixed B D D + --hard D D D + --merge (disallowed) + --keep (disallowed) + + working index HEAD target working index HEAD + ---------------------------------------------------- + B C C C --soft B C C + --mixed B C C + --hard C C C + --merge B C C + --keep B C C + +"reset --merge" is meant to be used when resetting out of a conflicted +merge. Any mergy operation guarantees that the work tree file that is +involved in the merge does not have local change wrt the index before +it starts, and that it writes the result out to the work tree. So if +we see some difference between the index and the target and also +between the index and the work tree, then it means that we are not +resetting out from a state that a mergy operation left after failing +with a conflict. That is why we disallow --merge option in this case. + +"reset --keep" is meant to be used when removing some of the last +commits in the current branch while keeping changes in the working +tree. If there could be conflicts between the changes in the commit we +want to remove and the changes in the working tree we want to keep, +the reset is disallowed. That's why it is disallowed if there are both +changes between the working tree and HEAD, and between HEAD and the +target. To be safe, it is also disallowed when there are unmerged +entries. + +The following tables show what happens when there are unmerged +entries: + + working index HEAD target working index HEAD + ---------------------------------------------------- + X U A B --soft (disallowed) + --mixed X B B + --hard B B B + --merge B B B + --keep (disallowed) + + working index HEAD target working index HEAD + ---------------------------------------------------- + X U A A --soft (disallowed) + --mixed X A A + --hard A A A + --merge A A A + --keep (disallowed) + +X means any state and U means an unmerged index. + Examples -------- @@ -139,7 +265,7 @@ Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result. $ git reset --hard <2> $ git pull . topic/branch <3> Updating from 41223... to 13134... -Fast forward +Fast-forward $ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD <4> ------------ + @@ -150,7 +276,7 @@ right now, so you decide to do that later. which is a synonym for "git reset --hard HEAD" clears the mess from the index file and the working tree. <3> Merge a topic branch into the current branch, which resulted -in a fast forward. +in a fast-forward. <4> But you decided that the topic branch is not ready for public consumption yet. "pull" or "merge" always leaves the original tip of the current branch in ORIG_HEAD, so resetting hard to it @@ -224,6 +350,32 @@ $ git add frotz.c <3> <2> This commits all other changes in the index. <3> Adds the file to the index again. +Keep changes in working tree while discarding some previous commits:: ++ +Suppose you are working on something and you commit it, and then you +continue working a bit more, but now you think that what you have in +your working tree should be in another branch that has nothing to do +with what you commited previously. You can start a new branch and +reset it while keeping the changes in your work tree. ++ +------------ +$ git tag start +$ git checkout -b branch1 +$ edit +$ git commit ... <1> +$ edit +$ git checkout -b branch2 <2> +$ git reset --keep start <3> +------------ ++ +<1> This commits your first edits in branch1. +<2> In the ideal world, you could have realized that the earlier + commit did not belong to the new topic when you created and switched + to branch2 (i.e. "git checkout -b branch2 start"), but nobody is + perfect. +<3> But you can use "reset --keep" to remove the unwanted commit after + you switched to "branch2". + Author ------ Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt index ae1186e340..173f3fc785 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt @@ -9,20 +9,22 @@ git-rev-list - Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-rev-list' [ \--max-count=number ] +'git rev-list' [ \--max-count=number ] [ \--skip=number ] [ \--max-age=timestamp ] [ \--min-age=timestamp ] [ \--sparse ] + [ \--merges ] [ \--no-merges ] [ \--first-parent ] [ \--remove-empty ] [ \--full-history ] [ \--not ] [ \--all ] - [ \--branches ] - [ \--tags ] - [ \--remotes ] + [ \--branches[=pattern] ] + [ \--tags[=pattern] ] + [ \--remotes[=pattern] ] + [ \--glob=glob-pattern ] [ \--stdin ] [ \--quiet ] [ \--topo-order ] @@ -50,20 +52,26 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order starting at the -given commit(s), taking ancestry relationship into account. This is -useful to produce human-readable log output. +List commits that are reachable by following the `parent` links from the +given commit(s), but exclude commits that are reachable from the one(s) +given with a '{caret}' in front of them. The output is given in reverse +chronological order by default. -Commits which are stated with a preceding '{caret}' cause listing to -stop at that point. Their parents are implied. Thus the following -command: +You can think of this as a set operation. Commits given on the command +line form a set of commits that are reachable from any of them, and then +commits reachable from any of the ones given with '{caret}' in front are +subtracted from that set. The remaining commits are what comes out in the +command's output. Various other options and paths parameters can be used +to further limit the result. + +Thus, the following command: ----------------------------------------------------------------------- $ git rev-list foo bar ^baz ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -means "list all the commits which are included in 'foo' and 'bar', but -not in 'baz'". +means "list all the commits which are reachable from 'foo' or 'bar', but +not from 'baz'". A special notation "'<commit1>'..'<commit2>'" can be used as a short-hand for "{caret}'<commit1>' '<commit2>'". For example, either of @@ -86,8 +94,8 @@ between the two operands. The following two commands are equivalent: 'rev-list' is a very essential git command, since it provides the ability to build and traverse commit ancestry graphs. For this reason, it has a lot of different options that enables it to be -used by commands as different as 'git-bisect' and -'git-repack'. +used by commands as different as 'git bisect' and +'git repack'. OPTIONS ------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt index 52c353e674..8db600f6ba 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt @@ -15,28 +15,38 @@ DESCRIPTION Many git porcelainish commands take mixture of flags (i.e. parameters that begin with a dash '-') and parameters -meant for the underlying 'git-rev-list' command they use internally +meant for the underlying 'git rev-list' command they use internally and flags and parameters for the other commands they use -downstream of 'git-rev-list'. This command is used to +downstream of 'git rev-list'. This command is used to distinguish between them. OPTIONS ------- --parseopt:: - Use 'git-rev-parse' in option parsing mode (see PARSEOPT section below). + Use 'git rev-parse' in option parsing mode (see PARSEOPT section below). --keep-dashdash:: Only meaningful in `--parseopt` mode. Tells the option parser to echo out the first `--` met instead of skipping it. +--stop-at-non-option:: + Only meaningful in `--parseopt` mode. Lets the option parser stop at + the first non-option argument. This can be used to parse sub-commands + that take options themselves. + +--sq-quote:: + Use 'git rev-parse' in shell quoting mode (see SQ-QUOTE + section below). In contrast to the `--sq` option below, this + mode does only quoting. Nothing else is done to command input. + --revs-only:: Do not output flags and parameters not meant for - 'git-rev-list' command. + 'git rev-list' command. --no-revs:: Do not output flags and parameters meant for - 'git-rev-list' command. + 'git rev-list' command. --flags:: Do not output non-flag parameters. @@ -64,7 +74,8 @@ OPTIONS properly quoted for consumption by shell. Useful when you expect your parameter to contain whitespaces and newlines (e.g. when using pickaxe `-S` with - 'git-diff-\*'). + 'git diff-\*'). In contrast to the `--sq-quote` option, + the command input is still interpreted as usual. --not:: When showing object names, prefix them with '{caret}' and @@ -90,16 +101,28 @@ OPTIONS abbreviation mode. --all:: - Show all refs found in `$GIT_DIR/refs`. - ---branches:: - Show branch refs found in `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads`. + Show all refs found in `refs/`. + +--branches[=pattern]:: +--tags[=pattern]:: +--remotes[=pattern]:: + Show all branches, tags, or remote-tracking branches, + respectively (i.e., refs found in `refs/heads`, + `refs/tags`, or `refs/remotes`, respectively). ++ +If a `pattern` is given, only refs matching the given shell glob are +shown. If the pattern does not contain a globbing character (`?`, +`\*`, or `[`), it is turned into a prefix match by appending `/\*`. ---tags:: - Show tag refs found in `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags`. +--glob=pattern:: + Show all refs matching the shell glob pattern `pattern`. If + the pattern does not start with `refs/`, this is automatically + prepended. If the pattern does not contain a globbing + character (`?`, `\*`, or `[`), it is turned into a prefix + match by appending `/\*`. ---remotes:: - Show tag refs found in `$GIT_DIR/refs/remotes`. +--show-toplevel:: + Show the absolute path of the top-level directory. --show-prefix:: When the command is invoked from a subdirectory, show the @@ -125,6 +148,12 @@ OPTIONS --is-bare-repository:: When the repository is bare print "true", otherwise "false". +--local-env-vars:: + List the GIT_* environment variables that are local to the + repository (e.g. GIT_DIR or GIT_WORK_TREE, but not GIT_EDITOR). + Only the names of the variables are listed, not their value, + even if they are set. + --short:: --short=number:: Instead of outputting the full SHA1 values of object names try to @@ -134,12 +163,12 @@ OPTIONS --since=datestring:: --after=datestring:: Parse the date string, and output the corresponding - --max-age= parameter for 'git-rev-list'. + --max-age= parameter for 'git rev-list'. --until=datestring:: --before=datestring:: Parse the date string, and output the corresponding - --min-age= parameter for 'git-rev-list'. + --min-age= parameter for 'git rev-list'. <args>...:: Flags and parameters to be parsed. @@ -160,12 +189,12 @@ blobs contained in a commit. name the same commit object if there are no other object in your repository whose object name starts with dae86e. -* An output from 'git-describe'; i.e. a closest tag, optionally +* An output from 'git describe'; i.e. a closest tag, optionally followed by a dash and a number of commits, followed by a dash, a `g`, and an abbreviated object name. * A symbolic ref name. E.g. 'master' typically means the commit - object referenced by $GIT_DIR/refs/heads/master. If you + object referenced by refs/heads/master. If you happen to have both heads/master and tags/master, you can explicitly say 'heads/master' to tell git which one you mean. When ambiguous, a `<name>` is disambiguated by taking the @@ -174,25 +203,28 @@ blobs contained in a commit. . if `$GIT_DIR/<name>` exists, that is what you mean (this is usually useful only for `HEAD`, `FETCH_HEAD`, `ORIG_HEAD` and `MERGE_HEAD`); - . otherwise, `$GIT_DIR/refs/<name>` if exists; + . otherwise, `refs/<name>` if exists; - . otherwise, `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<name>` if exists; + . otherwise, `refs/tags/<name>` if exists; - . otherwise, `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<name>` if exists; + . otherwise, `refs/heads/<name>` if exists; - . otherwise, `$GIT_DIR/refs/remotes/<name>` if exists; + . otherwise, `refs/remotes/<name>` if exists; - . otherwise, `$GIT_DIR/refs/remotes/<name>/HEAD` if exists. + . otherwise, `refs/remotes/<name>/HEAD` if exists. + HEAD names the commit your changes in the working tree is based on. FETCH_HEAD records the branch you fetched from a remote repository -with your last 'git-fetch' invocation. +with your last 'git fetch' invocation. ORIG_HEAD is created by commands that moves your HEAD in a drastic way, to record the position of the HEAD before their operation, so that you can change the tip of the branch back to the state before you ran them easily. MERGE_HEAD records the commit(s) you are merging into your branch -when you run 'git-merge'. +when you run 'git merge'. ++ +Note that any of the `refs/*` cases above may come either from +the `$GIT_DIR/refs` directory or from the `$GIT_DIR/packed-refs` file. * A ref followed by the suffix '@' with a date specification enclosed in a brace @@ -220,6 +252,10 @@ when you run 'git-merge'. * The special construct '@\{-<n>\}' means the <n>th branch checked out before the current one. +* The suffix '@\{upstream\}' to a ref (short form 'ref@\{u\}') refers to + the branch the ref is set to build on top of. Missing ref defaults + to the current branch. + * A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter means the first parent of that commit object. '{caret}<n>' means the <n>th parent (i.e. 'rev{caret}' @@ -297,7 +333,7 @@ G H I J SPECIFYING RANGES ----------------- -History traversing commands such as 'git-log' operate on a set +History traversing commands such as 'git log' operate on a set of commits, not just a single commit. To these commands, specifying a single revision with the notation described in the previous section means the set of commits reachable from that @@ -338,7 +374,7 @@ Here are a handful of examples: PARSEOPT -------- -In `--parseopt` mode, 'git-rev-parse' helps massaging options to bring to shell +In `--parseopt` mode, 'git rev-parse' helps massaging options to bring to shell scripts the same facilities C builtins have. It works as an option normalizer (e.g. splits single switches aggregate values), a bit like `getopt(1)` does. @@ -350,7 +386,7 @@ usage on the standard error stream, and exits with code 129. Input Format ~~~~~~~~~~~~ -'git-rev-parse --parseopt' input format is fully text based. It has two parts, +'git rev-parse --parseopt' input format is fully text based. It has two parts, separated by a line that contains only `--`. The lines before the separator (should be more than one) are used for the usage. The lines after the separator describe the options. @@ -406,6 +442,33 @@ C? option C with an optional argument" eval `echo "$OPTS_SPEC" | git rev-parse --parseopt -- "$@" || echo exit $?` ------------ +SQ-QUOTE +-------- + +In `--sq-quote` mode, 'git rev-parse' echoes on the standard output a +single line suitable for `sh(1)` `eval`. This line is made by +normalizing the arguments following `--sq-quote`. Nothing other than +quoting the arguments is done. + +If you want command input to still be interpreted as usual by +'git rev-parse' before the output is shell quoted, see the `--sq` +option. + +Example +~~~~~~~ + +------------ +$ cat >your-git-script.sh <<\EOF +#!/bin/sh +args=$(git rev-parse --sq-quote "$@") # quote user-supplied arguments +command="git frotz -n24 $args" # and use it inside a handcrafted + # command line +eval "$command" +EOF + +$ sh your-git-script.sh "a b'c" +------------ + EXAMPLES -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-revert.txt b/Documentation/git-revert.txt index 5e1175800a..c66bf8072e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-revert.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-revert.txt @@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ effect of an earlier commit (often a faulty one). If you want to throw away all uncommitted changes in your working directory, you should see linkgit:git-reset[1], particularly the '--hard' option. If you want to extract specific files as they were in another commit, you -should see linkgit:git-checkout[1], specifically the 'git checkout -<commit> -- <filename>' syntax. Take care with these alternatives as +should see linkgit:git-checkout[1], specifically the `git checkout +<commit> -- <filename>` syntax. Take care with these alternatives as both will discard uncommitted changes in your working directory. OPTIONS @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ OPTIONS -e:: --edit:: - With this option, 'git-revert' will let you edit the commit + With this option, 'git revert' will let you edit the commit message prior to committing the revert. This is the default if you run the command from a terminal. @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ See the link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for more details. --no-edit:: - With this option, 'git-revert' will not start the commit + With this option, 'git revert' will not start the commit message editor. -n:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-rm.txt b/Documentation/git-rm.txt index 5afb1e7428..c21d19e573 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rm.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rm.txt @@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- Remove files from the index, or from the working tree and the index. -'git-rm' will not remove a file from just your working directory. -(There is no option to remove a file only from the work tree +`git rm` will not remove a file from just your working directory. +(There is no option to remove a file only from the working tree and yet keep it in the index; use `/bin/rm` if you want to do that.) The files being removed have to be identical to the tip of the branch, and no updates to their contents can be staged in the index, though that default behavior can be overridden with the `-f` option. -When '--cached' is given, the staged content has to +When `--cached` is given, the staged content has to match either the tip of the branch or the file on disk, allowing the file to be removed from just the index. @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ OPTIONS -q:: --quiet:: - 'git-rm' normally outputs one line (in the form of an "rm" command) + `git rm` normally outputs one line (in the form of an `rm` command) for each file removed. This option suppresses that output. @@ -81,6 +81,58 @@ two directories `d` and `d2`, there is a difference between using `git rm \'d\*\'` and `git rm \'d/\*\'`, as the former will also remove all of directory `d2`. +REMOVING FILES THAT HAVE DISAPPEARED FROM THE FILESYSTEM +-------------------------------------------------------- +There is no option for `git rm` to remove from the index only +the paths that have disappeared from the filesystem. However, +depending on the use case, there are several ways that can be +done. + +Using "git commit -a" +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +If you intend that your next commit should record all modifications +of tracked files in the working tree and record all removals of +files that have been removed from the working tree with `rm` +(as opposed to `git rm`), use `git commit -a`, as it will +automatically notice and record all removals. You can also have a +similar effect without committing by using `git add -u`. + +Using "git add -A" +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +When accepting a new code drop for a vendor branch, you probably +want to record both the removal of paths and additions of new paths +as well as modifications of existing paths. + +Typically you would first remove all tracked files from the working +tree using this command: + +---------------- +git ls-files -z | xargs -0 rm -f +---------------- + +and then "untar" the new code in the working tree. Alternately +you could "rsync" the changes into the working tree. + +After that, the easiest way to record all removals, additions, and +modifications in the working tree is: + +---------------- +git add -A +---------------- + +See linkgit:git-add[1]. + +Other ways +~~~~~~~~~~ +If all you really want to do is to remove from the index the files +that are no longer present in the working tree (perhaps because +your working tree is dirty so that you cannot use `git commit -a`), +use the following command: + +---------------- +git diff --name-only --diff-filter=D -z | xargs -0 git rm --cached +---------------- + EXAMPLES -------- git rm Documentation/\\*.txt:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt index a2821907c7..ced35b2f53 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt @@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ OPTIONS Composing ~~~~~~~~~ +--annotate:: + Review and edit each patch you're about to send. See the + CONFIGURATION section for 'sendemail.multiedit'. + --bcc=<address>:: Specify a "Bcc:" value for each email. Default is the value of 'sendemail.bcc'. @@ -55,14 +59,9 @@ The --bcc option must be repeated for each user you want on the bcc list. + The --cc option must be repeated for each user you want on the cc list. ---annotate:: - Review each patch you're about to send in an editor. The setting - 'sendemail.multiedit' defines if this will spawn one editor per patch - or one for all of them at once. - --compose:: - Use $GIT_EDITOR, core.editor, $VISUAL, or $EDITOR to edit an - introductory message for the patch series. + Invoke a text editor (see GIT_EDITOR in linkgit:git-var[1]) + to edit an introductory message for the patch series. + When '--compose' is used, git send-email will use the From, Subject, and In-Reply-To headers specified in the message. If the body of the message @@ -71,16 +70,21 @@ In-Reply-To headers specified in the message. If the body of the message and In-Reply-To headers will be used unless they are removed. + Missing From or In-Reply-To headers will be prompted for. ++ +See the CONFIGURATION section for 'sendemail.multiedit'. --from=<address>:: - Specify the sender of the emails. This will default to - the value GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT, as returned by "git var -l". - The user will still be prompted to confirm this entry. + Specify the sender of the emails. If not specified on the command line, + the value of the 'sendemail.from' configuration option is used. If + neither the command line option nor 'sendemail.from' are set, then the + user will be prompted for the value. The default for the prompt will be + the value of GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT, or GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT if that is not + set, as returned by "git var -l". --in-reply-to=<identifier>:: Specify the contents of the first In-Reply-To header. Subsequent emails will refer to the previous email - instead of this if --chain-reply-to is set (the default) + instead of this if --chain-reply-to is set. Only necessary if --compose is also set. If --compose is not set, this will be prompted for. @@ -104,9 +108,10 @@ Sending --envelope-sender=<address>:: Specify the envelope sender used to send the emails. This is useful if your default address is not the address that is - subscribed to a list. If you use the sendmail binary, you must have - suitable privileges for the -f parameter. Default is the value of - the 'sendemail.envelopesender' configuration variable; if that is + subscribed to a list. In order to use the 'From' address, set the + value to "auto". If you use the sendmail binary, you must have + suitable privileges for the -f parameter. Default is the value of the + 'sendemail.envelopesender' configuration variable; if that is unspecified, choosing the envelope sender is left to your MTA. --smtp-encryption=<encryption>:: @@ -138,8 +143,11 @@ user is prompted for a password while the input is masked for privacy. --smtp-server-port=<port>:: Specifies a port different from the default port (SMTP - servers typically listen to smtp port 25 and ssmtp port - 465). This can be set with 'sendemail.smtpserverport'. + servers typically listen to smtp port 25, but may also listen to + submission port 587, or the common SSL smtp port 465); + symbolic port names (e.g. "submission" instead of 587) + are also accepted. The port can also be set with the + 'sendemail.smtpserverport' configuration variable. --smtp-ssl:: Legacy alias for '--smtp-encryption ssl'. @@ -159,13 +167,13 @@ Automating Output of this command must be single email address per line. Default is the value of 'sendemail.cccmd' configuration value. ---[no-]chain-reply-to=<identifier>:: +--[no-]chain-reply-to:: If this is set, each email will be sent as a reply to the previous email sent. If disabled with "--no-chain-reply-to", all emails after the first will be sent as replies to the first email sent. When using this, it is recommended that the first file given be an overview of the - entire patch series. Default is the value of the 'sendemail.chainreplyto' - configuration value; if that is unspecified, default to --chain-reply-to. + entire patch series. Disabled by default, but the 'sendemail.chainreplyto' + configuration variable can be used to enable it. --identity=<identity>:: A configuration identity. When given, causes values in the @@ -187,12 +195,12 @@ Automating - 'self' will avoid including the sender - 'cc' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Cc lines in the patch header except for self (use 'self' for that). -- 'ccbody' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Cc lines in the +- 'bodycc' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Cc lines in the patch body (commit message) except for self (use 'self' for that). - 'sob' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Signed-off-by lines except for self (use 'self' for that). - 'cccmd' will avoid running the --cc-cmd. -- 'body' is equivalent to 'sob' + 'ccbody' +- 'body' is equivalent to 'sob' + 'bodycc' - 'all' will suppress all auto cc values. -- + @@ -206,10 +214,22 @@ specified, as well as 'body' if --no-signed-off-cc is specified. value; if that is unspecified, default to --no-suppress-from. --[no-]thread:: - If this is set, the In-Reply-To header will be set on each email sent. - If disabled with "--no-thread", no emails will have the In-Reply-To - header set. Default is the value of the 'sendemail.thread' configuration - value; if that is unspecified, default to --thread. + If this is set, the In-Reply-To and References headers will be + added to each email sent. Whether each mail refers to the + previous email (`deep` threading per 'git format-patch' + wording) or to the first email (`shallow` threading) is + governed by "--[no-]chain-reply-to". ++ +If disabled with "--no-thread", those headers will not be added +(unless specified with --in-reply-to). Default is the value of the +'sendemail.thread' configuration value; if that is unspecified, +default to --thread. ++ +It is up to the user to ensure that no In-Reply-To header already +exists when 'git send-email' is asked to add it (especially note that +'git format-patch' can be configured to do the threading itself). +Failure to do so may not produce the expected result in the +recipient's MUA. Administering @@ -234,6 +254,12 @@ have been specified, in which case default to 'compose'. --dry-run:: Do everything except actually send the emails. +--[no-]format-patch:: + When an argument may be understood either as a reference or as a file name, + choose to understand it as a format-patch argument ('--format-patch') + or as a file name ('--no-format-patch'). By default, when such a conflict + occurs, git send-email will fail. + --quiet:: Make git-send-email less verbose. One line per email should be all that is output. @@ -250,12 +276,6 @@ have been specified, in which case default to 'compose'. Default is the value of 'sendemail.validate'; if this is not set, default to '--validate'. ---[no-]format-patch:: - When an argument may be understood either as a reference or as a file name, - choose to understand it as a format-patch argument ('--format-patch') - or as a file name ('--no-format-patch'). By default, when such a conflict - occurs, git send-email will fail. - CONFIGURATION ------------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt index 399821832c..deaa7d9654 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -Usually you would want to use 'git-push', which is a +Usually you would want to use 'git push', which is a higher-level wrapper of this command, instead. See linkgit:git-push[1]. Invokes 'git-receive-pack' on a possibly remote repository, and @@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ OPTIONS Run verbosely. --thin:: - Spend extra cycles to minimize the number of objects to be sent. - Use it on slower connection. + Send a "thin" pack, which records objects in deltified form based + on objects not included in the pack to reduce network traffic. <host>:: A remote host to house the repository. When this @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ and the destination side (after the colon). The ref to be pushed is determined by finding a match that matches the source side, and where it is pushed is determined by using the destination side. The rules used to match a ref are the same -rules used by 'git-rev-parse' to resolve a symbolic ref +rules used by 'git rev-parse' to resolve a symbolic ref name. See linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. - It is an error if <src> does not match exactly one of the @@ -105,11 +105,11 @@ name. See linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. Without '--force', the <src> ref is stored at the remote only if <dst> does not exist, or <dst> is a proper subset (i.e. an -ancestor) of <src>. This check, known as "fast forward check", +ancestor) of <src>. This check, known as "fast-forward check", is performed in order to avoid accidentally overwriting the remote ref and lose other peoples' commits from there. -With '--force', the fast forward check is disabled for all refs. +With '--force', the fast-forward check is disabled for all refs. Optionally, a <ref> parameter can be prefixed with a plus '+' sign to disable the fast-forward check only on that ref. diff --git a/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt b/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt index 18f14b5be8..3da241304b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ This is not a command the end user would want to run. Ever. This documentation is meant for people who are studying the Porcelain-ish scripts and/or are writing new ones. -The 'git-sh-setup' scriptlet is designed to be sourced (using +The 'git sh-setup' scriptlet is designed to be sourced (using `.`) by other shell scripts to set up some variables pointing at the normal git directories and a few helper shell functions. diff --git a/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt b/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt index 42463a955d..dfd4d0c223 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt @@ -3,17 +3,17 @@ git-shortlog(1) NAME ---- -git-shortlog - Summarize 'git-log' output +git-shortlog - Summarize 'git log' output SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] git log --pretty=short | 'git shortlog' [-h] [-n] [-s] [-e] [-w] -git shortlog [-n|--numbered] [-s|--summary] [-e|--email] [-w[<width>[,<indent1>[,<indent2>]]]] [<committish>...] +'git shortlog' [-n|--numbered] [-s|--summary] [-e|--email] [-w[<width>[,<indent1>[,<indent2>]]]] [<committish>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Summarizes 'git-log' output in a format suitable for inclusion +Summarizes 'git log' output in a format suitable for inclusion in release announcements. Each commit will be grouped by author and the first line of the commit message will be shown. diff --git a/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt index 51a4e9d6d7..f1499bba88 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt @@ -8,17 +8,20 @@ git-show-branch - Show branches and their commits SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git show-branch' [--all] [--remotes] [--topo-order] [--current] +'git show-branch' [-a|--all] [-r|--remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order] + [--current] [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--sparse] [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base] - [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [<rev> | <glob>]... + [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] + [<rev> | <glob>]... + 'git show-branch' (-g|--reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<ref>] DESCRIPTION ----------- Shows the commit ancestry graph starting from the commits named -with <rev>s or <globs>s (or all refs under $GIT_DIR/refs/heads -and/or $GIT_DIR/refs/tags) semi-visually. +with <rev>s or <globs>s (or all refs under refs/heads +and/or refs/tags) semi-visually. It cannot show more than 29 branches and commits at a time. @@ -34,8 +37,8 @@ OPTIONS <glob>:: A glob pattern that matches branch or tag names under - $GIT_DIR/refs. For example, if you have many topic - branches under $GIT_DIR/refs/heads/topic, giving + refs/. For example, if you have many topic + branches under refs/heads/topic, giving `topic/*` would show all of them. -r:: @@ -57,6 +60,11 @@ OPTIONS appear in topological order (i.e., descendant commits are shown before their parents). +--date-order:: + This option is similar to '--topo-order' in the sense that no + parent comes before all of its children, but otherwise commits + are ordered according to their commit date. + --sparse:: By default, the output omits merges that are reachable from only one tip being shown. This option makes them @@ -74,9 +82,11 @@ OPTIONS Synonym to `--more=-1` --merge-base:: - Instead of showing the commit list, just act like the - 'git-merge-base -a' command, except that it can accept - more than two heads. + Instead of showing the commit list, determine possible + merge bases for the specified commits. All merge bases + will be contained in all specified commits. This is + different from how linkgit:git-merge-base[1] handles + the case of three or more commits. --independent:: Among the <reference>s given, display only the ones that @@ -107,6 +117,16 @@ OPTIONS When no explicit <ref> parameter is given, it defaults to the current branch (or `HEAD` if it is detached). +--color[=<when>]:: + Color the status sign (one of these: `*` `!` `+` `-`) of each commit + corresponding to the branch it's in. + The value must be always (the default), never, or auto. + +--no-color:: + Turn off colored output, even when the configuration file gives the + default to color output. + Same as `--color=never`. + Note that --more, --list, --independent and --merge-base options are mutually exclusive. @@ -158,7 +178,7 @@ EXAMPLE ------- If you keep your primary branches immediately under -`$GIT_DIR/refs/heads`, and topic branches in subdirectories of +`refs/heads`, and topic branches in subdirectories of it, having the following in the configuration file may help: ------------ diff --git a/Documentation/git-show-index.txt b/Documentation/git-show-index.txt index e3285aacfd..8382fbe0ec 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-show-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-show-index.txt @@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- Reads given idx file for packed git archive created with -'git-pack-objects' command, and dumps its contents. +'git pack-objects' command, and dumps its contents. The information it outputs is subset of what you can get from -'git-verify-pack -v'; this command only shows the packfile +'git verify-pack -v'; this command only shows the packfile offset and SHA1 of each object. diff --git a/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt index 98e294aa86..df17d49b87 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt @@ -8,9 +8,10 @@ git-show-ref - List references in a local repository SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git show-ref' [-q|--quiet] [--verify] [-h|--head] [-d|--dereference] - [-s|--hash] [--abbrev] [--tags] [--heads] [--] <pattern>... -'git show-ref' --exclude-existing[=pattern] +'git show-ref' [-q|--quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d|--dereference] + [-s|--hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] + [--heads] [--] <pattern>... +'git show-ref' --exclude-existing[=<pattern>] < ref-list DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -29,7 +30,6 @@ the `.git` directory. OPTIONS ------- --h:: --head:: Show the HEAD reference. @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ OPTIONS appended. -s:: ---hash:: +--hash[=<n>]:: Only show the SHA1 hash, not the reference name. When combined with --dereference the dereferenced tag will still be shown after the SHA1. @@ -59,11 +59,10 @@ OPTIONS Aside from returning an error code of 1, it will also print an error message if '--quiet' was not specified. ---abbrev:: ---abbrev=len:: +--abbrev[=<n>]:: Abbreviate the object name. When using `--hash`, you do - not have to say `--hash --abbrev`; `--hash=len` would do. + not have to say `--hash --abbrev`; `--hash=n` would do. -q:: --quiet:: @@ -71,10 +70,9 @@ OPTIONS Do not print any results to stdout. When combined with '--verify' this can be used to silently check if a reference exists. ---exclude-existing:: ---exclude-existing=pattern:: +--exclude-existing[=<pattern>]:: - Make 'git-show-ref' act as a filter that reads refs from stdin of the + Make 'git show-ref' act as a filter that reads refs from stdin of the form "^(?:<anything>\s)?<refname>(?:\^\{\})?$" and performs the following actions on each: (1) strip "^{}" at the end of line if any; @@ -137,7 +135,7 @@ When using the '--verify' flag, the command requires an exact path: will only match the exact branch called "master". -If nothing matches, 'git-show-ref' will return an error code of 1, +If nothing matches, 'git show-ref' will return an error code of 1, and in the case of verification, it will show an error message. For scripting, you can ask it to be quiet with the "--quiet" flag, which diff --git a/Documentation/git-show.txt b/Documentation/git-show.txt index 48b612e2ae..55e687a7c7 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-show.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-show.txt @@ -16,16 +16,16 @@ Shows one or more objects (blobs, trees, tags and commits). For commits it shows the log message and textual diff. It also presents the merge commit in a special format as produced by -'git-diff-tree --cc'. +'git diff-tree --cc'. For tags, it shows the tag message and the referenced objects. -For trees, it shows the names (equivalent to 'git-ls-tree' +For trees, it shows the names (equivalent to 'git ls-tree' with \--name-only). For plain blobs, it shows the plain contents. -The command takes options applicable to the 'git-diff-tree' command to +The command takes options applicable to the 'git diff-tree' command to control how the changes the commit introduces are shown. This manual page describes only the most frequently used options. diff --git a/Documentation/git-stash.txt b/Documentation/git-stash.txt index 1cc24cc47e..473889a660 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-stash.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-stash.txt @@ -9,17 +9,18 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git stash' list [<options>] -'git stash' (show | drop | pop ) [<stash>] -'git stash' apply [--index] [<stash>] +'git stash' show [<stash>] +'git stash' drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>] +'git stash' ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>] 'git stash' branch <branchname> [<stash>] -'git stash' [save [--keep-index] [<message>]] +'git stash' [save [--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet] [<message>]] 'git stash' clear 'git stash' create DESCRIPTION ----------- -Use 'git stash' when you want to record the current state of the +Use `git stash` when you want to record the current state of the working directory and the index, but want to go back to a clean working directory. The command saves your local modifications away and reverts the working directory to match the `HEAD` commit. @@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ A stash is by default listed as "WIP on 'branchname' ...", but you can give a more descriptive message on the command line when you create one. -The latest stash you created is stored in `$GIT_DIR/refs/stash`; older +The latest stash you created is stored in `refs/stash`; older stashes are found in the reflog of this reference and can be named using the usual reflog syntax (e.g. `stash@\{0}` is the most recently created stash, `stash@\{1}` is the one before it, `stash@\{2.hours.ago}` @@ -41,15 +42,27 @@ is also possible). OPTIONS ------- -save [--keep-index] [<message>]:: +save [--patch] [--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet] [<message>]:: Save your local modifications to a new 'stash', and run `git reset - --hard` to revert them. This is the default action when no - subcommand is given. The <message> part is optional and gives - the description along with the stashed state. + --hard` to revert them. The <message> part is optional and gives + the description along with the stashed state. For quickly making + a snapshot, you can omit _both_ "save" and <message>, but giving + only <message> does not trigger this action to prevent a misspelled + subcommand from making an unwanted stash. + If the `--keep-index` option is used, all changes already added to the index are left intact. ++ +With `--patch`, you can interactively select hunks from in the diff +between HEAD and the working tree to be stashed. The stash entry is +constructed such that its index state is the same as the index state +of your repository, and its worktree contains only the changes you +selected interactively. The selected changes are then rolled back +from your worktree. ++ +The `--patch` option implies `--keep-index`. You can use +`--no-keep-index` to override this. list [<options>]:: @@ -64,7 +77,7 @@ stash@{0}: WIP on submit: 6ebd0e2... Update git-stash documentation stash@{1}: On master: 9cc0589... Add git-stash ---------------------------------------------------------------- + -The command takes options applicable to the 'git-log' +The command takes options applicable to the 'git log' command to control what is shown and how. See linkgit:git-log[1]. show [<stash>]:: @@ -72,10 +85,10 @@ show [<stash>]:: Show the changes recorded in the stash as a diff between the stashed state and its original parent. When no `<stash>` is given, shows the latest one. By default, the command shows the diffstat, but - it will accept any format known to 'git-diff' (e.g., `git stash show + it will accept any format known to 'git diff' (e.g., `git stash show -p stash@\{1}` to view the second most recent stash in patch form). -pop [<stash>]:: +pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]:: Remove a single stashed state from the stash list and apply it on top of the current working tree state, i.e., do the inverse @@ -86,16 +99,16 @@ Applying the state can fail with conflicts; in this case, it is not removed from the stash list. You need to resolve the conflicts by hand and call `git stash drop` manually afterwards. + -When no `<stash>` is given, `stash@\{0}` is assumed. See also `apply`. - -apply [--index] [<stash>]:: - - Like `pop`, but do not remove the state from the stash list. -+ If the `--index` option is used, then tries to reinstate not only the working tree's changes, but also the index's ones. However, this can fail, when you have conflicts (which are stored in the index, where you therefore can no longer apply the changes as they were originally). ++ +When no `<stash>` is given, `stash@\{0}` is assumed. + +apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]:: + + Like `pop`, but do not remove the state from the stash list. branch <branchname> [<stash>]:: @@ -113,9 +126,10 @@ no conflicts. clear:: Remove all the stashed states. Note that those states will then - be subject to pruning, and may be difficult or impossible to recover. + be subject to pruning, and may be impossible to recover (see + 'Examples' below for a possible strategy). -drop [<stash>]:: +drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]:: Remove a single stashed state from the stash list. When no `<stash>` is given, it removes the latest one. i.e. `stash@\{0}` @@ -187,7 +201,7 @@ $ git reset --soft HEAD^ # ... continue hacking ... ---------------------------------------------------------------- + -You can use 'git-stash' to simplify the above, like this: +You can use 'git stash' to simplify the above, like this: + ---------------------------------------------------------------- # ... hack hack hack ... @@ -216,6 +230,20 @@ $ edit/build/test remaining parts $ git commit foo -m 'Remaining parts' ---------------------------------------------------------------- +Recovering stashes that were cleared/dropped erroneously:: + +If you mistakenly drop or clear stashes, they cannot be recovered +through the normal safety mechanisms. However, you can try the +following incantation to get a list of stashes that are still in your +repository, but not reachable any more: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +git fsck --unreachable | +grep commit | cut -d\ -f3 | +xargs git log --merges --no-walk --grep=WIP +---------------------------------------------------------------- + + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-checkout[1], diff --git a/Documentation/git-status.txt b/Documentation/git-status.txt index 84f60f3407..1cab91b534 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-status.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-status.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-status - Show the working tree status SYNOPSIS -------- -'git status' <options>... +'git status' [<options>...] [--] [<pathspec>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -17,28 +17,93 @@ current HEAD commit, paths that have differences between the working tree and the index file, and paths in the working tree that are not tracked by git (and are not ignored by linkgit:gitignore[5]). The first are what you _would_ commit by running `git commit`; the second and -third are what you _could_ commit by running 'git-add' before running +third are what you _could_ commit by running 'git add' before running `git commit`. -The command takes the same set of options as 'git-commit'; it -shows what would be committed if the same options are given to -'git-commit'. - -If there is no path that is different between the index file and -the current HEAD commit (i.e., there is nothing to commit by running -`git commit`), the command exits with non-zero status. +OPTIONS +------- + +-s:: +--short:: + Give the output in the short-format. + +--porcelain:: + Give the output in a stable, easy-to-parse format for scripts. + Currently this is identical to --short output, but is guaranteed + not to change in the future, making it safe for scripts. + +-u[<mode>]:: +--untracked-files[=<mode>]:: + Show untracked files (Default: 'all'). ++ +The mode parameter is optional, and is used to specify +the handling of untracked files. The possible options are: ++ +-- + - 'no' - Show no untracked files + - 'normal' - Shows untracked files and directories + - 'all' - Also shows individual files in untracked directories. +-- ++ +See linkgit:git-config[1] for configuration variable +used to change the default for when the option is not +specified. + +-z:: + Terminate entries with NUL, instead of LF. This implies + the `--porcelain` output format if no other format is given. OUTPUT ------ The output from this command is designed to be used as a commit template comment, and all the output lines are prefixed with '#'. +The default, long format, is designed to be human readable, +verbose and descriptive. They are subject to change in any time. The paths mentioned in the output, unlike many other git commands, are made relative to the current directory if you are working in a subdirectory (this is on purpose, to help cutting and pasting). See the status.relativePaths config option below. +In short-format, the status of each path is shown as + + XY PATH1 -> PATH2 + +where `PATH1` is the path in the `HEAD`, and ` -> PATH2` part is +shown only when `PATH1` corresponds to a different path in the +index/worktree (i.e. renamed). + +For unmerged entries, `X` shows the status of stage #2 (i.e. ours) and `Y` +shows the status of stage #3 (i.e. theirs). + +For entries that do not have conflicts, `X` shows the status of the index, +and `Y` shows the status of the work tree. For untracked paths, `XY` are +`??`. + + X Y Meaning + ------------------------------------------------- + [MD] not updated + M [ MD] updated in index + A [ MD] added to index + D [ MD] deleted from index + R [ MD] renamed in index + C [ MD] copied in index + [MARC] index and work tree matches + [ MARC] M work tree changed since index + [ MARC] D deleted in work tree + ------------------------------------------------- + D D unmerged, both deleted + A U unmerged, added by us + U D unmerged, deleted by them + U A unmerged, added by them + D U unmerged, deleted by us + A A unmerged, both added + U U unmerged, both modified + ------------------------------------------------- + ? ? untracked + ------------------------------------------------- + CONFIGURATION ------------- @@ -53,9 +118,9 @@ paths shown are relative to the repository root, not to the current directory. If `status.submodulesummary` is set to a non zero number or true (identical -to -1 or an unlimited number), the submodule summary will be enabled and a -summary of commits for modified submodules will be shown (see --summary-limit -option of linkgit:git-submodule[1]). +to -1 or an unlimited number), the submodule summary will be enabled for +the long format and a summary of commits for modified submodules will be +shown (see --summary-limit option of linkgit:git-submodule[1]). SEE ALSO -------- @@ -63,8 +128,7 @@ linkgit:gitignore[5] Author ------ -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and -Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>. +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>. Documentation -------------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt index 15b34d3760..2502531a3d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt @@ -9,12 +9,14 @@ git-submodule - Initialize, update or inspect submodules SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git submodule' [--quiet] add [-b branch] [--] <repository> <path> -'git submodule' [--quiet] status [--cached] [--] [<path>...] +'git submodule' [--quiet] add [-b branch] + [--reference <repository>] [--] <repository> [<path>] +'git submodule' [--quiet] status [--cached] [--recursive] [--] [<path>...] 'git submodule' [--quiet] init [--] [<path>...] -'git submodule' [--quiet] update [--init] [-N|--no-fetch] [--] [<path>...] -'git submodule' [--quiet] summary [--summary-limit <n>] [commit] [--] [<path>...] -'git submodule' [--quiet] foreach <command> +'git submodule' [--quiet] update [--init] [-N|--no-fetch] [--rebase] + [--reference <repository>] [--merge] [--recursive] [--] [<path>...] +'git submodule' [--quiet] summary [--cached|--files] [--summary-limit <n>] [commit] [--] [<path>...] +'git submodule' [--quiet] foreach [--recursive] <command> 'git submodule' [--quiet] sync [--] [<path>...] @@ -67,7 +69,11 @@ add:: to the changeset to be committed next to the current project: the current project is termed the "superproject". + -This requires two arguments: <repository> and <path>. +This requires at least one argument: <repository>. The optional +argument <path> is the relative location for the cloned submodule +to exist in the superproject. If <path> is not given, the +"humanish" part of the source repository is used ("repo" for +"/path/to/repo.git" and "foo" for "host.xz:foo/.git"). + <repository> is the URL of the new submodule's origin repository. This may be either an absolute URL, or (if it begins with ./ @@ -93,11 +99,14 @@ locate the submodule using the relative URL in .gitmodules. status:: Show the status of the submodules. This will print the SHA-1 of the currently checked out commit for each submodule, along with the - submodule path and the output of 'git-describe' for the + submodule path and the output of 'git describe' for the SHA-1. Each SHA-1 will be prefixed with `-` if the submodule is not initialized and `+` if the currently checked out submodule commit does not match the SHA-1 found in the index of the containing - repository. This command is the default command for 'git-submodule'. + repository. This command is the default command for 'git submodule'. ++ +If '--recursive' is specified, this command will recurse into nested +submodules, and show their status as well. init:: Initialize the submodules, i.e. register each submodule name @@ -105,34 +114,46 @@ init:: The key used in .git/config is `submodule.$name.url`. This command does not alter existing information in .git/config. You can then customize the submodule clone URLs in .git/config - for your local setup and proceed to 'git submodule update'; - you can also just use 'git submodule update --init' without + for your local setup and proceed to `git submodule update`; + you can also just use `git submodule update --init` without the explicit 'init' step if you do not intend to customize any submodule locations. update:: Update the registered submodules, i.e. clone missing submodules and checkout the commit specified in the index of the containing repository. - This will make the submodules HEAD be detached. + This will make the submodules HEAD be detached unless '--rebase' or + '--merge' is specified or the key `submodule.$name.update` is set to + `rebase` or `merge`. + If the submodule is not yet initialized, and you just want to use the setting as stored in .gitmodules, you can automatically initialize the submodule with the --init option. ++ +If '--recursive' is specified, this command will recurse into the +registered submodules, and update any nested submodules within. summary:: Show commit summary between the given commit (defaults to HEAD) and working tree/index. For a submodule in question, a series of commits in the submodule between the given super project commit and the - index or working tree (switched by --cached) are shown. + index or working tree (switched by --cached) are shown. If the option + --files is given, show the series of commits in the submodule between + the index of the super project and the working tree of the submodule + (this option doesn't allow to use the --cached option or to provide an + explicit commit). foreach:: Evaluates an arbitrary shell command in each checked out submodule. - The command has access to the variables $path and $sha1: + The command has access to the variables $name, $path and $sha1: + $name is the name of the relevant submodule section in .gitmodules, $path is the name of the submodule directory relative to the superproject, and $sha1 is the commit as recorded in the superproject. Any submodules defined in the superproject but not checked out are ignored by this command. Unless given --quiet, foreach prints the name of each submodule before evaluating the command. + If --recursive is given, submodules are traversed recursively (i.e. + the given shell command is evaluated in nested submodules as well). A non-zero return from the command in any submodule causes the processing to terminate. This can be overridden by adding '|| :' to the end of the command. @@ -165,6 +186,11 @@ OPTIONS commands typically use the commit found in the submodule HEAD, but with this option, the commit stored in the index is used instead. +--files:: + This option is only valid for the summary command. This command + compares the commit in the index with that in the submodule HEAD + when this option is used. + -n:: --summary-limit:: This option is only valid for the summary command. @@ -178,6 +204,39 @@ OPTIONS This option is only valid for the update command. Don't fetch new objects from the remote site. +--merge:: + This option is only valid for the update command. + Merge the commit recorded in the superproject into the current branch + of the submodule. If this option is given, the submodule's HEAD will + not be detached. If a merge failure prevents this process, you will + have to resolve the resulting conflicts within the submodule with the + usual conflict resolution tools. + If the key `submodule.$name.update` is set to `merge`, this option is + implicit. + +--rebase:: + This option is only valid for the update command. + Rebase the current branch onto the commit recorded in the + superproject. If this option is given, the submodule's HEAD will not + be detached. If a merge failure prevents this process, you will have + to resolve these failures with linkgit:git-rebase[1]. + If the key `submodule.$name.update` is set to `rebase`, this option is + implicit. + +--reference <repository>:: + This option is only valid for add and update commands. These + commands sometimes need to clone a remote repository. In this case, + this option will be passed to the linkgit:git-clone[1] command. ++ +*NOTE*: Do *not* use this option unless you have read the note +for linkgit:git-clone[1]'s --reference and --shared options carefully. + +--recursive:: + This option is only valid for foreach, update and status commands. + Traverse submodules recursively. The operation is performed not + only in the submodules of the current repo, but also + in any nested submodules inside those submodules (and so on). + <path>...:: Paths to submodule(s). When specified this will restrict the command to only operate on the submodules found at the specified paths. diff --git a/Documentation/git-svn.txt b/Documentation/git-svn.txt index 74be8435cc..99f3c1ea6c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-svn.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-svn.txt @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ git-svn(1) NAME ---- -git-svn - Bidirectional operation between a single Subversion branch and git +git-svn - Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and git SYNOPSIS -------- @@ -11,27 +11,25 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -'git-svn' is a simple conduit for changesets between Subversion and git. +'git svn' is a simple conduit for changesets between Subversion and git. It provides a bidirectional flow of changes between a Subversion and a git repository. -'git-svn' can track a single Subversion branch simply by using a -URL to the branch, follow branches laid out in the Subversion recommended -method (trunk, branches, tags directories) with the --stdlayout option, or -follow branches in any layout with the -T/-t/-b options (see options to -'init' below, and also the 'clone' command). +'git svn' can track a standard Subversion repository, +following the common "trunk/branches/tags" layout, with the --stdlayout option. +It can also follow branches and tags in any layout with the -T/-t/-b options +(see options to 'init' below, and also the 'clone' command). -Once tracking a Subversion branch (with any of the above methods), the git +Once tracking a Subversion repository (with any of the above methods), the git repository can be updated from Subversion by the 'fetch' command and Subversion updated from git by the 'dcommit' command. COMMANDS -------- --- 'init':: Initializes an empty git repository with additional - metadata directories for 'git-svn'. The Subversion URL + metadata directories for 'git svn'. The Subversion URL may be specified as a command-line argument, or as full URL arguments to -T/-t/-b. Optionally, the target directory to operate on can be specified as a second @@ -48,8 +46,11 @@ COMMANDS --stdlayout;; These are optional command-line options for init. Each of these flags can point to a relative repository path - (--tags=project/tags') or a full url - (--tags=https://foo.org/project/tags). The option --stdlayout is + (--tags=project/tags) or a full url + (--tags=https://foo.org/project/tags). + You can specify more than one --tags and/or --branches options, in case + your Subversion repository places tags or branches under multiple paths. + The option --stdlayout is a shorthand way of setting trunk,tags,branches as the relative paths, which is the Subversion default. If any of the other options are given as well, they take precedence. @@ -61,16 +62,8 @@ COMMANDS Set the 'useSvnsyncProps' option in the [svn-remote] config. --rewrite-root=<URL>;; Set the 'rewriteRoot' option in the [svn-remote] config. ---use-log-author;; - When retrieving svn commits into git (as part of fetch, rebase, or - dcommit operations), look for the first From: or Signed-off-by: line - in the log message and use that as the author string. ---add-author-from;; - When committing to svn from git (as part of commit or dcommit - operations), if the existing log message doesn't already have a - From: or Signed-off-by: line, append a From: line based on the - git commit's author string. If you use this, then --use-log-author - will retrieve a valid author string for all commits. +--rewrite-uuid=<UUID>;; + Set the 'rewriteUUID' option in the [svn-remote] config. --username=<USER>;; For transports that SVN handles authentication for (http, https, and plain svn), specify the username. For other @@ -89,6 +82,17 @@ COMMANDS When passed to 'init' or 'clone' this regular expression will be preserved as a config key. See 'fetch' for a description of '--ignore-paths'. +--no-minimize-url;; + When tracking multiple directories (using --stdlayout, + --branches, or --tags options), git svn will attempt to connect + to the root (or highest allowed level) of the Subversion + repository. This default allows better tracking of history if + entire projects are moved within a repository, but may cause + issues on repositories where read access restrictions are in + place. Passing '--no-minimize-url' will allow git svn to + accept URLs as-is without attempting to connect to a higher + level directory. This option is off by default when only + one URL/branch is tracked (it would do little good). 'fetch':: Fetch unfetched revisions from the Subversion remote we are @@ -98,38 +102,57 @@ COMMANDS --localtime;; Store Git commit times in the local timezone instead of UTC. This - makes 'git-log' (even without --date=local) show the same times + makes 'git log' (even without --date=local) show the same times that `svn log` would in the local timezone. - ---parent;; - Fetch only from the SVN parent of the current HEAD. - ++ This doesn't interfere with interoperating with the Subversion repository you cloned from, but if you wish for your local Git repository to be able to interoperate with someone else's local Git repository, either don't use this option or you should both use it in the same local timezone. +--parent;; + Fetch only from the SVN parent of the current HEAD. + --ignore-paths=<regex>;; This allows one to specify a Perl regular expression that will cause skipping of all matching paths from checkout from SVN. The '--ignore-paths' option should match for every 'fetch' (including automatic fetches due to 'clone', 'dcommit', 'rebase', etc) on a given repository. - ++ +[verse] config key: svn-remote.<name>.ignore-paths - - If the ignore-paths config key is set and the command - line option is also given, both regular expressions - will be used. - ++ +If the ignore-paths config key is set and the command line option is +also given, both regular expressions will be used. ++ Examples: ++ +-- +Skip "doc*" directory for every fetch;; ++ +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +--ignore-paths="^doc" +------------------------------------------------------------------------ - --ignore-paths="^doc" - skip "doc*" directory for every - fetch. +Skip "branches" and "tags" of first level directories;; ++ +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +--ignore-paths="^[^/]+/(?:branches|tags)" +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +-- - --ignore-paths="^[^/]+/(?:branches|tags)" - skip - "branches" and "tags" of first level directories. +--use-log-author;; + When retrieving svn commits into git (as part of fetch, rebase, or + dcommit operations), look for the first From: or Signed-off-by: line + in the log message and use that as the author string. +--add-author-from;; + When committing to svn from git (as part of commit or dcommit + operations), if the existing log message doesn't already have a + From: or Signed-off-by: line, append a From: line based on the + git commit's author string. If you use this, then --use-log-author + will retrieve a valid author string for all commits. 'clone':: Runs 'init' and 'fetch'. It will automatically create a @@ -137,29 +160,29 @@ Examples: or if a second argument is passed; it will create a directory and work within that. It accepts all arguments that the 'init' and 'fetch' commands accept; with the exception of - '--fetch-all'. After a repository is cloned, the 'fetch' - command will be able to update revisions without affecting - the working tree; and the 'rebase' command will be able - to update the working tree with the latest changes. + '--fetch-all' and '--parent'. After a repository is cloned, + the 'fetch' command will be able to update revisions without + affecting the working tree; and the 'rebase' command will be + able to update the working tree with the latest changes. 'rebase':: This fetches revisions from the SVN parent of the current HEAD and rebases the current (uncommitted to SVN) work against it. - -This works similarly to `svn update` or 'git-pull' except that -it preserves linear history with 'git-rebase' instead of -'git-merge' for ease of dcommitting with 'git-svn'. - -This accepts all options that 'git-svn fetch' and 'git-rebase' ++ +This works similarly to `svn update` or 'git pull' except that +it preserves linear history with 'git rebase' instead of +'git merge' for ease of dcommitting with 'git svn'. ++ +This accepts all options that 'git svn fetch' and 'git rebase' accept. However, '--fetch-all' only fetches from the current [svn-remote], and not all [svn-remote] definitions. - -Like 'git-rebase'; this requires that the working tree be clean ++ +Like 'git rebase'; this requires that the working tree be clean and have no uncommitted changes. -l;; --local;; - Do not fetch remotely; only run 'git-rebase' against the + Do not fetch remotely; only run 'git rebase' against the last fetched commit from the upstream SVN. 'dcommit':: @@ -167,11 +190,12 @@ and have no uncommitted changes. repository, and then rebase or reset (depending on whether or not there is a diff between SVN and head). This will create a revision in SVN for each commit in git. - It is recommended that you run 'git-svn' fetch and rebase (not + It is recommended that you run 'git svn' fetch and rebase (not pull or merge) your commits against the latest changes in the SVN repository. - An optional command-line argument may be specified as an - alternative to HEAD. + An optional revision or branch argument may be specified, and + causes 'git svn' to do all work on that revision/branch + instead of HEAD. This is advantageous over 'set-tree' (below) because it produces cleaner, more linear history. + @@ -179,18 +203,17 @@ and have no uncommitted changes. After committing, do not rebase or reset. --commit-url <URL>;; Commit to this SVN URL (the full path). This is intended to - allow existing git-svn repositories created with one transport + allow existing 'git svn' repositories created with one transport method (e.g. `svn://` or `http://` for anonymous read) to be reused if a user is later given access to an alternate transport method (e.g. `svn+ssh://` or `https://`) for commit. - ++ +[verse] config key: svn-remote.<name>.commiturl - config key: svn.commiturl (overwrites all svn-remote.<name>.commiturl options) - - Using this option for any other purpose (don't ask) - is very strongly discouraged. --- ++ +Using this option for any other purpose (don't ask) is very strongly +discouraged. 'branch':: Create a branch in the SVN repository. @@ -204,6 +227,33 @@ config key: svn.commiturl (overwrites all svn-remote.<name>.commiturl options) Create a tag by using the tags_subdir instead of the branches_subdir specified during git svn init. +-d;; +--destination;; + If more than one --branches (or --tags) option was given to the 'init' + or 'clone' command, you must provide the location of the branch (or + tag) you wish to create in the SVN repository. The value of this + option must match one of the paths specified by a --branches (or + --tags) option. You can see these paths with the commands ++ + git config --get-all svn-remote.<name>.branches + git config --get-all svn-remote.<name>.tags ++ +where <name> is the name of the SVN repository as specified by the -R option to +'init' (or "svn" by default). + +--username;; + Specify the SVN username to perform the commit as. This option overrides + configuration property 'username'. + +--commit-url;; + Use the specified URL to connect to the destination Subversion + repository. This is useful in cases where the source SVN + repository is read-only. This option overrides configuration + property 'commiturl'. ++ + git config --get-all svn-remote.<name>.commiturl ++ + 'tag':: Create a tag in the SVN repository. This is a shorthand for 'branch -t'. @@ -215,10 +265,12 @@ config key: svn.commiturl (overwrites all svn-remote.<name>.commiturl options) The following features from `svn log' are supported: + -- +-r <n>[:<n>];; --revision=<n>[:<n>];; is supported, non-numeric args are not: HEAD, NEXT, BASE, PREV, etc ... --v/--verbose;; +-v;; +--verbose;; it's not completely compatible with the --verbose output in svn log, but reasonably close. --limit=<n>;; @@ -241,7 +293,7 @@ NOTE: SVN itself only stores times in UTC and nothing else. The regular svn client converts the UTC time to the local time (or based on the TZ= environment). This command has the same behaviour. + -Any other arguments are passed directly to 'git-log' +Any other arguments are passed directly to 'git log' 'blame':: Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file. The @@ -249,15 +301,14 @@ Any other arguments are passed directly to 'git-log' `svn blame' by default. Like the SVN blame command, local uncommitted changes in the working copy are ignored; the version of the file in the HEAD revision is annotated. Unknown - arguments are passed directly to 'git-blame'. + arguments are passed directly to 'git blame'. + --git-format;; - Produce output in the same format as 'git-blame', but with + Produce output in the same format as 'git blame', but with SVN revision numbers instead of git commit hashes. In this mode, changes that haven't been committed to SVN (including local working-copy edits) are shown as revision 0. --- 'find-rev':: When given an SVN revision number of the form 'rN', returns the corresponding git commit hash (this can optionally be followed by a @@ -271,7 +322,7 @@ Any other arguments are passed directly to 'git-log' absolutely no attempts to do patching when committing to SVN, it simply overwrites files with those specified in the tree or commit. All merging is assumed to have taken place - independently of 'git-svn' functions. + independently of 'git svn' functions. 'create-ignore':: Recursively finds the svn:ignore property on directories and @@ -284,14 +335,21 @@ Any other arguments are passed directly to 'git-log' directories. The output is suitable for appending to the $GIT_DIR/info/exclude file. +'mkdirs':: + Attempts to recreate empty directories that core git cannot track + based on information in $GIT_DIR/svn/<refname>/unhandled.log files. + Empty directories are automatically recreated when using + "git svn clone" and "git svn rebase", so "mkdirs" is intended + for use after commands like "git checkout" or "git reset". + 'commit-diff':: Commits the diff of two tree-ish arguments from the - command-line. This command does not rely on being inside an `git-svn + command-line. This command does not rely on being inside an `git svn init`-ed repository. This command takes three arguments, (a) the original tree to diff against, (b) the new tree result, (c) the URL of the target Subversion repository. The final argument - (URL) may be omitted if you are working from a 'git-svn'-aware - repository (that has been `init`-ed with 'git-svn'). + (URL) may be omitted if you are working from a 'git svn'-aware + repository (that has been `init`-ed with 'git svn'). The -r<revision> option is required for this. 'info':: @@ -313,108 +371,170 @@ Any other arguments are passed directly to 'git-log' Shows the Subversion externals. Use -r/--revision to specify a specific revision. --- +'gc':: + Compress $GIT_DIR/svn/<refname>/unhandled.log files in .git/svn + and remove $GIT_DIR/svn/<refname>index files in .git/svn. + +'reset':: + Undoes the effects of 'fetch' back to the specified revision. + This allows you to re-'fetch' an SVN revision. Normally the + contents of an SVN revision should never change and 'reset' + should not be necessary. However, if SVN permissions change, + or if you alter your --ignore-paths option, a 'fetch' may fail + with "not found in commit" (file not previously visible) or + "checksum mismatch" (missed a modification). If the problem + file cannot be ignored forever (with --ignore-paths) the only + way to repair the repo is to use 'reset'. ++ +Only the rev_map and refs/remotes/git-svn are changed. Follow 'reset' +with a 'fetch' and then 'git reset' or 'git rebase' to move local +branches onto the new tree. + +-r <n>;; +--revision=<n>;; + Specify the most recent revision to keep. All later revisions + are discarded. +-p;; +--parent;; + Discard the specified revision as well, keeping the nearest + parent instead. +Example:;; +Assume you have local changes in "master", but you need to refetch "r2". ++ +------------ + r1---r2---r3 remotes/git-svn + \ + A---B master +------------ ++ +Fix the ignore-paths or SVN permissions problem that caused "r2" to +be incomplete in the first place. Then: ++ +[verse] +git svn reset -r2 -p +git svn fetch ++ +------------ + r1---r2'--r3' remotes/git-svn + \ + r2---r3---A---B master +------------ ++ +Then fixup "master" with 'git rebase'. +Do NOT use 'git merge' or your history will not be compatible with a +future 'dcommit'! ++ +[verse] +git rebase --onto remotes/git-svn A^ master ++ +------------ + r1---r2'--r3' remotes/git-svn + \ + A'--B' master +------------ OPTIONS ------- --- --shared[={false|true|umask|group|all|world|everybody}]:: --template=<template_directory>:: Only used with the 'init' command. - These are passed directly to 'git-init'. + These are passed directly to 'git init'. -r <ARG>:: --revision <ARG>:: - -Used with the 'fetch' command. - + Used with the 'fetch' command. ++ This allows revision ranges for partial/cauterized history to be supported. $NUMBER, $NUMBER1:$NUMBER2 (numeric ranges), $NUMBER:HEAD, and BASE:$NUMBER are all supported. - ++ This can allow you to make partial mirrors when running fetch; but is generally not recommended because history will be skipped and lost. -:: --stdin:: - -Only used with the 'set-tree' command. - + Only used with the 'set-tree' command. ++ Read a list of commits from stdin and commit them in reverse order. Only the leading sha1 is read from each line, so -'git-rev-list --pretty=oneline' output can be used. +'git rev-list --pretty=oneline' output can be used. --rmdir:: - -Only used with the 'dcommit', 'set-tree' and 'commit-diff' commands. - + Only used with the 'dcommit', 'set-tree' and 'commit-diff' commands. ++ Remove directories from the SVN tree if there are no files left behind. SVN can version empty directories, and they are not removed by default if there are no files left in them. git cannot version empty directories. Enabling this flag will make the commit to SVN act like git. - ++ +[verse] config key: svn.rmdir -e:: --edit:: - -Only used with the 'dcommit', 'set-tree' and 'commit-diff' commands. - + Only used with the 'dcommit', 'set-tree' and 'commit-diff' commands. ++ Edit the commit message before committing to SVN. This is off by default for objects that are commits, and forced on when committing tree objects. - ++ +[verse] config key: svn.edit -l<num>:: --find-copies-harder:: - -Only used with the 'dcommit', 'set-tree' and 'commit-diff' commands. - -They are both passed directly to 'git-diff-tree'; see + Only used with the 'dcommit', 'set-tree' and 'commit-diff' commands. ++ +They are both passed directly to 'git diff-tree'; see linkgit:git-diff-tree[1] for more information. - ++ [verse] config key: svn.l config key: svn.findcopiesharder -A<filename>:: --authors-file=<filename>:: - -Syntax is compatible with the file used by 'git-cvsimport': - + Syntax is compatible with the file used by 'git cvsimport': ++ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ loginname = Joe User <user@example.com> ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - -If this option is specified and 'git-svn' encounters an SVN -committer name that does not exist in the authors-file, 'git-svn' ++ +If this option is specified and 'git svn' encounters an SVN +committer name that does not exist in the authors-file, 'git svn' will abort operation. The user will then have to add the -appropriate entry. Re-running the previous 'git-svn' command +appropriate entry. Re-running the previous 'git svn' command after the authors-file is modified should continue operation. - ++ +[verse] config key: svn.authorsfile +--authors-prog=<filename>:: + If this option is specified, for each SVN committer name that + does not exist in the authors file, the given file is executed + with the committer name as the first argument. The program is + expected to return a single line of the form "Name <email>", + which will be treated as if included in the authors file. + -q:: --quiet:: - Make 'git-svn' less verbose. Specify a second time to make it + Make 'git svn' less verbose. Specify a second time to make it even less verbose. --repack[=<n>]:: --repack-flags=<flags>:: - -These should help keep disk usage sane for large fetches -with many revisions. - + These should help keep disk usage sane for large fetches with + many revisions. ++ --repack takes an optional argument for the number of revisions to fetch before repacking. This defaults to repacking every 1000 commits fetched if no argument is specified. - ---repack-flags are passed directly to 'git-repack'. - ++ +--repack-flags are passed directly to 'git repack'. ++ [verse] config key: svn.repack config key: svn.repackflags @@ -423,41 +543,36 @@ config key: svn.repackflags --merge:: -s<strategy>:: --strategy=<strategy>:: - -These are only used with the 'dcommit' and 'rebase' commands. - -Passed directly to 'git-rebase' when using 'dcommit' if a -'git-reset' cannot be used (see 'dcommit'). + These are only used with the 'dcommit' and 'rebase' commands. ++ +Passed directly to 'git rebase' when using 'dcommit' if a +'git reset' cannot be used (see 'dcommit'). -n:: --dry-run:: - -This can be used with the 'dcommit', 'rebase', 'branch' and 'tag' -commands. - + This can be used with the 'dcommit', 'rebase', 'branch' and + 'tag' commands. ++ For 'dcommit', print out the series of git arguments that would show which diffs would be committed to SVN. - ++ For 'rebase', display the local branch associated with the upstream svn repository associated with the current branch and the URL of svn repository that will be fetched from. - ++ For 'branch' and 'tag', display the urls that will be used for copying when creating the branch or tag. --- ADVANCED OPTIONS ---------------- --- -i<GIT_SVN_ID>:: --id <GIT_SVN_ID>:: - -This sets GIT_SVN_ID (instead of using the environment). This -allows the user to override the default refname to fetch from -when tracking a single URL. The 'log' and 'dcommit' commands -no longer require this switch as an argument. + This sets GIT_SVN_ID (instead of using the environment). This + allows the user to override the default refname to fetch from + when tracking a single URL. The 'log' and 'dcommit' commands + no longer require this switch as an argument. -R<remote name>:: --svn-remote <remote name>:: @@ -471,33 +586,30 @@ no longer require this switch as an argument. started tracking a branch and never tracked the trunk it was descended from. This feature is enabled by default, use --no-follow-parent to disable it. - ++ +[verse] config key: svn.followparent --- CONFIG FILE-ONLY OPTIONS ------------------------ --- svn.noMetadata:: svn-remote.<name>.noMetadata:: - -This gets rid of the 'git-svn-id:' lines at the end of every commit. - -If you lose your .git/svn/git-svn/.rev_db file, 'git-svn' will not + This gets rid of the 'git-svn-id:' lines at the end of every commit. ++ +If you lose your .git/svn/git-svn/.rev_db file, 'git svn' will not be able to rebuild it and you won't be able to fetch again, either. This is fine for one-shot imports. - -The 'git-svn log' command will not work on repositories using ++ +The 'git svn log' command will not work on repositories using this, either. Using this conflicts with the 'useSvmProps' option for (hopefully) obvious reasons. svn.useSvmProps:: svn-remote.<name>.useSvmProps:: - -This allows 'git-svn' to re-map repository URLs and UUIDs from -mirrors created using SVN::Mirror (or svk) for metadata. - + This allows 'git svn' to re-map repository URLs and UUIDs from + mirrors created using SVN::Mirror (or svk) for metadata. ++ If an SVN revision has a property, "svm:headrev", it is likely that the revision was created by SVN::Mirror (also used by SVK). The property contains a repository UUID and a revision. We want @@ -514,28 +626,34 @@ svn-remote.<name>.useSvnsyncprops:: svn-remote.<name>.rewriteRoot:: This allows users to create repositories from alternate - URLs. For example, an administrator could run 'git-svn' on the + URLs. For example, an administrator could run 'git svn' on the server locally (accessing via file://) but wish to distribute the repository with a public http:// or svn:// URL in the metadata so users of it will see the public URL. -svn.brokenSymlinkWorkaround:: -This disables potentially expensive checks to workaround broken symlinks -checked into SVN by broken clients. Set this option to "false" if you -track a SVN repository with many empty blobs that are not symlinks. -This option may be changed while "git-svn" is running and take effect on -the next revision fetched. If unset, git-svn assumes this option to be -"true". - --- +svn-remote.<name>.rewriteUUID:: + Similar to the useSvmProps option; this is for users who need + to remap the UUID manually. This may be useful in situations + where the original UUID is not available via either useSvmProps + or useSvnsyncProps. -Since the noMetadata, rewriteRoot, useSvnsyncProps and useSvmProps -options all affect the metadata generated and used by 'git-svn'; they +svn.brokenSymlinkWorkaround:: + This disables potentially expensive checks to workaround + broken symlinks checked into SVN by broken clients. Set this + option to "false" if you track a SVN repository with many + empty blobs that are not symlinks. This option may be changed + while 'git svn' is running and take effect on the next + revision fetched. If unset, 'git svn' assumes this option to + be "true". + +Since the noMetadata, rewriteRoot, rewriteUUID, useSvnsyncProps and useSvmProps +options all affect the metadata generated and used by 'git svn'; they *must* be set in the configuration file before any history is imported and these settings should never be changed once they are set. -Additionally, only one of these four options can be used per-svn-remote -section because they affect the 'git-svn-id:' metadata line. +Additionally, only one of these options can be used per svn-remote +section because they affect the 'git-svn-id:' metadata line, except +for rewriteRoot and rewriteUUID which can be used together. BASIC EXAMPLES @@ -548,7 +666,7 @@ Tracking and contributing to the trunk of a Subversion-managed project: git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project/trunk # Enter the newly cloned directory: cd trunk -# You should be on master branch, double-check with git-branch +# You should be on master branch, double-check with 'git branch' git branch # Do some work and commit locally to git: git commit ... @@ -579,12 +697,12 @@ Tracking and contributing to an entire Subversion-managed project # of dcommit/rebase/show-ignore should be the same as above. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ -The initial 'git-svn clone' can be quite time-consuming +The initial 'git svn clone' can be quite time-consuming (especially for large Subversion repositories). If multiple people (or one person with multiple machines) want to use -'git-svn' to interact with the same Subversion repository, you can -do the initial 'git-svn clone' to a repository on a server and -have each person clone that repository with 'git-clone': +'git svn' to interact with the same Subversion repository, you can +do the initial 'git svn clone' to a repository on a server and +have each person clone that repository with 'git clone': ------------------------------------------------------------------------ # Do the initial import on a server @@ -598,7 +716,7 @@ have each person clone that repository with 'git-clone': git fetch # Create a local branch from one of the branches just fetched git checkout -b master FETCH_HEAD -# Initialize git-svn locally (be sure to use the same URL and -T/-b/-t options as were used on server) +# Initialize 'git svn' locally (be sure to use the same URL and -T/-b/-t options as were used on server) git svn init http://svn.example.com/project # Pull the latest changes from Subversion git svn rebase @@ -607,7 +725,7 @@ have each person clone that repository with 'git-clone': REBASE VS. PULL/MERGE --------------------- -Originally, 'git-svn' recommended that the 'remotes/git-svn' branch be +Originally, 'git svn' recommended that the 'remotes/git-svn' branch be pulled or merged from. This is because the author favored `git svn set-tree B` to commit a single head rather than the `git svn set-tree A..B` notation to commit multiple commits. @@ -622,7 +740,7 @@ previous commits in SVN. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY ----------------- Merge tracking in Subversion is lacking and doing branched development -with Subversion can be cumbersome as a result. While 'git-svn' can track +with Subversion can be cumbersome as a result. While 'git svn' can track copy history (including branches and tags) for repositories adopting a standard layout, it cannot yet represent merge history that happened inside git back upstream to SVN users. Therefore it is advised that @@ -633,25 +751,35 @@ CAVEATS ------- For the sake of simplicity and interoperating with a less-capable system -(SVN), it is recommended that all 'git-svn' users clone, fetch and dcommit -directly from the SVN server, and avoid all 'git-clone'/'pull'/'merge'/'push' +(SVN), it is recommended that all 'git svn' users clone, fetch and dcommit +directly from the SVN server, and avoid all 'git clone'/'pull'/'merge'/'push' operations between git repositories and branches. The recommended method of exchanging code between git branches and users is -'git-format-patch' and 'git-am', or just 'dcommit'ing to the SVN repository. +'git format-patch' and 'git am', or just 'dcommit'ing to the SVN repository. -Running 'git-merge' or 'git-pull' is NOT recommended on a branch you +Running 'git merge' or 'git pull' is NOT recommended on a branch you plan to 'dcommit' from. Subversion does not represent merges in any reasonable or useful fashion; so users using Subversion cannot see any merges you've made. Furthermore, if you merge or pull from a git branch that is a mirror of an SVN branch, 'dcommit' may commit to the wrong branch. -'git-clone' does not clone branches under the refs/remotes/ hierarchy or -any 'git-svn' metadata, or config. So repositories created and managed with -using 'git-svn' should use 'rsync' for cloning, if cloning is to be done +If you do merge, note the following rule: 'git svn dcommit' will +attempt to commit on top of the SVN commit named in +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +git log --grep=^git-svn-id: --first-parent -1 +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +You 'must' therefore ensure that the most recent commit of the branch +you want to dcommit to is the 'first' parent of the merge. Chaos will +ensue otherwise, especially if the first parent is an older commit on +the same SVN branch. + +'git clone' does not clone branches under the refs/remotes/ hierarchy or +any 'git svn' metadata, or config. So repositories created and managed with +using 'git svn' should use 'rsync' for cloning, if cloning is to be done at all. -Since 'dcommit' uses rebase internally, any git branches you 'git-push' to +Since 'dcommit' uses rebase internally, any git branches you 'git push' to before 'dcommit' on will require forcing an overwrite of the existing ref on the remote repository. This is generally considered bad practice, see the linkgit:git-push[1] documentation for details. @@ -661,6 +789,16 @@ already dcommitted. It is considered bad practice to --amend commits you've already pushed to a remote repository for other users, and dcommit with SVN is analogous to that. +When using multiple --branches or --tags, 'git svn' does not automatically +handle name collisions (for example, if two branches from different paths have +the same name, or if a branch and a tag have the same name). In these cases, +use 'init' to set up your git repository then, before your first 'fetch', edit +the .git/config file so that the branches and tags are associated with +different name spaces. For example: + + branches = stable/*:refs/remotes/svn/stable/* + branches = debug/*:refs/remotes/svn/debug/* + BUGS ---- @@ -677,7 +815,7 @@ for git to detect them. CONFIGURATION ------------- -'git-svn' stores [svn-remote] configuration information in the +'git svn' stores [svn-remote] configuration information in the repository .git/config file. It is similar the core git [remote] sections except 'fetch' keys do not accept glob arguments; but they are instead handled by the 'branches' @@ -698,7 +836,23 @@ Keep in mind that the '\*' (asterisk) wildcard of the local ref however the remote wildcard may be anywhere as long as it's an independent path component (surrounded by '/' or EOL). This type of configuration is not automatically created by 'init' and -should be manually entered with a text-editor or using 'git-config'. +should be manually entered with a text-editor or using 'git config'. + +It is also possible to fetch a subset of branches or tags by using a +comma-separated list of names within braces. For example: + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +[svn-remote "huge-project"] + url = http://server.org/svn + fetch = trunk/src:refs/remotes/trunk + branches = branches/{red,green}/src:refs/remotes/branches/* + tags = tags/{1.0,2.0}/src:refs/remotes/tags/* +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +Note that git-svn keeps track of the highest revision in which a branch +or tag has appeared. If the subset of branches or tags is changed after +fetching, then .git/svn/.metadata must be manually edited to remove (or +reset) branches-maxRev and/or tags-maxRev as appropriate. SEE ALSO -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt index 6392538807..33a1536294 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ cumbersome. On some platforms, `ln -sf` does not even work as advertised (horrors). Therefore symbolic links are now deprecated and symbolic refs are used by default. -'git-symbolic-ref' will exit with status 0 if the contents of the +'git symbolic-ref' will exit with status 0 if the contents of the symbolic ref were printed correctly, with status 1 if the requested name is not a symbolic ref, or 128 if another error occurs. diff --git a/Documentation/git-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-tag.txt index fa733214ab..31c78a81e0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-tag.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-tag.txt @@ -10,14 +10,15 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git tag' [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] - <name> [<commit> | <object>] -'git tag' -d <name>... + <tagname> [<commit> | <object>] +'git tag' -d <tagname>... 'git tag' [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <commit>] [<pattern>] -'git tag' -v <name>... +'git tag' -v <tagname>... DESCRIPTION ----------- -Adds a 'tag' reference in `.git/refs/tags/` + +Adds a tag reference in `.git/refs/tags/`. Unless `-f` is given, the tag must not yet exist in `.git/refs/tags/` directory. @@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ OPTIONS Make a GPG-signed tag, using the given key -f:: +--force:: Replace an existing tag with the given name (instead of failing) -d:: @@ -85,9 +87,15 @@ OPTIONS Implies `-a` if none of `-a`, `-s`, or `-u <key-id>` is given. +<tagname>:: + The name of the tag to create, delete, or describe. + The new tag name must pass all checks defined by + linkgit:git-check-ref-format[1]. Some of these checks + may restrict the characters allowed in a tag name. + CONFIGURATION ------------- -By default, 'git-tag' in sign-with-default mode (-s) will use your +By default, 'git tag' in sign-with-default mode (-s) will use your committer identity (of the form "Your Name <your@email.address>") to find a key. If you want to use a different default key, you can specify it in the repository configuration as follows: @@ -123,12 +131,12 @@ and be done with it. . The insane thing. You really want to call the new version "X" too, 'even though' -others have already seen the old one. So just use 'git-tag -f' +others have already seen the old one. So just use 'git tag -f' again, as if you hadn't already published the old one. However, Git does *not* (and it should not) change tags behind users back. So if somebody already got the old tag, doing a -'git-pull' on your tree shouldn't just make them overwrite the old +'git pull' on your tree shouldn't just make them overwrite the old one. If somebody got a release tag from you, you cannot just change @@ -182,7 +190,7 @@ private anchor point tags from the other person. You would notice "please pull" messages on the mailing list says repo URL and branch name alone. This is designed to be easily -cut&pasted to a 'git-fetch' command line: +cut&pasted to a 'git fetch' command line: ------------ Linus, please pull from @@ -249,6 +257,10 @@ $ GIT_COMMITTER_DATE="2006-10-02 10:31" git tag -s v1.0.1 ------------ +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-check-ref-format[1]. + Author ------ Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>, diff --git a/Documentation/git-tar-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-tar-tree.txt index a5d9558dd1..3c786bd283 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-tar-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-tar-tree.txt @@ -12,19 +12,19 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -THIS COMMAND IS DEPRECATED. Use 'git-archive' with `--format=tar` +THIS COMMAND IS DEPRECATED. Use 'git archive' with `--format=tar` option instead (and move the <base> argument to `--prefix=base/`). Creates a tar archive containing the tree structure for the named tree. When <base> is specified it is added as a leading path to the files in the generated tar archive. -'git-tar-tree' behaves differently when given a tree ID versus when given +'git tar-tree' behaves differently when given a tree ID versus when given a commit ID or tag ID. In the first case the current time is used as modification time of each file in the archive. In the latter case the commit time as recorded in the referenced commit object is used instead. Additionally the commit ID is stored in a global extended pax header. -It can be extracted using 'git-get-tar-commit-id'. +It can be extracted using 'git get-tar-commit-id'. OPTIONS ------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt index 25e0bbea86..68dc1879fe 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt @@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [--cacheinfo <mode> <object> <file>]\* [--chmod=(+|-)x] [--assume-unchanged | --no-assume-unchanged] + [--skip-worktree | --no-skip-worktree] [--ignore-submodules] [--really-refresh] [--unresolve] [--again | -g] [--info-only] [--index-info] @@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ cleared. See also linkgit:git-add[1] for a more user-friendly way to do some of the most common operations on the index. -The way 'git-update-index' handles files it is told about can be modified +The way 'git update-index' handles files it is told about can be modified using the various options: OPTIONS @@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ OPTIONS -q:: Quiet. If --refresh finds that the index needs an update, the default behavior is to error out. This option makes - 'git-update-index' continue anyway. + 'git update-index' continue anyway. --ignore-submodules:: Do not try to update submodules. This option is only respected @@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ OPTIONS --unmerged:: If --refresh finds unmerged changes in the index, the default - behavior is to error out. This option makes 'git-update-index' + behavior is to error out. This option makes 'git update-index' continue anyway. --ignore-missing:: @@ -99,9 +100,20 @@ in the index e.g. when merging in a commit; thus, in case the assumed-untracked file is changed upstream, you will need to handle the situation manually. +--really-refresh:: + Like '--refresh', but checks stat information unconditionally, + without regard to the "assume unchanged" setting. + +--skip-worktree:: +--no-skip-worktree:: + When one of these flags is specified, the object name recorded + for the paths are not updated. Instead, these options + set and unset the "skip-worktree" bit for the paths. See + section "Skip-worktree bit" below for more information. + -g:: --again:: - Runs 'git-update-index' itself on the paths whose index + Runs 'git update-index' itself on the paths whose index entries are different from those from the `HEAD` commit. --unresolve:: @@ -119,7 +131,7 @@ you will need to handle the situation manually. --replace:: By default, when a file `path` exists in the index, - 'git-update-index' refuses an attempt to add `path/file`. + 'git update-index' refuses an attempt to add `path/file`. Similarly if a file `path/file` exists, a file `path` cannot be added. With --replace flag, existing entries that conflict with the entry being added are @@ -155,7 +167,7 @@ up-to-date for mode/content changes. But what it *does* do is to can refresh the index for a file that hasn't been changed but where the stat entry is out of date. -For example, you'd want to do this after doing a 'git-read-tree', to link +For example, you'd want to do this after doing a 'git read-tree', to link up the stat index details with the proper files. Using --cacheinfo or --info-only @@ -196,13 +208,13 @@ back on 3-way merge. . mode SP type SP sha1 TAB path + -The second format is to stuff 'git-ls-tree' output +The second format is to stuff 'git ls-tree' output into the index file. . mode SP sha1 SP stage TAB path + This format is to put higher order stages into the -index file and matches 'git-ls-files --stage' output. +index file and matches 'git ls-files --stage' output. To place a higher stage entry to the index, the path should first be removed by feeding a mode=0 entry for the path, and @@ -259,8 +271,8 @@ option. To unset, use `--no-assume-unchanged`. The command looks at `core.ignorestat` configuration variable. When this is true, paths updated with `git update-index paths...` and paths updated with other git commands that update both index and -working tree (e.g. 'git-apply --index', 'git-checkout-index -u', -and 'git-read-tree -u') are automatically marked as "assume +working tree (e.g. 'git apply --index', 'git checkout-index -u', +and 'git read-tree -u') are automatically marked as "assume unchanged". Note that "assume unchanged" bit is *not* set if `git update-index --refresh` finds the working tree file matches the index (use `git update-index --really-refresh` if you want @@ -304,16 +316,37 @@ M foo.c <9> now it checks with lstat(2) and finds it has been changed. +Skip-worktree bit +----------------- + +Skip-worktree bit can be defined in one (long) sentence: When reading +an entry, if it is marked as skip-worktree, then Git pretends its +working directory version is up to date and read the index version +instead. + +To elaborate, "reading" means checking for file existence, reading +file attributes or file content. The working directory version may be +present or absent. If present, its content may match against the index +version or not. Writing is not affected by this bit, content safety +is still first priority. Note that Git _can_ update working directory +file, that is marked skip-worktree, if it is safe to do so (i.e. +working directory version matches index version) + +Although this bit looks similar to assume-unchanged bit, its goal is +different from assume-unchanged bit's. Skip-worktree also takes +precedence over assume-unchanged bit when both are set. + + Configuration ------------- The command honors `core.filemode` configuration variable. If -your repository is on an filesystem whose executable bits are +your repository is on a filesystem whose executable bits are unreliable, this should be set to 'false' (see linkgit:git-config[1]). This causes the command to ignore differences in file modes recorded in the index and the file mode on the filesystem if they differ only on executable bit. On such an unfortunate filesystem, you may -need to use 'git-update-index --chmod='. +need to use 'git update-index --chmod='. Quite similarly, if `core.symlinks` configuration variable is set to 'false' (see linkgit:git-config[1]), symbolic links are checked out diff --git a/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt b/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt index bbd7617587..f5f2b3908b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt @@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -Invoked by 'git-archive --remote' and sends a generated archive to the +Invoked by 'git archive --remote' and sends a generated archive to the other end over the git protocol. This command is usually not invoked directly by the end user. The UI -for the protocol is on the 'git-archive' side, and the program pair +for the protocol is on the 'git archive' side, and the program pair is meant to be used to get an archive from a remote repository. OPTIONS diff --git a/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt index b8e49dce4a..71ca4ef442 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt @@ -8,17 +8,17 @@ git-upload-pack - Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack SYNOPSIS -------- -'git upload-pack' [--strict] [--timeout=<n>] <directory> +'git-upload-pack' [--strict] [--timeout=<n>] <directory> DESCRIPTION ----------- -Invoked by 'git-fetch-pack', learns what +Invoked by 'git fetch-pack', learns what objects the other side is missing, and sends them after packing. This command is usually not invoked directly by the end user. -The UI for the protocol is on the 'git-fetch-pack' side, and the +The UI for the protocol is on the 'git fetch-pack' side, and the program pair is meant to be used to pull updates from a remote -repository. For push operations, see 'git-send-pack'. +repository. For push operations, see 'git send-pack'. OPTIONS diff --git a/Documentation/git-var.txt b/Documentation/git-var.txt index e2f4c0901b..458f3e2755 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-var.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-var.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-var - Show a git logical variable SYNOPSIS -------- -'git var' [ -l | <variable> ] +'git var' ( -l | <variable> ) DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ OPTIONS Cause the logical variables to be listed. In addition, all the variables of the git configuration file .git/config are listed as well. (However, the configuration variables listing functionality - is deprecated in favor of 'git config -l'.) + is deprecated in favor of `git config -l`.) EXAMPLE -------- @@ -36,6 +36,20 @@ GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT:: GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT:: The person who put a piece of code into git. +GIT_EDITOR:: + Text editor for use by git commands. The value is meant to be + interpreted by the shell when it is used. Examples: `~/bin/vi`, + `$SOME_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE`, `"C:\Program Files\Vim\gvim.exe" + --nofork`. The order of preference is the `$GIT_EDITOR` + environment variable, then `core.editor` configuration, then + `$VISUAL`, then `$EDITOR`, and then finally 'vi'. + +GIT_PAGER:: + Text viewer for use by git commands (e.g., 'less'). The value + is meant to be interpreted by the shell. The order of preference + is the `$GIT_PAGER` environment variable, then `core.pager` + configuration, then `$PAGER`, and then finally 'less'. + Diagnostics ----------- You don't exist. Go away!:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt index c8611632d1..916a38aa99 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt @@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ git-verify-pack - Validate packed git archive files SYNOPSIS -------- -'git verify-pack' [-v] [--] <pack>.idx ... +'git verify-pack' [-v|--verbose] [--] <pack>.idx ... DESCRIPTION ----------- Reads given idx file for packed git archive created with the -'git-pack-objects' command and verifies idx file and the +'git pack-objects' command and verifies idx file and the corresponding pack file. OPTIONS @@ -23,8 +23,15 @@ OPTIONS The idx files to verify. -v:: +--verbose:: After verifying the pack, show list of objects contained - in the pack. + in the pack and a histogram of delta chain length. + +-s:: +--stat-only:: + Do not verify the pack contents; only show the histogram of delta + chain length. With `--verbose`, list of objects is also shown. + \--:: Do not interpret any more arguments as options. diff --git a/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt index 84e70a0234..dada21242c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -Validates the gpg signature created by 'git-tag'. +Validates the gpg signature created by 'git tag'. OPTIONS ------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt b/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt index 278cf73527..75720491b2 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ browser.<tool>.path You can explicitly provide a full path to your preferred browser by setting the configuration variable 'browser.<tool>.path'. For example, you can configure the absolute path to firefox by setting -'browser.firefox.path'. Otherwise, 'git-web--browse' assumes the tool +'browser.firefox.path'. Otherwise, 'git web--browse' assumes the tool is available in PATH. browser.<tool>.cmd @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ browser.<tool>.cmd When the browser, specified by options or configuration variables, is not among the supported ones, then the corresponding 'browser.<tool>.cmd' configuration variable will be looked up. If this -variable exists then 'git-web--browse' will treat the specified tool +variable exists then 'git web--browse' will treat the specified tool as a custom command and will use a shell eval to run the command with the URLs passed as arguments. @@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ See linkgit:git-config[1] for more information about this. Author ------ Written by Christian Couder <chriscool@tuxfamily.org> and the git-list -<git@vger.kernel.org>, based on 'git-mergetool' by Theodore Y. Ts'o. +<git@vger.kernel.org>, based on 'git mergetool' by Theodore Y. Ts'o. Documentation ------------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt b/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt index cadfbd9040..ea753cdafc 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt @@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- Shows commit logs and diff output each commit introduces. The -command internally invokes 'git-rev-list' piped to -'git-diff-tree', and takes command line options for both of +command internally invokes 'git rev-list' piped to +'git diff-tree', and takes command line options for both of these commands. This manual page describes only the most frequently used options. diff --git a/Documentation/git-write-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-write-tree.txt index 26d3850e73..bfceacacb3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-write-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-write-tree.txt @@ -12,21 +12,22 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -Creates a tree object using the current index. +Creates a tree object using the current index. The name of the new +tree object is printed to standard output. The index must be in a fully merged state. -Conceptually, 'git-write-tree' sync()s the current index contents +Conceptually, 'git write-tree' sync()s the current index contents into a set of tree files. In order to have that match what is actually in your directory right -now, you need to have done a 'git-update-index' phase before you did the -'git-write-tree'. +now, you need to have done a 'git update-index' phase before you did the +'git write-tree'. OPTIONS ------- --missing-ok:: - Normally 'git-write-tree' ensures that the objects referenced by the + Normally 'git write-tree' ensures that the objects referenced by the directory exist in the object database. This option disables this check. diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt index 8fbe187fb3..4e00b315ff 100644 --- a/Documentation/git.txt +++ b/Documentation/git.txt @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [--html-path] - [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] + [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--work-tree=GIT_WORK_TREE] [--help] COMMAND [ARGS] @@ -43,7 +43,51 @@ unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master' branch of the `git.git` repository. Documentation for older releases are available here: -* link:v1.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3] +* link:v1.7.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.3] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3], + link:RelNotes-1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2], + link:RelNotes-1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1], + link:RelNotes-1.7.0.txt[1.7.0]. + +* link:v1.6.6.2/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.2] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2], + link:RelNotes-1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1], + link:RelNotes-1.6.6.txt[1.6.6]. + +* link:v1.6.5.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.8] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8], + link:RelNotes-1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7], + link:RelNotes-1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6], + link:RelNotes-1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5], + link:RelNotes-1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4], + link:RelNotes-1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3], + link:RelNotes-1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2], + link:RelNotes-1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1], + link:RelNotes-1.6.5.txt[1.6.5]. + +* link:v1.6.4.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.4] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4], + link:RelNotes-1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3], + link:RelNotes-1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2], + link:RelNotes-1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1], + link:RelNotes-1.6.4.txt[1.6.4]. + +* link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4], + link:RelNotes-1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3], + link:RelNotes-1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2], + link:RelNotes-1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1], + link:RelNotes-1.6.3.txt[1.6.3]. * release notes for link:RelNotes-1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5], @@ -188,7 +232,10 @@ help ...`. -p:: --paginate:: - Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER). + Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard + output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>` + configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section + below). --no-pager:: Do not pipe git output into a pager. @@ -216,6 +263,10 @@ help ...`. environment is not set, it is set to the current working directory. +--no-replace-objects:: + Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See + linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information. + FURTHER DOCUMENTATION --------------------- @@ -356,7 +407,8 @@ people. Here is an example: ------------ Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust -their operation accordingly. +their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a +list. Identifier Terminology @@ -536,8 +588,8 @@ other linkgit:git-config[1]. 'GIT_SSH':: - If this environment variable is set then 'git-fetch' - and 'git-push' will use this command instead + If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch' + and 'git push' will use this command instead of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system. The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments: the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the @@ -553,8 +605,8 @@ for further details. 'GIT_FLUSH':: If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such - as 'git-blame' (in incremental mode), 'git-rev-list', 'git-log', - and 'git-whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream + as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log', + and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is diff --git a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt index 1195e83b6e..d892e642ed 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt @@ -88,9 +88,9 @@ Checking-out and checking-in These attributes affect how the contents stored in the repository are copied to the working tree files when commands -such as 'git-checkout' and 'git-merge' run. They also affect how +such as 'git checkout' and 'git merge' run. They also affect how git stores the contents you prepare in the working tree in the -repository upon 'git-add' and 'git-commit'. +repository upon 'git add' and 'git commit'. `crlf` ^^^^^^ @@ -148,16 +148,16 @@ an irreversible conversion. The safety triggers to prevent such a conversion done to the files in the work tree, but there are a few exceptions. Even though... -- 'git-add' itself does not touch the files in the work tree, the +- 'git add' itself does not touch the files in the work tree, the next checkout would, so the safety triggers; -- 'git-apply' to update a text file with a patch does touch the files +- 'git apply' to update a text file with a patch does touch the files in the work tree, but the operation is about text files and CRLF conversion is about fixing the line ending inconsistencies, so the safety does not trigger; -- 'git-diff' itself does not touch the files in the work tree, it is - often run to inspect the changes you intend to next 'git-add'. To +- 'git diff' itself does not touch the files in the work tree, it is + often run to inspect the changes you intend to next 'git add'. To catch potential problems early, safety triggers. @@ -197,6 +197,25 @@ intent is that if someone unsets the filter driver definition, or does not have the appropriate filter program, the project should still be usable. +For example, in .gitattributes, you would assign the `filter` +attribute for paths. + +------------------------ +*.c filter=indent +------------------------ + +Then you would define a "filter.indent.clean" and "filter.indent.smudge" +configuration in your .git/config to specify a pair of commands to +modify the contents of C programs when the source files are checked +in ("clean" is run) and checked out (no change is made because the +command is "cat"). + +------------------------ +[filter "indent"] + clean = indent + smudge = cat +------------------------ + Interaction between checkin/checkout attributes ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ @@ -492,7 +511,8 @@ command to run to merge ancestor's version (`%O`), current version (`%A`) and the other branches' version (`%B`). These three tokens are replaced with the names of temporary files that hold the contents of these versions when the command line is -built. +built. Additionally, %L will be replaced with the conflict marker +size (see below). The merge driver is expected to leave the result of the merge in the file named with `%A` by overwriting it, and exit with zero @@ -506,6 +526,23 @@ When left unspecified, the driver itself is used for both internal merge and the final merge. +`conflict-marker-size` +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +This attribute controls the length of conflict markers left in +the work tree file during a conflicted merge. Only setting to +the value to a positive integer has any meaningful effect. + +For example, this line in `.gitattributes` can be used to tell the merge +machinery to leave much longer (instead of the usual 7-character-long) +conflict markers when merging the file `Documentation/git-merge.txt` +results in a conflict. + +------------------------ +Documentation/git-merge.txt conflict-marker-size=32 +------------------------ + + Checking whitespace errors ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -560,6 +597,16 @@ in the file. E.g. the string `$Format:%H$` will be replaced by the commit hash. +Packing objects +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +`delta` +^^^^^^^ + +Delta compression will not be attempted for blobs for paths with the +attribute `delta` set to false. + + Viewing files in GUI tools ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ diff --git a/Documentation/gitcli.txt b/Documentation/gitcli.txt index be39ed7c15..6928724a05 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitcli.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcli.txt @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ couple of magic command line options: + --------------------------------------------- $ git describe -h -usage: git-describe [options] <committish>* +usage: git describe [options] <committish>* --contains find the tag that comes after the commit --debug debug search strategy on stderr diff --git a/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt b/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt index b3640c4e64..f7815e96a2 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt @@ -27,6 +27,14 @@ interfaces on top of it called "porcelain". You may not want to use the plumbing directly very often, but it can be good to know what the plumbing does for when the porcelain isn't flushing. +Back when this document was originally written, many porcelain +commands were shell scripts. For simplicity, it still uses them as +examples to illustrate how plumbing is fit together to form the +porcelain commands. The source tree includes some of these scripts in +contrib/examples/ for reference. Although these are not implemented as +shell scripts anymore, the description of what the plumbing layer +commands do is still valid. + [NOTE] Deeper technical details are often marked as Notes, which you can skip on your first reading. @@ -44,7 +52,7 @@ to import into git. For our first example, we're going to start a totally new repository from scratch, with no pre-existing files, and we'll call it 'git-tutorial'. To start up, create a subdirectory for it, change into that -subdirectory, and initialize the git infrastructure with 'git-init': +subdirectory, and initialize the git infrastructure with 'git init': ------------------------------------------------ $ mkdir git-tutorial @@ -139,7 +147,7 @@ but to actually check in your hard work, you will have to go through two steps: - commit that index file as an object. The first step is trivial: when you want to tell git about any changes -to your working tree, you use the 'git-update-index' program. That +to your working tree, you use the 'git update-index' program. That program normally just takes a list of filenames you want to update, but to avoid trivial mistakes, it refuses to add new entries to the index (or remove existing ones) unless you explicitly tell it that you're @@ -173,19 +181,19 @@ and see two files: which correspond with the objects with names of `557db...` and `f24c7...` respectively. -If you want to, you can use 'git-cat-file' to look at those objects, but +If you want to, you can use 'git cat-file' to look at those objects, but you'll have to use the object name, not the filename of the object: ---------------- $ git cat-file -t 557db03de997c86a4a028e1ebd3a1ceb225be238 ---------------- -where the `-t` tells 'git-cat-file' to tell you what the "type" of the +where the `-t` tells 'git cat-file' to tell you what the "type" of the object is. git will tell you that you have a "blob" object (i.e., just a regular file), and you can see the contents with ---------------- -$ git cat-file "blob" 557db03 +$ git cat-file blob 557db03 ---------------- which will print out "Hello World". The object `557db03` is nothing @@ -205,7 +213,7 @@ hexadecimal digits in most places. Anyway, as we mentioned previously, you normally never actually take a look at the objects themselves, and typing long 40-character hex names is not something you'd normally want to do. The above digression -was just to show that 'git-update-index' did something magical, and +was just to show that 'git update-index' did something magical, and actually saved away the contents of your files into the git object database. @@ -228,7 +236,7 @@ $ echo "It's a new day for git" >>hello and you can now, since you told git about the previous state of `hello`, ask git what has changed in the tree compared to your old index, using the -'git-diff-files' command: +'git diff-files' command: ------------ $ git diff-files @@ -239,7 +247,7 @@ version of a 'diff', but that internal version really just tells you that it has noticed that "hello" has been modified, and that the old object contents it had have been replaced with something else. -To make it readable, we can tell 'git-diff-files' to output the +To make it readable, we can tell 'git diff-files' to output the differences as a patch, using the `-p` flag: ------------ @@ -255,7 +263,7 @@ index 557db03..263414f 100644 i.e. the diff of the change we caused by adding another line to `hello`. -In other words, 'git-diff-files' always shows us the difference between +In other words, 'git diff-files' always shows us the difference between what is recorded in the index, and what is currently in the working tree. That's very useful. @@ -283,7 +291,7 @@ that in two phases: creating a 'tree' object, and committing that 'tree' object as a 'commit' object together with an explanation of what the tree was all about, along with information of how we came to that state. -Creating a tree object is trivial, and is done with 'git-write-tree'. +Creating a tree object is trivial, and is done with 'git write-tree'. There are no options or other input: `git write-tree` will take the current index state, and write an object that describes that whole index. In other words, we're now tying together all the different @@ -307,23 +315,23 @@ is not a "blob" object, but a "tree" object (you can also use `git cat-file` to actually output the raw object contents, but you'll see mainly a binary mess, so that's less interesting). -However -- normally you'd never use 'git-write-tree' on its own, because +However -- normally you'd never use 'git write-tree' on its own, because normally you always commit a tree into a commit object using the -'git-commit-tree' command. In fact, it's easier to not actually use -'git-write-tree' on its own at all, but to just pass its result in as an -argument to 'git-commit-tree'. +'git commit-tree' command. In fact, it's easier to not actually use +'git write-tree' on its own at all, but to just pass its result in as an +argument to 'git commit-tree'. -'git-commit-tree' normally takes several arguments -- it wants to know +'git commit-tree' normally takes several arguments -- it wants to know what the 'parent' of a commit was, but since this is the first commit ever in this new repository, and it has no parents, we only need to pass in -the object name of the tree. However, 'git-commit-tree' also wants to get a +the object name of the tree. However, 'git commit-tree' also wants to get a commit message on its standard input, and it will write out the resulting object name for the commit to its standard output. And this is where we create the `.git/refs/heads/master` file which is pointed at by `HEAD`. This file is supposed to contain the reference to the top-of-tree of the master branch, and since -that's exactly what 'git-commit-tree' spits out, we can do this +that's exactly what 'git commit-tree' spits out, we can do this all with a sequence of simple shell commands: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -345,11 +353,11 @@ instead, and it would have done the above magic scripting for you. Making a change --------------- -Remember how we did the 'git-update-index' on file `hello` and then we +Remember how we did the 'git update-index' on file `hello` and then we changed `hello` afterward, and could compare the new state of `hello` with the state we saved in the index file? -Further, remember how I said that 'git-write-tree' writes the contents +Further, remember how I said that 'git write-tree' writes the contents of the *index* file to the tree, and thus what we just committed was in fact the *original* contents of the file `hello`, not the new ones. We did that on purpose, to show the difference between the index state, and the @@ -360,12 +368,12 @@ As before, if we do `git diff-files -p` in our git-tutorial project, we'll still see the same difference we saw last time: the index file hasn't changed by the act of committing anything. However, now that we have committed something, we can also learn to use a new command: -'git-diff-index'. +'git diff-index'. -Unlike 'git-diff-files', which showed the difference between the index -file and the working tree, 'git-diff-index' shows the differences +Unlike 'git diff-files', which showed the difference between the index +file and the working tree, 'git diff-index' shows the differences between a committed *tree* and either the index file or the working -tree. In other words, 'git-diff-index' wants a tree to be diffed +tree. In other words, 'git diff-index' wants a tree to be diffed against, and before we did the commit, we couldn't do that, because we didn't have anything to diff against. @@ -375,7 +383,7 @@ But now we can do $ git diff-index -p HEAD ---------------- -(where `-p` has the same meaning as it did in 'git-diff-files'), and it +(where `-p` has the same meaning as it did in 'git diff-files'), and it will show us the same difference, but for a totally different reason. Now we're comparing the working tree not against the index file, but against the tree we just wrote. It just so happens that those two @@ -390,7 +398,7 @@ $ git diff HEAD which ends up doing the above for you. -In other words, 'git-diff-index' normally compares a tree against the +In other words, 'git diff-index' normally compares a tree against the working tree, but when given the `\--cached` flag, it is told to instead compare against just the index cache contents, and ignore the current working tree state entirely. Since we just wrote the index @@ -399,7 +407,7 @@ an empty set of differences, and that's exactly what it does. [NOTE] ================ -'git-diff-index' really always uses the index for its +'git diff-index' really always uses the index for its comparisons, and saying that it compares a tree against the working tree is thus not strictly accurate. In particular, the list of files to compare (the "meta-data") *always* comes from the index file, @@ -428,11 +436,11 @@ $ git update-index hello (note how we didn't need the `\--add` flag this time, since git knew about the file already). -Note what happens to the different 'git-diff-\*' versions here. After +Note what happens to the different 'git diff-\*' versions here. After we've updated `hello` in the index, `git diff-files -p` now shows no differences, but `git diff-index -p HEAD` still *does* show that the current state is different from the state we committed. In fact, now -'git-diff-index' shows the same difference whether we use the `--cached` +'git diff-index' shows the same difference whether we use the `--cached` flag or not, since now the index is coherent with the working tree. Now, since we've updated `hello` in the index, we can commit the new @@ -460,7 +468,7 @@ You've now made your first real git commit. And if you're interested in looking at what `git commit` really does, feel free to investigate: it's a few very simple shell scripts to generate the helpful (?) commit message headers, and a few one-liners that actually do the -commit itself ('git-commit'). +commit itself ('git commit'). Inspecting Changes @@ -468,9 +476,9 @@ Inspecting Changes While creating changes is useful, it's even more useful if you can tell later what changed. The most useful command for this is another of the -'diff' family, namely 'git-diff-tree'. +'diff' family, namely 'git diff-tree'. -'git-diff-tree' can be given two arbitrary trees, and it will tell you the +'git diff-tree' can be given two arbitrary trees, and it will tell you the differences between them. Perhaps even more commonly, though, you can give it just a single commit object, and it will figure out the parent of that commit itself, and show the difference directly. Thus, to get @@ -518,15 +526,15 @@ various diff-\* commands compare things. +-----------+ ============ -More interestingly, you can also give 'git-diff-tree' the `--pretty` flag, +More interestingly, you can also give 'git diff-tree' the `--pretty` flag, which tells it to also show the commit message and author and date of the commit, and you can tell it to show a whole series of diffs. Alternatively, you can tell it to be "silent", and not show the diffs at all, but just show the actual commit message. -In fact, together with the 'git-rev-list' program (which generates a -list of revisions), 'git-diff-tree' ends up being a veritable fount of -changes. A trivial (but very useful) script called 'git-whatchanged' is +In fact, together with the 'git rev-list' program (which generates a +list of revisions), 'git diff-tree' ends up being a veritable fount of +changes. A trivial (but very useful) script called 'git whatchanged' is included with git which does exactly this, and shows a log of recent activities. @@ -553,14 +561,14 @@ When using the above two commands, the initial commit will be shown. If this is a problem because it is huge, you can hide it by setting the log.showroot configuration variable to false. Having this, you can still show it for each command just adding the `\--root` option, -which is a flag for 'git-diff-tree' accepted by both commands. +which is a flag for 'git diff-tree' accepted by both commands. With that, you should now be having some inkling of what git does, and can explore on your own. [NOTE] Most likely, you are not directly using the core -git Plumbing commands, but using Porcelain such as 'git-add', `git-rm' +git Plumbing commands, but using Porcelain such as 'git add', `git-rm' and `git-commit'. @@ -595,14 +603,14 @@ pointer to the state you want to tag, but also a small tag name and message, along with optionally a PGP signature that says that yes, you really did that tag. You create these annotated tags with either the `-a` or -`-s` flag to 'git-tag': +`-s` flag to 'git tag': ---------------- $ git tag -s <tagname> ---------------- which will sign the current `HEAD` (but you can also give it another -argument that specifies the thing to tag, i.e., you could have tagged the +argument that specifies the thing to tag, e.g., you could have tagged the current `mybranch` point by using `git tag <tagname> mybranch`). You normally only do signed tags for major releases or things @@ -642,7 +650,7 @@ and it will be gone. There's no external repository, and there's no history outside the project you created. - if you want to move or duplicate a git repository, you can do so. There - is 'git-clone' command, but if all you want to do is just to + is 'git clone' command, but if all you want to do is just to create a copy of your repository (with all the full history that went along with it), you can do so with a regular `cp -a git-tutorial new-git-tutorial`. @@ -666,7 +674,7 @@ When copying a remote repository, you'll want to at a minimum update the index cache when you do this, and especially with other peoples' repositories you often want to make sure that the index cache is in some known state (you don't know *what* they've done and not yet checked in), -so usually you'll precede the 'git-update-index' with a +so usually you'll precede the 'git update-index' with a ---------------- $ git read-tree --reset HEAD @@ -674,7 +682,7 @@ $ git update-index --refresh ---------------- which will force a total index re-build from the tree pointed to by `HEAD`. -It resets the index contents to `HEAD`, and then the 'git-update-index' +It resets the index contents to `HEAD`, and then the 'git update-index' makes sure to match up all index entries with the checked-out files. If the original repository had uncommitted changes in its working tree, `git update-index --refresh` notices them and @@ -689,8 +697,8 @@ $ git reset and in fact a lot of the common git command combinations can be scripted with the `git xyz` interfaces. You can learn things by just looking at what the various git scripts do. For example, `git reset` used to be -the above two lines implemented in 'git-reset', but some things like -'git-status' and 'git-commit' are slightly more complex scripts around +the above two lines implemented in 'git reset', but some things like +'git status' and 'git commit' are slightly more complex scripts around the basic git commands. Many (most?) public remote repositories will not contain any of @@ -729,7 +737,7 @@ where the `-u` flag means that you want the checkout to keep the index up-to-date (so that you don't have to refresh it afterward), and the `-a` flag means "check out all files" (if you have a stale copy or an older version of a checked out tree you may also need to add the `-f` -flag first, to tell 'git-checkout-index' to *force* overwriting of any old +flag first, to tell 'git checkout-index' to *force* overwriting of any old files). Again, this can all be simplified with @@ -776,7 +784,7 @@ to it. ================================================ If you make the decision to start your new branch at some other point in the history than the current `HEAD`, you can do so by -just telling 'git-checkout' what the base of the checkout would be. +just telling 'git checkout' what the base of the checkout would be. In other words, if you have an earlier tag or branch, you'd just do ------------ @@ -819,7 +827,7 @@ $ git branch <branchname> [startingpoint] which will simply _create_ the branch, but will not do anything further. You can then later -- once you decide that you want to actually develop -on that branch -- switch to that branch with a regular 'git-checkout' +on that branch -- switch to that branch with a regular 'git checkout' with the branchname as the argument. @@ -881,7 +889,7 @@ source. Anyway, let's exit 'gitk' (`^Q` or the File menu), and decide that we want to merge the work we did on the `mybranch` branch into the `master` branch (which is currently our `HEAD` too). To do that, there's a nice -script called 'git-merge', which wants to know which branches you want +script called 'git merge', which wants to know which branches you want to resolve and what the merge is all about: ------------ @@ -925,7 +933,7 @@ $ git commit -i hello which will very loudly warn you that you're now committing a merge (which is correct, so never mind), and you can write a small merge -message about your adventures in 'git-merge'-land. +message about your adventures in 'git merge'-land. After you're done, start up `gitk \--all` to see graphically what the history looks like. Notice that `mybranch` still exists, and you can @@ -967,21 +975,21 @@ branch head. Please see linkgit:git-rev-parse[1] if you want to see more complex cases. [NOTE] -Without the '--more=1' option, 'git-show-branch' would not output the +Without the '--more=1' option, 'git show-branch' would not output the '[master^]' commit, as '[mybranch]' commit is a common ancestor of both 'master' and 'mybranch' tips. Please see linkgit:git-show-branch[1] for details. [NOTE] If there were more commits on the 'master' branch after the merge, the -merge commit itself would not be shown by 'git-show-branch' by +merge commit itself would not be shown by 'git show-branch' by default. You would need to provide '--sparse' option to make the merge commit visible in this case. Now, let's pretend you are the one who did all the work in `mybranch`, and the fruit of your hard work has finally been merged to the `master` branch. Let's go back to `mybranch`, and run -'git-merge' to get the "upstream changes" back to your branch. +'git merge' to get the "upstream changes" back to your branch. ------------ $ git checkout mybranch @@ -993,7 +1001,7 @@ would be different) ---------------- Updating from ae3a2da... to a80b4aa.... -Fast forward (no commit created; -m option ignored) +Fast-forward (no commit created; -m option ignored) example | 1 + hello | 1 + 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) @@ -1003,7 +1011,7 @@ Because your branch did not contain anything more than what had already been merged into the `master` branch, the merge operation did not actually do a merge. Instead, it just updated the top of the tree of your branch to that of the `master` branch. This is -often called 'fast forward' merge. +often called 'fast-forward' merge. You can run `gitk \--all` again to see how the commit ancestry looks like, or run 'show-branch', which tells you this. @@ -1023,12 +1031,12 @@ Merging external work It's usually much more common that you merge with somebody else than merging with your own branches, so it's worth pointing out that git makes that very easy too, and in fact, it's not that different from -doing a 'git-merge'. In fact, a remote merge ends up being nothing +doing a 'git merge'. In fact, a remote merge ends up being nothing more than "fetch the work from a remote repository into a temporary tag" -followed by a 'git-merge'. +followed by a 'git merge'. Fetching from a remote repository is done by, unsurprisingly, -'git-fetch': +'git fetch': ---------------- $ git fetch <remote-repository> @@ -1095,7 +1103,7 @@ The 'commit walkers' are sometimes also called 'dumb transports', because they do not require any git aware smart server like git Native transport does. Any stock HTTP server that does not even support directory index would suffice. But -you must prepare your repository with 'git-update-server-info' +you must prepare your repository with 'git update-server-info' to help dumb transport downloaders. Once you fetch from the remote repository, you `merge` that @@ -1115,7 +1123,7 @@ argument. [NOTE] You could do without using any branches at all, by keeping as many local repositories as you would like to have -branches, and merging between them with 'git-pull', just like +branches, and merging between them with 'git pull', just like you merge between branches. The advantage of this approach is that it lets you keep a set of files for each `branch` checked out and you may find it easier to switch back and forth if you @@ -1132,7 +1140,7 @@ like this: $ git config remote.linus.url http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git/ ------------------------------------------------ -and use the "linus" keyword with 'git-pull' instead of the full URL. +and use the "linus" keyword with 'git pull' instead of the full URL. Examples. @@ -1168,7 +1176,7 @@ $ git show-branch --more=2 master mybranch +* [master^] Some fun. ------------ -Remember, before running 'git-merge', our `master` head was at +Remember, before running 'git merge', our `master` head was at "Some fun." commit, while our `mybranch` head was at "Some work." commit. @@ -1186,16 +1194,16 @@ $ git show-branch * [master] Some fun. ! [mybranch] Some work. -- - + [mybranch] Some work. * [master] Some fun. -*+ [mybranch^] New day. + + [mybranch] Some work. +*+ [master^] Initial commit ------------ Now we are ready to experiment with the merge by hand. `git merge` command, when merging two branches, uses 3-way merge algorithm. First, it finds the common ancestor between them. -The command it uses is 'git-merge-base': +The command it uses is 'git merge-base': ------------ $ mb=$(git merge-base HEAD mybranch) @@ -1204,11 +1212,11 @@ $ mb=$(git merge-base HEAD mybranch) The command writes the commit object name of the common ancestor to the standard output, so we captured its output to a variable, because we will be using it in the next step. By the way, the common -ancestor commit is the "New day." commit in this case. You can +ancestor commit is the "Initial commit" commit in this case. You can tell it by: ------------ -$ git name-rev $mb +$ git name-rev --name-only --tags $mb my-first-tag ------------ @@ -1219,7 +1227,7 @@ this: $ git read-tree -m -u $mb HEAD mybranch ------------ -This is the same 'git-read-tree' command we have already seen, +This is the same 'git read-tree' command we have already seen, but it takes three trees, unlike previous examples. This reads the contents of each tree into different 'stage' in the index file (the first tree goes to stage 1, the second to stage 2, @@ -1237,8 +1245,8 @@ inspect the index file with this command: ------------ $ git ls-files --stage 100644 7f8b141b65fdcee47321e399a2598a235a032422 0 example -100644 263414f423d0e4d70dae8fe53fa34614ff3e2860 1 hello -100644 06fa6a24256dc7e560efa5687fa84b51f0263c3a 2 hello +100644 557db03de997c86a4a028e1ebd3a1ceb225be238 1 hello +100644 ba42a2a96e3027f3333e13ede4ccf4498c3ae942 2 hello 100644 cc44c73eb783565da5831b4d820c962954019b69 3 hello ------------ @@ -1253,15 +1261,15 @@ To look at only non-zero stages, use `\--unmerged` flag: ------------ $ git ls-files --unmerged -100644 263414f423d0e4d70dae8fe53fa34614ff3e2860 1 hello -100644 06fa6a24256dc7e560efa5687fa84b51f0263c3a 2 hello +100644 557db03de997c86a4a028e1ebd3a1ceb225be238 1 hello +100644 ba42a2a96e3027f3333e13ede4ccf4498c3ae942 2 hello 100644 cc44c73eb783565da5831b4d820c962954019b69 3 hello ------------ The next step of merging is to merge these three versions of the file, using 3-way merge. This is done by giving -'git-merge-one-file' command as one of the arguments to -'git-merge-index' command: +'git merge-one-file' command as one of the arguments to +'git merge-index' command: ------------ $ git merge-index git-merge-one-file hello @@ -1270,7 +1278,7 @@ ERROR: Merge conflict in hello fatal: merge program failed ------------ -'git-merge-one-file' script is called with parameters to +'git merge-one-file' script is called with parameters to describe those three versions, and is responsible to leave the merge results in the working tree. It is a fairly straightforward shell script, and @@ -1283,15 +1291,15 @@ the working tree.. This can be seen if you run `ls-files ------------ $ git ls-files --stage 100644 7f8b141b65fdcee47321e399a2598a235a032422 0 example -100644 263414f423d0e4d70dae8fe53fa34614ff3e2860 1 hello -100644 06fa6a24256dc7e560efa5687fa84b51f0263c3a 2 hello +100644 557db03de997c86a4a028e1ebd3a1ceb225be238 1 hello +100644 ba42a2a96e3027f3333e13ede4ccf4498c3ae942 2 hello 100644 cc44c73eb783565da5831b4d820c962954019b69 3 hello ------------ This is the state of the index file and the working file after -'git-merge' returns control back to you, leaving the conflicting +'git merge' returns control back to you, leaving the conflicting merge for you to resolve. Notice that the path `hello` is still -unmerged, and what you see with 'git-diff' at this point is +unmerged, and what you see with 'git diff' at this point is differences since stage 2 (i.e. your version). @@ -1328,8 +1336,8 @@ into it later. Obviously, this repository creation needs to be done only once. [NOTE] -'git-push' uses a pair of commands, -'git-send-pack' on your local machine, and 'git-receive-pack' +'git push' uses a pair of commands, +'git send-pack' on your local machine, and 'git-receive-pack' on the remote machine. The communication between the two over the network internally uses an SSH connection. @@ -1344,7 +1352,7 @@ $ mkdir my-git.git ------------ Then, make that directory into a git repository by running -'git-init', but this time, since its name is not the usual +'git init', but this time, since its name is not the usual `.git`, we do things slightly differently: ------------ @@ -1407,7 +1415,7 @@ $ git repack will do it for you. If you followed the tutorial examples, you would have accumulated about 17 objects in `.git/objects/??/` -directories by now. 'git-repack' tells you how many objects it +directories by now. 'git repack' tells you how many objects it packed, and stores the packed file in `.git/objects/pack` directory. @@ -1420,7 +1428,7 @@ them together. The former holds all the data from the objects in the pack, and the latter holds the index for random access. -If you are paranoid, running 'git-verify-pack' command would +If you are paranoid, running 'git verify-pack' command would detect if you have a corrupt pack, but do not worry too much. Our programs are always perfect ;-). @@ -1487,17 +1495,17 @@ If other people are pulling from your repository over dumb transport protocols (HTTP), you need to keep this repository 'dumb transport friendly'. After `git init`, `$GIT_DIR/hooks/post-update.sample` copied from the standard templates -would contain a call to 'git-update-server-info' +would contain a call to 'git update-server-info' but you need to manually enable the hook with `mv post-update.sample post-update`. This makes sure -'git-update-server-info' keeps the necessary files up-to-date. +'git update-server-info' keeps the necessary files up-to-date. 3. Push into the public repository from your primary repository. -4. 'git-repack' the public repository. This establishes a big +4. 'git repack' the public repository. This establishes a big pack that contains the initial set of objects as the - baseline, and possibly 'git-prune' if the transport + baseline, and possibly 'git prune' if the transport used for pulling from your repository supports packed repositories. @@ -1511,14 +1519,14 @@ You can repack this private repository whenever you feel like. 6. Push your changes to the public repository, and announce it to the public. -7. Every once in a while, 'git-repack' the public repository. +7. Every once in a while, 'git repack' the public repository. Go back to step 5. and continue working. A recommended work cycle for a "subsystem maintainer" who works on that project and has an own "public repository" goes like this: -1. Prepare your work repository, by 'git-clone' the public +1. Prepare your work repository, by 'git clone' the public repository of the "project lead". The URL used for the initial cloning is stored in the remote.origin.url configuration variable. @@ -1533,7 +1541,7 @@ on that project and has an own "public repository" goes like this: point at the repository you are borrowing from. 4. Push into the public repository from your primary - repository. Run 'git-repack', and possibly 'git-prune' if the + repository. Run 'git repack', and possibly 'git prune' if the transport used for pulling from your repository supports packed repositories. @@ -1550,7 +1558,7 @@ like. "project lead" and possibly your "sub-subsystem maintainers" to pull from it. -7. Every once in a while, 'git-repack' the public repository. +7. Every once in a while, 'git repack' the public repository. Go back to step 5. and continue working. @@ -1558,7 +1566,7 @@ A recommended work cycle for an "individual developer" who does not have a "public" repository is somewhat different. It goes like this: -1. Prepare your work repository, by 'git-clone' the public +1. Prepare your work repository, by 'git clone' the public repository of the "project lead" (or a "subsystem maintainer", if you work on a subsystem). The URL used for the initial cloning is stored in the remote.origin.url @@ -1656,8 +1664,8 @@ $ git reset --hard master~2 ------------ You can make sure `git show-branch` matches the state before -those two 'git-merge' you just did. Then, instead of running -two 'git-merge' commands in a row, you would merge these two +those two 'git merge' you just did. Then, instead of running +two 'git merge' commands in a row, you would merge these two branch heads (this is known as 'making an Octopus'): ------------ diff --git a/Documentation/gitcvs-migration.txt b/Documentation/gitcvs-migration.txt index 0e49c1c037..d861ec452f 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitcvs-migration.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcvs-migration.txt @@ -47,25 +47,25 @@ them first before running git pull. [NOTE] ================================ The 'pull' command knows where to get updates from because of certain -configuration variables that were set by the first 'git-clone' +configuration variables that were set by the first 'git clone' command; see `git config -l` and the linkgit:git-config[1] man page for details. ================================ You can update the shared repository with your changes by first committing -your changes, and then using the 'git-push' command: +your changes, and then using the 'git push' command: ------------------------------------------------ $ git push origin master ------------------------------------------------ to "push" those commits to the shared repository. If someone else has -updated the repository more recently, 'git-push', like 'cvs commit', will +updated the repository more recently, 'git push', like 'cvs commit', will complain, in which case you must pull any changes before attempting the push again. -In the 'git-push' command above we specify the name of the remote branch -to update (`master`). If we leave that out, 'git-push' tries to update +In the 'git push' command above we specify the name of the remote branch +to update (`master`). If we leave that out, 'git push' tries to update any branches in the remote repository that have the same name as a branch in the local repository. So the last 'push' can be done with either of: diff --git a/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt b/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt index e8041bc08f..9de8caf5d1 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ gitdiffcore(7) NAME ---- -gitdiffcore - Tweaking diff output (June 2005) +gitdiffcore - Tweaking diff output SYNOPSIS -------- @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -The diff commands 'git-diff-index', 'git-diff-files', and 'git-diff-tree' +The diff commands 'git diff-index', 'git diff-files', and 'git diff-tree' can be told to manipulate differences they find in unconventional ways before showing 'diff' output. The manipulation is collectively called "diffcore transformation". This short note @@ -23,18 +23,18 @@ that is easier to understand than the conventional kind. The chain of operation ---------------------- -The 'git-diff-{asterisk}' family works by first comparing two sets of +The 'git diff-{asterisk}' family works by first comparing two sets of files: - - 'git-diff-index' compares contents of a "tree" object and the + - 'git diff-index' compares contents of a "tree" object and the working directory (when '\--cached' flag is not used) or a "tree" object and the index file (when '\--cached' flag is used); - - 'git-diff-files' compares contents of the index file and the + - 'git diff-files' compares contents of the index file and the working directory; - - 'git-diff-tree' compares contents of two "tree" objects; + - 'git diff-tree' compares contents of two "tree" objects; In all of these cases, the commands themselves first optionally limit the two sets of files by any pathspecs given on their command-lines, @@ -74,12 +74,12 @@ into another list. There are currently 5 such transformations: - diffcore-pickaxe - diffcore-order -These are applied in sequence. The set of filepairs 'git-diff-{asterisk}' +These are applied in sequence. The set of filepairs 'git diff-{asterisk}' commands find are used as the input to diffcore-break, and the output from diffcore-break is used as the input to the next transformation. The final result is then passed to the output routine and generates either diff-raw format (see Output -format sections of the manual for 'git-diff-{asterisk}' commands) or +format sections of the manual for 'git diff-{asterisk}' commands) or diff-patch format. @@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ diffcore-break: For Splitting Up "Complete Rewrites" ---------------------------------------------------- The second transformation in the chain is diffcore-break, and is -controlled by the -B option to the 'git-diff-{asterisk}' commands. This is +controlled by the -B option to the 'git diff-{asterisk}' commands. This is used to detect a filepair that represents "complete rewrite" and break such filepair into two filepairs that represent delete and create. E.g. If the input contained this filepair: @@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ diffcore-rename: For Detection Renames and Copies This transformation is used to detect renames and copies, and is controlled by the -M option (to detect renames) and the -C option -(to detect copies as well) to the 'git-diff-{asterisk}' commands. If the +(to detect copies as well) to the 'git diff-{asterisk}' commands. If the input contained these filepairs: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -168,11 +168,11 @@ number after the "-M" or "-C" option (e.g. "-M8" to tell it to use 8/10 = 80%). Note. When the "-C" option is used with `\--find-copies-harder` -option, 'git-diff-{asterisk}' commands feed unmodified filepairs to +option, 'git diff-{asterisk}' commands feed unmodified filepairs to diffcore mechanism as well as modified ones. This lets the copy detector consider unmodified files as copy source candidates at the expense of making it slower. Without `\--find-copies-harder`, -'git-diff-{asterisk}' commands can detect copies only if the file that was +'git diff-{asterisk}' commands can detect copies only if the file that was copied happened to have been modified in the same changeset. @@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ diffcore-pickaxe: For Detecting Addition/Deletion of Specified String This transformation is used to find filepairs that represent changes that touch a specified string, and is controlled by the --S option and the `\--pickaxe-all` option to the 'git-diff-{asterisk}' +-S option and the `\--pickaxe-all` option to the 'git diff-{asterisk}' commands. When diffcore-pickaxe is in use, it checks if there are @@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ diffcore-order: For Sorting the Output Based on Filenames This is used to reorder the filepairs according to the user's (or project's) taste, and is controlled by the -O option to the -'git-diff-{asterisk}' commands. +'git diff-{asterisk}' commands. This takes a text file each of whose lines is a shell glob pattern. Filepairs that match a glob pattern on an earlier line diff --git a/Documentation/githooks.txt b/Documentation/githooks.txt index 1c736738cc..87e2c035a7 100644 --- a/Documentation/githooks.txt +++ b/Documentation/githooks.txt @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ DESCRIPTION Hooks are little scripts you can place in `$GIT_DIR/hooks` directory to trigger action at certain points. When -'git-init' is run, a handful of example hooks are copied into the +'git init' is run, a handful of example hooks are copied into the `hooks` directory of the new repository, but by default they are all disabled. To enable a hook, rename it by removing its `.sample` suffix. @@ -26,13 +26,16 @@ executable by default. This document describes the currently defined hooks. +HOOKS +----- + applypatch-msg --------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-am' script. It takes a single +This hook is invoked by 'git am' script. It takes a single parameter, the name of the file that holds the proposed commit log message. Exiting with non-zero status causes -'git-am' to abort before applying the patch. +'git am' to abort before applying the patch. The hook is allowed to edit the message file in place, and can be used to normalize the message into some project standard @@ -43,9 +46,9 @@ The default 'applypatch-msg' hook, when enabled, runs the 'commit-msg' hook, if the latter is enabled. pre-applypatch --------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-am'. It takes no parameter, and is +This hook is invoked by 'git am'. It takes no parameter, and is invoked after the patch is applied, but before a commit is made. If it exits with non-zero status, then the working tree will not be @@ -58,35 +61,35 @@ The default 'pre-applypatch' hook, when enabled, runs the 'pre-commit' hook, if the latter is enabled. post-applypatch ---------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-am'. It takes no parameter, +This hook is invoked by 'git am'. It takes no parameter, and is invoked after the patch is applied and a commit is made. This hook is meant primarily for notification, and cannot affect -the outcome of 'git-am'. +the outcome of 'git am'. pre-commit ----------- +~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-commit', and can be bypassed +This hook is invoked by 'git commit', and can be bypassed with `\--no-verify` option. It takes no parameter, and is invoked before obtaining the proposed commit log message and making a commit. Exiting with non-zero status from this script -causes the 'git-commit' to abort. +causes the 'git commit' to abort. The default 'pre-commit' hook, when enabled, catches introduction of lines with trailing whitespaces and aborts the commit when such a line is found. -All the 'git-commit' hooks are invoked with the environment +All the 'git commit' hooks are invoked with the environment variable `GIT_EDITOR=:` if the command will not bring up an editor to modify the commit message. prepare-commit-msg ------------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-commit' right after preparing the +This hook is invoked by 'git commit' right after preparing the default log message, and before the editor is started. It takes one to three parameters. The first is the name of the file @@ -98,7 +101,7 @@ commit is a merge or a `.git/MERGE_MSG` file exists); `squash` (if a `.git/SQUASH_MSG` file exists); or `commit`, followed by a commit SHA1 (if a `-c`, `-C` or `\--amend` option was given). -If the exit status is non-zero, 'git-commit' will abort. +If the exit status is non-zero, 'git commit' will abort. The purpose of the hook is to edit the message file in place, and it is not suppressed by the `\--no-verify` option. A non-zero exit @@ -109,12 +112,12 @@ The sample `prepare-commit-msg` hook that comes with git comments out the `Conflicts:` part of a merge's commit message. commit-msg ----------- +~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-commit', and can be bypassed +This hook is invoked by 'git commit', and can be bypassed with `\--no-verify` option. It takes a single parameter, the name of the file that holds the proposed commit log message. -Exiting with non-zero status causes the 'git-commit' to +Exiting with non-zero status causes the 'git commit' to abort. The hook is allowed to edit the message file in place, and can @@ -126,32 +129,32 @@ The default 'commit-msg' hook, when enabled, detects duplicate "Signed-off-by" lines, and aborts the commit if one is found. post-commit ------------ +~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-commit'. It takes no +This hook is invoked by 'git commit'. It takes no parameter, and is invoked after a commit is made. This hook is meant primarily for notification, and cannot affect -the outcome of 'git-commit'. +the outcome of 'git commit'. pre-rebase ----------- +~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is called by 'git-rebase' and can be used to prevent a branch +This hook is called by 'git rebase' and can be used to prevent a branch from getting rebased. post-checkout ------------ +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked when a 'git-checkout' is run after having updated the +This hook is invoked when a 'git checkout' is run after having updated the worktree. The hook is given three parameters: the ref of the previous HEAD, the ref of the new HEAD (which may or may not have changed), and a flag indicating whether the checkout was a branch checkout (changing branches, flag=1) or a file checkout (retrieving a file from the index, flag=0). -This hook cannot affect the outcome of 'git-checkout'. +This hook cannot affect the outcome of 'git checkout'. -It is also run after 'git-clone', unless the --no-checkout (-n) option is +It is also run after 'git clone', unless the --no-checkout (-n) option is used. The first parameter given to the hook is the null-ref, the second the ref of the new HEAD and the flag is always 1. @@ -160,12 +163,12 @@ differences from the previous HEAD if different, or set working dir metadata properties. post-merge ------------ +~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-merge', which happens when a 'git-pull' +This hook is invoked by 'git merge', which happens when a 'git pull' is done on a local repository. The hook takes a single parameter, a status flag specifying whether or not the merge being done was a squash merge. -This hook cannot affect the outcome of 'git-merge' and is not executed, +This hook cannot affect the outcome of 'git merge' and is not executed, if the merge failed due to conflicts. This hook can be used in conjunction with a corresponding pre-commit hook to @@ -175,10 +178,10 @@ for an example of how to do this. [[pre-receive]] pre-receive ------------ +~~~~~~~~~~~ This hook is invoked by 'git-receive-pack' on the remote repository, -which happens when a 'git-push' is done on a local repository. +which happens when a 'git push' is done on a local repository. Just before starting to update refs on the remote repository, the pre-receive hook is invoked. Its exit status determines the success or failure of the update. @@ -199,15 +202,15 @@ updated. If the hook exits with zero, updating of individual refs can still be prevented by the <<update,'update'>> hook. Both standard output and standard error output are forwarded to -'git-send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages +'git send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages for the user. [[update]] update ------- +~~~~~~ This hook is invoked by 'git-receive-pack' on the remote repository, -which happens when a 'git-push' is done on a local repository. +which happens when a 'git push' is done on a local repository. Just before updating the ref on the remote repository, the update hook is invoked. Its exit status determines the success or failure of the ref update. @@ -226,7 +229,7 @@ from updating that ref. This hook can be used to prevent 'forced' update on certain refs by making sure that the object name is a commit object that is a descendant of the commit object named by the old object name. -That is, to enforce a "fast forward only" policy. +That is, to enforce a "fast-forward only" policy. It could also be used to log the old..new status. However, it does not know the entire set of branches, so it would end up @@ -238,19 +241,19 @@ implement access control which is finer grained than the one based on filesystem group. Both standard output and standard error output are forwarded to -'git-send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages +'git send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages for the user. The default 'update' hook, when enabled--and with -`hooks.allowunannotated` config option turned on--prevents +`hooks.allowunannotated` config option unset or set to false--prevents unannotated tags to be pushed. [[post-receive]] post-receive ------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~ This hook is invoked by 'git-receive-pack' on the remote repository, -which happens when a 'git-push' is done on a local repository. +which happens when a 'git push' is done on a local repository. It executes on the remote repository once after all the refs have been updated. @@ -267,7 +270,7 @@ both old and new values of all the refs in addition to their names. Both standard output and standard error output are forwarded to -'git-send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages +'git send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages for the user. The default 'post-receive' hook is empty, but there is @@ -277,10 +280,10 @@ emails. [[post-update]] post-update ------------ +~~~~~~~~~~~ This hook is invoked by 'git-receive-pack' on the remote repository, -which happens when a 'git-push' is done on a local repository. +which happens when a 'git push' is done on a local repository. It executes on the remote repository once after all the refs have been updated. @@ -298,20 +301,20 @@ updated values of the refs. You might consider it instead if you need them. When enabled, the default 'post-update' hook runs -'git-update-server-info' to keep the information used by dumb +'git update-server-info' to keep the information used by dumb transports (e.g., HTTP) up-to-date. If you are publishing a git repository that is accessible via HTTP, you should probably enable this hook. Both standard output and standard error output are forwarded to -'git-send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages +'git send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages for the user. pre-auto-gc ------------ +~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-gc --auto'. It takes no parameter, and -exiting with non-zero status from this script causes the 'git-gc --auto' +This hook is invoked by 'git gc --auto'. It takes no parameter, and +exiting with non-zero status from this script causes the 'git gc --auto' to abort. GIT diff --git a/Documentation/gitignore.txt b/Documentation/gitignore.txt index 7df3cef46f..98c459dc82 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitignore.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitignore.txt @@ -56,10 +56,10 @@ the user's editor of choice) generally go into a file specified by `core.excludesfile` in the user's `~/.gitconfig`. The underlying git plumbing tools, such as -'git-ls-files' and 'git-read-tree', read +'git ls-files' and 'git read-tree', read `gitignore` patterns specified by command-line options, or from files specified by command-line options. Higher-level git -tools, such as 'git-status' and 'git-add', +tools, such as 'git status' and 'git add', use patterns from the sources specified above. Patterns have the following format: diff --git a/Documentation/gitk.txt b/Documentation/gitk.txt index cf465cb47e..99baa24a2d 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitk.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitk.txt @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ git repository. OPTIONS ------- To control which revisions to show, the command takes options applicable to -the 'git-rev-list' command (see linkgit:git-rev-list[1]). +the 'git rev-list' command (see linkgit:git-rev-list[1]). This manual page describes only the most frequently used options. diff --git a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt index d1a17e2625..5daf750d19 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt @@ -30,6 +30,17 @@ submodule.<name>.path:: submodule.<name>.url:: Defines an url from where the submodule repository can be cloned. +submodule.<name>.update:: + Defines what to do when the submodule is updated by the superproject. + If 'checkout' (the default), the new commit specified in the + superproject will be checked out in the submodule on a detached HEAD. + If 'rebase', the current branch of the submodule will be rebased onto + the commit specified in the superproject. If 'merge', the commit + specified in the superproject will be merged into the current branch + in the submodule. + This config option is overridden if 'git submodule update' is given + the '--merge' or '--rebase' options. + EXAMPLES -------- diff --git a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt index 1befca98d4..3cd32d6803 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ objects/info/packs:: are available in this object store. Whenever a pack is added or removed, `git update-server-info` should be run to keep this file up-to-date if the repository is - published for dumb transports. 'git-repack' does this + published for dumb transports. 'git repack' does this by default. objects/info/alternates:: @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ objects/info/http-alternates:: refs:: References are stored in subdirectories of this - directory. The 'git-prune' command knows to keep + directory. The 'git prune' command knows to keep objects reachable from refs found in this directory and its subdirectories. @@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ details. branches:: A slightly deprecated way to store shorthands to be used - to specify URL to 'git-fetch', 'git-pull' and 'git-push' + to specify URL to 'git fetch', 'git pull' and 'git push' commands is to store a file in `branches/<name>` and give 'name' to these commands in place of 'repository' argument. @@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ branches:: hooks:: Hooks are customization scripts used by various git commands. A handful of sample hooks are installed when - 'git-init' is run, but all of them are disabled by + 'git init' is run, but all of them are disabled by default. To enable, the `.sample` suffix has to be removed from the filename by renaming. Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about @@ -151,10 +151,10 @@ info/refs:: This file helps dumb transports discover what refs are available in this repository. If the repository is published for dumb transports, this file should be - regenerated by 'git-update-server-info' every time a tag + regenerated by 'git update-server-info' every time a tag or branch is created or modified. This is normally done from the `hooks/update` hook, which is run by the - 'git-receive-pack' command when you 'git-push' into the + 'git-receive-pack' command when you 'git push' into the repository. info/grafts:: @@ -168,14 +168,14 @@ info/grafts:: info/exclude:: This file, by convention among Porcelains, stores the exclude pattern list. `.gitignore` is the per-directory - ignore file. 'git-status', 'git-add', 'git-rm' and - 'git-clean' look at it but the core git commands do not look + ignore file. 'git status', 'git add', 'git rm' and + 'git clean' look at it but the core git commands do not look at it. See also: linkgit:gitignore[5]. remotes:: Stores shorthands to be used to give URL and default refnames to interact with remote repository to - 'git-fetch', 'git-pull' and 'git-push' commands. + 'git fetch', 'git pull' and 'git push' commands. logs:: Records of changes made to refs are stored in this diff --git a/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt b/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt index dc8fc3a18a..ecab0c09d0 100644 --- a/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt +++ b/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt @@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ index a042389..513feba 100644 +hello world, again ------------------------------------------------ -So 'git-diff' is comparing against something other than the head. +So 'git diff' is comparing against something other than the head. The thing that it's comparing against is actually the index file, which is stored in .git/index in a binary format, but whose contents we can examine with ls-files: @@ -275,9 +275,9 @@ hello world! hello world, again ------------------------------------------------ -So what our 'git-add' did was store a new blob and then put +So what our 'git add' did was store a new blob and then put a reference to it in the index file. If we modify the file again, -we'll see that the new modifications are reflected in the 'git-diff' +we'll see that the new modifications are reflected in the 'git diff' output: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ index 513feba..ba3da7b 100644 +again? ------------------------------------------------ -With the right arguments, 'git-diff' can also show us the difference +With the right arguments, 'git diff' can also show us the difference between the working directory and the last commit, or between the index and the last commit: @@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ index a042389..513feba 100644 +hello world, again ------------------------------------------------ -At any time, we can create a new commit using 'git-commit' (without +At any time, we can create a new commit using 'git commit' (without the "-a" option), and verify that the state committed only includes the changes stored in the index file, not the additional change that is still only in our working tree: @@ -334,11 +334,11 @@ index 513feba..ba3da7b 100644 +again? ------------------------------------------------ -So by default 'git-commit' uses the index to create the commit, not +So by default 'git commit' uses the index to create the commit, not the working tree; the "-a" option to commit tells it to first update the index with all changes in the working tree. -Finally, it's worth looking at the effect of 'git-add' on the index +Finally, it's worth looking at the effect of 'git add' on the index file: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ $ echo "goodbye, world" >closing.txt $ git add closing.txt ------------------------------------------------ -The effect of the 'git-add' was to add one entry to the index file: +The effect of the 'git add' was to add one entry to the index file: ------------------------------------------------ $ git ls-files --stage diff --git a/Documentation/gittutorial.txt b/Documentation/gittutorial.txt index cf0689cfeb..1c1606696e 100644 --- a/Documentation/gittutorial.txt +++ b/Documentation/gittutorial.txt @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ You've now initialized the working directory--you may notice a new directory created, named ".git". Next, tell git to take a snapshot of the contents of all files under the -current directory (note the '.'), with 'git-add': +current directory (note the '.'), with 'git add': ------------------------------------------------ $ git add . @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ $ git add . This snapshot is now stored in a temporary staging area which git calls the "index". You can permanently store the contents of the index in the -repository with 'git-commit': +repository with 'git commit': ------------------------------------------------ $ git commit @@ -94,15 +94,15 @@ $ git add file1 file2 file3 ------------------------------------------------ You are now ready to commit. You can see what is about to be committed -using 'git-diff' with the --cached option: +using 'git diff' with the --cached option: ------------------------------------------------ $ git diff --cached ------------------------------------------------ -(Without --cached, 'git-diff' will show you any changes that +(Without --cached, 'git diff' will show you any changes that you've made but not yet added to the index.) You can also get a brief -summary of the situation with 'git-status': +summary of the situation with 'git status': ------------------------------------------------ $ git status @@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ $ git commit This will again prompt you for a message describing the change, and then record a new version of the project. -Alternatively, instead of running 'git-add' beforehand, you can use +Alternatively, instead of running 'git add' beforehand, you can use ------------------------------------------------ $ git commit -a @@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ Git tracks content not files Many revision control systems provide an `add` command that tells the system to start tracking changes to a new file. Git's `add` command -does something simpler and more powerful: 'git-add' is used both for new +does something simpler and more powerful: 'git add' is used both for new and newly modified files, and in both cases it takes a snapshot of the given files and stages that content in the index, ready for inclusion in the next commit. @@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ alice$ git remote add bob /home/bob/myrepo ------------------------------------------------ With this, Alice can perform the first part of the "pull" operation -alone using the 'git-fetch' command without merging them with her own +alone using the 'git fetch' command without merging them with her own branch, using: ------------------------------------- @@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ alice$ git fetch bob ------------------------------------- Unlike the longhand form, when Alice fetches from Bob using a -remote repository shorthand set up with 'git-remote', what was +remote repository shorthand set up with 'git remote', what was fetched is stored in a remote tracking branch, in this case `bob/master`. So after this: @@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ bob$ git config --get remote.origin.url /home/alice/project ------------------------------------- -(The complete configuration created by 'git-clone' is visible using +(The complete configuration created by 'git clone' is visible using `git config -l`, and the linkgit:git-config[1] man page explains the meaning of each option.) @@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ Exploring history ----------------- Git history is represented as a series of interrelated commits. We -have already seen that the 'git-log' command can list those commits. +have already seen that the 'git log' command can list those commits. Note that first line of each git log entry also gives a name for the commit: @@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ Date: Tue May 16 17:18:22 2006 -0700 merge-base: Clarify the comments on post processing. ------------------------------------- -We can give this name to 'git-show' to see the details about this +We can give this name to 'git show' to see the details about this commit. ------------------------------------- @@ -529,13 +529,13 @@ $ git reset --hard HEAD^ # reset your current branch and working Be careful with that last command: in addition to losing any changes in the working directory, it will also remove all later commits from this branch. If this branch is the only branch containing those -commits, they will be lost. Also, don't use 'git-reset' on a +commits, they will be lost. Also, don't use 'git reset' on a publicly-visible branch that other developers pull from, as it will force needless merges on other developers to clean up the history. -If you need to undo changes that you have pushed, use 'git-revert' +If you need to undo changes that you have pushed, use 'git revert' instead. -The 'git-grep' command can search for strings in any version of your +The 'git grep' command can search for strings in any version of your project, so ------------------------------------- @@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ $ git grep "hello" v2.5 searches for all occurrences of "hello" in v2.5. -If you leave out the commit name, 'git-grep' will search any of the +If you leave out the commit name, 'git grep' will search any of the files it manages in your current directory. So ------------------------------------- @@ -554,7 +554,7 @@ $ git grep "hello" is a quick way to search just the files that are tracked by git. Many git commands also take sets of commits, which can be specified -in a number of ways. Here are some examples with 'git-log': +in a number of ways. Here are some examples with 'git log': ------------------------------------- $ git log v2.5..v2.6 # commits between v2.5 and v2.6 @@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ $ git log v2.5.. Makefile # commits since v2.5 which modify # Makefile ------------------------------------- -You can also give 'git-log' a "range" of commits where the first is not +You can also give 'git log' a "range" of commits where the first is not necessarily an ancestor of the second; for example, if the tips of the branches "stable" and "master" diverged from a common commit some time ago, then @@ -583,9 +583,9 @@ $ git log master..stable will show the list of commits made on the stable branch but not the master branch. -The 'git-log' command has a weakness: it must present commits in a +The 'git log' command has a weakness: it must present commits in a list. When the history has lines of development that diverged and -then merged back together, the order in which 'git-log' presents +then merged back together, the order in which 'git log' presents those commits is meaningless. Most projects with multiple contributors (such as the Linux kernel, @@ -609,7 +609,7 @@ of the file: $ git diff v2.5:Makefile HEAD:Makefile.in ------------------------------------- -You can also use 'git-show' to see any such file: +You can also use 'git show' to see any such file: ------------------------------------- $ git show v2.5:Makefile diff --git a/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt b/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt index 2b021e3c15..1ef55fffcf 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt @@ -209,6 +209,121 @@ chance to see if their in-progress work will be compatible. `git.git` has such an official throw-away integration branch called 'pu'. +Branch management for a release +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Assuming you are using the merge approach discussed above, when you +are releasing your project you will need to do some additional branch +management work. + +A feature release is created from the 'master' branch, since 'master' +tracks the commits that should go into the next feature release. + +The 'master' branch is supposed to be a superset of 'maint'. If this +condition does not hold, then 'maint' contains some commits that +are not included on 'master'. The fixes represented by those commits +will therefore not be included in your feature release. + +To verify that 'master' is indeed a superset of 'maint', use git log: + +.Verify 'master' is a superset of 'maint' +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +`git log master..maint` +===================================== + +This command should not list any commits. Otherwise, check out +'master' and merge 'maint' into it. + +Now you can proceed with the creation of the feature release. Apply a +tag to the tip of 'master' indicating the release version: + +.Release tagging +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +`git tag -s -m "GIT X.Y.Z" vX.Y.Z master` +===================================== + +You need to push the new tag to a public git server (see +"DISTRIBUTED WORKFLOWS" below). This makes the tag available to +others tracking your project. The push could also trigger a +post-update hook to perform release-related items such as building +release tarballs and preformatted documentation pages. + +Similarly, for a maintenance release, 'maint' is tracking the commits +to be released. Therefore, in the steps above simply tag and push +'maint' rather than 'master'. + + +Maintenance branch management after a feature release +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +After a feature release, you need to manage your maintenance branches. + +First, if you wish to continue to release maintenance fixes for the +feature release made before the recent one, then you must create +another branch to track commits for that previous release. + +To do this, the current maintenance branch is copied to another branch +named with the previous release version number (e.g. maint-X.Y.(Z-1) +where X.Y.Z is the current release). + +.Copy maint +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +`git branch maint-X.Y.(Z-1) maint` +===================================== + +The 'maint' branch should now be fast-forwarded to the newly released +code so that maintenance fixes can be tracked for the current release: + +.Update maint to new release +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +* `git checkout maint` +* `git merge --ff-only master` +===================================== + +If the merge fails because it is not a fast-forward, then it is +possible some fixes on 'maint' were missed in the feature release. +This will not happen if the content of the branches was verified as +described in the previous section. + + +Branch management for next and pu after a feature release +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +After a feature release, the integration branch 'next' may optionally be +rewound and rebuilt from the tip of 'master' using the surviving +topics on 'next': + +.Rewind and rebuild next +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +* `git checkout next` +* `git reset --hard master` +* `git merge ai/topic_in_next1` +* `git merge ai/topic_in_next2` +* ... +===================================== + +The advantage of doing this is that the history of 'next' will be +clean. For example, some topics merged into 'next' may have initially +looked promising, but were later found to be undesirable or premature. +In such a case, the topic is reverted out of 'next' but the fact +remains in the history that it was once merged and reverted. By +recreating 'next', you give another incarnation of such topics a clean +slate to retry, and a feature release is a good point in history to do +so. + +If you do this, then you should make a public announcement indicating +that 'next' was rewound and rebuilt. + +The same rewind and rebuild process may be followed for 'pu'. A public +announcement is not necessary since 'pu' is a throw-away branch, as +described above. + + DISTRIBUTED WORKFLOWS --------------------- @@ -245,7 +360,7 @@ There are three main tools that can be used for this: * linkgit:git-pull[1] that does fetch and merge in one go. -Note the last point. Do 'not' use 'git-pull' unless you actually want +Note the last point. Do 'not' use 'git pull' unless you actually want to merge the remote branch. Getting changes out is easy: @@ -282,7 +397,7 @@ Please pull from <url> <branch> ------------------------------------- -In that case, 'git-pull' can do the fetch and merge in one go, as +In that case, 'git pull' can do the fetch and merge in one go, as follows. .Push/pull: Merging remote topics @@ -334,7 +449,7 @@ problem. If you receive such a patch series (as maintainer, or perhaps as a reader of the mailing list it was sent to), save the mails to files, -create a new topic branch and use 'git-am' to import the commits: +create a new topic branch and use 'git am' to import the commits: .format-patch/am: Importing patches [caption="Recipe: "] diff --git a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt index 572374f7a6..1f029f8aa0 100644 --- a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt +++ b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt @@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ to point at the new commit. An evil merge is a <<def_merge,merge>> that introduces changes that do not appear in any <<def_parent,parent>>. -[[def_fast_forward]]fast forward:: +[[def_fast_forward]]fast-forward:: A fast-forward is a special type of <<def_merge,merge>> where you have a <<def_revision,revision>> and you are "merging" another <<def_branch,branch>>'s changes that happen to be a descendant of what @@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ to point at the new commit. conflict, manual intervention may be required to complete the merge. + -As a noun: unless it is a <<def_fast_forward,fast forward>>, a +As a noun: unless it is a <<def_fast_forward,fast-forward>>, a successful merge results in the creation of a new <<def_commit,commit>> representing the result of the merge, and having as <<def_parent,parents>> the tips of the merged <<def_branch,branches>>. @@ -456,6 +456,6 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a of 'A' is 'origin/B' sometimes we say "'A' is tracking 'origin/B'". [[def_working_tree]]working tree:: - The tree of actual checked out files. The working tree is - normally equal to the <<def_HEAD,HEAD>> plus any local changes - that you have made but not yet committed. + The tree of actual checked out files. The working tree normally + contains the contents of the <<def_HEAD,HEAD>> commit's tree, + plus any local changes that you have made but not yet committed. diff --git a/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt b/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt index 4357e26913..d527b30770 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ The policy. not yet pass the criteria set for 'next'. - The tips of 'master', 'maint' and 'next' branches will always - fast forward, to allow people to build their own + fast-forward, to allow people to build their own customization on top of them. - Usually 'master' contains all of 'maint', 'next' contains all diff --git a/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt b/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt index e70d8a31e7..8c32da6deb 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ Fortunately I did not have to; what I have in the current branch ------------------------------------------------ $ git checkout master -$ git merge revert-c99 ;# this should be a fast forward +$ git merge revert-c99 ;# this should be a fast-forward Updating from 10d781b9caa4f71495c7b34963bef137216f86a8 to e3a693c... cache.h | 8 ++++---- commit.c | 2 +- @@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ Updating from 10d781b9caa4f71495c7b34963bef137216f86a8 to e3a693c... 5 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) ------------------------------------------------ -There is no need to redo the test at this point. We fast forwarded +There is no need to redo the test at this point. We fast-forwarded and we know 'master' matches 'revert-c99' exactly. In fact: ------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/Documentation/howto/update-hook-example.txt b/Documentation/howto/update-hook-example.txt index 697d918885..b7f8d416d6 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/update-hook-example.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/update-hook-example.txt @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ case "$1" in if expr "$2" : '0*$' >/dev/null; then info "The branch '$1' is new..." else - # updating -- make sure it is a fast forward + # updating -- make sure it is a fast-forward mb=$(git-merge-base "$2" "$3") case "$mb,$2" in "$2,$mb") info "Update is fast-forward" ;; diff --git a/Documentation/i18n.txt b/Documentation/i18n.txt index 708da6ca31..625d3154ea 100644 --- a/Documentation/i18n.txt +++ b/Documentation/i18n.txt @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, git does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in mind. -. 'git-commit' and 'git-commit-tree' issues +. 'git commit' and 'git commit-tree' issues a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ of `i18n.commitencoding` in its `encoding` header. This is to help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8. -. 'git-log', 'git-show', 'git-blame' and friends look at the +. 'git log', 'git show', 'git blame' and friends look at the `encoding` header of a commit object, and try to re-code the log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can specify the desired output encoding with diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-base-url.xsl.in b/Documentation/manpage-base-url.xsl.in new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e800904df3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/manpage-base-url.xsl.in @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +<!-- manpage-base-url.xsl: + special settings for manpages rendered from newer docbook --> +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" + version="1.0"> + +<!-- set a base URL for relative links --> +<xsl:param name="man.base.url.for.relative.links" + >@@MAN_BASE_URL@@</xsl:param> + +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-quote-apos.xsl b/Documentation/manpage-quote-apos.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..aeb8839f33 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/manpage-quote-apos.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" + version="1.0"> + +<!-- work around newer groff/man setups using a prettier apostrophe + that unfortunately does not quote anything when cut&pasting + examples to the shell --> +<xsl:template name="escape.apostrophe"> + <xsl:param name="content"/> + <xsl:call-template name="string.subst"> + <xsl:with-param name="string" select="$content"/> + <xsl:with-param name="target">'</xsl:with-param> + <xsl:with-param name="replacement">\(aq</xsl:with-param> + </xsl:call-template> +</xsl:template> + +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/merge-config.txt b/Documentation/merge-config.txt index 4832bc75e2..a403155052 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-config.txt @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ merge.tool:: Controls which merge resolution program is used by linkgit:git-mergetool[1]. Valid built-in values are: "kdiff3", "tkdiff", "meld", "xxdiff", "emerge", "vimdiff", "gvimdiff", - "diffuse", "ecmerge", "tortoisemerge", and + "diffuse", "ecmerge", "tortoisemerge", "p4merge", "araxis" and "opendiff". Any other value is treated is custom merge tool and there must be a corresponding mergetool.<tool>.cmd option. diff --git a/Documentation/merge-options.txt b/Documentation/merge-options.txt index adadf8e4bf..37ce9a17fc 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-options.txt @@ -1,43 +1,42 @@ --q:: ---quiet:: - Operate quietly. - --v:: ---verbose:: - Be verbose. - ---stat:: - Show a diffstat at the end of the merge. The diffstat is also - controlled by the configuration option merge.stat. - --n:: ---no-stat:: - Do not show a diffstat at the end of the merge. +--commit:: +--no-commit:: + Perform the merge and commit the result. This option can + be used to override --no-commit. ++ +With --no-commit perform the merge but pretend the merge +failed and do not autocommit, to give the user a chance to +inspect and further tweak the merge result before committing. ---summary:: ---no-summary:: - Synonyms to --stat and --no-stat; these are deprecated and will be - removed in the future. +--ff:: +--no-ff:: + Do not generate a merge commit if the merge resolved as + a fast-forward, only update the branch pointer. This is + the default behavior of git-merge. ++ +With --no-ff Generate a merge commit even if the merge +resolved as a fast-forward. --log:: +--no-log:: In addition to branch names, populate the log message with one-line descriptions from the actual commits that are being merged. ++ +With --no-log do not list one-line descriptions from the +actual commits being merged. ---no-log:: - Do not list one-line descriptions from the actual commits being - merged. - ---no-commit:: - Perform the merge but pretend the merge failed and do - not autocommit, to give the user a chance to inspect and - further tweak the merge result before committing. ---commit:: - Perform the merge and commit the result. This option can - be used to override --no-commit. +--stat:: +-n:: +--no-stat:: + Show a diffstat at the end of the merge. The diffstat is also + controlled by the configuration option merge.stat. ++ +With -n or --no-stat do not show a diffstat at the end of the +merge. --squash:: +--no-squash:: Produce the working tree and index state as if a real merge happened (except for the merge information), but do not actually make a commit or @@ -46,24 +45,39 @@ commit. This allows you to create a single commit on top of the current branch whose effect is the same as merging another branch (or more in case of an octopus). ++ +With --no-squash perform the merge and commit the result. This +option can be used to override --squash. ---no-squash:: - Perform the merge and commit the result. This option can - be used to override --squash. - ---no-ff:: - Generate a merge commit even if the merge resolved as a - fast-forward. - ---ff:: - Do not generate a merge commit if the merge resolved as - a fast-forward, only update the branch pointer. This is - the default behavior of git-merge. +--ff-only:: + Refuse to merge and exit with a non-zero status unless the + current `HEAD` is already up-to-date or the merge can be + resolved as a fast-forward. -s <strategy>:: --strategy=<strategy>:: Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than once to specify them in the order they should be tried. If there is no `-s` option, a built-in list of strategies - is used instead ('git-merge-recursive' when merging a single - head, 'git-merge-octopus' otherwise). + is used instead ('git merge-recursive' when merging a single + head, 'git merge-octopus' otherwise). + +--summary:: +--no-summary:: + Synonyms to --stat and --no-stat; these are deprecated and will be + removed in the future. + +ifndef::git-pull[] +-q:: +--quiet:: + Operate quietly. + +-v:: +--verbose:: + Be verbose. +endif::git-pull[] + +-X <option>:: +--strategy-option=<option>:: + Pass merge strategy specific option through to the merge + strategy. diff --git a/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt b/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt index 4365b7e842..a5bc1dbb95 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt @@ -1,6 +1,11 @@ MERGE STRATEGIES ---------------- +The merge mechanism ('git-merge' and 'git-pull' commands) allows the +backend 'merge strategies' to be chosen with `-s` option. Some strategies +can also take their own options, which can be passed by giving `-X<option>` +arguments to 'git-merge' and/or 'git-pull'. + resolve:: This can only resolve two heads (i.e. the current branch and another branch you pulled from) using a 3-way merge @@ -20,6 +25,27 @@ recursive:: Additionally this can detect and handle merges involving renames. This is the default merge strategy when pulling or merging one branch. ++ +The 'recursive' strategy can take the following options: + +ours;; + This option forces conflicting hunks to be auto-resolved cleanly by + favoring 'our' version. Changes from the other tree that do not + conflict with our side are reflected to the merge result. ++ +This should not be confused with the 'ours' merge strategy, which does not +even look at what the other tree contains at all. It discards everything +the other tree did, declaring 'our' history contains all that happened in it. + +theirs;; + This is opposite of 'ours'. + +subtree[=path];; + This option is a more advanced form of 'subtree' strategy, where + the strategy makes a guess on how two trees must be shifted to + match with each other when merging. Instead, the specified path + is prefixed (or stripped from the beginning) to make the shape of + two trees to match. octopus:: This resolves cases with more than two heads, but refuses to do @@ -29,10 +55,12 @@ octopus:: pulling or merging more than one branch. ours:: - This resolves any number of heads, but the result of the - merge is always the current branch head. It is meant to + This resolves any number of heads, but the resulting tree of the + merge is always that of the current branch head, effectively + ignoring all changes from all other branches. It is meant to be used to supersede old development history of side - branches. + branches. Note that this is different from the -Xours option to + the 'recursive' merge strategy. subtree:: This is a modified recursive strategy. When merging trees A and diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt index 2a845b1e57..1686a54d22 100644 --- a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt +++ b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt @@ -123,6 +123,10 @@ The placeholders are: - '%s': subject - '%f': sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename - '%b': body +- '%N': commit notes +- '%gD': reflog selector, e.g., `refs/stash@\{1\}` +- '%gd': shortened reflog selector, e.g., `stash@\{1\}` +- '%gs': reflog subject - '%Cred': switch color to red - '%Cgreen': switch color to green - '%Cblue': switch color to blue @@ -130,7 +134,24 @@ The placeholders are: - '%C(...)': color specification, as described in color.branch.* config option - '%m': left, right or boundary mark - '%n': newline +- '%%': a raw '%' - '%x00': print a byte from a hex code +- '%w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]])': switch line wrapping, like the -w option of + linkgit:git-shortlog[1]. + +NOTE: Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the +revision traversal engine. For example, the `%g*` reflog options will +insert an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by +`git log -g`). The `%d` placeholder will use the "short" decoration +format if `--decorate` was not already provided on the command line. + +If you add a `{plus}` (plus sign) after '%' of a placeholder, a line-feed +is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the +placeholder expands to a non-empty string. + +If you add a `-` (minus sign) after '%' of a placeholder, line-feeds that +immediately precede the expansion are deleted if and only if the +placeholder expands to an empty string. * 'tformat:' + diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-options.txt b/Documentation/pretty-options.txt index bff94991b6..aa96caeab2 100644 --- a/Documentation/pretty-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/pretty-options.txt @@ -28,3 +28,11 @@ people using 80-column terminals. command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this defaults to UTF-8. + +--no-notes:: +--show-notes:: + Show the notes (see linkgit:git-notes[1]) that annotate the + commit, when showing the commit log message. This is the default + for `git log`, `git show` and `git whatchanged` commands when + there is no `--pretty`, `--format` nor `--oneline` option is + given on the command line. diff --git a/Documentation/pt_BR/gittutorial.txt b/Documentation/pt_BR/gittutorial.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..beba065252 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/pt_BR/gittutorial.txt @@ -0,0 +1,675 @@ +gittutorial(7) +============== + +NOME +---- +gittutorial - Um tutorial de introdução ao git (para versão 1.5.1 ou mais nova) + +SINOPSE +-------- +git * + +DESCRIÇÃO +----------- + +Este tutorial explica como importar um novo projeto para o git, +adicionar mudanças a ele, e compartilhar mudanças com outros +desenvolvedores. + +Se, ao invés disso, você está interessado primariamente em usar git para +obter um projeto, por exemplo, para testar a última versão, você pode +preferir começar com os primeiros dois capÃtulos de +link:user-manual.html[O Manual do Usuário Git]. + +Primeiro, note que você pode obter documentação para um comando como +`git log --graph` com: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ man git-log +------------------------------------------------ + +ou: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git help log +------------------------------------------------ + +Com a última forma, você pode usar o visualizador de manual de sua +escolha; veja linkgit:git-help[1] para maior informação. + +É uma boa idéia informar ao git seu nome e endereço público de email +antes de fazer qualquer operação. A maneira mais fácil de fazê-lo é: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git config --global user.name "Seu Nome Vem Aqui" +$ git config --global user.email voce@seudominio.exemplo.com +------------------------------------------------ + + +Importando um novo projeto +----------------------- + +Assuma que você tem um tarball project.tar.gz com seu trabalho inicial. +Você pode colocá-lo sob controle de revisão git da seguinte forma: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ tar xzf project.tar.gz +$ cd project +$ git init +------------------------------------------------ + +Git irá responder + +------------------------------------------------ +Initialized empty Git repository in .git/ +------------------------------------------------ + +Agora que você iniciou seu diretório de trabalho, você deve ter notado que um +novo diretório foi criado com o nome de ".git". + +A seguir, diga ao git para gravar um instantâneo do conteúdo de todos os +arquivos sob o diretório atual (note o '.'), com 'git-add': + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git add . +------------------------------------------------ + +Este instantâneo está agora armazenado em uma área temporária que o git +chama de "index" ou Ãndice. Você pode armazenar permanentemente o +conteúdo do Ãndice no repositório com 'git-commit': + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git commit +------------------------------------------------ + +Isto vai te pedir por uma mensagem de commit. Você agora gravou sua +primeira versão de seu projeto no git. + +Fazendo mudanças +-------------- + +Modifique alguns arquivos, e, então, adicione seu conteúdo atualizado ao +Ãndice: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git add file1 file2 file3 +------------------------------------------------ + +Você está agora pronto para fazer o commit. Você pode ver o que está +para ser gravado usando 'git-diff' com a opção --cached: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git diff --cached +------------------------------------------------ + +(Sem --cached, o comando 'git-diff' irá te mostrar quaisquer mudanças +que você tenha feito mas ainda não adicionou ao Ãndice.) Você também +pode obter um breve sumário da situação com 'git-status': + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git status +# On branch master +# Changes to be committed: +# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) +# +# modified: file1 +# modified: file2 +# modified: file3 +# +------------------------------------------------ + +Se você precisar fazer qualquer outro ajuste, faça-o agora, e, então, +adicione qualquer conteúdo modificado ao Ãndice. Finalmente, grave suas +mudanças com: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git commit +------------------------------------------------ + +Ao executar esse comando, ele irá te pedir uma mensagem descrevendo a mudança, +e, então, irá gravar a nova versão do projeto. + +Alternativamente, ao invés de executar 'git-add' antes, você pode usar + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git commit -a +------------------------------------------------ + +o que irá automaticamente notar quaisquer arquivos modificados (mas não +novos), adicioná-los ao Ãndices, e gravar, tudo em um único passo. + +Uma nota em mensagens de commit: Apesar de não ser exigido, é uma boa +idéia começar a mensagem com uma simples e curta (menos de 50 +caracteres) linha sumarizando a mudança, seguida de uma linha em branco +e, então, uma descrição mais detalhada. Ferramentas que transformam +commits em email, por exemplo, usam a primeira linha no campo de +cabeçalho "Subject:" e o resto no corpo. + +Git rastreia conteúdo, não arquivos +---------------------------- + +Muitos sistemas de controle de revisão provêem um comando `add` que diz +ao sistema para começar a rastrear mudanças em um novo arquivo. O +comando `add` do git faz algo mais simples e mais poderoso: 'git-add' é +usado tanto para arquivos novos e arquivos recentemente modificados, e +em ambos os casos, ele tira o instantâneo dos arquivos dados e armazena +o conteúdo no Ãndice, pronto para inclusão do próximo commit. + +Visualizando a história do projeto +----------------------- + +Em qualquer ponto você pode visualizar a história das suas mudanças +usando + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git log +------------------------------------------------ + +Se você também quiser ver a diferença completa a cada passo, use + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git log -p +------------------------------------------------ + +Geralmente, uma visão geral da mudança é útil para ter a sensação de +cada passo + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git log --stat --summary +------------------------------------------------ + +Gerenciando "branches"/ramos +----------------- + +Um simples repositório git pode manter múltiplos ramos de +desenvolvimento. Para criar um novo ramo chamado "experimental", use + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git branch experimental +------------------------------------------------ + +Se você executar agora + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git branch +------------------------------------------------ + +você vai obter uma lista de todos os ramos existentes: + +------------------------------------------------ + experimental +* master +------------------------------------------------ + +O ramo "experimental" é o que você acaba de criar, e o ramo "master" é o +ramo padrão que foi criado pra você automaticamente. O asterisco marca +o ramo em que você está atualmente; digite + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git checkout experimental +------------------------------------------------ + +para mudar para o ramo experimental. Agora edite um arquivo, grave a +mudança, e mude de volta para o ramo master: + +------------------------------------------------ +(edita arquivo) +$ git commit -a +$ git checkout master +------------------------------------------------ + +Verifique que a mudança que você fez não está mais visÃvel, já que ela +foi feita no ramo experimental e você está de volta ao ramo master. + +Você pode fazer uma mudança diferente no ramo master: + +------------------------------------------------ +(edit file) +$ git commit -a +------------------------------------------------ + +neste ponto, os dois ramos divergiram, com diferentes mudanças feitas em +cada um. Para unificar as mudanças feitas no experimental para o +master, execute + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git merge experimental +------------------------------------------------ + +Se as mudanças não conflitarem, estará pronto. Se existirem conflitos, +marcadores serão deixados nos arquivos problemáticos exibindo o +conflito; + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git diff +------------------------------------------------ + +vai exibir isto. Após você editar os arquivos para resolver os +conflitos, + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git commit -a +------------------------------------------------ + +irá gravar o resultado da unificação. Finalmente, + +------------------------------------------------ +$ gitk +------------------------------------------------ + +vai mostrar uma bela representação gráfica da história resultante. + +Neste ponto você pode remover seu ramo experimental com + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git branch -d experimental +------------------------------------------------ + +Este comando garante que as mudanças no ramo experimental já estão no +ramo atual. + +Se você desenvolve em um ramo ideia-louca, e se arrepende, você pode +sempre remover o ramo com + +------------------------------------- +$ git branch -D ideia-louca +------------------------------------- + +Ramos são baratos e fáceis, então isto é uma boa maneira de experimentar +alguma coisa. + +Usando git para colaboração +--------------------------- + +Suponha que Alice começou um novo projeto com um repositório git em +/home/alice/project, e que Bob, que tem um diretório home na mesma +máquina, quer contribuir. + +Bob começa com: + +------------------------------------------------ +bob$ git clone /home/alice/project myrepo +------------------------------------------------ + +Isso cria um novo diretório "myrepo" contendo um clone do repositório de +Alice. O clone está no mesmo pé que o projeto original, possuindo sua +própria cópia da história do projeto original. + +Bob então faz algumas mudanças e as grava: + +------------------------------------------------ +(editar arquivos) +bob$ git commit -a +(repetir conforme necessário) +------------------------------------------------ + +Quanto está pronto, ele diz a Alice para puxar as mudanças do +repositório em /home/bob/myrepo. Ela o faz com: + +------------------------------------------------ +alice$ cd /home/alice/project +alice$ git pull /home/bob/myrepo master +------------------------------------------------ + +Isto unifica as mudanças do ramo "master" do Bob ao ramo atual de Alice. +Se Alice fez suas próprias mudanças no intervalo, ela, então, pode +precisar corrigir manualmente quaisquer conflitos. (Note que o argumento +"master" no comando acima é, de fato, desnecessário, já que é o padrão.) + +O comando "pull" executa, então, duas operações: ele obtém mudanças de +um ramo remoto, e, então, as unifica no ramo atual. + +Note que, em geral, Alice gostaria que suas mudanças locais fossem +gravadas antes de iniciar este "pull". Se o trabalho de Bob conflita +com o que Alice fez desde que suas histórias se ramificaram, Alice irá +usar seu diretório de trabalho e o Ãndice para resolver conflitos, e +mudanças locais existentes irão interferir com o processo de resolução +de conflitos (git ainda irá realizar a obtenção mas irá se recusar a +unificar --- Alice terá que se livrar de suas mudanças locais de alguma +forma e puxar de novo quando isso acontecer). + +Alice pode espiar o que Bob fez sem unificar primeiro, usando o comando +"fetch"; isto permite Alice inspecionar o que Bob fez, usando um sÃmbolo +especial "FETCH_HEAD", com o fim de determinar se ele tem alguma coisa +que vale puxar, assim: + +------------------------------------------------ +alice$ git fetch /home/bob/myrepo master +alice$ git log -p HEAD..FETCH_HEAD +------------------------------------------------ + +Esta operação é segura mesmo se Alice tem mudanças locais não gravadas. +A notação de intervalo "HEAD..FETCH_HEAD" significa mostrar tudo que é +alcançável de FETCH_HEAD mas exclua tudo o que é alcançável de HEAD. +Alice já sabe tudo que leva a seu estado atual (HEAD), e revisa o que Bob +tem em seu estado (FETCH_HEAD) que ela ainda não viu com esse comando. + +Se Alice quer visualizar o que Bob fez desde que suas histórias se +ramificaram, ela pode disparar o seguinte comando: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ gitk HEAD..FETCH_HEAD +------------------------------------------------ + +Isto usa a mesma notação de intervalo que vimos antes com 'git log'. + +Alice pode querer ver o que ambos fizeram desde que ramificaram. Ela +pode usar a forma com três pontos ao invés da forma com dois pontos: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ gitk HEAD...FETCH_HEAD +------------------------------------------------ + +Isto significa "mostre tudo que é alcançável de qualquer um deles, mas +exclua tudo que é alcançável a partir de ambos". + +Por favor, note que essas notações de intervalo podem ser usadas tanto +com gitk quanto com "git log". + +Após inspecionar o que Bob fez, se não há nada urgente, Alice pode +decidir continuar trabalhando sem puxar de Bob. Se a história de Bob +tem alguma coisa que Alice precisa imediatamente, Alice pode optar por +separar seu trabalho em progresso primeiro, fazer um "pull", e, então, +finalmente, retomar seu trabalho em progresso em cima da história +resultante. + +Quando você está trabalhando em um pequeno grupo unido, não é incomum +interagir com o mesmo repositório várias e várias vezes. Definindo um +repositório remoto antes de tudo, você pode fazê-lo mais facilmente: + +------------------------------------------------ +alice$ git remote add bob /home/bob/myrepo +------------------------------------------------ + +Com isso, Alice pode executar a primeira parte da operação "pull" usando +o comando 'git-fetch' sem unificar suas mudanças com seu próprio ramo, +usando: + +------------------------------------- +alice$ git fetch bob +------------------------------------- + +Diferente da forma longa, quando Alice obteve de Bob usando um +repositório remoto antes definido com 'git-remote', o que foi obtido é +armazenado em um ramo remoto, neste caso `bob/master`. Então, após isso: + +------------------------------------- +alice$ git log -p master..bob/master +------------------------------------- + +mostra uma lista de todas as mudanças que Bob fez desde que ramificou do +ramo master de Alice. + +Após examinar essas mudanças, Alice pode unificá-las em seu ramo master: + +------------------------------------- +alice$ git merge bob/master +------------------------------------- + +Esse `merge` pode também ser feito puxando de seu próprio ramo remoto, +assim: + +------------------------------------- +alice$ git pull . remotes/bob/master +------------------------------------- + +Note que 'git pull' sempre unifica ao ramo atual, independente do que +mais foi passado na linha de comando. + +Depois, Bob pode atualizar seu repositório com as últimas mudanças de +Alice, usando + +------------------------------------- +bob$ git pull +------------------------------------- + +Note que ele não precisa dar o caminho do repositório de Alice; quando +Bob clonou seu repositório, o git armazenou a localização de seu +repositório na configuração do mesmo, e essa localização é usada +para puxar: + +------------------------------------- +bob$ git config --get remote.origin.url +/home/alice/project +------------------------------------- + +(A configuração completa criada por 'git-clone' é visÃvel usando `git +config -l`, e a página de manual linkgit:git-config[1] explica o +significado de cada opção.) + +Git também mantém uma cópia limpa do ramo master de Alice sob o nome +"origin/master": + +------------------------------------- +bob$ git branch -r + origin/master +------------------------------------- + +Se Bob decidir depois em trabalhar em um host diferente, ele ainda pode +executar clones e puxar usando o protocolo ssh: + +------------------------------------- +bob$ git clone alice.org:/home/alice/project myrepo +------------------------------------- + +Alternativamente, o git tem um protocolo nativo, ou pode usar rsync ou +http; veja linkgit:git-pull[1] para detalhes. + +Git pode também ser usado em um modo parecido com CVS, com um +repositório central para o qual vários usuários empurram modificações; +veja linkgit:git-push[1] e linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. + +Explorando história +----------------- + +A história no git é representada como uma série de commits +interrelacionados. Nós já vimos que o comando 'git-log' pode listar +esses commits. Note que a primeira linha de cada entrada no log também +dá o nome para o commit: + +------------------------------------- +$ git log +commit c82a22c39cbc32576f64f5c6b3f24b99ea8149c7 +Author: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Date: Tue May 16 17:18:22 2006 -0700 + + merge-base: Clarify the comments on post processing. +------------------------------------- + +Nós podemos dar este nome ao 'git-show' para ver os detalhes sobre este +commit. + +------------------------------------- +$ git show c82a22c39cbc32576f64f5c6b3f24b99ea8149c7 +------------------------------------- + +Mas há outras formas de se referir aos commits. Você pode usar qualquer +parte inicial do nome que seja longo o bastante para identificar +unicamente o commit: + +------------------------------------- +$ git show c82a22c39c # os primeiros caracteres do nome são o bastante + # usualmente +$ git show HEAD # a ponta do ramo atual +$ git show experimental # a ponta do ramo "experimental" +------------------------------------- + +Todo commit normalmente tem um commit "pai" que aponta para o estado +anterior do projeto: + +------------------------------------- +$ git show HEAD^ # para ver o pai de HEAD +$ git show HEAD^^ # para ver o avô de HEAD +$ git show HEAD~4 # para ver o trisavô de HEAD +------------------------------------- + +Note que commits de unificação podem ter mais de um pai: + +------------------------------------- +$ git show HEAD^1 # mostra o primeiro pai de HEAD (o mesmo que HEAD^) +$ git show HEAD^2 # mostra o segundo pai de HEAD +------------------------------------- + +Você também pode dar aos commits nomes à sua escolha; após executar + +------------------------------------- +$ git tag v2.5 1b2e1d63ff +------------------------------------- + +você pode se referir a 1b2e1d63ff pelo nome "v2.5". Se você pretende +compartilhar esse nome com outras pessoas (por exemplo, para identificar +uma versão de lançamento), você deveria criar um objeto "tag", e talvez +assiná-lo; veja linkgit:git-tag[1] para detalhes. + +Qualquer comando git que precise conhecer um commit pode receber +quaisquer desses nomes. Por exemplo: + +------------------------------------- +$ git diff v2.5 HEAD # compara o HEAD atual com v2.5 +$ git branch stable v2.5 # inicia um novo ramo chamado "stable" baseado + # em v2.5 +$ git reset --hard HEAD^ # reseta seu ramo atual e seu diretório de + # trabalho a seu estado em HEAD^ +------------------------------------- + +Seja cuidadoso com o último comando: além de perder quaisquer mudanças +em seu diretório de trabalho, ele também remove todos os commits +posteriores desse ramo. Se esse ramo é o único ramo contendo esses +commits, eles serão perdidos. Também, não use 'git-reset' num ramo +publicamente visÃvel de onde outros desenvolvedores puxam, já que vai +forçar unificações desnecessárias para que outros desenvolvedores limpem +a história. Se você precisa desfazer mudanças que você empurrou, use +'git-revert' no lugar. + +O comando 'git-grep' pode buscar strings em qualquer versão de seu +projeto, então + +------------------------------------- +$ git grep "hello" v2.5 +------------------------------------- + +procura por todas as ocorrências de "hello" em v2.5. + +Se você deixar de fora o nome do commit, 'git-grep' irá procurar +quaisquer dos arquivos que ele gerencia no diretório corrente. Então + +------------------------------------- +$ git grep "hello" +------------------------------------- + +é uma forma rápida de buscar somente os arquivos que são rastreados pelo +git. + +Muitos comandos git também recebem um conjunto de commits, o que pode +ser especificado de várias formas. Aqui estão alguns exemplos com 'git-log': + +------------------------------------- +$ git log v2.5..v2.6 # commits entre v2.5 e v2.6 +$ git log v2.5.. # commits desde v2.5 +$ git log --since="2 weeks ago" # commits das últimas 2 semanas +$ git log v2.5.. Makefile # commits desde v2.5 que modificam + # Makefile +------------------------------------- + +Você também pode dar ao 'git-log' um "intervalo" de commits onde o +primeiro não é necessariamente um ancestral do segundo; por exemplo, se +as pontas dos ramos "stable" e "master" divergiram de um commit +comum algum tempo atrás, então + +------------------------------------- +$ git log stable..master +------------------------------------- + +irá listar os commits feitos no ramo "master" mas não no ramo +"stable", enquanto + +------------------------------------- +$ git log master..stable +------------------------------------- + +irá listar a lista de commits feitos no ramo "stable" mas não no ramo +"master". + +O comando 'git-log' tem uma fraqueza: ele precisa mostrar os commits em +uma lista. Quando a história tem linhas de desenvolvimento que +divergiram e então foram unificadas novamente, a ordem em que 'git-log' +apresenta essas mudanças é irrelevante. + +A maioria dos projetos com múltiplos contribuidores (como o kernel +Linux, ou o próprio git) tem unificações frequentes, e 'gitk' faz um +trabalho melhor de visualizar sua história. Por exemplo, + +------------------------------------- +$ gitk --since="2 weeks ago" drivers/ +------------------------------------- + +permite a você navegar em quaisquer commits desde as últimas duas semanas +de commits que modificaram arquivos sob o diretório "drivers". (Nota: +você pode ajustar as fontes do gitk segurando a tecla control enquanto +pressiona "-" ou "+".) + +Finalmente, a maioria dos comandos que recebem nomes de arquivo permitirão +também, opcionalmente, preceder qualquer nome de arquivo por um +commit, para especificar uma versão particular do arquivo: + +------------------------------------- +$ git diff v2.5:Makefile HEAD:Makefile.in +------------------------------------- + +Você pode usar 'git-show' para ver tal arquivo: + +------------------------------------- +$ git show v2.5:Makefile +------------------------------------- + +Próximos passos +---------- + +Este tutorial deve ser o bastante para operar controle de revisão +distribuÃdo básico para seus projetos. No entanto, para entender +plenamente a profundidade e o poder do git você precisa entender duas +idéias simples nas quais ele se baseia: + + * A base de objetos é um sistema bem elegante usado para armazenar a + história de seu projeto--arquivos, diretórios, e commits. + + * O arquivo de Ãndice é um cache do estado de uma árvore de diretório, + usado para criar commits, restaurar diretórios de trabalho, e + armazenar as várias árvores envolvidas em uma unificação. + +A parte dois deste tutorial explica a base de objetos, o arquivo de +Ãndice, e algumas outras coisinhas que você vai precisar pra usar o +máximo do git. Você pode encontrá-la em linkgit:gittutorial-2[7]. + +Se você não quiser continuar com o tutorial agora nesse momento, algumas +outras digressões que podem ser interessantes neste ponto são: + + * linkgit:git-format-patch[1], linkgit:git-am[1]: Estes convertem + séries de commits em patches para email, e vice-versa, úteis para + projetos como o kernel Linux que dependem fortemente de patches + enviados por email. + + * linkgit:git-bisect[1]: Quando há uma regressão em seu projeto, uma + forma de rastrear um bug é procurando pela história para encontrar o + commit culpado. Git bisect pode ajudar a executar uma busca binária + por esse commit. Ele é inteligente o bastante para executar uma + busca próxima da ótima mesmo no caso de uma história complexa + não-linear com muitos ramos unificados. + + * link:everyday.html[GIT diariamente com 20 e tantos comandos] + + * linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]: Git para usuários de CVS. + +VEJA TAMBÉM +-------- +linkgit:gittutorial-2[7], +linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7], +linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7], +linkgit:gitglossary[7], +linkgit:git-help[1], +link:everyday.html[git diariamente], +link:user-manual.html[O Manual do Usuário git] + +GIT +--- +Parte da suite linkgit:git[1]. diff --git a/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt b/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt index f9811f2473..5dd6e5a0c7 100644 --- a/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt +++ b/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt @@ -4,6 +4,13 @@ (see the section <<URLS,GIT URLS>> below) or the name of a remote (see the section <<REMOTES,REMOTES>> below). +ifndef::git-pull[] +<group>:: + A name referring to a list of repositories as the value + of remotes.<group> in the configuration file. + (See linkgit:git-config[1]). +endif::git-pull[] + <refspec>:: The format of a <refspec> parameter is an optional plus `{plus}`, followed by the source ref <src>, followed @@ -11,9 +18,9 @@ + The remote ref that matches <src> is fetched, and if <dst> is not empty string, the local -ref that matches it is fast forwarded using <src>. +ref that matches it is fast-forwarded using <src>. If the optional plus `+` is used, the local ref -is updated even if it does not result in a fast forward +is updated even if it does not result in a fast-forward update. + [NOTE] @@ -31,7 +38,7 @@ must know this is the expected usage pattern for a branch. [NOTE] You never do your own development on branches that appear on the right hand side of a <refspec> colon on `Pull:` lines; -they are to be updated by 'git-fetch'. If you intend to do +they are to be updated by 'git fetch'. If you intend to do development derived from a remote branch `B`, have a `Pull:` line to track it (i.e. `Pull: B:remote-B`), and have a separate branch `my-B` to do your development on top of it. The latter @@ -43,13 +50,13 @@ on the remote branch, merge it into your development branch with + [NOTE] There is a difference between listing multiple <refspec> -directly on 'git-pull' command line and having multiple +directly on 'git pull' command line and having multiple `Pull:` <refspec> lines for a <repository> and running -'git-pull' command without any explicit <refspec> parameters. +'git pull' command without any explicit <refspec> parameters. <refspec> listed explicitly on the command line are always merged into the current branch after fetching. In other words, if you list more than one remote refs, you would be making -an Octopus. While 'git-pull' run without any explicit <refspec> +an Octopus. While 'git pull' run without any explicit <refspec> parameter takes default <refspec>s from `Pull:` lines, it merges only the first <refspec> found into the current branch, after fetching all the remote refs. This is because making an diff --git a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt index 11eec941df..81c0e6f184 100644 --- a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt @@ -201,6 +201,10 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] Stop when a given path disappears from the tree. +--merges:: + + Print only merge commits. + --no-merges:: Do not print commits with more than one parent. @@ -221,30 +225,54 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] --all:: - Pretend as if all the refs in `$GIT_DIR/refs/` are listed on the + Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/` are listed on the command line as '<commit>'. ---branches:: +--branches[=pattern]:: - Pretend as if all the refs in `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads` are listed - on the command line as '<commit>'. + Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/heads` are listed + on the command line as '<commit>'. If `pattern` is given, limit + branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks '?', + '*', or '[', '/*' at the end is implied. ---tags:: +--tags[=pattern]:: - Pretend as if all the refs in `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags` are listed - on the command line as '<commit>'. + Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/tags` are listed + on the command line as '<commit>'. If `pattern` is given, limit + tags to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks '?', '*', + or '[', '/*' at the end is implied. ---remotes:: +--remotes[=pattern]:: - Pretend as if all the refs in `$GIT_DIR/refs/remotes` are listed - on the command line as '<commit>'. + Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/remotes` are listed + on the command line as '<commit>'. If `pattern`is given, limit + remote tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob. + If pattern lacks '?', '*', or '[', '/*' at the end is implied. + +--glob=glob-pattern:: + Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob `glob-pattern` + are listed on the command line as '<commit>'. Leading 'refs/', + is automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks '?', '*', + or '[', '/*' at the end is implied. + + +ifndef::git-rev-list[] +--bisect:: + + Pretend as if the bad bisection ref `refs/bisect/bad` + was listed and as if it was followed by `--not` and the good + bisection refs `refs/bisect/good-*` on the command + line. +endif::git-rev-list[] -ifdef::git-rev-list[] --stdin:: In addition to the '<commit>' listed on the command - line, read them from the standard input. + line, read them from the standard input. If a '--' separator is + seen, stop reading commits and start reading paths to limit the + result. +ifdef::git-rev-list[] --quiet:: Don't print anything to standard output. This form @@ -532,7 +560,11 @@ Bisection Helpers --bisect:: Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between -the included and excluded commits. Thus, if +included and excluded commits. Note that the bad bisection ref +`refs/bisect/bad` is added to the included commits (if it +exists) and the good bisection refs `refs/bisect/good-*` are +added to the excluded commits (if they exist). Thus, supposing there +are no refs in `refs/bisect/`, if ----------------------------------------------------------------------- $ git rev-list --bisect foo ^bar ^baz @@ -552,22 +584,24 @@ one. --bisect-vars:: -This calculates the same as `--bisect`, but outputs text ready -to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the name of -the midpoint revision to the variable `bisect_rev`, and the -expected number of commits to be tested after `bisect_rev` is -tested to `bisect_nr`, the expected number of commits to be -tested if `bisect_rev` turns out to be good to `bisect_good`, -the expected number of commits to be tested if `bisect_rev` -turns out to be bad to `bisect_bad`, and the number of commits -we are bisecting right now to `bisect_all`. +This calculates the same as `--bisect`, except that refs in +`refs/bisect/` are not used, and except that this outputs +text ready to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the +name of the midpoint revision to the variable `bisect_rev`, and the +expected number of commits to be tested after `bisect_rev` is tested +to `bisect_nr`, the expected number of commits to be tested if +`bisect_rev` turns out to be good to `bisect_good`, the expected +number of commits to be tested if `bisect_rev` turns out to be bad to +`bisect_bad`, and the number of commits we are bisecting right now to +`bisect_all`. --bisect-all:: This outputs all the commit objects between the included and excluded commits, ordered by their distance to the included and excluded -commits. The farthest from them is displayed first. (This is the only -one displayed by `--bisect`.) +commits. Refs in `refs/bisect/` are not used. The farthest +from them is displayed first. (This is the only one displayed by +`--bisect`.) + This is useful because it makes it easy to choose a good commit to test when you want to avoid to test some of them for some reason (they diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt index 5bbd18f020..add6f435b5 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt @@ -58,6 +58,9 @@ The result of the enumeration is left in these fields:: Calling sequence ---------------- +Note: index may be looked at for .gitignore files that are CE_SKIP_WORKTREE +marked. If you to exclude files, make sure you have loaded index first. + * Prepare `struct dir_struct dir` and clear it with `memset(&dir, 0, sizeof(dir))`. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-hash.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-hash.txt index c784d3edcb..e5061e0677 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-hash.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-hash.txt @@ -1,6 +1,52 @@ hash API ======== -Talk about <hash.h> +The hash API is a collection of simple hash table functions. Users are expected +to implement their own hashing. -(Linus) +Data Structures +--------------- + +`struct hash_table`:: + + The hash table structure. The `array` member points to the hash table + entries. The `size` member counts the total number of valid and invalid + entries in the table. The `nr` member keeps track of the number of + valid entries. + +`struct hash_table_entry`:: + + An opaque structure representing an entry in the hash table. The `hash` + member is the entry's hash key and the `ptr` member is the entry's + value. + +Functions +--------- + +`init_hash`:: + + Initialize the hash table. + +`free_hash`:: + + Release memory associated with the hash table. + +`insert_hash`:: + + Insert a pointer into the hash table. If an entry with that hash + already exists, a pointer to the existing entry's value is returned. + Otherwise NULL is returned. This allows callers to implement + chaining, etc. + +`lookup_hash`:: + + Lookup an entry in the hash table. If an entry with that hash exists + the entry's value is returned. Otherwise NULL is returned. + +`for_each_hash`:: + + Call a function for each entry in the hash table. The function is + expected to take the entry's value as its only argument and return an + int. If the function returns a negative int the loop is aborted + immediately. Otherwise, the return value is accumulated and the sum + returned upon completion of the loop. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-history-graph.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-history-graph.txt index d66e61b1ec..d6fc90ac7e 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-history-graph.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-history-graph.txt @@ -11,9 +11,6 @@ Core functions: * `graph_init()` creates a new `struct git_graph` -* `graph_release()` destroys a `struct git_graph`, and frees the memory - associated with it. - * `graph_update()` moves the graph to a new commit. * `graph_next_line()` outputs the next line of the graph into a strbuf. It @@ -134,8 +131,6 @@ while ((commit = get_revision(opts)) != NULL) { putchar(opts->diffopt.line_termination); } } - -graph_release(graph); ------------ Sample output diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt index e30c602f47..312e3b2e2b 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt @@ -60,13 +60,13 @@ Steps to parse options . in `cmd_foo(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)` call - argc = parse_options(argc, argv, builtin_foo_options, builtin_foo_usage, flags); + argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, builtin_foo_options, builtin_foo_usage, flags); + `parse_options()` will filter out the processed options of `argv[]` and leave the non-option arguments in `argv[]`. `argc` is updated appropriately because of the assignment. + -You can also pass NULL instead of a usage array as fourth parameter of +You can also pass NULL instead of a usage array as the fifth parameter of parse_options(), to avoid displaying a help screen with usage info and option list. This should only be done if necessary, e.g. to implement a limited parser for only a subset of the options that needs to be run @@ -115,6 +115,9 @@ There are some macros to easily define options: `OPT__ABBREV(&int_var)`:: Add `\--abbrev[=<n>]`. +`OPT__COLOR(&int_var, description)`:: + Add `\--color[=<when>]` and `--no-color`. + `OPT__DRY_RUN(&int_var)`:: Add `-n, \--dry-run`. @@ -137,6 +140,10 @@ There are some macros to easily define options: Introduce a boolean option. If used, `int_var` is bitwise-ored with `mask`. +`OPT_NEGBIT(short, long, &int_var, description, mask)`:: + Introduce a boolean option. + If used, `int_var` is bitwise-anded with the inverted `mask`. + `OPT_SET_INT(short, long, &int_var, description, integer)`:: Introduce a boolean option. If used, set `int_var` to `integer`. @@ -163,9 +170,31 @@ There are some macros to easily define options: and the result will be put into `var`. See 'Option Callbacks' below for a more elaborate description. +`OPT_FILENAME(short, long, &var, description)`:: + Introduce an option with a filename argument. + The filename will be prefixed by passing the filename along with + the prefix argument of `parse_options()` to `prefix_filename()`. + `OPT_ARGUMENT(long, description)`:: Introduce a long-option argument that will be kept in `argv[]`. +`OPT_NUMBER_CALLBACK(&var, description, func_ptr)`:: + Recognize numerical options like -123 and feed the integer as + if it was an argument to the function given by `func_ptr`. + The result will be put into `var`. There can be only one such + option definition. It cannot be negated and it takes no + arguments. Short options that happen to be digits take + precedence over it. + +`OPT_COLOR_FLAG(short, long, &int_var, description)`:: + Introduce an option that takes an optional argument that can + have one of three values: "always", "never", or "auto". If the + argument is not given, it defaults to "always". The `--no-` form + works like `--long=never`; it cannot take an argument. If + "always", set `int_var` to 1; if "never", set `int_var` to 0; if + "auto", set `int_var` to 1 if stdout is a tty or a pager, + 0 otherwise. + The last element of the array must be `OPT_END()`. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-remote.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-remote.txt index 073b22bd83..c54b17db69 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-remote.txt @@ -18,6 +18,10 @@ struct remote An array of all of the url_nr URLs configured for the remote +`pushurl`:: + + An array of all of the pushurl_nr push URLs configured for the remote + `push`:: An array of refspecs configured for pushing, with diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-run-command.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-run-command.txt index 2efe7a40be..44876fa703 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-run-command.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-run-command.txt @@ -35,17 +35,37 @@ Functions Convenience functions that encapsulate a sequence of start_command() followed by finish_command(). The argument argv specifies the program and its arguments. The argument opt is zero - or more of the flags `RUN_COMMAND_NO_STDIN`, `RUN_GIT_CMD`, or - `RUN_COMMAND_STDOUT_TO_STDERR` that correspond to the members - .no_stdin, .git_cmd, .stdout_to_stderr of `struct child_process`. + or more of the flags `RUN_COMMAND_NO_STDIN`, `RUN_GIT_CMD`, + `RUN_COMMAND_STDOUT_TO_STDERR`, or `RUN_SILENT_EXEC_FAILURE` + that correspond to the members .no_stdin, .git_cmd, + .stdout_to_stderr, .silent_exec_failure of `struct child_process`. The argument dir corresponds the member .dir. The argument env corresponds to the member .env. +The functions above do the following: + +. If a system call failed, errno is set and -1 is returned. A diagnostic + is printed. + +. If the program was not found, then -1 is returned and errno is set to + ENOENT; a diagnostic is printed only if .silent_exec_failure is 0. + +. Otherwise, the program is run. If it terminates regularly, its exit + code is returned. No diagnostic is printed, even if the exit code is + non-zero. + +. If the program terminated due to a signal, then the return value is the + signal number - 128, ie. it is negative and so indicates an unusual + condition; a diagnostic is printed. This return value can be passed to + exit(2), which will report the same code to the parent process that a + POSIX shell's $? would report for a program that died from the signal. + + `start_async`:: Run a function asynchronously. Takes a pointer to a `struct - async` that specifies the details and returns a pipe FD - from which the caller reads. See below for details. + async` that specifies the details and returns a set of pipe FDs + for communication with the function. See below for details. `finish_async`:: @@ -115,7 +135,7 @@ stderr as follows: .in: The FD must be readable; it becomes child's stdin. .out: The FD must be writable; it becomes child's stdout. - .err > 0 is not supported. + .err: The FD must be writable; it becomes child's stderr. The specified FD is closed by start_command(), even if it fails to run the sub-process! @@ -143,6 +163,11 @@ string pointers (NULL terminated) in .env: To specify a new initial working directory for the sub-process, specify it in the .dir member. +If the program cannot be found, the functions return -1 and set +errno to ENOENT. Normally, an error message is printed, but if +.silent_exec_failure is set to 1, no message is printed for this +special error condition. + * `struct async` @@ -155,17 +180,47 @@ The caller: struct async variable; 2. initializes .proc and .data; 3. calls start_async(); -4. processes the data by reading from the fd in .out; -5. closes .out; +4. processes communicates with proc through .in and .out; +5. closes .in and .out; 6. calls finish_async(). +The members .in, .out are used to provide a set of fd's for +communication between the caller and the callee as follows: + +. Specify 0 to have no file descriptor passed. The callee will + receive -1 in the corresponding argument. + +. Specify < 0 to have a pipe allocated; start_async() replaces + with the pipe FD in the following way: + + .in: Returns the writable pipe end into which the caller + writes; the readable end of the pipe becomes the function's + in argument. + + .out: Returns the readable pipe end from which the caller + reads; the writable end of the pipe becomes the function's + out argument. + + The caller of start_async() must close the returned FDs after it + has completed reading from/writing from them. + +. Specify a file descriptor > 0 to be used by the function: + + .in: The FD must be readable; it becomes the function's in. + .out: The FD must be writable; it becomes the function's out. + + The specified FD is closed by start_async(), even if it fails to + run the function. + The function pointer in .proc has the following signature: - int proc(int fd, void *data); + int proc(int in, int out, void *data); -. fd specifies a writable file descriptor to which the function must - write the data that it produces. The function *must* close this - descriptor before it returns. +. in, out specifies a set of file descriptors to which the function + must read/write the data that it needs/produces. The function + *must* close these descriptors before it returns. A descriptor + may be -1 if the caller did not configure a descriptor for that + direction. . data is the value that the caller has specified in the .data member of struct async. @@ -180,8 +235,8 @@ because this facility is implemented by a pipe to a forked process on UNIX, but by a thread in the same address space on Windows: . It cannot change the program's state (global variables, environment, - etc.) in a way that the caller notices; in other words, .out is the - only communication channel to the caller. + etc.) in a way that the caller notices; in other words, .in and .out + are the only communication channels to the caller. . It must not change the program's state that the caller of the facility also uses. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt index 7438149249..afe2759951 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ strbuf API actually relies on the string being free of NULs. strbufs has some invariants that are very important to keep in mind: -. The `buf` member is never NULL, so you it can be used in any usual C +. The `buf` member is never NULL, so it can be used in any usual C string operations safely. strbuf's _have_ to be initialized either by `strbuf_init()` or by `= STRBUF_INIT` before the invariants, though. + @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Data structures * `struct strbuf` -This is string buffer structure. The `len` member can be used to +This is the string buffer structure. The `len` member can be used to determine the current length of the string, and `buf` member provides access to the string itself. @@ -199,6 +199,10 @@ character if the letter `n` appears after a `%`. The function returns the length of the placeholder recognized and `strbuf_expand()` skips over it. + +The format `%%` is automatically expanded to a single `%` as a quoting +mechanism; callers do not need to handle the `%` placeholder themselves, +and the callback function will not be invoked for this placeholder. ++ All other characters (non-percent and not skipped ones) are copied verbatim to the strbuf. If the callback returned zero, meaning that the placeholder is unknown, then the percent sign is copied, too. @@ -214,6 +218,13 @@ which can be used by the programmer of the callback as she sees fit. placeholder and replacement string. The array needs to be terminated by an entry with placeholder set to NULL. +`strbuf_addbuf_percentquote`:: + + Append the contents of one strbuf to another, quoting any + percent signs ("%") into double-percents ("%%") in the + destination. This is useful for literal data to be fed to either + strbuf_expand or to the *printf family of functions. + `strbuf_addf`:: Add a formatted string to the buffer. @@ -253,3 +264,9 @@ same behaviour as well. comments are considered contents to be removed or not. `launch_editor`:: + + Launch the user preferred editor to edit a file and fill the buffer + with the file's contents upon the user completing their editing. The + third argument can be used to set the environment which the editor is + run in. If the buffer is NULL the editor is launched as usual but the + file's contents are not read into the buffer upon completion. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt index e3ddf91284..55b728632c 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt @@ -1,12 +1,145 @@ tree walking API ================ -Talk about <tree-walk.h>, things like +The tree walking API is used to traverse and inspect trees. -* struct tree_desc -* init_tree_desc -* tree_entry_extract -* update_tree_entry -* get_tree_entry +Data Structures +--------------- -(JC, Linus) +`struct name_entry`:: + + An entry in a tree. Each entry has a sha1 identifier, pathname, and + mode. + +`struct tree_desc`:: + + A semi-opaque data structure used to maintain the current state of the + walk. ++ +* `buffer` is a pointer into the memory representation of the tree. It always +points at the current entry being visited. + +* `size` counts the number of bytes left in the `buffer`. + +* `entry` points to the current entry being visited. + +`struct traverse_info`:: + + A structure used to maintain the state of a traversal. ++ +* `prev` points to the traverse_info which was used to descend into the +current tree. If this is the top-level tree `prev` will point to +a dummy traverse_info. + +* `name` is the entry for the current tree (if the tree is a subtree). + +* `pathlen` is the length of the full path for the current tree. + +* `conflicts` can be used by callbacks to maintain directory-file conflicts. + +* `fn` is a callback called for each entry in the tree. See Traversing for more +information. + +* `data` can be anything the `fn` callback would want to use. + +Initializing +------------ + +`init_tree_desc`:: + + Initialize a `tree_desc` and decode its first entry. The buffer and + size parameters are assumed to be the same as the buffer and size + members of `struct tree`. + +`fill_tree_descriptor`:: + + Initialize a `tree_desc` and decode its first entry given the sha1 of + a tree. Returns the `buffer` member if the sha1 is a valid tree + identifier and NULL otherwise. + +`setup_traverse_info`:: + + Initialize a `traverse_info` given the pathname of the tree to start + traversing from. The `base` argument is assumed to be the `path` + member of the `name_entry` being recursed into unless the tree is a + top-level tree in which case the empty string ("") is used. + +Walking +------- + +`tree_entry`:: + + Visit the next entry in a tree. Returns 1 when there are more entries + left to visit and 0 when all entries have been visited. This is + commonly used in the test of a while loop. + +`tree_entry_len`:: + + Calculate the length of a tree entry's pathname. This utilizes the + memory structure of a tree entry to avoid the overhead of using a + generic strlen(). + +`update_tree_entry`:: + + Walk to the next entry in a tree. This is commonly used in conjunction + with `tree_entry_extract` to inspect the current entry. + +`tree_entry_extract`:: + + Decode the entry currently being visited (the one pointed to by + `tree_desc's` `entry` member) and return the sha1 of the entry. The + `pathp` and `modep` arguments are set to the entry's pathname and mode + respectively. + +`get_tree_entry`:: + + Find an entry in a tree given a pathname and the sha1 of a tree to + search. Returns 0 if the entry is found and -1 otherwise. The third + and fourth parameters are set to the entry's sha1 and mode + respectively. + +Traversing +---------- + +`traverse_trees`:: + + Traverse `n` number of trees in parallel. The `fn` callback member of + `traverse_info` is called once for each tree entry. + +`traverse_callback_t`:: + The arguments passed to the traverse callback are as follows: ++ +* `n` counts the number of trees being traversed. + +* `mask` has its nth bit set if something exists in the nth entry. + +* `dirmask` has its nth bit set if the nth tree's entry is a directory. + +* `entry` is an array of size `n` where the nth entry is from the nth tree. + +* `info` maintains the state of the traversal. + ++ +Returning a negative value will terminate the traversal. Otherwise the +return value is treated as an update mask. If the nth bit is set the nth tree +will be updated and if the bit is not set the nth tree entry will be the +same in the next callback invocation. + +`make_traverse_path`:: + + Generate the full pathname of a tree entry based from the root of the + traversal. For example, if the traversal has recursed into another + tree named "bar" the pathname of an entry "baz" in the "bar" + tree would be "bar/baz". + +`traverse_path_len`:: + + Calculate the length of a pathname returned by `make_traverse_path`. + This utilizes the memory structure of a tree entry to avoid the + overhead of using a generic strlen(). + +Authors +------- + +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and Linus Torvalds +<torvalds@linux-foundation.org> diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt index 9cd48b4859..9a5cdafa9c 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt @@ -1,41 +1,494 @@ -Pack transfer protocols -======================= - -There are two Pack push-pull protocols. - -upload-pack (S) | fetch/clone-pack (C) protocol: - - # Tell the puller what commits we have and what their names are - S: SHA1 name - S: ... - S: SHA1 name - S: # flush -- it's your turn - # Tell the pusher what commits we want, and what we have - C: want name - C: .. - C: want name - C: have SHA1 - C: have SHA1 - C: ... - C: # flush -- occasionally ask "had enough?" - S: NAK - C: have SHA1 - C: ... - C: have SHA1 - S: ACK - C: done - S: XXXXXXX -- packfile contents. - -send-pack | receive-pack protocol. - - # Tell the pusher what commits we have and what their names are - C: SHA1 name - C: ... - C: SHA1 name - C: # flush -- it's your turn - # Tell the puller what the pusher has - S: old-SHA1 new-SHA1 name - S: old-SHA1 new-SHA1 name - S: ... - S: # flush -- done with the list - S: XXXXXXX --- packfile contents. +Packfile transfer protocols +=========================== + +Git supports transferring data in packfiles over the ssh://, git:// and +file:// transports. There exist two sets of protocols, one for pushing +data from a client to a server and another for fetching data from a +server to a client. All three transports (ssh, git, file) use the same +protocol to transfer data. + +The processes invoked in the canonical Git implementation are 'upload-pack' +on the server side and 'fetch-pack' on the client side for fetching data; +then 'receive-pack' on the server and 'send-pack' on the client for pushing +data. The protocol functions to have a server tell a client what is +currently on the server, then for the two to negotiate the smallest amount +of data to send in order to fully update one or the other. + +Transports +---------- +There are three transports over which the packfile protocol is +initiated. The Git transport is a simple, unauthenticated server that +takes the command (almost always 'upload-pack', though Git +servers can be configured to be globally writable, in which 'receive- +pack' initiation is also allowed) with which the client wishes to +communicate and executes it and connects it to the requesting +process. + +In the SSH transport, the client just runs the 'upload-pack' +or 'receive-pack' process on the server over the SSH protocol and then +communicates with that invoked process over the SSH connection. + +The file:// transport runs the 'upload-pack' or 'receive-pack' +process locally and communicates with it over a pipe. + +Git Transport +------------- + +The Git transport starts off by sending the command and repository +on the wire using the pkt-line format, followed by a NUL byte and a +hostname paramater, terminated by a NUL byte. + + 0032git-upload-pack /project.git\0host=myserver.com\0 + +-- + git-proto-request = request-command SP pathname NUL [ host-parameter NUL ] + request-command = "git-upload-pack" / "git-receive-pack" / + "git-upload-archive" ; case sensitive + pathname = *( %x01-ff ) ; exclude NUL + host-parameter = "host=" hostname [ ":" port ] +-- + +Only host-parameter is allowed in the git-proto-request. Clients +MUST NOT attempt to send additional parameters. It is used for the +git-daemon name based virtual hosting. See --interpolated-path +option to git daemon, with the %H/%CH format characters. + +Basically what the Git client is doing to connect to an 'upload-pack' +process on the server side over the Git protocol is this: + + $ echo -e -n \ + "0039git-upload-pack /schacon/gitbook.git\0host=example.com\0" | + nc -v example.com 9418 + + +SSH Transport +------------- + +Initiating the upload-pack or receive-pack processes over SSH is +executing the binary on the server via SSH remote execution. +It is basically equivalent to running this: + + $ ssh git.example.com "git-upload-pack '/project.git'" + +For a server to support Git pushing and pulling for a given user over +SSH, that user needs to be able to execute one or both of those +commands via the SSH shell that they are provided on login. On some +systems, that shell access is limited to only being able to run those +two commands, or even just one of them. + +In an ssh:// format URI, it's absolute in the URI, so the '/' after +the host name (or port number) is sent as an argument, which is then +read by the remote git-upload-pack exactly as is, so it's effectively +an absolute path in the remote filesystem. + + git clone ssh://user@example.com/project.git + | + v + ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack '/project.git'" + +In a "user@host:path" format URI, its relative to the user's home +directory, because the Git client will run: + + git clone user@example.com:project.git + | + v + ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack 'project.git'" + +The exception is if a '~' is used, in which case +we execute it without the leading '/'. + + ssh://user@example.com/~alice/project.git, + | + v + ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack '~alice/project.git'" + +A few things to remember here: + +- The "command name" is spelled with dash (e.g. git-upload-pack), but + this can be overridden by the client; + +- The repository path is always quoted with single quotes. + +Fetching Data From a Server +=========================== + +When one Git repository wants to get data that a second repository +has, the first can 'fetch' from the second. This operation determines +what data the server has that the client does not then streams that +data down to the client in packfile format. + + +Reference Discovery +------------------- + +When the client initially connects the server will immediately respond +with a listing of each reference it has (all branches and tags) along +with the object name that each reference currently points to. + + $ echo -e -n "0039git-upload-pack /schacon/gitbook.git\0host=example.com\0" | + nc -v example.com 9418 + 00887217a7c7e582c46cec22a130adf4b9d7d950fba0 HEAD\0multi_ack thin-pack side-band side-band-64k ofs-delta shallow no-progress include-tag + 00441d3fcd5ced445d1abc402225c0b8a1299641f497 refs/heads/integration + 003f7217a7c7e582c46cec22a130adf4b9d7d950fba0 refs/heads/master + 003cb88d2441cac0977faf98efc80305012112238d9d refs/tags/v0.9 + 003c525128480b96c89e6418b1e40909bf6c5b2d580f refs/tags/v1.0 + 003fe92df48743b7bc7d26bcaabfddde0a1e20cae47c refs/tags/v1.0^{} + 0000 + +Server SHOULD terminate each non-flush line using LF ("\n") terminator; +client MUST NOT complain if there is no terminator. + +The returned response is a pkt-line stream describing each ref and +its current value. The stream MUST be sorted by name according to +the C locale ordering. + +If HEAD is a valid ref, HEAD MUST appear as the first advertised +ref. If HEAD is not a valid ref, HEAD MUST NOT appear in the +advertisement list at all, but other refs may still appear. + +The stream MUST include capability declarations behind a NUL on the +first ref. The peeled value of a ref (that is "ref^{}") MUST be +immediately after the ref itself, if presented. A conforming server +MUST peel the ref if it's an annotated tag. + +---- + advertised-refs = (no-refs / list-of-refs) + flush-pkt + + no-refs = PKT-LINE(zero-id SP "capabilities^{}" + NUL capability-list LF) + + list-of-refs = first-ref *other-ref + first-ref = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP refname + NUL capability-list LF) + + other-ref = PKT-LINE(other-tip / other-peeled) + other-tip = obj-id SP refname LF + other-peeled = obj-id SP refname "^{}" LF + + capability-list = capability *(SP capability) + capability = 1*(LC_ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "_") + LC_ALPHA = %x61-7A +---- + +Server and client MUST use lowercase for obj-id, both MUST treat obj-id +as case-insensitive. + +See protocol-capabilities.txt for a list of allowed server capabilities +and descriptions. + +Packfile Negotiation +-------------------- +After reference and capabilities discovery, the client can decide +to terminate the connection by sending a flush-pkt, telling the +server it can now gracefully terminate (as happens with the ls-remote +command) or it can enter the negotiation phase, where the client and +server determine what the minimal packfile necessary for transport is. + +Once the client has the initial list of references that the server +has, as well as the list of capabilities, it will begin telling the +server what objects it wants and what objects it has, so the server +can make a packfile that only contains the objects that the client needs. +The client will also send a list of the capabilities it wants to be in +effect, out of what the server said it could do with the first 'want' line. + +---- + upload-request = want-list + have-list + compute-end + + want-list = first-want + *additional-want + flush-pkt + + first-want = PKT-LINE("want" SP obj-id SP capability-list LF) + additional-want = PKT-LINE("want" SP obj-id LF) + + have-list = *have-line + have-line = PKT-LINE("have" SP obj-id LF) + compute-end = flush-pkt / PKT-LINE("done") +---- + +Clients MUST send all the obj-ids it wants from the reference +discovery phase as 'want' lines. Clients MUST send at least one +'want' command in the request body. Clients MUST NOT mention an +obj-id in a 'want' command which did not appear in the response +obtained through ref discovery. + +If client is requesting a shallow clone, it will now send a 'deepen' +line with the depth it is requesting. + +Once all the "want"s (and optional 'deepen') are transferred, +clients MUST send a flush-pkt. If the client has all the references +on the server, client flushes and disconnects. + +TODO: shallow/unshallow response and document the deepen command in the ABNF. + +Now the client will send a list of the obj-ids it has using 'have' +lines. In multi_ack mode, the canonical implementation will send up +to 32 of these at a time, then will send a flush-pkt. The canonical +implementation will skip ahead and send the next 32 immediately, +so that there is always a block of 32 "in-flight on the wire" at a +time. + +If the server reads 'have' lines, it then will respond by ACKing any +of the obj-ids the client said it had that the server also has. The +server will ACK obj-ids differently depending on which ack mode is +chosen by the client. + +In multi_ack mode: + + * the server will respond with 'ACK obj-id continue' for any common + commits. + + * once the server has found an acceptable common base commit and is + ready to make a packfile, it will blindly ACK all 'have' obj-ids + back to the client. + + * the server will then send a 'NACK' and then wait for another response + from the client - either a 'done' or another list of 'have' lines. + +In multi_ack_detailed mode: + + * the server will differentiate the ACKs where it is signaling + that it is ready to send data with 'ACK obj-id ready' lines, and + signals the identified common commits with 'ACK obj-id common' lines. + +Without either multi_ack or multi_ack_detailed: + + * upload-pack sends "ACK obj-id" on the first common object it finds. + After that it says nothing until the client gives it a "done". + + * upload-pack sends "NAK" on a flush-pkt if no common object + has been found yet. If one has been found, and thus an ACK + was already sent, it's silent on the flush-pkt. + +After the client has gotten enough ACK responses that it can determine +that the server has enough information to send an efficient packfile +(in the canonical implementation, this is determined when it has received +enough ACKs that it can color everything left in the --date-order queue +as common with the server, or the --date-order queue is empty), or the +client determines that it wants to give up (in the canonical implementation, +this is determined when the client sends 256 'have' lines without getting +any of them ACKed by the server - meaning there is nothing in common and +the server should just send all of its objects), then the client will send +a 'done' command. The 'done' command signals to the server that the client +is ready to receive its packfile data. + +However, the 256 limit *only* turns on in the canonical client +implementation if we have received at least one "ACK %s continue" +during a prior round. This helps to ensure that at least one common +ancestor is found before we give up entirely. + +Once the 'done' line is read from the client, the server will either +send a final 'ACK obj-id' or it will send a 'NAK'. The server only sends +ACK after 'done' if there is at least one common base and multi_ack or +multi_ack_detailed is enabled. The server always sends NAK after 'done' +if there is no common base found. + +Then the server will start sending its packfile data. + +---- + server-response = *ack_multi ack / nak + ack_multi = PKT-LINE("ACK" SP obj-id ack_status LF) + ack_status = "continue" / "common" / "ready" + ack = PKT-LINE("ACK SP obj-id LF) + nak = PKT-LINE("NAK" LF) +---- + +A simple clone may look like this (with no 'have' lines): + +---- + C: 0054want 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\0multi_ack \ + side-band-64k ofs-delta\n + C: 0032want 7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe\n + C: 0032want 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a\n + C: 0032want 7e47fe2bd8d01d481f44d7af0531bd93d3b21c01\n + C: 0032want 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\n + C: 0000 + C: 0009done\n + + S: 0008NAK\n + S: [PACKFILE] +---- + +An incremental update (fetch) response might look like this: + +---- + C: 0054want 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\0multi_ack \ + side-band-64k ofs-delta\n + C: 0032want 7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe\n + C: 0032want 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a\n + C: 0000 + C: 0032have 7e47fe2bd8d01d481f44d7af0531bd93d3b21c01\n + C: [30 more have lines] + C: 0032have 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\n + C: 0000 + + S: 003aACK 7e47fe2bd8d01d481f44d7af0531bd93d3b21c01 continue\n + S: 003aACK 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d continue\n + S: 0008NAK\n + + C: 0009done\n + + S: 003aACK 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\n + S: [PACKFILE] +---- + + +Packfile Data +------------- + +Now that the client and server have finished negotiation about what +the minimal amount of data that needs to be sent to the client is, the server +will construct and send the required data in packfile format. + +See pack-format.txt for what the packfile itself actually looks like. + +If 'side-band' or 'side-band-64k' capabilities have been specified by +the client, the server will send the packfile data multiplexed. + +Each packet starting with the packet-line length of the amount of data +that follows, followed by a single byte specifying the sideband the +following data is coming in on. + +In 'side-band' mode, it will send up to 999 data bytes plus 1 control +code, for a total of up to 1000 bytes in a pkt-line. In 'side-band-64k' +mode it will send up to 65519 data bytes plus 1 control code, for a +total of up to 65520 bytes in a pkt-line. + +The sideband byte will be a '1', '2' or a '3'. Sideband '1' will contain +packfile data, sideband '2' will be used for progress information that the +client will generally print to stderr and sideband '3' is used for error +information. + +If no 'side-band' capability was specified, the server will stream the +entire packfile without multiplexing. + + +Pushing Data To a Server +======================== + +Pushing data to a server will invoke the 'receive-pack' process on the +server, which will allow the client to tell it which references it should +update and then send all the data the server will need for those new +references to be complete. Once all the data is received and validated, +the server will then update its references to what the client specified. + +Authentication +-------------- + +The protocol itself contains no authentication mechanisms. That is to be +handled by the transport, such as SSH, before the 'receive-pack' process is +invoked. If 'receive-pack' is configured over the Git transport, those +repositories will be writable by anyone who can access that port (9418) as +that transport is unauthenticated. + +Reference Discovery +------------------- + +The reference discovery phase is done nearly the same way as it is in the +fetching protocol. Each reference obj-id and name on the server is sent +in packet-line format to the client, followed by a flush-pkt. The only +real difference is that the capability listing is different - the only +possible values are 'report-status', 'delete-refs' and 'ofs-delta'. + +Reference Update Request and Packfile Transfer +---------------------------------------------- + +Once the client knows what references the server is at, it can send a +list of reference update requests. For each reference on the server +that it wants to update, it sends a line listing the obj-id currently on +the server, the obj-id the client would like to update it to and the name +of the reference. + +This list is followed by a flush-pkt and then the packfile that should +contain all the objects that the server will need to complete the new +references. + +---- + update-request = command-list [pack-file] + + command-list = PKT-LINE(command NUL capability-list LF) + *PKT-LINE(command LF) + flush-pkt + + command = create / delete / update + create = zero-id SP new-id SP name + delete = old-id SP zero-id SP name + update = old-id SP new-id SP name + + old-id = obj-id + new-id = obj-id + + pack-file = "PACK" 28*(OCTET) +---- + +If the receiving end does not support delete-refs, the sending end MUST +NOT ask for delete command. + +The pack-file MUST NOT be sent if the only command used is 'delete'. + +A pack-file MUST be sent if either create or update command is used, +even if the server already has all the necessary objects. In this +case the client MUST send an empty pack-file. The only time this +is likely to happen is if the client is creating +a new branch or a tag that points to an existing obj-id. + +The server will receive the packfile, unpack it, then validate each +reference that is being updated that it hasn't changed while the request +was being processed (the obj-id is still the same as the old-id), and +it will run any update hooks to make sure that the update is acceptable. +If all of that is fine, the server will then update the references. + +Report Status +------------- + +After receiving the pack data from the sender, the receiver sends a +report if 'report-status' capability is in effect. +It is a short listing of what happened in that update. It will first +list the status of the packfile unpacking as either 'unpack ok' or +'unpack [error]'. Then it will list the status for each of the references +that it tried to update. Each line is either 'ok [refname]' if the +update was successful, or 'ng [refname] [error]' if the update was not. + +---- + report-status = unpack-status + 1*(command-status) + flush-pkt + + unpack-status = PKT-LINE("unpack" SP unpack-result LF) + unpack-result = "ok" / error-msg + + command-status = command-ok / command-fail + command-ok = PKT-LINE("ok" SP refname LF) + command-fail = PKT-LINE("ng" SP refname SP error-msg LF) + + error-msg = 1*(OCTECT) ; where not "ok" +---- + +Updates can be unsuccessful for a number of reasons. The reference can have +changed since the reference discovery phase was originally sent, meaning +someone pushed in the meantime. The reference being pushed could be a +non-fast-forward reference and the update hooks or configuration could be +set to not allow that, etc. Also, some references can be updated while others +can be rejected. + +An example client/server communication might look like this: + +---- + S: 007c74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/local\0report-status delete-refs ofs-delta\n + S: 003e7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe refs/heads/debug\n + S: 003f74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/master\n + S: 003f74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/team\n + S: 0000 + + C: 003e7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/debug\n + C: 003e74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a refs/heads/master\n + C: 0000 + C: [PACKDATA] + + S: 000aunpack ok\n + S: 0014ok refs/heads/debug\n + S: 0026ng refs/heads/master non-fast-forward\n +---- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/protocol-capabilities.txt b/Documentation/technical/protocol-capabilities.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fd1a593149 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/protocol-capabilities.txt @@ -0,0 +1,187 @@ +Git Protocol Capabilities +========================= + +Servers SHOULD support all capabilities defined in this document. + +On the very first line of the initial server response of either +receive-pack and upload-pack the first reference is followed by +a NUL byte and then a list of space delimited server capabilities. +These allow the server to declare what it can and cannot support +to the client. + +Client will then send a space separated list of capabilities it wants +to be in effect. The client MUST NOT ask for capabilities the server +did not say it supports. + +Server MUST diagnose and abort if capabilities it does not understand +was sent. Server MUST NOT ignore capabilities that client requested +and server advertised. As a consequence of these rules, server MUST +NOT advertise capabilities it does not understand. + +The 'report-status' and 'delete-refs' capabilities are sent and +recognized by the receive-pack (push to server) process. + +The 'ofs-delta' capability is sent and recognized by both upload-pack +and receive-pack protocols. + +All other capabilities are only recognized by the upload-pack (fetch +from server) process. + +multi_ack +--------- + +The 'multi_ack' capability allows the server to return "ACK obj-id +continue" as soon as it finds a commit that it can use as a common +base, between the client's wants and the client's have set. + +By sending this early, the server can potentially head off the client +from walking any further down that particular branch of the client's +repository history. The client may still need to walk down other +branches, sending have lines for those, until the server has a +complete cut across the DAG, or the client has said "done". + +Without multi_ack, a client sends have lines in --date-order until +the server has found a common base. That means the client will send +have lines that are already known by the server to be common, because +they overlap in time with another branch that the server hasn't found +a common base on yet. + +For example suppose the client has commits in caps that the server +doesn't and the server has commits in lower case that the client +doesn't, as in the following diagram: + + +---- u ---------------------- x + / +----- y + / / + a -- b -- c -- d -- E -- F + \ + +--- Q -- R -- S + +If the client wants x,y and starts out by saying have F,S, the server +doesn't know what F,S is. Eventually the client says "have d" and +the server sends "ACK d continue" to let the client know to stop +walking down that line (so don't send c-b-a), but it's not done yet, +it needs a base for x. The client keeps going with S-R-Q, until a +gets reached, at which point the server has a clear base and it all +ends. + +Without multi_ack the client would have sent that c-b-a chain anyway, +interleaved with S-R-Q. + +thin-pack +--------- + +This capability means that the server can send a 'thin' pack, a pack +which does not contain base objects; if those base objects are available +on client side. Client requests 'thin-pack' capability when it +understands how to "thicken" it by adding required delta bases making +it self-contained. + +Client MUST NOT request 'thin-pack' capability if it cannot turn a thin +pack into a self-contained pack. + + +side-band, side-band-64k +------------------------ + +This capability means that server can send, and client understand multiplexed +progress reports and error info interleaved with the packfile itself. + +These two options are mutually exclusive. A modern client always +favors 'side-band-64k'. + +Either mode indicates that the packfile data will be streamed broken +up into packets of up to either 1000 bytes in the case of 'side_band', +or 65520 bytes in the case of 'side_band_64k'. Each packet is made up +of a leading 4-byte pkt-line length of how much data is in the packet, +followed by a 1-byte stream code, followed by the actual data. + +The stream code can be one of: + + 1 - pack data + 2 - progress messages + 3 - fatal error message just before stream aborts + +The "side-band-64k" capability came about as a way for newer clients +that can handle much larger packets to request packets that are +actually crammed nearly full, while maintaining backward compatibility +for the older clients. + +Further, with side-band and its up to 1000-byte messages, it's actually +999 bytes of payload and 1 byte for the stream code. With side-band-64k, +same deal, you have up to 65519 bytes of data and 1 byte for the stream +code. + +The client MUST send only maximum of one of "side-band" and "side- +band-64k". Server MUST diagnose it as an error if client requests +both. + +ofs-delta +--------- + +Server can send, and client understand PACKv2 with delta refering to +its base by position in pack rather than by an obj-id. That is, they can +send/read OBJ_OFS_DELTA (aka type 6) in a packfile. + +shallow +------- + +This capability adds "deepen", "shallow" and "unshallow" commands to +the fetch-pack/upload-pack protocol so clients can request shallow +clones. + +no-progress +----------- + +The client was started with "git clone -q" or something, and doesn't +want that side band 2. Basically the client just says "I do not +wish to receive stream 2 on sideband, so do not send it to me, and if +you did, I will drop it on the floor anyway". However, the sideband +channel 3 is still used for error responses. + +include-tag +----------- + +The 'include-tag' capability is about sending annotated tags if we are +sending objects they point to. If we pack an object to the client, and +a tag object points exactly at that object, we pack the tag object too. +In general this allows a client to get all new annotated tags when it +fetches a branch, in a single network connection. + +Clients MAY always send include-tag, hardcoding it into a request when +the server advertises this capability. The decision for a client to +request include-tag only has to do with the client's desires for tag +data, whether or not a server had advertised objects in the +refs/tags/* namespace. + +Servers MUST pack the tags if their referrant is packed and the client +has requested include-tags. + +Clients MUST be prepared for the case where a server has ignored +include-tag and has not actually sent tags in the pack. In such +cases the client SHOULD issue a subsequent fetch to acquire the tags +that include-tag would have otherwise given the client. + +The server SHOULD send include-tag, if it supports it, regardless +of whether or not there are tags available. + +report-status +------------- + +The upload-pack process can receive a 'report-status' capability, +which tells it that the client wants a report of what happened after +a packfile upload and reference update. If the pushing client requests +this capability, after unpacking and updating references the server +will respond with whether the packfile unpacked successfully and if +each reference was updated successfully. If any of those were not +successful, it will send back an error message. See pack-protocol.txt +for example messages. + +delete-refs +----------- + +If the server sends back the 'delete-refs' capability, it means that +it is capable of accepting a zero-id value as the target +value of a reference update. It is not sent back by the client, it +simply informs the client that it can be sent zero-id values +to delete references. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/protocol-common.txt b/Documentation/technical/protocol-common.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d30a1b9510 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/protocol-common.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +Documentation Common to Pack and Http Protocols +=============================================== + +ABNF Notation +------------- + +ABNF notation as described by RFC 5234 is used within the protocol documents, +except the following replacement core rules are used: +---- + HEXDIG = DIGIT / "a" / "b" / "c" / "d" / "e" / "f" +---- + +We also define the following common rules: +---- + NUL = %x00 + zero-id = 40*"0" + obj-id = 40*(HEXDIGIT) + + refname = "HEAD" + refname /= "refs/" <see discussion below> +---- + +A refname is a hierarchical octet string beginning with "refs/" and +not violating the 'git-check-ref-format' command's validation rules. +More specifically, they: + +. They can include slash `/` for hierarchical (directory) + grouping, but no slash-separated component can begin with a + dot `.`. + +. They must contain at least one `/`. This enforces the presence of a + category like `heads/`, `tags/` etc. but the actual names are not + restricted. + +. They cannot have two consecutive dots `..` anywhere. + +. They cannot have ASCII control characters (i.e. bytes whose + values are lower than \040, or \177 `DEL`), space, tilde `~`, + caret `{caret}`, colon `:`, question-mark `?`, asterisk `*`, + or open bracket `[` anywhere. + +. They cannot end with a slash `/` nor a dot `.`. + +. They cannot end with the sequence `.lock`. + +. They cannot contain a sequence `@{`. + +. They cannot contain a `\\`. + + +pkt-line Format +--------------- + +Much (but not all) of the payload is described around pkt-lines. + +A pkt-line is a variable length binary string. The first four bytes +of the line, the pkt-len, indicates the total length of the line, +in hexadecimal. The pkt-len includes the 4 bytes used to contain +the length's hexadecimal representation. + +A pkt-line MAY contain binary data, so implementors MUST ensure +pkt-line parsing/formatting routines are 8-bit clean. + +A non-binary line SHOULD BE terminated by an LF, which if present +MUST be included in the total length. + +The maximum length of a pkt-line's data component is 65520 bytes. +Implementations MUST NOT send pkt-line whose length exceeds 65524 +(65520 bytes of payload + 4 bytes of length data). + +Implementations SHOULD NOT send an empty pkt-line ("0004"). + +A pkt-line with a length field of 0 ("0000"), called a flush-pkt, +is a special case and MUST be handled differently than an empty +pkt-line ("0004"). + +---- + pkt-line = data-pkt / flush-pkt + + data-pkt = pkt-len pkt-payload + pkt-len = 4*(HEXDIG) + pkt-payload = (pkt-len - 4)*(OCTET) + + flush-pkt = "0000" +---- + +Examples (as C-style strings): + +---- + pkt-line actual value + --------------------------------- + "0006a\n" "a\n" + "0005a" "a" + "000bfoobar\n" "foobar\n" + "0004" "" +---- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt b/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt index 48bb97f0b1..53aa0c82c2 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt @@ -42,10 +42,12 @@ compared, but this is not enabled by default because this member is not stable on network filesystems. With `USE_NSEC` compile-time option, `st_mtim.tv_nsec` and `st_ctim.tv_nsec` members are also compared, but this is not enabled by default -because the value of this member becomes meaningless once the -inode is evicted from the inode cache on filesystems that do not -store it on disk. - +because in-core timestamps can have finer granularity than +on-disk timestamps, resulting in meaningless changes when an +inode is evicted from the inode cache. See commit 8ce13b0 +of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tglx/history.git +([PATCH] Sync in core time granuality with filesystems, +2005-01-04). Racy git -------- diff --git a/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt b/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt index 41ec7774f4..00f7e79c44 100644 --- a/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt +++ b/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt @@ -27,10 +27,13 @@ config file would appear like this: ------------ [remote "<name>"] url = <url> + pushurl = <pushurl> push = <refspec> fetch = <refspec> ------------ +The `<pushurl>` is used for pushes only. It is optional and defaults +to `<url>`. Named file in `$GIT_DIR/remotes` ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -49,8 +52,8 @@ following format: ------------ -`Push:` lines are used by 'git-push' and -`Pull:` lines are used by 'git-pull' and 'git-fetch'. +`Push:` lines are used by 'git push' and +`Pull:` lines are used by 'git pull' and 'git fetch'. Multiple `Push:` and `Pull:` lines may be specified for additional branch mappings. diff --git a/Documentation/urls.txt b/Documentation/urls.txt index 5355ebc0f3..459a394dc0 100644 --- a/Documentation/urls.txt +++ b/Documentation/urls.txt @@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ GIT URLS[[URLS]] One of the following notations can be used to name the remote repository: -=============================================================== - rsync://host.xz/path/to/repo.git/ - http://host.xz{startsb}:port{endsb}/path/to/repo.git/ - https://host.xz{startsb}:port{endsb}/path/to/repo.git/ @@ -14,7 +13,6 @@ to name the remote repository: - ssh://{startsb}user@{endsb}host.xz/path/to/repo.git/ - ssh://{startsb}user@{endsb}host.xz/~user/path/to/repo.git/ - ssh://{startsb}user@{endsb}host.xz/~/path/to/repo.git -=============================================================== SSH is the default transport protocol over the network. You can optionally specify which user to log-in as, and an alternate, @@ -23,18 +21,14 @@ username expansion, as does the native git protocol, but only the former supports port specification. The following three are identical to the last three above, respectively: -=============================================================== - {startsb}user@{endsb}host.xz:/path/to/repo.git/ - {startsb}user@{endsb}host.xz:~user/path/to/repo.git/ - {startsb}user@{endsb}host.xz:path/to/repo.git -=============================================================== To sync with a local directory, you can use: -=============================================================== - /path/to/repo.git/ - file:///path/to/repo.git/ -=============================================================== ifndef::git-clone[] They are mostly equivalent, except when cloning. See @@ -67,3 +61,21 @@ For example, with this: a URL like "work:repo.git" or like "host.xz:/path/to/repo.git" will be rewritten in any context that takes a URL to be "git://git.host.xz/repo.git". +If you want to rewrite URLs for push only, you can create a +configuration section of the form: + +------------ + [url "<actual url base>"] + pushInsteadOf = <other url base> +------------ + +For example, with this: + +------------ + [url "ssh://example.org/"] + pushInsteadOf = git://example.org/ +------------ + +a URL like "git://example.org/path/to/repo.git" will be rewritten to +"ssh://example.org/path/to/repo.git" for pushes, but pulls will still +use the original URL. diff --git a/Documentation/user-manual.txt b/Documentation/user-manual.txt index 67ebffa568..fe6fb722da 100644 --- a/Documentation/user-manual.txt +++ b/Documentation/user-manual.txt @@ -1183,7 +1183,23 @@ $ git merge branchname ------------------------------------------------- merges the development in the branch "branchname" into the current -branch. If there are conflicts--for example, if the same file is +branch. + +A merge is made by combining the changes made in "branchname" and the +changes made up to the latest commit in your current branch since +their histories forked. The work tree is overwritten by the result of +the merge when this combining is done cleanly, or overwritten by a +half-merged results when this combining results in conflicts. +Therefore, if you have uncommitted changes touching the same files as +the ones impacted by the merge, Git will refuse to proceed. Most of +the time, you will want to commit your changes before you can merge, +and if you don't, then linkgit:git-stash[1] can take these changes +away while you're doing the merge, and reapply them afterwards. + +If the changes are independent enough, Git will automatically complete +the merge and commit the result (or reuse an existing commit in case +of <<fast-forwards,fast-forward>>, see below). On the other hand, +if there are conflicts--for example, if the same file is modified in two different ways in the remote branch and the local branch--then you are warned; the output may look something like this: @@ -1384,7 +1400,7 @@ were merged. However, if the current branch is a descendant of the other--so every commit present in the one is already contained in the other--then git -just performs a "fast forward"; the head of the current branch is moved +just performs a "fast-forward"; the head of the current branch is moved forward to point at the head of the merged-in branch, without any new commits being created. @@ -1679,7 +1695,7 @@ Sharing development with others Getting updates with git pull ----------------------------- -After you clone a repository and make a few changes of your own, you +After you clone a repository and commit a few changes of your own, you may wish to check the original repository for updates and merge them into your own work. @@ -1719,7 +1735,7 @@ producing a default commit message documenting the branch and repository that you pulled from. (But note that no such commit will be created in the case of a -<<fast-forwards,fast forward>>; instead, your branch will just be +<<fast-forwards,fast-forward>>; instead, your branch will just be updated to point to the latest commit from the upstream branch.) The `git pull` command can also be given "." as the "remote" repository, @@ -1943,7 +1959,7 @@ $ git push ssh://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git master ------------------------------------------------- As with `git fetch`, `git push` will complain if this does not result in a -<<fast-forwards,fast forward>>; see the following section for details on +<<fast-forwards,fast-forward>>; see the following section for details on handling this case. Note that the target of a "push" is normally a @@ -1976,7 +1992,7 @@ details. What to do when a push fails ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -If a push would not result in a <<fast-forwards,fast forward>> of the +If a push would not result in a <<fast-forwards,fast-forward>> of the remote branch, then it will fail with an error like: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -2115,7 +2131,7 @@ $ git checkout release && git pull Important note! If you have any local changes in these branches, then this merge will create a commit object in the history (with no local -changes git will simply do a "Fast forward" merge). Many people dislike +changes git will simply do a "fast-forward" merge). Many people dislike the "noise" that this creates in the Linux history, so you should avoid doing this capriciously in the "release" branch, as these noisy commits will become part of the permanent history when you ask Linus to pull @@ -2569,7 +2585,7 @@ them again with linkgit:git-am[1]. Other tools ----------- -There are numerous other tools, such as StGIT, which exist for the +There are numerous other tools, such as StGit, which exist for the purpose of maintaining a patch series. These are outside of the scope of this manual. @@ -2729,9 +2745,9 @@ In the previous example, when updating an existing branch, "git fetch" checks to make sure that the most recent commit on the remote branch is a descendant of the most recent commit on your copy of the branch before updating your copy of the branch to point at the new -commit. Git calls this process a <<fast-forwards,fast forward>>. +commit. Git calls this process a <<fast-forwards,fast-forward>>. -A fast forward looks something like this: +A fast-forward looks something like this: ................................................ o--o--o--o <-- old head of the branch @@ -3624,6 +3640,26 @@ Did you forget to 'git add'? Unable to checkout '261dfac35cb99d380eb966e102c1197139f7fa24' in submodule path 'a' ------------------------------------------------- +In older git versions it could be easily forgotten to commit new or modified +files in a submodule, which silently leads to similar problems as not pushing +the submodule changes. Starting with git 1.7.0 both "git status" and "git diff" +in the superproject show submodules as modified when they contain new or +modified files to protect against accidentally committing such a state. "git +diff" will also add a "-dirty" to the work tree side when generating patch +output or used with the --submodule option: + +------------------------------------------------- +$ git diff +diff --git a/sub b/sub +--- a/sub ++++ b/sub +@@ -1 +1 @@ +-Subproject commit 3f356705649b5d566d97ff843cf193359229a453 ++Subproject commit 3f356705649b5d566d97ff843cf193359229a453-dirty +$ git diff --submodule +Submodule sub 3f35670..3f35670-dirty: +------------------------------------------------- + You also should not rewind branches in a submodule beyond commits that were ever recorded in any superproject. @@ -4275,7 +4311,7 @@ You see, Git is actually the best tool to find out about the source of Git itself! [[glossary]] -GIT Glossary +Git Glossary ============ include::glossary-content.txt[] |