diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
586 files changed, 54871 insertions, 9521 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/.gitignore b/Documentation/.gitignore index d8edd90406..2c8b2d612e 100644 --- a/Documentation/.gitignore +++ b/Documentation/.gitignore @@ -3,8 +3,11 @@ *.[1-8] *.made *.texi +*.pdf git.info gitman.info howto-index.txt doc.dep cmds-*.txt +mergetools-*.txt +manpage-base-url.xsl diff --git a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines index 0d7fa9cca9..a4191aa388 100644 --- a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines +++ b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ Like other projects, we also have some guidelines to keep to the -code. For git in general, three rough rules are: +code. For Git in general, a few rough rules are: - Most importantly, we never say "It's in POSIX; we'll happily ignore your needs should your system not conform to it." @@ -18,11 +18,20 @@ code. For git in general, three rough rules are: judgement call, the decision based more on real world constraints people face than what the paper standard says. + - Fixing style violations while working on a real change as a + preparatory clean-up step is good, but otherwise avoid useless code + churn for the sake of conforming to the style. + + "Once it _is_ in the tree, it's not really worth the patch noise to + go and fix it up." + Cf. http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/943020 + +Make your code readable and sensible, and don't try to be clever. As for more concrete guidelines, just imitate the existing code (this is a good guideline, no matter which project you are contributing to). It is always preferable to match the _local_ -convention. New code added to git suite is expected to match +convention. New code added to Git suite is expected to match the overall style of existing code. Modifications to existing code is expected to match the style the surrounding code already uses (even if it doesn't match the overall style of existing code). @@ -31,45 +40,130 @@ But if you must have a list of rules, here they are. For shell scripts specifically (not exhaustive): + - We use tabs for indentation. + + - Case arms are indented at the same depth as case and esac lines, + like this: + + case "$variable" in + pattern1) + do this + ;; + pattern2) + do that + ;; + esac + + - Redirection operators should be written with space before, but no + space after them. In other words, write 'echo test >"$file"' + instead of 'echo test> $file' or 'echo test > $file'. Note that + even though it is not required by POSIX to double-quote the + redirection target in a variable (as shown above), our code does so + because some versions of bash issue a warning without the quotes. + + (incorrect) + cat hello > world < universe + echo hello >$world + + (correct) + cat hello >world <universe + echo hello >"$world" + - We prefer $( ... ) for command substitution; unlike ``, it properly nests. It should have been the way Bourne spelled it from day one, but unfortunately isn't. - - We use ${parameter-word} and its [-=?+] siblings, and their - colon'ed "unset or null" form. + - If you want to find out if a command is available on the user's + $PATH, you should use 'type <command>', instead of 'which <command>'. + The output of 'which' is not machine parseable and its exit code + is not reliable across platforms. - - We use ${parameter#word} and its [#%] siblings, and their - doubled "longest matching" form. + - We use POSIX compliant parameter substitutions and avoid bashisms; + namely: - - We use Arithmetic Expansion $(( ... )). + - We use ${parameter-word} and its [-=?+] siblings, and their + colon'ed "unset or null" form. - - No "Substring Expansion" ${parameter:offset:length}. + - We use ${parameter#word} and its [#%] siblings, and their + doubled "longest matching" form. - - No shell arrays. + - No "Substring Expansion" ${parameter:offset:length}. - - No strlen ${#parameter}. + - No shell arrays. - - No regexp ${parameter/pattern/string}. + - No strlen ${#parameter}. + + - No pattern replacement ${parameter/pattern/string}. + + - We use Arithmetic Expansion $(( ... )). + + - Inside Arithmetic Expansion, spell shell variables with $ in front + of them, as some shells do not grok $((x)) while accepting $(($x)) + just fine (e.g. dash older than 0.5.4). - We do not use Process Substitution <(list) or >(list). + - Do not write control structures on a single line with semicolon. + "then" should be on the next line for if statements, and "do" + should be on the next line for "while" and "for". + + (incorrect) + if test -f hello; then + do this + fi + + (correct) + if test -f hello + then + do this + fi + - We prefer "test" over "[ ... ]". - We do not write the noiseword "function" in front of shell functions. + - We prefer a space between the function name and the parentheses, + and no space inside the parentheses. The opening "{" should also + be on the same line. + + (incorrect) + my_function(){ + ... + + (correct) + my_function () { + ... + - As to use of grep, stick to a subset of BRE (namely, no \{m,n\}, - [::], [==], nor [..]) for portability. + [::], [==], or [..]) for portability. - We do not use \{m,n\}; - We do not use -E; - - We do not use ? nor + (which are \{0,1\} and \{1,\} + - We do not use ? or + (which are \{0,1\} and \{1,\} respectively in BRE) but that goes without saying as these are ERE elements not BRE (note that \? and \+ are not even part of BRE -- making them accessible from BRE is a GNU extension). + - Use Git's gettext wrappers in git-sh-i18n to make the user + interface translatable. See "Marking strings for translation" in + po/README. + + - We do not write our "test" command with "-a" and "-o" and use "&&" + or "||" to concatenate multiple "test" commands instead, because + the use of "-a/-o" is often error-prone. E.g. + + test -n "$x" -a "$a" = "$b" + + is buggy and breaks when $x is "=", but + + test -n "$x" && test "$a" = "$b" + + does not have such a problem. + + For C programs: - We use tabs to indent, and interpret tabs as taking up to @@ -77,33 +171,184 @@ For C programs: - We try to keep to at most 80 characters per line. + - As a Git developer we assume you have a reasonably modern compiler + and we recommend you to enable the DEVELOPER makefile knob to + ensure your patch is clear of all compiler warnings we care about, + by e.g. "echo DEVELOPER=1 >>config.mak". + + - We try to support a wide range of C compilers to compile Git with, + including old ones. That means that you should not use C99 + initializers, even if a lot of compilers grok it. + + - Variables have to be declared at the beginning of the block. + + - NULL pointers shall be written as NULL, not as 0. + - When declaring pointers, the star sides with the variable name, i.e. "char *string", not "char* string" or "char * string". This makes it easier to understand code like "char *string, c;". + - Use whitespace around operators and keywords, but not inside + parentheses and not around functions. So: + + while (condition) + func(bar + 1); + + and not: + + while( condition ) + func (bar+1); + - We avoid using braces unnecessarily. I.e. if (bla) { x = 1; } - is frowned upon. A gray area is when the statement extends - over a few lines, and/or you have a lengthy comment atop of - it. Also, like in the Linux kernel, if there is a long list - of "else if" statements, it can make sense to add braces to - single line blocks. - - - We try to avoid assignments inside if(). + is frowned upon. But there are a few exceptions: + + - When the statement extends over a few lines (e.g., a while loop + with an embedded conditional, or a comment). E.g.: + + while (foo) { + if (x) + one(); + else + two(); + } + + if (foo) { + /* + * This one requires some explanation, + * so we're better off with braces to make + * it obvious that the indentation is correct. + */ + doit(); + } + + - When there are multiple arms to a conditional and some of them + require braces, enclose even a single line block in braces for + consistency. E.g.: + + if (foo) { + doit(); + } else { + one(); + two(); + three(); + } + + - We try to avoid assignments in the condition of an "if" statement. - Try to make your code understandable. You may put comments in, but comments invariably tend to stale out when the code they were describing changes. Often splitting a function into two makes the intention of the code much clearer. + - Multi-line comments include their delimiters on separate lines from + the text. E.g. + + /* + * A very long + * multi-line comment. + */ + + Note however that a comment that explains a translatable string to + translators uses a convention of starting with a magic token + "TRANSLATORS: " immediately after the opening delimiter, even when + it spans multiple lines. We do not add an asterisk at the beginning + of each line, either. E.g. + + /* TRANSLATORS: here is a comment that explains the string + to be translated, that follows immediately after it */ + _("Here is a translatable string explained by the above."); + - Double negation is often harder to understand than no negation at all. + - There are two schools of thought when it comes to comparison, + especially inside a loop. Some people prefer to have the less stable + value on the left hand side and the more stable value on the right hand + side, e.g. if you have a loop that counts variable i down to the + lower bound, + + while (i > lower_bound) { + do something; + i--; + } + + Other people prefer to have the textual order of values match the + actual order of values in their comparison, so that they can + mentally draw a number line from left to right and place these + values in order, i.e. + + while (lower_bound < i) { + do something; + i--; + } + + Both are valid, and we use both. However, the more "stable" the + stable side becomes, the more we tend to prefer the former + (comparison with a constant, "i > 0", is an extreme example). + Just do not mix styles in the same part of the code and mimic + existing styles in the neighbourhood. + + - There are two schools of thought when it comes to splitting a long + logical line into multiple lines. Some people push the second and + subsequent lines far enough to the right with tabs and align them: + + if (the_beginning_of_a_very_long_expression_that_has_to || + span_more_than_a_single_line_of || + the_source_text) { + ... + + while other people prefer to align the second and the subsequent + lines with the column immediately inside the opening parenthesis, + with tabs and spaces, following our "tabstop is always a multiple + of 8" convention: + + if (the_beginning_of_a_very_long_expression_that_has_to || + span_more_than_a_single_line_of || + the_source_text) { + ... + + Both are valid, and we use both. Again, just do not mix styles in + the same part of the code and mimic existing styles in the + neighbourhood. + + - When splitting a long logical line, some people change line before + a binary operator, so that the result looks like a parse tree when + you turn your head 90-degrees counterclockwise: + + if (the_beginning_of_a_very_long_expression_that_has_to + || span_more_than_a_single_line_of_the_source_text) { + + while other people prefer to leave the operator at the end of the + line: + + if (the_beginning_of_a_very_long_expression_that_has_to || + span_more_than_a_single_line_of_the_source_text) { + + Both are valid, but we tend to use the latter more, unless the + expression gets fairly complex, in which case the former tends to + be easier to read. Again, just do not mix styles in the same part + of the code and mimic existing styles in the neighbourhood. + + - When splitting a long logical line, with everything else being + equal, it is preferable to split after the operator at higher + level in the parse tree. That is, this is more preferable: + + if (a_very_long_variable * that_is_used_in + + a_very_long_expression) { + ... + + than + + if (a_very_long_variable * + that_is_used_in + a_very_long_expression) { + ... + - Some clever tricks, like using the !! operator with arithmetic constructs, can be extremely confusing to others. Avoid them, unless there is a compelling reason to use them. @@ -115,17 +360,225 @@ For C programs: - When you come up with an API, document it. - - The first #include in C files, except in platform specific - compat/ implementations, should be git-compat-util.h or another - header file that includes it, such as cache.h or builtin.h. + - The first #include in C files, except in platform specific compat/ + implementations, must be either "git-compat-util.h", "cache.h" or + "builtin.h". You do not have to include more than one of these. + + - A C file must directly include the header files that declare the + functions and the types it uses, except for the functions and types + that are made available to it by including one of the header files + it must include by the previous rule. - If you are planning a new command, consider writing it in shell or perl first, so that changes in semantics can be easily - changed and discussed. Many git commands started out like + changed and discussed. Many Git commands started out like that, and a few are still scripts. - - Avoid introducing a new dependency into git. This means you + - Avoid introducing a new dependency into Git. This means you usually should stay away from scripting languages not already - used in the git core command set (unless your command is clearly + used in the Git core command set (unless your command is clearly separate from it, such as an importer to convert random-scm-X - repositories to git). + repositories to Git). + + - When we pass <string, length> pair to functions, we should try to + pass them in that order. + + - Use Git's gettext wrappers to make the user interface + translatable. See "Marking strings for translation" in po/README. + +For Perl programs: + + - Most of the C guidelines above apply. + + - We try to support Perl 5.8 and later ("use Perl 5.008"). + + - use strict and use warnings are strongly preferred. + + - Don't overuse statement modifiers unless using them makes the + result easier to follow. + + ... do something ... + do_this() unless (condition); + ... do something else ... + + is more readable than: + + ... do something ... + unless (condition) { + do_this(); + } + ... do something else ... + + *only* when the condition is so rare that do_this() will be almost + always called. + + - We try to avoid assignments inside "if ()" conditions. + + - Learn and use Git.pm if you need that functionality. + + - For Emacs, it's useful to put the following in + GIT_CHECKOUT/.dir-locals.el, assuming you use cperl-mode: + + ;; note the first part is useful for C editing, too + ((nil . ((indent-tabs-mode . t) + (tab-width . 8) + (fill-column . 80))) + (cperl-mode . ((cperl-indent-level . 8) + (cperl-extra-newline-before-brace . nil) + (cperl-merge-trailing-else . t)))) + +For Python scripts: + + - We follow PEP-8 (http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/). + + - As a minimum, we aim to be compatible with Python 2.6 and 2.7. + + - Where required libraries do not restrict us to Python 2, we try to + also be compatible with Python 3.1 and later. + + - When you must differentiate between Unicode literals and byte string + literals, it is OK to use the 'b' prefix. Even though the Python + documentation for version 2.6 does not mention this prefix, it has + been supported since version 2.6.0. + +Error Messages + + - Do not end error messages with a full stop. + + - Do not capitalize ("unable to open %s", not "Unable to open %s") + + - Say what the error is first ("cannot open %s", not "%s: cannot open") + + +Externally Visible Names + + - For configuration variable names, follow the existing convention: + + . The section name indicates the affected subsystem. + + . The subsection name, if any, indicates which of an unbounded set + of things to set the value for. + + . The variable name describes the effect of tweaking this knob. + + The section and variable names that consist of multiple words are + formed by concatenating the words without punctuations (e.g. `-`), + and are broken using bumpyCaps in documentation as a hint to the + reader. + + When choosing the variable namespace, do not use variable name for + specifying possibly unbounded set of things, most notably anything + an end user can freely come up with (e.g. branch names). Instead, + use subsection names or variable values, like the existing variable + branch.<name>.description does. + + +Writing Documentation: + + Most (if not all) of the documentation pages are written in the + AsciiDoc format in *.txt files (e.g. Documentation/git.txt), and + processed into HTML and manpages (e.g. git.html and git.1 in the + same directory). + + The documentation liberally mixes US and UK English (en_US/UK) + norms for spelling and grammar, which is somewhat unfortunate. + In an ideal world, it would have been better if it consistently + used only one and not the other, and we would have picked en_US + (if you wish to correct the English of some of the existing + documentation, please see the documentation-related advice in the + Documentation/SubmittingPatches file). + + Every user-visible change should be reflected in the documentation. + The same general rule as for code applies -- imitate the existing + conventions. + + A few commented examples follow to provide reference when writing or + modifying command usage strings and synopsis sections in the manual + pages: + + Placeholders are spelled in lowercase and enclosed in angle brackets: + <file> + --sort=<key> + --abbrev[=<n>] + + If a placeholder has multiple words, they are separated by dashes: + <new-branch-name> + --template=<template-directory> + + Possibility of multiple occurrences is indicated by three dots: + <file>... + (One or more of <file>.) + + Optional parts are enclosed in square brackets: + [<extra>] + (Zero or one <extra>.) + + --exec-path[=<path>] + (Option with an optional argument. Note that the "=" is inside the + brackets.) + + [<patch>...] + (Zero or more of <patch>. Note that the dots are inside, not + outside the brackets.) + + Multiple alternatives are indicated with vertical bars: + [-q | --quiet] + [--utf8 | --no-utf8] + + Parentheses are used for grouping: + [(<rev> | <range>)...] + (Any number of either <rev> or <range>. Parens are needed to make + it clear that "..." pertains to both <rev> and <range>.) + + [(-p <parent>)...] + (Any number of option -p, each with one <parent> argument.) + + git remote set-head <name> (-a | -d | <branch>) + (One and only one of "-a", "-d" or "<branch>" _must_ (no square + brackets) be provided.) + + And a somewhat more contrived example: + --diff-filter=[(A|C|D|M|R|T|U|X|B)...[*]] + Here "=" is outside the brackets, because "--diff-filter=" is a + valid usage. "*" has its own pair of brackets, because it can + (optionally) be specified only when one or more of the letters is + also provided. + + A note on notation: + Use 'git' (all lowercase) when talking about commands i.e. something + the user would type into a shell and use 'Git' (uppercase first letter) + when talking about the version control system and its properties. + + A few commented examples follow to provide reference when writing or + modifying paragraphs or option/command explanations that contain options + or commands: + + Literal examples (e.g. use of command-line options, command names, + branch names, configuration and environment variables) must be + typeset in monospace (i.e. wrapped with backticks): + `--pretty=oneline` + `git rev-list` + `remote.pushDefault` + `GIT_DIR` + `HEAD` + + An environment variable must be prefixed with "$" only when referring to its + value and not when referring to the variable itself, in this case there is + nothing to add except the backticks: + `GIT_DIR` is specified + `$GIT_DIR/hooks/pre-receive` + + Word phrases enclosed in `backtick characters` are rendered literally + and will not be further expanded. The use of `backticks` to achieve the + previous rule means that literal examples should not use AsciiDoc + escapes. + Correct: + `--pretty=oneline` + Incorrect: + `\--pretty=oneline` + + If some place in the documentation needs to typeset a command usage + example with inline substitutions, it is fine to use +monospaced and + inline substituted text+ instead of `monospaced literal text`, and with + the former, the part that should not get substituted must be + quoted/escaped. diff --git a/Documentation/Makefile b/Documentation/Makefile index 144ec32f12..b5be2e2d3f 100644 --- a/Documentation/Makefile +++ b/Documentation/Makefile @@ -1,57 +1,126 @@ -MAN1_TXT= \ - $(filter-out $(addsuffix .txt, $(ARTICLES) $(SP_ARTICLES)), \ - $(wildcard git-*.txt)) \ - gitk.txt git.txt -MAN5_TXT=gitattributes.txt gitignore.txt gitmodules.txt githooks.txt \ - gitrepository-layout.txt -MAN7_TXT=gitcli.txt gittutorial.txt gittutorial-2.txt \ - gitcvs-migration.txt gitcore-tutorial.txt gitglossary.txt \ - gitdiffcore.txt gitworkflows.txt +# Guard against environment variables +MAN1_TXT = +MAN5_TXT = +MAN7_TXT = +TECH_DOCS = +ARTICLES = +SP_ARTICLES = +OBSOLETE_HTML = + +MAN1_TXT += $(filter-out \ + $(addsuffix .txt, $(ARTICLES) $(SP_ARTICLES)), \ + $(wildcard git-*.txt)) +MAN1_TXT += git.txt +MAN1_TXT += gitk.txt +MAN1_TXT += gitremote-helpers.txt +MAN1_TXT += gitweb.txt + +MAN5_TXT += gitattributes.txt +MAN5_TXT += githooks.txt +MAN5_TXT += gitignore.txt +MAN5_TXT += gitmodules.txt +MAN5_TXT += gitrepository-layout.txt +MAN5_TXT += gitweb.conf.txt + +MAN7_TXT += gitcli.txt +MAN7_TXT += gitcore-tutorial.txt +MAN7_TXT += gitcredentials.txt +MAN7_TXT += gitcvs-migration.txt +MAN7_TXT += gitdiffcore.txt +MAN7_TXT += giteveryday.txt +MAN7_TXT += gitglossary.txt +MAN7_TXT += gitnamespaces.txt +MAN7_TXT += gitrevisions.txt +MAN7_TXT += gittutorial-2.txt +MAN7_TXT += gittutorial.txt +MAN7_TXT += gitworkflows.txt MAN_TXT = $(MAN1_TXT) $(MAN5_TXT) $(MAN7_TXT) -MAN_XML=$(patsubst %.txt,%.xml,$(MAN_TXT)) -MAN_HTML=$(patsubst %.txt,%.html,$(MAN_TXT)) +MAN_XML = $(patsubst %.txt,%.xml,$(MAN_TXT)) +MAN_HTML = $(patsubst %.txt,%.html,$(MAN_TXT)) -DOC_HTML=$(MAN_HTML) +OBSOLETE_HTML += everyday.html +OBSOLETE_HTML += git-remote-helpers.html +DOC_HTML = $(MAN_HTML) $(OBSOLETE_HTML) -ARTICLES = howto-index -ARTICLES += everyday +ARTICLES += howto-index ARTICLES += git-tools +ARTICLES += git-bisect-lk2009 # with their own formatting rules. -SP_ARTICLES = howto/revert-branch-rebase howto/using-merge-subtree user-manual +SP_ARTICLES += user-manual +SP_ARTICLES += howto/new-command +SP_ARTICLES += howto/revert-branch-rebase +SP_ARTICLES += howto/using-merge-subtree +SP_ARTICLES += howto/using-signed-tag-in-pull-request +SP_ARTICLES += howto/use-git-daemon +SP_ARTICLES += howto/update-hook-example +SP_ARTICLES += howto/setup-git-server-over-http +SP_ARTICLES += howto/separating-topic-branches +SP_ARTICLES += howto/revert-a-faulty-merge +SP_ARTICLES += howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object +SP_ARTICLES += howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder +SP_ARTICLES += howto/rebuild-from-update-hook +SP_ARTICLES += howto/rebase-from-internal-branch +SP_ARTICLES += howto/keep-canonical-history-correct +SP_ARTICLES += howto/maintain-git API_DOCS = $(patsubst %.txt,%,$(filter-out technical/api-index-skel.txt technical/api-index.txt, $(wildcard technical/api-*.txt))) SP_ARTICLES += $(API_DOCS) + +TECH_DOCS += technical/http-protocol +TECH_DOCS += technical/index-format +TECH_DOCS += technical/pack-format +TECH_DOCS += technical/pack-heuristics +TECH_DOCS += technical/pack-protocol +TECH_DOCS += technical/protocol-capabilities +TECH_DOCS += technical/protocol-common +TECH_DOCS += technical/racy-git +TECH_DOCS += technical/send-pack-pipeline +TECH_DOCS += technical/shallow +TECH_DOCS += technical/signature-format +TECH_DOCS += technical/trivial-merge +SP_ARTICLES += $(TECH_DOCS) SP_ARTICLES += technical/api-index DOC_HTML += $(patsubst %,%.html,$(ARTICLES) $(SP_ARTICLES)) -DOC_MAN1=$(patsubst %.txt,%.1,$(MAN1_TXT)) -DOC_MAN5=$(patsubst %.txt,%.5,$(MAN5_TXT)) -DOC_MAN7=$(patsubst %.txt,%.7,$(MAN7_TXT)) - -prefix?=$(HOME) -bindir?=$(prefix)/bin -htmldir?=$(prefix)/share/doc/git-doc -pdfdir?=$(prefix)/share/doc/git-doc -mandir?=$(prefix)/share/man -man1dir=$(mandir)/man1 -man5dir=$(mandir)/man5 -man7dir=$(mandir)/man7 -# DESTDIR= - -ASCIIDOC=asciidoc +DOC_MAN1 = $(patsubst %.txt,%.1,$(MAN1_TXT)) +DOC_MAN5 = $(patsubst %.txt,%.5,$(MAN5_TXT)) +DOC_MAN7 = $(patsubst %.txt,%.7,$(MAN7_TXT)) + +prefix ?= $(HOME) +bindir ?= $(prefix)/bin +htmldir ?= $(prefix)/share/doc/git-doc +infodir ?= $(prefix)/share/info +pdfdir ?= $(prefix)/share/doc/git-doc +mandir ?= $(prefix)/share/man +man1dir = $(mandir)/man1 +man5dir = $(mandir)/man5 +man7dir = $(mandir)/man7 +# DESTDIR = + +ASCIIDOC = asciidoc ASCIIDOC_EXTRA = -MANPAGE_XSL = callouts.xsl -INSTALL?=install +ASCIIDOC_HTML = xhtml11 +ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK = docbook +ASCIIDOC_CONF = -f asciidoc.conf +ASCIIDOC_COMMON = $(ASCIIDOC) $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) $(ASCIIDOC_CONF) \ + -agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) +TXT_TO_HTML = $(ASCIIDOC_COMMON) -b $(ASCIIDOC_HTML) +TXT_TO_XML = $(ASCIIDOC_COMMON) -b $(ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK) +MANPAGE_XSL = manpage-normal.xsl +XMLTO = xmlto +XMLTO_EXTRA = +INSTALL ?= install RM ?= rm -f -DOC_REF = origin/man -HTML_REF = origin/html - -infodir?=$(prefix)/share/info -MAKEINFO=makeinfo -INSTALL_INFO=install-info -DOCBOOK2X_TEXI=docbook2x-texi -DBLATEX=dblatex +MAN_REPO = ../../git-manpages +HTML_REPO = ../../git-htmldocs + +MAKEINFO = makeinfo +INSTALL_INFO = install-info +DOCBOOK2X_TEXI = docbook2x-texi +DBLATEX = dblatex +ASCIIDOC_DBLATEX_DIR = /etc/asciidoc/dblatex +DBLATEX_COMMON = -p $(ASCIIDOC_DBLATEX_DIR)/asciidoc-dblatex.xsl -s $(ASCIIDOC_DBLATEX_DIR)/asciidoc-dblatex.sty ifndef PERL_PATH PERL_PATH = /usr/bin/perl endif @@ -59,29 +128,107 @@ endif -include ../config.mak.autogen -include ../config.mak -ifdef ASCIIDOC8 -ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a asciidoc7compatible -endif +# +# For docbook-xsl ... +# -1.68.1, no extra settings are needed? +# 1.69.0, set ASCIIDOC_ROFF? +# 1.69.1-1.71.0, set DOCBOOK_SUPPRESS_SP? +# 1.71.1, set ASCIIDOC_ROFF? +# 1.72.0, set DOCBOOK_XSL_172. +# 1.73.0-, no extra settings are needed +# + ifdef DOCBOOK_XSL_172 -ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a docbook-xsl-172 +ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a git-asciidoc-no-roff MANPAGE_XSL = manpage-1.72.xsl +else + ifndef ASCIIDOC_ROFF + # docbook-xsl after 1.72 needs the regular XSL, but will not + # pass-thru raw roff codes from asciidoc.conf, so turn them off. + ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a git-asciidoc-no-roff + endif +endif +ifndef NO_MAN_BOLD_LITERAL +XMLTO_EXTRA += -m manpage-bold-literal.xsl +endif +ifdef DOCBOOK_SUPPRESS_SP +XMLTO_EXTRA += -m manpage-suppress-sp.xsl endif +# Newer DocBook stylesheet emits warning cruft in the output when +# this is not set, and if set it shows an absolute link. Older +# stylesheets simply ignore this parameter. # -# Please note that there is a minor bug in asciidoc. -# The version after 6.0.3 _will_ include the patch found here: -# http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=git&m=111558757202243&w=2 -# -# Until that version is released you may have to apply the patch -# yourself - yes, all 6 characters of it! -# +# Distros may want to use MAN_BASE_URL=file:///path/to/git/docs/ +# or similar. +ifndef MAN_BASE_URL +MAN_BASE_URL = file://$(htmldir)/ +endif +XMLTO_EXTRA += -m manpage-base-url.xsl + +# If your target system uses GNU groff, it may try to render +# apostrophes as a "pretty" apostrophe using unicode. This breaks +# cut&paste, so you should set GNU_ROFF to force them to be ASCII +# apostrophes. Unfortunately does not work with non-GNU roff. +ifdef GNU_ROFF +XMLTO_EXTRA += -m manpage-quote-apos.xsl +endif + +ifdef USE_ASCIIDOCTOR +ASCIIDOC = asciidoctor +ASCIIDOC_CONF = +ASCIIDOC_HTML = xhtml5 +ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK = docbook45 +ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -I. -rasciidoctor-extensions +ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -alitdd='&\#x2d;&\#x2d;' +DBLATEX_COMMON = +endif + +SHELL_PATH ?= $(SHELL) +# Shell quote; +SHELL_PATH_SQ = $(subst ','\'',$(SHELL_PATH)) + +ifdef DEFAULT_PAGER +DEFAULT_PAGER_SQ = $(subst ','\'',$(DEFAULT_PAGER)) +ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a 'git-default-pager=$(DEFAULT_PAGER_SQ)' +endif + +ifdef DEFAULT_EDITOR +DEFAULT_EDITOR_SQ = $(subst ','\'',$(DEFAULT_EDITOR)) +ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a 'git-default-editor=$(DEFAULT_EDITOR_SQ)' +endif + +QUIET_SUBDIR0 = +$(MAKE) -C # space to separate -C and subdir +QUIET_SUBDIR1 = + +ifneq ($(findstring $(MAKEFLAGS),w),w) +PRINT_DIR = --no-print-directory +else # "make -w" +NO_SUBDIR = : +endif + +ifneq ($(findstring $(MAKEFLAGS),s),s) +ifndef V + QUIET_ASCIIDOC = @echo ' ' ASCIIDOC $@; + QUIET_XMLTO = @echo ' ' XMLTO $@; + QUIET_DB2TEXI = @echo ' ' DB2TEXI $@; + QUIET_MAKEINFO = @echo ' ' MAKEINFO $@; + QUIET_DBLATEX = @echo ' ' DBLATEX $@; + QUIET_XSLTPROC = @echo ' ' XSLTPROC $@; + QUIET_GEN = @echo ' ' GEN $@; + QUIET_LINT = @echo ' ' LINT $@; + QUIET_STDERR = 2> /dev/null + QUIET_SUBDIR0 = +@subdir= + QUIET_SUBDIR1 = ;$(NO_SUBDIR) echo ' ' SUBDIR $$subdir; \ + $(MAKE) $(PRINT_DIR) -C $$subdir + export V +endif +endif all: html man html: $(DOC_HTML) -$(DOC_HTML) $(DOC_MAN1) $(DOC_MAN5) $(DOC_MAN7): asciidoc.conf - man: man1 man5 man7 man1: $(DOC_MAN1) man5: $(DOC_MAN5) @@ -116,19 +263,23 @@ install-pdf: pdf $(INSTALL) -m 644 user-manual.pdf $(DESTDIR)$(pdfdir) install-html: html - sh ./install-webdoc.sh $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) + '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./install-webdoc.sh $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) -../GIT-VERSION-FILE: .FORCE-GIT-VERSION-FILE - $(MAKE) -C ../ GIT-VERSION-FILE +../GIT-VERSION-FILE: FORCE + $(QUIET_SUBDIR0)../ $(QUIET_SUBDIR1) GIT-VERSION-FILE -include ../GIT-VERSION-FILE # # Determine "include::" file references in asciidoc files. # -doc.dep : $(wildcard *.txt) build-docdep.perl - $(RM) $@+ $@ - $(PERL_PATH) ./build-docdep.perl >$@+ +docdep_prereqs = \ + mergetools-list.made $(mergetools_txt) \ + cmd-list.made $(cmds_txt) + +doc.dep : $(docdep_prereqs) $(wildcard *.txt) build-docdep.perl + $(QUIET_GEN)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + $(PERL_PATH) ./build-docdep.perl >$@+ $(QUIET_STDERR) && \ mv $@+ $@ -include doc.dep @@ -146,102 +297,151 @@ cmds_txt = cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt \ $(cmds_txt): cmd-list.made cmd-list.made: cmd-list.perl ../command-list.txt $(MAN1_TXT) - $(RM) $@ - $(PERL_PATH) ./cmd-list.perl ../command-list.txt + $(QUIET_GEN)$(RM) $@ && \ + $(PERL_PATH) ./cmd-list.perl ../command-list.txt $(QUIET_STDERR) && \ + date >$@ + +mergetools_txt = mergetools-diff.txt mergetools-merge.txt + +$(mergetools_txt): mergetools-list.made + +mergetools-list.made: ../git-mergetool--lib.sh $(wildcard ../mergetools/*) + $(QUIET_GEN)$(RM) $@ && \ + $(SHELL_PATH) -c 'MERGE_TOOLS_DIR=../mergetools && \ + . ../git-mergetool--lib.sh && \ + show_tool_names can_diff "* " || :' >mergetools-diff.txt && \ + $(SHELL_PATH) -c 'MERGE_TOOLS_DIR=../mergetools && \ + . ../git-mergetool--lib.sh && \ + show_tool_names can_merge "* " || :' >mergetools-merge.txt && \ date >$@ clean: $(RM) *.xml *.xml+ *.html *.html+ *.1 *.5 *.7 - $(RM) *.texi *.texi+ git.info gitman.info + $(RM) *.texi *.texi+ *.texi++ git.info gitman.info + $(RM) *.pdf $(RM) howto-index.txt howto/*.html doc.dep - $(RM) technical/api-*.html technical/api-index.txt - $(RM) $(cmds_txt) *.made + $(RM) technical/*.html technical/api-index.txt + $(RM) $(cmds_txt) $(mergetools_txt) *.made + $(RM) manpage-base-url.xsl -$(MAN_HTML): %.html : %.txt - $(RM) $@+ $@ - $(ASCIIDOC) -b xhtml11 -d manpage -f asciidoc.conf \ - $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) -agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) -o $@+ $< +$(MAN_HTML): %.html : %.txt asciidoc.conf + $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + $(TXT_TO_HTML) -d manpage -o $@+ $< && \ mv $@+ $@ -%.1 %.5 %.7 : %.xml - $(RM) $@ - xmlto -m $(MANPAGE_XSL) man $< +$(OBSOLETE_HTML): %.html : %.txto asciidoc.conf + $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + $(TXT_TO_HTML) -o $@+ $< && \ + mv $@+ $@ + +manpage-base-url.xsl: manpage-base-url.xsl.in + sed "s|@@MAN_BASE_URL@@|$(MAN_BASE_URL)|" $< > $@ + +%.1 %.5 %.7 : %.xml manpage-base-url.xsl + $(QUIET_XMLTO)$(RM) $@ && \ + $(XMLTO) -m $(MANPAGE_XSL) $(XMLTO_EXTRA) man $< -%.xml : %.txt - $(RM) $@+ $@ - $(ASCIIDOC) -b docbook -d manpage -f asciidoc.conf \ - $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) -agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) -o $@+ $< +%.xml : %.txt asciidoc.conf + $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + $(TXT_TO_XML) -d manpage -o $@+ $< && \ mv $@+ $@ user-manual.xml: user-manual.txt user-manual.conf - $(ASCIIDOC) -b docbook -d book $< + $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + $(TXT_TO_XML) -d book -o $@+ $< && \ + mv $@+ $@ technical/api-index.txt: technical/api-index-skel.txt \ technical/api-index.sh $(patsubst %,%.txt,$(API_DOCS)) - cd technical && sh ./api-index.sh + $(QUIET_GEN)cd technical && '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./api-index.sh -$(patsubst %,%.html,$(API_DOCS) technical/api-index): %.html : %.txt - $(ASCIIDOC) -b xhtml11 -f asciidoc.conf \ - $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) -agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) $*.txt +technical/%.html: ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a git-relative-html-prefix=../ +$(patsubst %,%.html,$(API_DOCS) technical/api-index $(TECH_DOCS)): %.html : %.txt asciidoc.conf + $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(TXT_TO_HTML) $*.txt XSLT = docbook.xsl XSLTOPTS = --xinclude --stringparam html.stylesheet docbook-xsl.css -user-manual.html: user-manual.xml - xsltproc $(XSLTOPTS) -o $@ $(XSLT) $< +user-manual.html: user-manual.xml $(XSLT) + $(QUIET_XSLTPROC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + xsltproc $(XSLTOPTS) -o $@+ $(XSLT) $< && \ + mv $@+ $@ git.info: user-manual.texi - $(MAKEINFO) --no-split -o $@ user-manual.texi + $(QUIET_MAKEINFO)$(MAKEINFO) --no-split -o $@ user-manual.texi user-manual.texi: user-manual.xml - $(RM) $@+ $@ - $(DOCBOOK2X_TEXI) user-manual.xml --encoding=UTF-8 --to-stdout | \ - $(PERL_PATH) fix-texi.perl >$@+ + $(QUIET_DB2TEXI)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + $(DOCBOOK2X_TEXI) user-manual.xml --encoding=UTF-8 --to-stdout >$@++ && \ + $(PERL_PATH) fix-texi.perl <$@++ >$@+ && \ + rm $@++ && \ mv $@+ $@ user-manual.pdf: user-manual.xml - $(RM) $@+ $@ - $(DBLATEX) -o $@+ -p /etc/asciidoc/dblatex/asciidoc-dblatex.xsl -s /etc/asciidoc/dblatex/asciidoc-dblatex.sty $< + $(QUIET_DBLATEX)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + $(DBLATEX) -o $@+ $(DBLATEX_COMMON) $< && \ mv $@+ $@ -gitman.texi: $(MAN_XML) cat-texi.perl - $(RM) $@+ $@ - ($(foreach xml,$(MAN_XML),$(DOCBOOK2X_TEXI) --encoding=UTF-8 \ - --to-stdout $(xml);)) | $(PERL_PATH) cat-texi.perl $@ >$@+ +gitman.texi: $(MAN_XML) cat-texi.perl texi.xsl + $(QUIET_DB2TEXI)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + ($(foreach xml,$(sort $(MAN_XML)),xsltproc -o $(xml)+ texi.xsl $(xml) && \ + $(DOCBOOK2X_TEXI) --encoding=UTF-8 --to-stdout $(xml)+ && \ + rm $(xml)+ &&) true) > $@++ && \ + $(PERL_PATH) cat-texi.perl $@ <$@++ >$@+ && \ + rm $@++ && \ mv $@+ $@ gitman.info: gitman.texi - $(MAKEINFO) --no-split --no-validate $*.texi + $(QUIET_MAKEINFO)$(MAKEINFO) --no-split --no-validate $*.texi $(patsubst %.txt,%.texi,$(MAN_TXT)): %.texi : %.xml - $(RM) $@+ $@ - $(DOCBOOK2X_TEXI) --to-stdout $*.xml >$@+ + $(QUIET_DB2TEXI)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + $(DOCBOOK2X_TEXI) --to-stdout $*.xml >$@+ && \ mv $@+ $@ howto-index.txt: howto-index.sh $(wildcard howto/*.txt) - $(RM) $@+ $@ - sh ./howto-index.sh $(wildcard howto/*.txt) >$@+ + $(QUIET_GEN)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./howto-index.sh $(sort $(wildcard howto/*.txt)) >$@+ && \ mv $@+ $@ $(patsubst %,%.html,$(ARTICLES)) : %.html : %.txt - $(ASCIIDOC) -b xhtml11 $*.txt + $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(TXT_TO_HTML) $*.txt WEBDOC_DEST = /pub/software/scm/git/docs +howto/%.html: ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a git-relative-html-prefix=../ $(patsubst %.txt,%.html,$(wildcard howto/*.txt)): %.html : %.txt - $(RM) $@+ $@ - sed -e '1,/^$$/d' $< | $(ASCIIDOC) -b xhtml11 - >$@+ + $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + sed -e '1,/^$$/d' $< | \ + $(TXT_TO_HTML) - >$@+ && \ mv $@+ $@ install-webdoc : html - sh ./install-webdoc.sh $(WEBDOC_DEST) + '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./install-webdoc.sh $(WEBDOC_DEST) + +# You must have a clone of 'git-htmldocs' and 'git-manpages' repositories +# next to the 'git' repository itself for the following to work. quick-install: quick-install-man -quick-install-man: - sh ./install-doc-quick.sh $(DOC_REF) $(DESTDIR)$(mandir) +require-manrepo:: + @if test ! -d $(MAN_REPO); \ + then echo "git-manpages repository must exist at $(MAN_REPO)"; exit 1; fi + +quick-install-man: require-manrepo + '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./install-doc-quick.sh $(MAN_REPO) $(DESTDIR)$(mandir) + +require-htmlrepo:: + @if test ! -d $(HTML_REPO); \ + then echo "git-htmldocs repository must exist at $(HTML_REPO)"; exit 1; fi + +quick-install-html: require-htmlrepo + '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./install-doc-quick.sh $(HTML_REPO) $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) + +print-man1: + @for i in $(MAN1_TXT); do echo $$i; done -quick-install-html: - sh ./install-doc-quick.sh $(HTML_REF) $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) +lint-docs:: + $(QUIET_LINT)$(PERL_PATH) lint-gitlink.perl -.PHONY: .FORCE-GIT-VERSION-FILE +.PHONY: FORCE diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 3151c85d88..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,106 +0,0 @@ -GIT v1.6.2 Release Notes -======================== - -Updates since v1.6.1 --------------------- - -(subsystems) - -* git-svn updates. - -* gitweb updates, including a new patch view and RSS/Atom feed - improvements. - -(portability) - -(performance) - -* pack-objects autodetects the number of CPUs available and uses threaded - version. - -(usability, bells and whistles) - -* automatic typo correction works on aliases as well - -* @{-1} is a way to refer to the last branch you were on. This is - accepted not only where an object name is expected, but anywhere - a branch name is expected. E.g. "git branch --track mybranch @{-1}" - "git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{-1}". - -* "git add -p" learned 'g'oto action to jump directly to a hunk. - -* when "git am" stops upon a patch that does not apply, it shows the - title of the offending patch. - -* "git am --directory=<dir>" and "git am --reject" passes these options - to underlying "git apply". - -* "git clone" now makes its best effort when cloning from an empty - repository to set up configuration variables to refer to the remote - repository. - -* "git checkout -" is a shorthand for "git checkout @{-1}". - -* "git cherry" defaults to whatever the current branch is tracking (if - exists) when the <upstream> argument is not given. - -* "git cvsserver" can be told not to add extra "via git-CVS emulator" to - the commit log message it serves via gitcvs.commitmsgannotation - configuration. - -* "git diff" learned a new option --inter-hunk-context to coalesce close - hunks together and show context between them. - -* The definition of what constitutes a word for "git diff --color-words" - can be customized via gitattributes, command line or a configuration. - -* "git diff" learned --patience to run "patience diff" algorithm. - -* Some combinations of -b/-w/--ignore-space-at-eol to "git diff" did - not work as expected. - -* "git filter-branch" learned --prune-empty option that discards commits - that do not change the contents. - -* "git grep -w" and "git grep" for fixed strings have been optimized. - -* "git log" and friends include HEAD to the set of starting points - when --all is given. This makes a difference when you are not on - any branch. - -* "git ls-tree" learned --full-tree option that shows the path in full - regardless of where in the work tree hierarchy the command was started. - -* "git mergetool" learned -y(--no-prompt) option to disable prompting. - -* "git rebase -i" can transplant a history down to root to elsewhere - with --root option. - -* "git reset --merge" is a new mode that works similar to the way - "git checkout" switches branches, taking the local changes while - switching to another commit. - -(internal) - - -Fixes since v1.6.1 ------------------- - -All of the fixes in v1.6.1.X maintenance series are included in this -release, unless otherwise noted. - -* "git-add sub/file" when sub is a submodule incorrectly added the path to - the superproject. - -* git-bundle did not exclude annotated tags even when a range given from the - command line wanted to. - -* branch switching and merges had a silly bug that did not validate - the correct directory when making sure an existing subdirectory is - clean. - --- -exec >/var/tmp/1 -O=v1.6.1.2-252-g8c95d3c -echo O=$(git describe master) -git shortlog --no-merges $O..master ^maint diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.0.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt index fea3f9935b..fea3f9935b 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.0.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.0.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt index b061e50ff0..b061e50ff0 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.0.2.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.0.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt index cd500f96bf..cd500f96bf 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.0.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.0.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.4.txt index feefa5dfd4..feefa5dfd4 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.0.4.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.4.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.0.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt index eeec3d73d0..eeec3d73d0 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.0.5.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.0.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt index c02015ad5f..c02015ad5f 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.0.6.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.0.7.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt index 670ad32b85..670ad32b85 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.0.7.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.txt index daf4bdb0d7..daf4bdb0d7 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.1.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt index 91471213bd..91471213bd 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.1.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.1.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt index d88456306c..d88456306c 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.1.2.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.1.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt index 876408b65a..876408b65a 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.1.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.1.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt index df2f66ccb5..df2f66ccb5 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.1.4.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.1.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt index b0ab8eb371..b0ab8eb371 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.1.5.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.1.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt index 55f3ac13e3..55f3ac13e3 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.1.6.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.1.txt index daed367270..daed367270 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.1.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt index ebf20e22a7..d41984df0b 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt @@ -45,9 +45,3 @@ Fixes since v1.5.2 - git-fastimport --import-marks was broken; fixed. - A lot of documentation updates, clarifications and fixes. - --- -exec >/var/tmp/1 -O=v1.5.2-65-g996e2d6 -echo O=`git describe refs/heads/maint` -git shortlog --no-merges $O..refs/heads/maint diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt index f6393f8a94..7bfa341750 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Fixes since v1.5.2.1 correctly when the branch name had slash in it. - The email address of the user specified with user.email - configuration was overriden by EMAIL environment variable. + configuration was overridden by EMAIL environment variable. - The tree parser did not warn about tree entries with nonsense file modes, and assumed they must be blobs. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt index addb22955b..addb22955b 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt index 75cff475f6..75cff475f6 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.4.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt index e8281c72a0..e8281c72a0 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.5.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.2.txt index e8328d090a..e8328d090a 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.2.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt index 7ff546c743..7ff546c743 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt index 4bbde3cab4..4bbde3cab4 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.2.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt index d213846951..d213846951 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt index b04b3a45a5..b04b3a45a5 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt index 7ff1d5d0d1..7ff1d5d0d1 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.5.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt index 069a2b2cf9..069a2b2cf9 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.6.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.7.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt index 2f690616c8..2f690616c8 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.7.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.8.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt index 0e3ff58a46..0e3ff58a46 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.8.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.3.txt index 0668d3c0ca..0668d3c0ca 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.3.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt index d4e44b8b09..d4e44b8b09 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt index 21d0df59fb..21d0df59fb 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.2.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt index b0fc67fb2a..b0fc67fb2a 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt index 323c1a88c7..323c1a88c7 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt index bbd130e36d..bbd130e36d 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt index 3e3c3e55a3..3e3c3e55a3 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.6.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.7.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt index 9065a0e273..9065a0e273 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.7.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.4.txt index f1323b6174..f1323b6174 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.4.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt index 7de419708f..7de419708f 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt index 391a7b02ea..391a7b02ea 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt index f22f98b734..f22f98b734 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt index 2d0279ecce..2d0279ecce 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt index 30fa3615c7..30fa3615c7 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.5.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt index d5e85cb70e..d5e85cb70e 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.6.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.5.txt index 2932212488..2932212488 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.5.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt index 4864b16445..4864b16445 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt index 5902a85a78..5902a85a78 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.2.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt index 942611299d..f61dd3504a 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ GIT v1.5.6.3 Release Notes Fixes since v1.5.6.2 -------------------- -* Setting core.sharerepository to traditional "true" value was supposed to make +* Setting core.sharedrepository to traditional "true" value was supposed to make the repository group writable but should not affect permission for others. However, since 1.5.6, it was broken to drop permission for others when umask is 022, making the repository unreadable by others. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt index d8968f1ecb..d8968f1ecb 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.4.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt index 47ca172462..47ca172462 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.5.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt index 79da23db5a..79da23db5a 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.6.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.6.txt index e143d8d61b..e143d8d61b 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.6.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt index 49d7a1cafa..49d7a1cafa 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt index 7a9646fc4f..7d8fb85e1b 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.2.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Fixes since v1.6.0.1 * Installation on platforms that needs .exe suffix to git-* programs were broken in 1.6.0.1. -* Installation on filesystems without symbolic links support did nto +* Installation on filesystems without symbolic links support did not work well. * In-tree documentations and test scripts now use "git foo" form to set a @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Fixes since v1.6.0.1 * Many commands did not use the correct working tree location when used with GIT_WORK_TREE environment settings. -* Some systems needs to use compatibility fnmach and regex libraries +* Some systems need to use compatibility fnmatch and regex libraries independent from each other; the compat/ area has been reorganized to allow this. @@ -79,9 +79,3 @@ Fixes since v1.6.0.1 packfile. Also contains many documentation updates. - --- -exec >/var/tmp/1 -O=v1.6.0.1-78-g3632cfc -echo O=$(git describe maint) -git shortlog --no-merges $O..maint diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt index ae0577836a..ae0577836a 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt index d522661d31..d522661d31 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.4.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt index a08bb96738..a08bb96738 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.5.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt index 64ece1ffd5..64ece1ffd5 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.6.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.txt index de7ef166b6..de7ef166b6 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt index 88454c1973..8c594ba02f 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt @@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ Fixes since v1.6.1 work tree upon delete/modify conflict. * "git merge -s recursive" didn't leave the index unmerged for entries with - rename/delete conflictd. + rename/delete conflicts. * "git merge -s recursive" clobbered untracked files in the work tree. -* "git mv -k" with more than one errorneous paths misbehaved. +* "git mv -k" with more than one erroneous paths misbehaved. * "git read-tree -m -u" hence branch switching incorrectly lost a subdirectory in rare cases. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt index 230aa3d8e8..be37cbb858 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.2.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt @@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ GIT v1.6.1.2 Release Notes Fixes since v1.6.1.1 -------------------- -* The logic for rename detectin in internal diff used by commands like - "git diff" and "git blame" have been optimized to avoid loading the same +* The logic for rename detection in internal diff used by commands like + "git diff" and "git blame" has been optimized to avoid loading the same blob repeatedly. * We did not allow writing out a blob that is larger than 2GB for no good diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cd08d8174e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +GIT v1.6.1.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.1.2 +-------------------- + +* "git diff --binary | git apply" pipeline did not work well when + a binary blob is changed to a symbolic link. + +* Some combinations of -b/-w/--ignore-space-at-eol to "git diff" did + not work as expected. + +* "git grep" did not pass the -I (ignore binary) option when + calling out an external grep program. + +* "git log" and friends include HEAD to the set of starting points + when --all is given. This makes a difference when you are not + on any branch. + +* "git mv" to move an untracked file to overwrite a tracked + contents misbehaved. + +* "git merge -s octopus" with many potential merge bases did not + work correctly. + +* RPM binary package installed the html manpages in a wrong place. + +Also includes minor documentation fixes and updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ccbad794c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +GIT v1.6.1.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.1.3 +-------------------- + +* .gitignore learned to handle backslash as a quoting mechanism for + comment introduction character "#". + This fix was first merged to 1.6.2.1. + +* "git fast-export" produced wrong output with some parents missing from + commits, when the history is clock-skewed. + +* "git fast-import" sometimes failed to read back objects it just wrote + out and aborted, because it failed to flush stale cached data. + +* "git-ls-tree" and "git-diff-tree" used a pathspec correctly when + deciding to descend into a subdirectory but they did not match the + individual paths correctly. This caused pathspecs "abc/d ab" to match + "abc/0" ("abc/d" made them decide to descend into the directory "abc/", + and then "ab" incorrectly matched "abc/0" when it shouldn't). + This fix was first merged to 1.6.2.3. + +* import-zips script (in contrib) did not compute the common directory + prefix correctly. + This fix was first merged to 1.6.2.2. + +* "git init" segfaulted when given an overlong template location via + the --template= option. + This fix was first merged to 1.6.2.4. + +* "git repack" did not error out when necessary object was missing in the + repository. + +* git-repack (invoked from git-gc) did not work as nicely as it should in + a repository that borrows objects from neighbours via alternates + mechanism especially when some packs are marked with the ".keep" flag + to prevent them from being repacked. + This fix was first merged to 1.6.2.3. + +Also includes minor documentation fixes and updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.txt index adb7ccab0a..7b152a6fdc 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.txt @@ -278,9 +278,3 @@ release, unless otherwise noted. * "gitweb" did not mark non-ASCII characters imported from external HTML fragments correctly. - --- -exec >/var/tmp/1 -O=v1.6.1-rc3-74-gf66bc5f -echo O=$(git describe master) -git shortlog --no-merges $O..master ^maint diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dfa36416af --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +GIT v1.6.2.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.2 +------------------ + +* .gitignore learned to handle backslash as a quoting mechanism for + comment introduction character "#". + +* timestamp output in --date=relative mode used to display timestamps that + are long time ago in the default mode; it now uses "N years M months + ago", and "N years ago". + +* git-add -i/-p now works with non-ASCII pathnames. + +* "git hash-object -w" did not read from the configuration file from the + correct .git directory. + +* git-send-email learned to correctly handle multiple Cc: addresses. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fafa9986b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +GIT v1.6.2.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.2.1 +-------------------- + +* A longstanding confusing description of what --pickaxe option of + git-diff does has been clarified in the documentation. + +* "git-blame -S" did not quite work near the commits that were given + on the command line correctly. + +* "git diff --pickaxe-regexp" did not count overlapping matches + correctly. + +* "git diff" did not feed files in work-tree representation to external + diff and textconv. + +* "git-fetch" in a repository that was not cloned from anywhere said + it cannot find 'origin', which was hard to understand for new people. + +* "git-format-patch --numbered-files --stdout" did not have to die of + incompatible options; it now simply ignores --numbered-files as no files + are produced anyway. + +* "git-ls-files --deleted" did not work well with GIT_DIR&GIT_WORK_TREE. + +* "git-read-tree A B C..." without -m option has been broken for a long + time. + +* git-send-email ignored --in-reply-to when --no-thread was given. + +* 'git-submodule add' did not tolerate extra slashes and ./ in the path it + accepted from the command line; it now is more lenient. + +* git-svn misbehaved when the project contained a path that began with + two dashes. + +* import-zips script (in contrib) did not compute the common directory + prefix correctly. + +* miscompilation of negated enum constants by old gcc (2.9) affected the + codepaths to spawn subprocesses. + +Many small documentation updates are included as well. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4d3c1ac91c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +GIT v1.6.2.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.2.2 +-------------------- + +* Setting an octal mode value to core.sharedrepository configuration to + restrict access to the repository to group members did not work as + advertised. + +* A fairly large and trivial memory leak while rev-list shows list of + reachable objects has been identified and plugged. + +* "git-commit --interactive" did not abort when underlying "git-add -i" + signaled a failure. + +* git-repack (invoked from git-gc) did not work as nicely as it should in + a repository that borrows objects from neighbours via alternates + mechanism especially when some packs are marked with the ".keep" flag + to prevent them from being repacked. + +Many small documentation updates are included as well. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f4bf1d0986 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +GIT v1.6.2.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.2.3 +-------------------- + +* The configuration parser had a buffer overflow while parsing an overlong + value. + +* pruning reflog entries that are unreachable from the tip of the ref + during "git reflog prune" (hence "git gc") was very inefficient. + +* "git-add -p" lacked a way to say "q"uit to refuse staging any hunks for + the remaining paths. You had to say "d" and then ^C. + +* "git-checkout <tree-ish> <submodule>" did not update the index entry at + the named path; it now does. + +* "git-fast-export" choked when seeing a tag that does not point at commit. + +* "git init" segfaulted when given an overlong template location via + the --template= option. + +* "git-ls-tree" and "git-diff-tree" used a pathspec correctly when + deciding to descend into a subdirectory but they did not match the + individual paths correctly. This caused pathspecs "abc/d ab" to match + "abc/0" ("abc/d" made them decide to descend into the directory "abc/", + and then "ab" incorrectly matched "abc/0" when it shouldn't). + +* "git-merge-recursive" was broken when a submodule entry was involved in + a criss-cross merge situation. + +Many small documentation updates are included as well. + +--- +exec >/var/tmp/1 +echo O=$(git describe maint) +O=v1.6.2.3-38-g318b847 +git shortlog --no-merges $O..maint diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b23f9e95d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +GIT v1.6.2.5 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.2.4 +-------------------- + +* "git apply" mishandled if you fed a git generated patch that renames + file A to B and file B to A at the same time. + +* "git diff -c -p" (and "diff --cc") did not expect to see submodule + differences and instead refused to work. + +* "git grep -e '('" segfaulted, instead of diagnosing a mismatched + parentheses error. + +* "git fetch" generated packs with offset-delta encoding when both ends of + the connection are capable of producing one; this cannot be read by + ancient git and the user should be able to disable this by setting + repack.usedeltabaseoffset configuration to false. + + diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ad060f4f89 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +GIT v1.6.2 Release Notes +======================== + +With the next major release, "git push" into a branch that is +currently checked out will be refused by default. You can choose +what should happen upon such a push by setting the configuration +variable receive.denyCurrentBranch in the receiving repository. + +To ease the transition plan, the receiving repository of such a +push running this release will issue a big warning when the +configuration variable is missing. Please refer to: + + http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/GitFaq#non-bare + http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/107758/focus=108007 + +for more details on the reason why this change is needed and the +transition plan. + +For a similar reason, "git push $there :$killed" to delete the branch +$killed in a remote repository $there, if $killed branch is the current +branch pointed at by its HEAD, gets a large warning. You can choose what +should happen upon such a push by setting the configuration variable +receive.denyDeleteCurrent in the receiving repository. + + +Updates since v1.6.1 +-------------------- + +(subsystems) + +* git-svn updates. + +* gitweb updates, including a new patch view and RSS/Atom feed + improvements. + +* (contrib/emacs) git.el now has commands for checking out a branch, + creating a branch, cherry-picking and reverting commits; vc-git.el + is not shipped with git anymore (it is part of official Emacs). + +(performance) + +* pack-objects autodetects the number of CPUs available and uses threaded + version. + +(usability, bells and whistles) + +* automatic typo correction works on aliases as well + +* @{-1} is a way to refer to the last branch you were on. This is + accepted not only where an object name is expected, but anywhere + a branch name is expected and acts as if you typed the branch name. + E.g. "git branch --track mybranch @{-1}", "git merge @{-1}", and + "git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{-1}" would work as expected. + +* When refs/remotes/origin/HEAD points at a remote tracking branch that + has been pruned away, many git operations issued warning when they + internally enumerated the refs. We now warn only when you say "origin" + to refer to that pruned branch. + +* The location of .mailmap file can be configured, and its file format was + enhanced to allow mapping an incorrect e-mail field as well. + +* "git add -p" learned 'g'oto action to jump directly to a hunk. + +* "git add -p" learned to find a hunk with given text with '/'. + +* "git add -p" optionally can be told to work with just the command letter + without Enter. + +* when "git am" stops upon a patch that does not apply, it shows the + title of the offending patch. + +* "git am --directory=<dir>" and "git am --reject" passes these options + to underlying "git apply". + +* "git am" learned --ignore-date option. + +* "git blame" aligns author names better when they are spelled in + non US-ASCII encoding. + +* "git clone" now makes its best effort when cloning from an empty + repository to set up configuration variables to refer to the remote + repository. + +* "git checkout -" is a shorthand for "git checkout @{-1}". + +* "git cherry" defaults to whatever the current branch is tracking (if + exists) when the <upstream> argument is not given. + +* "git cvsserver" can be told not to add extra "via git-CVS emulator" to + the commit log message it serves via gitcvs.commitmsgannotation + configuration. + +* "git cvsserver" learned to handle 'noop' command some CVS clients seem + to expect to work. + +* "git diff" learned a new option --inter-hunk-context to coalesce close + hunks together and show context between them. + +* The definition of what constitutes a word for "git diff --color-words" + can be customized via gitattributes, command line or a configuration. + +* "git diff" learned --patience to run "patience diff" algorithm. + +* "git filter-branch" learned --prune-empty option that discards commits + that do not change the contents. + +* "git fsck" now checks loose objects in alternate object stores, instead + of misreporting them as missing. + +* "git gc --prune" was resurrected to allow "git gc --no-prune" and + giving non-default expiration period e.g. "git gc --prune=now". + +* "git grep -w" and "git grep" for fixed strings have been optimized. + +* "git mergetool" learned -y(--no-prompt) option to disable prompting. + +* "git rebase -i" can transplant a history down to root to elsewhere + with --root option. + +* "git reset --merge" is a new mode that works similar to the way + "git checkout" switches branches, taking the local changes while + switching to another commit. + +* "git submodule update" learned --no-fetch option. + +* "git tag" learned --contains that works the same way as the same option + from "git branch". + + +Fixes since v1.6.1 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.6.1.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. + +Here are fixes that this release has, but have not been backported to +v1.6.1.X series. + +* "git-add sub/file" when sub is a submodule incorrectly added the path to + the superproject. + +* "git bundle" did not exclude annotated tags even when a range given + from the command line wanted to. + +* "git filter-branch" unnecessarily refused to work when you had + checked out a different commit from what is recorded in the superproject + index in a submodule. + +* "git filter-branch" incorrectly tried to update a nonexistent work tree + at the end when it is run in a bare repository. + +* "git gc" did not work if your repository was created with an ancient git + and never had any pack files in it before. + +* "git mergetool" used to ignore autocrlf and other attributes + based content rewriting. + +* branch switching and merges had a silly bug that did not validate + the correct directory when making sure an existing subdirectory is + clean. + +* "git -p cmd" when cmd is not a built-in one left the display in funny state + when killed in the middle. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2400b72ef7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +GIT v1.6.3.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.3 +------------------ + +* "git checkout -b new-branch" with a staged change in the index + incorrectly primed the in-index cache-tree, resulting a wrong tree + object to be written out of the index. This is a grave regression + since the last 1.6.2.X maintenance release. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b2f3f0293c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +GIT v1.6.3.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.3.1 +-------------------- + + * A few codepaths picked up the first few bytes from an sha1[] by + casting the (char *) pointer to (int *); GCC 4.4 did not like this, + and aborted compilation. + + * Some unlink(2) failures went undiagnosed. + + * The "recursive" merge strategy misbehaved when faced rename/delete + conflicts while coming up with an intermediate merge base. + + * The low-level merge algorithm did not handle a degenerate case of + merging a file with itself using itself as the common ancestor + gracefully. It should produce the file itself, but instead + produced an empty result. + + * GIT_TRACE mechanism segfaulted when tracing a shell-quoted aliases. + + * OpenBSD also uses st_ctimspec in "struct stat", instead of "st_ctim". + + * With NO_CROSS_DIRECTORY_HARDLINKS, "make install" can be told not to + create hardlinks between $(gitexecdir)/git-$builtin_commands and + $(bindir)/git. + + * command completion code in bash did not reliably detect that we are + in a bare repository. + + * "git add ." in an empty directory complained that pathspec "." did not + match anything, which may be technically correct, but not useful. We + silently make it a no-op now. + + * "git add -p" (and "patch" action in "git add -i") was broken when + the first hunk that adds a line at the top was split into two and + both halves are marked to be used. + + * "git blame path" misbehaved at the commit where path became file + from a directory with some files in it. + + * "git for-each-ref" had a segfaulting bug when dealing with a tag object + created by an ancient git. + + * "git format-patch -k" still added patch numbers if format.numbered + configuration was set. + + * "git grep --color ''" did not terminate. The command also had + subtle bugs with its -w option. + + * http-push had a small use-after-free bug. + + * "git push" was converting OFS_DELTA pack representation into less + efficient REF_DELTA representation unconditionally upon transfer, + making the transferred data unnecessarily larger. + + * "git remote show origin" segfaulted when origin was still empty. + +Many other general usability updates around help text, diagnostic messages +and documentation are included as well. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1c28398bb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +GIT v1.6.3.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.3.2 +-------------------- + + * "git archive" running on Cygwin can get stuck in an infinite loop. + + * "git daemon" did not correctly parse the initial line that carries + virtual host request information. + + * "git diff --textconv" leaked memory badly when the textconv filter + errored out. + + * The built-in regular expressions to pick function names to put on + hunk header lines for java and objc were very inefficiently written. + + * in certain error situations git-fetch (and git-clone) on Windows didn't + detect connection abort and ended up waiting indefinitely. + + * import-tars script (in contrib) did not import symbolic links correctly. + + * http.c used CURLOPT_SSLKEY even on libcURL version 7.9.2, even though + it was only available starting 7.9.3. + + * low-level filelevel merge driver used return value from strdup() + without checking if we ran out of memory. + + * "git rebase -i" left stray closing parenthesis in its reflog message. + + * "git remote show" did not show all the URLs associated with the named + remote, even though "git remote -v" did. Made them consistent by + making the former show all URLs. + + * "whitespace" attribute that is set was meant to detect all errors known + to git, but it told git to ignore trailing carriage-returns. + +Includes other documentation fixes. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cad461bc76 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +GIT v1.6.3.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.3.3 +-------------------- + + * "git add --no-ignore-errors" did not override configured + add.ignore-errors configuration. + + * "git apply --whitespace=fix" did not fix trailing whitespace on an + incomplete line. + + * "git branch" opened too many commit objects unnecessarily. + + * "git checkout -f $commit" with a path that is a file (or a symlink) in + the work tree to a commit that has a directory at the path issued an + unnecessary error message. + + * "git diff -c/--cc" was very inefficient in coalescing the removed lines + shared between parents. + + * "git diff -c/--cc" showed removed lines at the beginning of a file + incorrectly. + + * "git remote show nickname" did not honor configured + remote.nickname.uploadpack when inspecting the branches at the remote. + + * "git request-pull" when talking to the terminal for a preview + showed some of the output in the pager. + + * "git request-pull start nickname [end]" did not honor configured + remote.nickname.uploadpack when it ran git-ls-remote against the remote + repository to learn the current tip of branches. + +Includes other documentation updates and minor fixes. + diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..418c685cf8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,182 @@ +GIT v1.6.3 Release Notes +======================== + +With the next major release, "git push" into a branch that is +currently checked out will be refused by default. You can choose +what should happen upon such a push by setting the configuration +variable receive.denyCurrentBranch in the receiving repository. + +To ease the transition plan, the receiving repository of such a +push running this release will issue a big warning when the +configuration variable is missing. Please refer to: + + http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/GitFaq#non-bare + http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/107758/focus=108007 + +for more details on the reason why this change is needed and the +transition plan. + +For a similar reason, "git push $there :$killed" to delete the branch +$killed in a remote repository $there, if $killed branch is the current +branch pointed at by its HEAD, gets a large warning. You can choose what +should happen upon such a push by setting the configuration variable +receive.denyDeleteCurrent in the receiving repository. + +When the user does not tell "git push" what to push, it has always +pushed matching refs. For some people it is unexpected, and a new +configuration variable push.default has been introduced to allow +changing a different default behaviour. To advertise the new feature, +a big warning is issued if this is not configured and a git push without +arguments is attempted. + + +Updates since v1.6.2 +-------------------- + +(subsystems) + +* various git-svn updates. + +* git-gui updates, including an update to Russian translation, and a + fix to an infinite loop when showing an empty diff. + +* gitk updates, including an update to Russian translation and improved Windows + support. + +(performance) + +* many uses of lstat(2) in the codepath for "git checkout" have been + optimized out. + +(usability, bells and whistles) + +* Boolean configuration variable yes/no can be written as on/off. + +* rsync:/path/to/repo can be used to run git over rsync for local + repositories. It may not be useful in practice; meant primarily for + testing. + +* http transport learned to prompt and use password when fetching from or + pushing to http://user@host.xz/ URL. + +* (msysgit) progress output that is sent over the sideband protocol can + be handled appropriately in Windows console. + +* "--pretty=<style>" option to the log family of commands can now be + spelled as "--format=<style>". In addition, --format=%formatstring + is a short-hand for --pretty=tformat:%formatstring. + +* "--oneline" is a synonym for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit". + +* "--graph" to the "git log" family can draw the commit ancestry graph + in colors. + +* If you realize that you botched the patch when you are editing hunks + with the 'edit' action in git-add -i/-p, you can abort the editor to + tell git not to apply it. + +* @{-1} is a new way to refer to the last branch you were on introduced in + 1.6.2, but the initial implementation did not teach this to a few + commands. Now the syntax works with "branch -m @{-1} newname". + +* git-archive learned --output=<file> option. + +* git-archive takes attributes from the tree being archived; strictly + speaking, this is an incompatible behaviour change, but is a good one. + Use --worktree-attributes option to allow it to read attributes from + the work tree as before (deprecated git-tar tree command always reads + attributes from the work tree). + +* git-bisect shows not just the number of remaining commits whose goodness + is unknown, but also shows the estimated number of remaining rounds. + +* You can give --date=<format> option to git-blame. + +* "git-branch -r" shows HEAD symref that points at a remote branch in + interest of each tracked remote repository. + +* "git-branch -v -v" is a new way to get list of names for branches and the + "upstream" branch for them. + +* git-config learned -e option to open an editor to edit the config file + directly. + +* git-clone runs post-checkout hook when run without --no-checkout. + +* git-difftool is now part of the officially supported command, primarily + maintained by David Aguilar. + +* git-for-each-ref learned a new "upstream" token. + +* git-format-patch can be told to use attachment with a new configuration, + format.attach. + +* git-format-patch can be told to produce deep or shallow message threads. + +* git-format-patch can be told to always add sign-off with a configuration + variable. + +* git-format-patch learned format.headers configuration to add extra + header fields to the output. This behaviour is similar to the existing + --add-header=<header> option of the command. + +* git-format-patch gives human readable names to the attached files, when + told to send patches as attachments. + +* git-grep learned to highlight the found substrings in color. + +* git-imap-send learned to work around Thunderbird's inability to easily + disable format=flowed with a new configuration, imap.preformattedHTML. + +* git-rebase can be told to rebase the series even if your branch is a + descendant of the commit you are rebasing onto with --force-rebase + option. + +* git-rebase can be told to report diffstat with the --stat option. + +* Output from git-remote command has been vastly improved. + +* "git remote update --prune $remote" updates from the named remote and + then prunes stale tracking branches. + +* git-send-email learned --confirm option to review the Cc: list before + sending the messages out. + +(developers) + +* Test scripts can be run under valgrind. + +* Test scripts can be run with installed git. + +* Makefile learned 'coverage' option to run the test suites with + coverage tracking enabled. + +* Building the manpages with docbook-xsl between 1.69.1 and 1.71.1 now + requires setting DOCBOOK_SUPPRESS_SP to work around a docbook-xsl bug. + This workaround used to be enabled by default, but causes problems + with newer versions of docbook-xsl. In addition, there are a few more + knobs you can tweak to work around issues with various versions of the + docbook-xsl package. See comments in Documentation/Makefile for details. + +* Support for building and testing a subset of git on a system without a + working perl has been improved. + + +Fixes since v1.6.2 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.6.2.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. + +Here are fixes that this release has, but have not been backported to +v1.6.2.X series. + +* "git-apply" rejected a patch that swaps two files (i.e. renames A to B + and B to A at the same time). May need to be backported by cherry + picking d8c81df and then 7fac0ee). + +* The initial checkout did not read the attributes from the .gitattribute + file that is being checked out. + +* git-gc spent excessive amount of time to decide if an object appears + in a locally existing pack (if needed, backport by merging 69e020a). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e439e45b96 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +GIT v1.6.4.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.4 +------------------ + + * An unquoted value in the configuration file, when it contains more than + one whitespaces in a row, got them replaced with a single space. + + * "git am" used to accept a single piece of e-mail per file (not a mbox) + as its input, but multiple input format support in v1.6.4 broke it. + Apparently many people have been depending on this feature. + + * The short help text for "git filter-branch" command was a single long + line, wrapped by terminals, and was hard to read. + + * The "recursive" strategy of "git merge" segfaulted when a merge has + more than one merge-bases, and merging of these merge-bases involves + a rename/rename or a rename/add conflict. + + * "git pull --rebase" did not use the right fork point when the + repository has already fetched from the upstream that rewinds the + branch it is based on in an earlier fetch. + + * Explain the concept of fast-forward more fully in "git push" + documentation, and hint to refer to it from an error message when the + command refuses an update to protect the user. + + * The default value for pack.deltacachesize, used by "git repack", is now + 256M, instead of unbounded. Otherwise a repack of a moderately sized + repository would needlessly eat into swap. + + * Document how "git repack" (hence "git gc") interacts with a repository + that borrows its objects from other repositories (e.g. ones created by + "git clone -s"). + + * "git show" on an annotated tag lacked a delimiting blank line between + the tag itself and the contents of the object it tags. + + * "git verify-pack -v" erroneously reported number of objects with too + deep delta depths as "chain length 0" objects. + + * Long names of authors and committers outside US-ASCII were sometimes + incorrectly shown in "gitweb". + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c11ec0115c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +GIT v1.6.4.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.4.1 +-------------------- + +* --date=relative output between 1 and 5 years ago rounded the number of + years when saying X years Y months ago, instead of rounding it down. + +* "git add -p" did not handle changes in executable bits correctly + (a regression around 1.6.3). + +* "git apply" did not honor GNU diff's convention to mark the creation/deletion + event with UNIX epoch timestamp on missing side. + +* "git checkout" incorrectly removed files in a directory pointed by a + symbolic link during a branch switch that replaces a directory with + a symbolic link. + +* "git clean -d -f" happily descended into a subdirectory that is managed by a + separate git repository. It now requires two -f options for safety. + +* "git fetch/push" over http transports had two rather grave bugs. + +* "git format-patch --cover-letter" did not prepare the cover letter file + for use with non-ASCII strings when there are the series contributors with + non-ASCII names. + +* "git pull origin branch" and "git fetch origin && git merge origin/branch" + left different merge messages in the resulting commit. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5643e6537d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +GIT v1.6.4.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.4.2 +-------------------- + +* "git clone" from an empty repository gave unnecessary error message, + even though it did everything else correctly. + +* "git cvsserver" invoked git commands via "git-foo" style, which has long + been deprecated. + +* "git fetch" and "git clone" had an extra sanity check to verify the + presence of the corresponding *.pack file before downloading *.idx + file by issuing a HEAD request. Github server however sometimes + gave 500 (Internal server error) response to HEAD even if a GET + request for *.pack file to the same URL would have succeeded, and broke + clone over HTTP from some of their repositories. As a workaround, this + verification has been removed (as it is not absolutely necessary). + +* "git grep" did not like relative pathname to refer outside the current + directory when run from a subdirectory. + +* an error message from "git push" was formatted in a very ugly way. + +* "git svn" did not quote the subversion user name correctly when + running its author-prog helper program. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0ead45fc72 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +GIT v1.6.4.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.4.4 +-------------------- + +* The workaround for Github server that sometimes gave 500 (Internal server + error) response to HEAD requests in 1.6.4.3 introduced a regression that + caused re-fetching projects over http to segfault in certain cases due + to uninitialized pointer being freed. + +* "git pull" on an unborn branch used to consider anything in the work + tree and the index discardable. + +* "git diff -b/w" did not work well on the incomplete line at the end of + the file, due to an incorrect hashing of lines in the low-level xdiff + routines. + +* "git checkout-index --prefix=$somewhere" used to work when $somewhere is + a symbolic link to a directory elsewhere, but v1.6.4.2 broke it. + +* "git unpack-objects --strict", invoked when receive.fsckobjects + configuration is set in the receiving repository of "git push", did not + properly check the objects, especially the submodule links, it received. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..eb6307dcbb --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Git v1.6.4.5 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.4.4 +-------------------- + + * Simplified base85 implementation. + + * An overlong line after ".gitdir: " in a git file caused out of bounds + access to an array on the stack. + + * "git count-objects" did not handle packs larger than 4G. + + * "git rev-parse --parseopt --stop-at-non-option" did not stop at non option + when --keep-dashdash was in effect. + + * "gitweb" can sometimes be tricked into parrotting a filename argument + given in a request without properly quoting. + +Other minor fixes and documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7a904419f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ +GIT v1.6.4 Release Notes +======================== + +With the next major release, "git push" into a branch that is +currently checked out will be refused by default. You can choose +what should happen upon such a push by setting the configuration +variable receive.denyCurrentBranch in the receiving repository. + +To ease the transition plan, the receiving repository of such a +push running this release will issue a big warning when the +configuration variable is missing. Please refer to: + + http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/GitFaq#non-bare + http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/107758/focus=108007 + +for more details on the reason why this change is needed and the +transition plan. + +For a similar reason, "git push $there :$killed" to delete the branch +$killed in a remote repository $there, if $killed branch is the current +branch pointed at by its HEAD, gets a large warning. You can choose what +should happen upon such a push by setting the configuration variable +receive.denyDeleteCurrent in the receiving repository. + + +Updates since v1.6.3 +-------------------- + +(subsystems) + + * gitweb Perl style clean-up. + + * git-svn updates, including a new --authors-prog option to map author + names by invoking an external program, 'git svn reset' to unwind + 'git svn fetch', support for more than one branches, documenting + of the useful --minimize-url feature, new "git svn gc" command, etc. + +(portability) + + * We feed iconv with "UTF-8" instead of "utf8"; the former is + understood more widely. Similarly updated test scripts to use + encoding names more widely understood (e.g. use "ISO8859-1" instead + of "ISO-8859-1"). + + * Various portability fixes/workarounds for different vintages of + SunOS, IRIX, and Windows. + + * Git-over-ssh transport on Windows supports PuTTY plink and TortoisePlink. + +(performance) + + * Many repeated use of lstat() are optimized out in "checkout" codepath. + + * git-status (and underlying git-diff-index --cached) are optimized + to take advantage of cache-tree information in the index. + +(usability, bells and whistles) + + * "git add --edit" lets users edit the whole patch text to fine-tune what + is added to the index. + + * "git am" accepts StGIT series file as its input. + + * "git bisect skip" skips to a more randomly chosen place in the hope + to avoid testing a commit that is too close to a commit that is + already known to be untestable. + + * "git cvsexportcommit" learned -k option to stop CVS keywords expansion + + * "git fast-export" learned to handle history simplification more + gracefully. + + * "git fast-export" learned an option --tag-of-filtered-object to handle + dangling tags resulting from history simplification more usefully. + + * "git grep" learned -p option to show the location of the match using the + same context hunk marker "git diff" uses. + + * https transport can optionally be told that the used client + certificate is password protected, in which case it asks the + password only once. + + * "git imap-send" is IPv6 aware. + + * "git log --graph" draws graphs more compactly by using horizontal lines + when able. + + * "git log --decorate" shows shorter refnames by stripping well-known + refs/* prefix. + + * "git push $name" honors remote.$name.pushurl if present before + using remote.$name.url. In other words, the URL used for fetching + and pushing can be different. + + * "git send-email" understands quoted aliases in .mailrc files (might + have to be backported to 1.6.3.X). + + * "git send-email" can fetch the sender address from the configuration + variable "sendmail.from" (and "sendmail.<identity>.from"). + + * "git show-branch" can color its output. + + * "add" and "update" subcommands to "git submodule" learned --reference + option to use local clone with references. + + * "git submodule update" learned --rebase option to update checked + out submodules by rebasing the local changes. + + * "gitweb" can optionally use gravatar to adorn author/committer names. + +(developers) + + * A major part of the "git bisect" wrapper has moved to C. + + * Formatting with the new version of AsciiDoc 8.4.1 is now supported. + +Fixes since v1.6.3 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.6.3.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. + +Here are fixes that this release has, but have not been backported to +v1.6.3.X series. + + * "git diff-tree -r -t" used to omit new or removed directories from + the output. df533f3 (diff-tree -r -t: include added/removed + directories in the output, 2009-06-13) may need to be cherry-picked + to backport this fix. + + * The way Git.pm sets up a Repository object was not friendly to callers + that chdir around. It now internally records the repository location + as an absolute path when autodetected. + + * Removing a section with "git config --remove-section", when its + section header has a variable definition on the same line, lost + that variable definition. + + * "git rebase -p --onto" used to always leave side branches of a merge + intact, even when both branches are subject to rewriting. + + * "git repack" used to faithfully follow grafts and considered true + parents recorded in the commit object unreachable from the commit. + After such a repacking, you cannot remove grafts without corrupting + the repository. + + * "git send-email" did not detect erroneous loops in alias expansion. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..309ba181b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +GIT v1.6.5.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5 +------------------ + + * An corrupt pack could make codepath to read objects into an + infinite loop. + + * Download throughput display was always shown in KiB/s but on fast links + it is more appropriate to show it in MiB/s. + + * "git grep -f filename" used uninitialized variable and segfaulted. + + * "git clone -b branch" gave a wrong commit object name to post-checkout + hook. + + * "git pull" over http did not work on msys. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..aa7ccce3a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +GIT v1.6.5.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.1 +-------------------- + + * Installation of templates triggered a bug in busybox when using tar + implementation from it. + + * "git add -i" incorrectly ignored paths that are already in the index + if they matched .gitignore patterns. + + * "git describe --always" should have produced some output even there + were no tags in the repository, but it didn't. + + * "git ls-files" when showing tracked files incorrectly paid attention + to the exclude patterns. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b2fad1b22e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +Git v1.6.5.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.2 +-------------------- + + * info/grafts file didn't ignore trailing CR at the end of lines. + + * Packages generated on newer FC were unreadable by older versions of + RPM as the new default is to use stronger hash. + + * output from "git blame" was unreadable when the file ended in an + incomplete line. + + * "git add -i/-p" didn't handle deletion of empty files correctly. + + * "git clone" takes up to two parameters, but did not complain when + given more arguments than necessary and silently ignored them. + + * "git cvsimport" did not read files given as command line arguments + correctly when it is run from a subdirectory. + + * "git diff --color-words -U0" didn't work correctly. + + * The handling of blank lines at the end of file by "git diff/apply + --whitespace" was inconsistent with the other kinds of errors. + They are now colored, warned against, and fixed the same way as others. + + * There was no way to allow blank lines at the end of file without + allowing extra blanks at the end of lines. You can use blank-at-eof + and blank-at-eol whitespace error class to specify them separately. + The old trailing-space error class is now a short-hand to set both. + + * "-p" option to "git format-patch" was supposed to suppress diffstat + generation, but it was broken since 1.6.1. + + * "git imap-send" did not compile cleanly with newer OpenSSL. + + * "git help -a" outside of a git repository was broken. + + * "git ls-files -i" was supposed to be inverse of "git ls-files" without -i + with respect to exclude patterns, but it was broken since 1.6.5.2. + + * "git ls-remote" outside of a git repository over http was broken. + + * "git rebase -i" gave bogus error message when the command word was + misspelled. + + * "git receive-pack" that is run in response to "git push" did not run + garbage collection nor update-server-info, but in larger hosting sites, + these almost always need to be run. To help site administrators, the + command now runs "gc --auto" and "u-s-i" by setting receive.autogc + and receive.updateserverinfo configuration variables, respectively. + + * Release notes spelled the package name with incorrect capitalization. + + * "gitweb" did not escape non-ascii characters correctly in the URL. + + * "gitweb" showed "patch" link even for merge commits. + + * "gitweb" showed incorrect links for blob line numbers in pathinfo mode. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d3a2a3e712 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Git v1.6.5.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.3 +-------------------- + + * "git help" (without argument) used to check if you are in a directory + under git control. There was no breakage in behaviour per-se, but this + was unnecessary. + + * "git prune-packed" gave progress output even when its standard error is + not connected to a terminal; this caused cron jobs that run it to + produce crufts. + + * "git pack-objects --all-progress" is an option to ask progress output + from write-object phase _if_ progress output were to be produced, and + shouldn't have forced the progress output. + + * "git apply -p<n> --directory=<elsewhere>" did not work well for a + non-default value of n. + + * "git merge foo HEAD" was misparsed as an old-style invocation of the + command and produced a confusing error message. As it does not specify + any other branch to merge, it shouldn't be mistaken as such. We will + remove the old style "git merge <message> HEAD <commit>..." syntax in + future versions, but not in this release, + + * "git merge -m <message> <branch>..." added the standard merge message + on its own after user-supplied message, which should have overridden the + standard one. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ecfc57d875 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +Git v1.6.5.5 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.4 +-------------------- + + * Manual pages can be formatted with older xmlto again. + + * GREP_OPTIONS exported from user's environment could have broken + our scripted commands. + + * In configuration files, a few variables that name paths can begin with + ~/ and ~username/ and they are expanded as expected. This is not a + bugfix but 1.6.6 will have this and without backporting users cannot + easily use the same ~/.gitconfig across versions. + + * "git diff -B -M" did the same computation to hash lines of contents + twice, and held onto memory after it has used the data in it + unnecessarily before it freed. + + * "git diff -B" and "git diff --dirstat" was not counting newly added + contents correctly. + + * "git format-patch revisions... -- path" issued an incorrect error + message that suggested to use "--" on the command line when path + does not exist in the current work tree (it is a separate matter if + it makes sense to limit format-patch with pathspecs like that + without using the --full-diff option). + + * "git grep -F -i StRiNg" did not work as expected. + + * Enumeration of available merge strategies iterated over the list of + commands in a wrong way, sometimes producing an incorrect result. + + * "git shortlog" did not honor the "encoding" header embedded in the + commit object like "git log" did. + + * Reading progress messages that come from the remote side while running + "git pull" is given precedence over reading the actual pack data to + prevent garbled progress message on the user's terminal. + + * "git rebase" got confused when the log message began with certain + strings that looked like Subject:, Date: or From: header. + + * "git reset" accidentally run in .git/ directory checked out the + work tree contents in there. + + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a9eaf76f62 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +Git v1.6.5.6 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.5 +-------------------- + + * "git add -p" had a regression since v1.6.5.3 that broke deletion of + non-empty files. + + * "git archive -o o.zip -- Makefile" produced an archive in o.zip + but in POSIX tar format. + + * Error message given to "git pull --rebase" when the user didn't give + enough clue as to what branch to integrate with still talked about + "merging with" the branch. + + * Error messages given by "git merge" when the merge resulted in a + fast-forward still were in plumbing lingo, even though in v1.6.5 + we reworded messages in other cases. + + * The post-upload-hook run by upload-pack in response to "git fetch" has + been removed, due to security concerns (the hook first appeared in + 1.6.5). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dc5302c21c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Git v1.6.5.7 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.6 +-------------------- + +* If a user specifies a color for a <slot> (i.e. a class of things to show + in a particular color) that is known only by newer versions of git + (e.g. "color.diff.func" was recently added for upcoming 1.6.6 release), + an older version of git should just ignore them. Instead we diagnosed + it as an error. + +* With help.autocorrect set to non-zero value, the logic to guess typos + in the subcommand name misfired and ran a random nonsense command. + +* If a command is run with an absolute path as a pathspec inside a bare + repository, e.g. "rev-list HEAD -- /home", the code tried to run + strlen() on NULL, which is the result of get_git_work_tree(), and + segfaulted. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8b24bebb96 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Git v1.6.5.8 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.7 +-------------------- + +* "git count-objects" did not handle packfiles that are bigger than 4G on + platforms with 32-bit off_t. + +* "git rebase -i" did not abort cleanly if it failed to launch the editor. + +* "git blame" did not work well when commit lacked the author name. + +* "git fast-import" choked when handling a tag that points at an object + that is not a commit. + +* "git reset --hard" did not work correctly when GIT_WORK_TREE environment + variable is used to point at the root of the true work tree. + +* "git grep" fed a buffer that is not NUL-terminated to underlying + regexec(). + +* "git checkout -m other" while on a branch that does not have any commit + segfaulted, instead of failing. + +* "git branch -a other" should have diagnosed the command as an error. + +Other minor documentation updates are also included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bb469dd71e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Git v1.6.5.9 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.8 +-------------------- + + * An overlong line after ".gitdir: " in a git file caused out of bounds + access to an array on the stack. + + * "git blame -L $start,$end" segfaulted when too large $start was given. + + * "git rev-parse --parseopt --stop-at-non-option" did not stop at non option + when --keep-dashdash was in effect. + + * "gitweb" can sometimes be tricked into parrotting a filename argument + given in a request without properly quoting. + +Other minor fixes and documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ee141c19ad --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,169 @@ +GIT v1.6.5 Release Notes +======================== + +In git 1.7.0, which was planned to be the release after 1.6.5, "git +push" into a branch that is currently checked out will be refused by +default. + +You can choose what should happen upon such a push by setting the +configuration variable receive.denyCurrentBranch in the receiving +repository. + +Also, "git push $there :$killed" to delete the branch $killed in a remote +repository $there, when $killed branch is the current branch pointed at by +its HEAD, will be refused by default. + +You can choose what should happen upon such a push by setting the +configuration variable receive.denyDeleteCurrent in the receiving +repository. + +To ease the transition plan, the receiving repository of such a +push running this release will issue a big warning when the +configuration variable is missing. Please refer to: + + http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/GitFaq#non-bare + http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/107758/focus=108007 + +for more details on the reason why this change is needed and the +transition plan. + +Updates since v1.6.4 +-------------------- + +(subsystems) + + * various updates to gitk, git-svn and gitweb. + +(portability) + + * more improvements on mingw port. + + * mingw will also give FRSX as the default value for the LESS + environment variable when the user does not have one. + + * initial support to compile git on Windows with MSVC. + +(performance) + + * On major platforms, the system can be compiled to use with Linus's + block-sha1 implementation of the SHA-1 hash algorithm, which + outperforms the default fallback implementation we borrowed from + Mozilla. + + * Unnecessary inefficiency in deepening of a shallow repository has + been removed. + + * "git clone" does not grab objects that it does not need (i.e. + referenced only from refs outside refs/heads and refs/tags + hierarchy) anymore. + + * The "git" main binary used to link with libcurl, which then dragged + in a large number of external libraries. When using basic plumbing + commands in scripts, this unnecessarily slowed things down. We now + implement http/https/ftp transfer as a separate executable as we + used to. + + * "git clone" run locally hardlinks or copies the files in .git/ to + newly created repository. It used to give new mtime to copied files, + but this delayed garbage collection to trigger unnecessarily in the + cloned repository. We now preserve mtime for these files to avoid + this issue. + +(usability, bells and whistles) + + * Human writable date format to various options, e.g. --since=yesterday, + master@{2000.09.17}, are taught to infer some omitted input properly. + + * A few programs gave verbose "advice" messages to help uninitiated + people when issuing error messages. An infrastructure to allow + users to squelch them has been introduced, and a few such messages + can be silenced now. + + * refs/replace/ hierarchy is designed to be usable as a replacement + of the "grafts" mechanism, with the added advantage that it can be + transferred across repositories. + + * "git am" learned to optionally ignore whitespace differences. + + * "git am" handles input e-mail files that has CRLF line endings sensibly. + + * "git am" learned "--scissors" option to allow you to discard early part + of an incoming e-mail. + + * "git archive -o output.zip" works without being told what format to + use with an explicit "--format=zip".option. + + * "git checkout", "git reset" and "git stash" learned to pick and + choose to use selected changes you made, similar to "git add -p". + + * "git clone" learned a "-b" option to pick a HEAD to check out + different from the remote's default branch. + + * "git clone" learned --recursive option. + + * "git clone" from a local repository on a different filesystem used to + copy individual object files without preserving the old timestamp, giving + them extra lifetime in the new repository until they gc'ed. + + * "git commit --dry-run $args" is a new recommended way to ask "what would + happen if I try to commit with these arguments." + + * "git commit --dry-run" and "git status" shows conflicted paths in a + separate section to make them easier to spot during a merge. + + * "git cvsimport" now supports password-protected pserver access even + when the password is not taken from ~/.cvspass file. + + * "git fast-export" learned --no-data option that can be useful when + reordering commits and trees without touching the contents of + blobs. + + * "git fast-import" has a pair of new front-end in contrib/ area. + + * "git init" learned to mkdir/chdir into a directory when given an + extra argument (i.e. "git init this"). + + * "git instaweb" optionally can use mongoose as the web server. + + * "git log --decorate" can optionally be told with --decorate=full to + give the reference name in full. + + * "git merge" issued an unnecessarily scary message when it detected + that the merge may have to touch the path that the user has local + uncommitted changes to. The message has been reworded to make it + clear that the command aborted, without doing any harm. + + * "git push" can be told to be --quiet. + + * "git push" pays attention to url.$base.pushInsteadOf and uses a URL + that is derived from the URL used for fetching. + + * informational output from "git reset" that lists the locally modified + paths is made consistent with that of "git checkout $another_branch". + + * "git submodule" learned to give submodule name to scripts run with + "foreach" subcommand. + + * various subcommands to "git submodule" learned --recursive option. + + * "git submodule summary" learned --files option to compare the work + tree vs the commit bound at submodule path, instead of comparing + the index. + + * "git upload-pack", which is the server side support for "git clone" and + "git fetch", can call a new post-upload-pack hook for statistics purposes. + +(developers) + + * With GIT_TEST_OPTS="--root=/p/a/t/h", tests can be run outside the + source directory; using tmpfs may give faster turnaround. + + * With NO_PERL_MAKEMAKER set, DESTDIR= is now honoured, so you can + build for one location, and install into another location to tar it + up. + +Fixes since v1.6.4 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.6.4.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f1d0a4ae2d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Git v1.6.6.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.6 +------------------ + + * "git blame" did not work well when commit lacked the author name. + + * "git branch -a name" wasn't diagnosed as an error. + + * "git count-objects" did not handle packfiles that are bigger than 4G on + platforms with 32-bit off_t. + + * "git checkout -m other" while on a branch that does not have any commit + segfaulted, instead of failing. + + * "git fast-import" choked when fed a tag that do not point at a + commit. + + * "git grep" finding from work tree files could have fed garbage to + the underlying regexec(3). + + * "git grep -L" didn't show empty files (they should never match, and + they should always appear in -L output as unmatching). + + * "git rebase -i" did not abort cleanly if it failed to launch the editor. + + * "git reset --hard" did not work correctly when GIT_WORK_TREE environment + variable is used to point at the root of the true work tree. + + * http-backend was not listed in the command list in the documentation. + + * Building on FreeBSD (both 7 and 8) needs OLD_ICONV set in the Makefile + + * "git checkout -m some-branch" while on an unborn branch crashed. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4eaddc0106 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +Git v1.6.6.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.6.1 +-------------------- + + * recursive merge didn't correctly diagnose its own programming errors, + and instead caused the caller to segfault. + + * The new "smart http" aware clients probed the web servers to see if + they support smart http, but did not fall back to dumb http transport + correctly with some servers. + + * Time based reflog syntax e.g. "@{yesterday}" didn't diagnose a misspelled + time specification and instead assumed "@{now}". + + * "git archive HEAD -- no-such-directory" produced an empty archive + without complaining. + + * "git blame -L start,end -- file" misbehaved when given a start that is + larger than the number of lines in the file. + + * "git checkout -m" didn't correctly call custom merge backend supplied + by the end user. + + * "git config -f <file>" misbehaved when run from a subdirectory. + + * "git cvsserver" didn't like having regex metacharacters (e.g. '+') in + CVSROOT environment. + + * "git fast-import" did not correctly handle large blobs that may + bust the pack size limit. + + * "git gui" is supposed to work even when launched from inside a .git + directory. + + * "git gui" misbehaved when applying a hunk that ends with deletion. + + * "git imap-send" did not honor imap.preformattedHTML as documented. + + * "git log" family incorrectly showed the commit notes unconditionally by + mistake, which was especially irritating when running "git log --oneline". + + * "git status" shouldn't require an write access to the repository. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..11483acaec --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +Git v1.6.6.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.6.2 +-------------------- + + * An overlong line after ".gitdir: " in a git file caused out of bounds + access to an array on the stack. + + * "git bisect $path" did not correctly diagnose an error when given a + non-existent path. + + * "git blame -L $start,$end" segfaulted when too large $start was given. + + * "git imap-send" did not write draft box with CRLF line endings per RFC. + + * "git rev-parse --parseopt --stop-at-non-option" did not stop at non option + when --keep-dashdash was in effect. + + * "gitweb" can sometimes be tricked into parrotting a filename argument + given in a request without properly quoting. + +Other minor fixes and documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c50b59c495 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,224 @@ +Git v1.6.6 Release Notes +======================== + +Notes on behaviour change +------------------------- + + * In this release, "git fsck" defaults to "git fsck --full" and + checks packfiles, and because of this it will take much longer to + complete than before. If you prefer a quicker check only on loose + objects (the old default), you can say "git fsck --no-full". This + has been supported by 1.5.4 and newer versions of git, so it is + safe to write it in your script even if you use slightly older git + on some of your machines. + +Preparing yourselves for compatibility issues in 1.7.0 +------------------------------------------------------ + +In git 1.7.0, which is planned to be the release after 1.6.6, there will +be a handful of behaviour changes that will break backward compatibility. + +These changes were discussed long time ago and existing behaviours have +been identified as more problematic to the userbase than keeping them for +the sake of backward compatibility. + +When necessary, a transition strategy for existing users has been designed +not to force them running around setting configuration variables and +updating their scripts in order to either keep the traditional behaviour +or adjust to the new behaviour, on the day their sysadmin decides to install +the new version of git. When we switched from "git-foo" to "git foo" in +1.6.0, even though the change had been advertised and the transition +guide had been provided for a very long time, the users procrastinated +during the entire transition period, and ended up panicking on the day +their sysadmins updated their git installation. We are trying to avoid +repeating that unpleasantness in the 1.7.0 release. + +For changes decided to be in 1.7.0, commands that will be affected +have been much louder to strongly discourage such procrastination, and +they continue to be in this release. If you have been using recent +versions of git, you would have seen warnings issued when you used +features whose behaviour will change, with a clear instruction on how +to keep the existing behaviour if you want to. You hopefully are +already well prepared. + +Of course, we have also been giving "this and that will change in +1.7.0; prepare yourselves" warnings in the release notes and +announcement messages for the past few releases. Let's see how well +users will fare this time. + + * "git push" into a branch that is currently checked out (i.e. pointed by + HEAD in a repository that is not bare) will be refused by default. + + Similarly, "git push $there :$killed" to delete the branch $killed + in a remote repository $there, when $killed branch is the current + branch pointed at by its HEAD, will be refused by default. + + Setting the configuration variables receive.denyCurrentBranch and + receive.denyDeleteCurrent to 'ignore' in the receiving repository + can be used to override these safety features. Versions of git + since 1.6.2 have issued a loud warning when you tried to do these + operations without setting the configuration, so repositories of + people who still need to be able to perform such a push should + already have been future proofed. + + Please refer to: + + http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/GitFaq#non-bare + http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/107758/focus=108007 + + for more details on the reason why this change is needed and the + transition process that already took place so far. + + * "git send-email" will not make deep threads by default when sending a + patch series with more than two messages. All messages will be sent + as a reply to the first message, i.e. cover letter. Git 1.6.6 (this + release) will issue a warning about the upcoming default change, when + it uses the traditional "deep threading" behaviour as the built-in + default. To squelch the warning but still use the "deep threading" + behaviour, give --chain-reply-to option or set sendemail.chainreplyto + to true. + + It has been possible to configure send-email to send "shallow thread" + by setting sendemail.chainreplyto configuration variable to false. + The only thing 1.7.0 release will do is to change the default when + you haven't configured that variable. + + * "git status" will not be "git commit --dry-run". This change does not + affect you if you run the command without pathspec. + + Nobody sane found the current behaviour of "git status Makefile" useful + nor meaningful, and it confused users. "git commit --dry-run" has been + provided as a way to get the current behaviour of this command since + 1.6.5. + + * "git diff" traditionally treated various "ignore whitespace" options + only as a way to filter the patch output. "git diff --exit-code -b" + exited with non-zero status even if all changes were about changing the + amount of whitespace and nothing else. and "git diff -b" showed the + "diff --git" header line for such a change without patch text. + + In 1.7.0, the "ignore whitespaces" will affect the semantics of the + diff operation itself. A change that does not affect anything but + whitespaces will be reported with zero exit status when run with + --exit-code, and there will not be "diff --git" header for such a + change. + + +Updates since v1.6.5 +-------------------- + +(subsystems) + + * various gitk updates including use of themed widgets under Tk 8.5, + Japanese translation, a fix to a bug when running "gui blame" from + a subdirectory, etc. + + * various git-gui updates including new translations, wm states fixes, + Tk bug workaround after quitting, improved heuristics to trigger gc, + etc. + + * various git-svn updates. + + * "git fetch" over http learned a new mode that is different from the + traditional "dumb commit walker". + +(portability) + + * imap-send can be built on mingw port. + +(performance) + + * "git diff -B" has smaller memory footprint. + +(usability, bells and whistles) + + * The object replace mechanism can be bypassed with --no-replace-objects + global option given to the "git" program. + + * In configuration files, a few variables that name paths can begin with ~/ + and ~username/ and they are expanded as expected. + + * "git subcmd -h" now shows short usage help for many more subcommands. + + * "git bisect reset" can reset to an arbitrary commit. + + * "git checkout frotz" when there is no local branch "frotz" but there + is only one remote tracking branch "frotz" is taken as a request to + start the named branch at the corresponding remote tracking branch. + + * "git commit -c/-C/--amend" can be told with a new "--reset-author" option + to ignore authorship information in the commit it is taking the message + from. + + * "git describe" can be told to add "-dirty" suffix with "--dirty" option. + + * "git diff" learned --submodule option to show a list of one-line logs + instead of differences between the commit object names. + + * "git diff" learned to honor diff.color.func configuration to paint + function name hint printed on the hunk header "@@ -j,k +l,m @@" line + in the specified color. + + * "git fetch" learned --all and --multiple options, to run fetch from + many repositories, and --prune option to remove remote tracking + branches that went stale. These make "git remote update" and "git + remote prune" less necessary (there is no plan to remove "remote + update" nor "remote prune", though). + + * "git fsck" by default checks the packfiles (i.e. "--full" is the + default); you can turn it off with "git fsck --no-full". + + * "git grep" can use -F (fixed strings) and -i (ignore case) together. + + * import-tars contributed fast-import frontend learned more types of + compressed tarballs. + + * "git instaweb" knows how to talk with mod_cgid to apache2. + + * "git log --decorate" shows the location of HEAD as well. + + * "git log" and "git rev-list" learned to take revs and pathspecs from + the standard input with the new "--stdin" option. + + * "--pretty=format" option to "log" family of commands learned: + + . to wrap text with the "%w()" specifier. + . to show reflog information with "%g[sdD]" specifier. + + * "git notes" command to annotate existing commits. + + * "git merge" (and "git pull") learned --ff-only option to make it fail + if the merge does not result in a fast-forward. + + * "git mergetool" learned to use p4merge. + + * "git rebase -i" learned "reword" that acts like "edit" but immediately + starts an editor to tweak the log message without returning control to + the shell, which is done by "edit" to give an opportunity to tweak the + contents. + + * "git send-email" can be told with "--envelope-sender=auto" to use the + same address as "From:" address as the envelope sender address. + + * "git send-email" will issue a warning when it defaults to the + --chain-reply-to behaviour without being told by the user and + instructs to prepare for the change of the default in 1.7.0 release. + + * In "git submodule add <repository> <path>", <path> is now optional and + inferred from <repository> the same way "git clone <repository>" does. + + * "git svn" learned to read SVN 1.5+ and SVK merge tickets. + + * "git svn" learned to recreate empty directories tracked only by SVN. + + * "gitweb" can optionally render its "blame" output incrementally (this + requires JavaScript on the client side). + + * Author names shown in gitweb output are links to search commits by the + author. + +Fixes since v1.6.5 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.6.5.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8ff5bcada8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Git v1.7.0.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.0 +------------------ + + * In a freshly created repository "rev-parse HEAD^0" complained that + it is dangling symref, even though "rev-parse HEAD" didn't. + + * "git show :no-such-name" tried to access the index without bounds + check, leading to a potential segfault. + + * Message from "git cherry-pick" was harder to read and use than necessary + when it stopped due to conflicting changes. + + * We referred to ".git/refs/" throughout the documentation when we + meant to talk about abstract notion of "ref namespace". Because + people's repositories often have packed refs these days, this was + confusing. + + * "git diff --output=/path/that/cannot/be/written" did not correctly + error out. + + * "git grep -e -pattern-that-begin-with-dash paths..." could not be + spelled as "git grep -- -pattern-that-begin-with-dash paths..." which + would be a GNU way to use "--" as "end of options". + + * "git grep" compiled with threading support tried to access an + uninitialized mutex on boxes with a single CPU. + + * "git stash pop -q --index" failed because the unnecessary --index + option was propagated to "git stash drop" that is internally run at the + end. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fcb46ca6a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +Git v1.7.0.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.0.1 +-------------------- + + * GIT_PAGER was not honored consistently by some scripted Porcelains, most + notably "git am". + + * updating working tree files after telling git to add them to the + index and while it is still working created garbage object files in + the repository without diagnosing it as an error. + + * "git bisect -- pathspec..." did not diagnose an error condition properly when + the simplification with given pathspec made the history empty. + + * "git rev-list --cherry-pick A...B" now has an obvious optimization when the + histories haven't diverged (i.e. when one end is an ancestor of the other). + + * "git diff --quiet -w" did not work as expected. + + * "git fast-import" didn't work with a large input, as it lacked support + for producing the pack index in v2 format. + + * "git imap-send" didn't use CRLF line endings over the imap protocol + when storing its payload to the draft box, violating RFC 3501. + + * "git log --format='%w(x,y,z)%b'" and friends that rewrap message + has been optimized for utf-8 payload. + + * Error messages generated on the receiving end did not come back to "git + push". + + * "git status" in 1.7.0 lacked the optimization we used to have in 1.6.X series + to speed up scanning of large working tree. + + * "gitweb" did not diagnose parsing errors properly while reading tis configuration + file. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3b355737c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Git v1.7.0.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.0.2 +-------------------- + + * Object files are created in a more ACL friendly way in repositories + where group permission is ACL controlled. + + * "git add -i" didn't handle a deleted path very well. + + * "git blame" padded line numbers with one extra SP when the total number + of lines was one less than multiple of ten due to an off-by-one error. + + * "git fetch --all/--multi" used to discard information for remotes that + are fetched earlier. + + * "git log --author=me --grep=it" tried to find commits that have "it" + or are written by "me", instead of the ones that have "it" _and_ are + written by "me". + + * "git log -g branch" misbehaved when there was no entries in the reflog + for the named branch. + + * "git mailinfo" (hence "git am") incorrectly removed initial indent from + paragraphs. + + * "git prune" and "git reflog" (hence "git gc" as well) didn't honor + an instruction never to expire by setting gc.reflogexpire to never. + + * "git push" misbehaved when branch.<name>.merge was configured without + matching branch.<name>.remote. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cf7f60e60d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Git v1.7.0.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.0.3 +-------------------- + + * Optimized ntohl/htonl on big-endian machines were broken. + + * Color values given to "color.<cmd>.<slot>" configuration can now have + more than one attributes (e.g. "bold ul"). + + * "git add -u nonexistent-path" did not complain. + + * "git apply --whitespace=fix" didn't work well when an early patch in + a patch series adds trailing blank lines and a later one depended on + such a block of blank lines at the end. + + * "git fast-export" didn't check error status and stop when marks file + cannot be opened. + + * "git format-patch --ignore-if-in-upstream" gave unwarranted errors + when the range was empty, instead of silently finishing. + + * "git remote prune" did not detect remote tracking refs that became + dangling correctly. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3149c91b7b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +Git v1.7.0.5 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.0.4 +-------------------- + + * "git daemon" failed to compile on platforms without sockaddr_storage type. + + * Output from "git rev-list --pretty=oneline" was unparsable when a + commit did not have any message, which is abnormal but possible in a + repository converted from foreign scm. + + * "git stash show <commit-that-is-not-a-stash>" gave an error message + that was not so useful. Reworded the message to "<it> is not a + stash". + + * Python scripts in contrib/ area now start with "#!/usr/bin/env python" + to honor user's PATH. + + * "git imap-send" used to mistake any line that begins with "From " as a + message separator in format-patch output. + + * Smart http server backend failed to report an internal server error and + infinitely looped instead after output pipe was closed. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b2852b67d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +Git v1.7.0.6 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.0.5 +-------------------- + + * "git diff --stat" used "int" to count the size of differences, + which could result in overflowing. + + * "git rev-list --abbrev-commit" defaulted to 40-byte abbreviations, unlike + newer tools in the git toolset. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d0cb7ca7e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +Git v1.7.0.7 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.0.6 +-------------------- + + * "make NO_CURL=NoThanks install" was broken. + + * An overlong line after ".gitdir: " in a git file caused out of bounds + access to an array on the stack. + + * "git config --path conf.var" to attempt to expand a variable conf.var + that uses "~/" short-hand segfaulted when $HOME environment variable + was not set. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7f05b48e17 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Git v1.7.0.8 Release Notes +========================== + +This is primarily to backport support for the new "add.ignoreErrors" +name given to the existing "add.ignore-errors" configuration variable. + +The next version, Git 1.7.4, and future versions, will support both +old and incorrect name and the new corrected name, but without this +backport, users who want to use the new name "add.ignoreErrors" in +their repositories cannot use older versions of Git. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bfb3166387 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Git v1.7.0.9 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.0.8 +-------------------- + + * "gitweb" can sometimes be tricked into parrotting a filename argument + given in a request without properly quoting. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0bb8c0b2a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,214 @@ +Git v1.7.0 Release Notes +======================== + +Notes on behaviour change +------------------------- + + * "git push" into a branch that is currently checked out (i.e. pointed at by + HEAD in a repository that is not bare) is refused by default. + + Similarly, "git push $there :$killed" to delete the branch $killed + in a remote repository $there, when $killed branch is the current + branch pointed at by its HEAD, will be refused by default. + + Setting the configuration variables receive.denyCurrentBranch and + receive.denyDeleteCurrent to 'ignore' in the receiving repository + can be used to override these safety features. + + * "git send-email" does not make deep threads by default when sending a + patch series with more than two messages. All messages will be sent + as a reply to the first message, i.e. cover letter. + + It has been possible already to configure send-email to send "shallow thread" + by setting sendemail.chainreplyto configuration variable to false. The + only thing this release does is to change the default when you haven't + configured that variable. + + * "git status" is not "git commit --dry-run" anymore. This change does + not affect you if you run the command without argument. + + * "git diff" traditionally treated various "ignore whitespace" options + only as a way to filter the patch output. "git diff --exit-code -b" + exited with non-zero status even if all changes were about changing the + amount of whitespace and nothing else; and "git diff -b" showed the + "diff --git" header line for such a change without patch text. + + In this release, the "ignore whitespaces" options affect the semantics + of the diff operation. A change that does not affect anything but + whitespaces is reported with zero exit status when run with + --exit-code, and there is no "diff --git" header for such a change. + + * External diff and textconv helpers are now executed using the shell. + This makes them consistent with other programs executed by git, and + allows you to pass command-line parameters to the helpers. Any helper + paths containing spaces or other metacharacters now need to be + shell-quoted. The affected helpers are GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF in the + environment, and diff.*.command and diff.*.textconv in the config + file. + + * The --max-pack-size argument to 'git repack', 'git pack-objects', and + 'git fast-import' was assuming the provided size to be expressed in MiB, + unlike the corresponding config variable and other similar options accepting + a size value. It is now expecting a size expressed in bytes, with a possible + unit suffix of 'k', 'm', or 'g'. + +Updates since v1.6.6 +-------------------- + +(subsystems) + + * "git fast-import" updates; adds "option" and "feature" to detect the + mismatch between fast-import and the frontends that produce the input + stream. + + * "git svn" support of subversion "merge tickets" and miscellaneous fixes. + + * "gitk" and "git gui" translation updates. + + * "gitweb" updates (code clean-up, load checking etc.) + +(portability) + + * Some more MSVC portability patches for msysgit port. + + * Minimum Pthreads emulation for msysgit port. + +(performance) + + * More performance improvement patches for msysgit port. + +(usability, bells and whistles) + + * More commands learned "--quiet" and "--[no-]progress" options. + + * Various commands given by the end user (e.g. diff.type.textconv, + and GIT_EDITOR) can be specified with command line arguments. E.g. it + is now possible to say "[diff "utf8doc"] textconv = nkf -w". + + * "sparse checkout" feature allows only part of the work tree to be + checked out. + + * HTTP transfer can use authentication scheme other than basic + (i.e./e.g. digest). + + * Switching from a version of superproject that used to have a submodule + to another version of superproject that no longer has it did not remove + the submodule directory when it should (namely, when you are not + interested in the submodule at all and didn't clone/checkout). + + * A new attribute conflict-marker-size can be used to change the size of + the conflict markers from the default 7; this is useful when tracked + contents (e.g. git-merge documentation) have strings that resemble the + conflict markers. + + * A new syntax "<branch>@{upstream}" can be used on the command line to + substitute the name of the "upstream" of the branch. Missing branch + defaults to the current branch, so "git fetch && git merge @{upstream}" + will be equivalent to "git pull". + + * "git am --resolved" has a synonym "git am --continue". + + * "git branch --set-upstream" can be used to update the (surprise!) upstream, + i.e. where the branch is supposed to pull and merge from (or rebase onto). + + * "git checkout A...B" is a way to detach HEAD at the merge base between + A and B. + + * "git checkout -m path" to reset the work tree file back into the + conflicted state works even when you already ran "git add path" and + resolved the conflicts. + + * "git commit --date='<date>'" can be used to override the author date + just like "git commit --author='<name> <email>'" can be used to + override the author identity. + + * "git commit --no-status" can be used to omit the listing of the index + and the work tree status in the editor used to prepare the log message. + + * "git commit" warns a bit more aggressively until you configure user.email, + whose default value almost always is not (and fundamentally cannot be) + what you want. + + * "git difftool" has been extended to make it easier to integrate it + with gitk. + + * "git fetch --all" can now be used in place of "git remote update". + + * "git grep" does not rely on external grep anymore. It can use more than + one thread to accelerate the operation. + + * "git grep" learned "--quiet" option. + + * "git log" and friends learned "--glob=heads/*" syntax that is a more + flexible way to complement "--branches/--tags/--remotes". + + * "git merge" learned to pass options specific to strategy-backends. E.g. + + - "git merge -Xsubtree=path/to/directory" can be used to tell the subtree + strategy how much to shift the trees explicitly. + + - "git merge -Xtheirs" can be used to auto-merge as much as possible, + while discarding your own changes and taking merged version in + conflicted regions. + + * "git push" learned "git push origin --delete branch", a syntactic sugar + for "git push origin :branch". + + * "git push" learned "git push --set-upstream origin forker:forkee" that + lets you configure your "forker" branch to later pull from "forkee" + branch at "origin". + + * "git rebase --onto A...B" means the history is replayed on top of the + merge base between A and B. + + * "git rebase -i" learned new action "fixup" that squashes the change + but does not affect existing log message. + + * "git rebase -i" also learned --autosquash option that is useful + together with the new "fixup" action. + + * "git remote" learned set-url subcommand that updates (surprise!) url + for an existing remote nickname. + + * "git rerere" learned "forget path" subcommand. Together with "git + checkout -m path" it will be useful when you recorded a wrong + resolution. + + * Use of "git reset --merge" has become easier when resetting away a + conflicted mess left in the work tree. + + * "git rerere" had rerere.autoupdate configuration but there was no way + to countermand it from the command line; --no-rerere-autoupdate option + given to "merge", "revert", etc. fixes this. + + * "git status" learned "-s(hort)" output format. + +(developers) + + * The infrastructure to build foreign SCM interface has been updated. + + * Many more commands are now built-in. + + * THREADED_DELTA_SEARCH is no more. If you build with threads, delta + compression will always take advantage of it. + +Fixes since v1.6.6 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.6.6.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. + + * "git branch -d branch" used to refuse deleting the branch even when + the branch is fully merged to its upstream branch if it is not merged + to the current branch. It now deletes it in such a case. + + * "filter-branch" command incorrectly said --prune-empty and --filter-commit + were incompatible; the latter should be read as --commit-filter. + + * When using "git status" or asking "git diff" to compare the work tree + with something, they used to consider that a checked-out submodule with + uncommitted changes is not modified; this could cause people to forget + committing these changes in the submodule before committing in the + superproject. They now consider such a change as a modification and + "git diff" will append a "-dirty" to the work tree side when generating + patch output or when used with the --submodule option. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3f6b3148a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +Git v1.7.1.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.1 +------------------ + + * Authentication over http transport can now be made lazily, in that the + request can first go to a URL without username, get a 401 response and + then the client will ask for the username to use. + + * We used to mistakenly think "../work" is a subdirectory of the current + directory when we are in "../work-xyz". + + * The attribute mechanism now allows an entry that uses an attribute + macro that set/unset one attribute, immediately followed by an + overriding setting; this makes attribute macros much easier to use. + + * We didn't recognize timezone "Z" as a synonym for "UTC" (75b37e70). + + * In 1.7.0, read-tree and user commands that use the mechanism such as + checkout and merge were fixed to handle switching between branches one + of which has a file while the other has a directory at the same path + correctly even when there are some "confusing" pathnames in them. But + the algorithm used for this fix was suboptimal and had a terrible + performance degradation especially in larger trees. + + * "git am -3" did not show diagnosis when the patch in the message was corrupt. + + * After "git apply --whitespace=fix" removed trailing blank lines in an + patch in a patch series, it failed to apply later patches that depend + on the presence of such blank lines. + + * "git bundle --stdin" segfaulted. + + * "git checkout" and "git rebase" overwrote paths that are marked "assume + unchanged". + + * "git commit --amend" on a commit with an invalid author-name line that + lacks the display name didn't work. + + * "git describe" did not tie-break tags that point at the same commit + correctly; newer ones are preferred by paying attention to the + tagger date now. + + * "git diff" used to tell underlying xdiff machinery to work very hard to + minimize the output, but this often was spending too many extra cycles + for very little gain. + + * "git diff --color" did not paint extended diff headers per line + (i.e. the coloring escape sequence didn't end at the end of line), + which confused "less -R". + + * "git fetch" over HTTP verifies the downloaded packfiles more robustly. + + * The memory usage by "git index-pack" (run during "git fetch" and "git + push") got leaner. + + * "GIT_DIR=foo.git git init --bare bar.git" created foo.git instead of bar.git. + + * "git log --abbrev=$num --format='%h' ignored --abbrev=$num. + + * "git ls-files ../out/side/cwd" refused to work. + + * "git merge --log" used to replace the custom message given by "-m" with + the shortlog, instead of appending to it. + + * "git notes copy" without any other argument segfaulted. + + * "git pull" accepted "--dry-run", gave it to underlying "git fetch" but + ignored the option itself, resulting in a bogus attempt to merge + unrelated commit. + + * "git rebase" did not faithfully reproduce a malformed author ident, that + is often seen in a repository converted from foreign SCMs. + + * "git reset --hard" started from a wrong directory and a working tree in + a nonstandard location is in use got confused. + + * "git send-email" lacked a way to specify the domainname used in the + EHLO/HELO exchange, causing rejected connection from picky servers. + It learned --smtp-domain option to solve this issue. + + * "git send-email" did not declare a content-transfer-encoding and + content-type even when its payload needs to be sent in 8-bit. + + * "git show -C -C" and other corner cases lost diff metainfo output + in 1.7.0. + + * "git stash" incorrectly lost paths in the working tree that were + previously removed from the index. + + * "git status" stopped refreshing the index by mistake in 1.7.1. + + * "git status" showed excess "hints" even when advice.statusHints is set to false. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..61ba14e262 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Git v1.7.1.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.1.1 +-------------------- + + * "git commit" did not honor GIT_REFLOG_ACTION environment variable, resulting + reflog messages for cherry-pick and revert actions to be recorded as "commit". + + * "git clone/fetch/pull" issued an incorrect error message when a ref and + a symref that points to the ref were updated at the same time. This + obviously would update them to the same value, and should not result in + an error condition. + + * "git diff" inside a tree with many pathnames that have certain + characters has become very slow in 1.7.0 by mistake. + + * "git rev-parse --parseopt --stop-at-non-option" did not stop at non option + when --keep-dashdash was in effect. + + * An overlong line after ".gitdir: " in a git file caused out of bounds + access to an array on the stack. + + * "git config --path conf.var" to attempt to expand a variable conf.var + that uses "~/" short-hand segfaulted when $HOME environment variable + was not set. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5b18518449 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Git v1.7.1.3 Release Notes +========================== + +This is primarily to backport support for the new "add.ignoreErrors" +name given to the existing "add.ignore-errors" configuration variable. + +The next version, Git 1.7.4, and future versions, will support both +old and incorrect name and the new corrected name, but without this +backport, users who want to use the new name "add.ignoreErrors" in +their repositories cannot use older versions of Git. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7c734b4f7b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Git v1.7.1.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.1.3 +-------------------- + + * "gitweb" can sometimes be tricked into parrotting a filename argument + given in a request without properly quoting. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9d89fedb36 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +Git v1.7.1 Release Notes +======================== + +Updates since v1.7.0 +-------------------- + + * Eric Raymond is the maintainer of updated CIAbot scripts, in contrib/. + + * gitk updates. + + * Some commands (e.g. svn and http interfaces) that interactively ask + for a password can be told to use an external program given via + GIT_ASKPASS. + + * Conflict markers that lead the common ancestor in diff3-style output + now have a label, which hopefully would help third-party tools that + expect one. + + * Comes with an updated bash-completion script. + + * "git am" learned "--keep-cr" option to handle inputs that are + a mixture of changes to files with and without CRLF line endings. + + * "git cvsimport" learned -R option to leave revision mapping between + CVS revisions and resulting git commits. + + * "git diff --submodule" notices and describes dirty submodules. + + * "git for-each-ref" learned %(symref), %(symref:short) and %(flag) + tokens. + + * "git hash-object --stdin-paths" can take "--no-filters" option now. + + * "git init" can be told to look at init.templatedir configuration + variable (obviously that has to come from either /etc/gitconfig or + $HOME/.gitconfig). + + * "git grep" learned "--no-index" option, to search inside contents that + are not managed by git. + + * "git grep" learned --color=auto/always/never. + + * "git grep" learned to paint filename and line-number in colors. + + * "git log -p --first-parent -m" shows one-parent diff for merge + commits, instead of showing combined diff. + + * "git merge-file" learned to use custom conflict marker size and also + to use the "union merge" behaviour. + + * "git notes" command has been rewritten in C and learned many commands + and features to help you carry notes forward across rebases and amends. + + * "git request-pull" identifies the commit the request is relative to in + a more readable way. + + * "git reset" learned "--keep" option that lets you discard commits + near the tip while preserving your local changes in a way similar + to how "git checkout branch" does. + + * "git status" notices and describes dirty submodules. + + * "git svn" should work better when interacting with repositories + with CRLF line endings. + + * "git imap-send" learned to support CRAM-MD5 authentication. + + * "gitweb" installation procedure can use "minified" js/css files + better. + + * Various documentation updates. + +Fixes since v1.7.0 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.7.0.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. + + * "git add frotz/nitfol" did not complain when the entire frotz/ directory + was ignored. + + * "git diff --stat" used "int" to count the size of differences, + which could result in overflowing. + + * "git rev-list --pretty=oneline" didn't terminate a record with LF for + commits without any message. + + * "git rev-list --abbrev-commit" defaulted to 40-byte abbreviations, unlike + newer tools in the git toolset. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..be68524cff --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +Git v1.7.10.1 Release Notes +=========================== + +Additions since v1.7.10 +----------------------- + +Localization message files for Danish and German have been added. + + +Fixes since v1.7.10 +------------------- + + * "git add -p" is not designed to deal with unmerged paths but did + not exclude them and tried to apply funny patches only to fail. + + * "git blame" started missing quite a few changes from the origin + since we stopped using the diff minimization by default in v1.7.2 + era. + + * When PATH contains an unreadable directory, alias expansion code + did not kick in, and failed with an error that said "git-subcmd" + was not found. + + * "git clean -d -f" (not "-d -f -f") is supposed to protect nested + working trees of independent git repositories that exist in the + current project working tree from getting removed, but the + protection applied only to such working trees that are at the + top-level of the current project by mistake. + + * "git commit --author=$name" did not tell the name that was being + recorded in the resulting commit to hooks, even though it does do + so when the end user overrode the authorship via the + "GIT_AUTHOR_NAME" environment variable. + + * When "git commit --template F" errors out because the user did not + touch the message, it claimed that it aborts due to "empty + message", which was utterly wrong. + + * The regexp configured with diff.wordregex was incorrectly reused + across files. + + * An age-old corner case bug in combine diff (only triggered with -U0 + and the hunk at the beginning of the file needs to be shown) has + been fixed. + + * Rename detection logic used to match two empty files as renames + during merge-recursive, leading to unnatural mismerges. + + * The parser in "fast-import" did not diagnose ":9" style references + that is not followed by required SP/LF as an error. + + * When "git fetch" encounters repositories with too many references, + the command line of "fetch-pack" that is run by a helper + e.g. remote-curl, may fail to hold all of them. Now such an + internal invocation can feed the references through the standard + input of "fetch-pack". + + * "git fetch" that recurses into submodules on demand did not check + if it needs to go into submodules when non branches (most notably, + tags) are fetched. + + * "log -p --graph" used with "--stat" had a few formatting error. + + * Running "notes merge --commit" failed to perform correctly when run + from any directory inside $GIT_DIR/. When "notes merge" stops with + conflicts, $GIT_DIR/NOTES_MERGE_WORKTREE is the place a user edits + to resolve it. + + * The 'push to upstream' implementation was broken in some corner + cases. "git push $there" without refspec, when the current branch + is set to push to a remote different from $there, used to push to + $there using the upstream information to a remote unreleated to + $there. + + * Giving "--continue" to a conflicted "rebase -i" session skipped a + commit that only results in changes to submodules. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7a7e9d6fd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +Git v1.7.10.2 Release Notes +=========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.10.1 +--------------------- + + * The test scaffolding for git-daemon was flaky. + + * The test scaffolding for fast-import was flaky. + + * The filesystem boundary was not correctly reported when .git directory + discovery stopped at a mount point. + + * HTTP transport that requires authentication did not work correctly when + multiple connections are used simultaneously. + + * Minor memory leak during unpack_trees (hence "merge" and "checkout" + to check out another branch) has been plugged. + + * In the older days, the header "Conflicts:" in "cherry-pick" and "merge" + was separated by a blank line from the list of paths that follow for + readability, but when "merge" was rewritten in C, we lost it by + mistake. Remove the newline from "cherry-pick" to make them match + again. + + * The command line parser choked "git cherry-pick $name" when $name can + be both revision name and a pathname, even though $name can never be a + path in the context of the command. + + * The "include.path" facility in the configuration mechanism added in + 1.7.10 forgot to interpret "~/path" and "~user/path" as it should. + + * "git config --rename-section" to rename an existing section into a + bogus one did not check the new name. + + * The "diff --no-index" codepath used limited-length buffers, risking + pathnames getting truncated. Update it to use the strbuf API. + + * The report from "git fetch" said "new branch" even for a non branch + ref. + + * The http-backend (the server side of the smart http transfer) used + to overwrite GIT_COMMITTER_NAME and GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL with the + value obtained from REMOTE_USER unconditionally, making it + impossible for the server side site-specific customization to use + different identity sources to affect the names logged. It now uses + REMOTE_USER only as a fallback value. + + * "log --graph" was not very friendly with "--stat" option and its + output had line breaks at wrong places. + + * Octopus merge strategy did not reduce heads that are recorded in the + final commit correctly. + + * "git push" over smart-http lost progress output a few releases ago; + this release resurrects it. + + * The error and advice messages given by "git push" when it fails due + to non-ff were not very helpful to new users; it has been broken + into three cases, and each is given a separate advice message. + + * The insn sheet given by "rebase -i" did not make it clear that the + insn lines can be re-ordered to affect the order of the commits in + the resulting history. + + * "git repack" used to write out unreachable objects as loose objects + when repacking, even if such loose objects will immediately pruned + due to its age. + + * A contrib script "rerere-train" did not work out of the box unless + user futzed with her $PATH. + + * "git rev-parse --show-prefix" used to emit nothing when run at the + top-level of the working tree, but now it gives a blank line. + + * The i18n of error message "git stash save" was not properly done. + + * "git submodule" used a sed script that some platforms mishandled. + + * When using a Perl script on a system where "perl" found on user's + $PATH could be ancient or otherwise broken, we allow builders to + specify the path to a good copy of Perl with $PERL_PATH. The + gitweb test forgot to use that Perl when running its test. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..703fbf1d60 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +Git v1.7.10.3 Release Notes +=========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.10.2 +--------------------- + + * The message file for German translation has been updated a bit. + + * Running "git checkout" on an unborn branch used to corrupt HEAD. + + * When checking out another commit from an already detached state, we + used to report all commits that are not reachable from any of the + refs as lossage, but some of them might be reachable from the new + HEAD, and there is no need to warn about them. + + * Some time ago, "git clone" lost the progress output for its + "checkout" phase; when run without any "--quiet" option, it should + give progress to the lengthy operation. + + * The directory path used in "git diff --no-index", when it recurses + down, was broken with a recent update after v1.7.10.1 release. + + * "log -z --pretty=tformat:..." did not terminate each record with + NUL. The fix is not entirely correct when the output also asks for + --patch and/or --stat, though. + + * The DWIM behaviour for "log --pretty=format:%gd -g" was somewhat + broken and gave undue precedence to configured log.date, causing + "git stash list" to show "stash@{time stamp string}". + + * "git status --porcelain" ignored "--branch" option by mistake. The + output for "git status --branch -z" was also incorrect and did not + terminate the record for the current branch name with NUL as asked. + + * When a submodule repository uses alternate object store mechanism, + some commands that were started from the superproject did not + notice it and failed with "No such object" errors. The subcommands + of "git submodule" command that recursed into the submodule in a + separate process were OK; only the ones that cheated and peeked + directly into the submodule's repository from the primary process + were affected. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..326670df6e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Git v1.7.10.4 Release Notes +=========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.10.3 +--------------------- + + * The message file for Swedish translation has been updated a bit. + + * A name taken from mailmap was copied into an internal buffer + incorrectly and could overun the buffer if it is too long. + + * A malformed commit object that has a header line chomped in the + middle could kill git with a NULL pointer dereference. + + * An author/committer name that is a single character was mishandled + as an invalid name by mistake. + + * The progress indicator for a large "git checkout" was sent to + stderr even if it is not a terminal. + + * "git grep -e '$pattern'", unlike the case where the patterns are + read from a file, did not treat individual lines in the given + pattern argument as separate regular expressions as it should. + + * When "git rebase" was given a bad commit to replay the history on, + its error message did not correctly give the command line argument + it had trouble parsing. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4db1770e38 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Git v1.7.10.5 Release Notes +=========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.10.4 +--------------------- + + * "git fast-export" did not give a readable error message when the + same mark erroneously appeared twice in the --import-marks input. + + * "git rebase -p" used to pay attention to rebase.autosquash which + was wrong. "git rebase -p -i" should, but "git rebase -p" by + itself should not. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..58100bf04e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,219 @@ +Git v1.7.10 Release Notes +========================= + +Compatibility Notes +------------------- + + * From this release on, the "git merge" command in an interactive + session will start an editor when it automatically resolves the + merge for the user to explain the resulting commit, just like the + "git commit" command does when it wasn't given a commit message. + + If you have a script that runs "git merge" and keeps its standard + input and output attached to the user's terminal, and if you do not + want the user to explain the resulting merge commits, you can + export GIT_MERGE_AUTOEDIT environment variable set to "no", like + this: + + #!/bin/sh + GIT_MERGE_AUTOEDIT=no + export GIT_MERGE_AUTOEDIT + + to disable this behavior (if you want your users to explain their + merge commits, you do not have to do anything). Alternatively, you + can give the "--no-edit" option to individual invocations of the + "git merge" command if you know everybody who uses your script has + Git v1.7.8 or newer. + + * The "--binary/-b" options to "git am" have been a no-op for quite a + while and were deprecated in mid 2008 (v1.6.0). When you give these + options to "git am", it will now warn and ask you not to use them. + + * When you do not tell which branches and tags to push to the "git + push" command in any way, the command used "matching refs" rule to + update remote branches and tags with branches and tags with the + same name you locally have. In future versions of Git, this will + change to push out only your current branch according to either the + "upstream" or the "current" rule. Although "upstream" may be more + powerful once the user understands Git better, the semantics + "current" gives is simpler and easier to understand for beginners + and may be a safer and better default option. We haven't decided + yet which one to switch to. + + +Updates since v1.7.9 +-------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * various "gitk" updates. + - show the path to the top level directory in the window title + - update preference edit dialog + - display file list correctly when directories are given on command line + - make "git-describe" output in the log message into a clickable link + - avoid matching the UNIX timestamp part when searching all fields + - give preference to symbolic font names like sans & monospace + - allow comparing two commits using a mark + - "gitk" honors log.showroot configuration. + + * Teams for localizing the messages from the Porcelain layer of + commands are starting to form, thanks to Jiang Xin who volunteered + to be the localization coordinator. Translated messages for + simplified Chinese, Swedish and Portuguese are available. + + * The configuration mechanism learned an "include" facility; an + assignment to the include.path pseudo-variable causes the named + file to be included in-place when Git looks up configuration + variables. + + * A content filter (clean/smudge) used to be just a way to make the + recorded contents "more useful", and allowed to fail; a filter can + now optionally be marked as "required". + + * Options whose names begin with "--no-" (e.g. the "--no-verify" + option of the "git commit" command) can be negated by omitting + "no-" from its name, e.g. "git commit --verify". + + * "git am" learned to pass "-b" option to underlying "git mailinfo", so + that a bracketed string other than "PATCH" at the beginning can be kept. + + * "git clone" learned "--single-branch" option to limit cloning to a + single branch (surprise!); tags that do not point into the history + of the branch are not fetched. + + * "git clone" learned to detach the HEAD in the resulting repository + when the user specifies a tag with "--branch" (e.g., "--branch=v1.0"). + Clone also learned to print the usual "detached HEAD" advice in such + a case, similar to "git checkout v1.0". + + * When showing a patch while ignoring whitespace changes, the context + lines are taken from the postimage, in order to make it easier to + view the output. + + * "git diff --stat" learned to adjust the width of the output on + wider terminals, and give more columns to pathnames as needed. + + * "diff-highlight" filter (in contrib/) was updated to produce more + aesthetically pleasing output. + + * "fsck" learned "--no-dangling" option to omit dangling object + information. + + * "git log -G" and "git log -S" learned to pay attention to the "-i" + option. With "-i", "log -G" ignores the case when finding patch + hunks that introduce or remove a string that matches the given + pattern. Similarly with "-i", "log -S" ignores the case when + finding the commit the given block of text appears or disappears + from the file. + + * "git merge" in an interactive session learned to spawn the editor + by default to let the user edit the auto-generated merge message, + to encourage people to explain their merges better. Legacy scripts + can export GIT_MERGE_AUTOEDIT=no to retain the historical behavior. + Both "git merge" and "git pull" can be given --no-edit from the + command line to accept the auto-generated merge message. + + * The advice message given when the user didn't give enough clue on + what to merge to "git pull" and "git merge" has been updated to + be more concise and easier to understand. + + * "git push" learned the "--prune" option, similar to "git fetch". + + * The whole directory that houses a top-level superproject managed by + "git submodule" can be moved to another place. + + * "git symbolic-ref" learned the "--short" option to abbreviate the + refname it shows unambiguously. + + * "git tag --list" can be given "--points-at <object>" to limit its + output to those that point at the given object. + + * "gitweb" allows intermediate entries in the directory hierarchy + that leads to a project to be clicked, which in turn shows the + list of projects inside that directory. + + * "gitweb" learned to read various pieces of information for the + repositories lazily, instead of reading everything that could be + needed (including the ones that are not necessary for a specific + task). + + * Project search in "gitweb" shows the substring that matched in the + project name and description highlighted. + + * HTTP transport learned to authenticate with a proxy if needed. + + * A new script "diffall" is added to contrib/; it drives an + external tool to perform a directory diff of two Git revisions + in one go, unlike "difftool" that compares one file at a time. + +Foreign Interface + + * Improved handling of views, labels and branches in "git-p4" (in contrib). + + * "git-p4" (in contrib) suffered from unnecessary merge conflicts when + p4 expanded the embedded $RCS$-like keywords; it can be now told to + unexpand them. + + * Some "git-svn" updates. + + * "vcs-svn"/"svn-fe" learned to read dumps with svn-deltas and + support incremental imports. + + * "git difftool/mergetool" learned to drive DeltaWalker. + +Performance + + * Unnecessary calls to parse_object() "git upload-pack" makes in + response to "git fetch", have been eliminated, to help performance + in repositories with excessive number of refs. + +Internal Implementation (please report possible regressions) + + * Recursive call chains in "git index-pack" to deal with long delta + chains have been flattened, to reduce the stack footprint. + + * Use of add_extra_ref() API is now gone, to make it possible to + cleanly restructure the overall refs API. + + * The command line parser of "git pack-objects" now uses parse-options + API. + + * The test suite supports the new "test_pause" helper function. + + * Parallel to the test suite, there is a beginning of performance + benchmarking framework. + + * t/Makefile is adjusted to prevent newer versions of GNU make from + running tests in seemingly random order. + + * The code to check if a path points at a file beyond a symbolic link + has been restructured to be thread-safe. + + * When pruning directories that has become empty during "git prune" + and "git prune-packed", call closedir() that iterates over a + directory before rmdir() it. + +Also contains minor documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v1.7.9 +------------------ + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v1.7.9 in the maintenance +releases are contained in this release (see release notes to them for +details). + + * Build with NO_PERL_MAKEMAKER was broken and Git::I18N did not work + with versions of Perl older than 5.8.3. + (merge 5eb660e ab/perl-i18n later to maint). + + * "git tag -s" honored "gpg.program" configuration variable since + 1.7.9, but "git tag -v" and "git verify-tag" didn't. + (merge a2c2506 az/verify-tag-use-gpg-config later to maint). + + * "configure" script learned to take "--with-sane-tool-path" from the + command line to record SANE_TOOL_PATH (used to avoid broken platform + tools in /usr/bin) in config.mak.autogen. This may be useful for + people on Solaris who have saner tools outside /usr/xpg[46]/bin. + + * zsh port of bash completion script needed another workaround. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..577eccaacd --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +Git v1.7.11.1 Release Notes +=========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.11 +------------------- + + * The cross links in the HTML version of manual pages were broken. + +Also contains minor typofixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f0cfd02d6f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +Git v1.7.11.2 Release Notes +=========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.11.1 +--------------------- + + * On Cygwin, the platform pread(2) is not thread safe, just like our + own compat/ emulation, and cannot be used in the index-pack + program. Makefile variable NO_THREAD_SAFE_PREAD can be defined to + avoid use of this function in a threaded program. + + * "git add" allows adding a regular file to the path where a + submodule used to exist, but "git update-index" does not allow an + equivalent operation to Porcelain writers. + + * "git archive" incorrectly computed the header checksum; the symptom + was observed only when using pathnames with hi-bit set. + + * "git blame" did not try to make sure that the abbreviated commit + object names in its output are unique. + + * Running "git bundle verify" on a bundle that records a complete + history said "it requires these 0 commits". + + * "git clone --single-branch" to clone a single branch did not limit + the cloning to the specified branch. + + * "git diff --no-index" did not correctly handle relative paths and + did not correctly give exit codes when run under "--quiet" option. + + * "git diff --no-index" did not work with pagers correctly. + + * "git diff COPYING HEAD:COPYING" gave a nonsense error message that + claimed that the tree-ish HEAD did not have COPYING in it. + + * When "git log" gets "--simplify-merges/by-decoration" together with + "--first-parent", the combination of these options makes the + simplification logic to use in-core commit objects that haven't + been examined for relevance, either producing incorrect result or + taking too long to produce any output. Teach the simplification + logic to ignore commits that the first-parent traversal logic + ignored when both are in effect to work around the issue. + + * "git ls-files --exclude=t -i" did not consider anything under t/ as + excluded, as it did not pay attention to exclusion of leading paths + while walking the index. Other two users of excluded() are also + updated. + + * "git request-pull $url dev" when the tip of "dev" branch was tagged + with "ext4-for-linus" used the contents from the tag in the output + but still asked the "dev" branch to be pulled, not the tag. + +Also contains minor typofixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..64494f89d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +Git v1.7.11.3 Release Notes +=========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.11.3 +--------------------- + + * The error message from "git push $there :bogo" (and its equivalent + "git push $there --delete bogo") mentioned that we tried and failed + to guess what ref is being deleted based on the LHS of the refspec, + which we don't. + + * A handful of files and directories we create had tighter than + necessary permission bits when the user wanted to have group + writability (e.g. by setting "umask 002"). + + * "commit --amend" used to refuse amending a commit with an empty log + message, with or without "--allow-empty-message". + + * "git commit --amend --only --" was meant to allow "Clever" people to + rewrite the commit message without making any change even when they + have already changes for the next commit added to their index, but + it never worked as advertised since it was introduced in 1.3.0 era. + + * Even though the index can record pathnames longer than 1<<12 bytes, + in some places we were not comparing them in full, potentially + replacing index entries instead of adding. + + * "git show"'s auto-walking behaviour was an unreliable and + unpredictable hack; it now behaves just like "git log" does when it + walks. + + * "git diff", "git status" and anything that internally uses the + comparison machinery was utterly broken when the difference + involved a file with "-" as its name. This was due to the way "git + diff --no-index" was incorrectly bolted on to the system, making + any comparison that involves a file "-" at the root level + incorrectly read from the standard input. + + * We did not have test to make sure "git rebase" without extra options + filters out an empty commit in the original history. + + * "git fast-export" produced an input stream for fast-import without + properly quoting pathnames when they contain SPs in them. + + * "git checkout --detach", when you are still on an unborn branch, + should be forbidden, but it wasn't. + + * Some implementations of Perl terminates "lines" with CRLF even when + the script is operating on just a sequence of bytes. Make sure to + use "$PERL_PATH", the version of Perl the user told Git to use, in + our tests to avoid unnecessary breakages in tests. + +Also contains minor typofixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3a640c2d4d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Git v1.7.11.4 Release Notes +=========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.11.3 +--------------------- + + * "$GIT_DIR/COMMIT_EDITMSG" file that is used to hold the commit log + message user edits was not documented. + + * The advise() function did not use varargs correctly to format + its message. + + * When "git am" failed, old timers knew to check .git/rebase-apply/patch + to see what went wrong, but we never told the users about it. + + * "git commit-tree" learned a more natural "-p <parent> <tree>" order + of arguments long time ago, but recently forgot it by mistake. + + * "git diff --no-ext-diff" did not output anything for a typechange + filepair when GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is in effect. + + * In 1.7.9 era, we taught "git rebase" about the raw timestamp format + but we did not teach the same trick to "filter-branch", which rolled + a similar logic on its own. + + * When "git submodule add" clones a submodule repository, it can get + confused where to store the resulting submodule repository in the + superproject's .git/ directory when there is a symbolic link in the + path to the current directory. + +Also contains minor typofixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0a2ed855c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +Git v1.7.11.5 Release Notes +=========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.11.4 +--------------------- + + * The Makefile rule to create assembly output (primarily for + debugging purposes) did not create it next to the source. + + * The code to avoid mistaken attempt to add the object directory + itself as its own alternate could read beyond end of a string while + comparison. + + * On some architectures, "block-sha1" did not compile correctly + when compilers inferred alignment guarantees from our source we + did not intend to make. + + * When talking to a remote running ssh on IPv6 enabled host, whose + address is spelled as "[HOST]:PORT", we did not parse the address + correctly and failed to connect. + + * git-blame.el (in compat/) have been updated to use Elisp more + correctly. + + * "git checkout <branchname>" to come back from a detached HEAD state + incorrectly computed reachability of the detached HEAD, resulting + in unnecessary warnings. + + * "git mergetool" did not support --tool-help option to give the list + of supported backends, like "git difftool" does. + + * "git grep" stopped spawning an external "grep" long time ago, but a + duplicated test to check internal and external "grep" was left + behind. + +Also contains minor typofixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ba7d3c3966 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +Git v1.7.11.6 Release Notes +=========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.11.5 +--------------------- + + * "ciabot" script (in contrib/) has been updated with extensive + documentation. + + * "git foo" errored out with "Not a directory" when the user had a + non-directory on $PATH, and worse yet it masked an alias "foo" from + running. + + * When the user exports a non-default IFS without HT, scripts that + rely on being able to parse "ls-files -s | while read a b c..." + started to fail. Protect them from such a misconfiguration. + + * When the user gives an argument that can be taken as both a + revision name and a pathname without disambiguating with "--", we + used to give a help message "Use '--' to separate". The message + has been clarified to show where that '--' goes on the command + line. + + * Documentation for the configuration file format had a confusing + example. + + * Older parts of the documentation described as if having a regular + file in .git/refs/ hierarchy were the only way to have branches and + tags, which is not true for quite some time. + + * It was generally understood that "--long-option"s to many of our + subcommands can be abbreviated to the unique prefix, but it was not + easy to find it described for new readers of the documentation set. + + * The "--topo-order", "--date-order" (and the lack of either means + the default order) options to "rev-list" and "log" family of + commands were poorly described in the documentation. + + * "git commit --amend" let the user edit the log message and then + died when the human-readable committer name was given + insufficiently by getpwent(3). + + * The exit status code from "git config" was way overspecified while + being incorrect. The implementation has been updated to give the + documented status for a case that was documented, and introduce a + new code for "all other errors". + + * The output from "git diff -B" for a file that ends with an + incomplete line did not put "\ No newline..." on a line of its own. + + * "git diff" had a confusion between taking data from a path in the + working tree and taking data from an object that happens to have + name 0{40} recorded in a tree. + + * The "--rebase" option to "git pull" can be abbreviated to "-r", + but we didn't document it. + + * When "git push" triggered the automatic gc on the receiving end, a + message from "git prune" that said it was removing cruft leaked to + the standard output, breaking the communication protocol. + + * The reflog entries left by "git rebase" and "git rebase -i" were + inconsistent (the interactive one gave an abbreviated object name). + + * "git send-email" did not unquote encoded words that appear on the + header correctly, and lost "_" from strings. + + * "git stash apply/pop" did not trigger "rerere" upon conflicts + unlike other mergy operations. + + * "git submodule <cmd> path" did not error out when the path to the + submodule was misspelt. + + * "git submodule update -f" did not update paths in the working tree + that has local changes. + (merge 01d4721 sz/submodule-force-update later to maint). + + * "gitweb" when used with PATH_INFO failed to notice directories with + SP (and other characters that need URL-style quoting) in them. + + * Fallback 'getpass' implementation made unportable use of stdio API. + + * A utility shell function test_seq has been added as a replacement + for the 'seq' utility found on some platforms. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e7e79d999b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +Git v1.7.11.7 Release Notes +=========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.11.6 +--------------------- + + * The synopsis said "checkout [-B branch]" to make it clear the + branch name is a parameter to the option, but the heading for the + option description was "-B::", not "-B branch::", making the + documentation misleading. + + * Git ships with a fall-back regexp implementation for platforms with + buggy regexp library, but it was easy for people to keep using their + platform regexp. A new test has been added to check this. + + * "git apply -p0" did not parse pathnames on "diff --git" line + correctly. This caused patches that had pathnames in no other + places to be mistakenly rejected (most notably, binary patch that + does not rename nor change mode). Textual patches, renames or mode + changes have preimage and postimage pathnames in different places + in a form that can be parsed unambiguously and did not suffer from + this problem. + + * After "gitk" showed the contents of a tag, neither "Reread + references" nor "Reload" did not update what is shown as the + contents of it, when the user overwrote the tag with "git tag -f". + + * "git for-each-ref" did not currectly support more than one --sort + option. + + * "git log .." errored out saying it is both rev range and a path + when there is no disambiguating "--" is on the command line. + Update the command line parser to interpret ".." as a path in such + a case. + + * Pushing to smart HTTP server with recent Git fails without having + the username in the URL to force authentication, if the server is + configured to allow GET anonymously, while requiring authentication + for POST. + + * "git show --format='%ci'" did not give timestamp correctly for + commits created without human readable name on "committer" line. + (merge e27ddb6 jc/maint-ident-missing-human-name later to maint). + + * "git show --quiet" ought to be a synonym for "git show -s", but + wasn't. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..15b954ca4b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +Git v1.7.11 Release Notes +========================= + +Updates since v1.7.10 +--------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * A new mode for push, "simple", which is a cross between "current" + and "upstream", has been introduced. "git push" without any refspec + will push the current branch out to the same name at the remote + repository only when it is set to track the branch with the same + name over there. The plan is to make this mode the new default + value when push.default is not configured. + + * A couple of commands learned the "--column" option to produce + columnar output. + + * A third-party tool "git subtree" is distributed in contrib/ + + * A remote helper that acts as a proxy and caches ssl session for the + https:// transport is added to the contrib/ area. + + * Error messages given when @{u} is used for a branch without its + upstream configured have been clarified. + + * Even with the "-q"uiet option, "checkout" used to report setting up + tracking. Also "branch" learned the "-q"uiet option to squelch + informational message. + + * Your build platform may support hardlinks but you may prefer not to + use them, e.g. when installing to DESTDIR to make a tarball and + untarring on a filesystem that has poor support for hardlinks. + There is a Makefile option NO_INSTALL_HARDLINKS for you. + + * The smart-http backend used to always override GIT_COMMITTER_* + variables with REMOTE_USER and REMOTE_ADDR, but these variables are + now preserved when set. + + * "git am" learned the "--include" option, which is an opposite of + existing the "--exclude" option. + + * When "git am -3" needs to fall back to an application of the patch + to a synthesized preimage followed by a 3-way merge, the paths that + needed such treatment are now reported to the end user, so that the + result in them can be eyeballed with extra care. + + * The output from "diff/log --stat" used to always allocate 4 columns + to show the number of modified lines, but not anymore. + + * "git difftool" learned the "--dir-diff" option to spawn external + diff tools that can compare two directory hierarchies at a time + after populating two temporary directories, instead of running an + instance of the external tool once per a file pair. + + * The "fmt-merge-msg" command learned to list the primary contributors + involved in the side topic you are merging in a comment in the merge + commit template. + + * "git rebase" learned to optionally keep commits that do not + introduce any change in the original history. + + * "git push --recurse-submodules" learned to optionally look into the + histories of submodules bound to the superproject and push them + out. + + * A 'snapshot' request to "gitweb" honors If-Modified-Since: header, + based on the commit date. + + * "gitweb" learned to highlight the patch it outputs even more. + +Foreign Interface + + * "git svn" used to die with unwanted SIGPIPE when talking with an HTTP + server that uses keep-alive. + + * "git svn" learned to use platform specific authentication + providers, e.g. gnome-keyring, kwallet, etc. + + * "git p4" has been moved out of the contrib/ area and has seen more + work on importing labels as tags from (and exporting tags as labels + to) p4. + +Performance and Internal Implementation (please report possible regressions) + + * Bash completion script (in contrib/) have been cleaned up to make + future work on it simpler. + + * An experimental "version 4" format of the index file has been + introduced to reduce on-disk footprint and I/O overhead. + + * "git archive" learned to produce its output without reading the + blob object it writes out in memory in its entirety. + + * "git index-pack" that runs when fetching or pushing objects to + complete the packfile on the receiving end learned to use multiple + threads to do its job when available. + + * The code to compute hash values for lines used by the internal diff + engine was optimized on little-endian machines, using the same + trick the kernel folks came up with. + + * "git apply" had some memory leaks plugged. + + * Setting up a revision traversal with many starting points was + inefficient as these were placed in a date-order priority queue + one-by-one. Now they are collected in the queue unordered first, + and sorted immediately before getting used. + + * More lower-level commands learned to use the streaming API to read + from the object store without keeping everything in core. + + * The weighting parameters to suggestion command name typo have been + tweaked, so that "git tags" will suggest "tag?" and not "stage?". + + * Because "sh" on the user's PATH may be utterly broken on some + systems, run-command API now uses SHELL_PATH, not /bin/sh, when + spawning an external command (not applicable to Windows port). + + * The API to iterate over the refs/ hierarchy has been tweaked to + allow walking only a subset of it more efficiently. + +Also contains minor documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v1.7.10 +------------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v1.7.10 in the maintenance +releases are contained in this release (see release notes to them for +details). + + * "git submodule init" used to report "registered for path ..." + even for submodules that were registered earlier. + (cherry-pick c1c259e jl/submodule-report-new-path-once later to maint). + + * "git diff --stat" used to fully count a binary file with modified + execution bits whose contents is unmodified, which was not quite + right. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b8f04af19f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +Git 1.7.12.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.12 +------------------- + + * "git apply -p0" did not parse pathnames on "diff --git" line + correctly. This caused patches that had pathnames in no other + places to be mistakenly rejected (most notably, binary patch that + does not rename nor change mode). Textual patches, renames or mode + changes have preimage and postimage pathnames in different places + in a form that can be parsed unambiguously and did not suffer from + this problem. + + * "git cherry-pick A C B" used to replay changes in A and then B and + then C if these three commits had committer timestamps in that + order, which is not what the user who said "A C B" naturally + expects. + + * "git commit --amend" let the user edit the log message and then + died when the human-readable committer name was given + insufficiently by getpwent(3). + + * Some capabilities were asked by fetch-pack even when upload-pack + did not advertise that they are available. fetch-pack has been + fixed not to do so. + + * "git diff" had a confusion between taking data from a path in the + working tree and taking data from an object that happens to have + name 0{40} recorded in a tree. + + * "git for-each-ref" did not correctly support more than one --sort + option. + + * "git log .." errored out saying it is both rev range and a path + when there is no disambiguating "--" is on the command line. + Update the command line parser to interpret ".." as a path in such + a case. + + * The "--topo-order", "--date-order" (and the lack of either means + the default order) options to "rev-list" and "log" family of + commands were poorly described in the documentation. + + * "git prune" without "-v" used to warn about leftover temporary + files (which is an indication of an earlier aborted operation). + + * Pushing to smart HTTP server with recent Git fails without having + the username in the URL to force authentication, if the server is + configured to allow GET anonymously, while requiring authentication + for POST. + + * The reflog entries left by "git rebase" and "git rebase -i" were + inconsistent (the interactive one gave an abbreviated object name). + + * When "git push" triggered the automatic gc on the receiving end, a + message from "git prune" that said it was removing cruft leaked to + the standard output, breaking the communication protocol. + + * "git show --quiet" ought to be a synonym for "git show -s", but + wasn't. + + * "git show --format='%ci'" did not give timestamp correctly for + commits created without human readable name on "committer" line. + + * "git send-email" did not unquote encoded words that appear on the + header correctly, and lost "_" from strings. + + * The interactive prompt "git send-email" gives was error prone. It + asked "What e-mail address do you want to use?" with the address it + guessed (correctly) the user would want to use in its prompt, + tempting the user to say "y". But the response was taken as "No, + please use 'y' as the e-mail address instead", which is most + certainly not what the user meant. + + * "gitweb" when used with PATH_INFO failed to notice directories with + SP (and other characters that need URL-style quoting) in them. + + * When the user gives an argument that can be taken as both a + revision name and a pathname without disambiguating with "--", we + used to give a help message "Use '--' to separate". The message + has been clarified to show where that '--' goes on the command + line. + + * When the user exports a non-default IFS without HT, scripts that + rely on being able to parse "ls-files -s | while read a b c..." + started to fail. Protect them from such a misconfiguration. + + * The attribute system may be asked for a path that itself or its + leading directories no longer exists in the working tree, and it is + fine if we cannot open .gitattribute file in such a case. Failure + to open per-directory .gitattributes with error status other than + ENOENT and ENOTDIR should be diagnosed, but it wasn't. + + * After "gitk" showed the contents of a tag, neither "Reread + references" nor "Reload" did not update what is shown as the + contents of it, when the user overwrote the tag with "git tag -f". + + * "ciabot" script (in contrib/) has been updated with extensive + documentation. + + * "git-jump" script (in contrib/) did not work well when + diff.noprefix or diff.mnemonicprefix is in effect. + + * Older parts of the documentation described as if having a regular + file in .git/refs/ hierarchy were the only way to have branches and + tags, which is not true for quite some time. + + * A utility shell function test_seq has been added as a replacement + for the 'seq' utility found on some platforms. + + * Compatibility wrapper to learn the maximum number of file + descriptors we can open around sysconf(_SC_OPEN_MAX) and + getrlimit(RLIMIT_NO_FILE) has been introduced for portability. + + * We used curl_easy_strerror() without checking version of cURL, + breaking the build for versions before curl 7.12.0. + + * Code to work around MacOS X UTF-8 gotcha has been cleaned up. + + * Fallback 'getpass' implementation made unportable use of stdio API. + + * The "--rebase" option to "git pull" can be abbreviated to "-r", + but we didn't document it. + + * It was generally understood that "--long-option"s to many of our + subcommands can be abbreviated to the unique prefix, but it was not + easy to find it described for new readers of the documentation set. + + * The synopsis said "checkout [-B branch]" to make it clear the + branch name is a parameter to the option, but the heading for the + option description was "-B::", not "-B branch::", making the + documentation misleading. + +Also contains numerous documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..69255745e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +Git 1.7.12.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.12.1 +--------------------- + + * When "git am" is fed an input that has multiple "Content-type: ..." + header, it did not grok charset= attribute correctly. + + * Even during a conflicted merge, "git blame $path" always meant to + blame uncommitted changes to the "working tree" version; make it + more useful by showing cleanly merged parts as coming from the other + branch that is being merged. + + * "git blame MAKEFILE" run in a history that has "Makefile" but not + "MAKEFILE" should say "No such file MAKEFILE in HEAD", but got + confused on a case insensitive filesystem and failed to do so. + + * "git fetch --all", when passed "--no-tags", did not honor the + "--no-tags" option while fetching from individual remotes (the same + issue existed with "--tags", but combination "--all --tags" makes + much less sense than "--all --no-tags"). + + * "git log/diff/format-patch --stat" showed the "N line(s) added" + comment in user's locale and caused careless submitters to send + patches with such a line in them to projects whose project language + is not their language, mildly irritating others. Localization to + the line has been disabled for now. + + * "git log --all-match --grep=A --grep=B" ought to show commits that + mention both A and B, but when these three options are used with + --author or --committer, it showed commits that mention either A or + B (or both) instead. + + * The subcommand to remove the definition of a remote in "git remote" + was named "rm" even though all other subcommands were spelled out. + Introduce "git remote remove" to remove confusion, and keep "rm" as + a backward compatible synonym. + +Also contains a handful of documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ecda427a35 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Git 1.7.12.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.12.2 +--------------------- + + * "git am" mishandled a patch attached as application/octet-stream + (e.g. not text/*); Content-Transfer-Encoding (e.g. base64) was not + honored correctly. + + * It was unclear in the documentation for "git blame" that it is + unnecessary for users to use the "--follow" option. + + * A repository created with "git clone --single" had its fetch + refspecs set up just like a clone without "--single", leading the + subsequent "git fetch" to slurp all the other branches, defeating + the whole point of specifying "only this branch". + + * "git fetch" over http had an old workaround for an unlikely server + misconfiguration; it turns out that this hurts debuggability of the + configuration in general, and has been reverted. + + * "git fetch" over http advertised that it supports "deflate", which + is much less common, and did not advertise the more common "gzip" on + its Accept-Encoding header. + + * "git receive-pack" (the counterpart to "git push") did not give + progress output while processing objects it received to the puser + when run over the smart-http protocol. + + * "git status" honored the ignore=dirty settings in .gitmodules but + "git commit" didn't. + +Also contains a handful of documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c6da3cc939 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +Git 1.7.12.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.12.3 +--------------------- + + * "git fetch" over the dumb-http revision walker could segfault when + curl's multi interface was used. + + * It was possible to give specific paths for "asciidoc" and other + tools in the documentation toolchain, but not for "xmlto". + + * "gitweb" did not give the correct committer timezone in its feed + output due to a typo. + + * The "-Xours" (and similarly -Xtheirs) backend option to "git + merge -s recursive" was ignored for binary files. Now it is + honored. + + * The "binary" synthetic attribute made "diff" to treat the path as + binary, but not "merge". + +Also contains many documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.12.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.12.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..010d8c7de4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +Git v1.7.12 Release Notes +========================= + +Updates since v1.7.11 +--------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * Git can be told to normalize pathnames it read from readdir(3) and + all arguments it got from the command line into precomposed UTF-8 + (assuming that they come as decomposed UTF-8), in order to work + around issues on Mac OS. + + I think there still are other places that need conversion + (e.g. paths that are read from stdin for some commands), but this + should be a good first step in the right direction. + + * Per-user $HOME/.gitconfig file can optionally be stored in + $HOME/.config/git/config instead, which is in line with XDG. + + * The value of core.attributesfile and core.excludesfile default to + $HOME/.config/git/attributes and $HOME/.config/git/ignore respectively + when these files exist. + + * Logic to disambiguate abbreviated object names have been taught to + take advantage of object types that are expected in the context, + e.g. XXXXXX in the "git describe" output v1.2.3-gXXXXXX must be a + commit object, not a blob nor a tree. This will help us prolong + the lifetime of abbreviated object names. + + * "git apply" learned to wiggle the base version and perform three-way + merge when a patch does not exactly apply to the version you have. + + * Scripted Porcelain writers now have access to the credential API via + the "git credential" plumbing command. + + * "git help" used to always default to "man" format even on platforms + where "man" viewer is not widely available. + + * "git clone --local $path" started its life as an experiment to + optionally use link/copy when cloning a repository on the disk, but + we didn't deprecate it after we made the option a no-op to always + use the optimization. The command learned "--no-local" option to + turn this off, as a more explicit alternative over use of file:// + URL. + + * "git fetch" and friends used to say "remote side hung up + unexpectedly" when they failed to get response they expect from the + other side, but one common reason why they don't get expected + response is that the remote repository does not exist or cannot be + read. The error message in this case was updated to give better + hints to the user. + + * "git help -w $cmd" can show HTML version of documentation for + "git-$cmd" by setting help.htmlpath to somewhere other than the + default location where the build procedure installs them locally; + the variable can even point at a http:// URL. + + * "git rebase [-i] --root $tip" can now be used to rewrite all the + history leading to "$tip" down to the root commit. + + * "git rebase -i" learned "-x <cmd>" to insert "exec <cmd>" after + each commit in the resulting history. + + * "git status" gives finer classification to various states of paths + in conflicted state and offer advice messages in its output. + + * "git submodule" learned to deal with nested submodule structure + where a module is contained within a module whose origin is + specified as a relative URL to its superproject's origin. + + * A rather heavy-ish "git completion" script has been split to create + a separate "git prompting" script, to help lazy-autoloading of the + completion part while making prompting part always available. + + * "gitweb" pays attention to various forms of credits that are + similar to "Signed-off-by:" lines in the commit objects and + highlights them accordingly. + + +Foreign Interface + + * "mediawiki" remote helper (in contrib/) learned to handle file + attachments. + + * "git p4" now uses "Jobs:" and "p4 move" when appropriate. + + * vcs-svn has been updated to clean-up compilation, lift 32-bit + limitations, etc. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, etc. (please report possible regressions) + + * Some tests showed false failures caused by a bug in ecryptofs. + + * We no longer use AsciiDoc7 syntax in our documentation and favor a + more modern style. + + * "git am --rebasing" codepath was taught to grab authorship, log + message and the patch text directly out of existing commits. This + will help rebasing commits that have confusing "diff" output in + their log messages. + + * "git index-pack" and "git pack-objects" use streaming API to read + from the object store to avoid having to hold a large blob object + in-core while they are doing their thing. + + * Code to match paths with exclude patterns learned to avoid calling + fnmatch() by comparing fixed leading substring literally when + possible. + + * "git log -n 1 -- rarely-touched-path" was spending unnecessary + cycles after showing the first change to find the next one, only to + discard it. + + * "git svn" got a large-looking code reorganization at the last + minute before the code freeze. + + +Also contains minor documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v1.7.11 +------------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v1.7.11 in the maintenance +releases are contained in this release (see release notes to them for +details). + + * "git submodule add" was confused when the superproject did not have + its repository in its usual place in the working tree and GIT_DIR + and GIT_WORK_TREE was used to access it. + + * "git commit --amend" let the user edit the log message and then died + when the human-readable committer name was given insufficiently by + getpwent(3). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1103c47a4f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Git v1.7.2.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.2 +------------------ + + * "git instaweb" wasn't useful when your Apache was installed under a + name other than apache2 (e.g. "httpd"). + + * Similarly, "git web--browse" (invoked by "git help -w") learned that + chrome browser is sometimes called google-chrome. + + * An overlong line after ".gitdir: " in a git file caused out of bounds + access to an array on the stack. + + * "git config --path conf.var" to attempt to expand a variable conf.var + that uses "~/" short-hand segfaulted when $HOME environment variable + was not set. + + * Documentation on Cygwin failed to build. + + * The error message from "git pull blarg" when 'blarg' is an unknown + remote name has been improved. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..71eb6a8b0a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Git v1.7.2.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.2.1 +-------------------- + + * Object transfer over smart http transport deadlocked the client when + the remote HTTP server returned a failure, instead of erroring it out. + + * git-gui honors custom textconv filters when showing diff and blame; + + * git diff --relative=subdir (without the necessary trailing /) did not + work well; + + * "git diff-files -p --submodule" was recently broken; + + * "git checkout -b n ':/token'" did not work; + + * "git index-pack" (hence "git fetch/clone/pull/push") enabled the object + replacement machinery by mistake (it never should have); + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..610960cfe1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Git v1.7.2.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.2.2 +-------------------- + + * When people try insane things such as delta-compressing 4GiB files, we + threw an assertion failure. + + * "git archive" gave the full commit ID for "$Format:%h$". + + * "git fetch --tags" did not fetch tags when remote.<nick>.tagopt was set + to --no-tags. The command line option now overrides the configuration + setting. + + * "git for-each-ref --format='%(objectname:short)'" has been completely + broken for a long time. + + * "git gc" incorrectly pruned a rerere record that was created long + time ago but still is actively and repeatedly used. + + * "git log --follow -M -p" was seriously broken in 1.7.2, reporting + assertion failure. + + * Running "git log" with an incorrect option started pager nevertheless, + forcing the user to dismiss it. + + * "git rebase" did not work well when the user has diff.renames + configuration variable set. + + * An earlier (and rather old) fix to "git rebase" against a rebased + upstream broke a more normal, non rebased upstream case rather badly, + attempting to re-apply patches that are already accepted upstream. + + * "git submodule sync" forgot to update the superproject's config file + when submodule URL changed. + + * "git pack-refs --all --prune" did not remove a directory that has + become empty. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f7950a4c04 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Git v1.7.2.4 Release Notes +========================== + +This is primarily to backport support for the new "add.ignoreErrors" +name given to the existing "add.ignore-errors" configuration variable. + +The next version, Git 1.7.4, and future versions, will support both +old and incorrect name and the new corrected name, but without this +backport, users who want to use the new name "add.ignoreErrors" in +their repositories cannot use older versions of Git. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bf976c40db --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Git v1.7.2.5 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.2.4 +-------------------- + + * "gitweb" can sometimes be tricked into parrotting a filename argument + given in a request without properly quoting. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..15cf01178c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,151 @@ +Git v1.7.2 Release Notes +======================== + +Updates since v1.7.1 +-------------------- + + * core.eol configuration and text/eol attributes are the new way to control + the end of line conventions for files in the working tree. + + * core.autocrlf has been made safer - it will now only handle line + endings for new files and files that are LF-only in the + repository. To normalize content that has been checked in with + CRLF, use the new eol/text attributes. + + * The whitespace rules used in "git apply --whitespace" and "git diff" + gained a new member in the family (tab-in-indent) to help projects with + policy to indent only with spaces. + + * When working from a subdirectory, by default, git does not look for its + metadirectory ".git" across filesystems, primarily to help people who + have invocations of git in their custom PS1 prompts, as being outside + of a git repository would look for ".git" all the way up to the root + directory, and NFS mounts are often slow. DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM + environment variable can be used to tell git not to stop at a + filesystem boundary. + + * Usage help messages generated by parse-options library (i.e. most + of the Porcelain commands) are sent to the standard output now. + + * ':/<string>' notation to look for a commit now takes regular expression + and it is not anchored at the beginning of the commit log message + anymore (this is a backward incompatible change). + + * "git" wrapper learned "-c name=value" option to override configuration + variable from the command line. + + * Improved portability for various platforms including older SunOS, + HP-UX 10/11, AIX, Tru64, etc. and platforms with Python 2.4. + + * The message from "git am -3" has been improved when conflict + resolution ended up making the patch a no-op. + + * "git blame" applies the textconv filter to the contents it works + on, when available. + + * "git checkout --orphan newbranch" is similar to "-b newbranch" but + prepares to create a root commit that is not connected to any existing + commit. + + * "git cherry-pick" learned to pick a range of commits + (e.g. "cherry-pick A..B" and "cherry-pick --stdin"), so did "git + revert"; these do not support the nicer sequencing control "rebase + [-i]" has, though. + + * "git cherry-pick" and "git revert" learned --strategy option to specify + the merge strategy to be used when performing three-way merges. + + * "git cvsserver" can be told to use pserver; its password file can be + stored outside the repository. + + * The output from the textconv filter used by "git diff" can be cached to + speed up their reuse. + + * "git diff --word-diff=<mode>" extends the existing "--color-words" + option, making it more useful in color-challenged environments. + + * The regexp to detect function headers used by "git diff" for PHP has + been enhanced for visibility modifiers (public, protected, etc.) to + better support PHP5. + + * "diff.noprefix" configuration variable can be used to implicitly + ask for "diff --no-prefix" behaviour. + + * "git for-each-ref" learned "%(objectname:short)" that gives the object + name abbreviated. + + * "git format-patch" learned --signature option and format.signature + configuration variable to customize the e-mail signature used in the + output. + + * Various options to "git grep" (e.g. --count, --name-only) work better + with binary files. + + * "git grep" learned "-Ovi" to open the files with hits in your editor. + + * "git help -w" learned "chrome" and "chromium" browsers. + + * "git log --decorate" shows commit decorations in various colours. + + * "git log --follow <path>" follows across copies (it used to only follow + renames). This may make the processing more expensive. + + * "git log --pretty=format:<template>" specifier learned "% <something>" + magic that inserts a space only when %<something> expands to a + non-empty string; this is similar to "%+<something>" magic, but is + useful in a context to generate a single line output. + + * "git notes prune" learned "-n" (dry-run) and "-v" options, similar to + what "git prune" has. + + * "git patch-id" can be fed a mbox without getting confused by the + signature line in the format-patch output. + + * "git remote" learned "set-branches" subcommand. + + * "git rev-list A..B" learned --ancestry-path option to further limit + the result to the commits that are on the ancestry chain between A and + B (i.e. commits that are not descendants of A are excluded). + + * "git show -5" is equivalent to "git show --do-walk 5"; this is similar + to the update to make "git show master..next" walk the history, + introduced in 1.6.4. + + * "git status [-s] --ignored" can be used to list ignored paths. + + * "git status -s -b" shows the current branch in the output. + + * "git status" learned "--ignore-submodules" option. + + * Various "gitweb" enhancements and clean-ups, including syntax + highlighting, "plackup" support for instaweb, .fcgi suffix to run + it as FastCGI script, etc. + + * The test harness has been updated to produce TAP-friendly output. + + * Many documentation improvement patches are also included. + + +Fixes since v1.7.1 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.7.1.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. + + * We didn't URL decode "file:///path/to/repo" correctly when path/to/repo + had percent-encoded characters (638794c, 9d2e942, ce83eda, 3c73a1d). + + * "git clone" did not configure remote.origin.url correctly for bare + clones (df61c889). + + * "git diff --graph" works better with "--color-words" and other options + (81fa024..4297c0a). + + * "git diff" could show ambiguous abbreviation of blob object names on + its "index" line (3e5a188). + + * "git reset --hard" started from a wrong directory and a working tree in + a nonstandard location is in use got confused (560fb6a1). + + * "git read-tree -m A B" used to switch to branch B while retaining + local changes added an incorrect cache-tree information (b1f47514). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..002c93b961 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +Git v1.7.3.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.3 +------------------ + + * "git stash show stash@{$n}" was accidentally broken in 1.7.3 ("git + stash show" without any argument still worked, though). + + * "git stash branch $branch stash@{$n}" was accidentally broken in + 1.7.3 and started dropping the named stash even when branch creation + failed. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5c93b85af4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v1.7.3.2 Release Notes +========================== + +This is primarily to push out many documentation fixes accumulated since +the 1.7.3.1 release. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9b2b2448df --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +Git v1.7.3.3 Release Notes +========================== + +In addition to the usual fixes, this release also includes support for +the new "add.ignoreErrors" name given to the existing "add.ignore-errors" +configuration variable. + +The next version, Git 1.7.4, and future versions, will support both +old and incorrect name and the new corrected name, but without this +backport, users who want to use the new name "add.ignoreErrors" in +their repositories cannot use older versions of Git. + +Fixes since v1.7.3.2 +-------------------- + + * "git apply" segfaulted when a bogus input is fed to it. + + * Running "git cherry-pick --ff" on a root commit segfaulted. + + * "diff", "blame" and friends incorrectly applied textconv filters to + symlinks. + + * Highlighting of whitespace breakage in "diff" output was showing + incorrect amount of whitespaces when blank-at-eol is set and the line + consisted only of whitespaces and a TAB. + + * "diff" was overly inefficient when trying to find the line to use for + the function header (i.e. equivalent to --show-c-function of GNU diff). + + * "git imap-send" depends on libcrypto but our build rule relied on the + linker to implicitly link it via libssl, which was wrong. + + * "git merge-file" can be called from within a subdirectory now. + + * "git repack -f" expanded and recompressed non-delta objects in the + existing pack, which was wasteful. Use new "-F" option if you really + want to (e.g. when changing the pack.compression level). + + * "git rev-list --format="...%x00..." incorrectly chopped its output + at NUL. + + * "git send-email" did not correctly remove duplicate mail addresses from + the Cc: header that appear on the To: header. + + * The completion script (in contrib/completion) ignored lightweight tags + in __git_ps1(). + + * "git-blame" mode (in contrib/emacs) didn't say (require 'format-spec) + even though it depends on it; it didn't work with Emacs 22 or older + unless Gnus is used. + + * "git-p4" (in contrib/) did not correctly handle deleted files. + +Other minor fixes and documentation updates are also included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e57f7c176d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +Git v1.7.3.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.3.3 +-------------------- + + * Smart HTTP transport used to incorrectly retry redirected POST + request with GET request. + + * "git apply" did not correctly handle patches that only change modes + if told to apply while stripping leading paths with -p option. + + * "git apply" can deal with patches with timezone formatted with a + colon between the hours and minutes part (e.g. "-08:00" instead of + "-0800"). + + * "git checkout" removed an untracked file "foo" from the working + tree when switching to a branch that contains a tracked path + "foo/bar". Prevent this, just like the case where the conflicting + path were "foo" (c752e7f..7980872d). + + * "git cherry-pick" or "git revert" refused to work when a path that + would be modified by the operation was stat-dirty without a real + difference in the contents of the file. + + * "git diff --check" reported an incorrect line number for added + blank lines at the end of file. + + * "git imap-send" failed to build under NO_OPENSSL. + + * Setting log.decorate configuration variable to "0" or "1" to mean + "false" or "true" did not work. + + * "git push" over dumb HTTP protocol did not work against WebDAV + servers that did not terminate a collection name with a slash. + + * "git tag -v" did not work with GPG signatures in rfc1991 mode. + + * The post-receive-email sample hook was accidentally broken in 1.7.3.3 + update. + + * "gitweb" can sometimes be tricked into parrotting a filename argument + given in a request without properly quoting. + +Other minor fixes and documentation updates are also included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..40f3ba5795 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Git 1.7.3.5 Release Notes +========================= + + * The xfuncname pattern used by "git diff" and "git grep" to show the + last notable line in context were broken for python and ruby for a long + time. + + * "git merge" into an unborn branch removed an untracked file "foo" from + the working tree when merged branch had "foo" (this fix was already in + 1.7.3.3 but was omitted from the release notes by mistake). + + * "git status -s" did not quote unprintable characters in paths as + documented. + + * "git am --abort" used to always reset to the commit at the beginning of + the last "am" invocation that has stopped, losing any unrelated commits + that may have been made since then. Now it refrains from doing so and + instead issues a warning. + + * "git blame" incorrectly reused bogusly cached result of textconv + filter for files from the working tree. + + * "git commit" used to abort after the user edited the log message + when the committer information was not correctly set up. It now + aborts before starting the editor. + + * "git commit --date=invalid" used to silently ignore the incorrectly + specified date; it is now diagnosed as an error. + + * "git rebase --skip" to skip the last commit in a series used to fail + to run post-rewrite hook and to copy notes from old commits that have + successfully been rebased so far. Now it do (backmerge ef88ad2). + + * "gitweb" tried to show a wrong feed logo when none was specified. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..309c33181f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +Git v1.7.3 Release Notes +======================== + +Updates since v1.7.2 +-------------------- + + * git-gui, now at version 0.13.0, got various updates and a new + maintainer, Pat Thoyts. + + * Gitweb allows its configuration to change per each request; it used to + read the configuration once upon startup. + + * When git finds a corrupt object, it now reports the file that contains + it. + + * "git checkout -B <it>" is a shorter way to say "git branch -f <it>" + followed by "git checkout <it>". + + * When "git checkout" or "git merge" refuse to proceed in order to + protect local modification to your working tree, they used to stop + after showing just one path that might be lost. They now show all, + in a format that is easier to read. + + * "git clean" learned "-e" ("--exclude") option. + + * Hunk headers produced for C# files by "git diff" and friends show more + relevant context than before. + + * diff.ignoresubmodules configuration variable can be used to squelch the + differences in submodules reported when running commands (e.g. "diff", + "status", etc.) at the superproject level. + + * http.useragent configuration can be used to lie who you are to your + restrictive firewall. + + * "git rebase --strategy <s>" learned "-X" option to pass extra options + that are understood by the chosen merge strategy. + + * "git rebase -i" learned "exec" that you can insert into the insn sheet + to run a command between its steps. + + * "git rebase" between branches that have many binary changes that do + not conflict should be faster. + + * "git rebase -i" peeks into rebase.autosquash configuration and acts as + if you gave --autosquash from the command line. + + +Also contains various documentation updates. + + +Fixes since v1.7.2 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.7.2.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. + + * "git merge -s recursive" (which is the default) did not handle cases + where a directory becomes a file (or vice versa) very well. + + * "git fetch" and friends were accidentally broken for url with "+" in + its path, e.g. "git://git.gnome.org/gtk+". + + * "git fetch $url" (i.e. without refspecs) was broken for quite some + time, if the current branch happen to be tracking some remote. + + * "git ls-tree dir dirgarbage", when "dir" was a directory, + incorrectly recursed into "dir". + + * "git note remove" created unnecessary extra commit when named object + did not have any note to begin with. + + * "git rebase" did not work well if you had diff.noprefix configured. + + * "git -c foo=bar subcmd" did not work well for subcmd that is not + implemented as a built-in command. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..79923a6d2f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Git v1.7.4.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.4 +------------------ + + * On Windows platform, the codepath to spawn a new child process forgot + to first flush the output buffer. + + * "git bundle" did not use OFS_DELTA encoding, making its output a few + per-cent larger than necessarily. + + * The option to tell "git clone" to recurse into the submodules was + misspelled with an underscore "--recurse_submodules". + + * "git diff --cached HEAD" before the first commit does what an end user + would expect (namely, show what would be committed without further "git + add"). + + * "git fast-import" didn't accept the command to ask for "notes" feature + to be present in its input stream, even though it was capable of the + feature. + + * "git fsck" gave up scanning loose object files in directories with + garbage files. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ef4ce1fcd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +Git v1.7.4.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.4.1 +-------------------- + + * Many documentation updates to match "git cmd -h" output and the + git-cmd manual page. + + * We used to keep one file descriptor open for each and every packfile + that we have a mmap window on it (read: "in use"), even when for very + tiny packfiles. We now close the file descriptor early when the entire + packfile fits inside one mmap window. + + * "git bisect visualize" tried to run "gitk" in windowing + environments even when "gitk" is not installed, resulting in a + strange error message. + + * "git clone /no/such/path" did not fail correctly. + + * "git commit" did not correctly error out when the user asked to use a + non existent file as the commit message template. + + * "git diff --stat -B" ran on binary files counted the changes in lines, + which was nonsensical. + + * "git diff -M" opportunistically detected copies, which was not + necessarily a good thing, especially when it is internally run by + recursive merge. + + * "git difftool" didn't tell (g)vimdiff that the files it is reading are + to be opened read-only. + + * "git merge" didn't pay attention to prepare-commit-msg hook, even + though if a merge is conflicted and manually resolved, the subsequent + "git commit" would have triggered the hook, which was inconsistent. + + * "git patch-id" (and commands like "format-patch --ignore-in-upstream" + that use it as their internal logic) handled changes to files that end + with incomplete lines incorrectly. + + * The official value to tell "git push" to push the current branch back + to update the upstream branch it forked from is now called "upstream". + The old name "tracking" is and will be supported. + + * "git submodule update" used to honor the --merge/--rebase option (or + corresponding configuration variables) even for a newly cloned + subproject, which made no sense (so/submodule-no-update-first-time). + + * gitweb's "highlight" interface mishandled tabs. + + * gitweb didn't understand timezones with GMT offset that is not + multiple of a whole hour. + + * gitweb had a few forward-incompatible syntactic constructs and + also used incorrect variable when showing the file mode in a diff. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..02a3d5bdf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Git v1.7.4.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.4.2 +-------------------- + + * "git apply" used to confuse lines updated by previous hunks as lines + that existed before when applying a hunk, contributing misapplication + of patches with offsets. + + * "git branch --track" (and "git checkout --track --branch") used to + allow setting up a random non-branch that does not make sense to follow + as the "upstream". The command correctly diagnoses it as an error. + + * "git checkout $other_branch" silently removed untracked symbolic links + in the working tree that are in the way in order to check out paths + under it from the named branch. + + * "git cvsimport" did not bail out immediately when the cvs server cannot + be reached, spewing unnecessary error messages that complain about the + server response that it never got. + + * "git diff --quiet" did not work very well with the "--diff-filter" + option. + + * "git grep -n" lacked a long-hand synonym --line-number. + + * "git stash apply" reported the result of its operation by running + "git status" from the top-level of the working tree; it should (and + now does) run it from the user's working directory. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ff06e04a58 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Git v1.7.4.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.4.3 +-------------------- + + * Compilation of sha1_file.c on BSD platforms were broken due to our + recent use of getrlimit() without including <sys/resource.h>. + + * "git config" did not diagnose incorrect configuration variable names. + + * "git format-patch" did not wrap a long subject line that resulted from + rfc2047 encoding. + + * "git instaweb" should work better again with plackup. + + * "git log --max-count=4 -Sfoobar" now shows 4 commits that changes the + number of occurrences of string "foobar"; it used to scan only for 4 + commits and then emitted only matching ones. + + * "git log --first-parent --boundary $c^..$c" segfaulted on a merge. + + * "git pull" into an empty branch should have behaved as if + fast-forwarding from emptiness to the version being pulled, with + the usual protection against overwriting untracked files. + + * "git submodule" that is run while a merge in the superproject is in + conflicted state tried to process each conflicted submodule up to + three times. + + * "git status" spent all the effort to notice racily-clean index entries + but didn't update the index file to help later operations go faster in + some cases. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b7a0eeb22f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Git v1.7.4.5 Release Notes +========================== + +This contains only minor documentation fixes accumulated since 1.7.4.4. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d5bca731b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ +Git v1.7.4 Release Notes +======================== + +Updates since v1.7.3 +-------------------- + + * The documentation Makefile now assumes by default asciidoc 8 and + docbook-xsl >= 1.73. If you have older versions, you can set + ASCIIDOC7 and ASCIIDOC_ROFF, respectively. + + * The option parsers of various commands that create new branches (or + rename existing ones to a new name) were too loose and users were + allowed to give a branch a name that begins with a dash by creative + abuse of their command line options, which only led to burning + themselves. The name of a branch cannot begin with a dash now. + + * System-wide fallback default attributes can be stored in + /etc/gitattributes; the core.attributesfile configuration variable can + be used to customize the path to this file. + + * The thread structure generated by "git send-email" has changed + slightly. Setting the cover letter of the latest series as a reply + to the cover letter of the previous series with --in-reply-to used + to make the new cover letter and all the patches replies to the + cover letter of the previous series; this has been changed to make + the patches in the new series replies to the new cover letter. + + * The Bash completion script in contrib/ has been adjusted to be usable with + Bash 4 (options with '=value' didn't complete). It has been also made + usable with zsh. + + * Different pagers can be chosen depending on which subcommand is + being run under the pager, using the "pager.<subcommand>" variable. + + * The hardcoded tab-width of 8 that is used in whitespace breakage checks is now + configurable via the attributes mechanism. + + * Support of case insensitive filesystems (i.e. "core.ignorecase") has + been improved. For example, the gitignore mechanism didn't pay attention + to case insensitivity. + + * The <tree>:<path> syntax for naming a blob in a tree, and the :<path> + syntax for naming a blob in the index (e.g. "master:Makefile", + ":hello.c") have been extended. You can start <path> with "./" to + implicitly have the (sub)directory you are in prefixed to the + lookup. Similarly, ":../Makefile" from a subdirectory would mean + "the Makefile of the parent directory in the index". + + * "git blame" learned the --show-email option to display the e-mail + addresses instead of the names of authors. + + * "git commit" learned the --fixup and --squash options to help later invocation + of interactive rebase. + + * Command line options to "git cvsimport" whose names are in capital + letters (-A, -M, -R and -S) can now be specified as the default in + the .git/config file by their longer names (cvsimport.authorsFile, + cvsimport.mergeRegex, cvsimport.trackRevisions, cvsimport.ignorePaths). + + * "git daemon" can be built in the MinGW environment. + + * "git daemon" can take more than one --listen option to listen to + multiple addresses. + + * "git describe --exact-match" was optimized not to read commit + objects unnecessarily. + + * "git diff" and "git grep" learned what functions and subroutines + in Fortran, Pascal and Perl look like. + + * "git fetch" learned the "--recurse-submodules" option. + + * "git mergetool" tells vim/gvim to show a three-way diff by default + (use vimdiff2/gvimdiff2 as the tool name for old behavior). + + * "git log -G<pattern>" limits the output to commits whose change has + added or deleted lines that match the given pattern. + + * "git read-tree" with no argument as a way to empty the index is + deprecated; we might want to remove it in the future. Users can + use the new --empty option to be more explicit instead. + + * "git repack -f" does not spend cycles to recompress objects in the + non-delta representation anymore (use -F if you really mean it + e.g. after you changed the core.compression variable setting). + + * "git merge --log" used to limit the resulting merge log to 20 + entries; this is now customizable by giving e.g. "--log=47". + + * "git merge" may work better when all files were moved out of a + directory in one branch while a new file is created in place of that + directory in the other branch. + + * "git merge" learned the "--abort" option, synonymous to + "git reset --merge" when a merge is in progress. + + * "git notes" learned the "merge" subcommand to merge notes refs. + In addition to the default manual conflict resolution, there are + also several notes merge strategies for automatically resolving + notes merge conflicts. + + * "git rebase --autosquash" can use SHA-1 object names to name the + commit which is to be fixed up (e.g. "fixup! e83c5163"). + + * The default "recursive" merge strategy learned the --rename-threshold + option to influence the rename detection, similar to the -M option + of "git diff". From the "git merge" frontend, the "-X<strategy option>" + interface, e.g. "git merge -Xrename-threshold=50% ...", can be used + to trigger this. + + * The "recursive" strategy also learned to ignore various whitespace + changes; the most notable is -Xignore-space-at-eol. + + * "git send-email" learned "--to-cmd", similar to "--cc-cmd", to read + the recipient list from a command output. + + * "git send-email" learned to read and use "To:" from its input files. + + * you can extend "git shell", which is often used on boxes that allow + git-only login over ssh as login shell, with a custom set of + commands. + + * The current branch name in "git status" output can be colored differently + from the generic header color by setting the "color.status.branch" variable. + + * "git submodule sync" updates metainformation for all submodules, + not just the ones that have been checked out. + + * gitweb can use a custom 'highlight' command with its configuration file. + + * other gitweb updates. + + +Also contains various documentation updates. + + +Fixes since v1.7.3 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in the v1.7.3.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. + + * "git log --author=me --author=her" did not find commits written by + me or by her; instead it looked for commits written by me and by + her, which is impossible. + + * "git push --progress" shows progress indicators now. + + * "git rebase -i" showed a confusing error message when given a + branch name that does not exist. + + * "git repack" places its temporary packs under $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY/pack + instead of $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY/ to avoid cross directory renames. + + * "git submodule update --recursive --other-flags" passes flags down + to its subinvocations. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c6ebd76d19 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +Git v1.7.5.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.5 +------------------ + + * When an object "$tree:$path" does not exist, if $path does exist in the + subtree of $tree that corresponds to the subdirectory the user is in, + git now suggests using "$tree:./$path" in addition to the advice to use + the full path from the root of the working tree. + + * The "--date=relative" output format used to say "X years, 12 months" + when it should have said "X+1 years". + + * The smart-HTTP transfer was broken in 1.7.5 when the client needs + to issue a small POST (which uses content-length) and then a large + POST (which uses chunked) back to back. + + * "git clean" used to fail on an empty directory that is not readable, + even though rmdir(2) could remove such a directory. Now we attempt it + as the last resort. + + * The "--dirstat" option of "diff" family of commands used to totally + ignore a change that only rearranged lines within a file. Such a + change now counts as at least a minimum but non zero change. + + * The "--dirstat" option of "diff" family of commands used to use the + pathname in the original, instead of the pathname in the result, + when renames are involved. + + * "git pack-object" did not take core.bigfilethreashold into account + (unlike fast-import); now it does. + + * "git reflog" ignored options like "--format=.." on the command line. + + * "git stash apply" used to refuse to work if there was any change in + the working tree, even when the change did not overlap with the change + the stash recorded. + + * "git stash apply @{99999}" was not diagnosed as an error, even when you + did not have that many stash entries. + + * An error message from "git send-email" to diagnose a broken SMTP + connection configuration lacked a space between "hello=<smtp-domain>" + and "port=<smtp-server-port>". + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..951eb7cb08 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +Git v1.7.5.2 Release Notes +========================== + +The release notes to 1.7.5.1 forgot to mention: + + * "git stash -p --no-keep-index" and "git stash --no-keep-index -p" now + mean the same thing. + + * "git upload-pack" (hence "git push" over git native protocol) had a + subtle race condition that could lead to a deadlock. + +Fixes since v1.7.5.1 +-------------------- + + * "git add -p" did not work correctly when a hunk is split and then + one of them was given to the editor. + + * "git add -u" did not resolve a conflict where our history deleted and + their history modified the same file, and the working tree resolved to + keep a file. + + * "git cvsimport" did not know that CVSNT stores its password file in a + location different from the traditional CVS. + + * "git diff-files" did not show the mode information from the working + tree side of an unmerged path correctly. + + * "git diff -M --cached" used to use unmerged path as a possible rename + source candidate, which made no sense. + + * The option name parser in "git fast-import" used prefix matches for + some options where it shouldn't, and accepted non-existent options, + e.g. "--relative-marksmith" or "--forceps". + + * "git format-patch" did not quote RFC822 special characters in the + email address (e.g From: Junio C. Hamano <jch@example.com>, not + From: "Junio C. Hamano" <jch@example.com>). + + * "git format-patch" when run with "--quiet" option used to produce a + nonsense result that consists of alternating empty output. + + * In "git merge", per-branch branch.<name>.mergeoptions configuration + variables did not override the fallback default merge.<option> + configuration variables such as merge.ff, merge.log, etc. + + * "git merge-one-file" did not honor GIT_WORK_TREE settings when + handling a "both sides added, differently" conflict. + + * "git mergetool" did not handle conflicted submoudules gracefully. + + * "git-p4" (in contrib) used a wrong base image while merge a file that + was added on both branches differently. + + * "git rebase -i -p" failed to preserve the history when there is a + redundant merge created with the --no-ff option. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9c03353af2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Git v1.7.5.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.5.2 +-------------------- + + * The bash completion scripts should correctly work using zsh's bash + completion emulation layer now. + + * Setting $(prefix) in config.mak did not affect where etc/gitconfig + file is read from, even though passing it from the command line of + $(MAKE) did. + + * The logic to handle "&" (expand to UNIX username) in GECOS field + miscounted the length of the name it formatted. + + * "git cherry-pick -s resolve" failed to cherry-pick a root commit. + + * "git diff --word-diff" misbehaved when diff.suppress-blank-empty was + in effect. + + * "git log --stdin path" with an input that has additional pathspec + used to corrupt memory. + + * "git send-pack" (hence "git push") over smalt-HTTP protocol could + deadlock when the client side pack-object died early. + + * Compressed tarball gitweb generates used to be made with the timestamp + of the tarball generation; this was bad because snapshot from the same + tree should result in a same tarball. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7796df3fe4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +Git v1.7.5.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.5.3 +-------------------- + + * The single-key mode of "git add -p" was easily fooled into thinking + that it was told to add everything ('a') when up-arrow was pressed by + mistake. + + * Setting a git command that uses custom configuration via "-c var=val" + as an alias caused a crash due to a realloc(3) failure. + + * "git diff -C -C" used to disable the rename detection entirely when + there are too many copy candidate paths in the tree; now it falls + back to "-C" when doing so would keep the copy candidate paths + under the rename detection limit. + + * "git rerere" did not diagnose a corrupt MERGE_RR file in some cases. + +And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..987919c321 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,132 @@ +Git v1.7.5 Release Notes +======================== + +Updates since v1.7.4 +-------------------- + + * Various MinGW portability fixes. + + * Various git-p4 enhancements (in contrib). + + * Various vcs-svn, git-svn and gitk enhancements and fixes. + + * Various git-gui updates (0.14.0). + + * Update to more modern HP-UX port. + + * The codebase is getting prepared for i18n/l10n; no translated + strings nor translation mechanism in the code yet, but the strings + are being marked for l10n. + + * The bash completion script can now complete symmetric difference + for "git diff" command, e.g. "git diff ...bra<TAB>". + + * The default minimum length of abbreviated and unique object names + can now be configured by setting the core.abbrev configuration + variable. + + * "git apply -v" reports offset lines when the patch does not apply at + the exact location recorded in the diff output. + + * "git config" used to be also known as "git repo-config", but the old + name is now officially deprecated. + + * "git checkout --detach <commit>" is a more user friendly synonym for + "git checkout <commit>^0". + + * "git checkout" performed on detached HEAD gives a warning and + advice when the commit being left behind will become unreachable from + any branch or tag. + + * "git cherry-pick" and "git revert" can be told to use a custom merge + strategy, similar to "git rebase". + + * "git cherry-pick" remembers which commit failed to apply when it is + stopped by conflicts, making it unnecessary to use "commit -c $commit" + to conclude it. + + * "git cvsimport" bails out immediately when the cvs server cannot be + reached, without spewing unnecessary error messages that complain about + the server response it never got. + + * "git fetch" vs "git upload-pack" transfer learned 'no-done' + protocol extension to save one round-trip after the content + negotiation is done. This saves one HTTP RPC, reducing the overall + latency for a trivial fetch. + + * "git fetch" can be told to recursively fetch submodules on-demand. + + * "git grep -f <filename>" learned to treat "-" as "read from the + standard input stream". + + * "git grep --no-index" did not honor pathspecs correctly, returning + paths outside the specified area. + + * "git init" learned the --separate-git-dir option to allow the git + directory for a new repository created elsewhere and linked via the + gitdir mechanism. This is primarily to help submodule support later + to switch between a branch of superproject that has the submodule + and another that does not. + + * "git log" type commands now understand globbing pathspecs. You + can say "git log -- '*.txt'" for example. + + * "git log" family of commands learned --cherry and --cherry-mark + options that can be used to view two diverged branches while omitting + or highlighting equivalent changes that appear on both sides of a + symmetric difference (e.g. "log --cherry A...B"). + + * A lazy "git merge" that didn't say what to merge used to be an error. + When run on a branch that has an upstream defined, however, the command + now merges from the configured upstream. + + * "git mergetool" learned how to drive "beyond compare 3" as well. + + * "git rerere forget" without pathspec used to forget all the saved + conflicts that relate to the current merge; it now requires you to + give it pathspecs. + + * "git rev-list --objects $revs -- $pathspec" now limits the objects listed + in its output properly with the pathspec, in preparation for narrow + clones. + + * "git push" with no parameters gives better advice messages when + "tracking" is used as the push.default semantics or there is no remote + configured yet. + + * A possible value to the "push.default" configuration variable, + 'tracking', gained a synonym that more naturally describes what it + does, 'upstream'. + + * "git rerere" learned a new subcommand "remaining" that is similar to + "status" and lists the paths that had conflicts which are known to + rerere, but excludes the paths that have already been marked as + resolved in the index from its output. "git mergetool" has been + updated to use this facility. + +Also contains various documentation updates. + + +Fixes since v1.7.4 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in the v1.7.4.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. + + * "git fetch" from a client that is mostly following the remote + needlessly told all of its refs to the server for both sides to + compute the set of objects that need to be transferred efficiently, + instead of stopping when the server heard enough. In a project with + many tags, this turns out to be extremely wasteful, especially over + the smart HTTP transport (sp/maint-{upload,fetch}-pack-stop-early~1). + + * "git fetch" run from a repository that uses the same repository as + its alternate object store as the repository it is fetching from + did not tell the server that it already has access to objects + reachable from the refs in their common alternate object store, + causing it to fetch unnecessary objects (jc/maint-fetch-alt). + + * "git remote add --mirror" created a configuration that is suitable for + doing both a mirror fetch and a mirror push at the same time, which + made little sense. We now warn and require the command line to specify + either --mirror=fetch or --mirror=push. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..42e46ab17f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +Git v1.7.6.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.6 +------------------ + + * Various codepaths that invoked zlib deflate/inflate assumed that these + functions can compress or uncompress more than 4GB data in one call on + platforms with 64-bit long, which has been corrected. + + * "git unexecutable" reported that "unexecutable" was not found, even + though the actual error was that "unexecutable" was found but did + not have a proper she-bang line to be executed. + + * Error exits from $PAGER were silently ignored. + + * "git checkout -b <branch>" was confused when attempting to create a + branch whose name ends with "-g" followed by hexadecimal digits, + and refused to work. + + * "git checkout -b <branch>" sometimes wrote a bogus reflog entry, + causing later "git checkout -" to fail. + + * "git diff --cc" learned to correctly ignore binary files. + + * "git diff -c/--cc" mishandled a deletion that resolves a conflict, and + looked in the working tree instead. + + * "git fast-export" forgot to quote pathnames with unsafe characters + in its output. + + * "git fetch" over smart-http transport used to abort when the + repository was updated between the initial connection and the + subsequent object transfer. + + * "git fetch" did not recurse into submodules in subdirectories. + + * "git ls-tree" did not error out when asked to show a corrupt tree. + + * "git pull" without any argument left an extra whitespace after the + command name in its reflog. + + * "git push --quiet" was not really quiet. + + * "git rebase -i -p" incorrectly dropped commits from side branches. + + * "git reset [<commit>] paths..." did not reset the index entry correctly + for unmerged paths. + + * "git submodule add" did not allow a relative repository path when + the superproject did not have any default remote url. + + * "git submodule foreach" failed to correctly give the standard input to + the user-supplied command it invoked. + + * submodules that the user has never showed interest in by running + "git submodule init" was incorrectly marked as interesting by "git + submodule sync". + + * "git submodule update --quiet" was not really quiet. + + * "git tag -l <glob>..." did not take multiple glob patterns from the + command line. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..67ae414965 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Git v1.7.6.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.6.1 +-------------------- + + * v1.7.6.1 broke "git push --quiet"; it used to be a no-op against an old + version of Git running on the other end, but v1.7.6.1 made it abort. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..95971831b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Git v1.7.6.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.6.2 +-------------------- + + * "git -c var=value subcmd" misparsed the custom configuration when + value contained an equal sign. + + * "git fetch" had a major performance regression, wasting many + needless cycles in a repository where there is no submodules + present. This was especially bad, when there were many refs. + + * "git reflog $refname" did not default to the "show" subcommand as + the documentation advertised the command to do. + + * "git reset" did not leave meaningful log message in the reflog. + + * "git status --ignored" did not show ignored items when there is no + untracked items. + + * "git tag --contains $commit" was unnecessarily inefficient. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e19acac2da --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Git v1.7.6.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.6.3 +-------------------- + + * The error reporting logic of "git am" when the command is fed a file + whose mail-storage format is unknown was fixed. + + * "git branch --set-upstream @{-1} foo" did not expand @{-1} correctly. + + * "git check-ref-format --print" used to parrot a candidate string that + began with a slash (e.g. /refs/heads/master) without stripping it, to make + the result a suitably normalized string the caller can append to "$GIT_DIR/". + + * "git clone" failed to clone locally from a ".git" file that itself + is not a directory but is a pointer to one. + + * "git clone" from a local repository that borrows from another + object store using a relative path in its objects/info/alternates + file did not adjust the alternates in the resulting repository. + + * "git describe --dirty" did not refresh the index before checking the + state of the working tree files. + + * "git ls-files ../$path" that is run from a subdirectory reported errors + incorrectly when there is no such path that matches the given pathspec. + + * "git mergetool" could loop forever prompting when nothing can be read + from the standard input. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6713132a9e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +Git v1.7.6.5 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.6.4 +-------------------- + + * The date parser did not accept timezone designators that lack minutes + part and also has a colon between "hh:mm". + + * After fetching from a remote that has very long refname, the reporting + output could have corrupted by overrunning a static buffer. + + * "git mergetool" did not use its arguments as pathspec, but as a path to + the file that may not even have any conflict. + + * "git name-rev --all" tried to name all _objects_, naturally failing to + describe many blobs and trees, instead of showing only commits as + advertised in its documentation. + + * "git remote rename $a $b" were not careful to match the remote name + against $a (i.e. source side of the remote nickname). + + * "gitweb" used to produce a non-working link while showing the contents + of a blob, when JavaScript actions are enabled. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5343e00400 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +Git v1.7.6.6 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.6.5 +-------------------- + + * The code to look up attributes for paths reused entries from a wrong + directory when two paths in question are in adjacent directories and + the name of the one directory is a prefix of the other. + + * When producing a "thin pack" (primarily used in bundles and smart + HTTP transfers) out of a fully packed repository, we unnecessarily + avoided sending recent objects as a delta against objects we know + the other side has. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9ec498ea39 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +Git v1.7.6 Release Notes +======================== + +Updates since v1.7.5 +-------------------- + + * Various git-svn updates. + + * Updates the way content tags are handled in gitweb. Also adds + a UI to choose common timezone for displaying the dates. + + * Similar to branch names, tagnames that begin with "-" are now + disallowed. + + * Clean-up of the C part of i18n (but not l10n---please wait) + continues. + + * The scripting part of the codebase is getting prepared for i18n/l10n. + + * Pushing and pulling from a repository with large number of refs that + point to identical commits are optimized by not listing the same commit + during the common ancestor negotiation exchange with the other side. + + * Adding a file larger than core.bigfilethreshold (defaults to 1/2 Gig) + using "git add" will send the contents straight to a packfile without + having to hold it and its compressed representation both at the same + time in memory. + + * Processes spawned by "[alias] <name> = !process" in the configuration + can inspect GIT_PREFIX environment variable to learn where in the + working tree the original command was invoked. + + * A magic pathspec ":/" tells a command that limits its operation to + the current directory when ran from a subdirectory to work on the + entire working tree. In general, ":/path/to/file" would be relative + to the root of the working tree hierarchy. + + After "git reset --hard; edit Makefile; cd t/", "git add -u" would + be a no-op, but "git add -u :/" would add the updated contents of + the Makefile at the top level. If you want to name a path in the + current subdirectory whose unusual name begins with ":/", you can + name it by "./:/that/path" or by "\:/that/path". + + * "git blame" learned "--abbrev[=<n>]" option to control the minimum + number of hexdigits shown for commit object names. + + * "git blame" learned "--line-porcelain" that is less efficient but is + easier to parse. + + * Aborting "git commit --interactive" discards updates to the index + made during the interactive session. + + * "git commit" learned a "--patch" option to directly jump to the + per-hunk selection UI of the interactive mode. + + * "git diff" and its family of commands learned --dirstat=0 to show + directories that contribute less than 0.1% of changes. + + * "git diff" and its family of commands learned --dirstat=lines mode to + assess damage to the directory based on number of lines in the patch + output, not based on the similarity numbers. + + * "git format-patch" learned "--quiet" option to suppress the output of + the names of generated files. + + * "git format-patch" quotes people's names when it has RFC822 special + characters in it, e.g. "Junio C. Hamano" <jch@example.com>. Earlier + it was up to the user to do this when using its output. + + * "git format-patch" can take an empty --subject-prefix now. + + * "git grep" learned the "-P" option to take pcre regular expressions. + + * "git log" and friends learned a new "--notes" option to replace the + "--show-notes" option. Unlike "--show-notes", "--notes=<ref>" does + not imply showing the default notes. + + * They also learned a log.abbrevCommit configuration variable to augment + the --abbrev-commit command line option. + + * "git ls-remote" learned "--exit-code" option to consider it a + different kind of error when no remote ref to be shown. + + * "git merge" learned "-" as a short-hand for "the previous branch", just + like the way "git checkout -" works. + + * "git merge" uses "merge.ff" configuration variable to decide to always + create a merge commit (i.e. --no-ff, aka merge.ff=no), refuse to create + a merge commit (i.e. --ff-only, aka merge.ff=only). Setting merge.ff=yes + (or not setting it at all) restores the default behaviour of allowing + fast-forward to happen when possible. + + * p4-import (from contrib) learned a new option --preserve-user. + + * "git read-tree -m" learned "--dry-run" option that reports if a merge + would fail without touching the index nor the working tree. + + * "git rebase" that does not specify on top of which branch to rebase + the current branch now uses @{upstream} of the current branch. + + * "git rebase" finished either normally or with --abort did not + update the reflog for HEAD to record the event to come back to + where it started from. + + * "git remote add -t only-this-branch --mirror=fetch" is now allowed. Earlier + a fetch-mode mirror meant mirror everything, but now it only means refs are + not renamed. + + * "git rev-list --count" used with "--cherry-mark" counts the cherry-picked + commits separately, producing more a useful output. + + * "git submodule update" learned "--force" option to get rid of local + changes in submodules and replace them with the up-to-date version. + + * "git status" and friends ignore .gitmodules file while the file is + still in a conflicted state during a merge, to avoid using information + that is not final and possibly corrupt with conflict markers. + +Also contains various documentation updates and minor miscellaneous +changes. + + +Fixes since v1.7.5 +------------------ + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes in 1.7.5.X maintenance track are +included in this release. + + * "git config" used to choke with an insanely long line. + (merge ef/maint-strbuf-init later) + + * "git diff --quiet" did not work well with --diff-filter. + (merge jk/diff-not-so-quick later) + + * "git status -z" did not default to --porcelain output format. + (merge bc/maint-status-z-to-use-porcelain later) diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ac9b838e25 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +Git v1.7.7.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.7 +------------------ + + * On some BSD systems, adding +s bit on directories is detrimental + (it is not necessary on BSD to begin with). "git init --shared" + has been updated to take this into account without extra makefile + settings on platforms the Makefile knows about. + + * After incorrectly written third-party tools store a tag object in + HEAD, git diagnosed it as a repository corruption and refused to + proceed in order to avoid spreading the damage. We now gracefully + recover from such a situation by pretending as if the commit that + is pointed at by the tag were in HEAD. + + * "git apply --whitespace=error" did not bother to report the exact + line number in the patch that introduced new blank lines at the end + of the file. + + * "git apply --index" did not check corrupted patch. + + * "git checkout $tree $directory/" resurrected paths locally removed or + modified only in the working tree in $directory/ that did not appear + in $directory of the given $tree. They should have been kept intact. + + * "git diff $tree $path" used to apply the pathspec at the output stage, + reading the whole tree, wasting resources. + + * The code to check for updated submodules during a "git fetch" of the + superproject had an unnecessary quadratic loop. + + * "git fetch" from a large bundle did not enable the progress output. + + * When "git fsck --lost-and-found" found that an empty blob object in the + object store is unreachable, it incorrectly reported an error after + writing the lost blob out successfully. + + * "git filter-branch" did not refresh the index before checking that the + working tree was clean. + + * "git grep $tree" when run with multiple threads had an unsafe access to + the object database that should have been protected with mutex. + + * The "--ancestry-path" option to "git log" and friends misbehaved in a + history with complex criss-cross merges and showed an uninteresting + side history as well. + + * Test t1304 assumed LOGNAME is always set, which may not be true on + some systems. + + * Tests with --valgrind failed to find "mergetool" scriptlets. + + * "git patch-id" miscomputed the patch-id in a patch that has a line longer + than 1kB. + + * When an "exec" insn failed after modifying the index and/or the working + tree during "rebase -i", we now check and warn that the changes need to + be cleaned up. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e6bbef2f01 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +Git v1.7.7.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.7.1 +-------------------- + + * We used to drop error messages from libcurl on certain kinds of + errors. + + * Error report from smart HTTP transport, when the connection was + broken in the middle of a transfer, showed a useless message on + a corrupt packet. + + * "git fetch --prune" was unsafe when used with refspecs from the + command line. + + * The attribute mechanism did not use case insensitive match when + core.ignorecase was set. + + * "git bisect" did not notice when it failed to update the working tree + to the next commit to be tested. + + * "git config --bool --get-regexp" failed to separate the variable name + and its value "true" when the variable is defined without "= true". + + * "git remote rename $a $b" were not careful to match the remote name + against $a (i.e. source side of the remote nickname). + + * "git mergetool" did not use its arguments as pathspec, but as a path to + the file that may not even have any conflict. + + * "git diff --[num]stat" used to use the number of lines of context + different from the default, potentially giving different results from + "git diff | diffstat" and confusing the users. + + * "git pull" and "git rebase" did not work well even when GIT_WORK_TREE is + set correctly with GIT_DIR if the current directory is outside the working + tree. + + * "git send-email" did not honor the configured hostname when restarting + the HELO/EHLO exchange after switching TLS on. + + * "gitweb" used to produce a non-working link while showing the contents + of a blob, when JavaScript actions are enabled. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..09301f0957 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Git v1.7.7.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.7.2 +-------------------- + + * Adjust the "quick-install-doc" procedures as preformatted + html/manpage are no longer in the source repository. + + * The logic to optimize the locality of the data in a pack introduced in + 1.7.7 was grossly inefficient. + + * The logic to filter out forked projects in the project list in + "gitweb" was broken for some time. + + * "git branch -m/-M" advertised to update RENAME_REF ref in the + commit log message that introduced the feature but not anywhere in + the documentation, and never did update such a ref anyway. This + undocumented misfeature that did not exist has been excised. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e5234485e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +Git v1.7.7.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.7.3 +-------------------- + + * A few header dependencies were missing from the Makefile. + + * Some newer parts of the code used C99 __VA_ARGS__ while we still + try to cater to older compilers. + + * "git name-rev --all" tried to name all _objects_, naturally failing to + describe many blobs and trees, instead of showing only commits as + advertised in its documentation. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7b0931987b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +Git v1.7.7.5 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.7.4 +-------------------- + + * After fetching from a remote that has very long refname, the reporting + output could have corrupted by overrunning a static buffer. + + * "git checkout" and "git merge" treated in-tree .gitignore and exclude + file in $GIT_DIR/info/ directory inconsistently when deciding which + untracked files are ignored and expendable. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8df606d452 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Git v1.7.7.6 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.7.5 +-------------------- + + * The code to look up attributes for paths reused entries from a wrong + directory when two paths in question are in adjacent directories and + the name of the one directory is a prefix of the other. + + * A wildcard that matches deeper hierarchy given to the "diff-index" command, + e.g. "git diff-index HEAD -- '*.txt'", incorrectly reported additions of + matching files even when there is no change. + + * When producing a "thin pack" (primarily used in bundles and smart + HTTP transfers) out of a fully packed repository, we unnecessarily + avoided sending recent objects as a delta against objects we know + the other side has. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e79118d063 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +Git v1.7.7.7 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.7.6 +-------------------- + + * An error message from 'git bundle' had an unmatched single quote pair in it. + + * 'git diff --histogram' option was not described. + + * 'git imap-send' carried an unused dead code. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6eff128c80 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +Git v1.7.7 Release Notes +======================== + +Updates since v1.7.6 +-------------------- + + * The scripting part of the codebase is getting prepared for i18n/l10n. + + * Interix, Cygwin and Minix ports got updated. + + * Various updates to git-p4 (in contrib/), fast-import, and git-svn. + + * Gitweb learned to read from /etc/gitweb-common.conf when it exists, + before reading from gitweb_config.perl or from /etc/gitweb.conf + (this last one is read only when per-repository gitweb_config.perl + does not exist). + + * Various codepaths that invoked zlib deflate/inflate assumed that these + functions can compress or uncompress more than 4GB data in one call on + platforms with 64-bit long, which has been corrected. + + * Git now recognizes loose objects written by other implementations that + use a non-standard window size for zlib deflation (e.g. Agit running on + Android with 4kb window). We used to reject anything that was not + deflated with 32kb window. + + * Interaction between the use of pager and coloring of the output has + been improved, especially when a command that is not built-in was + involved. + + * "git am" learned to pass the "--exclude=<path>" option through to underlying + "git apply". + + * You can now feed many empty lines before feeding an mbox file to + "git am". + + * "git archive" can be told to pass the output to gzip compression and + produce "archive.tar.gz". + + * "git bisect" can be used in a bare repository (provided that the test + you perform per each iteration does not need a working tree, of + course). + + * The length of abbreviated object names in "git branch -v" output + now honors the core.abbrev configuration variable. + + * "git check-attr" can take relative paths from the command line. + + * "git check-attr" learned an "--all" option to list the attributes for a + given path. + + * "git checkout" (both the code to update the files upon checking out a + different branch and the code to checkout a specific set of files) learned + to stream the data from object store when possible, without having to + read the entire contents of a file into memory first. An earlier round + of this code that is not in any released version had a large leak but + now it has been plugged. + + * "git clone" can now take a "--config key=value" option to set the + repository configuration options that affect the initial checkout. + + * "git commit <paths>..." now lets you feed relative pathspecs that + refer to outside your current subdirectory. + + * "git diff --stat" learned a --stat-count option to limit the output of + a diffstat report. + + * "git diff" learned a "--histogram" option to use a different diff + generation machinery stolen from jgit, which might give better + performance. + + * "git diff" had a weird worst case behaviour that can be triggered + when comparing files with potentially many places that could match. + + * "git fetch", "git push" and friends no longer show connection + errors for addresses that couldn't be connected to when at least one + address succeeds (this is arguably a regression but a deliberate + one). + + * "git grep" learned "--break" and "--heading" options, to let users mimic + the output format of "ack". + + * "git grep" learned a "-W" option that shows wider context using the same + logic used by "git diff" to determine the hunk header. + + * Invoking the low-level "git http-fetch" without "-a" option (which + git itself never did--normal users should not have to worry about + this) is now deprecated. + + * The "--decorate" option to "git log" and its family learned to + highlight grafted and replaced commits. + + * "git rebase master topci" no longer spews usage hints after giving + the "fatal: no such branch: topci" error message. + + * The recursive merge strategy implementation got a fairly large + fix for many corner cases that may rarely happen in real world + projects (it has been verified that none of the 16000+ merges in + the Linux kernel history back to v2.6.12 is affected with the + corner case bugs this update fixes). + + * "git stash" learned an "--include-untracked option". + + * "git submodule update" used to stop at the first error updating a + submodule; it now goes on to update other submodules that can be + updated, and reports the ones with errors at the end. + + * "git push" can be told with the "--recurse-submodules=check" option to + refuse pushing of the supermodule, if any of its submodules' + commits hasn't been pushed out to their remotes. + + * "git upload-pack" and "git receive-pack" learned to pretend that only a + subset of the refs exist in a repository. This may help a site to + put many tiny repositories into one repository (this would not be + useful for larger repositories as repacking would be problematic). + + * "git verify-pack" has been rewritten to use the "index-pack" machinery + that is more efficient in reading objects in packfiles. + + * test scripts for gitweb tried to run even when CGI-related perl modules + are not installed; they now exit early when the latter are unavailable. + +Also contains various documentation updates and minor miscellaneous +changes. + + +Fixes since v1.7.6 +------------------ + +Unless otherwise noted, all fixes in the 1.7.6.X maintenance track are +included in this release. + + * "git branch -m" and "git checkout -b" incorrectly allowed the tip + of the branch that is currently checked out updated. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..33dc948b94 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Git v1.7.8.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.8 +------------------ + + * In some codepaths (notably, checkout and merge), the ignore patterns + recorded in $GIT_DIR/info/exclude were not honored. They now are. + + * "git apply --check" did not error out when given an empty input + without any patch. + + * "git archive" mistakenly allowed remote clients to ask for commits + that are not at the tip of any ref. + + * "git checkout" and "git merge" treated in-tree .gitignore and exclude + file in $GIT_DIR/info/ directory inconsistently when deciding which + untracked files are ignored and expendable. + + * LF-to-CRLF streaming filter used when checking out a large-ish blob + fell into an infinite loop with a rare input. + + * The function header pattern for files with "diff=cpp" attribute did + not consider "type *funcname(type param1,..." as the beginning of a + function. + + * The error message from "git diff" and "git status" when they fail + to inspect changes in submodules did not report which submodule they + had trouble with. + + * After fetching from a remote that has very long refname, the reporting + output could have corrupted by overrunning a static buffer. + + * "git pack-objects" avoids creating cyclic dependencies among deltas + when seeing a broken packfile that records the same object in both + the deflated form and as a delta. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b9c66aa1b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +Git v1.7.8.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.8.1 +-------------------- + + * Porcelain commands like "git reset" did not distinguish deletions + and type-changes from ordinary modification, and reported them with + the same 'M' moniker. They now use 'D' (for deletion) and 'T' (for + type-change) to match "git status -s" and "git diff --name-status". + + * The configuration file parser used for sizes (e.g. bigFileThreshold) + did not correctly interpret 'g' suffix. + + * The replacement implementation for snprintf used on platforms with + native snprintf that is broken did not use va_copy correctly. + + * LF-to-CRLF streaming filter replaced all LF with CRLF, which might + be technically correct but not friendly to people who are trying + to recover from earlier mistakes of using CRLF in the repository + data in the first place. It now refrains from doing so for LF that + follows a CR. + + * git native connection going over TCP (not over SSH) did not set + SO_KEEPALIVE option which failed to receive link layer errors. + + * "git branch -m <current branch> HEAD" is an obvious no-op but was not + allowed. + + * "git checkout -m" did not recreate the conflicted state in a "both + sides added, without any common ancestor version" conflict + situation. + + * "git cherry-pick $commit" (not a range) created an unnecessary + sequencer state and interfered with valid workflow to use the + command during a session to cherry-pick multiple commits. + + * You could make "git commit" segfault by giving the "--no-message" + option. + + * "fast-import" did not correctly update an existing notes tree, + possibly corrupting the fan-out. + + * "git fetch-pack" accepted unqualified refs that do not begin with + refs/ by mistake and compensated it by matching the refspec with + tail-match, which was doubly wrong. This broke fetching from a + repository with a funny named ref "refs/foo/refs/heads/master" and a + 'master' branch with "git fetch-pack refs/heads/master", as the + command incorrectly considered the former a "match". + + * "git log --follow" did not honor the rename threshold score given + with the -M option (e.g. "-M50%"). + + * "git mv" gave suboptimal error/warning messages when it overwrites + target files. It also did not pay attention to "-v" option. + + * Authenticated "git push" over dumb HTTP were broken with a recent + change and failed without asking for password when username is + given. + + * "git push" to an empty repository over HTTP were broken with a + recent change to the ref handling. + + * "git push -v" forgot how to be verbose by mistake. It now properly + becomes verbose when asked to. + + * When a "reword" action in "git rebase -i" failed to run "commit --amend", + we did not give the control back to the user to resolve the situation, and + instead kept the original commit log message. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a92714c14b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +Git v1.7.8.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.8.2 +-------------------- + + * Attempt to fetch from an empty file pretending it to be a bundle did + not error out correctly. + + * gitweb did not correctly fall back to configured $fallback_encoding + that is not 'latin1'. + + * "git clone --depth $n" did not catch a non-number given as $n as an + error. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9bebdbf13d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +Git v1.7.8.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.8.3 +-------------------- + + * The code to look up attributes for paths reused entries from a wrong + directory when two paths in question are in adjacent directories and + the name of the one directory is a prefix of the other. + + * A wildcard that matches deeper hierarchy given to the "diff-index" command, + e.g. "git diff-index HEAD -- '*.txt'", incorrectly reported additions of + matching files even when there is no change. + + * When producing a "thin pack" (primarily used in bundles and smart + HTTP transfers) out of a fully packed repository, we unnecessarily + avoided sending recent objects as a delta against objects we know + the other side has. + + * "git send-email" did not properly treat sendemail.multiedit as a + boolean (e.g. setting it to "false" did not turn it off). + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..011fd2a428 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Git v1.7.8.5 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.8.4 +-------------------- + + * Dependency on our thread-utils.h header file was missing for + objects that depend on it in the Makefile. + + * "git am" when fed an empty file did not correctly finish reading it + when it attempts to guess the input format. + + * "git grep -P" (when PCRE is enabled in the build) did not match the + beginning and the end of the line correctly with ^ and $. + + * "git rebase -m" tried to run "git notes copy" needlessly when + nothing was rewritten. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d9bf2b741a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Git v1.7.8.6 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.8.5 +-------------------- + + * An error message from 'git bundle' had an unmatched single quote pair in it. + + * 'git diff --histogram' option was not described. + + * Documentation for 'git rev-list' had minor formatting errors. + + * 'git imap-send' carried an unused dead code. + + * The way 'git fetch' implemented its connectivity check over + received objects was overly pessimistic, and wasted a lot of + cycles. + + * Various minor backports of fixes from the 'master' and the 'maint' + branch. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..249311361e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,161 @@ +Git v1.7.8 Release Notes +======================== + +Updates since v1.7.7 +-------------------- + + * Some git-svn, git-gui, git-p4 (in contrib) and msysgit updates. + + * Updates to bash completion scripts. + + * The build procedure has been taught to take advantage of computed + dependency automatically when the compiler supports it. + + * The date parser now accepts timezone designators that lack minutes + part and also has a colon between "hh:mm". + + * The contents of the /etc/mailname file, if exists, is used as the + default value of the hostname part of the committer/author e-mail. + + * "git am" learned how to read from patches generated by Hg. + + * "git archive" talking with a remote repository can report errors + from the remote side in a more informative way. + + * "git branch" learned an explicit --list option to ask for branches + listed, optionally with a glob matching pattern to limit its output. + + * "git check-attr" learned "--cached" option to look at .gitattributes + files from the index, not from the working tree. + + * Variants of "git cherry-pick" and "git revert" that take multiple + commits learned to "--continue" and "--abort". + + * "git daemon" gives more human readable error messages to clients + using ERR packets when appropriate. + + * Errors at the network layer is logged by "git daemon". + + * "git diff" learned "--minimal" option to spend extra cycles to come + up with a minimal patch output. + + * "git diff" learned "--function-context" option to show the whole + function as context that was affected by a change. + + * "git difftool" can be told to skip launching the tool for a path by + answering 'n' to its prompt. + + * "git fetch" learned to honor transfer.fsckobjects configuration to + validate the objects that were received from the other end, just like + "git receive-pack" (the receiving end of "git push") does. + + * "git fetch" makes sure that the set of objects it received from the + other end actually completes the history before updating the refs. + "git receive-pack" (the receiving end of "git push") learned to do the + same. + + * "git fetch" learned that fetching/cloning from a regular file on the + filesystem is not necessarily a request to unpack a bundle file; the + file could be ".git" with "gitdir: <path>" in it. + + * "git for-each-ref" learned "%(contents:subject)", "%(contents:body)" + and "%(contents:signature)". The last one is useful for signed tags. + + * "git grep" used to incorrectly pay attention to .gitignore files + scattered in the directory it was working in even when "--no-index" + option was used. It no longer does this. The "--exclude-standard" + option needs to be given to explicitly activate the ignore + mechanism. + + * "git grep" learned "--untracked" option, where given patterns are + searched in untracked (but not ignored) files as well as tracked + files in the working tree, so that matches in new but not yet + added files do not get missed. + + * The recursive merge backend no longer looks for meaningless + existing merges in submodules unless in the outermost merge. + + * "git log" and friends learned "--children" option. + + * "git ls-remote" learned to respond to "-h"(elp) requests. + + * "mediawiki" remote helper can interact with (surprise!) MediaWiki + with "git fetch" & "git push". + + * "git merge" learned the "--edit" option to allow users to edit the + merge commit log message. + + * "git rebase -i" can be told to use special purpose editor suitable + only for its insn sheet via sequence.editor configuration variable. + + * "git send-email" learned to respond to "-h"(elp) requests. + + * "git send-email" allows the value given to sendemail.aliasfile to begin + with "~/" to refer to the $HOME directory. + + * "git send-email" forces use of Authen::SASL::Perl to work around + issues between Authen::SASL::Cyrus and AUTH PLAIN/LOGIN. + + * "git stash" learned "--include-untracked" option to stash away + untracked/ignored cruft from the working tree. + + * "git submodule clone" does not leak an error message to the UI + level unnecessarily anymore. + + * "git submodule update" learned to honor "none" as the value for + submodule.<name>.update to specify that the named submodule should + not be checked out by default. + + * When populating a new submodule directory with "git submodule init", + the $GIT_DIR metainformation directory for submodules is created inside + $GIT_DIR/modules/<name>/ directory of the superproject and referenced + via the gitfile mechanism. This is to make it possible to switch + between commits in the superproject that has and does not have the + submodule in the tree without re-cloning. + + * "gitweb" leaked unescaped control characters from syntax hiliter + outputs. + + * "gitweb" can be told to give custom string at the end of the HTML + HEAD element. + + * "gitweb" now has its own manual pages. + + +Also contains other documentation updates and minor code cleanups. + + +Fixes since v1.7.7 +------------------ + +Unless otherwise noted, all fixes in the 1.7.7.X maintenance track are +included in this release. + + * HTTP transport did not use pushurl correctly, and also did not tell + what host it is trying to authenticate with when asking for + credentials. + (merge deba493 jk/http-auth later to maint). + + * "git blame" was aborted if started from an uncommitted content and + the path had the textconv filter in effect. + (merge 8518088 ss/blame-textconv-fake-working-tree later to maint). + + * Adding many refs to the local repository in one go (e.g. "git fetch" + that fetches many tags) and looking up a ref by name in a repository + with too many refs were unnecessarily slow. + (merge 17d68a54d jp/get-ref-dir-unsorted later to maint). + + * Report from "git commit" on untracked files was confused under + core.ignorecase option. + (merge 395c7356 jk/name-hash-dirent later to maint). + + * "git merge" did not understand ":/<pattern>" as a way to name a commit. + + " "git push" on the receiving end used to call post-receive and post-update + hooks for attempted removal of non-existing refs. + (merge 160b81ed ph/push-to-delete-nothing later to maint). + + * Help text for "git remote set-url" and "git remote set-branches" + were misspelled. + (merge c49904e fc/remote-seturl-usage-fix later to maint). + (merge 656cdf0 jc/remote-setbranches-usage-fix later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6957183dbb --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +Git v1.7.9.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.9 +------------------ + + * The makefile allowed environment variable X seep into it result in + command names suffixed with unnecessary strings. + + * The set of included header files in compat/inet-{ntop,pton} + wrappers was updated for Windows some time ago, but in a way that + broke Solaris build. + + * rpmbuild noticed an unpackaged but installed *.mo file and failed. + + * Subprocesses spawned from various git programs were often left running + to completion even when the top-level process was killed. + + * "git add -e" learned not to show a diff for an otherwise unmodified + submodule that only has uncommitted local changes in the patch + prepared by for the user to edit. + + * Typo in "git branch --edit-description my-tpoic" was not diagnosed. + + * Using "git grep -l/-L" together with options -W or --break may not + make much sense as the output is to only count the number of hits + and there is no place for file breaks, but the latter options made + "-l/-L" to miscount the hits. + + * "git log --first-parent $pathspec" did not stay on the first parent + chain and veered into side branch from which the whole change to the + specified paths came. + + * "git merge --no-edit $tag" failed to honor the --no-edit option. + + * "git merge --ff-only $tag" failed because it cannot record the + required mergetag without creating a merge, but this is so common + operation for branch that is used _only_ to follow the upstream, so + it was changed to allow fast-forwarding without recording the mergetag. + + * "git mergetool" now gives an empty file as the common base version + to the backend when dealing with the "both sides added, differently" + case. + + * "git push -q" was not sufficiently quiet. + + * When "git push" fails to update any refs, the client side did not + report an error correctly to the end user. + + * "rebase" and "commit --amend" failed to work on commits with ancient + timestamps near year 1970. + + * When asking for a tag to be pulled, "request-pull" did not show the + name of the tag prefixed with "tags/", which would have helped older + clients. + + * "git submodule add $path" forgot to recompute the name to be stored + in .gitmodules when the submodule at $path was once added to the + superproject and already initialized. + + * Many small corner case bugs on "git tag -n" was corrected. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e500da75dd --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +Git v1.7.9.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.9.1 +-------------------- + + * Bash completion script (in contrib/) did not like a pattern that + begins with a dash to be passed to __git_ps1 helper function. + + * Adaptation of the bash completion script (in contrib/) for zsh + incorrectly listed all subcommands when "git <TAB><TAB>" was given + to ask for list of porcelain subcommands. + + * The build procedure for profile-directed optimized binary was not + working very well. + + * Some systems need to explicitly link -lcharset to get locale_charset(). + + * t5541 ignored user-supplied port number used for HTTP server testing. + + * The error message emitted when we see an empty loose object was + not phrased correctly. + + * The code to ask for password did not fall back to the terminal + input when GIT_ASKPASS is set but does not work (e.g. lack of X + with GUI askpass helper). + + * We failed to give the true terminal width to any subcommand when + they are invoked with the pager, i.e. "git -p cmd". + + * map_user() was not rewriting its output correctly, which resulted + in the user visible symptom that "git blame -e" sometimes showed + excess '>' at the end of email addresses. + + * "git checkout -b" did not allow switching out of an unborn branch. + + * When you have both .../foo and .../foo.git, "git clone .../foo" did not + favor the former but the latter. + + * "git commit" refused to create a commit when entries added with + "add -N" remained in the index, without telling Git what their content + in the next commit should be. We should have created the commit without + these paths. + + * "git diff --stat" said "files", "insertions", and "deletions" even + when it is showing one "file", one "insertion" or one "deletion". + + * The output from "git diff --stat" for two paths that have the same + amount of changes showed graph bars of different length due to the + way we handled rounding errors. + + * "git grep" did not pay attention to -diff (hence -binary) attribute. + + * The transport programs (fetch, push, clone)ignored --no-progress + and showed progress when sending their output to a terminal. + + * Sometimes error status detected by a check in an earlier phase of + "git receive-pack" (the other end of "git push") was lost by later + checks, resulting in false indication of success. + + * "git rev-list --verify" sometimes skipped verification depending on + the phase of the moon, which dates back to 1.7.8.x series. + + * Search box in "gitweb" did not accept non-ASCII characters correctly. + + * Search interface of "gitweb" did not show multiple matches in the same file + correctly. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..91c65012f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +Git v1.7.9.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.9.2 +-------------------- + + * "git p4" (in contrib/) submit the changes to a wrong place when the + "--use-client-spec" option is set. + + * The config.mak.autogen generated by optional autoconf support tried + to link the binary with -lintl even when libintl.h is missing from + the system. + + * When the filter driver exits before reading the content before the + main git process writes the contents to be filtered to the pipe to + it, the latter could be killed with SIGPIPE instead of ignoring + such an event as an error. + + * "git add --refresh <pathspec>" used to warn about unmerged paths + outside the given pathspec. + + * The bulk check-in codepath in "git add" streamed contents that + needs smudge/clean filters without running them, instead of punting + and delegating to the codepath to run filters after slurping + everything to core. + + * "git branch --with $that" assumed incorrectly that the user will never + ask the question with nonsense value in $that. + + * "git bundle create" produced a corrupt bundle file upon seeing + commits with excessively long subject line. + + * When a remote helper exits before reading the blank line from the + main git process to signal the end of commands, the latter could be + killed with SIGPIPE. Instead we should ignore such event as a + non-error. + + * The commit log template given with "git merge --edit" did not have + a short instructive text like what "git commit" gives. + + * "git rev-list --verify-objects -q" omitted the extra verification + it needs to do over "git rev-list --objects -q" by mistake. + + * "gitweb" used to drop warnings in the log file when "heads" view is + accessed in a repository whose HEAD does not point at a valid + branch. + + * An invalid regular expression pattern given by an end user made + "gitweb" to return garbled response. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e5217a1889 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Git v1.7.9.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.9.3 +-------------------- + + * The code to synthesize the fake ancestor tree used by 3-way merge + fallback in "git am" was not prepared to read a patch created with + a non-standard -p<num> value. + + * "git bundle" did not record boundary commits correctly when there + are many of them. + + * "git diff-index" and its friends at the plumbing level showed the + "diff --git" header and nothing else for a path whose cached stat + info is dirty without actual difference when asked to produce a + patch. This was a longstanding bug that we could have fixed long + time ago. + + * "gitweb" did use quotemeta() to prepare search string when asked to + do a fixed-string project search, but did not use it by mistake and + used the user-supplied string instead. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..95cc2bbf2c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +Git v1.7.9.5 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.9.4 +-------------------- + + * When "git config" diagnoses an error in a configuration file and + shows the line number for the offending line, it miscounted if the + error was at the end of line. + + * "git fast-import" accepted "ls" command with an empty path by + mistake. + + * Various new-ish output decoration modes of "git grep" were not + documented in the manual's synopsis section. + + * The "remaining" subcommand to "git rerere" was not documented. + + * "gitweb" used to drop warnings in the log file when "heads" view is + accessed in a repository whose HEAD does not point at a valid + branch. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..74bf8825e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Git v1.7.9.6 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.9.5 +-------------------- + + * "git merge $tag" to merge an annotated tag always opens the editor + during an interactive edit session. v1.7.10 series introduced an + environment variable GIT_MERGE_AUTOEDIT to help older scripts decline + this behaviour, but the maintenance track should also support it. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..59667d0f2a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +Git v1.7.9.7 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.7.9.6 +-------------------- + + * An error message from 'git bundle' had an unmatched single quote pair in it. + + * The way 'git fetch' implemented its connectivity check over + received objects was overly pessimistic, and wasted a lot of + cycles. + +Also contains minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..95320aad5d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +Git v1.7.9 Release Notes +======================== + +Updates since v1.7.8 +-------------------- + + * gitk updates accumulated since early 2011. + + * git-gui updated to 0.16.0. + + * git-p4 (in contrib/) updates. + + * Git uses gettext to translate its most common interface messages + into the user's language if translations are available and the + locale is appropriately set. Distributors can drop new PO files + in po/ to add new translations. + + * The code to handle username/password for HTTP transactions used in + "git push" & "git fetch" learned to talk "credential API" to + external programs to cache or store them, to allow integration with + platform native keychain mechanisms. + + * The input prompts in the terminal use our own getpass() replacement + when possible. HTTP transactions used to ask for the username without + echoing back what was typed, but with this change you will see it as + you type. + + * The internals of "revert/cherry-pick" have been tweaked to prepare + building more generic "sequencer" on top of the implementation that + drives them. + + * "git rev-parse FETCH_HEAD" after "git fetch" without specifying + what to fetch from the command line will now show the commit that + would be merged if the command were "git pull". + + * "git add" learned to stream large files directly into a packfile + instead of writing them into individual loose object files. + + * "git checkout -B <current branch> <elsewhere>" is a more intuitive + way to spell "git reset --keep <elsewhere>". + + * "git checkout" and "git merge" learned "--no-overwrite-ignore" option + to tell Git that untracked and ignored files are not expendable. + + * "git commit --amend" learned "--no-edit" option to say that the + user is amending the tree being recorded, without updating the + commit log message. + + * "git commit" and "git reset" re-learned the optimization to prime + the cache-tree information in the index, which makes it faster to + write a tree object out after the index entries are updated. + + * "git commit" detects and rejects an attempt to stuff NUL byte in + the commit log message. + + * "git commit" learned "-S" to GPG-sign the commit; this can be shown + with the "--show-signature" option to "git log". + + * fsck and prune are relatively lengthy operations that still go + silent while making the end-user wait. They learned to give progress + output like other slow operations. + + * The set of built-in function-header patterns for various languages + knows MATLAB. + + * "git log --format='<format>'" learned new %g[nNeE] specifiers to + show information from the reflog entries when walking the reflog + (i.e. with "-g"). + + * "git pull" can be used to fetch and merge an annotated/signed tag, + instead of the tip of a topic branch. The GPG signature from the + signed tag is recorded in the resulting merge commit for later + auditing. + + * "git log" learned "--show-signature" option to show the signed tag + that was merged that is embedded in the merge commit. It also can + show the signature made on the commit with "git commit -S". + + * "git branch --edit-description" can be used to add descriptive text + to explain what a topic branch is about. + + * "git fmt-merge-msg" learned to take the branch description into + account when preparing a merge summary that "git merge" records + when merging a local branch. + + * "git request-pull" has been updated to convey more information + useful for integrators to decide if a topic is worth merging and + what is pulled is indeed what the requestor asked to pull, + including: + + - the tip of the branch being requested to be merged; + - the branch description describing what the topic is about; + - the contents of the annotated tag, when requesting to pull a tag. + + * "git pull" learned to notice 'pull.rebase' configuration variable, + which serves as a global fallback for setting 'branch.<name>.rebase' + configuration variable per branch. + + * "git tag" learned "--cleanup" option to control how the whitespaces + and empty lines in tag message are cleaned up. + + * "gitweb" learned to show side-by-side diff. + +Also contains minor documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v1.7.8 +------------------ + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v1.7.8 in the maintenance +releases are contained in this release (see release notes to them for +details). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1f372fa0b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +Git v1.8.0.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.0 +------------------ + + * The configuration parser had an unnecessary hardcoded limit on + variable names that was not checked consistently. + + * The "say" function in the test scaffolding incorrectly allowed + "echo" to interpret "\a" as if it were a C-string asking for a + BEL output. + + * "git mergetool" feeds /dev/null as a common ancestor when dealing + with an add/add conflict, but p4merge backend cannot handle + it. Work it around by passing a temporary empty file. + + * "git log -F -E --grep='<ere>'" failed to use the given <ere> + pattern as extended regular expression, and instead looked for the + string literally. + + * "git grep -e pattern <tree>" asked the attribute system to read + "<tree>:.gitattributes" file in the working tree, which was + nonsense. + + * A symbolic ref refs/heads/SYM was not correctly removed with "git + branch -d SYM"; the command removed the ref pointed by SYM + instead. + + * Earlier we fixed documentation to hyphenate "remote-tracking branch" + to clarify that these are not a remote entity, but unhyphenated + spelling snuck in to a few places since then. + + * "git pull --rebase" run while the HEAD is detached tried to find + the upstream branch of the detached HEAD (which by definition + does not exist) and emitted unnecessary error messages. + + * The refs/replace hierarchy was not mentioned in the + repository-layout docs. + + * Sometimes curl_multi_timeout() function suggested a wrong timeout + value when there is no file descriptors to wait on and the http + transport ended up sleeping for minutes in select(2) system call. + A workaround has been added for this. + + * Various rfc2047 quoting issues around a non-ASCII name on the + From: line in the output from format-patch have been corrected. + + * "git diff -G<pattern>" did not honor textconv filter when looking + for changes. + + * Bash completion script (in contrib/) did not correctly complete a + lazy "git checkout $name_of_remote_tracking_branch_that_is_unique" + command line. + + * RSS feed from "gitweb" had a xss hole in its title output. + + * "git config --path $key" segfaulted on "[section] key" (a boolean + "true" spelled without "=", not "[section] key = true"). + + * "git checkout -b foo" while on an unborn branch did not say + "Switched to a new branch 'foo'" like other cases. + +Also contains other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8497e051de --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Git v1.8.0.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.0.1 +-------------------- + + * Various codepaths have workaround for a common misconfiguration to + spell "UTF-8" as "utf8", but it was not used uniformly. Most + notably, mailinfo (which is used by "git am") lacked this support. + + * We failed to mention a file without any content change but whose + permission bit was modified, or (worse yet) a new file without any + content in the "git diff --stat" output. + + * When "--stat-count" hides a diffstat for binary contents, the total + number of added and removed lines at the bottom was computed + incorrectly. + + * When "--stat-count" hides a diffstat for unmerged paths, the total + number of affected files at the bottom of the "diff --stat" output + was computed incorrectly. + + * "diff --shortstat" miscounted the total number of affected files + when there were unmerged paths. + + * "git p4" used to try expanding malformed "$keyword$" that spans + across multiple lines. + + * "git update-ref -d --deref SYM" to delete a ref through a symbolic + ref that points to it did not remove it correctly. + + * Syntax highlighting in "gitweb" was not quite working. + +Also contains other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..92b1e4b363 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +Git v1.8.0.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.0.2 +-------------------- + + * "git log -p -S<string>" did not apply the textconv filter while + looking for the <string>. + + * In the documentation, some invalid example e-mail addresses were + formatted into mailto: links. + +Also contains many documentation updates backported from the 'master' +branch that is preparing for the upcoming 1.8.1 release. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..43883c14f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,267 @@ +Git v1.8.0 Release Notes +======================== + +Backward compatibility notes +---------------------------- + +In the next major release (not *this* one), we will change the +behavior of the "git push" command. + +When "git push [$there]" does not say what to push, we have used the +traditional "matching" semantics so far (all your branches were sent +to the remote as long as there already are branches of the same name +over there). We will use the "simple" semantics that pushes the +current branch to the branch with the same name, only when the current +branch is set to integrate with that remote branch. There is a user +preference configuration variable "push.default" to change this, and +"git push" will warn about the upcoming change until you set this +variable in this release. + +"git branch --set-upstream" is deprecated and may be removed in a +relatively distant future. "git branch [-u|--set-upstream-to]" has +been introduced with a saner order of arguments. + + +Updates since v1.7.12 +--------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * A credential helper for Win32 to allow access to the keychain of + the logged-in user has been added. + + * An initial port to HP NonStop. + + * A credential helper to allow access to the Gnome keyring has been + added. + + * When "git am" sanitizes the "Subject:" line, we strip the prefix from + "Re: subject" and also from a less common "re: subject", but left + the even less common "RE: subject" intact. Now we strip that too. + + * It was tempting to say "git branch --set-upstream origin/master", + but that tells Git to arrange the local branch "origin/master" to + integrate with the currently checked out branch, which is highly + unlikely what the user meant. The option is deprecated; use the + new "--set-upstream-to" (with a short-and-sweet "-u") option + instead. + + * "git cherry-pick" learned the "--allow-empty-message" option to + allow it to replay a commit without any log message. + + * After "git cherry-pick -s" gave control back to the user asking + help to resolve conflicts, concluding "git commit" used to need to + be run with "-s" if the user wants to sign it off; now the command + leaves the sign-off line in the log template. + + * "git daemon" learned the "--access-hook" option to allow an + external command to decline service based on the client address, + repository path, etc. + + * "git difftool --dir-diff" learned to use symbolic links to prepare + a temporary copy of the working tree when available. + + * "git grep" learned to use a non-standard pattern type by default if + a configuration variable tells it to. + + * Accumulated updates to "git gui" has been merged. + + * "git log -g" learned the "--grep-reflog=<pattern>" option to limit + its output to commits with a reflog message that matches the given + pattern. + + * "git merge-base" learned the "--is-ancestor A B" option to tell if A is + an ancestor of B. The result is indicated by its exit status code. + + * "git mergetool" now allows users to override the actual command used + with the mergetool.$name.cmd configuration variable even for built-in + mergetool backends. + + * "git rebase -i" learned the "--edit-todo" option to open an editor + to edit the instruction sheet. + + +Foreign Interface + + * "git svn" has been updated to work with SVN 1.7. + + * "git p4" learned the "--conflicts" option to specify what to do when + encountering a conflict during "p4 submit". + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, etc. + + * Git ships with a fall-back regexp implementation for platforms with + buggy regexp library, but it was easy for people to keep using their + platform regexp by mistake. A new test has been added to check this. + + * The "check-docs" build target has been updated and greatly + simplified. + + * The test suite is run under MALLOC_CHECK_ when running with a glibc + that supports the feature. + + * The documentation in the TeXinfo format was using indented output + for materials meant to be examples that are better typeset in + monospace. + + * Compatibility wrapper around some mkdir(2) implementations that + reject parameters with trailing slash has been introduced. + + * Compatibility wrapper for systems that lack usable setitimer() has + been added. + + * The option parsing of "git checkout" had error checking, dwim and + defaulting missing options, all mixed in the code, and issuing an + appropriate error message with useful context was getting harder. + The code has been reorganized to allow giving a proper diagnosis + when the user says "git checkout -b -t foo bar" (e.g. "-t" is not a + good name for a branch). + + * Many internal uses of a "git merge-base" equivalent were only to see + if one commit fast-forwards to the other, which did not need the + full set of merge bases to be computed. They have been updated to + use less expensive checks. + + * The heuristics to detect and silently convert latin1 to utf8 when + we were told to use utf-8 in the log message has been transplanted + from "mailinfo" to "commit" and "commit-tree". + + * Messages given by "git <subcommand> -h" from many subcommands have + been marked for translation. + + +Also contains minor documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v1.7.12 +------------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v1.7.12 in the +maintenance track are contained in this release (see release notes +to them for details). + + * The attribute system may be asked for a path that itself or its + leading directories no longer exists in the working tree, and it is + fine if we cannot open .gitattribute file in such a case. Failure + to open per-directory .gitattributes with error status other than + ENOENT and ENOTDIR should be diagnosed, but it wasn't. + + * When looking for $HOME/.gitconfig etc., it is OK if we cannot read + them because they do not exist, but we did not diagnose existing + files that we cannot read. + + * When "git am" is fed an input that has multiple "Content-type: ..." + header, it did not grok charset= attribute correctly. + + * "git am" mishandled a patch attached as application/octet-stream + (e.g. not text/*); Content-Transfer-Encoding (e.g. base64) was not + honored correctly. + + * "git blame MAKEFILE" run in a history that has "Makefile" but not + "MAKEFILE" should say "No such file MAKEFILE in HEAD", but got + confused on a case insensitive filesystem and failed to do so. + + * Even during a conflicted merge, "git blame $path" always meant to + blame uncommitted changes to the "working tree" version; make it + more useful by showing cleanly merged parts as coming from the other + branch that is being merged. + + * It was unclear in the documentation for "git blame" that it is + unnecessary for users to use the "--follow" option. + + * Output from "git branch -v" contains "(no branch)" that could be + localized, but the code to align it along with the names of + branches was counting in bytes, not in display columns. + + * "git cherry-pick A C B" used to replay changes in A and then B and + then C if these three commits had committer timestamps in that + order, which is not what the user who said "A C B" naturally + expects. + + * A repository created with "git clone --single" had its fetch + refspecs set up just like a clone without "--single", leading the + subsequent "git fetch" to slurp all the other branches, defeating + the whole point of specifying "only this branch". + + * Documentation talked about "first line of commit log" when it meant + the title of the commit. The description was clarified by defining + how the title is decided and rewording the casual mention of "first + line" to "title". + + * "git cvsimport" did not thoroughly cleanse tag names that it + inferred from the names of the tags it obtained from CVS, which + caused "git tag" to barf and stop the import in the middle. + + * Earlier we made the diffstat summary line that shows the number of + lines added/deleted localizable, but it was found irritating having + to see them in various languages on a list whose discussion language + is English, and this change has been reverted. + + * "git fetch --all", when passed "--no-tags", did not honor the + "--no-tags" option while fetching from individual remotes (the same + issue existed with "--tags", but the combination "--all --tags" makes + much less sense than "--all --no-tags"). + + * "git fetch" over http had an old workaround for an unlikely server + misconfiguration; it turns out that this hurts debuggability of the + configuration in general, and has been reverted. + + * "git fetch" over http advertised that it supports "deflate", which + is much less common, and did not advertise the more common "gzip" on + its Accept-Encoding header. + + * "git fetch" over the dumb-http revision walker could segfault when + curl's multi interface was used. + + * "git gc --auto" notified the user that auto-packing has triggered + even under the "--quiet" option. + + * After "gitk" showed the contents of a tag, neither "Reread + references" nor "Reload" updated what is shown as the + contents of it when the user overwrote the tag with "git tag -f". + + * "git log --all-match --grep=A --grep=B" ought to show commits that + mention both A and B, but when these three options are used with + --author or --committer, it showed commits that mention either A or + B (or both) instead. + + * The "-Xours" backend option to "git merge -s recursive" was ignored + for binary files. + + * "git p4", when "--use-client-spec" and "--detect-branches" are used + together, misdetected branches. + + * "git receive-pack" (the counterpart to "git push") did not give + progress output while processing objects it received to the puser + when run over the smart-http protocol. + + * When you misspell the command name you give to the "exec" action in + the "git rebase -i" instruction sheet you were told that 'rebase' is not a + git subcommand from "git rebase --continue". + + * The subcommand in "git remote" to remove a defined remote was + "rm" and the command did not take a fully-spelled "remove". + + * The interactive prompt that "git send-email" gives was error prone. It + asked "What e-mail address do you want to use?" with the address it + guessed (correctly) the user would want to use in its prompt, + tempting the user to say "y". But the response was taken as "No, + please use 'y' as the e-mail address instead", which is most + certainly not what the user meant. + + * "git show --format='%ci'" did not give the timestamp correctly for + commits created without human readable name on the "committer" line. + + * "git show --quiet" ought to be a synonym for "git show -s", but + wasn't. + + * "git submodule frotz" was not diagnosed as "frotz" being an unknown + subcommand to "git submodule"; the user instead got a complaint + that "git submodule status" was run with an unknown path "frotz". + + * "git status" honored the ignore=dirty settings in .gitmodules but + "git commit" didn't. + + * "gitweb" did not give the correct committer timezone in its feed + output due to a typo. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6cde07ba29 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +Git 1.8.1.1 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v1.8.1 +------------------ + + * The attribute mechanism didn't allow limiting attributes to be + applied to only a single directory itself with "path/" like the + exclude mechanism does. + + * When attempting to read the XDG-style $HOME/.config/git/config and + finding that $HOME/.config/git is a file, we gave a wrong error + message, instead of treating the case as "a custom config file does + not exist there" and moving on. + + * After failing to create a temporary file using mkstemp(), failing + pathname was not reported correctly on some platforms. + + * http transport was wrong to ask for the username when the + authentication is done by certificate identity. + + * The behaviour visible to the end users was confusing, when they + attempt to kill a process spawned in the editor that was in turn + launched by Git with SIGINT (or SIGQUIT), as Git would catch that + signal and die. We ignore these signals now. + + * A child process that was killed by a signal (e.g. SIGINT) was + reported in an inconsistent way depending on how the process was + spawned by us, with or without a shell in between. + + * After "git add -N" and then writing a tree object out of the + index, the cache-tree data structure got corrupted. + + * "git apply" misbehaved when fixing whitespace breakages by removing + excess trailing blank lines in some corner cases. + + * A tar archive created by "git archive" recorded a directory in a + way that made NetBSD's implementation of "tar" sometimes unhappy. + + * When "git clone --separate-git-dir=$over_there" is interrupted, it + failed to remove the real location of the $GIT_DIR it created. + This was most visible when interrupting a submodule update. + + * "git fetch --mirror" and fetch that uses other forms of refspec + with wildcard used to attempt to update a symbolic ref that match + the wildcard on the receiving end, which made little sense (the + real ref that is pointed at by the symbolic ref would be updated + anyway). Symbolic refs no longer are affected by such a fetch. + + * The "log --graph" codepath fell into infinite loop in some + corner cases. + + * "git merge" started calling prepare-commit-msg hook like "git + commit" does some time ago, but forgot to pay attention to the exit + status of the hook. + + * "git pack-refs" that ran in parallel to another process that + created new refs had a race that can lose new ones. + + * When a line to be wrapped has a solid run of non space characters + whose length exactly is the wrap width, "git shortlog -w" failed + to add a newline after such a line. + + * The way "git svn" asked for password using SSH_ASKPASS and + GIT_ASKPASS was not in line with the rest of the system. + + * "gitweb", when sorting by age to show repositories with new + activities first, used to sort repositories with absolutely + nothing in it early, which was not very useful. + + * "gitweb", when sorting by age to show repositories with new + activities first, used to sort repositories with absolutely + nothing in it early, which was not very useful. + + * When autoconf is used, any build on a different commit always ran + "config.status --recheck" even when unnecessary. + + * Some scripted programs written in Python did not get updated when + PYTHON_PATH changed. + + * We have been carrying a translated and long-unmaintained copy of an + old version of the tutorial; removed. + + * Portability issues in many self-test scripts have been addressed. + + +Also contains other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5ab7b18906 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Git 1.8.1.2 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v1.8.1.1 +-------------------- + + * An element on GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES list that does not name the + real path to a directory (i.e. a symbolic link) could have caused + the GIT_DIR discovery logic to escape the ceiling. + + * Command line completion for "tcsh" emitted an unwanted space + after completing a single directory name. + + * Command line completion leaked an unnecessary error message while + looking for possible matches with paths in <tree-ish>. + + * "git archive" did not record uncompressed size in the header when + streaming a zip archive, which confused some implementations of unzip. + + * When users spelled "cc:" in lowercase in the fake "header" in the + trailer part, "git send-email" failed to pick up the addresses from + there. As e-mail headers field names are case insensitive, this + script should follow suit and treat "cc:" and "Cc:" the same way. + +Also contains various documentation fixes. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..681cb35c0a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +Git 1.8.1.3 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v1.8.1.2 +-------------------- + + * The attribute mechanism didn't allow limiting attributes to be + applied to only a single directory itself with "path/" like the + exclude mechanism does. The fix for this in 1.8.1.2 had + performance degradations. + + * Command line completion code was inadvertently made incompatible with + older versions of bash by using a newer array notation. + + * Scripts to test bash completion was inherently flaky as it was + affected by whatever random things the user may have on $PATH. + + * A fix was added to the build procedure to work around buggy + versions of ccache broke the auto-generation of dependencies, which + unfortunately is still relevant because some people use ancient + distros. + + * We used to stuff "user@" and then append what we read from + /etc/mailname to come up with a default e-mail ident, but a bug + lost the "user@" part. + + * "git am" did not parse datestamp correctly from Hg generated patch, + when it is run in a locale outside C (or en). + + * Attempt to "branch --edit-description" an existing branch, while + being on a detached HEAD, errored out. + + * "git cherry-pick" did not replay a root commit to an unborn branch. + + * We forgot to close the file descriptor reading from "gpg" output, + killing "git log --show-signature" on a long history. + + * "git rebase --preserve-merges" lost empty merges in recent versions + of Git. + + * Rebasing the history of superproject with change in the submodule + has been broken since v1.7.12. + + * A failure to push due to non-ff while on an unborn branch + dereferenced a NULL pointer when showing an error message. + +Also contains various documentation fixes. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..22af1d1643 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +Git 1.8.1.4 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v1.8.1.3 +-------------------- + + * "git imap-send" talking over imaps:// did make sure it received a + valid certificate from the other end, but did not check if the + certificate matched the host it thought it was talking to. + +Also contains various documentation fixes. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..efa68aef22 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +Git 1.8.1.5 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v1.8.1.4 +-------------------- + + * Given a string with a multi-byte character that begins with '-' on + the command line where an option is expected, the option parser + used just one byte of the unknown letter when reporting an error. + + * In v1.8.1, the attribute parser was tightened too restrictive to + error out upon seeing an entry that begins with an ! (exclamation), + which may confuse users to expect a "negative match", which does + not exist. This has been demoted to a warning; such an entry is + still ignored. + + * "git apply --summary" has been taught to make sure the similarity + value shown in its output is sensible, even when the input had a + bogus value. + + * "git clean" showed what it was going to do, but sometimes ended + up finding that it was not allowed to do so, which resulted in a + confusing output (e.g. after saying that it will remove an + untracked directory, it found an embedded git repository there + which it is not allowed to remove). It now performs the actions + and then reports the outcome more faithfully. + + * "git clone" used to allow --bare and --separate-git-dir=$there + options at the same time, which was nonsensical. + + * "git cvsimport" mishandled timestamps at DST boundary. + + * We used to have an arbitrary 32 limit for combined diff input, + resulting in incorrect number of leading colons shown when showing + the "--raw --cc" output. + + * The smart HTTP clients forgot to verify the content-type that comes + back from the server side to make sure that the request is being + handled properly. + + * "git help remote-helpers" failed to find the documentation. + + * "gitweb" pages served over HTTPS, when configured to show picon or + gravatar, referred to these external resources to be fetched via + HTTP, resulting in mixed contents warning in browsers. + +Also contains various documentation fixes. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c15cf2e805 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Git 1.8.1.6 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v1.8.1.5 +-------------------- + + * An earlier change to the attribute system introduced at v1.8.1.2 by + mistake stopped a pattern "dir" (without trailing slash) from + matching a directory "dir" (it only wanted to allow pattern "dir/" + to also match). + + * The code to keep track of what directory names are known to Git on + platforms with case insensitive filesystems can get confused upon a + hash collision between these pathnames and looped forever. + + * When the "--prefix" option is used to "checkout-index", the code + did not pick the correct output filter based on the attribute + setting. + + * Annotated tags outside refs/tags/ hierarchy were not advertised + correctly to the ls-remote and fetch with recent version of Git. + + * The logic used by "git diff -M --stat" to shorten the names of + files before and after a rename did not work correctly when the + common prefix and suffix between the two filenames overlapped. + + * "git update-index -h" did not do the usual "-h(elp)" thing. + + * perl/Git.pm::cat_blob slurped everything in core only to write it + out to a file descriptor, which was not a very smart thing to do. + + * The SSL peer verification done by "git imap-send" did not ask for + Server Name Indication (RFC 4366), failing to connect SSL/TLS + sites that serve multiple hostnames on a single IP. + + * "git bundle verify" did not say "records a complete history" for a + bundle that does not have any prerequisites. + +Also contains various documentation fixes. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d6f9555923 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,241 @@ +Git v1.8.1 Release Notes +======================== + +Backward compatibility notes +---------------------------- + +In the next major release (not *this* one), we will change the +behavior of the "git push" command. + +When "git push [$there]" does not say what to push, we have used the +traditional "matching" semantics so far (all your branches were sent +to the remote as long as there already are branches of the same name +over there). We will use the "simple" semantics that pushes the +current branch to the branch with the same name, only when the current +branch is set to integrate with that remote branch. There is a user +preference configuration variable "push.default" to change this, and +"git push" will warn about the upcoming change until you set this +variable in this release. + +"git branch --set-upstream" is deprecated and may be removed in a +relatively distant future. "git branch [-u|--set-upstream-to]" has +been introduced with a saner order of arguments to replace it. + + +Updates since v1.8.0 +-------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * Command-line completion scripts for tcsh and zsh have been added. + + * "git-prompt" scriptlet (in contrib/completion) can be told to paint + pieces of the hints in the prompt string in colors. + + * Some documentation pages that used to ship only in the plain text + format are now formatted in HTML as well. + + * We used to have a workaround for a bug in ancient "less" that + causes it to exit without any output when the terminal is resized. + The bug has been fixed in "less" version 406 (June 2007), and the + workaround has been removed in this release. + + * When "git checkout" checks out a branch, it tells the user how far + behind (or ahead) the new branch is relative to the remote tracking + branch it builds upon. The message now also advises how to sync + them up by pushing or pulling. This can be disabled with the + advice.statusHints configuration variable. + + * "git config --get" used to diagnose presence of multiple + definitions of the same variable in the same configuration file as + an error, but it now applies the "last one wins" rule used by the + internal configuration logic. Strictly speaking, this may be an + API regression but it is expected that nobody will notice it in + practice. + + * A new configuration variable "diff.context" can be used to + give the default number of context lines in the patch output, to + override the hardcoded default of 3 lines. + + * "git format-patch" learned the "--notes=<ref>" option to give + notes for the commit after the three-dash lines in its output. + + * "git log -p -S<string>" now looks for the <string> after applying + the textconv filter (if defined); earlier it inspected the contents + of the blobs without filtering. + + * "git log --grep=<pcre>" learned to honor the "grep.patterntype" + configuration set to "perl". + + * "git replace -d <object>" now interprets <object> as an extended + SHA-1 (e.g. HEAD~4 is allowed), instead of only accepting full hex + object name. + + * "git rm $submodule" used to punt on removing a submodule working + tree to avoid losing the repository embedded in it. Because + recent git uses a mechanism to separate the submodule repository + from the submodule working tree, "git rm" learned to detect this + case and removes the submodule working tree when it is safe to do so. + + * "git send-email" used to prompt for the sender address, even when + the committer identity is well specified (e.g. via user.name and + user.email configuration variables). The command no longer gives + this prompt when not necessary. + + * "git send-email" did not allow non-address garbage strings to + appear after addresses on Cc: lines in the patch files (and when + told to pick them up to find more recipients), e.g. + + Cc: Stable Kernel <stable@k.org> # for v3.2 and up + + The command now strips " # for v3.2 and up" part before adding the + remainder of this line to the list of recipients. + + * "git submodule add" learned to add a new submodule at the same + path as the path where an unrelated submodule was bound to in an + existing revision via the "--name" option. + + * "git submodule sync" learned the "--recursive" option. + + * "diff.submodule" configuration variable can be used to give custom + default value to the "git diff --submodule" option. + + * "git symbolic-ref" learned the "-d $symref" option to delete the + named symbolic ref, which is more intuitive way to spell it than + "update-ref -d --no-deref $symref". + + +Foreign Interface + + * "git cvsimport" can be told to record timezones (other than GMT) + per-author via its author info file. + + * The remote helper interface to interact with subversion + repositories (one of the GSoC 2012 projects) has been merged. + + * A new remote-helper interface for Mercurial has been added to + contrib/remote-helpers. + + * The documentation for git(1) was pointing at a page at an external + site for the list of authors that no longer existed. The link has + been updated to point at an alternative site. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, etc. + + * Compilation on Cygwin with newer header files are supported now. + + * A couple of low-level implementation updates on MinGW. + + * The logic to generate the initial advertisement from "upload-pack" + (i.e. what is invoked by "git fetch" on the other side of the + connection) to list what refs are available in the repository has + been optimized. + + * The logic to find set of attributes that match a given path has + been optimized. + + * Use preloadindex in "git diff-index" and "git update-index", which + has a nice speedup on systems with slow stat calls (and even on + Linux). + + +Also contains minor documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v1.8.0 +------------------ + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v1.8.0 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see release notes to them for +details). + + * The configuration parser had an unnecessary hardcoded limit on + variable names that was not checked consistently. + + * The "say" function in the test scaffolding incorrectly allowed + "echo" to interpret "\a" as if it were a C-string asking for a + BEL output. + + * "git mergetool" feeds /dev/null as a common ancestor when dealing + with an add/add conflict, but p4merge backend cannot handle + it. Work it around by passing a temporary empty file. + + * "git log -F -E --grep='<ere>'" failed to use the given <ere> + pattern as extended regular expression, and instead looked for the + string literally. + + * "git grep -e pattern <tree>" asked the attribute system to read + "<tree>:.gitattributes" file in the working tree, which was + nonsense. + + * A symbolic ref refs/heads/SYM was not correctly removed with "git + branch -d SYM"; the command removed the ref pointed by SYM + instead. + + * Update "remote tracking branch" in the documentation to + "remote-tracking branch". + + * "git pull --rebase" run while the HEAD is detached tried to find + the upstream branch of the detached HEAD (which by definition + does not exist) and emitted unnecessary error messages. + + * The refs/replace hierarchy was not mentioned in the + repository-layout docs. + + * Various rfc2047 quoting issues around a non-ASCII name on the + From: line in the output from format-patch have been corrected. + + * Sometimes curl_multi_timeout() function suggested a wrong timeout + value when there is no file descriptor to wait on and the http + transport ended up sleeping for minutes in select(2) system call. + A workaround has been added for this. + + * For a fetch refspec (or the result of applying wildcard on one), + we always want the RHS to map to something inside "refs/" + hierarchy, but the logic to check it was not exactly right. + (merge 5c08c1f jc/maint-fetch-tighten-refname-check later to maint). + + * "git diff -G<pattern>" did not honor textconv filter when looking + for changes. + + * Some HTTP servers ask for auth only during the actual packing phase + (not in ls-remote phase); this is not really a recommended + configuration, but the clients used to fail to authenticate with + such servers. + (merge 2e736fd jk/maint-http-half-auth-fetch later to maint). + + * "git p4" used to try expanding malformed "$keyword$" that spans + across multiple lines. + + * Syntax highlighting in "gitweb" was not quite working. + + * RSS feed from "gitweb" had a xss hole in its title output. + + * "git config --path $key" segfaulted on "[section] key" (a boolean + "true" spelled without "=", not "[section] key = true"). + + * "git checkout -b foo" while on an unborn branch did not say + "Switched to a new branch 'foo'" like other cases. + + * Various codepaths have workaround for a common misconfiguration to + spell "UTF-8" as "utf8", but it was not used uniformly. Most + notably, mailinfo (which is used by "git am") lacked this support. + + * We failed to mention a file without any content change but whose + permission bit was modified, or (worse yet) a new file without any + content in the "git diff --stat" output. + + * When "--stat-count" hides a diffstat for binary contents, the total + number of added and removed lines at the bottom was computed + incorrectly. + + * When "--stat-count" hides a diffstat for unmerged paths, the total + number of affected files at the bottom of the "diff --stat" output + was computed incorrectly. + + * "diff --shortstat" miscounted the total number of affected files + when there were unmerged paths. + + * "update-ref -d --deref SYM" to delete a ref through a symbolic ref + that points to it did not remove it correctly. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..769a6fc06c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +Git v1.8.2.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.2 +------------------ + + * An earlier change to the attribute system introduced at v1.8.1.2 by + mistake stopped a pattern "dir" (without trailing slash) from + matching a directory "dir" (it only wanted to allow pattern "dir/" + to also match). + + * Verification of signed tags were not done correctly when not in C + or en/US locale. + + * 'git commit -m "$msg"' used to add an extra newline even when + $msg already ended with one. + + * The "--match=<pattern>" option of "git describe", when used with + "--all" to allow refs that are not annotated tags to be used as a + base of description, did not restrict the output from the command + to those that match the given pattern. + + * An aliased command spawned from a bare repository that does not say + it is bare with "core.bare = yes" is treated as non-bare by mistake. + + * When "format-patch" quoted a non-ascii strings on the header files, + it incorrectly applied rfc2047 and chopped a single character in + the middle of it. + + * "git archive" reports a failure when asked to create an archive out + of an empty tree. It would be more intuitive to give an empty + archive back in such a case. + + * "git tag -f <tag>" always said "Updated tag '<tag>'" even when + creating a new tag (i.e. not overwriting nor updating). + + * "git cmd -- ':(top'" was not diagnosed as an invalid syntax, and + instead the parser kept reading beyond the end of the string. + + * Annotated tags outside refs/tags/ hierarchy were not advertised + correctly to the ls-remote and fetch with recent version of Git. + + * The code to keep track of what directory names are known to Git on + platforms with case insensitive filesystems can get confused upon a + hash collision between these pathnames and looped forever. + + * The logic used by "git diff -M --stat" to shorten the names of + files before and after a rename did not work correctly when the + common prefix and suffix between the two filenames overlapped. + + * "git submodule update", when recursed into sub-submodules, did not + accumulate the prefix paths. + + * "git am $maildir/" applied messages in an unexpected order; sort + filenames read from the maildir/ in a way that is more likely to + sort messages in the order the writing MUA meant to, by sorting + numeric segment in numeric order and non-numeric segment in + alphabetical order. + + * When export-subst is used, "zip" output recorded incorrect + size of the file. + + * Some platforms and users spell UTF-8 differently; retry with the + most official "UTF-8" when the system does not understand the + user-supplied encoding name that are the common alternative + spellings of UTF-8. + + * "git branch" did not bother to check nonsense command line + parameters and issue errors in many cases. + + * "git update-index -h" did not do the usual "-h(elp)" thing. + + * perl/Git.pm::cat_blob slurped everything in core only to write it + out to a file descriptor, which was not a very smart thing to do. + + * The SSL peer verification done by "git imap-send" did not ask for + Server Name Indication (RFC 4366), failing to connect SSL/TLS + sites that serve multiple hostnames on a single IP. + + * "git index-pack" had a buffer-overflow while preparing an + informational message when the translated version of it was too + long. + + * Clarify in the documentation "what" gets pushed to "where" when the + command line to "git push" does not say these explicitly. + + * In "git reflog expire", REACHABLE bit was not cleared from the + correct objects. + + * The "--color=<when>" argument to the commands in the diff family + was described poorly. + + * The arguments given to pre-rebase hook were not documented. + + * The v4 index format was not documented. + + * The "--match=<pattern>" argument "git describe" takes uses glob + pattern but it wasn't obvious from the documentation. + + * Some sources failed to compile on systems that lack NI_MAXHOST in + their system header (e.g. z/OS). + + * Add an example use of "--env-filter" in "filter-branch" + documentation. + + * "git bundle verify" did not say "records a complete history" for a + bundle that does not have any prerequisites. + + * In the v1.8.0 era, we changed symbols that do not have to be global + to file scope static, but a few functions in graph.c were used by + CGit from sideways bypassing the entry points of the API the + in-tree users use. + + * "git merge-tree" had a typo in the logic to detect d/f conflicts, + which caused it to segfault in some cases. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..708df1ae19 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +Git v1.8.2.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.2.1 +-------------------- + + * Zsh completion forgot that '%' character used to signal untracked + files needs to be escaped with another '%'. + + * A commit object whose author or committer ident are malformed + crashed some code that trusted that a name, an email and an + timestamp can always be found in it. + + * The new core.commentchar configuration was not applied to a few + places. + + * "git pull --rebase" did not pass "-v/-q" options to underlying + "git rebase". + + * When receive-pack detects error in the pack header it received in + order to decide which of unpack-objects or index-pack to run, it + returned without closing the error stream, which led to a hang + sideband thread. + + * "git diff --diff-algorithm=algo" was understood by the command line + parser, but "git diff --diff-algorithm algo" was not. + + * "git log -S/-G" started paying attention to textconv filter, but + there was no way to disable this. Make it honor --no-textconv + option. + + * "git merge $(git rev-parse v1.8.2)" behaved quite differently from + "git merge v1.8.2", as if v1.8.2 were written as v1.8.2^0 and did + not pay much attention to the annotated tag payload. Make the code + notice the type of the tag object, in addition to the dwim_ref() + based classification the current code uses (i.e. the name appears + in refs/tags/) to decide when to special case merging of tags. + + * "git cherry-pick" and "git revert" can take more than one commit + on the command line these days, but it was not mentioned on the usage + text. + + * Perl scripts like "git-svn" closed (not redirecting to /dev/null) + the standard error stream, which is not a very smart thing to do. + Later open may return file descriptor #2 for unrelated purpose, and + error reporting code may write into them. + + * "git apply --whitespace=fix" was not prepared to see a line getting + longer after fixing whitespaces (e.g. tab-in-indent aka Python). + + * "git diff/log --cc" did not work well with options that ignore + whitespace changes. + + * Documentation on setting up a http server that requires + authentication only on the push but not fetch has been clarified. + + * A few bugfixes to "git rerere" working on corner case merge + conflicts have been applied. + + * "git bundle" did not like a bundle created using a commit without + any message as its one of the prerequisites. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..613948251a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Git v1.8.2.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.2.2 +-------------------- + + * "rev-list --stdin" and friends kept bogus pointers into the input + buffer around as human readable object names. This was not a + huge problem but was exposed by a new change that uses these + names in error output. + + * When "git difftool" drove "kdiff3", it mistakenly passed --auto + option that was meant while resolving merge conflicts. + + * "git remote add" command did not diagnose extra command line + arguments as an error and silently ignored them. + +Also contains a handful of trivial code clean-ups, documentation +updates, updates to the test suite, etc. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fc606ae116 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,495 @@ +Git v1.8.2 Release Notes +======================== + +Backward compatibility notes (this release) +------------------------------------------- + +"git push $there tag v1.2.3" used to allow replacing a tag v1.2.3 +that already exists in the repository $there, if the rewritten tag +you are pushing points at a commit that is a descendant of a commit +that the old tag v1.2.3 points at. This was found to be error prone +and starting with this release, any attempt to update an existing +ref under refs/tags/ hierarchy will fail, without "--force". + +When "git add -u" and "git add -A" that does not specify what paths +to add on the command line is run from inside a subdirectory, the +scope of the operation has always been limited to the subdirectory. +Many users found this counter-intuitive, given that "git commit -a" +and other commands operate on the entire tree regardless of where you +are. In this release, these commands give a warning message that +suggests the users to use "git add -u/-A ." when they want to limit +the scope to the current directory; doing so will squelch the message, +while training their fingers. + + +Backward compatibility notes (for Git 2.0) +------------------------------------------ + +When "git push [$there]" does not say what to push, we have used the +traditional "matching" semantics so far (all your branches were sent +to the remote as long as there already are branches of the same name +over there). In Git 2.0, the default will change to the "simple" +semantics that pushes the current branch to the branch with the same +name, only when the current branch is set to integrate with that +remote branch. There is a user preference configuration variable +"push.default" to change this. If you are an old-timer who is used +to the "matching" semantics, you can set it to "matching" to keep the +traditional behaviour. If you want to live in the future early, +you can set it to "simple" today without waiting for Git 2.0. + +When "git add -u" and "git add -A", that does not specify what paths +to add on the command line is run from inside a subdirectory, these +commands will operate on the entire tree in Git 2.0 for consistency +with "git commit -a" and other commands. Because there will be no +mechanism to make "git add -u" behave as if "git add -u .", it is +important for those who are used to "git add -u" (without pathspec) +updating the index only for paths in the current subdirectory to start +training their fingers to explicitly say "git add -u ." when they mean +it before Git 2.0 comes. + + +Updates since v1.8.1 +-------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * Initial ports to QNX and z/OS UNIX System Services have started. + + * Output from the tests is coloured using "green is okay, yellow is + questionable, red is bad and blue is informative" scheme. + + * Mention of "GIT/Git/git" in the documentation have been updated to + be more uniform and consistent. The name of the system and the + concept it embodies is "Git"; the command the users type is "git". + All-caps "GIT" was merely a way to imitate "Git" typeset in small + caps in our ASCII text only documentation and to be avoided. + + * The completion script (in contrib/completion) used to let the + default completer to suggest pathnames, which gave too many + irrelevant choices (e.g. "git add" would not want to add an + unmodified path). It learnt to use a more git-aware logic to + enumerate only relevant ones. + + * In bare repositories, "git shortlog" and other commands now read + mailmap files from the tip of the history, to help running these + tools in server settings. + + * Color specifiers, e.g. "%C(blue)Hello%C(reset)", used in the + "--format=" option of "git log" and friends can be disabled when + the output is not sent to a terminal by prefixing them with + "auto,", e.g. "%C(auto,blue)Hello%C(auto,reset)". + + * Scripts can ask Git that wildcard patterns in pathspecs they give do + not have any significance, i.e. take them as literal strings. + + * The patterns in .gitignore and .gitattributes files can have **/, + as a pattern that matches 0 or more levels of subdirectory. + E.g. "foo/**/bar" matches "bar" in "foo" itself or in a + subdirectory of "foo". + + * When giving arguments without "--" disambiguation, object names + that come earlier on the command line must not be interpretable as + pathspecs and pathspecs that come later on the command line must + not be interpretable as object names. This disambiguation rule has + been tweaked so that ":/" (no other string before or after) is + always interpreted as a pathspec; "git cmd -- :/" is no longer + needed, you can just say "git cmd :/". + + * Various "hint" lines Git gives when it asks the user to edit + messages in the editor are commented out with '#' by default. The + core.commentchar configuration variable can be used to customize + this '#' to a different character. + + * "git add -u" and "git add -A" without pathspec issues warning to + make users aware that they are only operating on paths inside the + subdirectory they are in. Use ":/" (everything from the top) or + "." (everything from the $cwd) to disambiguate. + + * "git blame" (and "git diff") learned the "--no-follow" option. + + * "git branch" now rejects some nonsense combinations of command line + arguments (e.g. giving more than one branch name to rename) with + more case-specific error messages. + + * "git check-ignore" command to help debugging .gitignore files has + been added. + + * "git cherry-pick" can be used to replay a root commit to an unborn + branch. + + * "git commit" can be told to use --cleanup=whitespace by setting the + configuration variable commit.cleanup to 'whitespace'. + + * "git diff" and other Porcelain commands can be told to use a + non-standard algorithm by setting diff.algorithm configuration + variable. + + * "git fetch --mirror" and fetch that uses other forms of refspec + with wildcard used to attempt to update a symbolic ref that match + the wildcard on the receiving end, which made little sense (the + real ref that is pointed at by the symbolic ref would be updated + anyway). Symbolic refs no longer are affected by such a fetch. + + * "git format-patch" now detects more cases in which a whole branch + is being exported, and uses the description for the branch, when + asked to write a cover letter for the series. + + * "git format-patch" learned "-v $count" option, and prepends a + string "v$count-" to the names of its output files, and also + automatically sets the subject prefix to "PATCH v$count". This + allows patches from rerolled series to be stored under different + names and makes it easier to reuse cover letter messages. + + * "git log" and friends can be told with --use-mailmap option to + rewrite the names and email addresses of people using the mailmap + mechanism. + + * "git log --cc --graph" now shows the combined diff output with the + ancestry graph. + + * "git log --grep=<pattern>" honors i18n.logoutputencoding to look + for the pattern after fixing the log message to the specified + encoding. + + * "git mergetool" and "git difftool" learned to list the available + tool backends in a more consistent manner. + + * "git mergetool" is aware of TortoiseGitMerge now and uses it over + TortoiseMerge when available. + + * "git push" now requires "-f" to update a tag, even if it is a + fast-forward, as tags are meant to be fixed points. + + * Error messages from "git push" when it stops to prevent remote refs + from getting overwritten by mistake have been improved to explain + various situations separately. + + * "git push" will stop without doing anything if the new "pre-push" + hook exists and exits with a failure. + + * When "git rebase" fails to generate patches to be applied (e.g. due + to oom), it failed to detect the failure and instead behaved as if + there were nothing to do. A workaround to use a temporary file has + been applied, but we probably would want to revisit this later, as + it hurts the common case of not failing at all. + + * Input and preconditions to "git reset" has been loosened where + appropriate. "git reset $fromtree Makefile" requires $fromtree to + be any tree (it used to require it to be a commit), for example. + "git reset" (without options or parameters) used to error out when + you do not have any commits in your history, but it now gives you + an empty index (to match non-existent commit you are not even on). + + * "git status" says what branch is being bisected or rebased when + able, not just "bisecting" or "rebasing". + + * "git submodule" started learning a new mode to integrate with the + tip of the remote branch (as opposed to integrating with the commit + recorded in the superproject's gitlink). + + * "git upload-pack" which implements the service "ls-remote" and + "fetch" talk to can be told to hide ref hierarchies the server + side internally uses (and that clients have no business learning + about) with transfer.hiderefs configuration. + + +Foreign Interface + + * "git fast-export" has been updated for its use in the context of + the remote helper interface. + + * A new remote helper to interact with bzr has been added to contrib/. + + * "git p4" got various bugfixes around its branch handling. It is + also made usable with Python 2.4/2.5. In addition, its various + portability issues for Cygwin have been addressed. + + * The remote helper to interact with Hg in contrib/ has seen a few + fixes. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, etc. + + * "git fsck" has been taught to be pickier about entries in tree + objects that should not be there, e.g. ".", ".git", and "..". + + * Matching paths with common forms of pathspecs that contain wildcard + characters has been optimized further. + + * We stopped paying attention to $GIT_CONFIG environment that points + at a single configuration file from any command other than "git config" + quite a while ago, but "git clone" internally set, exported, and + then unexported the variable during its operation unnecessarily. + + * "git reset" internals has been reworked and should be faster in + general. We tried to be careful not to break any behaviour but + there could be corner cases, especially when running the command + from a conflicted state, that we may have missed. + + * The implementation of "imap-send" has been updated to reuse xml + quoting code from http-push codepath, and lost a lot of unused + code. + + * There is a simple-minded checker for the test scripts in t/ + directory to catch most common mistakes (it is not enabled by + default). + + * You can build with USE_WILDMATCH=YesPlease to use a replacement + implementation of pattern matching logic used for pathname-like + things, e.g. refnames and paths in the repository. This new + implementation is not expected change the existing behaviour of Git + in this release, except for "git for-each-ref" where you can now + say "refs/**/master" and match with both refs/heads/master and + refs/remotes/origin/master. We plan to use this new implementation + in wider places (e.g. "git ls-files '**/Makefile' may find Makefile + at the top-level, and "git log '**/t*.sh'" may find commits that + touch a shell script whose name begins with "t" at any level) in + future versions of Git, but we are not there yet. By building with + USE_WILDMATCH, using the resulting Git daily and reporting when you + find breakages, you can help us get closer to that goal. + + * Some reimplementations of Git do not write all the stat info back + to the index due to their implementation limitations (e.g. jgit). + A configuration option can tell Git to ignore changes to most of + the stat fields and only pay attention to mtime and size, which + these implementations can reliably update. This can be used to + avoid excessive revalidation of contents. + + * Some platforms ship with old version of expat where xmlparse.h + needs to be included instead of expat.h; the build procedure has + been taught about this. + + * "make clean" on platforms that cannot compute header dependencies + on the fly did not work with implementations of "rm" that do not + like an empty argument list. + +Also contains minor documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v1.8.1 +------------------ + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v1.8.1 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see release notes to them for +details). + + * An element on GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES list that does not name the + real path to a directory (i.e. a symbolic link) could have caused + the GIT_DIR discovery logic to escape the ceiling. + + * When attempting to read the XDG-style $HOME/.config/git/config and + finding that $HOME/.config/git is a file, we gave a wrong error + message, instead of treating the case as "a custom config file does + not exist there" and moving on. + + * The behaviour visible to the end users was confusing, when they + attempt to kill a process spawned in the editor that was in turn + launched by Git with SIGINT (or SIGQUIT), as Git would catch that + signal and die. We ignore these signals now. + (merge 0398fc34 pf/editor-ignore-sigint later to maint). + + * A child process that was killed by a signal (e.g. SIGINT) was + reported in an inconsistent way depending on how the process was + spawned by us, with or without a shell in between. + + * After failing to create a temporary file using mkstemp(), failing + pathname was not reported correctly on some platforms. + + * We used to stuff "user@" and then append what we read from + /etc/mailname to come up with a default e-mail ident, but a bug + lost the "user@" part. + + * The attribute mechanism didn't allow limiting attributes to be + applied to only a single directory itself with "path/" like the + exclude mechanism does. The initial implementation of this that + was merged to 'maint' and 1.8.1.2 was with a severe performance + degradations and needs to merge a fix-up topic. + + * The smart HTTP clients forgot to verify the content-type that comes + back from the server side to make sure that the request is being + handled properly. + + * "git am" did not parse datestamp correctly from Hg generated patch, + when it is run in a locale outside C (or en). + + * "git apply" misbehaved when fixing whitespace breakages by removing + excess trailing blank lines. + + * "git apply --summary" has been taught to make sure the similarity + value shown in its output is sensible, even when the input had a + bogus value. + + * A tar archive created by "git archive" recorded a directory in a + way that made NetBSD's implementation of "tar" sometimes unhappy. + + * "git archive" did not record uncompressed size in the header when + streaming a zip archive, which confused some implementations of unzip. + + * "git archive" did not parse configuration values in tar.* namespace + correctly. + (merge b3873c3 jk/config-parsing-cleanup later to maint). + + * Attempt to "branch --edit-description" an existing branch, while + being on a detached HEAD, errored out. + + * "git clean" showed what it was going to do, but sometimes end up + finding that it was not allowed to do so, which resulted in a + confusing output (e.g. after saying that it will remove an + untracked directory, it found an embedded git repository there + which it is not allowed to remove). It now performs the actions + and then reports the outcome more faithfully. + + * When "git clone --separate-git-dir=$over_there" is interrupted, it + failed to remove the real location of the $GIT_DIR it created. + This was most visible when interrupting a submodule update. + + * "git cvsimport" mishandled timestamps at DST boundary. + + * We used to have an arbitrary 32 limit for combined diff input, + resulting in incorrect number of leading colons shown when showing + the "--raw --cc" output. + + * "git fetch --depth" was broken in at least three ways. The + resulting history was deeper than specified by one commit, it was + unclear how to wipe the shallowness of the repository with the + command, and documentation was misleading. + (merge cfb70e1 nd/fetch-depth-is-broken later to maint). + + * "git log --all -p" that walked refs/notes/textconv/ ref can later + try to use the textconv data incorrectly after it gets freed. + + * We forgot to close the file descriptor reading from "gpg" output, + killing "git log --show-signature" on a long history. + + * The way "git svn" asked for password using SSH_ASKPASS and + GIT_ASKPASS was not in line with the rest of the system. + + * The --graph code fell into infinite loop when asked to do what the + code did not expect. + + * http transport was wrong to ask for the username when the + authentication is done by certificate identity. + + * "git pack-refs" that ran in parallel to another process that + created new refs had a nasty race. + + * Rebasing the history of superproject with change in the submodule + has been broken since v1.7.12. + + * After "git add -N" and then writing a tree object out of the + index, the cache-tree data structure got corrupted. + + * "git clone" used to allow --bare and --separate-git-dir=$there + options at the same time, which was nonsensical. + + * "git rebase --preserve-merges" lost empty merges in recent versions + of Git. + + * "git merge --no-edit" computed who were involved in the work done + on the side branch, even though that information is to be discarded + without getting seen in the editor. + + * "git merge" started calling prepare-commit-msg hook like "git + commit" does some time ago, but forgot to pay attention to the exit + status of the hook. + + * A failure to push due to non-ff while on an unborn branch + dereferenced a NULL pointer when showing an error message. + + * When users spell "cc:" in lowercase in the fake "header" in the + trailer part, "git send-email" failed to pick up the addresses from + there. As e-mail headers field names are case insensitive, this + script should follow suit and treat "cc:" and "Cc:" the same way. + + * Output from "git status --ignored" showed an unexpected interaction + with "--untracked". + + * "gitweb", when sorting by age to show repositories with new + activities first, used to sort repositories with absolutely + nothing in it early, which was not very useful. + + * "gitweb"'s code to sanitize control characters before passing it to + "highlight" filter lost known-to-be-safe control characters by + mistake. + + * "gitweb" pages served over HTTPS, when configured to show picon or + gravatar, referred to these external resources to be fetched via + HTTP, resulting in mixed contents warning in browsers. + + * When a line to be wrapped has a solid run of non space characters + whose length exactly is the wrap width, "git shortlog -w" failed + to add a newline after such a line. + + * Command line completion leaked an unnecessary error message while + looking for possible matches with paths in <tree-ish>. + + * Command line completion for "tcsh" emitted an unwanted space + after completing a single directory name. + + * Command line completion code was inadvertently made incompatible with + older versions of bash by using a newer array notation. + + * "git push" was taught to refuse updating the branch that is + currently checked out long time ago, but the user manual was left + stale. + (merge 50995ed wk/man-deny-current-branch-is-default-these-days later to maint). + + * Some shells do not behave correctly when IFS is unset; work it + around by explicitly setting it to the default value. + + * Some scripted programs written in Python did not get updated when + PYTHON_PATH changed. + (cherry-pick 96a4647fca54031974cd6ad1 later to maint). + + * When autoconf is used, any build on a different commit always ran + "config.status --recheck" even when unnecessary. + + * A fix was added to the build procedure to work around buggy + versions of ccache broke the auto-generation of dependencies, which + unfortunately is still relevant because some people use ancient + distros. + + * The autoconf subsystem passed --mandir down to generated + config.mak.autogen but forgot to do the same for --htmldir. + (merge 55d9bf0 ct/autoconf-htmldir later to maint). + + * A change made on v1.8.1.x maintenance track had a nasty regression + to break the build when autoconf is used. + (merge 7f1b697 jn/less-reconfigure later to maint). + + * We have been carrying a translated and long-unmaintained copy of an + old version of the tutorial; removed. + + * t0050 had tests expecting failures from a bug that was fixed some + time ago. + + * t4014, t9502 and t0200 tests had various portability issues that + broke on OpenBSD. + + * t9020 and t3600 tests had various portability issues. + + * t9200 runs "cvs init" on a directory that already exists, but a + platform can configure this fail for the current user (e.g. you + need to be in the cvsadmin group on NetBSD 6.0). + + * t9020 and t9810 had a few non-portable shell script construct. + + * Scripts to test bash completion was inherently flaky as it was + affected by whatever random things the user may have on $PATH. + + * An element on GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES could be a "logical" pathname + that uses a symbolic link to point at somewhere else (e.g. /home/me + that points at /net/host/export/home/me, and the latter directory + is automounted). Earlier when Git saw such a pathname e.g. /home/me + on this environment variable, the "ceiling" mechanism did not take + effect. With this release (the fix has also been merged to the + v1.8.1.x maintenance series), elements on GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES + are by default checked for such aliasing coming from symbolic + links. As this needs to actually resolve symbolic links for each + element on the GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES, you can disable this + mechanism for some elements by listing them after an empty element + on the GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES. e.g. Setting /home/me::/home/him to + GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES makes Git resolve symbolic links in + /home/me when checking if the current directory is under /home/me, + but does not do so for /home/him. + (merge 7ec30aa mh/maint-ceil-absolute later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..986637b755 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +Git v1.8.3.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.3 +------------------ + + * When $HOME is misconfigured to point at an unreadable directory, we + used to complain and die. The check has been loosened. + + * Handling of negative exclude pattern for directories "!dir" was + broken in the update to v1.8.3. + +Also contains a handful of trivial code clean-ups, documentation +updates, updates to the test suite, etc. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..26ae142c3d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +Git v1.8.3.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.3.1 +-------------------- + + * Cloning with "git clone --depth N" while fetch.fsckobjects (or + transfer.fsckobjects) is set to true did not tell the cut-off + points of the shallow history to the process that validates the + objects and the history received, causing the validation to fail. + + * "git checkout foo" DWIMs the intended "upstream" and turns it into + "git checkout -t -b foo remotes/origin/foo". This codepath has been + updated to correctly take existing remote definitions into account. + + * "git fetch" into a shallow repository from a repository that does + not know about the shallow boundary commits (e.g. a different fork + from the repository the current shallow repository was cloned from) + did not work correctly. + + * "git subtree" (in contrib/) had one codepath with loose error + checks to lose data at the remote side. + + * "git log --ancestry-path A...B" did not work as expected, as it did + not pay attention to the fact that the merge base between A and B + was the bottom of the range being specified. + + * "git diff -c -p" was not showing a deleted line from a hunk when + another hunk immediately begins where the earlier one ends. + + * "git merge @{-1}~22" was rewritten to "git merge frotz@{1}~22" + incorrectly when your previous branch was "frotz" (it should be + rewritten to "git merge frotz~22" instead). + + * "git commit --allow-empty-message -m ''" should not start an + editor. + + * "git push --[no-]verify" was not documented. + + * An entry for "file://" scheme in the enumeration of URL types Git + can take in the HTML documentation was made into a clickable link + by mistake. + + * zsh prompt script that borrowed from bash prompt script did not + work due to slight differences in array variable notation between + these two shells. + + * The bash prompt code (in contrib/) displayed the name of the branch + being rebased when "rebase -i/-m/-p" modes are in use, but not the + plain vanilla "rebase". + + * "git push $there HEAD:branch" did not resolve HEAD early enough, so + it was easy to flip it around while push is still going on and push + out a branch that the user did not originally intended when the + command was started. + + * "difftool --dir-diff" did not copy back changes made by the + end-user in the diff tool backend to the working tree in some + cases. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9ba4f4da0f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +Git v1.8.3.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.3.2 +-------------------- + + * "git apply" parsed patches that add new files, generated by programs + other than Git, incorrectly. This is an old breakage in v1.7.11. + + * Older cURL wanted piece of memory we call it with to be stable, but + we updated the auth material after handing it to a call. + + * "git pull" into nothing trashed "local changes" that were in the + index. + + * Many "git submodule" operations did not work on a submodule at a + path whose name is not in ASCII. + + * "cherry-pick" had a small leak in its error codepath. + + * Logic used by git-send-email to suppress cc mishandled names like + "A U. Thor" <author@example.xz>, where the human readable part + needs to be quoted (the user input may not have the double quotes + around the name, and comparison was done between quoted and + unquoted strings). It also mishandled names that need RFC2047 + quoting. + + * "gitweb" forgot to clear a global variable $search_regexp upon each + request, mistakenly carrying over the previous search to a new one + when used as a persistent CGI. + + * The wildmatch engine did not honor WM_CASEFOLD option correctly. + + * "git log -c --follow $path" segfaulted upon hitting the commit that + renamed the $path being followed. + + * When a reflog notation is used for implicit "current branch", + e.g. "git log @{u}", we did not say which branch and worse said + "branch ''" in the error messages. + + * Mac OS X does not like to write(2) more than INT_MAX number of + bytes; work it around by chopping write(2) into smaller pieces. + + * Newer MacOS X encourages the programs to compile and link with + their CommonCrypto, not with OpenSSL. + +Also contains various minor documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..56f106e262 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Git v1.8.3.4 Release Notes +========================== + +This update is mostly to propagate documentation fixes and test +updates from the master front back to the maintenance track. + +Fixes since v1.8.3.3 +-------------------- + + * The bisect log listed incorrect commits when bisection ends with + only skipped ones. + + * The test coverage framework was left broken for some time. + + * The test suite for HTTP transport did not run with Apache 2.4. + + * "git diff" used to fail when core.safecrlf is set and the working + tree contents had mixed CRLF/LF line endings. Committing such a + content must be prohibited, but "git diff" should help the user to + locate and fix such problems without failing. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ead568e7f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,436 @@ +Git v1.8.3 Release Notes +======================== + +Backward compatibility notes (for Git 2.0) +------------------------------------------ + +When "git push [$there]" does not say what to push, we have used the +traditional "matching" semantics so far (all your branches were sent +to the remote as long as there already are branches of the same name +over there). In Git 2.0, the default will change to the "simple" +semantics that pushes only the current branch to the branch with the same +name, and only when the current branch is set to integrate with that +remote branch. Use the user preference configuration variable +"push.default" to change this. If you are an old-timer who is used +to the "matching" semantics, you can set the variable to "matching" +to keep the traditional behaviour. If you want to live in the future +early, you can set it to "simple" today without waiting for Git 2.0. + +When "git add -u" (and "git add -A") is run inside a subdirectory and +does not specify which paths to add on the command line, it +will operate on the entire tree in Git 2.0 for consistency +with "git commit -a" and other commands. There will be no +mechanism to make plain "git add -u" behave like "git add -u .". +Current users of "git add -u" (without a pathspec) should start +training their fingers to explicitly say "git add -u ." +before Git 2.0 comes. A warning is issued when these commands are +run without a pathspec and when you have local changes outside the +current directory, because the behaviour in Git 2.0 will be different +from today's version in such a situation. + +In Git 2.0, "git add <path>" will behave as "git add -A <path>", so +that "git add dir/" will notice paths you removed from the directory +and record the removal. Versions before Git 2.0, including this +release, will keep ignoring removals, but the users who rely on this +behaviour are encouraged to start using "git add --ignore-removal <path>" +now before 2.0 is released. + + +Updates since v1.8.2 +-------------------- + +Foreign interface + + * remote-hg and remote-bzr helpers (in contrib/ since v1.8.2) have + been updated; especially, the latter has been done in an + accelerated schedule (read: we may not have merged to this release + if we were following the usual "cook sufficiently in next before + unleashing it to the world" workflow) in order to help Emacs folks, + whose primary SCM seems to be stagnating. + + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * A handful of updates applied to gitk, including an addition of + "revert" action, showing dates in tags in a nicer way, making + colors configurable, and support for -G'pickaxe' search. + + * The prompt string generator (in contrib/completion/) learned to + show how many changes there are in total and how many have been + replayed during a "git rebase" session. + + * "git branch --vv" learned to paint the name of the branch it + integrates with in a different color (color.branch.upstream, + which defaults to blue). + + * In a sparsely populated working tree, "git checkout <pathspec>" no + longer unmarks paths that match the given pathspec that were + originally ignored with "--sparse" (use --ignore-skip-worktree-bits + option to resurrect these paths out of the index if you really want + to). + + * "git log --format" specifier learned %C(auto) token that tells Git + to use color when interpolating %d (decoration), %h (short commit + object name), etc. for terminal output. + + * "git bisect" leaves the final outcome as a comment in its bisect + log file. + + * "git clone --reference" can now refer to a gitfile "textual symlink" + that points at the real location of the repository. + + * "git count-objects" learned "--human-readable" aka "-H" option to + show various large numbers in Ki/Mi/GiB scaled as necessary. + + * "git cherry-pick $blob" and "git cherry-pick $tree" are nonsense, + and a more readable error message e.g. "can't cherry-pick a tree" + is given (we used to say "expected exactly one commit"). + + * The "--annotate" option to "git send-email" can be turned on (or + off) by default with sendemail.annotate configuration variable (you + can use --no-annotate from the command line to override it). + + * The "--cover-letter" option to "git format-patch" can be turned on + (or off) by default with format.coverLetter configuration + variable. By setting it to 'auto', you can turn it on only for a + series with two or more patches. + + * The bash completion support (in contrib/) learned that cherry-pick + takes a few more options than it already knew about. + + * "git help" learned "-g" option to show the list of guides just like + list of commands are given with "-a". + + * A triangular "pull from one place, push to another place" workflow + is supported better by new remote.pushdefault (overrides the + "origin" thing) and branch.*.pushremote (overrides the + branch.*.remote) configuration variables. + + * "git status" learned to report that you are in the middle of a + revert session, just like it does for a cherry-pick and a bisect + session. + + * The handling by "git branch --set-upstream-to" against various forms + of erroneous inputs was suboptimal and has been improved. + + * When the interactive access to git-shell is not enabled, it issues + a message meant to help the system administrator to enable it. An + explicit way has been added to issue custom messages to refuse an + access over the network to help the end users who connect to the + service expecting an interactive shell. + + * In addition to the case where the user edits the log message with + the "e)dit" option of "am -i", replace the "Applying: this patch" + message with the final log message contents after applymsg hook + munges it. + + * "git status" suggests users to look into using --untracked=no option + when it takes too long. + + * "git status" shows a bit more information during a rebase/bisect + session. + + * "git fetch" learned to fetch a commit at the tip of an unadvertised + ref by specifying a raw object name from the command line when the + server side supports this feature. + + * Output from "git log --graph" works better with submodule log + output now. + + * "git count-objects -v" learned to report leftover temporary + packfiles and other garbage in the object store. + + * A new read-only credential helper (in contrib/) to interact with + the .netrc/.authinfo files has been added. + + * "git send-email" can be used with the credential helper system. + + * There was no Porcelain way to say "I no longer am interested in + this submodule", once you express your interest in a submodule with + "submodule init". "submodule deinit" is the way to do so. + + * "git pull --rebase" learned to pass "-v/-q" options to underlying + "git rebase". + + * The new "--follow-tags" option tells "git push" to push relevant + annotated tags when pushing branches out. + + * "git merge" and "git pull" can optionally be told to inspect and + reject when merging a commit that does not carry a trusted GPG + signature. + + * "git mergetool" now feeds files to the "p4merge" backend in the + order that matches the p4 convention, where "theirs" is usually + shown on the left side, which is the opposite from what other backends + expect. + + * "show/log" now honors gpg.program configuration just like other + parts of the code that use GnuPG. + + * "git log" that shows the difference between the parent and the + child has been optimized somewhat. + + * "git difftool" allows the user to write into the temporary files + being shown; if the user makes changes to the working tree at the + same time, it now refrains from overwriting the copy in the working + tree and leaves the temporary file so that changes can be merged + manually. + + * There was no good way to ask "I have a random string that came from + outside world. I want to turn it into a 40-hex object name while + making sure such an object exists". A new peeling suffix ^{object} + can be used for that purpose, together with "rev-parse --verify". + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, etc. + + * Updates for building under msvc. + + * A handful of issues in the code that traverses the working tree to find + untracked and/or ignored files have been fixed, and the general + codepath involved in "status -u" and "clean" have been cleaned up + and optimized. + + * The stack footprint of some codepaths that access an object from a + pack has been shrunk. + + * The logic to coalesce the same lines removed from the parents in + the output from "diff -c/--cc" has been updated, but with O(n^2) + complexity, so this might turn out to be undesirable. + + * The code to enforce permission bits on files in $GIT_DIR/ for + shared repositories has been simplified. + + * A few codepaths know how much data they need to put in the + hashtables they use when they start, but still began with small tables + and repeatedly grew and rehashed them. + + * The API to walk reflog entries from the latest to older, which was + necessary for operations such as "git checkout -", was cumbersome + to use correctly and also inefficient. + + * Codepaths that inspect log-message-to-be and decide when to add a + new Signed-off-by line in various commands have been consolidated. + + * The pkt-line API, implementation and its callers have been cleaned + up to make them more robust. + + * The Cygwin port has a faster-but-lying lstat(2) emulation whose + incorrectness does not matter in practice except for a few + codepaths, and setting permission bits on directories is a codepath + that needs to use a more correct one. + + * "git checkout" had repeated pathspec matches on the same paths, + which have been consolidated. Also a bug in "git checkout dir/" + that is started from an unmerged index has been fixed. + + * A few bugfixes to "git rerere" working on corner case merge + conflicts have been applied. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v1.8.2 +------------------ + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v1.8.2 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see release notes to them for +details). + + * Recent versions of File::Temp (used by "git svn") started blowing + up when its tempfile sub is called as a class method; updated the + callsite to call it as a plain vanilla function to fix it. + (merge eafc2dd hb/git-pm-tempfile later to maint). + + * Various subcommands of "git remote" simply ignored extraneous + command line arguments instead of diagnosing them as errors. + + * When receive-pack detects an error in the pack header it received in + order to decide which of unpack-objects or index-pack to run, it + returned without closing the error stream, which led to a hung + sideband thread. + + * Zsh completion forgot that the '%' character used to signal untracked + files needs to be escaped with another '%'. + + * A commit object whose author or committer ident are malformed + crashed some code that trusted that a name, an email and a + timestamp can always be found in it. + + * When "upload-pack" fails while generating a pack in response to + "git fetch" (or "git clone"), the receiving side had + a programming error that triggered the die handler + recursively. + + * "rev-list --stdin" and friends kept bogus pointers into the input + buffer around as human readable object names. This was not a huge + problem but was exposed by a new change that uses these names in + error output. + + * Smart-capable HTTP servers were not restricted via the + GIT_NAMESPACE mechanism when talking with commit-walking clients, + like they are when talking with smart HTTP clients. + (merge 6130f86 jk/http-dumb-namespaces later to maint). + + * "git merge-tree" did not omit a merge result that is identical to + the "our" side in certain cases. + (merge aacecc3 jk/merge-tree-added-identically later to maint). + + * Perl scripts like "git-svn" closed (instead of redirecting to /dev/null) + the standard error stream, which is not a very smart thing to do. + A later open may return file descriptor #2 for an unrelated purpose, and + error reporting code may write into it. + + * "git show-branch" was not prepared to show a very long run of + ancestor operators e.g. foobar^2~2^2^2^2...^2~4 correctly. + + * "git diff --diff-algorithm algo" is also understood as "git diff + --diff-algorithm=algo". + + * The new core.commentchar configuration was not applied in a few + places. + + * "git bundle" erroneously bailed out when parsing a valid bundle + containing a prerequisite commit without a commit message. + + * "git log -S/-G" started paying attention to textconv filter, but + there was no way to disable this. Make it honor the --no-textconv + option. + + * When used with the "-d temporary-directory" option, "git filter-branch" + failed to come back to the original working tree to perform the + final clean-up procedure. + + * "git merge $(git rev-parse v1.8.2)" behaved quite differently from + "git merge v1.8.2", as if v1.8.2 were written as v1.8.2^0 and did + not pay much attention to the annotated tag payload. Make the code + notice the type of the tag object, in addition to the dwim_ref() + based classification the current code uses (i.e. the name appears + in refs/tags/) to decide when to special-case tag merging. + + * Fix a 1.8.1.x regression that stopped matching "dir" (without a + trailing slash) to a directory "dir". + + * "git apply --whitespace=fix" was not prepared to see a line getting + longer after fixing whitespaces (e.g. tab-in-indent aka Python). + + * The prompt string generator (in contrib/completion/) did not notice + when we are in a middle of a "git revert" session. + + * "submodule summary --summary-limit" option did not support the + "--option=value" form. + + * "index-pack --fix-thin" used an uninitialized value to compute + the delta depths of objects it appends to the resulting pack. + + * "index-pack --verify-stat" used a few counters outside the protection + of a mutex, possibly showing incorrect numbers. + + * The code to keep track of what directory names are known to Git on + platforms with case insensitive filesystems could get confused upon a + hash collision between these pathnames and would loop forever. + + * Annotated tags outside the refs/tags/ hierarchy were not advertised + correctly to ls-remote and fetch with recent versions of Git. + + * Recent optimizations broke shallow clones. + + * "git cmd -- ':(top'" was not diagnosed as an invalid syntax, and + instead the parser kept reading beyond the end of the string. + + * "git tag -f <tag>" always said "Updated tag '<tag>'" even when + creating a new tag (i.e. neither overwriting nor updating). + + * "git p4" did not behave well when the path to the root of the P4 + client was not its real path. + (merge bbd8486 pw/p4-symlinked-root later to maint). + + * "git archive" reported a failure when asked to create an archive out + of an empty tree. It is more intuitive to give an empty + archive back in such a case. + + * When "format-patch" quoted a non-ascii string in header files, + it incorrectly applied rfc2047 and chopped a single character in + the middle of the string. + + * An aliased command spawned from a bare repository that does not say + it is bare with "core.bare = yes" was treated as non-bare by mistake. + + * In "git reflog expire", the REACHABLE bit was not cleared from the + correct objects. + + * The logic used by "git diff -M --stat" to shorten the names of + files before and after a rename did not work correctly when the + common prefix and suffix between the two filenames overlapped. + + * The "--match=<pattern>" option of "git describe", when used with + "--all" to allow refs that are not annotated tags to be a + base of description, did not restrict the output from the command + to those refs that match the given pattern. + + * Clarify in the documentation "what" gets pushed to "where" when the + command line to "git push" does not say these explicitly. + + * The "--color=<when>" argument to the commands in the diff family + was described poorly. + + * The arguments given to the pre-rebase hook were not documented. + + * The v4 index format was not documented. + + * The "--match=<pattern>" argument "git describe" takes uses glob + pattern but it wasn't obvious from the documentation. + + * Some sources failed to compile on systems that lack NI_MAXHOST in + their system header (e.g. z/OS). + + * Add an example use of "--env-filter" in "filter-branch" + documentation. + + * "git bundle verify" did not say "records a complete history" for a + bundle that does not have any prerequisites. + + * In the v1.8.0 era, we changed symbols that do not have to be global + to file scope static, but a few functions in graph.c were used by + CGit sideways, bypassing the entry points of the API the + in-tree users use. + + * "git update-index -h" did not do the usual "-h(elp)" thing. + + * "git index-pack" had a buffer-overflow while preparing an + informational message when the translated version of it was too + long. + + * 'git commit -m "$msg"' used to add an extra newline even when + $msg already ended with one. + + * The SSL peer verification done by "git imap-send" did not ask for + Server Name Indication (RFC 4366), failing to connect to SSL/TLS + sites that serve multiple hostnames on a single IP. + + * perl/Git.pm::cat_blob slurped everything in core only to write it + out to a file descriptor, which was not a very smart thing to do. + + * "git branch" did not bother to check nonsense command line + parameters. It now issues errors in many cases. + + * Verification of signed tags was not done correctly when not in C + or en/US locale. + + * Some platforms and users spell UTF-8 differently; retry with the + most official "UTF-8" when the system does not understand the + user-supplied encoding name that is a common alternative + spelling of UTF-8. + + * When export-subst is used, "zip" output recorded an incorrect + size of the file. + + * "git am $maildir/" applied messages in an unexpected order; sort + filenames read from the maildir/ in a way that is more likely to + sort the messages in the order the writing MUA meant to, by sorting + numeric segments in numeric order and non-numeric segments in + alphabetical order. + + * "git submodule update", when recursed into sub-submodules, did not + accumulate the prefix paths. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..96090ef599 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +Git v1.8.4.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.4 +------------------ + + * Some old versions of bash do not grok some constructs like + 'printf -v varname' which the prompt and completion code started + to use recently. The completion and prompt scripts have been + adjusted to work better with these old versions of bash. + + * In FreeBSD's and NetBSD's "sh", a return in a dot script in a + function returns from the function, not only in the dot script, + breaking "git rebase" on these platforms (regression introduced + in 1.8.4-rc1). + + * "git rebase -i" and other scripted commands were feeding a + random, data dependant error message to 'echo' and expecting it + to come out literally. + + * Setting the "submodule.<name>.path" variable to the empty + "true" caused the configuration parser to segfault. + + * Output from "git log --full-diff -- <pathspec>" looked strange + because comparison was done with the previous ancestor that + touched the specified <pathspec>, causing the patches for paths + outside the pathspec to show more than the single commit has + changed. + + * The auto-tag-following code in "git fetch" tries to reuse the + same transport twice when the serving end does not cooperate and + does not give tags that point to commits that are asked for as + part of the primary transfer. Unfortunately, Git-aware transport + helper interface is not designed to be used more than once, hence + this did not work over smart-http transfer. Fixed. + + * Send a large request to read(2)/write(2) as a smaller but still + reasonably large chunks, which would improve the latency when the + operation needs to be killed and incidentally works around broken + 64-bit systems that cannot take a 2GB write or read in one go. + + * A ".mailmap" file that ends with an incomplete line, when read + from a blob, was not handled properly. + + * The recent "short-cut clone connectivity check" topic broke a + shallow repository when a fetch operation tries to auto-follow + tags. + + * When send-email comes up with an error message to die with upon + failure to start an SSL session, it tried to read the error + string from a wrong place. + + * A call to xread() was used without a loop to cope with short + read in the codepath to stream large blobs to a pack. + + * On platforms with fgetc() and friends defined as macros, the + configuration parser did not compile. + + * New versions of MediaWiki introduced a new API for returning + more than 500 results in response to a query, which would cause + the MediaWiki remote helper to go into an infinite loop. + + * Subversion's serf access method (the only one available in + Subversion 1.8) for http and https URLs in skelta mode tells its + caller to open multiple files at a time, which made "git svn + fetch" complain that "Temp file with moniker 'svn_delta' already + in use" instead of fetching. + + +Also contains a handful of trivial code clean-ups, documentation +updates, updates to the test suite, etc. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bf6fb1a023 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +Git v1.8.4.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.4.1 +-------------------- + + * "git clone" gave some progress messages to the standard output, not + to the standard error, and did not allow suppressing them with the + "--no-progress" option. + + * "format-patch --from=<whom>" forgot to omit unnecessary in-body + from line, i.e. when <whom> is the same as the real author. + + * "git shortlog" used to choke and die when there is a malformed + commit (e.g. missing authors); it now simply ignore such a commit + and keeps going. + + * "git merge-recursive" did not parse its "--diff-algorithm=" command + line option correctly. + + * "git branch --track" had a minor regression in v1.8.3.2 and later + that made it impossible to base your local work on anything but a + local branch of the upstream repository you are tracking from. + + * "git ls-files -k" needs to crawl only the part of the working tree + that may overlap the paths in the index to find killed files, but + shared code with the logic to find all the untracked files, which + made it unnecessarily inefficient. + + * When there is no sufficient overlap between old and new history + during a "git fetch" into a shallow repository, objects that the + sending side knows the receiving end has were unnecessarily sent. + + * When running "fetch -q", a long silence while the sender side + computes the set of objects to send can be mistaken by proxies as + dropped connection. The server side has been taught to send a + small empty messages to keep the connection alive. + + * When the webserver responds with "405 Method Not Allowed", "git + http-backend" should tell the client what methods are allowed with + the "Allow" header. + + * "git cvsserver" computed the permission mode bits incorrectly for + executable files. + + * The implementation of "add -i" has a crippling code to work around + ActiveState Perl limitation but it by mistake also triggered on Git + for Windows where MSYS perl is used. + + * We made sure that we notice the user-supplied GIT_DIR is actually a + gitfile, but did not do the same when the default ".git" is a + gitfile. + + * When an object is not found after checking the packfiles and then + loose object directory, read_sha1_file() re-checks the packfiles to + prevent racing with a concurrent repacker; teach the same logic to + has_sha1_file(). + + * "git commit --author=$name", when $name is not in the canonical + "A. U. Thor <au.thor@example.xz>" format, looks for a matching name + from existing history, but did not consult mailmap to grab the + preferred author name. + + * The commit object names in the insn sheet that was prepared at the + beginning of "rebase -i" session can become ambiguous as the + rebasing progresses and the repository gains more commits. Make + sure the internal record is kept with full 40-hex object names. + + * "git rebase --preserve-merges" internally used the merge machinery + and as a side effect, left merge summary message in the log, but + when rebasing, there should not be a need for merge summary. + + * "git rebase -i" forgot that the comment character can be + configurable while reading its insn sheet. + +Also contains a handful of trivial code clean-ups, documentation +updates, updates to the test suite, etc. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..267a1b34b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +Git v1.8.4.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.4.2 +-------------------- + + * The interaction between use of Perl in our test suite and NO_PERL + has been clarified a bit. + + * A fast-import stream expresses a pathname with funny characters by + quoting them in C style; remote-hg remote helper (in contrib/) + forgot to unquote such a path. + + * One long-standing flaw in the pack transfer protocol used by "git + clone" was that there was no way to tell the other end which branch + "HEAD" points at, and the receiving end needed to guess. A new + capability has been defined in the pack protocol to convey this + information so that cloning from a repository with more than one + branches pointing at the same commit where the HEAD is at now + reliably sets the initial branch in the resulting repository. + + * We did not handle cases where http transport gets redirected during + the authorization request (e.g. from http:// to https://). + + * "git rev-list --objects ^v1.0^ v1.0" gave v1.0 tag itself in the + output, but "git rev-list --objects v1.0^..v1.0" did not. + + * The fall-back parsing of commit objects with broken author or + committer lines were less robust than ideal in picking up the + timestamps. + + * Bash prompting code to deal with an SVN remote as an upstream + were coded in a way not supported by older Bash versions (3.x). + + * "git checkout topic", when there is not yet a local "topic" branch + but there is a unique remote-tracking branch for a remote "topic" + branch, pretended as if "git checkout -t -b topic remote/$r/topic" + (for that unique remote $r) was run. This hack however was not + implemented for "git checkout topic --". + + * Coloring around octopus merges in "log --graph" output was screwy. + + * We did not generate HTML version of documentation to "git subtree" + in contrib/. + + * The synopsis section of "git unpack-objects" documentation has been + clarified a bit. + + * An ancient How-To on serving Git repositories on an HTTP server + lacked a warning that it has been mostly superseded with more + modern way. + +Also contains a handful of trivial code clean-ups, documentation +updates, updates to the test suite, etc. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a7c1ce15c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Git v1.8.4.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.4.3 +-------------------- + + * The fix in v1.8.4.3 to the pack transfer protocol to propagate + the target of symbolic refs broke "git clone/git fetch" from a + repository with too many symbolic refs. As a hotfix/workaround, + we transfer only the information on HEAD. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..215bd1a7a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +Git v1.8.4.5 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.4.4 +-------------------- + + * Recent update to remote-hg that attempted to make it work better + with non ASCII pathnames fed Unicode strings to the underlying Hg + API, which was wrong. + + * "git submodule init" copied "submodule.$name.update" settings from + .gitmodules to .git/config without making sure if the suggested + value was sensible. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..02f681b710 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,486 @@ +Git v1.8.4 Release Notes +======================== + +Backward compatibility notes (for Git 2.0) +------------------------------------------ + +When "git push [$there]" does not say what to push, we have used the +traditional "matching" semantics so far (all your branches were sent +to the remote as long as there already are branches of the same name +over there). In Git 2.0, the default will change to the "simple" +semantics that pushes: + + - only the current branch to the branch with the same name, and only + when the current branch is set to integrate with that remote + branch, if you are pushing to the same remote as you fetch from; or + + - only the current branch to the branch with the same name, if you + are pushing to a remote that is not where you usually fetch from. + +Use the user preference configuration variable "push.default" to +change this. If you are an old-timer who is used to the "matching" +semantics, you can set the variable to "matching" to keep the +traditional behaviour. If you want to live in the future early, you +can set it to "simple" today without waiting for Git 2.0. + +When "git add -u" (and "git add -A") is run inside a subdirectory and +does not specify which paths to add on the command line, it +will operate on the entire tree in Git 2.0 for consistency +with "git commit -a" and other commands. There will be no +mechanism to make plain "git add -u" behave like "git add -u .". +Current users of "git add -u" (without a pathspec) should start +training their fingers to explicitly say "git add -u ." +before Git 2.0 comes. A warning is issued when these commands are +run without a pathspec and when you have local changes outside the +current directory, because the behaviour in Git 2.0 will be different +from today's version in such a situation. + +In Git 2.0, "git add <path>" will behave as "git add -A <path>", so +that "git add dir/" will notice paths you removed from the directory +and record the removal. Versions before Git 2.0, including this +release, will keep ignoring removals, but the users who rely on this +behaviour are encouraged to start using "git add --ignore-removal <path>" +now before 2.0 is released. + + +Updates since v1.8.3 +-------------------- + +Foreign interfaces, subsystems and ports. + + * Cygwin port has been updated for more recent Cygwin 1.7. + + * "git rebase -i" now honors --strategy and -X options. + + * Git-gui has been updated to its 0.18.0 version. + + * MediaWiki remote helper (in contrib/) has been updated to use the + credential helper interface from Git.pm. + + * Update build for Cygwin 1.[57]. Torsten Bögershausen reports that + this is fine with Cygwin 1.7 ($gmane/225824) so let's try moving it + ahead. + + * The credential helper to talk to keychain on OS X (in contrib/) has + been updated to kick in not just when talking http/https but also + imap(s) and smtp. + + * Remote transport helper has been updated to report errors and + maintain ref hierarchy used to keep track of its own state better. + + * With "export" remote-helper protocol, (1) a push that tries to + update a remote ref whose name is different from the pushing side + does not work yet, and (2) the helper may not know how to do + --dry-run; these problematic cases are disabled for now. + + * git-remote-hg/bzr (in contrib/) updates. + + * git-remote-mw (in contrib/) hints users to check the certificate, + when https:// connection failed. + + * git-remote-mw (in contrib/) adds a command to allow previewing the + contents locally before pushing it out, when working with a + MediaWiki remote. + + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * Sample "post-receive-email" hook script got an enhanced replacement + "multimail" (in contrib/). + + * Also in contrib/ is a new "contacts" script that runs "git blame" + to find out the people who may be interested in a set of changes. + + * "git clean" command learned an interactive mode. + + * The "--head" option to "git show-ref" was only to add "HEAD" to the + list of candidate refs to be filtered by the usual rules + (e.g. "--heads" that only show refs under refs/heads). The meaning + of the option has been changed to always show "HEAD" regardless of + what filtering will be applied to any other ref. + + This is a backward incompatible change and might cause breakages to + people's existing scripts. + + * "git show -s" was less discoverable than it should have been. It + now has a natural synonym "git show --no-patch". + + * "git check-mailmap" is a new command that lets you map usernames + and e-mail addresses through the mailmap mechanism, just like many + built-in commands do. + + * "git name-rev" learned to name an annotated tag object back to its + tagname; "git name-rev $(git rev-parse v1.0.0)" gives "tags/v1.0.0", + for example. + + * "git cat-file --batch-check=<format>" is added, primarily to allow + on-disk footprint of objects in packfiles (often they are a lot + smaller than their true size, when expressed as deltas) to be + reported. + + * "git rebase [-i]" used to leave just "rebase" as its reflog messages + for some operations. They have been reworded to be more informative. + + * In addition to the choice from "rebase, merge, or checkout-detach", + "submodule update" can allow a custom command to be used in to + update the working tree of submodules via the "submodule.*.update" + configuration variable. + + * "git submodule update" can optionally clone the submodule + repositories shallowly. + + * "git format-patch" learned "--from[=whom]" option, which sets the + "From: " header to the specified person (or the person who runs the + command, if "=whom" part is missing) and move the original author + information to an in-body From: header as necessary. + + * The configuration variable "merge.ff" was cleary a tri-state to + choose one from "favor fast-forward when possible", "always create + a merge even when the history could fast-forward" and "do not + create any merge, only update when the history fast-forwards", but + the command line parser did not implement the usual convention of + "last one wins, and command line overrides the configuration" + correctly. + + * "gitweb" learned to optionally place extra links that point at the + levels higher than the Gitweb pages themselves in the breadcrumbs, + so that it can be used as part of a larger installation. + + * "git log --format=" now honors i18n.logoutputencoding configuration + variable. + + * The "push.default=simple" mode of "git push" has been updated to + behave like "current" without requiring a remote tracking + information, when you push to a remote that is different from where + you fetch from (i.e. a triangular workflow). + + * Having multiple "fixup!" on a line in the rebase instruction sheet + did not work very well with "git rebase -i --autosquash". + + * "git log" learned the "--author-date-order" option, with which the + output is topologically sorted and commits in parallel histories + are shown intermixed together based on the author timestamp. + + * Various subcommands of "git submodule" refused to run from anywhere + other than the top of the working tree of the superproject, but + they have been taught to let you run from a subdirectory. + + * "git diff" learned a mode that ignores hunks whose change consists + only of additions and removals of blank lines, which is the same as + "diff -B" (ignore blank lines) of GNU diff. + + * "git rm" gives a single message followed by list of paths to report + multiple paths that cannot be removed. + + * "git rebase" can be told with ":/look for this string" syntax commits + to replay the changes onto and where the work to be replayed begins. + + * Many tutorials teach users to set "color.ui" to "auto" as the first + thing after you set "user.name/email" to introduce yourselves to + Git. Now the variable defaults to "auto". + + * On Cygwin, "cygstart" is now recognised as a possible way to start + a web browser (used in "help -w" and "instaweb" among others). + + * "git status" learned status.branch and status.short configuration + variables to use --branch and --short options by default (override + with --no-branch and --no-short options from the command line). + + * "git cmd <name>", when <name> happens to be a 40-hex string, + directly uses the 40-hex string as an object name, even if a ref + "refs/<some hierarchy>/<name>" exists. This disambiguation order + is unlikely to change, but we should warn about the ambiguity just + like we warn when more than one refs/ hierarchies share the same + name. + + * "git rebase" learned "--[no-]autostash" option to save local + changes instead of refusing to run (to which people's normal + response was to stash them and re-run). This introduced a corner + case breakage to "git am --abort" but it has been fixed. + + * "check-ignore" (new feature since 1.8.2) has been updated to work + more like "check-attr" over bidi-pipes. + + * "git describe" learned "--first-parent" option to limit its closest + tagged commit search to the first-parent chain. + + * "git merge foo" that might have meant "git merge origin/foo" is + diagnosed with a more informative error message. + + * "git log -L<line>,<range>:<filename>" has been added. This may + still have leaks and rough edges, though. + + * We used the approxidate() parser for "--expire=<timestamp>" options + of various commands, but it is better to treat --expire=all and + --expire=now a bit more specially than using the current timestamp. + "git gc" and "git reflog" have been updated with a new parsing + function for expiry dates. + + * Updates to completion (both bash and zsh) helpers. + + * The behaviour of the "--chain-reply-to" option of "git send-email" + have changed at 1.7.0, and we added a warning/advice message to + help users adjust to the new behaviour back then, but we kept it + around for too long. The message has finally been removed. + + * "git fetch origin master" unlike "git fetch origin" or "git fetch" + did not update "refs/remotes/origin/master"; this was an early + design decision to keep the update of remote tracking branches + predictable, but in practice it turns out that people find it more + convenient to opportunistically update them whenever we have a + chance, and we have been updating them when we run "git push" which + already breaks the original "predictability" anyway. + + * The configuration variable core.checkstat was advertised in the + documentation but the code expected core.statinfo instead. + For now, we accept both core.checkstat and core.statinfo, but the + latter will be removed in the longer term. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, etc. + + * On Cygwin, we used to use our own lstat(2) emulation that is + allegedly faster than the platform one in codepaths where some of + the information it returns did not matter, but it started to bite + us in a few codepaths where the trick it uses to cheat does show + breakages. This emulation has been removed and we use the native + lstat(2) emulation supplied by Cygwin now. + + * The function attributes extensions are used to catch mistakes in + use of our own variadic functions that use NULL sentinel at the end + (i.e. like execl(3)) and format strings (i.e. like printf(3)). + + * The code to allow configuration data to be read from in-tree blob + objects is in. This may help working in a bare repository and + submodule updates. + + * Fetching between repositories with many refs employed O(n^2) + algorithm to match up the common objects, which has been corrected. + + * The original way to specify remote repository using .git/branches/ + used to have a nifty feature. The code to support the feature was + still in a function but the caller was changed not to call it 5 + years ago, breaking that feature and leaving the supporting code + unreachable. The dead code has been removed. + + * "git pack-refs" that races with new ref creation or deletion have + been susceptible to lossage of refs under right conditions, which + has been tightened up. + + * We read loose and packed references in two steps, but after + deciding to read a loose ref but before actually opening it to read + it, another process racing with us can unlink it, which would cause + us to barf. The codepath has been updated to retry when such a + race is detected, instead of outright failing. + + * Uses of the platform fnmatch(3) function (many places in the code, + matching pathspec, .gitignore and .gitattributes to name a few) + have been replaced with wildmatch, allowing "foo/**/bar" that would + match foo/bar, foo/a/bar, foo/a/b/bar, etc. + + * Memory ownership and lifetime rules for what for-each-ref feeds to + its callbacks have been clarified (in short, "you do not own it, so + make a copy if you want to keep it"). + + * The revision traversal logic to improve culling of irrelevant + parents while traversing a mergy history has been updated. + + * Some leaks in unpack-trees (used in merge, cherry-pick and other + codepaths) have been plugged. + + * The codepath to read from marks files in fast-import/export did not + have to accept anything but 40-hex representation of the object + name. Further, fast-export did not need full in-core object + representation to have parsed wen reading from them. These + codepaths have been optimized by taking advantage of these access + patterns. + + * Object lookup logic, when the object hashtable starts to become + crowded, has been optimized. + + * When TEST_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY setting is used, it was handled somewhat + inconsistently between the test framework and t/Makefile, and logic + to summarize the results looked at a wrong place. + + * "git clone" uses a lighter-weight implementation when making sure + that the history behind refs are complete. + + * Many warnings from sparse source checker in compat/ area has been + squelched. + + * The code to reading and updating packed-refs file has been updated, + correcting corner case bugs. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v1.8.3 +------------------ + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v1.8.3 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see release notes to them for +details). + + * Newer Net::SMTP::SSL module does not want the user programs to use + the default behaviour to let server certificate go without + verification, so by default enable the verification with a + mechanism to turn it off if needed. + (merge 35035bb rr/send-email-ssl-verify later to maint). + + * When "git" is spawned in such a way that any of the low 3 file + descriptors is closed, our first open() may yield file descriptor 2, + and writing error message to it would screw things up in a big way. + (merge a11c396 tr/protect-low-3-fds later to maint). + + * The mailmap mechanism unnecessarily downcased the e-mail addresses + in the output, and also ignored the human name when it is a single + character name. + (merge bd23794 jc/mailmap-case-insensitivity later to maint). + + * In two places we did not check return value (expected to be a file + descriptor) correctly. + (merge a77f106 tr/fd-gotcha-fixes later to maint). + + * Logic to auto-detect character encodings in the commit log message + did not reject overlong and invalid UTF-8 characters. + (merge 81050ac bc/commit-invalid-utf8 later to maint). + + * Pass port number as a separate argument when "send-email" initializes + Net::SMTP, instead of as a part of the hostname, i.e. host:port. + This allows GSSAPI codepath to match with the hostname given. + (merge 1a741bf bc/send-email-use-port-as-separate-param later to maint). + + * "git diff" refused to even show difference when core.safecrlf is + set to true (i.e. error out) and there are offending lines in the + working tree files. + (merge 5430bb2 jc/maint-diff-core-safecrlf later to maint). + + * A test that should have failed but didn't revealed a bug that needs + to be corrected. + (merge 94d75d1 jc/t1512-fix later to maint). + + * An overlong path to a .git directory may have overflown the + temporary path buffer used to create a name for lockfiles. + (merge 2fbd4f9 mh/maint-lockfile-overflow later to maint). + + * Invocations of "git checkout" used internally by "git rebase" were + counted as "checkout", and affected later "git checkout -" to the + the user to an unexpected place. + (merge 3bed291 rr/rebase-checkout-reflog later to maint). + + * The configuration variable column.ui was poorly documented. + (merge 5e62cc1 rr/column-doc later to maint). + + * "git name-rev --refs=tags/v*" were forbidden, which was a bit + inconvenient (you had to give a pattern to match refs fully, like + --refs=refs/tags/v*). + (merge 98c5c4a nk/name-rev-abbreviated-refs later to maint). + + * "git apply" parsed patches that add new files, generated by + programs other than Git, incorrectly. This is an old breakage in + v1.7.11 and will need to be merged down to the maintenance tracks. + + * Older cURL wanted piece of memory we call it with to be stable, but + we updated the auth material after handing it to a call. + + * "git pull" into nothing trashed "local changes" that were in the + index, and this avoids it. + + * Many "git submodule" operations do not work on a submodule at a + path whose name is not in ASCII. + + * "cherry-pick" had a small leak in an error codepath. + + * Logic used by git-send-email to suppress cc mishandled names like + "A U. Thor" <author@example.xz>, where the human readable part + needs to be quoted (the user input may not have the double quotes + around the name, and comparison was done between quoted and + unquoted strings). It also mishandled names that need RFC2047 + quoting. + + * Call to discard_cache/discard_index (used when we use different + contents of the index in-core, in many operations like commit, + apply, and merge) used to leak memory that held the array of index + entries, which has been plugged. + (merge a0fc4db rs/discard-index-discard-array later to maint). + + * "gitweb" forgot to clear a global variable $search_regexp upon each + request, mistakenly carrying over the previous search to a new one + when used as a persistent CGI. + + * The wildmatch engine did not honor WM_CASEFOLD option correctly. + + * "git log -c --follow $path" segfaulted upon hitting the commit that + renamed the $path being followed. + + * When a reflog notation is used for implicit "current branch", we + did not say which branch and worse said "branch ''". + + * "difftool --dir-diff" did not copy back changes made by the + end-user in the diff tool backend to the working tree in some + cases. + + * "git push $there HEAD:branch" did not resolve HEAD early enough, so + it was easy to flip it around while push is still going on and push + out a branch that the user did not originally intended when the + command was started. + + * The bash prompt code (in contrib/) displayed the name of the branch + being rebased when "rebase -i/-m/-p" modes are in use, but not the + plain vanilla "rebase". + + * Handling of negative exclude pattern for directories "!dir" was + broken in the update to v1.8.3. + + * zsh prompt script that borrowed from bash prompt script did not + work due to slight differences in array variable notation between + these two shells. + + * An entry for "file://" scheme in the enumeration of URL types Git + can take in the HTML documentation was made into a clickable link + by mistake. + + * "git push --[no-]verify" was not documented. + + * Stop installing the git-remote-testpy script that is only used for + testing. + + * "git commit --allow-empty-message -m ''" should not start an + editor. + + * "git merge @{-1}~22" was rewritten to "git merge frotz@{1}~22" + incorrectly when your previous branch was "frotz" (it should be + rewritten to "git merge frotz~22" instead). + + * "git diff -c -p" was not showing a deleted line from a hunk when + another hunk immediately begins where the earlier one ends. + + * "git log --ancestry-path A...B" did not work as expected, as it did + not pay attention to the fact that the merge base between A and B + was the bottom of the range being specified. + + * Mac OS X does not like to write(2) more than INT_MAX number of + bytes; work it around by chopping write(2) into smaller pieces. + + * Newer MacOS X encourages the programs to compile and link with + their CommonCrypto, not with OpenSSL. + + * "git clone foo/bar:baz" cannot be a request to clone from a remote + over git-over-ssh specified in the scp style. This case is now + detected and clones from a local repository at "foo/bar:baz". + + * When $HOME is misconfigured to point at an unreadable directory, we + used to complain and die. Loosen the check. + + * "git subtree" (in contrib/) had one codepath with loose error + checks to lose data at the remote side. + + * "git fetch" into a shallow repository from a repository that does + not know about the shallow boundary commits (e.g. a different fork + from the repository the current shallow repository was cloned from) + did not work correctly. + + * "git checkout foo" DWIMs the intended "upstream" and turns it into + "git checkout -t -b foo remotes/origin/foo". This codepath has been + updated to correctly take existing remote definitions into account. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7236aaf232 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +Git v1.8.5.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.5 +------------------ + + * "git submodule init" copied "submodule.$name.update" settings from + .gitmodules to .git/config without making sure if the suggested + value was sensible. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3ac4984f10 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Git v1.8.5.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.5.1 +-------------------- + + * "git diff -- ':(icase)makefile'" was unnecessarily rejected at the + command line parser. + + * "git cat-file --batch-check=ok" did not check the existence of + the named object. + + * "git am --abort" sometimes complained about not being able to write + a tree with an 0{40} object in it. + + * Two processes creating loose objects at the same time could have + failed unnecessarily when the name of their new objects started + with the same byte value, due to a race condition. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3de2dd0f19 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Git v1.8.5.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.5.2 +-------------------- + + * The "--[no-]informative-errors" options to "git daemon" were parsed + a bit too loosely, allowing any other string after these option + names. + + * A "gc" process running as a different user should be able to stop a + new "gc" process from starting. + + * An earlier "clean-up" introduced an unnecessary memory leak to the + credential subsystem. + + * "git mv A B/", when B does not exist as a directory, should error + out, but it didn't. + + * "git rev-parse <revs> -- <paths>" did not implement the usual + disambiguation rules the commands in the "git log" family used in + the same way. + + * "git cat-file --batch=", an admittedly useless command, did not + behave very well. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d18c40389e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +Git v1.8.5.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.5.3 +-------------------- + + * "git fetch --depth=0" was a no-op, and was silently ignored. + Diagnose it as an error. + + * Remote repository URL expressed in scp-style host:path notation are + parsed more carefully (e.g. "foo/bar:baz" is local, "[::1]:/~user" asks + to connect to user's home directory on host at address ::1. + + * SSL-related options were not passed correctly to underlying socket + layer in "git send-email". + + * "git commit -v" appends the patch to the log message before + editing, and then removes the patch when the editor returned + control. However, the patch was not stripped correctly when the + first modified path was a submodule. + + * "git mv A B/", when B does not exist as a directory, should error + out, but it didn't. + + * When we figure out how many file descriptors to allocate for + keeping packfiles open, a system with non-working getrlimit() could + cause us to die(), but because we make this call only to get a + rough estimate of how many is available and we do not even attempt + to use up all file descriptors available ourselves, it is nicer to + fall back to a reasonable low value rather than dying. + + * "git log --decorate" did not handle a tag pointed by another tag + nicely. + + * "git add -A" (no other arguments) in a totally empty working tree + used to emit an error. + + * There is no reason to have a hardcoded upper limit of the number of + parents for an octopus merge, created via the graft mechanism, but + there was. + + * The implementation of 'git stash $cmd "stash@{...}"' did not quote + the stash argument properly and left it split at IFS whitespace. + + * The documentation to "git pull" hinted there is an "-m" option + because it incorrectly shared the documentation with "git merge". + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9191ce948f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Git v1.8.5.5 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.5.4 +-------------------- + + * The pathspec matching code, while comparing two trees (e.g. "git + diff A B -- path1 path2") was too aggressive and failed to match + some paths when multiple pathspecs were involved. + + * "git repack --max-pack-size=8g" stopped being parsed correctly when + the command was reimplemented in C. + + * A recent update to "git send-email" broke platforms where + /etc/ssl/certs/ directory exists but cannot be used as SSL_ca_path + (e.g. Fedora rawhide). + + * A handful of bugs around interpreting $branch@{upstream} notation + and its lookalike, when $branch part has interesting characters, + e.g. "@", and ":", have been fixed. + + * "git clone" would fail to clone from a repository that has a ref + directly under "refs/", e.g. "refs/stash", because different + validation paths do different things on such a refname. Loosen the + client side's validation to allow such a ref. + + * "git log --left-right A...B" lost the "leftness" of commits + reachable from A when A is a tag as a side effect of a recent + bugfix. This is a regression in 1.8.4.x series. + + * "git merge-base --octopus" used to leave cleaning up suboptimal + result to the caller, but now it does the clean-up itself. + + * "git mv A B/", when B does not exist as a directory, should error + out, but it didn't. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..92ff92b1e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Git v1.8.5.6 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.5.5 +-------------------- + + * We used to allow committing a path ".Git/config" with Git that is + running on a case sensitive filesystem, but an attempt to check out + such a path with Git that runs on a case insensitive filesystem + would have clobbered ".git/config", which is definitely not what + the user would have expected. Git now prevents you from tracking + a path with ".Git" (in any case combination) as a path component. + + * On Windows, certain path components that are different from ".git" + are mapped to ".git", e.g. "git~1/config" is treated as if it were + ".git/config". HFS+ has a similar issue, where certain unicode + codepoints are ignored, e.g. ".g\u200cit/config" is treated as if + it were ".git/config". Pathnames with these potential issues are + rejected on the affected systems. Git on systems that are not + affected by this issue (e.g. Linux) can also be configured to + reject them to ensure cross platform interoperability of the hosted + projects. + + * "git fsck" notices a tree object that records such a path that can + be confused with ".git", and with receive.fsckObjects configuration + set to true, an attempt to "git push" such a tree object will be + rejected. Such a path may not be a problem on a well behaving + filesystem but in order to protect those on HFS+ and on case + insensitive filesystems, this check is enabled on all platforms. + +A big "thanks!" for bringing this issue to us goes to our friends in +the Mercurial land, namely, Matt Mackall and Augie Fackler. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..602df0cac2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,456 @@ +Git v1.8.5 Release Notes +======================== + +Backward compatibility notes (for Git 2.0) +------------------------------------------ + +When "git push [$there]" does not say what to push, we have used the +traditional "matching" semantics so far (all your branches were sent +to the remote as long as there already are branches of the same name +over there). In Git 2.0, the default will change to the "simple" +semantics, which pushes: + + - only the current branch to the branch with the same name, and only + when the current branch is set to integrate with that remote + branch, if you are pushing to the same remote as you fetch from; or + + - only the current branch to the branch with the same name, if you + are pushing to a remote that is not where you usually fetch from. + +Use the user preference configuration variable "push.default" to +change this. If you are an old-timer who is used to the "matching" +semantics, you can set the variable to "matching" to keep the +traditional behaviour. If you want to live in the future early, you +can set it to "simple" today without waiting for Git 2.0. + +When "git add -u" (and "git add -A") is run inside a subdirectory and +does not specify which paths to add on the command line, it +will operate on the entire tree in Git 2.0 for consistency +with "git commit -a" and other commands. There will be no +mechanism to make plain "git add -u" behave like "git add -u .". +Current users of "git add -u" (without a pathspec) should start +training their fingers to explicitly say "git add -u ." +before Git 2.0 comes. A warning is issued when these commands are +run without a pathspec and when you have local changes outside the +current directory, because the behaviour in Git 2.0 will be different +from today's version in such a situation. + +In Git 2.0, "git add <path>" will behave as "git add -A <path>", so +that "git add dir/" will notice paths you removed from the directory +and record the removal. Versions before Git 2.0, including this +release, will keep ignoring removals, but the users who rely on this +behaviour are encouraged to start using "git add --ignore-removal <path>" +now before 2.0 is released. + +The default prefix for "git svn" will change in Git 2.0. For a long +time, "git svn" created its remote-tracking branches directly under +refs/remotes, but it will place them under refs/remotes/origin/ unless +it is told otherwise with its --prefix option. + + +Updates since v1.8.4 +-------------------- + +Foreign interfaces, subsystems and ports. + + * "git-svn" has been taught to use the serf library, which is the + only option SVN 1.8.0 offers us when talking the HTTP protocol. + + * "git-svn" talking over an https:// connection using the serf library + dumped core due to a bug in the serf library that SVN uses. Work + around it on our side, even though the SVN side is being fixed. + + * On MacOS X, we detected if the filesystem needs the "pre-composed + unicode strings" workaround, but did not automatically enable it. + Now we do. + + * remote-hg remote helper misbehaved when interacting with a local Hg + repository relative to the home directory, e.g. "clone hg::~/there". + + * imap-send ported to OS X uses Apple's security framework instead of + OpenSSL's. + + * "git fast-import" treats an empty path given to "ls" as the root of + the tree. + + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * xdg-open can be used as a browser backend for "git web-browse" + (hence to show "git help -w" output), when available. + + * "git grep" and "git show" pay attention to the "--textconv" option + when these commands are told to operate on blob objects (e.g. "git + grep -e pattern --textconv HEAD:Makefile"). + + * "git replace" helper no longer allows an object to be replaced with + another object of a different type to avoid confusion (you can + still manually craft such a replacement using "git update-ref", as an + escape hatch). + + * "git status" no longer prints the dirty status information of + submodules for which submodule.$name.ignore is set to "all". + + * "git rebase -i" honours core.abbrev when preparing the insn sheet + for editing. + + * "git status" during a cherry-pick shows which original commit is + being picked. + + * Instead of typing four capital letters "HEAD", you can say "@" now, + e.g. "git log @". + + * "git check-ignore" follows the same rule as "git add" and "git + status" in that the ignore/exclude mechanism does not take effect + on paths that are already tracked. With the "--no-index" option, it + can be used to diagnose which paths that should have been ignored + have been mistakenly added to the index. + + * Some irrelevant "advice" messages that are shared with "git status" + output have been removed from the commit log template. + + * "update-refs" learned a "--stdin" option to read multiple update + requests and perform them in an all-or-none fashion. + + * Just like "make -C <directory>", "git -C <directory> ..." tells Git + to go there before doing anything else. + + * Just like "git checkout -" knows to check out, and "git merge -" + knows to merge, the branch you were previously on, "git cherry-pick" + now understands "git cherry-pick -" to pick from the previous + branch. + + * "git status" now omits the prefix to make its output a comment in a + commit log editor, which is not necessary for human consumption. + Scripts that parse the output of "git status" are advised to use + "git status --porcelain" instead, as its format is stable and easier + to parse. + + * The ref syntax "foo^{tag}" (with the literal string "{tag}") peels a + tag ref to itself, i.e. it's a no-op., and fails if + "foo" is not a tag. "git rev-parse --verify v1.0^{tag}" is + a more convenient way than "test $(git cat-file -t v1.0) = tag" to + check if v1.0 is a tag. + + * "git branch -v -v" (and "git status") did not distinguish among a + branch that is not based on any other branch, a branch that is in + sync with its upstream branch, and a branch that is configured with an + upstream branch that no longer exists. + + * Earlier we started rejecting any attempt to add the 0{40} object name to + the index and to tree objects, but it sometimes is necessary to + allow this to be able to use tools like filter-branch to correct such + broken tree objects. "filter-branch" can again be used to do this. + + * "git config" did not provide a way to set or access numbers larger + than a native "int" on the platform; it now provides 64-bit signed + integers on all platforms. + + * "git pull --rebase" always chose to do the bog-standard flattening + rebase. You can tell it to run "rebase --preserve-merges" with + "git pull --rebase=preserve" or by + setting "pull.rebase" configuration to "preserve". + + * "git push --no-thin" actually disables the "thin pack transfer" + optimization. + + * Magic pathspecs like ":(icase)makefile" (matches both Makefile + and makefile) and ":(glob)foo/**/bar" (matches "bar" in "foo" + and any subdirectory of "foo") can be used in more places. + + * The "http.*" variables can now be specified for individual URLs. + For example, + + [http] + sslVerify = true + [http "https://weak.example.com/"] + sslVerify = false + + would flip http.sslVerify off only when talking to that specific + site. + + * "git mv A B" when moving a submodule has been taught to + relocate the submodule's working tree and to adjust the paths in the + .gitmodules file. + + * "git blame" can now take more than one -L option to discover the + origin of multiple blocks of lines. + + * The http transport clients can optionally ask to save cookies + with the http.savecookies configuration variable. + + * "git push" learned a more fine grained control over a blunt + "--force" when requesting a non-fast-forward update with the + "--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expected object name>" option. + + * "git diff --diff-filter=<classes of changes>" can now take + lowercase letters (e.g. "--diff-filter=d") to mean "show + everything but these classes". "git diff-files -q" is now a + deprecated synonym for "git diff-files --diff-filter=d". + + * "git fetch" (hence "git pull" as well) learned to check + "fetch.prune" and "remote.*.prune" configuration variables and + to behave as if the "--prune" command line option was given. + + * "git check-ignore -z" applied the NUL termination to both its input + (with --stdin) and its output, but "git check-attr -z" ignored the + option on the output side. Make both honor -z on the input and + output side the same way. + + * "git whatchanged" may still be used by old timers, but mention of + it in documents meant for new users will only waste readers' time + wondering what the difference is between it and "git log". Make it + less prominent in the general part of the documentation and explain + that it is merely a "git log" with different default behaviour in + its own document. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, etc. + + * "git for-each-ref" when asking for merely the object name does not + have to parse the object pointed at by the refs; the codepath has + been optimized. + + * The HTTP transport will try to use TCP keepalive when able. + + * "git repack" is now written in C. + + * Build procedure for MSVC has been updated. + + * If a build-time fallback is set to "cat" instead of "less", we + should apply the same "no subprocess or pipe" optimization as we + apply to user-supplied GIT_PAGER=cat. + + * Many commands use a --dashed-option as an operation mode selector + (e.g. "git tag --delete") that excludes other operation modes + (e.g. "git tag --delete --verify" is nonsense) and that cannot be + negated (e.g. "git tag --no-delete" is nonsense). The parse-options + API learned a new OPT_CMDMODE macro to make it easier to implement + such a set of options. + + * OPT_BOOLEAN() in the parse-options API was misdesigned to be "counting + up" but many subcommands expect it to behave as "on/off". Update + them to use OPT_BOOL() which is a proper boolean. + + * "git gc" exits early without doing any work when it detects + that another instance of itself is already running. + + * Under memory pressure and/or file descriptor pressure, we used to + close pack windows that are not used and also closed filehandles to + open but unused packfiles. These are now controlled separately + to better cope with the load. + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v1.8.4 +------------------ + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v1.8.4 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' notes for +details). + + * An ancient How-To on serving Git repositories on an HTTP server + lacked a warning that it has been mostly superseded with a more + modern way. + (merge 6d52bc3 sc/doc-howto-dumb-http later to maint). + + * The interaction between the use of Perl in our test suite and NO_PERL + has been clarified a bit. + (merge f8fc0ee jn/test-prereq-perl-doc later to maint). + + * The synopsis section of the "git unpack-objects" documentation has been + clarified a bit. + (merge 61e2e22 vd/doc-unpack-objects later to maint). + + * We did not generate the HTML version of the documentation to "git subtree" + in contrib/. + (merge 95c62fb jk/subtree-install-fix later to maint). + + * A fast-import stream expresses a pathname with funny characters by + quoting them in C style; the remote-hg remote helper forgot to unquote + such a path. + (merge 1136265 ap/remote-hg-unquote-cquote later to maint). + + * "git reset -p HEAD" has a codepath to special-case it to behave + differently from resetting to contents of other commits, but a + recent change broke it. + + * Coloring around octopus merges in "log --graph" output was screwy. + (merge 339c17b hn/log-graph-color-octopus later to maint). + + * "git checkout topic", when there is not yet a local "topic" branch + but there is a unique remote-tracking branch for a remote "topic" + branch, pretended as if "git checkout -t -b topic remote/$r/topic" + (for that unique remote $r) was run. This hack however was not + implemented for "git checkout topic --". + (merge bca3969 mm/checkout-auto-track-fix later to maint). + + * One long-standing flaw in the pack transfer protocol used by "git + clone" was that there was no way to tell the other end which branch + "HEAD" points at, and the receiving end needed to guess. A new + capability has been defined in the pack protocol to convey this + information so that cloning from a repository with more than one + branch pointing at the same commit where the HEAD is at now + reliably sets the initial branch in the resulting repository. + (merge 360a326 jc/upload-pack-send-symref later to maint). + + * We did not handle cases where the http transport gets redirected during + the authorization request (e.g. from http:// to https://). + (merge 70900ed jk/http-auth-redirects later to maint). + + * Bash prompting code to deal with an SVN remote as an upstream + was coded in a way unsupported by older Bash versions (3.x). + (merge 52ec889 sg/prompt-svn-remote-fix later to maint). + + * The fall-back parsing of commit objects with broken author or + committer lines was less robust than ideal in picking up the + timestamps. + (merge 03818a4 jk/split-broken-ident later to maint). + + * "git rev-list --objects ^v1.0^ v1.0" gave the v1.0 tag itself in the + output, but "git rev-list --objects v1.0^..v1.0" did not. + (merge 895c5ba jc/revision-range-unpeel later to maint). + + * "git clone" wrote some progress messages to standard output, not + to standard error, and did not suppress them with the + --no-progress option. + (merge 643f918 jk/clone-progress-to-stderr later to maint). + + * "format-patch --from=<whom>" forgot to omit an unnecessary in-body + from line, i.e. when <whom> is the same as the real author. + (merge 662cc30 jk/format-patch-from later to maint). + + * "git shortlog" used to choke and die when there is a malformed + commit (e.g. missing authors); it now simply ignores such a commit + and keeps going. + (merge cd4f09e jk/shortlog-tolerate-broken-commit later to maint). + + * "git merge-recursive" did not parse its "--diff-algorithm=" command + line option correctly. + (merge 6562928 jk/diff-algo later to maint). + + * When running "fetch -q", a long silence while the sender side + computes the set of objects to send can be mistaken by proxies as + dropped connection. The server side has been taught to send a + small empty messages to keep the connection alive. + (merge 115dedd jk/upload-pack-keepalive later to maint). + + * "git rebase" had a portability regression in v1.8.4 that triggered a + bug in some BSD shell implementations. + (merge 99855dd mm/rebase-continue-freebsd-WB later to maint). + + * "git branch --track" had a minor regression in v1.8.3.2 and later + that made it impossible to base your local work on anything but a + local branch of the upstream repository you are tracking. + (merge b0f49ff jh/checkout-auto-tracking later to maint). + + * When the web server responds with "405 Method Not Allowed", "git + http-backend" should tell the client what methods are allowed with + the "Allow" header. + (merge 9247be0 bc/http-backend-allow-405 later to maint). + + * When there is no sufficient overlap between old and new history + during a "git fetch" into a shallow repository, objects that the + sending side knows the receiving end has were unnecessarily sent. + (merge f21d2a7 nd/fetch-into-shallow later to maint). + + * "git cvsserver" computed the permission mode bits incorrectly for + executable files. + (merge 1b48d56 jc/cvsserver-perm-bit-fix later to maint). + + * When send-email obtains an error message to die with upon + failure to start an SSL session, it tried to read the error string + from a wrong place. + (merge 6cb0c88 bc/send-email-ssl-die-message-fix later to maint). + + * The implementation of "add -i" has some crippling code to work around an + ActiveState Perl limitation but it by mistake also triggered on Git + for Windows where MSYS perl is used. + (merge df17e77 js/add-i-mingw later to maint). + + * We made sure that we notice when the user-supplied GIT_DIR is actually a + gitfile, but did not do the same when the default ".git" is a + gitfile. + (merge 487a2b7 nd/git-dir-pointing-at-gitfile later to maint). + + * When an object is not found after checking the packfiles and the + loose object directory, read_sha1_file() re-checks the packfiles to + prevent racing with a concurrent repacker; teach the same logic to + has_sha1_file(). + (merge 45e8a74 jk/has-sha1-file-retry-packed later to maint). + + * "git commit --author=$name", when $name is not in the canonical + "A. U. Thor <au.thor@example.xz>" format, looks for a matching name + from existing history, but did not consult mailmap to grab the + preferred author name. + (merge ea16794 ap/commit-author-mailmap later to maint). + + * "git ls-files -k" needs to crawl only the part of the working tree + that may overlap the paths in the index to find killed files, but + shared code with the logic to find all the untracked files, which + made it unnecessarily inefficient. + (merge 680be04 jc/ls-files-killed-optim later to maint). + + * The shortened commit object names in the insn sheet that is prepared at the + beginning of a "rebase -i" session can become ambiguous as the + rebasing progresses and the repository gains more commits. Make + sure the internal record is kept with full 40-hex object names. + (merge 75c6976 es/rebase-i-no-abbrev later to maint). + + * "git rebase --preserve-merges" internally used the merge machinery + and as a side effect left the merge summary message in the log, but + when rebasing there is no need for the merge summary. + (merge a9f739c rt/rebase-p-no-merge-summary later to maint). + + * A call to xread() was used without a loop around it to cope with short + reads in the codepath to stream new contents to a pack. + (merge e92527c js/xread-in-full later to maint). + + * "git rebase -i" forgot that the comment character is + configurable while reading its insn sheet. + (merge 7bca7af es/rebase-i-respect-core-commentchar later to maint). + + * The mailmap support code read past the allocated buffer when the + mailmap file ended with an incomplete line. + (merge f972a16 jk/mailmap-incomplete-line later to maint). + + * We used to send a large request to read(2)/write(2) as a single + system call, which was bad from the latency point of view when + the operation needs to be killed, and also triggered an error on + broken 64-bit systems that refuse to read or write more than 2GB + in one go. + (merge a487916 sp/clip-read-write-to-8mb later to maint). + + * "git fetch" that auto-followed tags incorrectly reused the + connection with Git-aware transport helper (like the sample "ext::" + helper shipped with Git). + (merge 0f73f8b jc/transport-do-not-use-connect-twice-in-fetch later to maint). + + * "git log --full-diff -- <pathspec>" showed a huge diff for paths + outside the given <pathspec> for each commit, instead of showing + the change relative to the parent of the commit. "git reflog -p" + had a similar problem. + (merge 838f9a1 tr/log-full-diff-keep-true-parents later to maint). + + * Setting a submodule.*.path configuration variable to true (without + giving "= value") caused Git to segfault. + (merge 4b05440 jl/some-submodule-config-are-not-boolean later to maint). + + * "git rebase -i" (there could be others, as the root cause is pretty + generic) fed a random, data dependent string to 'echo' and + expected it to come out literally, corrupting its error message. + (merge 89b0230 mm/no-shell-escape-in-die-message later to maint). + + * Some people still use rather old versions of bash, which cannot + grok some constructs like 'printf -v varname' which the prompt and + completion code started to use recently. + (merge a44aa69 bc/completion-for-bash-3.0 later to maint). + + * Code to read configuration from a blob object did not compile on + platforms with fgetc() etc. implemented as macros. + (merge 49d6cfa hv/config-from-blob later to maint-1.8.3). + + * The recent "short-cut clone connectivity check" topic broke a + shallow repository when a fetch operation tries to auto-follow tags. + (merge 6da8bdc nd/fetch-pack-shallow-fix later to maint-1.8.3). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4e4b88aa5c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,345 @@ +Git v1.9.0 Release Notes +======================== + +Backward compatibility notes +---------------------------- + +"git submodule foreach $cmd $args" used to treat "$cmd $args" the same +way "ssh" did, concatenating them into a single string and letting the +shell unquote. Careless users who forget to sufficiently quote $args +get their argument split at $IFS whitespaces by the shell, and got +unexpected results due to this. Starting from this release, the +command line is passed directly to the shell, if it has an argument. + +Read-only support for experimental loose-object format, in which users +could optionally choose to write their loose objects for a short +while between v1.4.3 and v1.5.3 era, has been dropped. + +The meanings of the "--tags" option to "git fetch" has changed; the +command fetches tags _in addition to_ what is fetched by the same +command line without the option. + +The way "git push $there $what" interprets the $what part given on the +command line, when it does not have a colon that explicitly tells us +what ref at the $there repository is to be updated, has been enhanced. + +A handful of ancient commands that have long been deprecated are +finally gone (repo-config, tar-tree, lost-found, and peek-remote). + + +Backward compatibility notes (for Git 2.0.0) +-------------------------------------------- + +When "git push [$there]" does not say what to push, we have used the +traditional "matching" semantics so far (all your branches were sent +to the remote as long as there already are branches of the same name +over there). In Git 2.0, the default will change to the "simple" +semantics, which pushes: + + - only the current branch to the branch with the same name, and only + when the current branch is set to integrate with that remote + branch, if you are pushing to the same remote as you fetch from; or + + - only the current branch to the branch with the same name, if you + are pushing to a remote that is not where you usually fetch from. + +Use the user preference configuration variable "push.default" to +change this. If you are an old-timer who is used to the "matching" +semantics, you can set the variable to "matching" to keep the +traditional behaviour. If you want to live in the future early, you +can set it to "simple" today without waiting for Git 2.0. + +When "git add -u" (and "git add -A") is run inside a subdirectory and +does not specify which paths to add on the command line, it +will operate on the entire tree in Git 2.0 for consistency +with "git commit -a" and other commands. There will be no +mechanism to make plain "git add -u" behave like "git add -u .". +Current users of "git add -u" (without a pathspec) should start +training their fingers to explicitly say "git add -u ." +before Git 2.0 comes. A warning is issued when these commands are +run without a pathspec and when you have local changes outside the +current directory, because the behaviour in Git 2.0 will be different +from today's version in such a situation. + +In Git 2.0, "git add <path>" will behave as "git add -A <path>", so +that "git add dir/" will notice paths you removed from the directory +and record the removal. Versions before Git 2.0, including this +release, will keep ignoring removals, but the users who rely on this +behaviour are encouraged to start using "git add --ignore-removal <path>" +now before 2.0 is released. + +The default prefix for "git svn" will change in Git 2.0. For a long +time, "git svn" created its remote-tracking branches directly under +refs/remotes, but it will place them under refs/remotes/origin/ unless +it is told otherwise with its --prefix option. + + +Updates since v1.8.5 +-------------------- + +Foreign interfaces, subsystems and ports. + + * The HTTP transport, when talking GSS-Negotiate, uses "100 + Continue" response to avoid having to rewind and resend a large + payload, which may not be always doable. + + * Various bugfixes to remote-bzr and remote-hg (in contrib/). + + * The build procedure is aware of MirBSD now. + + * Various "git p4", "git svn" and "gitk" updates. + + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * Fetching from a shallowly-cloned repository used to be forbidden, + primarily because the codepaths involved were not carefully vetted + and we did not bother supporting such usage. This release attempts + to allow object transfer out of a shallowly-cloned repository in a + more controlled way (i.e. the receiver becomes a shallow repository + with a truncated history). + + * Just like we give a reasonable default for "less" via the LESS + environment variable, we now specify a reasonable default for "lv" + via the "LV" environment variable when spawning the pager. + + * Two-level configuration variable names in "branch.*" and "remote.*" + hierarchies, whose variables are predominantly three-level, were + not completed by hitting a <TAB> in bash and zsh completions. + + * Fetching a 'frotz' branch with "git fetch", while a 'frotz/nitfol' + remote-tracking branch from an earlier fetch was still there, would + error out, primarily because the command was not told that it is + allowed to lose any information on our side. "git fetch --prune" + now can be used to remove 'frotz/nitfol' to make room for fetching and + storing the 'frotz' remote-tracking branch. + + * "diff.orderfile=<file>" configuration variable can be used to + pretend as if the "-O<file>" option were given from the command + line of "git diff", etc. + + * The negative pathspec syntax allows "git log -- . ':!dir'" to tell + us "I am interested in everything but 'dir' directory". + + * "git difftool" shows how many different paths there are in total, + and how many of them have been shown so far, to indicate progress. + + * "git push origin master" used to push our 'master' branch to update + the 'master' branch at the 'origin' repository. This has been + enhanced to use the same ref mapping "git push origin" would use to + determine what ref at the 'origin' to be updated with our 'master'. + For example, with this configuration + + [remote "origin"] + push = refs/heads/*:refs/review/* + + that would cause "git push origin" to push out our local branches + to corresponding refs under refs/review/ hierarchy at 'origin', + "git push origin master" would update 'refs/review/master' over + there. Alternatively, if push.default is set to 'upstream' and our + 'master' is set to integrate with 'topic' from the 'origin' branch, + running "git push origin" while on our 'master' would update their + 'topic' branch, and running "git push origin master" while on any + of our branches does the same. + + * "gitweb" learned to treat ref hierarchies other than refs/heads as + if they are additional branch namespaces (e.g. refs/changes/ in + Gerrit). + + * "git for-each-ref --format=..." learned a few formatting directives; + e.g. "%(color:red)%(HEAD)%(color:reset) %(refname:short) %(subject)". + + * The command string given to "git submodule foreach" is passed + directly to the shell, without being eval'ed. This is a backward + incompatible change that may break existing users. + + * "git log" and friends learned the "--exclude=<glob>" option, to + allow people to say "list history of all branches except those that + match this pattern" with "git log --exclude='*/*' --branches". + + * "git rev-parse --parseopt" learned a new "--stuck-long" option to + help scripts parse options with an optional parameter. + + * The "--tags" option to "git fetch" no longer tells the command to + fetch _only_ the tags. It instead fetches tags _in addition to_ + what are fetched by the same command line without the option. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, etc. + + * When parsing a 40-hex string into the object name, the string is + checked to see if it can be interpreted as a ref so that a warning + can be given for ambiguity. The code kicked in even when the + core.warnambiguousrefs is set to false to squelch this warning, in + which case the cycles spent to look at the ref namespace were an + expensive no-op, as the result was discarded without being used. + + * The naming convention of the packfiles has been updated; it used to + be based on the enumeration of names of the objects that are + contained in the pack, but now it also depends on how the packed + result is represented--packing the same set of objects using + different settings (or delta order) would produce a pack with + different name. + + * "git diff --no-index" mode used to unnecessarily attempt to read + the index when there is one. + + * The deprecated parse-options macro OPT_BOOLEAN has been removed; + use OPT_BOOL or OPT_COUNTUP in new code. + + * A few duplicate implementations of prefix/suffix string comparison + functions have been unified to starts_with() and ends_with(). + + * The new PERLLIB_EXTRA makefile variable can be used to specify + additional directories Perl modules (e.g. the ones necessary to run + git-svn) are installed on the platform when building. + + * "git merge-base" learned the "--fork-point" mode, that implements + the same logic used in "git pull --rebase" to find a suitable fork + point out of the reflog entries for the remote-tracking branch the + work has been based on. "git rebase" has the same logic that can be + triggered with the "--fork-point" option. + + * A third-party "receive-pack" (the responder to "git push") can + advertise the "no-thin" capability to tell "git push" not to use + the thin-pack optimization. Our receive-pack has always been + capable of accepting and fattening a thin-pack, and will continue + not to ask "git push" to use a non-thin pack. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v1.8.5 +------------------ + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v1.8.5 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' notes +for details). + + * The pathspec matching code, while comparing two trees (e.g. "git + diff A B -- path1 path2") was too aggressive and failed to match + some paths when multiple pathspecs were involved. + + * "git repack --max-pack-size=8g" stopped being parsed correctly when + the command was reimplemented in C. + + * An earlier update in v1.8.4.x to "git rev-list --objects" with + negative ref had a performance regression. + (merge 200abe7 jk/mark-edges-uninteresting later to maint). + + * A recent update to "git send-email" broke platforms where + /etc/ssl/certs/ directory exists but cannot be used as SSL_ca_path + (e.g. Fedora rawhide). + + * A handful of bugs around interpreting $branch@{upstream} notation + and its lookalike, when $branch part has interesting characters, + e.g. "@", and ":", have been fixed. + + * "git clone" would fail to clone from a repository that has a ref + directly under "refs/", e.g. "refs/stash", because different + validation paths do different things on such a refname. Loosen the + client side's validation to allow such a ref. + + * "git log --left-right A...B" lost the "leftness" of commits + reachable from A when A is a tag as a side effect of a recent + bugfix. This is a regression in 1.8.4.x series. + + * documentations to "git pull" hinted there is an "-m" option because + it incorrectly shared the documentation with "git merge". + + * "git diff A B submod" and "git diff A B submod/" ought to have done + the same for a submodule "submod", but didn't. + + * "git clone $origin foo\bar\baz" on Windows failed to create the + leading directories (i.e. a moral-equivalent of "mkdir -p"). + + * "submodule.*.update=checkout", when propagated from .gitmodules to + .git/config, turned into a "submodule.*.update=none", which did not + make much sense. + (merge efa8fd7 fp/submodule-checkout-mode later to maint). + + * The implementation of 'git stash $cmd "stash@{...}"' did not quote + the stash argument properly and left it split at IFS whitespace. + + * The "--[no-]informative-errors" options to "git daemon" were parsed + a bit too loosely, allowing any other string after these option + names. + + * There is no reason to have a hardcoded upper limit for the number of + parents of an octopus merge, created via the graft mechanism, but + there was. + + * The basic test used to leave unnecessary trash directories in the + t/ directory. + (merge 738a8be jk/test-framework-updates later to maint). + + * "git merge-base --octopus" used to leave cleaning up suboptimal + result to the caller, but now it does the clean-up itself. + + * A "gc" process running as a different user should be able to stop a + new "gc" process from starting, but it didn't. + + * An earlier "clean-up" introduced an unnecessary memory leak. + + * "git add -A" (no other arguments) in a totally empty working tree + used to emit an error. + + * "git log --decorate" did not handle a tag pointed by another tag + nicely. + + * When we figure out how many file descriptors to allocate for + keeping packfiles open, a system with non-working getrlimit() could + cause us to die(), but because we make this call only to get a + rough estimate of how many are available and we do not even attempt + to use up all available file descriptors ourselves, it is nicer to + fall back to a reasonable low value rather than dying. + + * read_sha1_file(), that is the workhorse to read the contents given + an object name, honoured object replacements, but there was no + corresponding mechanism to sha1_object_info() that was used to + obtain the metainfo (e.g. type & size) about the object. This led + callers to weird inconsistencies. + (merge 663a856 cc/replace-object-info later to maint). + + * "git cat-file --batch=", an admittedly useless command, did not + behave very well. + + * "git rev-parse <revs> -- <paths>" did not implement the usual + disambiguation rules the commands in the "git log" family used in + the same way. + + * "git mv A B/", when B does not exist as a directory, should error + out, but it didn't. + + * A workaround to an old bug in glibc prior to glibc 2.17 has been + retired; this would remove a side effect of the workaround that + corrupts system error messages in non-C locales. + + * SSL-related options were not passed correctly to underlying socket + layer in "git send-email". + + * "git commit -v" appends the patch to the log message before + editing, and then removes the patch when the editor returned + control. However, the patch was not stripped correctly when the + first modified path was a submodule. + + * "git fetch --depth=0" was a no-op, and was silently ignored. + Diagnose it as an error. + + * Remote repository URLs expressed in scp-style host:path notation are + parsed more carefully (e.g. "foo/bar:baz" is local, "[::1]:/~user" asks + to connect to user's home directory on host at address ::1. + + * "git diff -- ':(icase)makefile'" was unnecessarily rejected at the + command line parser. + + * "git cat-file --batch-check=ok" did not check the existence of + the named object. + + * "git am --abort" sometimes complained about not being able to write + a tree with an 0{40} object in it. + + * Two processes creating loose objects at the same time could have + failed unnecessarily when the name of their new objects started + with the same byte value, due to a race condition. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5b0602053c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +Git v1.9.1 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v1.9.0 +------------------ + + * "git clean -d pathspec" did not use the given pathspec correctly + and ended up cleaning too much. + + * "git difftool" misbehaved when the repository is bound to the + working tree with the ".git file" mechanism, where a textual file + ".git" tells us where it is. + + * "git push" did not pay attention to branch.*.pushremote if it is + defined earlier than remote.pushdefault; the order of these two + variables in the configuration file should not matter, but it did + by mistake. + + * Codepaths that parse timestamps in commit objects have been + tightened. + + * "git diff --external-diff" incorrectly fed the submodule directory + in the working tree to the external diff driver when it knew it is + the same as one of the versions being compared. + + * "git reset" needs to refresh the index when working in a working + tree (it can also be used to match the index to the HEAD in an + otherwise bare repository), but it failed to set up the working + tree properly, causing GIT_WORK_TREE to be ignored. + + * "git check-attr" when working on a repository with a working tree + did not work well when the working tree was specified via the + --work-tree (and obviously with --git-dir) option. + + * "merge-recursive" was broken in 1.7.7 era and stopped working in + an empty (temporary) working tree, when there are renames + involved. This has been corrected. + + * "git rev-parse" was loose in rejecting command line arguments + that do not make sense, e.g. "--default" without the required + value for that option. + + * include.path variable (or any variable that expects a path that + can use ~username expansion) in the configuration file is not a + boolean, but the code failed to check it. + + * "git diff --quiet -- pathspec1 pathspec2" sometimes did not return + correct status value. + + * Attempting to deepen a shallow repository by fetching over smart + HTTP transport failed in the protocol exchange, when no-done + extension was used. The fetching side waited for the list of + shallow boundary commits after the sending end stopped talking to + it. + + * Allow "git cmd path/", when the 'path' is where a submodule is + bound to the top-level working tree, to match 'path', despite the + extra and unnecessary trailing slash (such a slash is often + given by command line completion). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..47a34ca964 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +Git v1.9.2 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v1.9.1 +------------------ + + * Documentation and in-code comments had many instances of mistaken + use of "nor", which have been corrected. + + * "git fetch --prune", when the right-hand-side of multiple fetch + refspecs overlap (e.g. storing "refs/heads/*" to + "refs/remotes/origin/*", while storing "refs/frotz/*" to + "refs/remotes/origin/fr/*"), aggressively thought that lack of + "refs/heads/fr/otz" on the origin site meant we should remove + "refs/remotes/origin/fr/otz" from us, without checking their + "refs/frotz/otz" first. + + Note that such a configuration is inherently unsafe (think what + should happen when "refs/heads/fr/otz" does appear on the origin + site), but that is not a reason not to be extra careful. + + * "git update-ref --stdin" did not fail a request to create a ref + when the ref already existed. + + * "git diff --no-index -Mq a b" fell into an infinite loop. + + * When it is not necessary to edit a commit log message (e.g. "git + commit -m" is given a message without specifying "-e"), we used to + disable the spawning of the editor by overriding GIT_EDITOR, but + this means all the uses of the editor, other than to edit the + commit log message, are also affected. + + * "git status --porcelain --branch" showed its output with labels + "ahead/behind/gone" translated to the user's locale. + + * "git mv" that moves a submodule forgot to adjust the array that + uses to keep track of which submodules were to be moved to update + its configuration. + + * Length limit for the pathname used when removing a path in a deep + subdirectory has been removed to avoid buffer overflows. + + * The test helper lib-terminal always run an actual test_expect_* + when included, which screwed up with the use of skil-all that may + have to be done later. + + * "git index-pack" used a wrong variable to name the keep-file in an + error message when the file cannot be written or closed. + + * "rebase -i" produced a broken insn sheet when the title of a commit + happened to contain '\n' (or ended with '\c') due to a careless use + of 'echo'. + + * There were a few instances of 'git-foo' remaining in the + documentation that should have been spelled 'git foo'. + + * Serving objects from a shallow repository needs to write a + new file to hold the temporary shallow boundaries but it was not + cleaned when we exit due to die() or a signal. + + * When "git stash pop" stops after failing to apply the stash + (e.g. due to conflicting changes), the stash is not dropped. State + that explicitly in the output to let the users know. + + * The labels in "git status" output that describe the nature of + conflicts (e.g. "both deleted") were limited to 20 bytes, which was + too short for some l10n (e.g. fr). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..17b05ca7b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +Git v1.9.3 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v1.9.2 +------------------ + + * "git p4" dealing with changes in binary files were broken by a + change in 1.9 release. + + * The shell prompt script (in contrib/), when using the PROMPT_COMMAND + interface, used an unsafe construct when showing the branch name in + $PS1. + + * "git rebase" used a POSIX shell construct FreeBSD /bin/sh does not + work well with. + + * Some more Unicode codepoints defined in Unicode 6.3 as having + zero width have been taught to our display column counting logic. + + * Some tests used shell constructs that did not work well on + FreeBSD. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e1d1835436 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +Git v1.9.4 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v1.9.3 +------------------ + + * Commands that take pathspecs on the command line misbehaved when + the pathspec is given as an absolute pathname (which is a + practice not particularly encouraged) that points at a symbolic + link in the working tree. + + * An earlier fix to the shell prompt script (in contrib/) for using + the PROMPT_COMMAND interface did not correctly check if the extra + code path needs to trigger, causing the branch name not to appear + when 'promptvars' option is disabled in bash or PROMPT_SUBST is + unset in zsh. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8d6ac0cf53 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Git v1.9.5 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v1.9.4 +------------------ + + * We used to allow committing a path ".Git/config" with Git that is + running on a case sensitive filesystem, but an attempt to check out + such a path with Git that runs on a case insensitive filesystem + would have clobbered ".git/config", which is definitely not what + the user would have expected. Git now prevents you from tracking + a path with ".Git" (in any case combination) as a path component. + + * On Windows, certain path components that are different from ".git" + are mapped to ".git", e.g. "git~1/config" is treated as if it were + ".git/config". HFS+ has a similar issue, where certain unicode + codepoints are ignored, e.g. ".g\u200cit/config" is treated as if + it were ".git/config". Pathnames with these potential issues are + rejected on the affected systems. Git on systems that are not + affected by this issue (e.g. Linux) can also be configured to + reject them to ensure cross platform interoperability of the hosted + projects. + + * "git fsck" notices a tree object that records such a path that can + be confused with ".git", and with receive.fsckObjects configuration + set to true, an attempt to "git push" such a tree object will be + rejected. Such a path may not be a problem on a well behaving + filesystem but in order to protect those on HFS+ and on case + insensitive filesystems, this check is enabled on all platforms. + +A big "thanks!" for bringing this issue to us goes to our friends in +the Mercurial land, namely, Matt Mackall and Augie Fackler. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2617372a0c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,364 @@ +Git v2.0 Release Notes +====================== + +Backward compatibility notes +---------------------------- + +When "git push [$there]" does not say what to push, we have used the +traditional "matching" semantics so far (all your branches were sent +to the remote as long as there already are branches of the same name +over there). In Git 2.0, the default is now the "simple" semantics, +which pushes: + + - only the current branch to the branch with the same name, and only + when the current branch is set to integrate with that remote + branch, if you are pushing to the same remote as you fetch from; or + + - only the current branch to the branch with the same name, if you + are pushing to a remote that is not where you usually fetch from. + +You can use the configuration variable "push.default" to change +this. If you are an old-timer who wants to keep using the +"matching" semantics, you can set the variable to "matching", for +example. Read the documentation for other possibilities. + +When "git add -u" and "git add -A" are run inside a subdirectory +without specifying which paths to add on the command line, they +operate on the entire tree for consistency with "git commit -a" and +other commands (these commands used to operate only on the current +subdirectory). Say "git add -u ." or "git add -A ." if you want to +limit the operation to the current directory. + +"git add <path>" is the same as "git add -A <path>" now, so that +"git add dir/" will notice paths you removed from the directory and +record the removal. In older versions of Git, "git add <path>" used +to ignore removals. You can say "git add --ignore-removal <path>" to +add only added or modified paths in <path>, if you really want to. + +The "-q" option to "git diff-files", which does *NOT* mean "quiet", +has been removed (it told Git to ignore deletion, which you can do +with "git diff-files --diff-filter=d"). + +"git request-pull" lost a few "heuristics" that often led to mistakes. + +The default prefix for "git svn" has changed in Git 2.0. For a long +time, "git svn" created its remote-tracking branches directly under +refs/remotes, but it now places them under refs/remotes/origin/ unless +it is told otherwise with its "--prefix" option. + + +Updates since v1.9 series +------------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * The "multi-mail" post-receive hook (in contrib/) has been updated + to a more recent version from upstream. + + * The "remote-hg/bzr" remote-helper interfaces (used to be in + contrib/) are no more. They are now maintained separately as + third-party plug-ins in their own repositories. + + * "git gc --aggressive" learned "--depth" option and + "gc.aggressiveDepth" configuration variable to allow use of a less + insane depth than the built-in default value of 250. + + * "git log" learned the "--show-linear-break" option to show where a + single strand-of-pearls is broken in its output. + + * The "rev-parse --parseopt" mechanism used by scripted Porcelains to + parse command-line options and to give help text learned to take + the argv-help (the placeholder string for an option parameter, + e.g. "key-id" in "--gpg-sign=<key-id>"). + + * The pattern to find where the function begins in C/C++ used in + "diff" and "grep -p" has been updated to improve viewing C++ + sources. + + * "git rebase" learned to interpret a lone "-" as "@{-1}", the + branch that we were previously on. + + * "git commit --cleanup=<mode>" learned a new mode, scissors. + + * "git tag --list" output can be sorted using "version sort" with + "--sort=version:refname". + + * Discard the accumulated "heuristics" to guess from which branch the + result wants to be pulled from and make sure that what the end user + specified is not second-guessed by "git request-pull", to avoid + mistakes. When you pushed out your 'master' branch to your public + repository as 'for-linus', use the new "master:for-linus" syntax to + denote the branch to be pulled. + + * "git grep" learned to behave in a way similar to native grep when + "-h" (no header) and "-c" (count) options are given. + + * "git push" via transport-helper interface has been updated to + allow forced ref updates in a way similar to the natively + supported transports. + + * The "simple" mode is the default for "git push". + + * "git add -u" and "git add -A", when run without any pathspec, is a + tree-wide operation even when run inside a subdirectory of a + working tree. + + * "git add <path>" is the same as "git add -A <path>" now. + + * "core.statinfo" configuration variable, which is a + never-advertised synonym to "core.checkstat", has been removed. + + * The "-q" option to "git diff-files", which does *NOT* mean + "quiet", has been removed (it told Git to ignore deletion, which + you can do with "git diff-files --diff-filter=d"). + + * Server operators can loosen the "tips of refs only" restriction for + the remote archive service with the uploadarchive.allowUnreachable + configuration option. + + * The progress indicators from various time-consuming commands have + been marked for i18n/l10n. + + * "git notes -C <blob>" diagnoses as an error an attempt to use an + object that is not a blob. + + * "git config" learned to read from the standard input when "-" is + given as the value to its "--file" parameter (attempting an + operation to update the configuration in the standard input is + rejected, of course). + + * Trailing whitespaces in .gitignore files, unless they are quoted + for fnmatch(3), e.g. "path\ ", are warned and ignored. Strictly + speaking, this is a backward-incompatible change, but very unlikely + to bite any sane user and adjusting should be obvious and easy. + + * Many commands that create commits, e.g. "pull" and "rebase", + learned to take the "--gpg-sign" option on the command line. + + * "git commit" can be told to always GPG sign the resulting commit + by setting the "commit.gpgsign" configuration variable to "true" + (the command-line option "--no-gpg-sign" should override it). + + * "git pull" can be told to only accept fast-forward by setting the + new "pull.ff" configuration variable. + + * "git reset" learned the "-N" option, which does not reset the index + fully for paths the index knows about but the tree-ish the command + resets to does not (these paths are kept as intend-to-add entries). + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, etc. + + * The compilation options to port to AIX and to MSVC have been + updated. + + * We started using wildmatch() in place of fnmatch(3) a few releases + ago; complete the process and stop using fnmatch(3). + + * Uses of curl's "multi" interface and "easy" interface do not mix + well when we attempt to reuse outgoing connections. Teach the RPC + over HTTP code, used in the smart HTTP transport, not to use the + "easy" interface. + + * The bitmap-index feature from JGit has been ported, which should + significantly improve performance when serving objects from a + repository that uses it. + + * The way "git log --cc" shows a combined diff against multiple + parents has been optimized. + + * The prefixcmp() and suffixcmp() functions are gone. Use + starts_with() and ends_with(), and also consider if skip_prefix() + suits your needs better when using the former. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. Many +of them came from flurry of activities as GSoC candidate microproject +exercises. + + +Fixes since v1.9 series +----------------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v1.9 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' +notes for details). + + * "git p4" was broken in 1.9 release to deal with changes in binary + files. + (merge 749b668 cl/p4-use-diff-tree later to maint). + + * The shell prompt script (in contrib/), when using the PROMPT_COMMAND + interface, used an unsafe construct when showing the branch name in + $PS1. + (merge 1e4119c8 rh/prompt-pcmode-avoid-eval-on-refname later to maint). + + * "git rebase" used a POSIX shell construct FreeBSD's /bin/sh does not + work well with. + (merge 8cd6596 km/avoid-non-function-return-in-rebase later to maint). + + * zsh prompt (in contrib/) leaked unnecessary error messages. + + * Bash completion (in contrib/) did not complete the refs and remotes + correctly given "git pu<TAB>" when "pu" is aliased to "push". + + * Some more Unicode code points, defined in Unicode 6.3 as having zero + width, have been taught to our display column counting logic. + (merge d813ab9 tb/unicode-6.3-zero-width later to maint). + + * Some tests used shell constructs that did not work well on FreeBSD + (merge ff7a1c6 km/avoid-bs-in-shell-glob later to maint). + (merge 00764ca km/avoid-cp-a later to maint). + + * "git update-ref --stdin" did not fail a request to create a ref + when the ref already existed. + (merge b9d56b5 mh/update-ref-batch-create-fix later to maint). + + * "git diff --no-index -Mq a b" fell into an infinite loop. + (merge ad1c3fb jc/fix-diff-no-index-diff-opt-parse later to maint). + + * "git fetch --prune", when the right-hand side of multiple fetch + refspecs overlap (e.g. storing "refs/heads/*" to + "refs/remotes/origin/*", while storing "refs/frotz/*" to + "refs/remotes/origin/fr/*"), aggressively thought that lack of + "refs/heads/fr/otz" on the origin site meant we should remove + "refs/remotes/origin/fr/otz" from us, without checking their + "refs/frotz/otz" first. + + Note that such a configuration is inherently unsafe (think what + should happen when "refs/heads/fr/otz" does appear on the origin + site), but that is not a reason not to be extra careful. + (merge e6f6371 cn/fetch-prune-overlapping-destination later to maint). + + * "git status --porcelain --branch" showed its output with labels + "ahead/behind/gone" translated to the user's locale. + (merge 7a76c28 mm/status-porcelain-format-i18n-fix later to maint). + + * A stray environment variable $prefix could have leaked into and + affected the behaviour of the "subtree" script (in contrib/). + + * When it is not necessary to edit a commit log message (e.g. "git + commit -m" is given a message without specifying "-e"), we used to + disable the spawning of the editor by overriding GIT_EDITOR, but + this means all the uses of the editor, other than to edit the + commit log message, are also affected. + (merge b549be0 bp/commit-p-editor later to maint). + + * "git mv" that moves a submodule forgot to adjust the array that + uses to keep track of which submodules were to be moved to update + its configuration. + (merge fb8a4e8 jk/mv-submodules-fix later to maint). + + * Length limit for the pathname used when removing a path in a deep + subdirectory has been removed to avoid buffer overflows. + (merge 2f29e0c mh/remove-subtree-long-pathname-fix later to maint). + + * The test helper lib-terminal always run an actual test_expect_* + when included, which screwed up with the use of skil-all that may + have to be done later. + (merge 7e27173 jk/lib-terminal-lazy later to maint). + + * "git index-pack" used a wrong variable to name the keep-file in an + error message when the file cannot be written or closed. + (merge de983a0 nd/index-pack-error-message later to maint). + + * "rebase -i" produced a broken insn sheet when the title of a commit + happened to contain '\n' (or ended with '\c') due to a careless use + of 'echo'. + (merge cb1aefd us/printf-not-echo later to maint). + + * There were a few instances of 'git-foo' remaining in the + documentation that should have been spelled 'git foo'. + (merge 3c3e6f5 rr/doc-merge-strategies later to maint). + + * Serving objects from a shallow repository needs to write a + new file to hold the temporary shallow boundaries, but it was not + cleaned when we exit due to die() or a signal. + (merge 7839632 jk/shallow-update-fix later to maint). + + * When "git stash pop" stops after failing to apply the stash + (e.g. due to conflicting changes), the stash is not dropped. State + that explicitly in the output to let the users know. + (merge 2d4c993 jc/stash-pop-not-popped later to maint). + + * The labels in "git status" output that describe the nature of + conflicts (e.g. "both deleted") were limited to 20 bytes, which was + too short for some l10n (e.g. fr). + (merge c7cb333 jn/wt-status later to maint). + + * "git clean -d pathspec" did not use the given pathspec correctly + and ended up cleaning too much. + (merge 1f2e108 jk/clean-d-pathspec later to maint). + + * "git difftool" misbehaved when the repository is bound to the + working tree with the ".git file" mechanism, where a textual file + ".git" tells us where it is. + (merge fcfec8b da/difftool-git-files later to maint). + + * "git push" did not pay attention to "branch.*.pushremote" if it is + defined earlier than "remote.pushdefault"; the order of these two + variables in the configuration file should not matter, but it did + by mistake. + (merge 98b406f jk/remote-pushremote-config-reading later to maint). + + * Code paths that parse timestamps in commit objects have been + tightened. + (merge f80d1f9 jk/commit-dates-parsing-fix later to maint). + + * "git diff --external-diff" incorrectly fed the submodule directory + in the working tree to the external diff driver when it knew that it + is the same as one of the versions being compared. + (merge aba4727 tr/diff-submodule-no-reuse-worktree later to maint). + + * "git reset" needs to refresh the index when working in a working + tree (it can also be used to match the index to the HEAD in an + otherwise bare repository), but it failed to set up the working + tree properly, causing GIT_WORK_TREE to be ignored. + (merge b7756d4 nd/reset-setup-worktree later to maint). + + * "git check-attr" when working on a repository with a working tree + did not work well when the working tree was specified via the + "--work-tree" (and obviously with "--git-dir") option. + (merge cdbf623 jc/check-attr-honor-working-tree later to maint). + + * "merge-recursive" was broken in 1.7.7 era and stopped working in + an empty (temporary) working tree, when there are renames + involved. This has been corrected. + (merge 6e2068a bk/refresh-missing-ok-in-merge-recursive later to maint.) + + * "git rev-parse" was loose in rejecting command-line arguments + that do not make sense, e.g. "--default" without the required + value for that option. + (merge a43219f ds/rev-parse-required-args later to maint.) + + * "include.path" variable (or any variable that expects a path that + can use ~username expansion) in the configuration file is not a + boolean, but the code failed to check it. + (merge 67beb60 jk/config-path-include-fix later to maint.) + + * Commands that take pathspecs on the command line misbehaved when + the pathspec is given as an absolute pathname (which is a + practice not particularly encouraged) that points at a symbolic + link in the working tree. + (merge 6127ff6 mw/symlinks later to maint.) + + * "git diff --quiet -- pathspec1 pathspec2" sometimes did not return + the correct status value. + (merge f34b205 nd/diff-quiet-stat-dirty later to maint.) + + * Attempting to deepen a shallow repository by fetching over smart + HTTP transport failed in the protocol exchange, when the no-done + extension was used. The fetching side waited for the list of + shallow boundary commits after the sending side stopped talking to + it. + (merge 0232852 nd/http-fetch-shallow-fix later to maint.) + + * Allow "git cmd path/", when the 'path' is where a submodule is + bound to the top-level working tree, to match 'path', despite the + extra and unnecessary trailing slash (such a slash is often + given by command-line completion). + (merge 2e70c01 nd/submodule-pathspec-ending-with-slash later to maint.) + + * Documentation and in-code comments had many instances of mistaken + use of "nor", which have been corrected. + (merge 235e8d5 jl/nor-or-nand-and later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ce5579db3e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +Git v2.0.1 Release Notes +======================== + + * We used to unconditionally disable the pager in the pager process + we spawn to feed out output, but that prevented people who want to + run "less" within "less" from doing so. + + * Tools that read diagnostic output in our standard error stream do + not want to see terminal control sequence (e.g. erase-to-eol). + Detect them by checking if the standard error stream is connected + to a tty. + * Reworded the error message given upon a failure to open an existing + loose object file due to e.g. permission issues; it was reported as + the object being corrupt, but that is not quite true. + + * "git log -2master" is a common typo that shows two commits starting + from whichever random branch that is not 'master' that happens to + be checked out currently. + + * The "%<(10,trunc)%s" pretty format specifier in the log family of + commands is used to truncate the string to a given length (e.g. 10 + in the example) with padding to column-align the output, but did + not take into account that number of bytes and number of display + columns are different. + + * The "mailmap.file" configuration option did not support the tilde + expansion (i.e. ~user/path and ~/path). + + * The completion scripts (in contrib/) did not know about quite a few + options that are common between "git merge" and "git pull", and a + couple of options unique to "git merge". + + * "--ignore-space-change" option of "git apply" ignored the spaces + at the beginning of line too aggressively, which is inconsistent + with the option of the same name "diff" and "git diff" have. + + * "git blame" miscounted number of columns needed to show localized + timestamps, resulting in jaggy left-side-edge of the source code + lines in its output. + + * "git blame" assigned the blame to the copy in the working-tree if + the repository is set to core.autocrlf=input and the file used CRLF + line endings. + + * "git commit --allow-empty-message -C $commit" did not work when the + commit did not have any log message. + + * "git diff --find-copies-harder" sometimes pretended as if the mode + bits have changed for paths that are marked with assume-unchanged + bit. + + * "git format-patch" did not enforce the rule that the "--follow" + option from the log/diff family of commands must be used with + exactly one pathspec. + + * "git gc --auto" was recently changed to run in the background to + give control back early to the end-user sitting in front of the + terminal, but it forgot that housekeeping involving reflogs should + be done without other processes competing for accesses to the refs. + + * "git grep -O" to show the lines that hit in the pager did not work + well with case insensitive search. We now spawn "less" with its + "-I" option when it is used as the pager (which is the default). + + * We used to disable threaded "git index-pack" on platforms without + thread-safe pread(); use a different workaround for such + platforms to allow threaded "git index-pack". + + * The error reporting from "git index-pack" has been improved to + distinguish missing objects from type errors. + + * "git mailinfo" used to read beyond the end of header string while + parsing an incoming e-mail message to extract the patch. + + * On a case insensitive filesystem, merge-recursive incorrectly + deleted the file that is to be renamed to a name that is the same + except for case differences. + + * "git pack-objects" unnecessarily copied the previous contents when + extending the hashtable, even though it will populate the table + from scratch anyway. + + * "git rerere forget" did not work well when merge.conflictstyle + was set to a non-default value. + + * "git remote rm" and "git remote prune" can involve removing many + refs at once, which is not a very efficient thing to do when very + many refs exist in the packed-refs file. + + * "git log --exclude=<glob> --all | git shortlog" worked as expected, + but "git shortlog --exclude=<glob> --all", which is supposed to be + identical to the above pipeline, was not accepted at the command + line argument parser level. + + * The autostash mode of "git rebase -i" did not restore the dirty + working tree state if the user aborted the interactive rebase by + emptying the insn sheet. + + * "git show -s" (i.e. show log message only) used to incorrectly emit + an extra blank line after a merge commit. + + * "git status", even though it is a read-only operation, tries to + update the index with refreshed lstat(2) info to optimize future + accesses to the working tree opportunistically, but this could + race with a "read-write" operation that modify the index while it + is running. Detect such a race and avoid overwriting the index. + + * "git status" (and "git commit") behaved as if changes in a modified + submodule are not there if submodule.*.ignore configuration is set, + which was misleading. The configuration is only to unclutter diff + output during the course of development, and should not to hide + changes in the "status" output to cause the users forget to commit + them. + + * The mode to run tests with HTTP server tests disabled was broken. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8e8321b2ef --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Git v2.0.2 Release Notes +======================== + + * Documentation for "git submodule sync" forgot to say that the subcommand + can take the "--recursive" option. + + * Mishandling of patterns in .gitignore that has trailing SPs quoted + with backslashes (e.g. ones that end with "\ ") have been + corrected. + + * Recent updates to "git repack" started to duplicate objects that + are in packfiles marked with .keep flag into the new packfile by + mistake. + + * "git clone -b brefs/tags/bar" would have mistakenly thought we were + following a single tag, even though it was a name of the branch, + because it incorrectly used strstr(). + + * "%G" (nothing after G) is an invalid pretty format specifier, but + the parser did not notice it as garbage. + + * Code to avoid adding the same alternate object store twice was + subtly broken for a long time, but nobody seems to have noticed. + + * A handful of code paths had to read the commit object more than + once when showing header fields that are usually not parsed. The + internal data structure to keep track of the contents of the commit + object has been updated to reduce the need for this double-reading, + and to allow the caller find the length of the object. + + * During "git rebase --merge", a conflicted patch could not be + skipped with "--skip" if the next one also conflicted. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4047b46bbe --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Git v2.0.3 Release Notes +======================== + + * An ancient rewrite passed a wrong pointer to a curl library + function in a rarely used code path. + + * "filter-branch" left an empty single-parent commit that results when + all parents of a merge commit gets mapped to the same commit, even + under "--prune-empty". + + * "log --show-signature" incorrectly decided the color to paint a + mergetag that was and was not correctly validated. + + * "log --show-signature" did not pay attention to "--graph" option. + +Also a lot of fixes to the tests and some updates to the docs are +included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7e340921a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.0.4 Release Notes +======================== + + * An earlier update to v2.0.2 broken output from "git diff-tree", + which is fixed in this release. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3a16f697e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Git v2.0.5 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.0.4 +------------------ + + * We used to allow committing a path ".Git/config" with Git that is + running on a case sensitive filesystem, but an attempt to check out + such a path with Git that runs on a case insensitive filesystem + would have clobbered ".git/config", which is definitely not what + the user would have expected. Git now prevents you from tracking + a path with ".Git" (in any case combination) as a path component. + + * On Windows, certain path components that are different from ".git" + are mapped to ".git", e.g. "git~1/config" is treated as if it were + ".git/config". HFS+ has a similar issue, where certain unicode + codepoints are ignored, e.g. ".g\u200cit/config" is treated as if + it were ".git/config". Pathnames with these potential issues are + rejected on the affected systems. Git on systems that are not + affected by this issue (e.g. Linux) can also be configured to + reject them to ensure cross platform interoperability of the hosted + projects. + + * "git fsck" notices a tree object that records such a path that can + be confused with ".git", and with receive.fsckObjects configuration + set to true, an attempt to "git push" such a tree object will be + rejected. Such a path may not be a problem on a well behaving + filesystem but in order to protect those on HFS+ and on case + insensitive filesystems, this check is enabled on all platforms. + +A big "thanks!" for bringing this issue to us goes to our friends in +the Mercurial land, namely, Matt Mackall and Augie Fackler. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ae4753728e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,391 @@ +Git v2.1 Release Notes +====================== + +Backward compatibility notes +---------------------------- + + * The default value we give to the environment variable LESS has been + changed from "FRSX" to "FRX", losing "S" (chop long lines instead + of wrapping). Existing users who prefer not to see line-wrapped + output may want to set + + $ git config core.pager "less -S" + + to restore the traditional behaviour. It is expected that people + find output from most subcommands easier to read with the new + default, except for "blame" which tends to produce really long + lines. To override the new default only for "git blame", you can + do this: + + $ git config pager.blame "less -S" + + * A few disused directories in contrib/ have been retired. + + +Updates since v2.0 +------------------ + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * Since the very beginning of Git, we gave the LESS environment a + default value "FRSX" when we spawn "less" as the pager. "S" (chop + long lines instead of wrapping) has been removed from this default + set of options, because it is more or less a personal taste thing, + as opposed to the others that have good justifications (i.e. "R" is + very much justified because many kinds of output we produce are + colored and "FX" is justified because output we produce is often + shorter than a page). + + * The logic and data used to compute the display width needed for + UTF-8 strings have been updated to match Unicode 7.0 better. + + * HTTP-based transports learned to better propagate the error messages from + the webserver to the client coming over the HTTP transport. + + * The completion script for bash (in contrib/) has been updated to + better handle aliases that define a complex sequence of commands. + + * The "core.preloadindex" configuration variable is enabled by default, + allowing modern platforms to take advantage of their + multiple cores. + + * "git clone" applies the "if cloning from a local disk, physically + copy the repository using hardlinks, unless otherwise told not to with + --no-local" optimization when the url.*.insteadOf mechanism rewrites a + remote-repository "git clone $URL" into a + clone from a local disk. + + * "git commit --date=<date>" option learned more + timestamp formats, including "--date=now". + + * The `core.commentChar` configuration variable is used to specify a + custom comment character (other than the default "#") for + the commit message editor. This can be set to `auto` to attempt to + choose a different character that does not conflict with any that + already starts a line in the message being edited, for cases like + "git commit --amend". + + * "git format-patch" learned --signature-file=<file> to add the contents + of a file as a signature to the mail message it produces. + + * "git grep" learned the grep.fullname configuration variable to force + "--full-name" to be the default. This may cause regressions for + scripted users who do not expect this new behaviour. + + * "git imap-send" learned to ask the credential helper for auth + material. + + * "git log" and friends now understand the value "auto" for the + "log.decorate" configuration variable to enable the "--decorate" + option automatically when the output is sent to tty. + + * "git merge" without an argument, even when there is an upstream + defined for the current branch, refused to run until + merge.defaultToUpstream is set to true. Flip the default of that + configuration variable to true. + + * "git mergetool" learned to drive the vimdiff3 backend. + + * mergetool.prompt used to default to 'true', always asking "do you + really want to run the tool on this path?". The default has been + changed to 'false'. However, the prompt will still appear if + mergetool used its autodetection system to guess which tool to use. + Users who explicitly specify or configure a tool will no longer see + the prompt by default. + + Strictly speaking, this is a backward incompatible change and + users need to explicitly set the variable to 'true' if they want + to be prompted to confirm running the tool on each path. + + * "git replace" learned the "--edit" subcommand to create a + replacement by editing an existing object. + + * "git replace" learned a "--graft" option to rewrite the parents of a + commit. + + * "git send-email" learned "--to-cover" and "--cc-cover" options, to + tell it to copy To: and Cc: headers found in the first input file + when emitting later input files. + + * "git svn" learned to cope with malformed timestamps with only one + digit in the hour part, e.g. 2014-01-07T5:01:02.048176Z, emitted + by some broken subversion server implementations. + + * "git tag" when editing the tag message shows the name of the tag + being edited as a comment in the editor. + + * "git tag" learned to pay attention to "tag.sort" configuration, to + be used as the default sort order when no --sort=<value> option + is given. + + * A new "git verify-commit" command, to check GPG signatures in signed + commits, in a way similar to "git verify-tag" is used to check + signed tags, was added. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, etc. + + * Build procedure for 'subtree' (in contrib/) has been cleaned up. + + * Support for the profile-feedback build, which has + bit-rotted for quite a while, has been updated. + + * An experimental format to use two files (the base file and + incremental changes relative to it) to represent the index has been + introduced; this may reduce I/O cost of rewriting a large index + when only small part of the working tree changes. + + * Effort to shrink the size of patches Windows folks maintain on top + by upstreaming them continues. More tests that are not applicable + to the Windows environment are identified and either skipped or + made more portable. + + * Eradication of "test $condition -a $condition" from our scripts + continues. + + * The `core.deltabasecachelimit` used to default to 16 MiB , but this + proved to be too small, and has been bumped to 96 MiB. + + * "git blame" has been optimized greatly by reorganising the data + structure that is used to keep track of the work to be done. + + * "git diff" that compares 3-or-more trees (e.g. parents and the + result of a merge) has been optimized. + + * The API to update/delete references are being converted to handle + updates to multiple references in a transactional way. As an + example, "update-ref --stdin [-z]" has been updated to use this + API. + + * skip_prefix() and strip_suffix() API functions are used a lot more + widely throughout the codebase now. + + * Parts of the test scripts can be skipped by using a range notation, + e.g. "sh t1234-test.sh --run='1-4 6 8-'" to omit test piece 5 and 7 + and run everything else. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v2.0 +---------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v2.0 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' +notes for details). + + * We used to unconditionally disable the pager in the pager process + we spawn to feed out output, but that prevented people who want to + run "less" within "less" from doing so. + (merge c0459ca je/pager-do-not-recurse later to maint). + + * Tools that read diagnostic output in our standard error stream do + not want to see terminal control sequence (e.g. erase-to-eol). + Detect them by checking if the standard error stream is connected + to a tty. + (merge 38de156 mn/sideband-no-ansi later to maint). + + * Mishandling of patterns in .gitignore that have trailing SPs quoted + with backslashes (e.g. ones that end with "\ ") has been + corrected. + (merge 97c1364be6b pb/trim-trailing-spaces later to maint). + + * Reworded the error message given upon a failure to open an existing + loose object file due to e.g. permission issues; it was reported as + the object being corrupt, but that is not quite true. + (merge d6c8a05 jk/report-fail-to-read-objects-better later to maint). + + * "git log -2master" is a common typo that shows two commits starting + from whichever random branch that is not 'master' that happens to + be checked out currently. + (merge e3fa568 jc/revision-dash-count-parsing later to maint). + + * Code to avoid adding the same alternate object store twice was + subtly broken for a long time, but nobody seems to have noticed. + (merge 80b4785 rs/fix-alt-odb-path-comparison later to maint). + (merge 539e750 ek/alt-odb-entry-fix later to maint). + + * The "%<(10,trunc)%s" pretty format specifier in the log family of + commands is used to truncate the string to a given length (e.g. 10 + in the example) with padding to column-align the output, but did + not take into account that number of bytes and number of display + columns are different. + (merge 7d50987 as/pretty-truncate later to maint). + + * "%G" (nothing after G) is an invalid pretty format specifier, but + the parser did not notice it as garbage. + (merge 958b2eb jk/pretty-G-format-fixes later to maint). + + * A handful of code paths had to read the commit object more than + once when showing header fields that are usually not parsed. The + internal data structure to keep track of the contents of the commit + object has been updated to reduce the need for this double-reading, + and to allow the caller find the length of the object. + (merge 218aa3a jk/commit-buffer-length later to maint). + + * The "mailmap.file" configuration option did not support tilde + expansion (i.e. ~user/path and ~/path). + (merge 9352fd5 ow/config-mailmap-pathname later to maint). + + * The completion scripts (in contrib/) did not know about quite a few + options that are common between "git merge" and "git pull", and a + couple of options unique to "git merge". + (merge 8fee872 jk/complete-merge-pull later to maint). + + * The unix-domain socket used by the sample credential cache daemon + tried to unlink an existing stale one at a wrong path, if the path + to the socket was given as an overlong path that does not fit in + the sun_path member of the sockaddr_un structure. + (merge 2869b3e rs/fix-unlink-unix-socket later to maint). + + * An ancient rewrite passed a wrong pointer to a curl library + function in a rarely used code path. + (merge 479eaa8 ah/fix-http-push later to maint). + + * "--ignore-space-change" option of "git apply" ignored the spaces + at the beginning of lines too aggressively, which is inconsistent + with the option of the same name that "diff" and "git diff" have. + (merge 14d3bb4 jc/apply-ignore-whitespace later to maint). + + * "git blame" miscounted the number of columns needed to show localized + timestamps, resulting in a jaggy left-side-edge for the source code + lines in its output. + (merge dd75553 jx/blame-align-relative-time later to maint). + + * "git blame" assigned the blame to the copy in the working-tree if + the repository is set to core.autocrlf=input and the file used CRLF + line endings. + (merge 4d4813a bc/blame-crlf-test later to maint). + + * "git clone -b brefs/tags/bar" would have mistakenly thought we were + following a single tag, even though it was a name of the branch, + because it incorrectly used strstr(). + (merge 60a5f5f jc/fix-clone-single-starting-at-a-tag later to maint). + + * "git commit --allow-empty-message -C $commit" did not work when the + commit did not have any log message. + (merge 076cbd6 jk/commit-C-pick-empty later to maint). + + * "git diff --find-copies-harder" sometimes pretended as if the mode + bits have changed for paths that are marked with the assume-unchanged + bit. + (merge 5304810 jk/diff-files-assume-unchanged later to maint). + + * "filter-branch" left an empty single-parent commit that results when + all parents of a merge commit get mapped to the same commit, even + under "--prune-empty". + (merge 79bc4ef cb/filter-branch-prune-empty-degenerate-merges later to maint). + + * "git format-patch" did not enforce the rule that the "--follow" + option from the log/diff family of commands must be used with + exactly one pathspec. + (merge dd63f16 jk/diff-follow-must-take-one-pathspec later to maint). + + * "git gc --auto" was recently changed to run in the background to + give control back early to the end-user sitting in front of the + terminal, but it forgot that housekeeping involving reflogs should + be done without other processes competing for accesses to the refs. + (merge 62aad18 nd/daemonize-gc later to maint). + + * "git grep -O" to show the lines that hit in the pager did not work + well with case insensitive search. We now spawn "less" with its + "-I" option when it is used as the pager (which is the default). + (merge f7febbe sk/spawn-less-case-insensitively-from-grep-O-i later to maint). + + * We used to disable threaded "git index-pack" on platforms without + thread-safe pread(); use a different workaround for such + platforms to allow threaded "git index-pack". + (merge 3953949 nd/index-pack-one-fd-per-thread later to maint). + + * The error reporting from "git index-pack" has been improved to + distinguish missing objects from type errors. + (merge 77583e7 jk/index-pack-report-missing later to maint). + + * "log --show-signature" incorrectly decided the color to paint a + mergetag that was and was not correctly validated. + (merge 42c55ce mg/fix-log-mergetag-color later to maint). + + * "log --show-signature" did not pay attention to the "--graph" option. + (merge cf3983d zk/log-graph-showsig later to maint). + + * "git mailinfo" used to read beyond the ends of header strings while + parsing an incoming e-mail message to extract the patch. + (merge b1a013d rs/mailinfo-header-cmp later to maint). + + * On a case insensitive filesystem, merge-recursive incorrectly + deleted the file that is to be renamed to a name that is the same + except for case differences. + (merge baa37bf dt/merge-recursive-case-insensitive later to maint). + + * Merging changes into a file that ends in an incomplete line made the + last line into a complete one, even when the other branch did not + change anything around the end of file. + (merge ba31180 mk/merge-incomplete-files later to maint). + + * "git pack-objects" unnecessarily copied the previous contents when + extending the hashtable, even though it will populate the table + from scratch anyway. + (merge fb79947 rs/pack-objects-no-unnecessary-realloc later to maint). + + * Recent updates to "git repack" started to duplicate objects that + are in packfiles marked with the .keep flag into the new packfile by + mistake. + (merge d078d85 jk/repack-pack-keep-objects later to maint). + + * "git rerere forget" did not work well when merge.conflictstyle + was set to a non-default value. + (merge de3d8bb fc/rerere-conflict-style later to maint). + + * "git remote rm" and "git remote prune" can involve removing many + refs at once, which is not a very efficient thing to do when very + many refs exist in the packed-refs file. + (merge e6bea66 jl/remote-rm-prune later to maint). + + * "git log --exclude=<glob> --all | git shortlog" worked as expected, + but "git shortlog --exclude=<glob> --all", which is supposed to be + identical to the above pipeline, was not accepted at the command + line argument parser level. + (merge eb07774 jc/shortlog-ref-exclude later to maint). + + * The autostash mode of "git rebase -i" did not restore the dirty + working tree state if the user aborted the interactive rebase by + emptying the insn sheet. + (merge ddb5432 rr/rebase-autostash-fix later to maint). + + * "git rebase --fork-point" did not filter out patch-identical + commits correctly. + + * During "git rebase --merge", a conflicted patch could not be + skipped with "--skip" if the next one also conflicted. + (merge 95104c7 bc/fix-rebase-merge-skip later to maint). + + * "git show -s" (i.e. show log message only) used to incorrectly emit + an extra blank line after a merge commit. + (merge ad2f725 mk/show-s-no-extra-blank-line-for-merges later to maint). + + * "git status", even though it is a read-only operation, tries to + update the index with refreshed lstat(2) info to optimize future + accesses to the working tree opportunistically, but this could + race with a "read-write" operation that modifies the index while it + is running. Detect such a race and avoid overwriting the index. + (merge 426ddee ym/fix-opportunistic-index-update-race later to maint). + + * "git status" (and "git commit") behaved as if changes in a modified + submodule are not there if submodule.*.ignore configuration is set, + which was misleading. The configuration is only to unclutter diff + output during the course of development, and not to hide + changes in the "status" output to cause the users forget to commit + them. + (merge c215d3d jl/status-added-submodule-is-never-ignored later to maint). + + * Documentation for "git submodule sync" forgot to say that the subcommand + can take the "--recursive" option. + (merge 9393ae7 mc/doc-submodule-sync-recurse later to maint). + + * "git update-index --cacheinfo" in 2.0 release crashed on a + malformed command line. + (merge c8e1ee4 jc/rev-parse-argh-dashed-multi-words later to maint). + + * The mode to run tests with HTTP server tests disabled was broken. + (merge afa53fe na/no-http-test-in-the-middle later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..830fc3cc6d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +Git v2.1.1 Release Notes +======================== + + * Git 2.0 had a regression where "git fetch" into a shallowly + cloned repository from a repository with bitmap object index + enabled did not work correctly. This has been corrected. + + * Git 2.0 had a regression which broke (rarely used) "git diff-tree + -t". This has been corrected. + + * "git log --pretty/format=" with an empty format string did not + mean the more obvious "No output whatsoever" but "Use default + format", which was counterintuitive. Now it means "nothing shown + for the log message part". + + * "git -c section.var command" and "git -c section.var= command" + should pass the configuration differently (the former should be a + boolean true, the latter should be an empty string), but they + didn't work that way. Now it does. + + * Applying a patch not generated by Git in a subdirectory used to + check the whitespace breakage using the attributes for incorrect + paths. Also whitespace checks were performed even for paths + excluded via "git apply --exclude=<path>" mechanism. + + * "git bundle create" with date-range specification were meant to + exclude tags outside the range, but it did not work correctly. + + * "git add x" where x that used to be a directory has become a + symbolic link to a directory misbehaved. + + * The prompt script checked $GIT_DIR/ref/stash file to see if there + is a stash, which was a no-no. + + * "git checkout -m" did not switch to another branch while carrying + the local changes forward when a path was deleted from the index. + + * With sufficiently long refnames, fast-import could have overflown + an on-stack buffer. + + * After "pack-refs --prune" packed refs at the top-level, it failed + to prune them. + + * "git gc --auto" triggered from "git fetch --quiet" was not quiet. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..abc3b8928a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Git v2.1.2 Release Notes +======================== + + * "git push" over HTTP transport had an artificial limit on number of + refs that can be pushed imposed by the command line length. + + * When receiving an invalid pack stream that records the same object + twice, multiple threads got confused due to a race. + + * An attempt to remove the entire tree in the "git fast-import" input + stream caused it to misbehave. + + * Reachability check (used in "git prune" and friends) did not add a + detached HEAD as a starting point to traverse objects still in use. + + * "git config --add section.var val" used to lose existing + section.var whose value was an empty string. + + * "git fsck" failed to report that it found corrupt objects via its + exit status in some cases. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..acc9ebb886 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +Git v2.1.3 Release Notes +======================== + + * Some MUAs mangled a line in a message that begins with "From " to + ">From " when writing to a mailbox file and feeding such an input to + "git am" used to lose such a line. + + * "git daemon" (with NO_IPV6 build configuration) used to incorrectly + use the hostname even when gethostbyname() reported that the given + hostname is not found. + + * Newer versions of 'meld' breaks the auto-detection we use to see if + they are new enough to support the `--output` option. + + * "git pack-objects" forgot to disable the codepath to generate + object recheability bitmap when it needs to split the resulting + pack. + + * "gitweb" used deprecated CGI::startfrom, which was removed from + CGI.pm as of 4.04; use CGI::start_from instead. + + * "git log" documentation had an example section marked up not + quite correctly, which passed AsciiDoc but failed with + AsciiDoctor. + +Also contains some documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d16e5f041f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Git v2.1.4 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.1.3 +------------------ + + * We used to allow committing a path ".Git/config" with Git that is + running on a case sensitive filesystem, but an attempt to check out + such a path with Git that runs on a case insensitive filesystem + would have clobbered ".git/config", which is definitely not what + the user would have expected. Git now prevents you from tracking + a path with ".Git" (in any case combination) as a path component. + + * On Windows, certain path components that are different from ".git" + are mapped to ".git", e.g. "git~1/config" is treated as if it were + ".git/config". HFS+ has a similar issue, where certain unicode + codepoints are ignored, e.g. ".g\u200cit/config" is treated as if + it were ".git/config". Pathnames with these potential issues are + rejected on the affected systems. Git on systems that are not + affected by this issue (e.g. Linux) can also be configured to + reject them to ensure cross platform interoperability of the hosted + projects. + + * "git fsck" notices a tree object that records such a path that can + be confused with ".git", and with receive.fsckObjects configuration + set to true, an attempt to "git push" such a tree object will be + rejected. Such a path may not be a problem on a well behaving + filesystem but in order to protect those on HFS+ and on case + insensitive filesystems, this check is enabled on all platforms. + +A big "thanks!" for bringing this issue to us goes to our friends in +the Mercurial land, namely, Matt Mackall and Augie Fackler. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f4da28ab66 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,675 @@ +Git 2.10 Release Notes +====================== + +Backward compatibility notes +---------------------------- + +Updates since v2.9 +------------------ + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * "git pull --rebase --verify-signature" learned to warn the user + that "--verify-signature" is a no-op when rebasing. + + * An upstream project can make a recommendation to shallowly clone + some submodules in the .gitmodules file it ships. + + * "git worktree add" learned that '-' can be used as a short-hand for + "@{-1}", the previous branch. + + * Update the funcname definition to support css files. + + * The completion script (in contrib/) learned to complete "git + status" options. + + * Messages that are generated by auto gc during "git push" on the + receiving end are now passed back to the sending end in such a way + that they are shown with "remote: " prefix to avoid confusing the + users. + + * "git add -i/-p" learned to honor diff.compactionHeuristic + experimental knob, so that the user can work on the same hunk split + as "git diff" output. + + * "upload-pack" allows a custom "git pack-objects" replacement when + responding to "fetch/clone" via the uploadpack.packObjectsHook. + (merge b738396 jk/upload-pack-hook later to maint). + + * Teach format-patch and mailsplit (hence "am") how a line that + happens to begin with "From " in the e-mail message is quoted with + ">", so that these lines can be restored to their original shape. + (merge d9925d1 ew/mboxrd-format-am later to maint). + + * "git repack" learned the "--keep-unreachable" option, which sends + loose unreachable objects to a pack instead of leaving them loose. + This helps heuristics based on the number of loose objects + (e.g. "gc --auto"). + (merge e26a8c4 jk/repack-keep-unreachable later to maint). + + * "log --graph --format=" learned that "%>|(N)" specifies the width + relative to the terminal's left edge, not relative to the area to + draw text that is to the right of the ancestry-graph section. It + also now accepts negative N that means the column limit is relative + to the right border. + + * A careless invocation of "git send-email directory/" after editing + 0001-change.patch with an editor often ends up sending both + 0001-change.patch and its backup file, 0001-change.patch~, causing + embarrassment and a minor confusion. Detect such an input and + offer to skip the backup files when sending the patches out. + (merge 531220b jc/send-email-skip-backup later to maint). + + * "git submodule update" that drives many "git clone" could + eventually hit flaky servers/network conditions on one of the + submodules; the command learned to retry the attempt. + + * The output coloring scheme learned two new attributes, italic and + strike, in addition to existing bold, reverse, etc. + + * "git log" learns log.showSignature configuration variable, and a + command line option "--no-show-signature" to countermand it. + (merge fce04c3 mj/log-show-signature-conf later to maint). + + * More markings of messages for i18n, with updates to various tests + to pass GETTEXT_POISON tests. + + * "git archive" learned to handle files that are larger than 8GB and + commits far in the future than expressible by the traditional US-TAR + format. + (merge 560b0e8 jk/big-and-future-archive-tar later to maint). + + + * A new configuration variable core.sshCommand has been added to + specify what value for GIT_SSH_COMMAND to use per repository. + + * "git worktree prune" protected worktrees that are marked as + "locked" by creating a file in a known location. "git worktree" + command learned a dedicated command pair to create and remove such + a file, so that the users do not have to do this with editor. + + * A handful of "git svn" updates. + + * "git push" learned to accept and pass extra options to the + receiving end so that hooks can read and react to them. + + * "git status" learned to suggest "merge --abort" during a conflicted + merge, just like it already suggests "rebase --abort" during a + conflicted rebase. + + * "git jump" script (in contrib/) has been updated a bit. + (merge a91e692 jk/git-jump later to maint). + + * "git push" and "git clone" learned to give better progress meters + to the end user who is waiting on the terminal. + + * An entry "git log --decorate" for the tip of the current branch is + shown as "HEAD -> name" (where "name" is the name of the branch); + the arrow is now painted in the same color as "HEAD", not in the + color for commits. + + * "git format-patch" learned format.from configuration variable to + specify the default settings for its "--from" option. + + * "git am -3" calls "git merge-recursive" when it needs to fall back + to a three-way merge; this call has been turned into an internal + subroutine call instead of spawning a separate subprocess. + + * The command line completion scripts (in contrib/) now knows about + "git branch --delete/--move [--remote]". + (merge 2703c22 vs/completion-branch-fully-spelled-d-m-r later to maint). + + * "git rev-parse --git-path hooks/<hook>" learned to take + core.hooksPath configuration variable (introduced during 2.9 cycle) + into account. + (merge 9445b49 ab/hooks later to maint). + + * "git log --show-signature" and other commands that display the + verification status of PGP signature now shows the longer key-id, + as 32-bit key-id is so last century. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * "git fast-import" learned the same performance trick to avoid + creating too small a packfile as "git fetch" and "git push" have, + using *.unpackLimit configuration. + + * When "git daemon" is run without --[init-]timeout specified, a + connection from a client that silently goes offline can hang around + for a long time, wasting resources. The socket-level KEEPALIVE has + been enabled to allow the OS to notice such failed connections. + + * "git upload-pack" command has been updated to use the parse-options + API. + + * The "git apply" standalone program is being libified; the first + step to move many state variables into a structure that can be + explicitly (re)initialized to make the machinery callable more + than once has been merged. + + * HTTP transport gained an option to produce more detailed debugging + trace. + (merge 73e57aa ep/http-curl-trace later to maint). + + * Instead of taking advantage of the fact that a struct string_list + that is allocated with all NULs happens to be the INIT_NODUP kind, + the users of string_list structures are taught to initialize them + explicitly as such, to document their behaviour better. + (merge 2721ce2 jk/string-list-static-init later to maint). + + * HTTPd tests learned to show the server error log to help diagnosing + a failing tests. + (merge 44f243d nd/test-lib-httpd-show-error-log-in-verbose later to maint). + + * The ownership rule for the piece of memory that hold references to + be fetched in "git fetch" was screwy, which has been cleaned up. + + * "git bisect" makes an internal call to "git diff-tree" when + bisection finds the culprit, but this call did not initialize the + data structure to pass to the diff-tree API correctly. + + * Further preparatory clean-up for "worktree" feature continues. + (merge 0409e0b nd/worktree-cleanup-post-head-protection later to maint). + + * Formats of the various data (and how to validate them) where we use + GPG signature have been documented. + + * A new run-command API function pipe_command() is introduced to + sanely feed data to the standard input while capturing data from + the standard output and the standard error of an external process, + which is cumbersome to hand-roll correctly without deadlocking. + + * The codepath to sign data in a prepared buffer with GPG has been + updated to use this API to read from the status-fd to check for + errors (instead of relying on GPG's exit status). + (merge efee955 jk/gpg-interface-cleanup later to maint). + + * Allow t/perf framework to use the features from the most recent + version of Git even when testing an older installed version. + + * The commands in the "log/diff" family have had an FILE* pointer in the + data structure they pass around for a long time, but some codepaths + used to always write to the standard output. As a preparatory step + to make "git format-patch" available to the internal callers, these + codepaths have been updated to consistently write into that FILE* + instead. + + * Conversion from unsigned char sha1[20] to struct object_id + continues. + + * Improve the look of the way "git fetch" reports what happened to + each ref that was fetched. + + * The .c/.h sources are marked as such in our .gitattributes file so + that "git diff -W" and friends would work better. + + * Code clean-up to avoid using a variable string that compilers may + feel untrustable as printf-style format given to write_file() + helper function. + + * "git p4" used a location outside $GIT_DIR/refs/ to place its + temporary branches, which has been moved to refs/git-p4-tmp/. + + * Existing autoconf generated test for the need to link with pthread + library did not check all the functions from pthread libraries; + recent FreeBSD has some functions in libc but not others, and we + mistakenly thought linking with libc is enough when it is not. + + * When "git fsck" reports a broken link (e.g. a tree object contains + a blob that does not exist), both containing object and the object + that is referred to were reported with their 40-hex object names. + The command learned the "--name-objects" option to show the path to + the containing object from existing refs (e.g. "HEAD~24^2:file.txt"). + + * Allow http daemon tests in Travis CI tests. + + * Makefile assumed that -lrt is always available on platforms that + want to use clock_gettime() and CLOCK_MONOTONIC, which is not a + case for recent Mac OS X. The necessary symbols are often found in + libc on many modern systems and having -lrt on the command line, as + long as the library exists, had no effect, but when the platform + removes librt.a that is a different matter--having -lrt will break + the linkage. + + This change could be seen as a regression for those who do need to + specify -lrt, as they now specifically ask for NEEDS_LIBRT when + building. Hopefully they are in the minority these days. + + * Further preparatory work on the refs API before the pluggable + backend series can land. + + * Error handling in the codepaths that updates refs has been + improved. + + * The API to iterate over all the refs (i.e. for_each_ref(), etc.) + has been revamped. + + * The handling of the "text=auto" attribute has been corrected. + $ echo "* text=auto eol=crlf" >.gitattributes + used to have the same effect as + $ echo "* text eol=crlf" >.gitattributes + i.e. declaring all files are text (ignoring "auto"). The + combination has been fixed to be equivalent to doing + $ git config core.autocrlf true + + * Documentation has been updated to show better example usage + of the updated "text=auto" attribute. + + * A few tests that specifically target "git rebase -i" have been + added. + + * Dumb http transport on the client side has been optimized. + (merge ecba195 ew/http-walker later to maint). + + * Users of the parse_options_concat() API function need to allocate + extra slots in advance and fill them with OPT_END() when they want + to decide the set of supported options dynamically, which makes the + code error-prone and hard to read. This has been corrected by tweaking + the API to allocate and return a new copy of "struct option" array. + + * "git fetch" exchanges batched have/ack messages between the sender + and the receiver, initially doubling every time and then falling + back to enlarge the window size linearly. The "smart http" + transport, being an half-duplex protocol, outgrows the preset limit + too quickly and becomes inefficient when interacting with a large + repository. The internal mechanism learned to grow the window size + more aggressively when working with the "smart http" transport. + + * Tests for "git svn" have been taught to reuse the lib-httpd test + infrastructure when testing the subversion integration that + interacts with subversion repositories served over the http:// + protocol. + (merge a8a5d25 ew/git-svn-http-tests later to maint). + + * "git pack-objects" has a few options that tell it not to pack + objects found in certain packfiles, which require it to scan .idx + files of all available packs. The codepaths involved in these + operations have been optimized for a common case of not having any + non-local pack and/or any .kept pack. + + * The t3700 test about "add --chmod=-x" have been made a bit more + robust and generally cleaned up. + (merge 766cdc4 ib/t3700-add-chmod-x-updates later to maint). + + * The build procedure learned PAGER_ENV knob that lists what default + environment variable settings to export for popular pagers. This + mechanism is used to tweak the default settings to MORE on FreeBSD. + (merge 995bc22 ew/build-time-pager-tweaks later to maint). + + * The http-backend (the server-side component of smart-http + transport) used to trickle the HTTP header one at a time. Now + these write(2)s are batched. + (merge b36045c ew/http-backend-batch-headers later to maint). + + * When "git rebase" tries to compare set of changes on the updated + upstream and our own branch, it computes patch-id for all of these + changes and attempts to find matches. This has been optimized by + lazily computing the full patch-id (which is expensive) to be + compared only for changes that touch the same set of paths. + (merge ba67504 kw/patch-ids-optim later to maint). + + * A handful of tests that were broken under gettext-poison build have + been fixed. + + * The recent i18n patch we added during this cycle did a bit too much + refactoring of the messages to avoid word-legos; the repetition has + been reduced to help translators. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v2.9 +---------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v2.8 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' +notes for details). + + * The commands in `git log` family take %C(auto) in a custom format + string. This unconditionally turned the color on, ignoring + --no-color or with --color=auto when the output is not connected to + a tty; this was corrected to make the format truly behave as + "auto". + + * "git rev-list --count" whose walk-length is limited with "-n" + option did not work well with the counting optimized to look at the + bitmap index. + + * "git show -W" (extend hunks to cover the entire function, delimited + by lines that match the "funcname" pattern) used to show the entire + file when a change added an entire function at the end of the file, + which has been fixed. + + * The documentation set has been updated so that literal commands, + configuration variables and environment variables are consistently + typeset in fixed-width font and bold in manpages. + + * "git svn propset" subcommand that was added in 2.3 days is + documented now. + + * The documentation tries to consistently spell "GPG"; when + referring to the specific program name, "gpg" is used. + + * "git reflog" stopped upon seeing an entry that denotes a branch + creation event (aka "unborn"), which made it appear as if the + reflog was truncated. + + * The git-prompt scriptlet (in contrib/) was not friendly with those + who uses "set -u", which has been fixed. + + * compat/regex code did not cleanly compile. + + * A codepath that used alloca(3) to place an unbounded amount of data + on the stack has been updated to avoid doing so. + + * "git update-index --add --chmod=+x file" may be usable as an escape + hatch, but not a friendly thing to force for people who do need to + use it regularly. "git add --chmod=+x file" can be used instead. + + * Build improvements for gnome-keyring (in contrib/) + + * "git status" used to say "working directory" when it meant "working + tree". + + * Comments about misbehaving FreeBSD shells have been clarified with + the version number (9.x and before are broken, newer ones are OK). + + * "git cherry-pick A" worked on an unborn branch, but "git + cherry-pick A..B" didn't. + + * Fix an unintended regression in v2.9 that breaks "clone --depth" + that recurses down to submodules by forcing the submodules to also + be cloned shallowly, which many server instances that host upstream + of the submodules are not prepared for. + + * Fix unnecessarily waste in the idiomatic use of ': ${VAR=default}' + to set the default value, without enclosing it in double quotes. + + * Some platform-specific code had non-ANSI strict declarations of C + functions that do not take any parameters, which has been + corrected. + + * The internal code used to show local timezone offset is not + prepared to handle timestamps beyond year 2100, and gave a + bogus offset value to the caller. Use a more benign looking + +0000 instead and let "git log" going in such a case, instead + of aborting. + + * One among four invocations of readlink(1) in our test suite has + been rewritten so that the test can run on systems without the + command (others are in valgrind test framework and t9802). + + * t/perf needs /usr/bin/time with GNU extension; the invocation of it + is updated to "gtime" on Darwin. + + * A bug, which caused "git p4" while running under verbose mode to + report paths that are omitted due to branch prefix incorrectly, has + been fixed; the command said "Ignoring file outside of prefix" for + paths that are _inside_. + + * The top level documentation "git help git" still pointed at the + documentation set hosted at now-defunct google-code repository. + Update it to point to https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html + instead. + + * A helper function that takes the contents of a commit object and + finds its subject line did not ignore leading blank lines, as is + commonly done by other codepaths. Make it ignore leading blank + lines to match. + + * For a long time, we carried an in-code comment that said our + colored output would work only when we use fprintf/fputs on + Windows, which no longer is the case for the past few years. + + * "gc.autoPackLimit" when set to 1 should not trigger a repacking + when there is only one pack, but the code counted poorly and did + so. + + * Add a test to specify the desired behaviour that currently is not + available in "git rebase -Xsubtree=...". + + * More mark-up updates to typeset strings that are expected to + literally typed by the end user in fixed-width font. + + * "git commit --amend --allow-empty-message -S" for a commit without + any message body could have misidentified where the header of the + commit object ends. + + * "git rebase -i --autostash" did not restore the auto-stashed change + when the operation was aborted. + + * Git does not know what the contents in the index should be for a + path added with "git add -N" yet, so "git grep --cached" should not + show hits (or show lack of hits, with -L) in such a path, but that + logic does not apply to "git grep", i.e. searching in the working + tree files. But we did so by mistake, which has been corrected. + + * "git blame -M" missed a single line that was moved within the file. + + * Fix recently introduced codepaths that are involved in parallel + submodule operations, which gave up on reading too early, and + could have wasted CPU while attempting to write under a corner + case condition. + + * "git grep -i" has been taught to fold case in non-ascii locales + correctly. + + * A test that unconditionally used "mktemp" learned that the command + is not necessarily available everywhere. + + * There are certain house-keeping tasks that need to be performed at + the very beginning of any Git program, and programs that are not + built-in commands had to do them exactly the same way as "git" + potty does. It was easy to make mistakes in one-off standalone + programs (like test helpers). A common "main()" function that + calls cmd_main() of individual program has been introduced to + make it harder to make mistakes. + (merge de61ceb jk/common-main later to maint). + + * The test framework learned a new helper test_match_signal to + check an exit code from getting killed by an expected signal. + + * General code clean-up around a helper function to write a + single-liner to a file. + (merge 7eb6e10 jk/write-file later to maint). + + * One part of "git am" had an oddball helper function that called + stuff from outside "his" as opposed to calling what we have "ours", + which was not gender-neutral and also inconsistent with the rest of + the system where outside stuff is usuall called "theirs" in + contrast to "ours". + + * "git blame file" allowed the lineage of lines in the uncommitted, + unadded contents of "file" to be inspected, but it refused when + "file" did not appear in the current commit. When "file" was + created by renaming an existing file (but the change has not been + committed), this restriction was unnecessarily tight. + + * "git add -N dir/file && git write-tree" produced an incorrect tree + when there are other paths in the same directory that sorts after + "file". + + * "git fetch http://user:pass@host/repo..." scrubbed the userinfo + part, but "git push" didn't. + + * "git merge" with renormalization did not work well with + merge-recursive, due to "safer crlf" conversion kicking in when it + shouldn't. + (merge 1335d76 jc/renormalize-merge-kill-safer-crlf later to maint). + + * The use of strbuf in "git rm" to build filename to remove was a bit + suboptimal, which has been fixed. + + * An age old bug that caused "git diff --ignore-space-at-eol" + misbehave has been fixed. + + * "git notes merge" had a code to see if a path exists (and fails if + it does) and then open the path for writing (when it doesn't). + Replace it with open with O_EXCL. + + * "git pack-objects" and "git index-pack" mostly operate with off_t + when talking about the offset of objects in a packfile, but there + were a handful of places that used "unsigned long" to hold that + value, leading to an unintended truncation. + + * Recent update to "git daemon" tries to enable the socket-level + KEEPALIVE, but when it is spawned via inetd, the standard input + file descriptor may not necessarily be connected to a socket. + Suppress an ENOTSOCK error from setsockopt(). + + * Recent FreeBSD stopped making perl available at /usr/bin/perl; + switch the default the built-in path to /usr/local/bin/perl on not + too ancient FreeBSD releases. + + * "git commit --help" said "--no-verify" is only about skipping the + pre-commit hook, and failed to say that it also skipped the + commit-msg hook. + + * "git merge" in Git v2.9 was taught to forbid merging an unrelated + lines of history by default, but that is exactly the kind of thing + the "--rejoin" mode of "git subtree" (in contrib/) wants to do. + "git subtree" has been taught to use the "--allow-unrelated-histories" + option to override the default. + + * The build procedure for "git persistent-https" helper (in contrib/) + has been updated so that it can be built with more recent versions + of Go. + + * There is an optimization used in "git diff $treeA $treeB" to borrow + an already checked-out copy in the working tree when it is known to + be the same as the blob being compared, expecting that open/mmap of + such a file is faster than reading it from the object store, which + involves inflating and applying delta. This however kicked in even + when the checked-out copy needs to go through the convert-to-git + conversion (including the clean filter), which defeats the whole + point of the optimization. The optimization has been disabled when + the conversion is necessary. + + * "git -c grep.patternType=extended log --basic-regexp" misbehaved + because the internal API to access the grep machinery was not + designed well. + + * Windows port was failing some tests in t4130, due to the lack of + inum in the returned values by its lstat(2) emulation. + + * The reflog output format is documented better, and a new format + --date=unix to report the seconds-since-epoch (without timezone) + has been added. + (merge 442f6fd jk/reflog-date later to maint). + + * "git difftool <paths>..." started in a subdirectory failed to + interpret the paths relative to that directory, which has been + fixed. + + * The characters in the label shown for tags/refs for commits in + "gitweb" output are now properly escaped for proper HTML output. + + * FreeBSD can lie when asked mtime of a directory, which made the + untracked cache code to fall back to a slow-path, which in turn + caused tests in t7063 to fail because it wanted to verify the + behaviour of the fast-path. + + * Squelch compiler warnings for nedmalloc (in compat/) library. + + * A small memory leak in the command line parsing of "git blame" + has been plugged. + + * The API documentation for hashmap was unclear if hashmap_entry + can be safely discarded without any other consideration. State + that it is safe to do so. + + * Not-so-recent rewrite of "git am" that started making internal + calls into the commit machinery had an unintended regression, in + that no matter how many seconds it took to apply many patches, the + resulting committer timestamp for the resulting commits were all + the same. + + * "git push --force-with-lease" already had enough logic to allow + ensuring that such a push results in creation of a ref (i.e. the + receiving end did not have another push from sideways that would be + discarded by our force-pushing), but didn't expose this possibility + to the users. It does so now. + (merge 9eed4f3 jk/push-force-with-lease-creation later to maint). + + * The mechanism to limit the pack window memory size, when packing is + done using multiple threads (which is the default), is per-thread, + but this was not documented clearly. + (merge 954176c ms/document-pack-window-memory-is-per-thread later to maint). + + * "import-tars" fast-import script (in contrib/) used to ignore a + hardlink target and replaced it with an empty file, which has been + corrected to record the same blob as the other file the hardlink is + shared with. + (merge 04e0869 js/import-tars-hardlinks later to maint). + + * "git mv dir non-existing-dir/" did not work in some environments + the same way as existing mainstream platforms. The code now moves + "dir" to "non-existing-dir", without relying on rename("A", "B/") + that strips the trailing slash of '/'. + (merge 189d035 js/mv-dir-to-new-directory later to maint). + + * The "t/" hierarchy is prone to get an unusual pathname; "make test" + has been taught to make sure they do not contain paths that cannot + be checked out on Windows (and the mechanism can be reusable to + catch pathnames that are not portable to other platforms as need + arises). + (merge c2cafd3 js/test-lint-pathname later to maint). + + * When "git merge-recursive" works on history with many criss-cross + merges in "verbose" mode, the names the command assigns to the + virtual merge bases could have overwritten each other by unintended + reuse of the same piece of memory. + (merge 5447a76 rs/pull-signed-tag later to maint). + + * "git checkout --detach <branch>" used to give the same advice + message as that is issued when "git checkout <tag>" (or anything + that is not a branch name) is given, but asking with "--detach" is + an explicit enough sign that the user knows what is going on. The + advice message has been squelched in this case. + (merge 779b88a sb/checkout-explit-detach-no-advice later to maint). + + * "git difftool" by default ignores the error exit from the backend + commands it spawns, because often they signal that they found + differences by exiting with a non-zero status code just like "diff" + does; the exit status codes 126 and above however are special in + that they are used to signal that the command is not executable, + does not exist, or killed by a signal. "git difftool" has been + taught to notice these exit status codes. + (merge 45a4f5d jk/difftool-command-not-found later to maint). + + * On Windows, help.browser configuration variable used to be ignored, + which has been corrected. + (merge 6db5967 js/no-html-bypass-on-windows later to maint). + + * The "git -c var[=val] cmd" facility to append a configuration + variable definition at the end of the search order was described in + git(1) manual page, but not in git-config(1), which was more likely + place for people to look for when they ask "can I make a one-shot + override, and if so how?" + (merge ae1f709 dg/document-git-c-in-git-config-doc later to maint). + + * The tempfile (hence its user lockfile) API lets the caller to open + a file descriptor to a temporary file, write into it and then + finalize it by first closing the filehandle and then either + removing or renaming the temporary file. When the process spawns a + subprocess after obtaining the file descriptor, and if the + subprocess has not exited when the attempt to remove or rename is + made, the last step fails on Windows, because the subprocess has + the file descriptor still open. Open tempfile with O_CLOEXEC flag + to avoid this (on Windows, this is mapped to O_NOINHERIT). + (merge 05d1ed6 bw/mingw-avoid-inheriting-fd-to-lockfile later to maint). + + * Correct an age-old calco (is that a typo-like word for calc) + in the documentation. + (merge 7841c48 ls/packet-line-protocol-doc-fix later to maint). + + * Other minor clean-ups and documentation updates + (merge 02a8cfa rs/merge-add-strategies-simplification later to maint). + (merge af4941d rs/merge-recursive-string-list-init later to maint). + (merge 1eb47f1 rs/use-strbuf-add-unique-abbrev later to maint). + (merge ddd0bfa jk/tighten-alloc later to maint). + (merge ecf30b2 rs/mailinfo-lib later to maint). + (merge 0eb75ce sg/reflog-past-root later to maint). + (merge 4369523 hv/doc-commit-reference-style later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..70462f7f7e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ +Git v2.10.1 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v2.10 +----------------- + + * Clarify various ways to specify the "revision ranges" in the + documentation. + + * "diff-highlight" script (in contrib/) learned to work better with + "git log -p --graph" output. + + * The test framework left the number of tests and success/failure + count in the t/test-results directory, keyed by the name of the + test script plus the process ID. The latter however turned out not + to serve any useful purpose. The process ID part of the filename + has been removed. + + * Having a submodule whose ".git" repository is somehow corrupt + caused a few commands that recurse into submodules loop forever. + + * "git symbolic-ref -d HEAD" happily removes the symbolic ref, but + the resulting repository becomes an invalid one. Teach the command + to forbid removal of HEAD. + + * A test spawned a short-lived background process, which sometimes + prevented the test directory from getting removed at the end of the + script on some platforms. + + * Update a few tests that used to use GIT_CURL_VERBOSE to use the + newer GIT_TRACE_CURL. + + * Update Japanese translation for "git-gui". + + * "git fetch http::/site/path" did not die correctly and segfaulted + instead. + + * "git commit-tree" stopped reading commit.gpgsign configuration + variable that was meant for Porcelain "git commit" in Git 2.9; we + forgot to update "git gui" to look at the configuration to match + this change. + + * "git log --cherry-pick" used to include merge commits as candidates + to be matched up with other commits, resulting a lot of wasted time. + The patch-id generation logic has been updated to ignore merges to + avoid the wastage. + + * The http transport (with curl-multi option, which is the default + these days) failed to remove curl-easy handle from a curlm session, + which led to unnecessary API failures. + + * "git diff -W" output needs to extend the context backward to + include the header line of the current function and also forward to + include the body of the entire current function up to the header + line of the next one. This process may have to merge to adjacent + hunks, but the code forgot to do so in some cases. + + * Performance tests done via "t/perf" did not use the same set of + build configuration if the user relied on autoconf generated + configuration. + + * "git format-patch --base=..." feature that was recently added + showed the base commit information after "-- " e-mail signature + line, which turned out to be inconvenient. The base information + has been moved above the signature line. + + * Even when "git pull --rebase=preserve" (and the underlying "git + rebase --preserve") can complete without creating any new commit + (i.e. fast-forwards), it still insisted on having a usable ident + information (read: user.email is set correctly), which was less + than nice. As the underlying commands used inside "git rebase" + would fail with a more meaningful error message and advice text + when the bogus ident matters, this extra check was removed. + + * "git gc --aggressive" used to limit the delta-chain length to 250, + which is way too deep for gaining additional space savings and is + detrimental for runtime performance. The limit has been reduced to + 50. + + * Documentation for individual configuration variables to control use + of color (like `color.grep`) said that their default value is + 'false', instead of saying their default is taken from `color.ui`. + When we updated the default value for color.ui from 'false' to + 'auto' quite a while ago, all of them broke. This has been + corrected. + + * A shell script example in check-ref-format documentation has been + fixed. + + * "git checkout <word>" does not follow the usual disambiguation + rules when the <word> can be both a rev and a path, to allow + checking out a branch 'foo' in a project that happens to have a + file 'foo' in the working tree without having to disambiguate. + This was poorly documented and the check was incorrect when the + command was run from a subdirectory. + + * Some codepaths in "git diff" used regexec(3) on a buffer that was + mmap(2)ed, which may not have a terminating NUL, leading to a read + beyond the end of the mapped region. This was fixed by introducing + a regexec_buf() helper that takes a <ptr,len> pair with REG_STARTEND + extension. + + * The procedure to build Git on Mac OS X for Travis CI hardcoded the + internal directory structure we assumed HomeBrew uses, which was a + no-no. The procedure has been updated to ask HomeBrew things we + need to know to fix this. + + * When "git rebase -i" is given a broken instruction, it told the + user to fix it with "--edit-todo", but didn't say what the step + after that was (i.e. "--continue"). + + * "git add --chmod=+x" added recently lacked documentation, which has + been corrected. + + * "git add --chmod=+x <pathspec>" added recently only toggled the + executable bit for paths that are either new or modified. This has + been corrected to flip the executable bit for all paths that match + the given pathspec. + + * "git pack-objects --include-tag" was taught that when we know that + we are sending an object C, we want a tag B that directly points at + C but also a tag A that points at the tag B. We used to miss the + intermediate tag B in some cases. + + * Documentation around tools to import from CVS was fairly outdated. + + * In the codepath that comes up with the hostname to be used in an + e-mail when the user didn't tell us, we looked at ai_canonname + field in struct addrinfo without making sure it is not NULL first. + +Also contains minor documentation updates and code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c4d4397023 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +Git v2.10.2 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v2.10.1 +------------------- + + * The code that parses the format parameter of for-each-ref command + has seen a micro-optimization. + + * The "graph" API used in "git log --graph" miscounted the number of + output columns consumed so far when drawing a padding line, which + has been fixed; this did not affect any existing code as nobody + tried to write anything after the padding on such a line, though. + + * Almost everybody uses DEFAULT_ABBREV to refer to the default + setting for the abbreviation, but "git blame" peeked into + underlying variable bypassing the macro for no good reason. + + * Doc update to clarify what "log -3 --reverse" does. + + * An author name, that spelled a backslash-quoted double quote in the + human readable part "My \"double quoted\" name", was not unquoted + correctly while applying a patch from a piece of e-mail. + + * The original command line syntax for "git merge", which was "git + merge <msg> HEAD <parent>...", has been deprecated for quite some + time, and "git gui" was the last in-tree user of the syntax. This + is finally fixed, so that we can move forward with the deprecation. + + * Codepaths that read from an on-disk loose object were too loose in + validating what they are reading is a proper object file and + sometimes read past the data they read from the disk, which has + been corrected. H/t to Gustavo Grieco for reporting. + + * "git worktree", even though it used the default_abbrev setting that + ought to be affected by core.abbrev configuration variable, ignored + the variable setting. The command has been taught to read the + default set of configuration variables to correct this. + + * A low-level function verify_packfile() was meant to show errors + that were detected without dying itself, but under some conditions + it didn't and died instead, which has been fixed. + + * When "git fetch" tries to find where the history of the repository + it runs in has diverged from what the other side has, it has a + mechanism to avoid digging too deep into irrelevant side branches. + This however did not work well over the "smart-http" transport due + to a design bug, which has been fixed. + + * When we started cURL to talk to imap server when a new enough + version of cURL library is available, we forgot to explicitly add + imap(s):// before the destination. To some folks, that didn't work + and the library tried to make HTTP(s) requests instead. + + * The ./configure script generated from configure.ac was taught how + to detect support of SSL by libcurl better. + + * http.emptyauth configuration is a way to allow an empty username to + pass when attempting to authenticate using mechanisms like + Kerberos. We took an unspecified (NULL) username and sent ":" + (i.e. no username, no password) to CURLOPT_USERPWD, but did not do + the same when the username is explicitly set to an empty string. + + * "git clone" of a local repository can be done at the filesystem + level, but the codepath did not check errors while copying and + adjusting the file that lists alternate object stores. + + * Documentation for "git commit" was updated to clarify that "commit + -p <paths>" adds to the current contents of the index to come up + with what to commit. + + * A stray symbolic link in $GIT_DIR/refs/ directory could make name + resolution loop forever, which has been corrected. + + * The "submodule.<name>.path" stored in .gitmodules is never copied + to .git/config and such a key in .git/config has no meaning, but + the documentation described it and submodule.<name>.url next to + each other as if both belong to .git/config. This has been fixed. + + * Recent git allows submodule.<name>.branch to use a special token + "." instead of the branch name; the documentation has been updated + to describe it. + + * In a worktree connected to a repository elsewhere, created via "git + worktree", "git checkout" attempts to protect users from confusion + by refusing to check out a branch that is already checked out in + another worktree. However, this also prevented checking out a + branch, which is designated as the primary branch of a bare + reopsitory, in a worktree that is connected to the bare + repository. The check has been corrected to allow it. + + * "git rebase" immediately after "git clone" failed to find the fork + point from the upstream. + + * When fetching from a remote that has many tags that are irrelevant + to branches we are following, we used to waste way too many cycles + when checking if the object pointed at by a tag (that we are not + going to fetch!) exists in our repository too carefully. + + * The Travis CI configuration we ship ran the tests with --verbose + option but this risks non-TAP output that happens to be "ok" to be + misinterpreted as TAP signalling a test that passed. This resulted + in unnecessary failure. This has been corrected by introducing a + new mode to run our tests in the test harness to send the verbose + output separately to the log file. + + * Some AsciiDoc formatter mishandles a displayed illustration with + tabs in it. Adjust a few of them in merge-base documentation to + work around them. + +Also contains minor documentation updates and code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..277a2a18a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +Git v2.10.3 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v2.10.2 +------------------- + + * Extract a small helper out of the function that reads the authors + script file "git am" internally uses. + This by itself is not useful until a second caller appears in the + future for "rebase -i" helper. + + * The command-line completion script (in contrib/) learned to + complete "git cmd ^mas<HT>" to complete the negative end of + reference to "git cmd ^master". + + * "git send-email" attempts to pick up valid e-mails from the + trailers, but people in real world write non-addresses there, like + "Cc: Stable <add@re.ss> # 4.8+", which broke the output depending + on the availability and vintage of Mail::Address perl module. + + * The code that we have used for the past 10+ years to cycle + 4-element ring buffers turns out to be not quite portable in + theoretical world. + + * "git daemon" used fixed-length buffers to turn URL to the + repository the client asked for into the server side directory + path, using snprintf() to avoid overflowing these buffers, but + allowed possibly truncated paths to the directory. This has been + tightened to reject such a request that causes overlong path to be + required to serve. + + * Recent update to git-sh-setup (a library of shell functions that + are used by our in-tree scripted Porcelain commands) included + another shell library git-sh-i18n without specifying where it is, + relying on the $PATH. This has been fixed to be more explicit by + prefixing $(git --exec-path) output in front. + + * Fix for a racy false-positive test failure. + + * Portability update and workaround for builds on recent Mac OS X. + + * Update to the test framework made in 2.9 timeframe broke running + the tests under valgrind, which has been fixed. + + * Improve the rule to convert "unsigned char [20]" into "struct + object_id *" in contrib/coccinelle/ + +Also contains minor documentation updates and code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.11.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.11.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b7b7dd361e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.11.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,593 @@ +Git 2.11 Release Notes +====================== + +Backward compatibility notes. + + * An empty string used as a pathspec element has always meant + 'everything matches', but it is too easy to write a script that + finds a path to remove in $path and run 'git rm "$paht"' by + mistake (when the user meant to give "$path"), which ends up + removing everything. This release starts warning about the + use of an empty string that is used for 'everything matches' and + asks users to use a more explicit '.' for that instead. + + The hope is that existing users will not mind this change, and + eventually the warning can be turned into a hard error, upgrading + the deprecation into removal of this (mis)feature. + + * The historical argument order "git merge <msg> HEAD <commit>..." + has been deprecated for quite some time, and will be removed in the + next release (not this one). + + * The default abbreviation length, which has historically been 7, now + scales as the repository grows, using the approximate number of + objects in the repository and a bit of math around the birthday + paradox. The logic suggests to use 12 hexdigits for the Linux + kernel, and 9 to 10 for Git itself. + + +Updates since v2.10 +------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * Comes with new version of git-gui, now at its 0.21.0 tag. + + * "git format-patch --cover-letter HEAD^" to format a single patch + with a separate cover letter now numbers the output as [PATCH 0/1] + and [PATCH 1/1] by default. + + * An incoming "git push" that attempts to push too many bytes can now + be rejected by setting a new configuration variable at the receiving + end. + + * "git nosuchcommand --help" said "No manual entry for gitnosuchcommand", + which was not intuitive, given that "git nosuchcommand" said "git: + 'nosuchcommand' is not a git command". + + * "git clone --recurse-submodules --reference $path $URL" is a way to + reduce network transfer cost by borrowing objects in an existing + $path repository when cloning the superproject from $URL; it + learned to also peek into $path for presence of corresponding + repositories of submodules and borrow objects from there when able. + + * The "git diff --submodule={short,log}" mechanism has been enhanced + to allow "--submodule=diff" to show the patch between the submodule + commits bound to the superproject. + + * Even though "git hash-objects", which is a tool to take an + on-filesystem data stream and put it into the Git object store, + can perform "outside-world-to-Git" conversions (e.g. + end-of-line conversions and application of the clean-filter), and + it has had this feature on by default from very early days, its reverse + operation "git cat-file", which takes an object from the Git object + store and externalizes it for consumption by the outside world, + lacked an equivalent mechanism to run the "Git-to-outside-world" + conversion. The command learned the "--filters" option to do so. + + * Output from "git diff" can be made easier to read by intelligently selecting + which lines are common and which lines are added/deleted + when the lines before and after the changed section + are the same. A command line option (--indent-heuristic) and a + configuration variable (diff.indentHeuristic) are added to help with the + experiment to find good heuristics. + + * In some projects, it is common to use "[RFC PATCH]" as the subject + prefix for a patch meant for discussion rather than application. A + new format-patch option "--rfc" is a short-hand for "--subject-prefix=RFC PATCH" + to help the participants of such projects. + + * "git add --chmod={+,-}x <pathspec>" only changed the + executable bit for paths that are either new or modified. This has + been corrected to change the executable bit for all paths that match + the given pathspec. + + * When "git format-patch --stdout" output is placed as an in-body + header and it uses RFC2822 header folding, "git am" fails to + put the header line back into a single logical line. The + underlying "git mailinfo" was taught to handle this properly. + + * "gitweb" can spawn "highlight" to show blob contents with + (programming) language-specific syntax highlighting, but only + when the language is known. "highlight" can however be told + to guess the language itself by giving it "--force" option, which + has been enabled. + + * "git gui" l10n to Portuguese. + + * When given an abbreviated object name that is not (or more + realistically, "no longer") unique, we gave a fatal error + "ambiguous argument". This error is now accompanied by a hint that + lists the objects beginning with the given prefix. During the + course of development of this new feature, numerous minor bugs were + uncovered and corrected, the most notable one of which is that we + gave "short SHA1 xxxx is ambiguous." twice without good reason. + + * "git log rev^..rev" is an often-used revision range specification + to show what was done on a side branch merged at rev. This has + gained a short-hand "rev^-1". In general "rev^-$n" is the same as + "^rev^$n rev", i.e. what has happened on other branches while the + history leading to nth parent was looking the other way. + + * In recent versions of cURL, GSSAPI credential delegation is + disabled by default due to CVE-2011-2192; introduce a http.delegation + configuration variable to selectively allow enabling this. + (merge 26a7b23429 ps/http-gssapi-cred-delegation later to maint). + + * "git mergetool" learned to honor "-O<orderfile>" to control the + order of paths to present to the end user. + + * "git diff/log --ws-error-highlight=<kind>" lacked the corresponding + configuration variable (diff.wsErrorHighlight) to set it by default. + + * "git ls-files" learned the "--recurse-submodules" option + to get a listing of tracked files across submodules (i.e. this + only works with the "--cached" option, not for listing untracked or + ignored files). This would be a useful tool to sit on the upstream + side of a pipe that is read with xargs to work on all working tree + files from the top-level superproject. + + * A new credential helper that talks via "libsecret" with + implementations of XDG Secret Service API has been added to + contrib/credential/. + + * The GPG verification status shown by the "%G?" pretty format specifier + was not rich enough to differentiate a signature made by an expired + key, a signature made by a revoked key, etc. New output letters + have been assigned to express them. + + * In addition to purely abbreviated commit object names, "gitweb" + learned to turn "git describe" output (e.g. v2.9.3-599-g2376d31787) + into clickable links in its output. + + * "git commit" created an empty commit when invoked with an index + consisting solely of intend-to-add paths (added with "git add -N"). + It now requires the "--allow-empty" option to create such a commit. + The same logic prevented "git status" from showing such paths as "new files" in the + "Changes not staged for commit" section. + + * The smudge/clean filter API spawns an external process + to filter the contents of each path that has a filter defined. A + new type of "process" filter API has been added to allow the first + request to run the filter for a path to spawn a single process, and + all filtering is served by this single process for multiple + paths, reducing the process creation overhead. + + * The user always has to say "stash@{$N}" when naming a single + element in the default location of the stash, i.e. reflogs in + refs/stash. The "git stash" command learned to accept "git stash + apply 4" as a short-hand for "git stash apply stash@{4}". + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * The delta-base-cache mechanism has been a key to the performance in + a repository with a tightly packed packfile, but it did not scale + well even with a larger value of core.deltaBaseCacheLimit. + + * Enhance "git status --porcelain" output by collecting more data on + the state of the index and the working tree files, which may + further be used to teach git-prompt (in contrib/) to make fewer + calls to git. + + * Extract a small helper out of the function that reads the authors + script file "git am" internally uses. + (merge a77598e jc/am-read-author-file later to maint). + + * Lift calls to exit(2) and die() higher in the callchain in + sequencer.c files so that more helper functions in it can be used + by callers that want to handle error conditions themselves. + + * "git am" has been taught to make an internal call to "git apply"'s + innards without spawning the latter as a separate process. + + * The ref-store abstraction was introduced to the refs API so that we + can plug in different backends to store references. + + * The "unsigned char sha1[20]" to "struct object_id" conversion + continues. Notable changes in this round includes that ce->sha1, + i.e. the object name recorded in the cache_entry, turns into an + object_id. + + * JGit can show a fake ref "capabilities^{}" to "git fetch" when it + does not advertise any refs, but "git fetch" was not prepared to + see such an advertisement. When the other side disconnects without + giving any ref advertisement, we used to say "there may not be a + repository at that URL", but we may have seen other advertisements + like "shallow" and ".have" in which case we definitely know that a + repository is there. The code to detect this case has also been + updated. + + * Some codepaths in "git pack-objects" were not ready to use an + existing pack bitmap; now they are and as a result they have + become faster. + + * The codepath in "git fsck" to detect malformed tree objects has + been updated not to die but keep going after detecting them. + + * We call "qsort(array, nelem, sizeof(array[0]), fn)", and most of + the time third parameter is redundant. A new QSORT() macro lets us + omit it. + + * "git pack-objects" in a repository with many packfiles used to + spend a lot of time looking for/at objects in them; the accesses to + the packfiles are now optimized by checking the most-recently-used + packfile first. + (merge c9af708b1a jk/pack-objects-optim-mru later to maint). + + * Codepaths involved in interacting alternate object stores have + been cleaned up. + + * In order for the receiving end of "git push" to inspect the + received history and decide to reject the push, the objects sent + from the sending end need to be made available to the hook and + the mechanism for the connectivity check, and this was done + traditionally by storing the objects in the receiving repository + and letting "git gc" expire them. Instead, store the newly + received objects in a temporary area, and make them available by + reusing the alternate object store mechanism to them only while we + decide if we accept the check, and once we decide, either migrate + them to the repository or purge them immediately. + + * The require_clean_work_tree() helper was recreated in C when "git + pull" was rewritten from shell; the helper is now made available to + other callers in preparation for upcoming "rebase -i" work. + + * "git upload-pack" had its code cleaned-up and performance improved + by reducing use of timestamp-ordered commit-list, which was + replaced with a priority queue. + + * "git diff --no-index" codepath has been updated not to try to peek + into a .git/ directory that happens to be under the current + directory, when we know we are operating outside any repository. + + * Update of the sequencer codebase to make it reusable to reimplement + "rebase -i" continues. + + * Git generally does not explicitly close file descriptors that were + open in the parent process when spawning a child process, but most + of the time the child does not want to access them. As Windows does + not allow removing or renaming a file that has a file descriptor + open, a slow-to-exit child can even break the parent process by + holding onto them. Use O_CLOEXEC flag to open files in various + codepaths. + + * Update "interpret-trailers" machinery and teach it that people in + the real world write all sorts of cruft in the "trailer" that was + originally designed to have the neat-o "Mail-Header: like thing" + and nothing else. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v2.10 +----------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v2.9 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' +notes for details). + + * Clarify various ways to specify the "revision ranges" in the + documentation. + + * "diff-highlight" script (in contrib/) learned to work better with + "git log -p --graph" output. + + * The test framework left the number of tests and success/failure + count in the t/test-results directory, keyed by the name of the + test script plus the process ID. The latter however turned out not + to serve any useful purpose. The process ID part of the filename + has been removed. + + * Having a submodule whose ".git" repository is somehow corrupt + caused a few commands that recurse into submodules to loop forever. + + * "git symbolic-ref -d HEAD" happily removes the symbolic ref, but + the resulting repository becomes an invalid one. Teach the command + to forbid removal of HEAD. + + * A test spawned a short-lived background process, which sometimes + prevented the test directory from getting removed at the end of the + script on some platforms. + + * Update a few tests that used to use GIT_CURL_VERBOSE to use the + newer GIT_TRACE_CURL. + + * "git pack-objects --include-tag" was taught that when we know that + we are sending an object C, we want a tag B that directly points at + C but also a tag A that points at the tag B. We used to miss the + intermediate tag B in some cases. + + * Update Japanese translation for "git-gui". + + * "git fetch http::/site/path" did not die correctly and segfaulted + instead. + + * "git commit-tree" stopped reading commit.gpgsign configuration + variable that was meant for Porcelain "git commit" in Git 2.9; we + forgot to update "git gui" to look at the configuration to match + this change. + + * "git add --chmod={+,-}x" added recently lacked documentation, which has + been corrected. + + * "git log --cherry-pick" used to include merge commits as candidates + to be matched up with other commits, resulting a lot of wasted time. + The patch-id generation logic has been updated to ignore merges and + avoid the wastage. + + * The http transport (with curl-multi option, which is the default + these days) failed to remove curl-easy handle from a curlm session, + which led to unnecessary API failures. + + * There were numerous corner cases in which the configuration files + are read and used or not read at all depending on the directory a + Git command was run, leading to inconsistent behaviour. The code + to set-up repository access at the beginning of a Git process has + been updated to fix them. + (merge 4d0efa1 jk/setup-sequence-update later to maint). + + * "git diff -W" output needs to extend the context backward to + include the header line of the current function and also forward to + include the body of the entire current function up to the header + line of the next one. This process may have to merge two adjacent + hunks, but the code forgot to do so in some cases. + + * Performance tests done via "t/perf" did not use the right + build configuration if the user relied on autoconf generated + configuration. + + * "git format-patch --base=..." feature that was recently added + showed the base commit information after the "-- " e-mail signature + line, which turned out to be inconvenient. The base information + has been moved above the signature line. + + * More i18n. + + * Even when "git pull --rebase=preserve" (and the underlying "git + rebase --preserve") can complete without creating any new commits + (i.e. fast-forwards), it still insisted on having usable ident + information (read: user.email is set correctly), which was less + than nice. As the underlying commands used inside "git rebase" + would fail with a more meaningful error message and advice text + when the bogus ident matters, this extra check was removed. + + * "git gc --aggressive" used to limit the delta-chain length to 250, + which is way too deep for gaining additional space savings and is + detrimental for runtime performance. The limit has been reduced to + 50. + + * Documentation for individual configuration variables to control use + of color (like `color.grep`) said that their default value is + 'false', instead of saying their default is taken from `color.ui`. + When we updated the default value for color.ui from 'false' to + 'auto' quite a while ago, all of them broke. This has been + corrected. + + * The pretty-format specifier "%C(auto)" used by the "log" family of + commands to enable coloring of the output is taught to also issue a + color-reset sequence to the output. + + * A shell script example in check-ref-format documentation has been + fixed. + + * "git checkout <word>" does not follow the usual disambiguation + rules when the <word> can be both a rev and a path, to allow + checking out a branch 'foo' in a project that happens to have a + file 'foo' in the working tree without having to disambiguate. + This was poorly documented and the check was incorrect when the + command was run from a subdirectory. + + * Some codepaths in "git diff" used regexec(3) on a buffer that was + mmap(2)ed, which may not have a terminating NUL, leading to a read + beyond the end of the mapped region. This was fixed by introducing + a regexec_buf() helper that takes a <ptr,len> pair with REG_STARTEND + extension. + + * The procedure to build Git on Mac OS X for Travis CI hardcoded the + internal directory structure we assumed HomeBrew uses, which was a + no-no. The procedure has been updated to ask HomeBrew things we + need to know to fix this. + + * When "git rebase -i" is given a broken instruction, it told the + user to fix it with "--edit-todo", but didn't say what the step + after that was (i.e. "--continue"). + + * Documentation around tools to import from CVS was fairly outdated. + + * "git clone --recurse-submodules" lost the progress eye-candy in + a recent update, which has been corrected. + + * A low-level function verify_packfile() was meant to show errors + that were detected without dying itself, but under some conditions + it didn't and died instead, which has been fixed. + + * When "git fetch" tries to find where the history of the repository + it runs in has diverged from what the other side has, it has a + mechanism to avoid digging too deep into irrelevant side branches. + This however did not work well over the "smart-http" transport due + to a design bug, which has been fixed. + + * In the codepath that comes up with the hostname to be used in an + e-mail when the user didn't tell us, we looked at the ai_canonname + field in struct addrinfo without making sure it is not NULL first. + + * "git worktree", even though it used the default_abbrev setting that + ought to be affected by the core.abbrev configuration variable, ignored + the variable setting. The command has been taught to read the + default set of configuration variables to correct this. + + * "git init" tried to record core.worktree in the repository's + 'config' file when the GIT_WORK_TREE environment variable was set and + it was different from where GIT_DIR appears as ".git" at its top, + but the logic was faulty when .git is a "gitdir:" file that points + at the real place, causing trouble in working trees that are + managed by "git worktree". This has been corrected. + + * Codepaths that read from an on-disk loose object were too loose in + validating that they are reading a proper object file and + sometimes read past the data they read from the disk, which has + been corrected. H/t to Gustavo Grieco for reporting. + + * The original command line syntax for "git merge", which was "git + merge <msg> HEAD <parent>...", has been deprecated for quite some + time, and "git gui" was the last in-tree user of the syntax. This + is finally fixed, so that we can move forward with the deprecation. + + * An author name that has a backslash-quoted double quote in the + human readable part ("My \"double quoted\" name"), was not unquoted + correctly while applying a patch from a piece of e-mail. + + * Doc update to clarify what "log -3 --reverse" does. + + * Almost everybody uses DEFAULT_ABBREV to refer to the default + setting for the abbreviation, but "git blame" peeked into + underlying variable bypassing the macro for no good reason. + + * The "graph" API used in "git log --graph" miscounted the number of + output columns consumed so far when drawing a padding line, which + has been fixed; this did not affect any existing code as nobody + tried to write anything after the padding on such a line, though. + + * The code that parses the format parameter of the for-each-ref command + has seen a micro-optimization. + + * When we started to use cURL to talk to an imap server, we forgot to explicitly add + imap(s):// before the destination. To some folks, that didn't work + and the library tried to make HTTP(s) requests instead. + + * The ./configure script generated from configure.ac was taught how + to detect support of SSL by libcurl better. + + * The command-line completion script (in contrib/) learned to + complete "git cmd ^mas<HT>" to complete the negative end of + reference to "git cmd ^master". + (merge 49416ad22a cp/completion-negative-refs later to maint). + + * The existing "git fetch --depth=<n>" option was hard to use + correctly when making the history of an existing shallow clone + deeper. A new option, "--deepen=<n>", has been added to make this + easier to use. "git clone" also learned "--shallow-since=<date>" + and "--shallow-exclude=<tag>" options to make it easier to specify + "I am interested only in the recent N months worth of history" and + "Give me only the history since that version". + (merge cccf74e2da nd/shallow-deepen later to maint). + + * "git blame --reverse OLD path" is now DWIMmed to show how lines + in path in an old revision OLD have survived up to the current + commit. + (merge e1d09701a4 jc/blame-reverse later to maint). + + * The http.emptyauth configuration variable is a way to allow an empty username to + pass when attempting to authenticate using mechanisms like + Kerberos. We took an unspecified (NULL) username and sent ":" + (i.e. no username, no password) to CURLOPT_USERPWD, but did not do + the same when the username is explicitly set to an empty string. + + * "git clone" of a local repository can be done at the filesystem + level, but the codepath did not check errors while copying and + adjusting the file that lists alternate object stores. + + * Documentation for "git commit" was updated to clarify that "commit + -p <paths>" adds to the current contents of the index to come up + with what to commit. + + * A stray symbolic link in the $GIT_DIR/refs/ directory could make name + resolution loop forever, which has been corrected. + + * The "submodule.<name>.path" stored in .gitmodules is never copied + to .git/config and such a key in .git/config has no meaning, but + the documentation described it next to submodule.<name>.url + as if both belong to .git/config. This has been fixed. + + * In a worktree created via "git + worktree", "git checkout" attempts to protect users from confusion + by refusing to check out a branch that is already checked out in + another worktree. However, this also prevented checking out a + branch which is designated as the primary branch of a bare + repository, in a worktree that is connected to the bare + repository. The check has been corrected to allow it. + + * "git rebase" immediately after "git clone" failed to find the fork + point from the upstream. + + * When fetching from a remote that has many tags that are irrelevant + to branches we are following, we used to waste way too many cycles + checking if the object pointed at by a tag (that we are not + going to fetch!) exists in our repository too carefully. + + * Protect our code from over-eager compilers. + + * Recent git allows submodule.<name>.branch to use a special token + "." instead of the branch name; the documentation has been updated + to describe it. + + * "git send-email" attempts to pick up valid e-mails from the + trailers, but people in the real world write non-addresses there, like + "Cc: Stable <add@re.ss> # 4.8+", which broke the output depending + on the availability and vintage of the Mail::Address perl module. + (merge dcfafc5214 mm/send-email-cc-cruft-after-address later to maint). + + * The Travis CI configuration we ship ran the tests with the --verbose + option but this risks non-TAP output that happens to be "ok" to be + misinterpreted as TAP signalling a test that passed. This resulted + in unnecessary failures. This has been corrected by introducing a + new mode to run our tests in the test harness to send the verbose + output separately to the log file. + + * Some AsciiDoc formatters mishandle a displayed illustration with + tabs in it. Adjust a few of them in merge-base documentation to + work around them. + + * Fixed a minor regression in "git submodule" that was introduced + when more helper functions were reimplemented in C. + (merge 77b63ac31e sb/submodule-ignore-trailing-slash later to maint). + + * The code that we have used for the past 10+ years to cycle + 4-element ring buffers turns out to be not quite portable in + theoretical world. + (merge bb84735c80 rs/ring-buffer-wraparound later to maint). + + * "git daemon" used fixed-length buffers to turn URLs to the + repository the client asked for into the server side directory + paths, using snprintf() to avoid overflowing these buffers, but + allowed possibly truncated paths to the directory. This has been + tightened to reject such a request that causes an overlong path to be + served. + (merge 6bdb0083be jk/daemon-path-ok-check-truncation later to maint). + + * Recent update to git-sh-setup (a library of shell functions that + are used by our in-tree scripted Porcelain commands) included + another shell library git-sh-i18n without specifying where it is, + relying on the $PATH. This has been fixed to be more explicit by + prefixing with $(git --exec-path) output. + (merge 1073094f30 ak/sh-setup-dot-source-i18n-fix later to maint). + + * Fix for a racy false-positive test failure. + (merge fdf4f6c79b as/merge-attr-sleep later to maint). + + * Portability update and workaround for builds on recent Mac OS X. + (merge a296bc0132 ls/macos-update later to maint). + + * Using a %(HEAD) placeholder in "for-each-ref --format=" option + caused the command to segfault when on an unborn branch. + (merge 84679d470d jc/for-each-ref-head-segfault-fix later to maint). + + * "git rebase -i" did not work well with the core.commentchar + configuration variable for two reasons, both of which have been + fixed. + (merge 882cd23777 js/rebase-i-commentchar-fix later to maint). + + * Other minor doc, test and build updates and code cleanups. + (merge 5c238e29a8 jk/common-main later to maint). + (merge 5a5749e45b ak/pre-receive-hook-template-modefix later to maint). + (merge 6d834ac8f1 jk/rebase-config-insn-fmt-docfix later to maint). + (merge de9f7fa3b0 rs/commit-pptr-simplify later to maint). + (merge 4259d693fc sc/fmt-merge-msg-doc-markup-fix later to maint). + (merge 28fab7b23d nd/test-helpers later to maint). + (merge c2bb0c1d1e rs/cocci later to maint). + (merge 3285b7badb ps/common-info-doc later to maint). + (merge 2b090822e8 nd/worktree-lock later to maint). + (merge 4bd488ea7c jk/create-branch-remove-unused-param later to maint). + (merge 974e0044d6 tk/diffcore-delta-remove-unused later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.11.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.11.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9cd14c8197 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.11.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +Git v2.11.1 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v2.11 +----------------- + + * The default Travis-CI configuration specifies newer P4 and GitLFS. + + * The character width table has been updated to match Unicode 9.0 + + * Update the isatty() emulation for Windows by updating the previous + hack that depended on internals of (older) MSVC runtime. + + * "git rev-parse --symbolic" failed with a more recent notation like + "HEAD^-1" and "HEAD^!". + + * An empty directory in a working tree that can simply be nuked used + to interfere while merging or cherry-picking a change to create a + submodule directory there, which has been fixed.. + + * The code in "git push" to compute if any commit being pushed in the + superproject binds a commit in a submodule that hasn't been pushed + out was overly inefficient, making it unusable even for a small + project that does not have any submodule but have a reasonable + number of refs. + + * "git push --dry-run --recurse-submodule=on-demand" wasn't + "--dry-run" in the submodules. + + * The output from "git worktree list" was made in readdir() order, + and was unstable. + + * mergetool.<tool>.trustExitCode configuration variable did not apply + to built-in tools, but now it does. + + * "git p4" LFS support was broken when LFS stores an empty blob. + + * Fix a corner case in merge-recursive regression that crept in + during 2.10 development cycle. + + * Update the error messages from the dumb-http client when it fails + to obtain loose objects; we used to give sensible error message + only upon 404 but we now forbid unexpected redirects that needs to + be reported with something sensible. + + * When diff.renames configuration is on (and with Git 2.9 and later, + it is enabled by default, which made it worse), "git stash" + misbehaved if a file is removed and another file with a very + similar content is added. + + * "git diff --no-index" did not take "--no-abbrev" option. + + * "git difftool --dir-diff" had a minor regression when started from + a subdirectory, which has been fixed. + + * "git commit --allow-empty --only" (no pathspec) with dirty index + ought to be an acceptable way to create a new commit that does not + change any paths, but it was forbidden, perhaps because nobody + needed it so far. + + * A pathname that begins with "//" or "\\" on Windows is special but + path normalization logic was unaware of it. + + * "git pull --rebase", when there is no new commits on our side since + we forked from the upstream, should be able to fast-forward without + invoking "git rebase", but it didn't. + + * The way to specify hotkeys to "xxdiff" that is used by "git + mergetool" has been modernized to match recent versions of xxdiff. + + * Unlike "git am --abort", "git cherry-pick --abort" moved HEAD back + to where cherry-pick started while picking multiple changes, when + the cherry-pick stopped to ask for help from the user, and the user + did "git reset --hard" to a different commit in order to re-attempt + the operation. + + * Code cleanup in shallow boundary computation. + + * A recent update to receive-pack to make it easier to drop garbage + objects made it clear that GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES cannot + have a pathname with a colon in it (no surprise!), and this in turn + made it impossible to push into a repository at such a path. This + has been fixed by introducing a quoting mechanism used when + appending such a path to the colon-separated list. + + * The function usage_msg_opt() has been updated to say "fatal:" + before the custom message programs give, when they want to die + with a message about wrong command line options followed by the + standard usage string. + + * "git index-pack --stdin" needs an access to an existing repository, + but "git index-pack file.pack" to generate an .idx file that + corresponds to a packfile does not. + + * Fix for NDEBUG builds. + + * A lazy "git push" without refspec did not internally use a fully + specified refspec to perform 'current', 'simple', or 'upstream' + push, causing unnecessary "ambiguous ref" errors. + + * "git p4" misbehaved when swapping a directory and a symbolic link. + + * Even though an fix was attempted in Git 2.9.3 days, but running + "git difftool --dir-diff" from a subdirectory never worked. This + has been fixed. + + * "git p4" that tracks multile p4 paths imported a single changelist + that touches files in these multiple paths as one commit, followed + by many empty commits. This has been fixed. + + * A potential but unlikely buffer overflow in Windows port has been + fixed. + + * When the http server gives an incomplete response to a smart-http + rpc call, it could lead to client waiting for a full response that + will never come. Teach the client side to notice this condition + and abort the transfer. + + * Some platforms no longer understand "latin-1" that is still seen in + the wild in e-mail headers; replace them with "iso-8859-1" that is + more widely known when conversion fails from/to it. + + * Update the procedure to generate "tags" for developer support. + + * Update the definition of the MacOSX test environment used by + TravisCI. + + * A few git-svn updates. + + * Compression setting for producing packfiles were spread across + three codepaths, one of which did not honor any configuration. + Unify these so that all of them honor core.compression and + pack.compression variables the same way. + + * "git fast-import" sometimes mishandled while rebalancing notes + tree, which has been fixed. + + * Recent update to the default abbreviation length that auto-scales + lacked documentation update, which has been corrected. + + * Leakage of lockfiles in the config subsystem has been fixed. + + * It is natural that "git gc --auto" may not attempt to pack + everything into a single pack, and there is no point in warning + when the user has configured the system to use the pack bitmap, + leading to disabling further "gc". + + * "git archive" did not read the standard configuration files, and + failed to notice a file that is marked as binary via the userdiff + driver configuration. + + * "git blame --porcelain" misidentified the "previous" <commit, path> + pair (aka "source") when contents came from two or more files. + + * "git rebase -i" with a recent update started showing an incorrect + count when squashing more than 10 commits. + + * "git <cmd> @{push}" on a detached HEAD used to segfault; it has + been corrected to error out with a message. + + * Tighten a test to avoid mistaking an extended ERE regexp engine as + a PRE regexp engine. + + * Typing ^C to pager, which usually does not kill it, killed Git and + took the pager down as a collateral damage in certain process-tree + structure. This has been fixed. + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..29154805b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,500 @@ +Git 2.12 Release Notes +====================== + +Backward compatibility notes. + + * Use of an empty string that is used for 'everything matches' is + still warned and Git asks users to use a more explicit '.' for that + instead. The hope is that existing users will not mind this + change, and eventually the warning can be turned into a hard error, + upgrading the deprecation into removal of this (mis)feature. That + is not scheduled to happen in the upcoming release (yet). + + * The historical argument order "git merge <msg> HEAD <commit>..." + has been deprecated for quite some time, and will be removed in a + future release. + + * An ancient script "git relink" has been removed. + + +Updates since v2.11 +------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * Various updates to "git p4". + + * "git p4" didn't interact with the internal of .git directory + correctly in the modern "git-worktree"-enabled world. + + * "git branch --list" and friends learned "--ignore-case" option to + optionally sort branches and tags case insensitively. + + * In addition to %(subject), %(body), "log --pretty=format:..." + learned a new placeholder %(trailers). + + * "git rebase" learned "--quit" option, which allows a user to + remove the metadata left by an earlier "git rebase" that was + manually aborted without using "git rebase --abort". + + * "git clone --reference $there --recurse-submodules $super" has been + taught to guess repositories usable as references for submodules of + $super that are embedded in $there while making a clone of the + superproject borrow objects from $there; extend the mechanism to + also allow submodules of these submodules to borrow repositories + embedded in these clones of the submodules embedded in the clone of + the superproject. + + * Porcelain scripts written in Perl are getting internationalized. + + * "git merge --continue" has been added as a synonym to "git commit" + to conclude a merge that has stopped due to conflicts. + + * Finer-grained control of what protocols are allowed for transports + during clone/fetch/push have been enabled via a new configuration + mechanism. + + * "git shortlog" learned "--committer" option to group commits by + committer, instead of author. + + * GitLFS integration with "git p4" has been updated. + + * The isatty() emulation for Windows has been updated to eradicate + the previous hack that depended on internals of (older) MSVC + runtime. + + * Some platforms no longer understand "latin-1" that is still seen in + the wild in e-mail headers; replace them with "iso-8859-1" that is + more widely known when conversion fails from/to it. + + * "git grep" has been taught to optionally recurse into submodules. + + * "git rm" used to refuse to remove a submodule when it has its own + git repository embedded in its working tree. It learned to move + the repository away to $GIT_DIR/modules/ of the superproject + instead, and allow the submodule to be deleted (as long as there + will be no loss of local modifications, that is). + + * A recent updates to "git p4" was not usable for older p4 but it + could be made to work with minimum changes. Do so. + + * "git diff" learned diff.interHunkContext configuration variable + that gives the default value for its --inter-hunk-context option. + + * The prereleaseSuffix feature of version comparison that is used in + "git tag -l" did not correctly when two or more prereleases for the + same release were present (e.g. when 2.0, 2.0-beta1, and 2.0-beta2 + are there and the code needs to compare 2.0-beta1 and 2.0-beta2). + + * "git submodule push" learned "--recurse-submodules=only option to + push submodules out without pushing the top-level superproject. + + * "git tag" and "git verify-tag" learned to put GPG verification + status in their "--format=<placeholders>" output format. + + * An ancient repository conversion tool left in contrib/ has been + removed. + + * "git show-ref HEAD" used with "--verify" because the user is not + interested in seeing refs/remotes/origin/HEAD, and used with + "--head" because the user does not want HEAD to be filtered out, + i.e. "git show-ref --head --verify HEAD", did not work as expected. + + * "git submodule add" used to be confused and refused to add a + locally created repository; users can now use "--force" option + to add them. + (merge 619acfc78c sb/submodule-add-force later to maint). + + * Some people feel the default set of colors used by "git log --graph" + rather limiting. A mechanism to customize the set of colors has + been introduced. + + * "git read-tree" and its underlying unpack_trees() machinery learned + to report problematic paths prefixed with the --super-prefix option. + + * When a submodule "A", which has another submodule "B" nested within + it, is "absorbed" into the top-level superproject, the inner + submodule "B" used to be left in a strange state. The logic to + adjust the .git pointers in these submodules has been corrected. + + * The user can specify a custom update method that is run when + "submodule update" updates an already checked out submodule. This + was ignored when checking the submodule out for the first time and + we instead always just checked out the commit that is bound to the + path in the superproject's index. + + * The command line completion (in contrib/) learned that + "git diff --submodule=" can take "diff" as a recently added option. + + * The "core.logAllRefUpdates" that used to be boolean has been + enhanced to take 'always' as well, to record ref updates to refs + other than the ones that are expected to be updated (i.e. branches, + remote-tracking branches and notes). + + * Comes with more command line completion (in contrib/) for recently + introduced options. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * Commands that operate on a log message and add lines to the trailer + blocks, such as "format-patch -s", "cherry-pick (-x|-s)", and + "commit -s", have been taught to use the logic of and share the + code with "git interpret-trailer". + + * The default Travis-CI configuration specifies newer P4 and GitLFS. + + * The "fast hash" that had disastrous performance issues in some + corner cases has been retired from the internal diff. + + * The character width table has been updated to match Unicode 9.0 + + * Update the procedure to generate "tags" for developer support. + + * The codeflow of setting NOATIME and CLOEXEC on file descriptors Git + opens has been simplified. + + * "git diff" and its family had two experimental heuristics to shift + the contents of a hunk to make the patch easier to read. One of + them turns out to be better than the other, so leave only the + "--indent-heuristic" option and remove the other one. + + * A new submodule helper "git submodule embedgitdirs" to make it + easier to move embedded .git/ directory for submodules in a + superproject to .git/modules/ (and point the latter with the former + that is turned into a "gitdir:" file) has been added. + + * "git push \\server\share\dir" has recently regressed and then + fixed. A test has retroactively been added for this breakage. + + * Build updates for Cygwin. + + * The implementation of "real_path()" was to go there with chdir(2) + and call getcwd(3), but this obviously wouldn't be usable in a + threaded environment. Rewrite it to manually resolve relative + paths including symbolic links in path components. + + * Adjust documentation to help AsciiDoctor render better while not + breaking the rendering done by AsciiDoc. + + * The sequencer machinery has been further enhanced so that a later + set of patches can start using it to reimplement "rebase -i". + + * Update the definition of the MacOSX test environment used by + TravisCI. + + * Rewrite a scripted porcelain "git difftool" in C. + + * "make -C t failed" will now run only the tests that failed in the + previous run. This is usable only when prove is not use, and gives + a useless error message when run after "make clean", but otherwise + is serviceable. + + * "uchar [40]" to "struct object_id" conversion continues. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + +Fixes since v2.10 +----------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v2.9 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' +notes for details). + + * We often decide if a session is interactive by checking if the + standard I/O streams are connected to a TTY, but isatty() that + comes with Windows incorrectly returned true if it is used on NUL + (i.e. an equivalent to /dev/null). This has been fixed. + + * "git svn" did not work well with path components that are "0", and + some configuration variable it uses were not documented. + + * "git rev-parse --symbolic" failed with a more recent notation like + "HEAD^-1" and "HEAD^!". + + * An empty directory in a working tree that can simply be nuked used + to interfere while merging or cherry-picking a change to create a + submodule directory there, which has been fixed.. + + * The code in "git push" to compute if any commit being pushed in the + superproject binds a commit in a submodule that hasn't been pushed + out was overly inefficient, making it unusable even for a small + project that does not have any submodule but have a reasonable + number of refs. + + * "git push --dry-run --recurse-submodule=on-demand" wasn't + "--dry-run" in the submodules. + + * The output from "git worktree list" was made in readdir() order, + and was unstable. + + * mergetool.<tool>.trustExitCode configuration variable did not apply + to built-in tools, but now it does. + + * "git p4" LFS support was broken when LFS stores an empty blob. + + * A corner case in merge-recursive regression that crept in + during 2.10 development cycle has been fixed. + + * Transport with dumb http can be fooled into following foreign URLs + that the end user does not intend to, especially with the server + side redirects and http-alternates mechanism, which can lead to + security issues. Tighten the redirection and make it more obvious + to the end user when it happens. + + * Update the error messages from the dumb-http client when it fails + to obtain loose objects; we used to give sensible error message + only upon 404 but we now forbid unexpected redirects that needs to + be reported with something sensible. + + * When diff.renames configuration is on (and with Git 2.9 and later, + it is enabled by default, which made it worse), "git stash" + misbehaved if a file is removed and another file with a very + similar content is added. + + * "git diff --no-index" did not take "--no-abbrev" option. + + * "git difftool --dir-diff" had a minor regression when started from + a subdirectory, which has been fixed. + + * "git commit --allow-empty --only" (no pathspec) with dirty index + ought to be an acceptable way to create a new commit that does not + change any paths, but it was forbidden, perhaps because nobody + needed it so far. + + * Git 2.11 had a minor regression in "merge --ff-only" that competed + with another process that simultanously attempted to update the + index. We used to explain what went wrong with an error message, + but the new code silently failed. The error message has been + resurrected. + + * A pathname that begins with "//" or "\\" on Windows is special but + path normalization logic was unaware of it. + + * "git pull --rebase", when there is no new commits on our side since + we forked from the upstream, should be able to fast-forward without + invoking "git rebase", but it didn't. + + * The way to specify hotkeys to "xxdiff" that is used by "git + mergetool" has been modernized to match recent versions of xxdiff. + + * Unlike "git am --abort", "git cherry-pick --abort" moved HEAD back + to where cherry-pick started while picking multiple changes, when + the cherry-pick stopped to ask for help from the user, and the user + did "git reset --hard" to a different commit in order to re-attempt + the operation. + + * Code cleanup in shallow boundary computation. + + * A recent update to receive-pack to make it easier to drop garbage + objects made it clear that GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES cannot + have a pathname with a colon in it (no surprise!), and this in turn + made it impossible to push into a repository at such a path. This + has been fixed by introducing a quoting mechanism used when + appending such a path to the colon-separated list. + + * The function usage_msg_opt() has been updated to say "fatal:" + before the custom message programs give, when they want to die + with a message about wrong command line options followed by the + standard usage string. + + * "git index-pack --stdin" needs an access to an existing repository, + but "git index-pack file.pack" to generate an .idx file that + corresponds to a packfile does not. + + * Fix for NDEBUG builds. + + * A lazy "git push" without refspec did not internally use a fully + specified refspec to perform 'current', 'simple', or 'upstream' + push, causing unnecessary "ambiguous ref" errors. + + * "git p4" misbehaved when swapping a directory and a symbolic link. + + * Even though an fix was attempted in Git 2.9.3 days, but running + "git difftool --dir-diff" from a subdirectory never worked. This + has been fixed. + + * "git p4" that tracks multile p4 paths imported a single changelist + that touches files in these multiple paths as one commit, followed + by many empty commits. This has been fixed. + + * A potential but unlikely buffer overflow in Windows port has been + fixed. + + * When the http server gives an incomplete response to a smart-http + rpc call, it could lead to client waiting for a full response that + will never come. Teach the client side to notice this condition + and abort the transfer. + + * Compression setting for producing packfiles were spread across + three codepaths, one of which did not honor any configuration. + Unify these so that all of them honor core.compression and + pack.compression variables the same way. + + * "git fast-import" sometimes mishandled while rebalancing notes + tree, which has been fixed. + + * Recent update to the default abbreviation length that auto-scales + lacked documentation update, which has been corrected. + + * Leakage of lockfiles in the config subsystem has been fixed. + + * It is natural that "git gc --auto" may not attempt to pack + everything into a single pack, and there is no point in warning + when the user has configured the system to use the pack bitmap, + leading to disabling further "gc". + + * "git archive" did not read the standard configuration files, and + failed to notice a file that is marked as binary via the userdiff + driver configuration. + + * "git blame --porcelain" misidentified the "previous" <commit, path> + pair (aka "source") when contents came from two or more files. + + * "git rebase -i" with a recent update started showing an incorrect + count when squashing more than 10 commits. + + * "git <cmd> @{push}" on a detached HEAD used to segfault; it has + been corrected to error out with a message. + + * Running "git add a/b" when "a" is a submodule correctly errored + out, but without a meaningful error message. + (merge 2d81c48fa7 sb/pathspec-errors later to maint). + + * Typing ^C to pager, which usually does not kill it, killed Git and + took the pager down as a collateral damage in certain process-tree + structure. This has been fixed. + + * "git mergetool" without any pathspec on the command line that is + run from a subdirectory became no-op in Git v2.11 by mistake, which + has been fixed. + + * Retire long unused/unmaintained gitview from the contrib/ area. + (merge 3120925c25 sb/remove-gitview later to maint). + + * Tighten a test to avoid mistaking an extended ERE regexp engine as + a PRE regexp engine. + + * An error message with an ASCII control character like '\r' in it + can alter the message to hide its early part, which is problematic + when a remote side gives such an error message that the local side + will relay with a "remote: " prefix. + (merge f290089879 jk/vreport-sanitize later to maint). + + * "git fsck" inspects loose objects more carefully now. + (merge cce044df7f jk/loose-object-fsck later to maint). + + * A crashing bug introduced in v2.11 timeframe has been found (it is + triggerable only in fast-import) and fixed. + (merge abd5a00268 jk/clear-delta-base-cache-fix later to maint). + + * With an anticipatory tweak for remotes defined in ~/.gitconfig + (e.g. "remote.origin.prune" set to true, even though there may or + may not actually be "origin" remote defined in a particular Git + repository), "git remote rename" and other commands misinterpreted + and behaved as if such a non-existing remote actually existed. + (merge e459b073fb js/remote-rename-with-half-configured-remote later to maint). + + * A few codepaths had to rely on a global variable when sorting + elements of an array because sort(3) API does not allow extra data + to be passed to the comparison function. Use qsort_s() when + natively available, and a fallback implementation of it when not, + to eliminate the need, which is a prerequisite for making the + codepath reentrant. + + * "git fsck --connectivity-check" was not working at all. + (merge a2b22854bd jk/fsck-connectivity-check-fix later to maint). + + * After starting "git rebase -i", which first opens the user's editor + to edit the series of patches to apply, but before saving the + contents of that file, "git status" failed to show the current + state (i.e. you are in an interactive rebase session, but you have + applied no steps yet) correctly. + (merge df9ded4984 js/status-pre-rebase-i later to maint). + + * Test tweak for FreeBSD where /usr/bin/unzip is unsuitable to run + our tests but /usr/local/bin/unzip is usable. + (merge d98b2c5fce js/unzip-in-usr-bin-workaround later to maint). + + * "git p4" did not work well with multiple git-p4.mapUser entries on + Windows. + (merge c3c2b05776 gv/mingw-p4-mapuser later to maint). + + * "git help" enumerates executable files in $PATH; the implementation + of "is this file executable?" on Windows has been optimized. + (merge c755015f79 hv/mingw-help-is-executable later to maint). + + * Test tweaks for those who have default ACL in their git source tree + that interfere with the umask test. + (merge d549d21307 mm/reset-facl-before-umask-test later to maint). + + * Names of the various hook scripts must be spelled exactly, but on + Windows, an .exe binary must be named with .exe suffix; notice + $GIT_DIR/hooks/<hookname>.exe as a valid <hookname> hook. + (merge 235be51fbe js/mingw-hooks-with-exe-suffix later to maint). + + * Asciidoctor, an alternative reimplementation of AsciiDoc, still + needs some changes to work with documents meant to be formatted + with AsciiDoc. "make USE_ASCIIDOCTOR=YesPlease" to use it out of + the box to document our pages is getting closer to reality. + + * Correct command line completion (in contrib/) on "git svn" + (merge 2cbad17642 ew/complete-svn-authorship-options later to maint). + + * Incorrect usage help message for "git worktree prune" has been fixed. + (merge 2488dcab22 ps/worktree-prune-help-fix later to maint). + + * Adjust a perf test to new world order where commands that do + require a repository are really strict about having a repository. + (merge c86000c1a7 rs/p5302-create-repositories-before-tests later to maint). + + * "git log --graph" did not work well with "--name-only", even though + other forms of "diff" output were handled correctly. + (merge f5022b5fed jk/log-graph-name-only later to maint). + + * The push-options given via the "--push-options" option were not + passed through to external remote helpers such as "smart HTTP" that + are invoked via the transport helper. + + * The documentation explained what "git stash" does to the working + tree (after stashing away the local changes) in terms of "reset + --hard", which was exposing an unnecessary implementation detail. + (merge 20a7e06172 tg/stash-doc-cleanup later to maint). + + * When "git p4" imports changelist that removes paths, it failed to + convert pathnames when the p4 used encoding different from the one + used on the Git side. This has been corrected. + (merge a8b05162e8 ls/p4-path-encoding later to maint). + + * A new coccinelle rule that catches a check of !pointer before the + pointer is free(3)d, which most likely is a bug. + (merge ec6cd14c7a rs/cocci-check-free-only-null later to maint). + + * "ls-files" run with pathspec has been micro-optimized to avoid + having to memmove(3) unnecessary bytes. + (merge 96f6d3f61a rs/ls-files-partial-optim later to maint). + + * A hotfix for a topic already in 'master'. + (merge a4d92d579f js/mingw-isatty later to maint). + + * Other minor doc, test and build updates and code cleanups. + (merge f2627d9b19 sb/submodule-config-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 384f1a167b sb/unpack-trees-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 874444b704 rh/diff-orderfile-doc later to maint). + (merge eafd5d9483 cw/doc-sign-off later to maint). + (merge 0aaad415bc rs/absolute-pathdup later to maint). + (merge 4432dd6b5b rs/receive-pack-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 540a398e9c sg/mailmap-self later to maint). + (merge 209df269a6 nd/rev-list-all-includes-HEAD-doc later to maint). + (merge 941b9c5270 sb/doc-unify-bottom later to maint). + (merge 2aaf37b62c jk/doc-remote-helpers-markup-fix later to maint). + (merge e91461b332 jk/doc-submodule-markup-fix later to maint). + (merge 8ab9740d9f dp/submodule-doc-markup-fix later to maint). + (merge 0838cbc22f jk/tempfile-ferror-fclose-confusion later to maint). + (merge 115a40add6 dr/doc-check-ref-format-normalize later to maint). + (merge 133f0a299d gp/document-dotfiles-in-templates-are-not-copied later to maint). + (merge 2b35a9f4c7 bc/blame-doc-fix later to maint). + (merge 7e82388024 ps/doc-gc-aggressive-depth-update later to maint). + (merge 9993a7c5f1 bc/worktree-doc-fix-detached later to maint). + (merge e519eccdf4 rt/align-add-i-help-text later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a74f7db747 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Git v2.12.1 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v2.12 +----------------- + + * Reduce authentication round-trip over HTTP when the server supports + just a single authentication method. This also improves the + behaviour when Git is misconfigured to enable http.emptyAuth + against a server that does not authenticate without a username + (i.e. not using Kerberos etc., which makes http.emptyAuth + pointless). + + * Windows port wants to use OpenSSL's implementation of SHA-1 + routines, so let them. + + * Add 32-bit Linux variant to the set of platforms to be tested with + Travis CI. + + * When a redirected http transport gets an error during the + redirected request, we ignored the error we got from the server, + and ended up giving a not-so-useful error message. + + * The patch subcommand of "git add -i" was meant to have paths + selection prompt just like other subcommand, unlike "git add -p" + directly jumps to hunk selection. Recently, this was broken and + "add -i" lost the paths selection dialog, but it now has been + fixed. + + * Git v2.12 was shipped with an embarrassing breakage where various + operations that verify paths given from the user stopped dying when + seeing an issue, and instead later triggering segfault. + + * The code to parse "git log -L..." command line was buggy when there + are many ranges specified with -L; overrun of the allocated buffer + has been fixed. + + * The command-line parsing of "git log -L" copied internal data + structures using incorrect size on ILP32 systems. + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..441939709c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +Git v2.12.2 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v2.12.1 +------------------- + + * "git status --porcelain" is supposed to give a stable output, but a + few strings were left as translatable by mistake. + + * "Dumb http" transport used to misparse a nonsense http-alternates + response, which has been fixed. + + * "git diff --quiet" relies on the size field in diff_filespec to be + correctly populated, but diff_populate_filespec() helper function + made an incorrect short-cut when asked only to populate the size + field for paths that need to go through convert_to_git() (e.g. CRLF + conversion). + + * There is no need for Python only to give a few messages to the + standard error stream, but we somehow did. + + * A leak in a codepath to read from a packed object in (rare) cases + has been plugged. + + * "git upload-pack", which is a counter-part of "git fetch", did not + report a request for a ref that was not advertised as invalid. + This is generally not a problem (because "git fetch" will stop + before making such a request), but is the right thing to do. + + * A "gc.log" file left by a backgrounded "gc --auto" disables further + automatic gc; it has been taught to run at least once a day (by + default) by ignoring a stale "gc.log" file that is too old. + + * "git remote rm X", when a branch has remote X configured as the + value of its branch.*.remote, tried to remove branch.*.remote and + branch.*.merge and failed if either is unset. + + * A caller of tempfile API that uses stdio interface to write to + files may ignore errors while writing, which is detected when + tempfile is closed (with a call to ferror()). By that time, the + original errno that may have told us what went wrong is likely to + be long gone and was overwritten by an irrelevant value. + close_tempfile() now resets errno to EIO to make errno at least + predictable. + + * "git show-branch" expected there were only very short branch names + in the repository and used a fixed-length buffer to hold them + without checking for overflow. + + * The code that parses header fields in the commit object has been + updated for (micro)performance and code hygiene. + + * A test that creates a confusing branch whose name is HEAD has been + corrected not to do so. + + * "Cc:" on the trailer part does not have to conform to RFC strictly, + unlike in the e-mail header. "git send-email" has been updated to + ignore anything after '>' when picking addresses, to allow non-address + cruft like " # stable 4.4" after the address. + + * "git push" had a handful of codepaths that could lead to a deadlock + when unexpected error happened, which has been fixed. + + * Code to read submodule.<name>.ignore config did not state the + variable name correctly when giving an error message diagnosing + misconfiguration. + + * "git ls-remote" and "git archive --remote" are designed to work + without being in a directory under Git's control. However, recent + updates revealed that we randomly look into a directory called + .git/ without actually doing necessary set-up when working in a + repository. Stop doing so. + + * The code to parse the command line "git grep <patterns>... <rev> + [[--] <pathspec>...]" has been cleaned up, and a handful of bugs + have been fixed (e.g. we used to check "--" if it is a rev). + + * The code to parse "git -c VAR=VAL cmd" and set configuration + variable for the duration of cmd had two small bugs, which have + been fixed. + This supersedes jc/config-case-cmdline topic that has been discarded. + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..73ce7daa5c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +Git v2.12.3 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v2.12.2 +------------------- + + * The "parse_config_key()" API function has been cleaned up. + + * An helper function to make it easier to append the result from + real_path() to a strbuf has been added. + + * The t/perf performance test suite was not prepared to test not so + old versions of Git, but now it covers versions of Git that are not + so ancient. + + * Picking two versions of Git and running tests to make sure the + older one and the newer one interoperate happily has now become + possible. + + * Teach the "debug" helper used in the test framework that allows a + command to run under "gdb" to make the session interactive. + + * "git repack --depth=<n>" for a long time busted the specified depth + when reusing delta from existing packs. This has been corrected. + + * user.email that consists of only cruft chars should consistently + error out, but didn't. + + * A few tests were run conditionally under (rare) conditions where + they cannot be run (like running cvs tests under 'root' account). + + * "git branch @" created refs/heads/@ as a branch, and in general the + code that handled @{-1} and @{upstream} was a bit too loose in + disambiguating. + + * "git fetch" that requests a commit by object name, when the other + side does not allow such an request, failed without much + explanation. + + * "git filter-branch --prune-empty" drops a single-parent commit that + becomes a no-op, but did not drop a root commit whose tree is empty. + + * Recent versions of Git treats http alternates (used in dumb http + transport) just like HTTP redirects and requires the client to + enable following it, due to security concerns. But we forgot to + give a warning when we decide not to honor the alternates. + + * NO_PTHREADS build has been broken for some time; now fixed. + + * Fix for potential segv introduced in v2.11.0 and later (also + v2.10.2). + + * A few unterminated here documents in tests were fixed, which in + turn revealed incorrect expectations the tests make. These tests + have been updated. + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.13.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.13.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3c92403c6b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.13.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,460 @@ +Git 2.13 Release Notes +====================== + +Backward compatibility notes. + + * Use of an empty string as a pathspec element that is used for + 'everything matches' is still warned and Git asks users to use a + more explicit '.' for that instead. The hope is that existing + users will not mind this change, and eventually the warning can be + turned into a hard error, upgrading the deprecation into removal of + this (mis)feature. That is not scheduled to happen in the upcoming + release (yet). + + * The historical argument order "git merge <msg> HEAD <commit>..." + has been deprecated for quite some time, and is now removed. + + * The default location "~/.git-credential-cache/socket" for the + socket used to communicate with the credential-cache daemon has + been moved to "~/.cache/git/credential/socket". + + * Git now avoids blindly falling back to ".git" when the setup + sequence said we are _not_ in Git repository. A corner case that + happens to work right now may be broken by a call to die("BUG"). + We've tried hard to locate such cases and fixed them, but there + might still be cases that need to be addressed--bug reports are + greatly appreciated. + + +Updates since v2.12 +------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * "git describe" and "git name-rev" have been taught to take more + than one refname patterns to restrict the set of refs to base their + naming output on, and also learned to take negative patterns to + name refs not to be used for naming via their "--exclude" option. + + * Deletion of a branch "foo/bar" could remove .git/refs/heads/foo + once there no longer is any other branch whose name begins with + "foo/", but we didn't do so so far. Now we do. + + * When "git merge" detects a path that is renamed in one history + while the other history deleted (or modified) it, it now reports + both paths to help the user understand what is going on in the two + histories being merged. + + * The <url> part in "http.<url>.<variable>" configuration variable + can now be spelled with '*' that serves as wildcard. + E.g. "http.https://*.example.com.proxy" can be used to specify the + proxy used for https://a.example.com, https://b.example.com, etc., + i.e. any host in the example.com domain. + + * "git tag" did not leave useful message when adding a new entry to + reflog; this was left unnoticed for a long time because refs/tags/* + doesn't keep reflog by default. + + * The "negative" pathspec feature was somewhat more cumbersome to use + than necessary in that its short-hand used "!" which needed to be + escaped from shells, and it required "exclude from what?" specified. + + * The command line options for ssh invocation needs to be tweaked for + some implementations of SSH (e.g. PuTTY plink wants "-P <port>" + while OpenSSH wants "-p <port>" to specify port to connect to), and + the variant was guessed when GIT_SSH environment variable is used + to specify it. The logic to guess now applies to the command + specified by the newer GIT_SSH_COMMAND and also core.sshcommand + configuration variable, and comes with an escape hatch for users to + deal with misdetected cases. + + * The "--git-path", "--git-common-dir", and "--shared-index-path" + options of "git rev-parse" did not produce usable output. They are + now updated to show the path to the correct file, relative to where + the caller is. + + * "git diff -W" has been taught to handle the case where a new + function is added at the end of the file better. + + * "git update-ref -d" and other operations to delete references did + not leave any entry in HEAD's reflog when the reference being + deleted was the current branch. This is not a problem in practice + because you do not want to delete the branch you are currently on, + but caused renaming of the current branch to something else not to + be logged in a useful way. + + * "Cc:" on the trailer part does not have to conform to RFC strictly, + unlike in the e-mail header. "git send-email" has been updated to + ignore anything after '>' when picking addresses, to allow non-address + cruft like " # stable 4.4" after the address. + + * When "git submodule init" decides that the submodule in the working + tree is its upstream, it now gives a warning as it is not a very + common setup. + + * "git stash push" takes a pathspec so that the local changes can be + stashed away only partially. + + * Documentation for "git ls-files" did not refer to core.quotePath. + + * The experimental "split index" feature has gained a few + configuration variables to make it easier to use. + + * From a working tree of a repository, a new option of "rev-parse" + lets you ask if the repository is used as a submodule of another + project, and where the root level of the working tree of that + project (i.e. your superproject) is. + + * The pathspec mechanism learned to further limit the paths that + match the pattern to those that have specified attributes attached + via the gitattributes mechanism. + + * Our source code has used the SHA1_HEADER cpp macro after "#include" + in the C code to switch among the SHA-1 implementations. Instead, + list the exact header file names and switch among implementations + using "#ifdef BLK_SHA1/#include "block-sha1/sha1.h"/.../#endif"; + this helps some IDE tools. + + * The start-up sequence of "git" needs to figure out some configured + settings before it finds and set itself up in the location of the + repository and was quite messy due to its "chicken-and-egg" nature. + The code has been restructured. + + * The command line prompt (in contrib/) learned a new 'tag' style + that can be specified with GIT_PS1_DESCRIBE_STYLE, to describe a + detached HEAD with "git describe --tags". + + * The configuration file learned a new "includeIf.<condition>.path" + that includes the contents of the given path only when the + condition holds. This allows you to say "include this work-related + bit only in the repositories under my ~/work/ directory". + + * Recent update to "rebase -i" started showing a message that is not + a warning with "warning:" prefix by mistake. This has been fixed. + + * Recently we started passing the "--push-options" through the + external remote helper interface; now the "smart HTTP" remote + helper understands what to do with the passed information. + + * "git describe --dirty" dies when it cannot be determined if the + state in the working tree matches that of HEAD (e.g. broken + repository or broken submodule). The command learned a new option + "git describe --broken" to give "$name-broken" (where $name is the + description of HEAD) in such a case. + + * "git checkout" is taught the "--recurse-submodules" option. + + * Recent enhancement to "git stash push" command to support pathspec + to allow only a subset of working tree changes to be stashed away + was found to be too chatty and exposed the internal implementation + detail (e.g. when it uses reset to match the index to HEAD before + doing other things, output from reset seeped out). These, and + other chattyness has been fixed. + + * "git merge <message> HEAD <commit>" syntax that has been deprecated + since October 2007 has been removed. + + * The refs completion for large number of refs has been sped up, + partly by giving up disambiguating ambiguous refs and partly by + eliminating most of the shell processing between 'git for-each-ref' + and 'ls-remote' and Bash's completion facility. + + * On many keyboards, typing "@{" involves holding down SHIFT key and + one can easily end up with "@{Up..." when typing "@{upstream}". As + the upstream/push keywords do not appear anywhere else in the syntax, + we can safely accept them case insensitively without introducing + ambiguity or confusion to solve this. + + * "git tag/branch/for-each-ref" family of commands long allowed to + filter the refs by "--contains X" (show only the refs that are + descendants of X), "--merged X" (show only the refs that are + ancestors of X), "--no-merged X" (show only the refs that are not + ancestors of X). One curious omission, "--no-contains X" (show + only the refs that are not descendants of X) has been added to + them. + + * The default behaviour of "git log" in an interactive session has + been changed to enable "--decorate". + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * The code to list branches in "git branch" has been consolidated + with the more generic ref-filter API. + + * Resource usage while enumerating refs from alternate object store + has been optimized to help receiving end of "push" that hosts a + repository with many "forks". + + * The gitattributes machinery is being taught to work better in a + multi-threaded environment. + + * "git rebase -i" starts using the recently updated "sequencer" code. + + * Code and design clean-up for the refs API. + + * The preload-index code has been taught not to bother with the index + entries that are paths that are not checked out by "sparse checkout". + + * Some warning() messages from "git clean" were updated to show the + errno from failed system calls. + + * The "parse_config_key()" API function has been cleaned up. + + * A test that creates a confusing branch whose name is HEAD has been + corrected not to do so. + + * The code that parses header fields in the commit object has been + updated for (micro)performance and code hygiene. + + * An helper function to make it easier to append the result from + real_path() to a strbuf has been added. + + * Reduce authentication round-trip over HTTP when the server supports + just a single authentication method. This also improves the + behaviour when Git is misconfigured to enable http.emptyAuth + against a server that does not authenticate without a username + (i.e. not using Kerberos etc., which makes http.emptyAuth + pointless). + + * Windows port wants to use OpenSSL's implementation of SHA-1 + routines, so let them. + + * The t/perf performance test suite was not prepared to test not so + old versions of Git, but now it covers versions of Git that are not + so ancient. + + * Add 32-bit Linux variant to the set of platforms to be tested with + Travis CI. + + * "git branch --list" takes the "--abbrev" and "--no-abbrev" options + to control the output of the object name in its "-v"(erbose) + output, but a recent update started ignoring them; fix it before + the breakage reaches to any released version. + + * Picking two versions of Git and running tests to make sure the + older one and the newer one interoperate happily has now become + possible. + + * "uchar [40]" to "struct object_id" conversion continues. + + * "git tag --contains" used to (ab)use the object bits to keep track + of the state of object reachability without clearing them after + use; this has been cleaned up and made to use the newer commit-slab + facility. + + * The "debug" helper used in the test framework learned to run + a command under "gdb" interactively. + + * The "detect attempt to create collisions" variant of SHA-1 + implementation by Marc Stevens (CWI) and Dan Shumow (Microsoft) + has been integrated and made the default. + + * The test framework learned to detect unterminated here documents. + + * The name-hash used for detecting paths that are different only in + cases (which matter on case insensitive filesystems) has been + optimized to take advantage of multi-threading when it makes sense. + + * An earlier version of sha1dc/sha1.c that was merged to 'master' + compiled incorrectly on Windows, which has been fixed. + + * "what URL do we want to update this submodule?" and "are we + interested in this submodule?" are split into two distinct + concepts, and then the way used to express the latter got extended, + paving a way to make it easier to manage a project with many + submodules and make it possible to later extend use of multiple + worktrees for a project with submodules. + + * Some debugging output from "git describe" were marked for l10n, + but some weren't. Mark missing ones for l10n. + + * Define a new task in .travis.yml that triggers a test session on + Windows run elsewhere. + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v2.12 +----------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v2.12 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' +notes for details). + + * "git repack --depth=<n>" for a long time busted the specified depth + when reusing delta from existing packs. This has been corrected. + + * The code to parse the command line "git grep <patterns>... <rev> + [[--] <pathspec>...]" has been cleaned up, and a handful of bugs + have been fixed (e.g. we used to check "--" if it is a rev). + + * "git ls-remote" and "git archive --remote" are designed to work + without being in a directory under Git's control. However, recent + updates revealed that we randomly look into a directory called + .git/ without actually doing necessary set-up when working in a + repository. Stop doing so. + + * "git show-branch" expected there were only very short branch names + in the repository and used a fixed-length buffer to hold them + without checking for overflow. + + * A caller of tempfile API that uses stdio interface to write to + files may ignore errors while writing, which is detected when + tempfile is closed (with a call to ferror()). By that time, the + original errno that may have told us what went wrong is likely to + be long gone and was overwritten by an irrelevant value. + close_tempfile() now resets errno to EIO to make errno at least + predictable. + + * "git remote rm X", when a branch has remote X configured as the + value of its branch.*.remote, tried to remove branch.*.remote and + branch.*.merge and failed if either is unset. + + * A "gc.log" file left by a backgrounded "gc --auto" disables further + automatic gc; it has been taught to run at least once a day (by + default) by ignoring a stale "gc.log" file that is too old. + + * The code to parse "git -c VAR=VAL cmd" and set configuration + variable for the duration of cmd had two small bugs, which have + been fixed. + + * user.email that consists of only cruft chars should consistently + error out, but didn't. + + * "git upload-pack", which is a counter-part of "git fetch", did not + report a request for a ref that was not advertised as invalid. + This is generally not a problem (because "git fetch" will stop + before making such a request), but is the right thing to do. + + * A leak in a codepath to read from a packed object in (rare) cases + has been plugged. + + * When a redirected http transport gets an error during the + redirected request, we ignored the error we got from the server, + and ended up giving a not-so-useful error message. + + * The patch subcommand of "git add -i" was meant to have paths + selection prompt just like other subcommand, unlike "git add -p" + directly jumps to hunk selection. Recently, this was broken and + "add -i" lost the paths selection dialog, but it now has been + fixed. + + * Git v2.12 was shipped with an embarrassing breakage where various + operations that verify paths given from the user stopped dying when + seeing an issue, and instead later triggering segfault. + + * There is no need for Python only to give a few messages to the + standard error stream, but we somehow did. + + * The code to parse "git log -L..." command line was buggy when there + are many ranges specified with -L; overrun of the allocated buffer + has been fixed. + + * The command-line parsing of "git log -L" copied internal data + structures using incorrect size on ILP32 systems. + + * "git diff --quiet" relies on the size field in diff_filespec to be + correctly populated, but diff_populate_filespec() helper function + made an incorrect short-cut when asked only to populate the size + field for paths that need to go through convert_to_git() (e.g. CRLF + conversion). + + * A few tests were run conditionally under (rare) conditions where + they cannot be run (like running cvs tests under 'root' account). + + * "git branch @" created refs/heads/@ as a branch, and in general the + code that handled @{-1} and @{upstream} was a bit too loose in + disambiguating. + + * "git fetch" that requests a commit by object name, when the other + side does not allow such an request, failed without much + explanation. + + * "git filter-branch --prune-empty" drops a single-parent commit that + becomes a no-op, but did not drop a root commit whose tree is empty. + + * Recent versions of Git treats http alternates (used in dumb http + transport) just like HTTP redirects and requires the client to + enable following it, due to security concerns. But we forgot to + give a warning when we decide not to honor the alternates. + + * "git push" had a handful of codepaths that could lead to a deadlock + when unexpected error happened, which has been fixed. + + * "Dumb http" transport used to misparse a nonsense http-alternates + response, which has been fixed. + + * "git add -p <pathspec>" unnecessarily expanded the pathspec to a + list of individual files that matches the pathspec by running "git + ls-files <pathspec>", before feeding it to "git diff-index" to see + which paths have changes, because historically the pathspec + language supported by "diff-index" was weaker. These days they are + equivalent and there is no reason to internally expand it. This + helps both performance and avoids command line argument limit on + some platforms. + (merge 7288e12cce jk/add-i-use-pathspecs later to maint). + + * "git status --porcelain" is supposed to give a stable output, but a + few strings were left as translatable by mistake. + + * "git revert -m 0 $merge_commit" complained that reverting a merge + needs to say relative to which parent the reversion needs to + happen, as if "-m 0" weren't given. The correct diagnosis is that + "-m 0" does not refer to the first parent ("-m 1" does). This has + been fixed. + + * Code to read submodule.<name>.ignore config did not state the + variable name correctly when giving an error message diagnosing + misconfiguration. + + * Fix for NO_PTHREADS build. + + * Fix for potential segv introduced in v2.11.0 and later (also + v2.10.2) to "git log --pickaxe-regex -S". + + * A few unterminated here documents in tests were fixed, which in + turn revealed incorrect expectations the tests make. These tests + have been updated. + + * Fix for NO_PTHREADS option. + (merge 2225e1ea20 bw/grep-recurse-submodules later to maint). + + * Git now avoids blindly falling back to ".git" when the setup + sequence said we are _not_ in Git repository. A corner case that + happens to work right now may be broken by a call to die("BUG"). + (merge b1ef400eec jk/no-looking-at-dotgit-outside-repo-final later to maint). + + * A few commands that recently learned the "--recurse-submodule" + option misbehaved when started from a subdirectory of the + superproject. + (merge b2dfeb7c00 bw/recurse-submodules-relative-fix later to maint). + + * FreeBSD implementation of getcwd(3) behaved differently when an + intermediate directory is unreadable/unsearchable depending on the + length of the buffer provided, which our strbuf_getcwd() was not + aware of. strbuf_getcwd() has been taught to cope with it better. + (merge a54e938e5b rs/freebsd-getcwd-workaround later to maint). + + * A recent update to "rebase -i" stopped running hooks for the "git + commit" command during "reword" action, which has been fixed. + + * Removing an entry from a notes tree and then looking another note + entry from the resulting tree using the internal notes API + functions did not work as expected. No in-tree users of the API + has such access pattern, but it still is worth fixing. + + * "git receive-pack" could have been forced to die by attempting + allocate an unreasonably large amount of memory with a crafted push + certificate; this has been fixed. + (merge f2214dede9 bc/push-cert-receive-fix later to maint). + + * Other minor doc, test and build updates and code cleanups. + (merge df2a6e38b7 jk/pager-in-use later to maint). + (merge 75ec4a6cb0 ab/branch-list-doc later to maint). + (merge 3e5b36c637 sg/skip-prefix-in-prettify-refname later to maint). + (merge 2c5e2865cc jk/fast-import-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 4473060bc2 ab/test-readme-updates later to maint). + (merge 48a96972fd ab/doc-submitting later to maint). + (merge f5c2bc2b96 jk/make-coccicheck-detect-errors later to maint). + (merge c105f563d1 cc/untracked later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.2.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.2.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e98ecbcff6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.2.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,313 @@ +Git v2.2 Release Notes +====================== + +Updates since v2.1 +------------------ + +Ports + + * Building on older MacOS X systems automatically sets + the necessary NO_APPLE_COMMON_CRYPTO build-time option. + + * Building with NO_PTHREADS has been resurrected. + + * Compilation options have been updated a bit to better support the + z/OS port. + + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * "git archive" learned to filter what gets archived with a pathspec. + + * "git config --edit --global" starts from a skeletal per-user + configuration file contents, instead of a total blank, when the + user does not already have any global config. This immediately + reduces the need to later ask "Have you forgotten to set + core.user?", and we can add more to the template as we gain + more experience. + + * "git stash list -p" used to be almost always a no-op because each + stash entry is represented as a merge commit. It learned to show + the difference between the base commit version and the working tree + version, which is in line with what "git stash show" gives. + + * Sometimes users want to report a bug they experience on their + repository, but they are not at liberty to share the contents of + the repository. "fast-export" was taught an "--anonymize" option + to replace blob contents, names of people, paths and log + messages with bland and simple strings to help them. + + * "git difftool" learned an option to stop feeding paths to the + diff backend when it exits with a non-zero status. + + * "git grep" learned to paint (or not paint) partial matches on + context lines when showing "grep -C<num>" output in color. + + * "log --date=iso" uses a slight variant of the ISO 8601 format that is + more human readable. A new "--date=iso-strict" option gives + datetime output that conforms more strictly. + + * The logic "git prune" uses is more resilient against various corner + cases. + + * A broken reimplementation of Git could write an invalid index that + records both stage #0 and higher-stage entries for the same path. + We now notice and reject such an index, as there is no sensible + fallback (we do not know if the broken tool wanted to resolve and + forgot to remove the higher-stage entries, or if it wanted to unresolve + and forgot to remove the stage #0 entry). + + * The temporary files "git mergetool" uses are renamed to avoid too + many dots in them (e.g. a temporary file for "hello.c" used to be + named e.g. "hello.BASE.4321.c" but now uses underscore instead, + e.g. "hello_BASE_4321.c", to allow us to have multiple variants). + + * The temporary files "git mergetool" uses can be placed in a newly + created temporary directory, instead of the current directory, by + setting the mergetool.writeToTemp configuration variable. + + * "git mergetool" understands "--tool bc" now, as version 4 of + BeyondCompare can be driven the same way as its version 3 and it + feels awkward to say "--tool bc3" to run version 4. + + * The "pre-receive" and "post-receive" hooks are no longer required + to consume their input fully (not following this requirement used + to result in intermittent errors in "git push"). + + * The pretty-format specifier "%d", which expands to " (tagname)" + for a tagged commit, gained a cousin "%D" that just gives the + "tagname" without frills. + + * "git push" learned "--signed" push, that allows a push (i.e. + request to update the refs on the other side to point at a new + history, together with the transmission of necessary objects) to be + signed, so that it can be verified and audited, using the GPG + signature of the person who pushed, that the tips of branches at a + public repository really point the commits the pusher wanted to, + without having to "trust" the server. + + * "git interpret-trailers" is a new filter to programmatically edit + the tail end of the commit log messages, e.g. "Signed-off-by:". + + * "git help everyday" shows the "Everyday Git in 20 commands or so" + document, whose contents have been updated to match more modern + Git practice. + + * On the "git svn" front, work progresses to reduce memory consumption and + to improve handling of mergeinfo. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * The API to manipulate the "refs" has been restructured to make it + more transactional, with the eventual goal to allow all-or-none + atomic updates and migrating the storage to something other than + the traditional filesystem based one (e.g. databases). + + * The lockfile API and its users have been cleaned up. + + * We no longer attempt to keep track of individual dependencies to + the header files in the build procedure, relying instead on automated + dependency generation support from modern compilers. + + * In tests, we have been using NOT_{MINGW,CYGWIN} test prerequisites + long before negated prerequisites e.g. !MINGW were invented. + The former has been converted to the latter to avoid confusion. + + * Optimized looking up a remote's configuration in a repository with very many + remotes defined. + + * There are cases where you lock and open to write a file, close it + to show the updated contents to an external processes, and then have + to update the file again while still holding the lock; now the + lockfile API has support for such an access pattern. + + * The API to allocate the structure to keep track of commit + decoration has been updated to make it less cumbersome to use. + + * An in-core caching layer to let us avoid reading the same + configuration files several times has been added. A few commands + have been converted to use this subsystem. + + * Various code paths have been cleaned up and simplified by using + the "strbuf", "starts_with()", and "skip_prefix()" APIs more. + + * A few codepaths that died when large blobs that would not fit in + core are involved in their operation have been taught to punt + instead, by e.g. marking a too-large blob as not to be diffed. + + * A few more code paths in "commit" and "checkout" have been taught + to repopulate the cache-tree in the index, to help speed up later + "write-tree" (used in "commit") and "diff-index --cached" (used in + "status"). + + * A common programming mistake to assign the same short option name + to two separate options is detected by the parse_options() API to help + developers. + + * The code path to write out the packed-refs file has been optimized, + which especially matters in a repository with a large number of + refs. + + * The check to see if a ref $F can be created by making sure no + existing ref has $F/ as its prefix has been optimized, which + especially matters in a repository with a large number of existing + refs. + + * "git fsck" was taught to check the contents of tag objects a bit more. + + * "git hash-object" was taught a "--literally" option to help + debugging. + + * When running a required clean filter, we do not have to mmap the + original before feeding the filter. Instead, stream the file + contents directly to the filter and process its output. + + * The scripts in the test suite can be run with the "-x" option to show + a shell-trace of each command they run. + + * The "run-command" API learned to manage the argv and environment + arrays for child process, alleviating the need for the callers to + allocate and deallocate them. + + * Some people use AsciiDoctor, instead of AsciiDoc, to format our + documentation set; the documentation has been adjusted to be usable + by both, as AsciiDoctor is pickier than AsciiDoc about its input + mark-up. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v2.1 +---------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v2.1 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' +notes for details). + + * "git log --pretty/format=" with an empty format string did not + mean the more obvious "No output whatsoever" but "Use default + format", which was counterintuitive. + + * "git -c section.var command" and "git -c section.var= command" + should pass the configuration value differently (the former should be a + boolean true, the latter should be an empty string). + + * Applying a patch not generated by Git in a subdirectory used to + check for whitespace breakage using the attributes of incorrect + paths. Also whitespace checks were performed even for paths + excluded via the "git apply --exclude=<path>" mechanism. + + * "git bundle create" with a date-range specification was meant to + exclude tags outside the range, but it didn't. + + * "git add x" where x used to be a directory and is now a + symbolic link to a directory misbehaved. + + * The prompt script checked the $GIT_DIR/ref/stash file to see if there + is a stash, which was a no-no. + + * Pack-protocol documentation had a minor typo. + + * "git checkout -m" did not switch to another branch while carrying + the local changes forward when a path was deleted from the index. + + * "git daemon" (with NO_IPV6 build configuration) used to incorrectly + use the hostname even when gethostbyname() reported that the given + hostname is not found. + (merge 107efbe rs/daemon-fixes later to maint). + + * With sufficiently long refnames, "git fast-import" could have + overflowed an on-stack buffer. + + * After "pack-refs --prune" packed refs at the top-level, it failed + to prune them. + + * Progress output from "git gc --auto" was visible in "git fetch -q". + + * We used to pass -1000 to poll(2), expecting it to also mean "no + timeout", which should be spelled as -1. + + * "git rebase" documentation was unclear that it is required to + specify on what <upstream> the rebase is to be done when telling it + to first check out <branch>. + (merge 95c6826 so/rebase-doc later to maint). + + * "git push" over HTTP transport had an artificial limit on the number of + refs that can be pushed, imposed by the command line length. + (merge 26be19b jk/send-pack-many-refspecs later to maint). + + * When receiving an invalid pack stream that records the same object + twice, multiple threads got confused due to a race. + (merge ab791dd jk/index-pack-threading-races later to maint). + + * An attempt to remove the entire tree in the "git fast-import" input + stream caused it to misbehave. + (merge 2668d69 mb/fast-import-delete-root later to maint). + + * Reachability check (used in "git prune" and friends) did not add a + detached HEAD as a starting point to traverse objects still in use. + (merge c40fdd0 mk/reachable-protect-detached-head later to maint). + + * "git config --add section.var val" when section.var already has an + empty-string value used to lose the empty-string value. + (merge c1063be ta/config-add-to-empty-or-true-fix later to maint). + + * "git fsck" failed to report that it found corrupt objects via its + exit status in some cases. + (merge 30d1038 jk/fsck-exit-code-fix later to maint). + + * Use of the "--verbose" option used to break "git branch --merged". + (merge 12994dd jk/maint-branch-verbose-merged later to maint). + + * Some MUAs mangle a line in a message that begins with "From " to + ">From " when writing to a mailbox file, and feeding such an input + to "git am" used to lose such a line. + (merge 85de86a jk/mbox-from-line later to maint). + + * "rev-parse --verify --quiet $name" is meant to quietly exit with a + non-zero status when $name is not a valid object name, but still + gave error messages in some cases. + + * A handful of C source files have been updated to include + "git-compat-util.h" as the first thing, to conform better to our + coding guidelines. + (merge 1c4b660 da/include-compat-util-first-in-c later to maint). + + * The t7004 test, which tried to run Git with small stack space, has been + updated to use a bit larger stack to avoid false breakage on some + platforms. + (merge b9a1907 sk/tag-contains-wo-recursion later to maint). + + * A few documentation pages had example sections marked up not quite + correctly, which passed AsciiDoc but failed with AsciiDoctor. + (merge c30c43c bc/asciidoc-pretty-formats-fix later to maint). + (merge f8a48af bc/asciidoc later to maint). + + * "gitweb" used deprecated CGI::startfrom, which was removed from + CGI.pm as of 4.04; use CGI::start_from instead. + (merge 4750f4b rm/gitweb-start-form later to maint). + + * Newer versions of 'meld' break the auto-detection we use to see if + they are new enough to support the `--output` option. + (merge b12d045 da/mergetool-meld later to maint). + + * "git pack-objects" forgot to disable the codepath to generate the + object reachability bitmap when it needs to split the resulting + pack. + (merge 2113471 jk/pack-objects-no-bitmap-when-splitting later to maint). + + * The code to use cache-tree trusted the on-disk data too much and + fell into an infinite loop upon seeing an incorrectly recorded + index file. + (merge 729dbbd jk/cache-tree-protect-from-broken-libgit2 later to maint). + + * "git fetch" into a repository where branch B was deleted earlier, + back when it had reflog enabled, and then branch B/C is fetched + into it without reflog enabled, which is arguably an unlikely + corner case, unnecessarily failed. + (merge aae828b jk/fetch-reflog-df-conflict later to maint). + + * "git log --first-parent -L..." used to crash. + (merge a8787c5 tm/line-log-first-parent later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.2.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.2.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d5a3cd9e73 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.2.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Git v2.2.1 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.2 +---------------- + + * We used to allow committing a path ".Git/config" with Git that is + running on a case sensitive filesystem, but an attempt to check out + such a path with Git that runs on a case insensitive filesystem + would have clobbered ".git/config", which is definitely not what + the user would have expected. Git now prevents you from tracking + a path with ".Git" (in any case combination) as a path component. + + * On Windows, certain path components that are different from ".git" + are mapped to ".git", e.g. "git~1/config" is treated as if it were + ".git/config". HFS+ has a similar issue, where certain unicode + codepoints are ignored, e.g. ".g\u200cit/config" is treated as if + it were ".git/config". Pathnames with these potential issues are + rejected on the affected systems. Git on systems that are not + affected by this issue (e.g. Linux) can also be configured to + reject them to ensure cross platform interoperability of the hosted + projects. + + * "git fsck" notices a tree object that records such a path that can + be confused with ".git", and with receive.fsckObjects configuration + set to true, an attempt to "git push" such a tree object will be + rejected. Such a path may not be a problem on a well behaving + filesystem but in order to protect those on HFS+ and on case + insensitive filesystems, this check is enabled on all platforms. + +A big "thanks!" for bringing this issue to us goes to our friends in +the Mercurial land, namely, Matt Mackall and Augie Fackler. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.2.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.2.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b19a35d94f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.2.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +Git v2.2.2 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.2.1 +------------------ + + * "git checkout $treeish $path", when $path in the index and the + working tree already matched what is in $treeish at the $path, + still overwrote the $path unnecessarily. + + * "git config --get-color" did not parse its command line arguments + carefully. + + * open() emulated on Windows platforms did not give EISDIR upon + an attempt to open a directory for writing. + + * A few code paths used abs() when they should have used labs() on + long integers. + + * "gitweb" used to depend on a behaviour recent CGI.pm deprecated. + + * "git init" (hence "git clone") initialized the per-repository + configuration file .git/config with x-bit by mistake. + + * Git 2.0 was supposed to make the "simple" mode for the default of + "git push", but it didn't. + + * "Everyday" document had a broken link. + + * The build procedure did not bother fixing perl and python scripts + when NO_PERL and NO_PYTHON build-time configuration changed. + + * The code that reads the reflog from the newer to the older entries + did not handle an entry that crosses a boundary of block it uses to + read them correctly. + + * "git apply" was described in the documentation to take --ignore-date + option, which it does not. + + * Traditionally we tried to avoid interpreting date strings given by + the user as future dates, e.g. GIT_COMMITTER_DATE=2014-12-10 when + used early November 2014 was taken as "October 12, 2014" because it + is likely that a date in the future, December 10, is a mistake. + This heuristics has been loosened to allow people to express future + dates (most notably, --until=<date> may want to be far in the + future) and we no longer tiebreak by future-ness of the date when + + (1) ISO-like format is used, and + (2) the string can make sense interpreted as both y-m-d and y-d-m. + + Git may still have to use the heuristics to tiebreak between dd/mm/yy + and mm/dd/yy, though. + + * The code to abbreviate an object name to its short unique prefix + has been optimized when no abbreviation was requested. + + * "git add --ignore-errors ..." did not ignore an error to + give a file that did not exist. + + * Git did not correctly read an overlong refname from a packed refs + file. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.2.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.2.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5bfffa4106 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.2.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +Git v2.2.3 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.2.2 +------------------ + + * A handful of codepaths that used to use fixed-sized arrays to hold + pathnames have been corrected to use strbuf and other mechanisms to + allow longer pathnames without fearing overflows. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e3c639c840 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,300 @@ +Git v2.3 Release Notes +====================== + +This one ended up to be a release with lots of small corrections and +improvements without big uncomfortably exciting features. The recent +security fix that went to 2.2.1 and older maintenance tracks is also +contained in this update. + + +Updates since v2.2 +------------------ + +Ports + + * Recent gcc toolchain on Cygwin started throwing compilation warning, + which has been squelched. + + * A few updates to build on platforms that lack tv_nsec, + clock_gettime, CLOCK_MONOTONIC and HMAC_CTX_cleanup (e.g. older + RHEL) have been added. + + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * It was cumbersome to use "GIT_SSH" mechanism when the user wanted + to pass an extra set of arguments to the underlying ssh. A new + environment variable GIT_SSH_COMMAND can be used for this. + + * A request to store an empty note via "git notes" meant to remove + note from the object but with --allow-empty we will store a + (surprise!) note that is empty. + + * "git interpret-trailers" learned to properly handle the + "Conflicts:" block at the end. + + * "git am" learned "--message-id" option to copy the message ID of + the incoming e-mail to the log message of resulting commit. + + * "git clone --reference=<over there>" learned the "--dissociate" + option to go with it; it borrows objects from the reference object + store while cloning only to reduce network traffic and then + dissociates the resulting clone from the reference by performing + local copies of borrowed objects. + + * "git send-email" learned "--transfer-encoding" option to force a + non-fault Content-Transfer-Encoding header (e.g. base64). + + * "git send-email" normally identifies itself via X-Mailer: header in + the message it sends out. A new command line flag --no-xmailer + allows the user to squelch the header. + + * "git push" into a repository with a working tree normally refuses + to modify the branch that is checked out. The command learned to + optionally do an equivalent of "git reset --hard" only when there + is no change to the working tree and the index instead, which would + be useful to "deploy" by pushing into a repository. + + * "git new-workdir" (in contrib/) can be used to populate an empty + and existing directory now. + + * Credential helpers are asked in turn until one of them give + positive response, which is cumbersome to turn off when you need to + run Git in an automated setting. The credential helper interface + learned to allow a helper to say "stop, don't ask other helpers." + Also GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT environment can be set to false to disable + our built-in prompt mechanism for passwords. + + * "git branch -d" (delete) and "git branch -m" (move) learned to + honor "-f" (force) flag; unlike many other subcommands, the way to + force these have been with separate "-D/-M" options, which was + inconsistent. + + * "diff-highlight" filter (in contrib/) allows its color output to be + customized via configuration variables. + + * "git imap-send" learned to take "-v" (verbose) and "-q" (quiet) + command line options. + + * "git remote add $name $URL" is now allowed when "url.$URL.insteadOf" + is already defined. + + * "git imap-send" now can be built to use cURL library to talk to + IMAP servers (if the library is recent enough, of course). + This allows you to use authenticate method other than CRAM-MD5, + among other things. + + * "git imap-send" now allows GIT_CURL_VERBOSE environment variable to + control the verbosity when talking via the cURL library. + + * The prompt script (in contrib/) learned to optionally hide prompt + when in an ignored directory by setting GIT_PS1_HIDE_IF_PWD_IGNORED + shell variable. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * Earlier we made "rev-list --object-edge" more aggressively list the + objects at the edge commits, in order to reduce number of objects　 + fetched into a shallow repository, but the change affected cases + other than "fetching into a shallow repository" and made it + unusably slow (e.g. fetching into a normal repository should not + have to suffer the overhead from extra processing). Limit it to a + more specific case by introducing --objects-edge-aggressive, a new + option to rev-list. + + * Squelched useless compiler warnings on Mac OS X regarding the + crypto API. + + * The procedure to generate unicode table has been simplified. + + * Some filesystems assign filemodes in a strange way, fooling then + automatic "filemode trustability" check done during a new + repository creation. The initialization codepath has been hardened + against this issue. + + * The codepath in "git remote update --prune" to drop many refs has + been optimized. + + * The API into get_merge_bases*() family of functions was easy to + misuse, which has been corrected to make it harder to do so. + + * Long overdue departure from the assumption that S_IFMT is shared by + everybody made in 2005, which was necessary to port to z/OS. + + * "git push" and "git fetch" did not communicate an overlong refname + correctly. Now it uses 64kB sideband to accommodate longer ones. + + * Recent GPG changes the keyring format and drops support for RFC1991 + formatted signatures, breaking our existing tests. + + * "git-prompt" (in contrib/) used a variable from the global scope, + possibly contaminating end-user's namespace. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v2.2 +---------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v2.2 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' +notes for details). + + * "git http-push" over WebDAV (aka dumb http-push) was broken in + v2.2.2 when parsing a symbolic ref, resulting in a bogus request + that gets rejected by recent versions of cURL library. + (merge f6786c8 jk/http-push-symref-fix later to maint). + + * The logic in "git bisect bad HEAD" etc. to avoid forcing the test + of the common ancestor of bad and good commits was broken. + (merge 07913d5 cc/bisect-rev-parsing later to maint). + + * "git checkout-index --temp=$target $path" did not work correctly + for paths outside the current subdirectory in the project. + (merge 74c4de5 es/checkout-index-temp later to maint). + + * The report from "git checkout" on a branch that builds on another + local branch by setting its branch.*.merge to branch name (not a + full refname) incorrectly said that the upstream is gone. + (merge 05e7368 jc/checkout-local-track-report later to maint). + + * With The git-prompt support (in contrib/), using the exit status of + the last command in the prompt, e.g. PS1='$(__git_ps1) $? ', did + not work well, because the helper function stomped on the exit + status. + (merge 6babe76 tf/prompt-preserve-exit-status later to maint). + + * Recent update to "git commit" broke amending an existing commit + with bogus author/committer lines without a valid e-mail address. + (merge c83a509 jk/commit-date-approxidate later to maint). + + * The lockfile API used to get confused which file to clean up when + the process moved the $cwd after creating a lockfile. + (merge fa137f6 nd/lockfile-absolute later to maint). + + * Traditionally we tried to avoid interpreting date strings given by + the user as future dates, e.g. GIT_COMMITTER_DATE=2014-12-10 when + used early November 2014 was taken as "October 12, 2014" because it + is likely that a date in the future, December 10, is a mistake. + This heuristics has been loosened to allow people to express future + dates (most notably, --until=<date> may want to be far in the + future) and we no longer tiebreak by future-ness of the date when + + (1) ISO-like format is used, and + (2) the string can make sense interpreted as both y-m-d and y-d-m. + + Git may still have to use the heuristics to tiebreak between dd/mm/yy + and mm/dd/yy, though. + (merge d372395 jk/approxidate-avoid-y-d-m-over-future-dates later to maint). + + * Git did not correctly read an overlong refname from a packed refs + file. + (merge ea41783 jk/read-packed-refs-without-path-max later to maint). + + * "git apply" was described in the documentation to take --ignore-date + option, which it does not. + (merge 0cef4e7 rw/apply-does-not-take-ignore-date later to maint). + + * "git add -i" did not notice when the interactive command input + stream went away and kept asking the same question. + (merge a8bec7a jk/add-i-read-error later to maint). + + * "git send-email" did not handle RFC 2047 encoded headers quite + right. + (merge ab47e2a rd/send-email-2047-fix later to maint). + + * New tag object format validation added in 2.2 showed garbage after + a tagname it reported in its error message. + (merge a1e920a js/fsck-tag-validation later to maint). + + * The code that reads the reflog from the newer to the older entries + did not handle an entry that crosses a boundary of block it uses to + read them correctly. + (merge 69216bf jk/for-each-reflog-ent-reverse later to maint). + + * "git diff -B -M" after making a new copy B out of an existing file + A and then editing A extensively ought to report that B was created + by copying A and A was modified, which is what "git diff -C" + reports, but it instead said A was renamed to B and A was edited + heavily in place. This was not just incoherent but also failed to + apply with "git apply". The report has been corrected to match what + "git diff -C" produces for this case. + (merge 6936b58 jc/diff-b-m later to maint). + + * In files we pre-populate for the user to edit with commented hints, + a line of hint that is indented with a tab used to show as '#' (or + any comment char), ' ' (space), and then the hint text that began + with the tab, which some editors flag as an indentation error (tab + following space). We now omit the space after the comment char in + such a case. + (merge d55aeb7 jc/strbuf-add-lines-avoid-sp-ht-sequence later to maint). + + * "git ls-tree" does not support path selection based on negative + pathspecs, but did not error out when negative pathspecs are given. + (merge f1f6224 nd/ls-tree-pathspec later to maint). + + * The function sometimes returned a non-freeable memory and some + other times returned a piece of memory that must be freed, leading + to inevitable leaks. + (merge 59362e5 jc/exec-cmd-system-path-leak-fix later to maint). + + * The code to abbreviate an object name to its short unique prefix + has been optimized when no abbreviation was requested. + (merge 61e704e mh/find-uniq-abbrev later to maint). + + * "git add --ignore-errors ..." did not ignore an error to + give a file that did not exist. + (merge 1d31e5a mg/add-ignore-errors later to maint). + + * "git checkout $treeish $path", when $path in the index and the + working tree already matched what is in $treeish at the $path, + still overwrote the $path unnecessarily. + (merge c5326bd jk/checkout-from-tree later to maint). + + * "git config --get-color" did not parse its command line arguments + carefully. + (merge cb35722 jk/colors-fix later to maint). + + * open() emulated on Windows platforms did not give EISDIR upon + an attempt to open a directory for writing. + (merge ba6fad0 js/windows-open-eisdir-error later to maint). + + * A few code paths used abs() when they should have used labs() on + long integers. + (merge 83915ba rs/maint-config-use-labs later to maint). + (merge 31a8aa1 rs/receive-pack-use-labs later to maint). + + * "gitweb" used to depend on a behaviour recent CGI.pm deprecated. + (merge 13dbf46 jk/gitweb-with-newer-cgi-multi-param later to maint). + + * "git init" (hence "git clone") initialized the per-repository + configuration file .git/config with x-bit by mistake. + (merge 1f32ecf mh/config-flip-xbit-back-after-checking later to maint). + + * Recent update in Git 2.2 started creating objects/info/packs and + info/refs files with permission bits tighter than user's umask. + (merge d91175b jk/prune-packed-server-info later to maint). + + * Git 2.0 was supposed to make the "simple" mode for the default of + "git push", but it didn't. + (merge 00a6fa0 jk/push-simple later to maint). + + * "Everyday" document had a broken link. + (merge 366c8d4 po/everyday-doc later to maint). + + * A few test fixes. + (merge 880ef58 jk/no-perl-tests later to maint). + + * The build procedure did not bother fixing perl and python scripts + when NO_PERL and NO_PYTHON build-time configuration changed. + (merge ca2051d jk/rebuild-perl-scripts-with-no-perl-seting-change later to maint). + + * The usage string of "git log" command was marked incorrectly for + l10n. + (merge e66dc0c km/log-usage-string-i18n later to maint). + + * "git for-each-ref" mishandled --format="%(upstream:track)" when a + branch is marked to have forked from a non-existing branch. + (merge b6160d9 rc/for-each-ref-tracking later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cf96186288 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +Git v2.3.1 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.3 +---------------- + + * The interactive "show a list and let the user choose from it" + interface "add -i" used showed and prompted to the user even when + the candidate list was empty, against which the only "choice" the + user could have made was to choose nothing. + + * "git apply --whitespace=fix" used to under-allocate the memory + when the fix resulted in a longer text than the original patch. + + * "git log --help" used to show rev-list options that are irrelevant + to the "log" command. + + * The error message from "git commit", when a non-existing author + name was given as value to the "--author=" parameter, has been + reworded to avoid misunderstanding. + + * A broken pack .idx file in the receiving repository prevented the + dumb http transport from fetching a good copy of it from the other + side. + + * The documentation incorrectly said that C(opy) and R(ename) are the + only ones that can be followed by the score number in the output in + the --raw format. + + * Fix a misspelled conditional that is always true. + + * Code to read branch name from various files in .git/ directory + would have misbehaved if the code to write them left an empty file. + + * The "git push" documentation made the "--repo=<there>" option + easily misunderstood. + + * After attempting and failing a password-less authentication + (e.g. kerberos), libcURL refuses to fall back to password based + Basic authentication without a bit of help/encouragement. + + * Setting diff.submodule to 'log' made "git format-patch" produce + broken patches. + + * "git rerere" (invoked internally from many mergy operations) did + not correctly signal errors when told to update the working tree + files and failed to do so for whatever reason. + + * "git blame HEAD -- missing" failed to correctly say "HEAD" when it + tried to say "No such path 'missing' in HEAD". + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.10.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.10.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..20c2d2cacc --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Git v2.3.10 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v2.3.9 +------------------ + + * xdiff code we use to generate diffs is not prepared to handle + extremely large files. It uses "int" in many places, which can + overflow if we have a very large number of lines or even bytes in + our input files, for example. Cap the input size to somewhere + around 1GB for now. + + * Some protocols (like git-remote-ext) can execute arbitrary code + found in the URL. The URLs that submodules use may come from + arbitrary sources (e.g., .gitmodules files in a remote + repository), and can hurt those who blindly enable recursive + fetch. Restrict the allowed protocols to well known and safe + ones. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..93462e45c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +Git v2.3.2 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.3.1 +------------------ + + * "update-index --refresh" used to leak when an entry cannot be + refreshed for whatever reason. + + * "git fast-import" used to crash when it could not close and + conclude the resulting packfile cleanly. + + * "git blame" died, trying to free an uninitialized piece of memory. + + * "git merge-file" did not work correctly in a subdirectory. + + * "git submodule add" failed to squash "path/to/././submodule" to + "path/to/submodule". + + * In v2.2.0, we broke "git prune" that runs in a repository that + borrows from an alternate object store. + + * Certain older vintages of cURL give irregular output from + "curl-config --vernum", which confused our build system. + + * An earlier workaround to squelch unhelpful deprecation warnings + from the compiler on Mac OSX unnecessarily set minimum required + version of the OS, which the user might want to raise (or lower) + for other reasons. + + * Longstanding configuration variable naming rules has been added to + the documentation. + + * The credential helper for Windows (in contrib/) used to mishandle + a user name with an at-sign in it. + + * Older GnuPG implementations may not correctly import the keyring + material we prepare for the tests to use. + + * Clarify in the documentation that "remote.<nick>.pushURL" and + "remote.<nick>.URL" are there to name the same repository accessed + via different transports, not two separate repositories. + + * The pack bitmap support did not build with older versions of GCC. + + * Reading configuration from a blob object, when it ends with a lone + CR, use to confuse the configuration parser. + + * We didn't format an integer that wouldn't fit in "int" but in + "uintmax_t" correctly. + + * "git push --signed" gave an incorrectly worded error message when + the other side did not support the capability. + + * "git fetch" over a remote-helper that cannot respond to "list" + command could not fetch from a symbolic reference e.g. HEAD. + + * The insn sheet "git rebase -i" creates did not fully honor + core.abbrev settings. + + * The tests that wanted to see that file becomes unreadable after + running "chmod a-r file", and the tests that wanted to make sure it + is not run as root, we used "can we write into the / directory?" as + a cheap substitute, but on some platforms that is not a good + heuristics. The tests and their prerequisites have been updated to + check what they really require. + + * The configuration variable 'mailinfo.scissors' was hard to + discover in the documentation. + + * Correct a breakage to git-svn around v2.2 era that triggers + premature closing of FileHandle. + + * Even though we officially haven't dropped Perl 5.8 support, the + Getopt::Long package that came with it does not support "--no-" + prefix to negate a boolean option; manually add support to help + people with older Getopt::Long package. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5ef12644c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Git v2.3.3 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.3.2 +------------------ + + * A corrupt input to "git diff -M" used cause us to segfault. + + * The borrowed code in kwset API did not follow our usual convention + to use "unsigned char" to store values that range from 0-255. + + * Description given by "grep -h" for its --exclude-standard option + was phrased poorly. + + * Documentaton for "git remote add" mentioned "--tags" and + "--no-tags" and it was not clear that fetch from the remote in + the future will use the default behaviour when neither is given + to override it. + + * "git diff --shortstat --dirstat=changes" showed a dirstat based on + lines that was never asked by the end user in addition to the + dirstat that the user asked for. + + * The interaction between "git submodule update" and the + submodule.*.update configuration was not clearly documented. + + * "git apply" was not very careful about reading from, removing, + updating and creating paths outside the working tree (under + --index/--cached) or the current directory (when used as a + replacement for GNU patch). + + * "git daemon" looked up the hostname even when "%CH" and "%IP" + interpolations are not requested, which was unnecessary. + + * The "interpolated-path" option of "git daemon" inserted any string + client declared on the "host=" capability request without checking. + Sanitize and limit %H and %CH to a saner and a valid DNS name. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..094c7b853b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Git v2.3.4 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.3.3 +------------------ + + * The 'color.status.unmerged' configuration was not described. + + * "git log --decorate" did not reset colors correctly around the + branch names. + + * "git -C '' subcmd" refused to work in the current directory, unlike + "cd ''" which silently behaves as a no-op. + + * "git imap-send" learned to optionally talk with an IMAP server via + libcURL; because there is no other option when Git is built with + NO_OPENSSL option, use that codepath by default under such + configuration. + + * A workaround for certain build of GPG that triggered false breakage + in a test has been added. + + * "git rebase -i" recently started to include the number of + commits in the insn sheet to be processed, but on a platform + that prepends leading whitespaces to "wc -l" output, the numbers + are shown with extra whitespaces that aren't necessary. + + * We did not parse username followed by literal IPv6 address in SSH + transport URLs, e.g. ssh://user@[2001:db8::1]:22/repo.git + correctly. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5b309db689 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +Git v2.3.5 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.3.4 +------------------ + + * The prompt script (in contrib/) did not show the untracked sign + when working in a subdirectory without any untracked files. + + * Even though "git grep --quiet" is run merely to ask for the exit + status, we spawned the pager regardless. Stop doing that. + + * Recommend format-patch and send-email for those who want to submit + patches to this project. + + * An failure early in the "git clone" that started creating the + working tree and repository could have resulted in some directories + and files left without getting cleaned up. + + * "git fetch" that fetches a commit using the allow-tip-sha1-in-want + extension could have failed to fetch all the requested refs. + + * The split-index mode introduced at v2.3.0-rc0~41 was broken in the + codepath to protect us against a broken reimplementation of Git + that writes an invalid index with duplicated index entries, etc. + + * "git prune" used to largely ignore broken refs when deciding which + objects are still being used, which could spread an existing small + damage and make it a larger one. + + * "git tag -h" used to show the "--column" and "--sort" options + that are about listing in a wrong section. + + * The transfer.hiderefs support did not quite work for smart-http + transport. + + * The code that reads from the ctags file in the completion script + (in contrib/) did not spell ${param/pattern/string} substitution + correctly, which happened to work with bash but not with zsh. + + * The explanation on "rebase --preserve-merges", "pull --rebase=preserve", + and "push --force-with-lease" in the documentation was unclear. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..432f770ef3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +Git v2.3.6 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.3.5 +------------------ + + * "diff-highlight" (in contrib/) used to show byte-by-byte + differences, which meant that multi-byte characters can be chopped + in the middle. It learned to pay attention to character boundaries + (assuming the UTF-8 payload). + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code +clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.7.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.7.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fc95812cb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +Git v2.3.7 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.3.6 +------------------ + + * An earlier update to the parser that disects a URL broke an + address, followed by a colon, followed by an empty string (instead + of the port number), e.g. ssh://example.com:/path/to/repo. + + * The completion script (in contrib/) contaminated global namespace + and clobbered on a shell variable $x. + + * The "git push --signed" protocol extension did not limit what the + "nonce" that is a server-chosen string can contain or how long it + can be, which was unnecessarily lax. Limit both the length and the + alphabet to a reasonably small space that can still have enough + entropy. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code +clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.8.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0b67268a96 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Git v2.3.8 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.3.7 +------------------ + + * The usual "git diff" when seeing a file turning into a directory + showed a patchset to remove the file and create all files in the + directory, but "git diff --no-index" simply refused to work. Also, + when asked to compare a file and a directory, imitate POSIX "diff" + and compare the file with the file with the same name in the + directory, instead of refusing to run. + + * The default $HOME/.gitconfig file created upon "git config --global" + that edits it had incorrectly spelled user.name and user.email + entries in it. + + * "git commit --date=now" or anything that relies on approxidate lost + the daylight-saving-time offset. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code +clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.9.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.9.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1a2ad3235a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +Git v2.3.9 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.3.8 +------------------ + + * A handful of codepaths that used to use fixed-sized arrays to hold + pathnames have been corrected to use strbuf and other mechanisms to + allow longer pathnames without fearing overflows. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cde64be535 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,514 @@ +Git 2.4 Release Notes +===================== + +Backward compatibility warning(s) +--------------------------------- + +This release has a few changes in the user-visible output from +Porcelain commands. These are not meant to be parsed by scripts, but +users still may want to be aware of the changes: + + * The output from "git log --decorate" (and, more generally, the "%d" + format specifier used in the "--format=<string>" parameter to the + "git log" family of commands) has changed. It used to list "HEAD" + just like other branches; e.g., + + $ git log --decorate -1 master + commit bdb0f6788fa5e3cacc4315e9ff318a27b2676ff4 (HEAD, master) + ... + + This release changes the output slightly when HEAD refers to a + branch whose name is also shown in the output. The above is now + shown as: + + $ git log --decorate -1 master + commit bdb0f6788fa5e3cacc4315e9ff318a27b2676ff4 (HEAD -> master) + ... + + * The phrasing "git branch" uses to describe a detached HEAD has been + updated to agree with the phrasing used by "git status": + + - When HEAD is at the same commit as when it was originally + detached, they now both show "detached at <commit object name>". + + - When HEAD has moved since it was originally detached, they now + both show "detached from <commit object name>". + + Previously, "git branch" always used "from". + + +Updates since v2.3 +------------------ + +Ports + + * Our default I/O size (8 MiB) for large files was too large for some + platforms with smaller SSIZE_MAX, leading to read(2)/write(2) + failures. + + * We did not check the curl library version before using the + CURLOPT_PROXYAUTH feature, which did not exist in older versions of + the library. + + * We now detect number of CPUs on older BSD-derived systems. + + * Portability fixes and workarounds for shell scripts have been added + to help BSD-derived systems. + + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * The command usage info strings given by "git cmd -h" and in + documentation have been tweaked for consistency. + + * The "sync" subcommand of "git p4" now allows users to exclude + subdirectories like its "clone" subcommand does. + + * "git log --invert-grep --grep=WIP" will show only commits that do + not have the string "WIP" in their messages. + + * "git push" has been taught an "--atomic" option that makes a push + that updates more than one ref an "all-or-none" affair. + + * Extending the "push to deploy" feature that was added in 2.3, the + behaviour of "git push" when updating the branch that is checked + out can now be tweaked by a "push-to-checkout" hook. + + * HTTP-based transports now send Accept-Language when making + requests. The languages to accept are inferred from environment + variables on the client side (LANGUAGE, etc). + + * "git send-email" used to accept a mistaken "y" (or "yes") as an + answer to "What encoding do you want to use [UTF-8]?" without + questioning. Now it asks for confirmation when the answer looks too + short to be a valid encoding name. + + * When "git apply --whitespace=fix" fixed whitespace errors in the + common context lines, the command reports that it did so. + + * "git status" now allows the "-v" option to be given twice, in which + case it also shows the differences in the working tree that are not + staged to be committed. + + * "git cherry-pick" used to clean up the log message even when it is + merely replaying an existing commit. It now replays the message + verbatim unless you are editing the message of the resulting + commit. + + * "git archive" can now be told to set the 'text' attribute in the + resulting zip archive. + + * Output from "git log --decorate" now distinguishes between a + detached HEAD vs. a HEAD that points at a branch. + + This is a potentially backward-incompatible change; see above for + more information. + + * When HEAD was detached when at commit xyz and hasn't been moved + since it was detached, "git status" would report "detached at xyz" + whereas "git branch" would report "detached from xyz". Now the + output of "git branch" agrees with that of "git status". + + This is a potentially backward-incompatible change; see above for + more information. + + * "git -C '' subcmd" now works in the current directory (analogously + to "cd ''") rather than dying with an error message. + (merge 6a536e2 kn/git-cd-to-empty later to maint). + + * The versionsort.prereleaseSuffix configuration variable can be used + to specify that, for example, v1.0-pre1 comes before v1.0. + + * A new "push.followTags" configuration turns the "--follow-tags" + option on by default for the "git push" command. + + * "git log --graph --no-walk A B..." is a nonsensical combination of + options: "--no-walk" requests discrete points in the history, while + "--graph" asks to draw connections between these discrete points. + Forbid the use of these options together. + + * "git rev-list --bisect --first-parent" does not work (yet) and can + even cause SEGV; forbid it. "git log --bisect --first-parent" would + not be useful until "git bisect --first-parent" materializes, so + also forbid it for now. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * Slightly change the implementation of the N_() macro to help us + detect mistakes. + + * Restructure the implementation of "reflog expire" to fit better + with the recently updated reference API. + + * The transport-helper did not pass transport options such as + verbosity, progress, cloning, etc. to import and export based + helpers, like it did for fetch and push based helpers, robbing them + of the chance to honor the wish of the end-users better. + + * The tests that wanted to see that a file becomes unreadable after + running "chmod a-r file", and the tests that wanted to make sure + that they are not run as root, used "can we write into the / + directory?" as a cheap substitute. But on some platforms that is + not a good heuristic. The tests and their prerequisites have been + updated to check what they really require. + (merge f400e51 jk/sanity later to maint). + + * Various issues around "reflog expire", e.g. using --updateref when + expiring a reflog for a symbolic reference, have been corrected + and/or made saner. + + * The documentation for the strbuf API had been split between the API + documentation and the header file. Consolidate the documentation in + strbuf.h. + + * The error handling functions and conventions are now documented in + the API manual (in api-error-handling.txt). + + * Optimize gitattribute look-up, mostly useful in "git grep" on a + project that does not use many attributes, by avoiding it when we + (should) know that the attributes are not defined in the first + place. + + * Typofix in comments. + (merge ef2956a ak/git-pm-typofix later to maint). + + * Code clean-up. + (merge 0b868f0 sb/hex-object-name-is-at-most-41-bytes-long later to maint). + (merge 5d30851 dp/remove-duplicated-header-inclusion later to maint). + + * Simplify the ref transaction API for verifying that "the ref should + be pointing at this object". + + * Simplify the code in "git daemon" that parses out and holds + hostnames used in request interpolation. + + * Restructure the "git push" codepath to make it easier to add new + configuration bits. + + * The run-command interface made it easy to make a pipe for us to + read from a process, wait for the process to finish, and then + attempt to read its output. But this pattern can lead to deadlock. + So introduce a helper to do this correctly (i.e., first read, and + then wait the process to finish) and also add code to prevent such + abuse in the run-command helper. + + * People often forget to chain the commands in their test together + with &&, letting a failure from an earlier command in the test go + unnoticed. The new GIT_TEST_CHAIN_LINT mechanism allows you to + catch such a mistake more easily. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v2.3 +---------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v2.3 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' +notes for details). + + * "git blame HEAD -- missing" failed to correctly say "HEAD" when it + tried to say "No such path 'missing' in HEAD". + (merge a46442f jk/blame-commit-label later to maint). + + * "git rerere" (invoked internally from many mergy operations) did + not correctly signal errors when it attempted to update the working + tree files but failed for whatever reason. + (merge 89ea903 jn/rerere-fail-on-auto-update-failure later to maint). + + * Setting diff.submodule to 'log' made "git format-patch" produce + broken patches. + (merge 339de50 dk/format-patch-ignore-diff-submodule later to maint). + + * After attempting and failing a password-less authentication (e.g., + Kerberos), libcURL refuses to fall back to password-based Basic + authentication without a bit of help/encouragement. + (merge 4dbe664 bc/http-fallback-to-password-after-krb-fails later to maint). + + * The "git push" documentation for the "--repo=<there>" option was + easily misunderstood. + (merge 57b92a7 mg/push-repo-option-doc later to maint). + + * Code to read a branch name from various files in the .git/ + directory would have overrun array limits if asked to read an empty + file. + (merge 66ec904 jk/status-read-branch-name-fix later to maint). + + * Remove a superfluous conditional that is always true. + (merge 94ee8e2 jk/remote-curl-an-array-in-struct-cannot-be-null later to maint). + + * The "git diff --raw" documentation incorrectly implied that C(opy) + and R(ename) are the only statuses that can be followed by a score + number. + (merge ac1c2d9 jc/diff-format-doc later to maint). + + * A broken pack .idx file in the receiving repository prevented the + dumb http transport from fetching a good copy of it from the other + side. + (merge 8b9c2dd jk/dumb-http-idx-fetch-fix later to maint). + + * The error message from "git commit", when a non-existing author + name was given as value to the "--author=" parameter, has been + reworded to avoid misunderstanding. + (merge 1044b1f mg/commit-author-no-match-malformed-message later to maint). + + * "git log --help" used to show rev-list options that are irrelevant + to the "log" command. + (merge 3cab02d jc/doc-log-rev-list-options later to maint). + + * "git apply --whitespace=fix" used to under-allocate memory when the + fix resulted in a longer text than the original patch. + (merge 407a792 jc/apply-ws-fix-expands later to maint). + + * The interactive "show a list and let the user choose from it" + interface used by "git add -i" unnecessarily prompted the user even + when the candidate list was empty, against which the only "choice" + the user could have made was to choose nothing. + (merge a9c4641 ak/add-i-empty-candidates later to maint). + + * The todo list created by "git rebase -i" did not fully honor + core.abbrev settings. + (merge edb72d5 ks/rebase-i-abbrev later to maint). + + * "git fetch" over a remote-helper that cannot respond to the "list" + command could not fetch from a symbolic reference (e.g., HEAD). + (merge 33cae54 mh/deref-symref-over-helper-transport later to maint). + + * "git push --signed" gave an incorrectly worded error message when + the other side did not support the capability. + + * The "git push --signed" protocol extension did not limit what the + "nonce" (a server-chosen string) could contain nor how long it + could be, which was unnecessarily lax. Limit both the length and + the alphabet to a reasonably small space that can still have enough + entropy. + (merge afcb6ee jc/push-cert later to maint). + + * The completion script (in contrib/) clobbered the shell variable $x + in the global shell namespace. + (merge 852ff1c ma/bash-completion-leaking-x later to maint). + + * We incorrectly formatted a "uintmax_t" integer that doesn't fit in + "int". + (merge d306f3d jk/decimal-width-for-uintmax later to maint). + + * The configuration parser used to be confused when reading + configuration from a blob object that ends with a lone CR. + (merge 1d0655c jk/config-no-ungetc-eof later to maint). + + * The pack bitmap support did not build with older versions of GCC. + (merge bd4e882 jk/pack-bitmap later to maint). + + * The documentation wasn't clear that "remote.<nick>.pushURL" and + "remote.<nick>.URL" are there to name the same repository accessed + via different transports, not two separate repositories. + (merge 697f652 jc/remote-set-url-doc later to maint). + + * Older GnuPG implementations may not correctly import the keyring + material we prepare for the tests to use. + (merge 1f985d6 ch/new-gpg-drops-rfc-1991 later to maint). + + * The credential helper for Windows (in contrib/) used to mishandle + user names that contain an at-sign. + (merge 13d261e av/wincred-with-at-in-username-fix later to maint). + + * "diff-highlight" (in contrib/) used to show byte-by-byte + differences, which could cause multi-byte characters to be chopped + in the middle. It learned to pay attention to character boundaries + (assuming UTF-8). + (merge 8d00662 jk/colors later to maint). + + * Document longstanding configuration variable naming rules in + CodingGuidelines. + (merge 35840a3 jc/conf-var-doc later to maint). + + * An earlier workaround to squelch unhelpful deprecation warnings + from the compiler on OS X unnecessarily set a minimum required + version of the OS, which the user might want to raise (or lower) + for other reasons. + (merge 88c03eb es/squelch-openssl-warnings-on-macosx later to maint). + + * Certain older vintages of cURL give irregular output from + "curl-config --vernum", which confused our build system. + (merge 3af6792 tc/curl-vernum-output-broken-in-7.11 later to maint). + + * In v2.2.0, we broke "git prune" that runs in a repository that + borrows from an alternate object store. + (merge b0a4264 jk/prune-mtime later to maint). + + * "git submodule add" failed to squash "path/to/././submodule" to + "path/to/submodule". + (merge 8196e72 ps/submodule-sanitize-path-upon-add later to maint). + + * "git merge-file" did not work correctly when invoked in a + subdirectory. + (merge 204a8ff ab/merge-file-prefix later to maint). + + * "git blame" could die trying to free an uninitialized piece of + memory. + (merge e600592 es/blame-commit-info-fix later to maint). + + * "git fast-import" used to crash when it could not close and + finalize the resulting packfile cleanly. + (merge 5e915f3 jk/fast-import-die-nicely-fix later to maint). + + * "update-index --refresh" used to leak memory when an entry could + not be refreshed for whatever reason. + (merge bc1c2ca sb/plug-leak-in-make-cache-entry later to maint). + + * The "interpolated-path" option of "git daemon" inserted any string + the client declared on the "host=" capability request without + checking. Sanitize and limit %H and %CH to a saner and a valid DNS + name. + (merge b485373 jk/daemon-interpolate later to maint). + + * "git daemon" unnecessarily looked up the hostname even when "%CH" + and "%IP" interpolations were not requested. + (merge dc8edc8 rs/daemon-interpolate later to maint). + + * We relied on "--no-" prefix handling in Perl's Getopt::Long + package, even though that support didn't exist in Perl 5.8 (which + we still support). Manually add support to help people with older + Getopt::Long packages. + (merge f471494 km/send-email-getopt-long-workarounds later to maint). + + * "git apply" was not very careful about reading from, removing, + updating and creating paths outside the working tree (under + --index/--cached) or the current directory (when used as a + replacement for GNU patch). + (merge e0d201b jc/apply-beyond-symlink later to maint). + + * Correct a breakage in git-svn, introduced around the v2.2 era, that + can cause FileHandles to be closed prematurely. + (merge e426311 ew/svn-maint-fixes later to maint). + + * We did not parse usernames followed by literal IPv6 addresses + correctly in SSH transport URLs; e.g., + ssh://user@[2001:db8::1]:22/repo.git. + (merge 6b6c5f7 tb/connect-ipv6-parse-fix later to maint). + + * The configuration variable 'mailinfo.scissors' was hard to + discover in the documentation. + (merge afb5de7 mm/am-c-doc later to maint). + + * The interaction between "git submodule update" and the + submodule.*.update configuration was not clearly documented. + (merge 5c31acf ms/submodule-update-config-doc later to maint). + + * "git diff --shortstat" used together with "--dirstat=changes" or + "--dirstat=files" incorrectly output dirstat information twice. + (merge ab27389 mk/diff-shortstat-dirstat-fix later to maint). + + * The manpage for "git remote add" mentioned "--tags" and "--no-tags" + but did not explain what happens if neither option is provided. + (merge aaba0ab mg/doc-remote-tags-or-not later to maint). + + * The description of "--exclude-standard option" in the output of + "git grep -h" was phrased poorly. + (merge 77fdb8a nd/grep-exclude-standard-help-fix later to maint). + + * "git rebase -i" recently started to include the number of commits + in the todo list, but that output included extraneous whitespace on + a platform that prepends leading whitespaces to its "wc -l" output. + (merge 2185d3b es/rebase-i-count-todo later to maint). + + * The borrowed code in the kwset API did not follow our usual + convention to use "unsigned char" to store values that range from + 0-255. + (merge 189c860 bw/kwset-use-unsigned later to maint). + + * A corrupt input to "git diff -M" used to cause it to segfault. + (merge 4d6be03 jk/diffcore-rename-duplicate later to maint). + + * Certain builds of GPG triggered false breakages in a test. + (merge 3f88c1b mg/verify-commit later to maint). + + * "git imap-send" learned to optionally talk with an IMAP server via + libcURL. Because there is no other option when Git is built with + the NO_OPENSSL option, use libcURL by default in that case. + (merge dcd01ea km/imap-send-libcurl-options later to maint). + + * "git log --decorate" did not reset colors correctly around the + branch names. + (merge 5ee8758 jc/decorate-leaky-separator-color later to maint). + + * The code that reads from the ctags file in the completion script + (in contrib/) did not spell ${param/pattern/string} substitution + correctly, which happened to work with bash but not with zsh. + (merge db8d750 js/completion-ctags-pattern-substitution-fix later to maint). + + * The transfer.hiderefs support did not quite work for smart-http + transport. + (merge 8ddf3ca jk/smart-http-hide-refs later to maint). + + * In the "git tag -h" output, move the documentation for the + "--column" and "--sort" options to the "Tag listing options" + section. + (merge dd059c6 jk/tag-h-column-is-a-listing-option later to maint). + + * "git prune" used to largely ignore broken refs when deciding which + objects are still being used, which could cause reference + corruption to lead to object loss. + (merge ea56c4e jk/prune-with-corrupt-refs later to maint). + + * The split-index mode introduced in v2.3.0-rc0~41 was broken in the + codepath to protect us against a broken reimplementation of Git + that writes an invalid index with duplicated index entries, etc. + (merge 03f15a7 tg/fix-check-order-with-split-index later to maint). + + * "git fetch", when fetching a commit using the + allow-tip-sha1-in-want extension, could have failed to fetch all of + the requested refs. + (merge 32d0462 jk/fetch-pack later to maint). + + * An failure early in the "git clone" that started creating the + working tree and repository could have resulted in the failure to + clean up some directories and files. + (merge 16eff6c jk/cleanup-failed-clone later to maint). + + * Recommend format-patch and send-email for those who want to submit + patches to this project. + (merge b25c469 jc/submitting-patches-mention-send-email later to maint). + + * Do not spawn the pager when "git grep" is run with "--quiet". + (merge c2048f0 ws/grep-quiet-no-pager later to maint). + + * The prompt script (in contrib/) did not show the untracked sign + when working in a subdirectory without any untracked files. + (merge 9bdc517 ct/prompt-untracked-fix later to maint). + + * An earlier update to the URL parser broke an address that contains + a colon but an empty string for the port number, like + ssh://example.com:/path/to/repo. + (merge 6b6c5f7 tb/connect-ipv6-parse-fix later to maint). + + * Code cleanups and documentation updates. + (merge 2ce63e9 rs/simple-cleanups later to maint). + (merge 33baa69 rj/no-xopen-source-for-cygwin later to maint). + (merge 817d03e jc/diff-test-updates later to maint). + (merge eb32c66 ak/t5516-typofix later to maint). + (merge bcd57cb mr/doc-clean-f-f later to maint). + (merge 0d6accc mg/doc-status-color-slot later to maint). + (merge 53e53c7 sg/completion-remote later to maint). + (merge 8fa7975 ak/git-done-help-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 9a6f128 rs/deflate-init-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 6f75d45 rs/use-isxdigit later to maint). + (merge 376e4b3 jk/test-annoyances later to maint). + (merge 7032054 nd/doc-git-index-version later to maint). + (merge e869c5e tg/test-index-v4 later to maint). + (merge 599d223 jk/simplify-csum-file-sha1fd-check later to maint). + (merge 260d585 sg/completion-gitcomp-nl-for-refs later to maint). + (merge 777c55a jc/report-path-error-to-dir later to maint). + (merge fddfaf8 ph/push-doc-cas later to maint). + (merge d50d31e ss/pull-rebase-preserve later to maint). + (merge c8c3f1d pt/enter-repo-comment-fix later to maint). + (merge d7bfb9e jz/gitweb-conf-doc-fix later to maint). + (merge f907282 jk/cherry-pick-docfix later to maint). + (merge d3c0811 iu/fix-parse-options-h-comment later to maint). + (merge 6c3b2af jg/cguide-we-cannot-count later to maint). + (merge 2b8bd44 jk/pack-corruption-post-mortem later to maint). + (merge 9585cb8 jn/doc-fast-import-no-16-octopus-limit later to maint). + (merge 5dcd1b1 ps/grep-help-all-callback-arg later to maint). + (merge f1f4c84 va/fix-git-p4-tests later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a65a6c5829 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +Git v2.4.1 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.4 +---------------- + + * The usual "git diff" when seeing a file turning into a directory + showed a patchset to remove the file and create all files in the + directory, but "git diff --no-index" simply refused to work. Also, + when asked to compare a file and a directory, imitate POSIX "diff" + and compare the file with the file with the same name in the + directory, instead of refusing to run. + + * The default $HOME/.gitconfig file created upon "git config --global" + that edits it had incorrectly spelled user.name and user.email + entries in it. + + * "git commit --date=now" or anything that relies on approxidate lost + the daylight-saving-time offset. + + * "git cat-file bl $blob" failed to barf even though there is no + object type that is "bl". + + * Teach the codepaths that read .gitignore and .gitattributes files + that these files encoded in UTF-8 may have UTF-8 BOM marker at the + beginning; this makes it in line with what we do for configuration + files already. + + * Access to objects in repositories that borrow from another one on a + slow NFS server unnecessarily got more expensive due to recent code + becoming more cautious in a naive way not to lose objects to pruning. + + * We avoid setting core.worktree when the repository location is the + ".git" directory directly at the top level of the working tree, but + the code misdetected the case in which the working tree is at the + root level of the filesystem (which arguably is a silly thing to + do, but still valid). + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code +clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.10.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.10.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..702d8d4e22 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Git v2.4.10 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v2.4.9 +------------------ + + * xdiff code we use to generate diffs is not prepared to handle + extremely large files. It uses "int" in many places, which can + overflow if we have a very large number of lines or even bytes in + our input files, for example. Cap the input size to somewhere + around 1GB for now. + + * Some protocols (like git-remote-ext) can execute arbitrary code + found in the URL. The URLs that submodules use may come from + arbitrary sources (e.g., .gitmodules files in a remote + repository), and can hurt those who blindly enable recursive + fetch. Restrict the allowed protocols to well known and safe + ones. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.11.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.11.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..723360295c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +Git v2.4.11 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v2.4.10 +------------------- + + * Bugfix patches were backported from the 'master' front to plug heap + corruption holes, to catch integer overflow in the computation of + pathname lengths, and to get rid of the name_path API. Both of + these would have resulted in writing over an under-allocated buffer + when formulating pathnames while tree traversal. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..250cdc423c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +Git v2.4.2 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.4.1 +------------------ + + * "git rev-list --objects $old --not --all" to see if everything that + is reachable from $old is already connected to the existing refs + was very inefficient. + + * "hash-object --literally" introduced in v2.2 was not prepared to + take a really long object type name. + + * "git rebase --quiet" was not quite quiet when there is nothing to + do. + + * The completion for "log --decorate=" parameter value was incorrect. + + * "filter-branch" corrupted commit log message that ends with an + incomplete line on platforms with some "sed" implementations that + munge such a line. Work it around by avoiding to use "sed". + + * "git daemon" fails to build from the source under NO_IPV6 + configuration (regression in 2.4). + + * "git stash pop/apply" forgot to make sure that not just the working + tree is clean but also the index is clean. The latter is important + as a stash application can conflict and the index will be used for + conflict resolution. + + * We have prepended $GIT_EXEC_PATH and the path "git" is installed in + (typically "/usr/bin") to $PATH when invoking subprograms and hooks + for almost eternity, but the original use case the latter tried to + support was semi-bogus (i.e. install git to /opt/foo/git and run it + without having /opt/foo on $PATH), and more importantly it has + become less and less relevant as Git grew more mainstream (i.e. the + users would _want_ to have it on their $PATH). Stop prepending the + path in which "git" is installed to users' $PATH, as that would + interfere the command search order people depend on (e.g. they may + not like versions of programs that are unrelated to Git in /usr/bin + and want to override them by having different ones in /usr/local/bin + and have the latter directory earlier in their $PATH). + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code +clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..914d2c1860 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +Git v2.4.3 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.4.3 +------------------ + + * Error messages from "git branch" called remote-tracking branches as + "remote branches". + + * "git rerere forget" in a repository without rerere enabled gave a + cryptic error message; it should be a silent no-op instead. + + * "git pull --log" and "git pull --no-log" worked as expected, but + "git pull --log=20" did not. + + * The pull.ff configuration was supposed to override the merge.ff + configuration, but it didn't. + + * The code to read pack-bitmap wanted to allocate a few hundred + pointers to a structure, but by mistake allocated and leaked memory + enough to hold that many actual structures. Correct the allocation + size and also have it on stack, as it is small enough. + + * Various documentation mark-up fixes to make the output more + consistent in general and also make AsciiDoctor (an alternative + formatter) happier. + + * "git bundle verify" did not diagnose extra parameters on the + command line. + + * Multi-ref transaction support we merged a few releases ago + unnecessarily kept many file descriptors open, risking to fail with + resource exhaustion. + + * The ref API did not handle cases where 'refs/heads/xyzzy/frotz' is + removed at the same time as 'refs/heads/xyzzy' is added (or vice + versa) very well. + + * The "log --decorate" enhancement in Git 2.4 that shows the commit + at the tip of the current branch e.g. "HEAD -> master", did not + work with --decorate=full. + + * There was a commented-out (instead of being marked to expect + failure) test that documented a breakage that was fixed since the + test was written; turn it into a proper test. + + * core.excludesfile (defaulting to $XDG_HOME/git/ignore) is supposed + to be overridden by repository-specific .git/info/exclude file, but + the order was swapped from the beginning. This belatedly fixes it. + + * The connection initiation code for "ssh" transport tried to absorb + differences between the stock "ssh" and Putty-supplied "plink" and + its derivatives, but the logic to tell that we are using "plink" + variants were too loose and falsely triggered when "plink" appeared + anywhere in the path (e.g. "/home/me/bin/uplink/ssh"). + + * "git rebase -i" moved the "current" command from "todo" to "done" a + bit too prematurely, losing a step when a "pick" did not even start. + + * "git add -e" did not allow the user to abort the operation by + killing the editor. + + * Git 2.4 broke setting verbosity and progress levels on "git clone" + with native transports. + + * Some time ago, "git blame" (incorrectly) lost the convert_to_git() + call when synthesizing a fake "tip" commit that represents the + state in the working tree, which broke folks who record the history + with LF line ending to make their project portabile across + platforms while terminating lines in their working tree files with + CRLF for their platform. + + * Code clean-up for xdg configuration path support. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code +clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f1ccd001be --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Git v2.4.4 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.4.3 +------------------ + + * l10n updates for German. + + * An earlier leakfix to bitmap testing code was incomplete. + + * "git clean pathspec..." tried to lstat(2) and complain even for + paths outside the given pathspec. + + * Communication between the HTTP server and http_backend process can + lead to a dead-lock when relaying a large ref negotiation request. + Diagnose the situation better, and mitigate it by reading such a + request first into core (to a reasonable limit). + + * The clean/smudge interface did not work well when filtering an + empty contents (failed and then passed the empty input through). + It can be argued that a filter that produces anything but empty for + an empty input is nonsense, but if the user wants to do strange + things, then why not? + + * Make "git stash something --help" error out, so that users can + safely say "git stash drop --help". + + * Clarify that "log --raw" and "log --format=raw" are unrelated + concepts. + + * Catch a programmer mistake to feed a pointer not an array to + ARRAY_SIZE() macro, by using a couple of GCC extensions. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code +clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..568297ccb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Git v2.4.5 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.4.4 +------------------ + + * The setup code used to die when core.bare and core.worktree are set + inconsistently, even for commands that do not need working tree. + + * There was a dead code that used to handle "git pull --tags" and + show special-cased error message, which was made irrelevant when + the semantics of the option changed back in Git 1.9 days. + + * "color.diff.plain" was a misnomer; give it 'color.diff.context' as + a more logical synonym. + + * The configuration reader/writer uses mmap(2) interface to access + the files; when we find a directory, it barfed with "Out of memory?". + + * Recent "git prune" traverses young unreachable objects to safekeep + old objects in the reachability chain from them, which sometimes + showed unnecessary error messages that are alarming. + + * "git rebase -i" fired post-rewrite hook when it shouldn't (namely, + when it was told to stop sequencing with 'exec' insn). + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code +clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b53f353939 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +Git v2.4.6 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.4.5 +------------------ + + * "git fetch --depth=<depth>" and "git clone --depth=<depth>" issued + a shallow transfer request even to an upload-pack that does not + support the capability. + + * "git fsck" used to ignore missing or invalid objects recorded in reflog. + + * The tcsh completion writes a bash scriptlet but that would have + failed for users with noclobber set. + + * Recent Mac OS X updates breaks the logic to detect that the machine + is on the AC power in the sample pre-auto-gc script. + + * "git format-patch --ignore-if-upstream A..B" did not like to be fed + tags as boundary commits. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code +clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.7.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.7.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b3ac412b82 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +Git v2.4.7 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.4.6 +------------------ + + * A minor regression to "git fsck" in v2.2 era was fixed; it + complained about a body-less tag object when it lacked a + separator empty line after its header to separate it with a + non-existent body. + + * We used to ask libCURL to use the most secure authentication method + available when talking to an HTTP proxy only when we were told to + talk to one via configuration variables. We now ask libCURL to + always use the most secure authentication method, because the user + can tell libCURL to use an HTTP proxy via an environment variable + without using configuration variables. + + * When you say "!<ENTER>" while running say "git log", you'd confuse + yourself in the resulting shell, that may look as if you took + control back to the original shell you spawned "git log" from but + that isn't what is happening. To that new shell, we leaked + GIT_PAGER_IN_USE environment variable that was meant as a local + communication between the original "Git" and subprocesses that was + spawned by it after we launched the pager, which caused many + "interesting" things to happen, e.g. "git diff | cat" still paints + its output in color by default. + + Stop leaking that environment variable to the pager's half of the + fork; we only need it on "Git" side when we spawn the pager. + + * Avoid possible ssize_t to int truncation. + + * "git config" failed to update the configuration file when the + underlying filesystem is incapable of renaming a file that is still + open. + + * A minor bugfix when pack bitmap is used with "rev-list --count". + + * An ancient test framework enhancement to allow color was not + entirely correct; this makes it work even when tput needs to read + from the ~/.terminfo under the user's real HOME directory. + + * Fix a small bug in our use of umask() return value. + + * "git rebase" did not exit with failure when format-patch it invoked + failed for whatever reason. + + * Disable "have we lost a race with competing repack?" check while + receiving a huge object transfer that runs index-pack. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code +clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.8.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ad946b2673 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +Git v2.4.8 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.4.7 +------------------ + + * Abandoning an already applied change in "git rebase -i" with + "--continue" left CHERRY_PICK_HEAD and confused later steps. + + * Various fixes around "git am" that applies a patch to a history + that is not there yet. + + * "git for-each-ref" reported "missing object" for 0{40} when it + encounters a broken ref. The lack of object whose name is 0{40} is + not the problem; the ref being broken is. + + * "git commit --cleanup=scissors" was not careful enough to protect + against getting fooled by a line that looked like scissors. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code +clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.9.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.9.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..09af9ddbc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +Git v2.4.9 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.4.9 +------------------ + + * A handful of codepaths that used to use fixed-sized arrays to hold + pathnames have been corrected to use strbuf and other mechanisms to + allow longer pathnames without fearing overflows. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..87044504c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,563 @@ +Git 2.5 Release Notes +===================== + +Updates since v2.4 +------------------ + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * The bash completion script (in contrib/) learned a few options that + "git revert" takes. + + * Whitespace breakages in deleted and context lines can also be + painted in the output of "git diff" and friends with the new + --ws-error-highlight option. + + * List of commands shown by "git help" are grouped along the workflow + elements to help early learners. + + * "git p4" now detects the filetype (e.g. binary) correctly even when + the files are opened exclusively. + + * git p4 attempts to better handle branches in Perforce. + + * "git p4" learned "--changes-block-size <n>" to read the changes in + chunks from Perforce, instead of making one call to "p4 changes" + that may trigger "too many rows scanned" error from Perforce. + + * More workaround for Perforce's row number limit in "git p4". + + * Unlike "$EDITOR" and "$GIT_EDITOR" that can hold the path to the + command and initial options (e.g. "/path/to/emacs -nw"), 'git p4' + did not let the shell interpolate the contents of the environment + variable that name the editor "$P4EDITOR" (and "$EDITOR", too). + This release makes it in line with the rest of Git, as well as with + Perforce. + + * A new short-hand <branch>@{push} denotes the remote-tracking branch + that tracks the branch at the remote the <branch> would be pushed + to. + + * "git show-branch --topics HEAD" (with no other arguments) did not + do anything interesting. Instead, contrast the given revision + against all the local branches by default. + + * A replacement for contrib/workdir/git-new-workdir that does not + rely on symbolic links and make sharing of objects and refs safer + by making the borrowee and borrowers aware of each other. + + Consider this as still an experimental feature; its UI is still + likely to change. + + * Tweak the sample "store" backend of the credential helper to honor + XDG configuration file locations when specified. + + * A heuristic we use to catch mistyped paths on the command line + "git <cmd> <revs> <pathspec>" is to make sure that all the non-rev + parameters in the later part of the command line are names of the + files in the working tree, but that means "git grep $str -- \*.c" + must always be disambiguated with "--", because nobody sane will + create a file whose name literally is asterisk-dot-see. Loosen the + heuristic to declare that with a wildcard string the user likely + meant to give us a pathspec. + + * "git merge FETCH_HEAD" learned that the previous "git fetch" could + be to create an Octopus merge, i.e. recording multiple branches + that are not marked as "not-for-merge"; this allows us to lose an + old style invocation "git merge <msg> HEAD $commits..." in the + implementation of "git pull" script; the old style syntax can now + be deprecated (but not removed yet). + + * Filter scripts were run with SIGPIPE disabled on the Git side, + expecting that they may not read what Git feeds them to filter. + We however treated a filter that does not read its input fully + before exiting as an error. We no longer do and ignore EPIPE + when writing to feed the filter scripts. + + This changes semantics, but arguably in a good way. If a filter + can produce its output without fully consuming its input using + whatever magic, we now let it do so, instead of diagnosing it + as a programming error. + + * Instead of dying immediately upon failing to obtain a lock, the + locking (of refs etc) retries after a short while with backoff. + + * Introduce http.<url>.SSLCipherList configuration variable to tweak + the list of cipher suite to be used with libcURL when talking with + https:// sites. + + * "git subtree" script (in contrib/) used "echo -n" to produce + progress messages in a non-portable way. + + * "git subtree" script (in contrib/) does not have --squash option + when pushing, but the documentation and help text pretended as if + it did. + + * The Git subcommand completion (in contrib/) no longer lists credential + helpers among candidates; they are not something the end user would + invoke interactively. + + * The index file can be taught with "update-index --untracked-cache" + to optionally remember already seen untracked files, in order to + speed up "git status" in a working tree with tons of cruft. + + * "git mergetool" learned to drive WinMerge as a backend. + + * "git upload-pack" that serves "git fetch" can be told to serve + commits that are not at the tip of any ref, as long as they are + reachable from a ref, with uploadpack.allowReachableSHA1InWant + configuration variable. + + * "git cat-file --batch(-check)" learned the "--follow-symlinks" + option that follows an in-tree symbolic link when asked about an + object via extended SHA-1 syntax, e.g. HEAD:RelNotes that points at + Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.0.txt. With the new option, the command + behaves as if HEAD:Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.0.txt was given as + input instead. + + Consider this as still an experimental and incomplete feature: + + - We may want to do the same for in-index objects, e.g. + asking for :RelNotes with this option should give + :Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.0.txt, too + + - "git cat-file --follow-symlinks blob HEAD:RelNotes" + may also be something we want to allow in the future. + + * "git send-email" learned the alias file format used by the sendmail + program (in a simplified form; we obviously do not feed pipes). + + * Traditionally, external low-level 3-way merge drivers are expected + to produce their results based solely on the contents of the three + variants given in temporary files named by %O, %A and %B on their + command line. Additionally allow them to look at the final path + (given by %P). + + * "git blame" learned blame.showEmail configuration variable. + + * "git apply" cannot diagnose a patch corruption when the breakage is + to mark the length of the hunk shorter than it really is on the + hunk header line "@@ -l,k +m,n @@"; one special case it could is + when the hunk becomes no-op (e.g. k == n == 2 for two-line context + patch output), and it learned to do so in this special case. + + * Add the "--allow-unknown-type" option to "cat-file" to allow + inspecting loose objects of an experimental or a broken type. + + * Many long-running operations show progress eye-candy, even when + they are later backgrounded. Hide the eye-candy when the process + is sent to the background instead. + (merge a4fb76c lm/squelch-bg-progress later to maint). + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * "unsigned char [20]" used throughout the code to represent object + names are being converted into a semi-opaque "struct object_id". + This effort is expected to interfere with other topics in flight, + but hopefully will give us one extra level of abstraction in the + end, when completed. + + * for_each_ref() callback functions were taught to name the objects + not with "unsigned char sha1[20]" but with "struct object_id". + + * Catch a programmer mistake to feed a pointer not an array to + ARRAY_SIZE() macro, by using a couple of GCC extensions. + + * Some error messages in "git config" were emitted without calling + the usual error() facility. + + * When "add--interactive" splits a hunk into two overlapping hunks + and then let the user choose only one, it sometimes feeds an + incorrect patch text to "git apply". Add tests to demonstrate + this. + + I have a slight suspicion that this may be $gmane/87202 coming back + and biting us (I seem to have said "let's run with this and see + what happens" back then). + + * More line-ending tests. + + * An earlier rewrite to use strbuf_getwholeline() instead of fgets(3) + to read packed-refs file revealed that the former is unacceptably + inefficient. It has been optimized by using getdelim(3) when + available. + + * The refs API uses ref_lock struct which had its own "int fd", even + though the same file descriptor was in the lock struct it contains. + Clean-up the code to lose this redundant field. + + * There was a dead code that used to handle "git pull --tags" and + show special-cased error message, which was made irrelevant when + the semantics of the option changed back in Git 1.9 days. + (merge 19d122b pt/pull-tags-error-diag later to maint). + + * Help us to find broken test script that splits the body part of the + test by mistaken use of wrong kind of quotes. + (merge d93d5d5 jc/test-prereq-validate later to maint). + + * Developer support to automatically detect broken &&-chain in the + test scripts is now turned on by default. + (merge 92b269f jk/test-chain-lint later to maint). + + * Error reporting mechanism used in "refs" API has been made more + consistent. + + * "git pull" has more test coverage now. + + * "git pull" has become more aware of the options meant for + underlying "git fetch" and then learned to use parse-options + parser. + + * Clarify in the Makefile a guideline to decide use of USE_NSEC. + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v2.4 +---------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v2.4 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' +notes for details). + + * Git 2.4 broke setting verbosity and progress levels on "git clone" + with native transports. + (merge 822f0c4 mh/clone-verbosity-fix later to maint). + + * "git add -e" did not allow the user to abort the operation by + killing the editor. + (merge cb64800 jk/add-e-kill-editor later to maint). + + * Memory usage of "git index-pack" has been trimmed by tens of + per-cent. + (merge f0e7f11 nd/slim-index-pack-memory-usage later to maint). + + * "git rev-list --objects $old --not --all" to see if everything that + is reachable from $old is already connected to the existing refs + was very inefficient. + (merge b6e8a3b jk/still-interesting later to maint). + + * "hash-object --literally" introduced in v2.2 was not prepared to + take a really long object type name. + (merge 1427a7f jc/hash-object later to maint). + + * "git rebase --quiet" was not quite quiet when there is nothing to + do. + (merge 22946a9 jk/rebase-quiet-noop later to maint). + + * The completion for "log --decorate=" parameter value was incorrect. + (merge af16bda sg/complete-decorate-full-not-long later to maint). + + * "filter-branch" corrupted commit log message that ends with an + incomplete line on platforms with some "sed" implementations that + munge such a line. Work it around by avoiding to use "sed". + (merge df06201 jk/filter-branch-use-of-sed-on-incomplete-line later to maint). + + * "git daemon" fails to build from the source under NO_IPV6 + configuration (regression in 2.4). + (merge d358f77 jc/daemon-no-ipv6-for-2.4.1 later to maint). + + * Some time ago, "git blame" (incorrectly) lost the convert_to_git() + call when synthesizing a fake "tip" commit that represents the + state in the working tree, which broke folks who record the history + with LF line ending to make their project portable across platforms + while terminating lines in their working tree files with CRLF for + their platform. + (merge 4bf256d tb/blame-resurrect-convert-to-git later to maint). + + * We avoid setting core.worktree when the repository location is the + ".git" directory directly at the top level of the working tree, but + the code misdetected the case in which the working tree is at the + root level of the filesystem (which arguably is a silly thing to + do, but still valid). + (merge 84ccad8 jk/init-core-worktree-at-root later to maint). + + * "git commit --date=now" or anything that relies on approxidate lost + the daylight-saving-time offset. + (merge f6e6362 jc/epochtime-wo-tz later to maint). + + * Access to objects in repositories that borrow from another one on a + slow NFS server unnecessarily got more expensive due to recent code + becoming more cautious in a naive way not to lose objects to pruning. + (merge ee1c6c3 jk/prune-mtime later to maint). + + * The codepaths that read .gitignore and .gitattributes files have been + taught that these files encoded in UTF-8 may have UTF-8 BOM marker at + the beginning; this makes it in line with what we do for configuration + files already. + (merge 27547e5 cn/bom-in-gitignore later to maint). + + * a few helper scripts in the test suite did not report errors + correctly. + (merge de248e9 ep/fix-test-lib-functions-report later to maint). + + * The default $HOME/.gitconfig file created upon "git config --global" + that edits it had incorrectly spelled user.name and user.email + entries in it. + (merge 7e11052 oh/fix-config-default-user-name-section later to maint). + + * "git cat-file bl $blob" failed to barf even though there is no + object type that is "bl". + (merge b7994af jk/type-from-string-gently later to maint). + + * The usual "git diff" when seeing a file turning into a directory + showed a patchset to remove the file and create all files in the + directory, but "git diff --no-index" simply refused to work. Also, + when asked to compare a file and a directory, imitate POSIX "diff" + and compare the file with the file with the same name in the + directory, instead of refusing to run. + (merge 0615173 jc/diff-no-index-d-f later to maint). + + * "git rebase -i" moved the "current" command from "todo" to "done" a + bit too prematurely, losing a step when a "pick" did not even start. + (merge 8cbc57c ph/rebase-i-redo later to maint). + + * The connection initiation code for "ssh" transport tried to absorb + differences between the stock "ssh" and Putty-supplied "plink" and + its derivatives, but the logic to tell that we are using "plink" + variants were too loose and falsely triggered when "plink" appeared + anywhere in the path (e.g. "/home/me/bin/uplink/ssh"). + (merge baaf233 bc/connect-plink later to maint). + + * We have prepended $GIT_EXEC_PATH and the path "git" is installed in + (typically "/usr/bin") to $PATH when invoking subprograms and hooks + for almost eternity, but the original use case the latter tried to + support was semi-bogus (i.e. install git to /opt/foo/git and run it + without having /opt/foo on $PATH), and more importantly it has + become less and less relevant as Git grew more mainstream (i.e. the + users would _want_ to have it on their $PATH). Stop prepending the + path in which "git" is installed to users' $PATH, as that would + interfere the command search order people depend on (e.g. they may + not like versions of programs that are unrelated to Git in /usr/bin + and want to override them by having different ones in /usr/local/bin + and have the latter directory earlier in their $PATH). + (merge a0b4507 jk/git-no-more-argv0-path-munging later to maint). + + * core.excludesfile (defaulting to $XDG_HOME/git/ignore) is supposed + to be overridden by repository-specific .git/info/exclude file, but + the order was swapped from the beginning. This belatedly fixes it. + (merge 099d2d8 jc/gitignore-precedence later to maint). + + * There was a commented-out (instead of being marked to expect + failure) test that documented a breakage that was fixed since the + test was written; turn it into a proper test. + (merge 66d2e04 sb/t1020-cleanup later to maint). + + * The "log --decorate" enhancement in Git 2.4 that shows the commit + at the tip of the current branch e.g. "HEAD -> master", did not + work with --decorate=full. + (merge 429ad20 mg/log-decorate-HEAD later to maint). + + * The ref API did not handle cases where 'refs/heads/xyzzy/frotz' is + removed at the same time as 'refs/heads/xyzzy' is added (or vice + versa) very well. + (merge c628edf mh/ref-directory-file later to maint). + + * Multi-ref transaction support we merged a few releases ago + unnecessarily kept many file descriptors open, risking to fail with + resource exhaustion. This is for 2.4.x track. + (merge 185ce3a mh/write-refs-sooner-2.4 later to maint). + + * "git bundle verify" did not diagnose extra parameters on the + command line. + (merge 7886cfa ps/bundle-verify-arg later to maint). + + * Various documentation mark-up fixes to make the output more + consistent in general and also make AsciiDoctor (an alternative + formatter) happier. + (merge d0258b9 jk/asciidoc-markup-fix later to maint). + (merge ad3967a jk/stripspace-asciidoctor-fix later to maint). + (merge 975e382 ja/tutorial-asciidoctor-fix later to maint). + + * The code to read pack-bitmap wanted to allocate a few hundred + pointers to a structure, but by mistake allocated and leaked memory + enough to hold that many actual structures. Correct the allocation + size and also have it on stack, as it is small enough. + (merge 599dc76 rs/plug-leak-in-pack-bitmaps later to maint). + + * The pull.ff configuration was supposed to override the merge.ff + configuration, but it didn't. + (merge db9bb28 pt/pull-ff-vs-merge-ff later to maint). + + * "git pull --log" and "git pull --no-log" worked as expected, but + "git pull --log=20" did not. + (merge 5061a44 pt/pull-log-n later to maint). + + * "git rerere forget" in a repository without rerere enabled gave a + cryptic error message; it should be a silent no-op instead. + (merge 0544574 jk/rerere-forget-check-enabled later to maint). + + * "git rebase -i" fired post-rewrite hook when it shouldn't (namely, + when it was told to stop sequencing with 'exec' insn). + (merge 141ff8f mm/rebase-i-post-rewrite-exec later to maint). + + * Clarify that "log --raw" and "log --format=raw" are unrelated + concepts. + (merge 92de921 mm/log-format-raw-doc later to maint). + + * Make "git stash something --help" error out, so that users can + safely say "git stash drop --help". + (merge 5ba2831 jk/stash-options later to maint). + + * The clean/smudge interface did not work well when filtering an + empty contents (failed and then passed the empty input through). + It can be argued that a filter that produces anything but empty for + an empty input is nonsense, but if the user wants to do strange + things, then why not? + (merge f6a1e1e jh/filter-empty-contents later to maint). + + * Communication between the HTTP server and http_backend process can + lead to a dead-lock when relaying a large ref negotiation request. + Diagnose the situation better, and mitigate it by reading such a + request first into core (to a reasonable limit). + (merge 636614f jk/http-backend-deadlock later to maint). + + * "git clean pathspec..." tried to lstat(2) and complain even for + paths outside the given pathspec. + (merge 838d6a9 dt/clean-pathspec-filter-then-lstat later to maint). + + * Recent "git prune" traverses young unreachable objects to safekeep + old objects in the reachability chain from them, which sometimes + caused error messages that are unnecessarily alarming. + (merge ce4e7b2 jk/squelch-missing-link-warning-for-unreachable later to maint). + + * The configuration reader/writer uses mmap(2) interface to access + the files; when we find a directory, it barfed with "Out of memory?". + (merge 9ca0aaf jk/diagnose-config-mmap-failure later to maint). + + * "color.diff.plain" was a misnomer; give it 'color.diff.context' as + a more logical synonym. + (merge 8dbf3eb jk/color-diff-plain-is-context later to maint). + + * The setup code used to die when core.bare and core.worktree are set + inconsistently, even for commands that do not need working tree. + (merge fada767 jk/die-on-bogus-worktree-late later to maint). + + * Recent Mac OS X updates breaks the logic to detect that the machine + is on the AC power in the sample pre-auto-gc script. + (merge c54c7b3 pa/auto-gc-mac-osx later to maint). + + * "git commit --cleanup=scissors" was not careful enough to protect + against getting fooled by a line that looked like scissors. + (merge fbfa097 sg/commit-cleanup-scissors later to maint). + + * "Have we lost a race with competing repack?" check was too + expensive, especially while receiving a huge object transfer + that runs index-pack (e.g. "clone" or "fetch"). + (merge 0eeb077 jk/index-pack-reduce-recheck later to maint). + + * The tcsh completion writes a bash scriptlet but that would have + failed for users with noclobber set. + (merge 0b1f688 af/tcsh-completion-noclobber later to maint). + + * "git for-each-ref" reported "missing object" for 0{40} when it + encounters a broken ref. The lack of object whose name is 0{40} is + not the problem; the ref being broken is. + (merge 501cf47 mh/reporting-broken-refs-from-for-each-ref later to maint). + + * Various fixes around "git am" that applies a patch to a history + that is not there yet. + (merge 6ea3b67 pt/am-abort-fix later to maint). + + * "git fsck" used to ignore missing or invalid objects recorded in reflog. + (merge 19bf6c9 mh/fsck-reflog-entries later to maint). + + * "git format-patch --ignore-if-upstream A..B" did not like to be fed + tags as boundary commits. + (merge 9b7a61d jc/do-not-feed-tags-to-clear-commit-marks later to maint). + + * "git fetch --depth=<depth>" and "git clone --depth=<depth>" issued + a shallow transfer request even to an upload-pack that does not + support the capability. + (merge eb86a50 me/fetch-into-shallow-safety later to maint). + + * "git rebase" did not exit with failure when format-patch it invoked + failed for whatever reason. + (merge 60d708b cb/rebase-am-exit-code later to maint). + + * Fix a small bug in our use of umask() return value. + (merge 3096b2e jk/fix-refresh-utime later to maint). + + * An ancient test framework enhancement to allow color was not + entirely correct; this makes it work even when tput needs to read + from the ~/.terminfo under the user's real HOME directory. + (merge d5c1b7c rh/test-color-avoid-terminfo-in-original-home later to maint). + + * A minor bugfix when pack bitmap is used with "rev-list --count". + (merge c8a70d3 jk/rev-list-no-bitmap-while-pruning later to maint). + + * "git config" failed to update the configuration file when the + underlying filesystem is incapable of renaming a file that is still + open. + (merge 7a64592 kb/config-unmap-before-renaming later to maint). + + * Avoid possible ssize_t to int truncation. + (merge 6c8afe4 mh/strbuf-read-file-returns-ssize-t later to maint). + + * When you say "!<ENTER>" while running say "git log", you'd confuse + yourself in the resulting shell, that may look as if you took + control back to the original shell you spawned "git log" from but + that isn't what is happening. To that new shell, we leaked + GIT_PAGER_IN_USE environment variable that was meant as a local + communication between the original "Git" and subprocesses that was + spawned by it after we launched the pager, which caused many + "interesting" things to happen, e.g. "git diff | cat" still paints + its output in color by default. + + Stop leaking that environment variable to the pager's half of the + fork; we only need it on "Git" side when we spawn the pager. + (merge 124b519 jc/unexport-git-pager-in-use-in-pager later to maint). + + * Abandoning an already applied change in "git rebase -i" with + "--continue" left CHERRY_PICK_HEAD and confused later steps. + (merge 0e0aff4 js/rebase-i-clean-up-upon-continue-to-skip later to maint). + + * We used to ask libCURL to use the most secure authentication method + available when talking to an HTTP proxy only when we were told to + talk to one via configuration variables. We now ask libCURL to + always use the most secure authentication method, because the user + can tell libCURL to use an HTTP proxy via an environment variable + without using configuration variables. + (merge 5841520 et/http-proxyauth later to maint). + + * A fix to a minor regression to "git fsck" in v2.2 era that started + complaining about a body-less tag object when it lacks a separator + empty line after its header to separate it with a non-existent body. + (merge 84d18c0 jc/fsck-retire-require-eoh later to maint). + + * Code cleanups and documentation updates. + (merge 0269f96 mm/usage-log-l-can-take-regex later to maint). + (merge 64f2589 nd/t1509-chroot-test later to maint). + (merge d201a1e sb/test-bitmap-free-at-end later to maint). + (merge 05bfc7d sb/line-log-plug-pairdiff-leak later to maint). + (merge 846e5df pt/xdg-config-path later to maint). + (merge 1154aa4 jc/plug-fmt-merge-msg-leak later to maint). + (merge 319b678 jk/sha1-file-reduce-useless-warnings later to maint). + (merge 9a35c14 fg/document-commit-message-stripping later to maint). + (merge bbf431c ps/doc-packfile-vs-pack-file later to maint). + (merge 309a9e3 jk/skip-http-tests-under-no-curl later to maint). + (merge ccd593c dl/branch-error-message later to maint). + (merge 22570b6 rs/janitorial later to maint). + (merge 5c2a581 mc/commit-doc-grammofix later to maint). + (merge ce41720 ah/usage-strings later to maint). + (merge e6a268c sb/glossary-submodule later to maint). + (merge ec48a76 sb/submodule-doc-intro later to maint). + (merge 14f8b9b jk/clone-dissociate later to maint). + (merge 055c7e9 sb/pack-protocol-mention-smart-http later to maint). + (merge 7c37a5d jk/make-fix-dependencies later to maint). + (merge fc0aa39 sg/merge-summary-config later to maint). + (merge 329af6c pt/t0302-needs-sanity later to maint). + (merge d614f07 fk/doc-format-patch-vn later to maint). + (merge 72dbb36 sg/completion-commit-cleanup later to maint). + (merge e654eb2 es/utf8-stupid-compiler-workaround later to maint). + (merge 34b935c es/osx-header-pollutes-mask-macro later to maint). + (merge ab7fade jc/prompt-document-ps1-state-separator later to maint). + (merge 25f600e mm/describe-doc later to maint). + (merge 83fe167 mm/branch-doc-updates later to maint). + (merge 75d2e5a ls/hint-rev-list-count later to maint). + (merge edc8f71 cb/subtree-tests-update later to maint). + (merge 5330e6e sb/p5310-and-chain later to maint). + (merge c4ac525 tb/checkout-doc later to maint). + (merge e479c5f jk/pretty-encoding-doc later to maint). + (merge 7e837c6 ss/clone-guess-dir-name-simplify later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b70553308a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +Git v2.5.1 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.5 +---------------- + + * Running an aliased command from a subdirectory when the .git thing + in the working tree is a gitfile pointing elsewhere did not work. + + * Often a fast-import stream builds a new commit on top of the + previous commit it built, and it often unconditionally emits a + "from" command to specify the first parent, which can be omitted in + such a case. This caused fast-import to forget the tree of the + previous commit and then re-read it from scratch, which was + inefficient. Optimize for this common case. + + * The "rev-parse --parseopt" mode parsed the option specification + and the argument hint in a strange way to allow '=' and other + special characters in the option name while forbidding them from + the argument hint. This made it impossible to define an option + like "--pair <key>=<value>" with "pair=key=value" specification, + which instead would have defined a "--pair=key <value>" option. + + * A "rebase" replays changes of the local branch on top of something + else, as such they are placed in stage #3 and referred to as + "theirs", while the changes in the new base, typically a foreign + work, are placed in stage #2 and referred to as "ours". Clarify + the "checkout --ours/--theirs". + + * An experimental "untracked cache" feature used uname(2) in a + slightly unportable way. + + * "sparse checkout" misbehaved for a path that is excluded from the + checkout when switching between branches that differ at the path. + + * The low-level "git send-pack" did not honor 'user.signingkey' + configuration variable when sending a signed-push. + + * An attempt to delete a ref by pushing into a repository whose HEAD + symbolic reference points at an unborn branch that cannot be + created due to ref D/F conflict (e.g. refs/heads/a/b exists, HEAD + points at refs/heads/a) failed. + + * "git subtree" (in contrib/) depended on "git log" output to be + stable, which was a no-no. Apply a workaround to force a + particular date format. + + * "git clone $URL" in recent releases of Git contains a regression in + the code that invents a new repository name incorrectly based on + the $URL. This has been corrected. + (merge db2e220 jk/guess-repo-name-regression-fix later to maint). + + * Running tests with the "-x" option to make them verbose had some + unpleasant interactions with other features of the test suite. + (merge 9b5fe78 jk/test-with-x later to maint). + + * "git pull" in recent releases of Git has a regression in the code + that allows custom path to the --upload-pack=<program>. This has + been corrected. + + * pipe() emulation used in Git for Windows looked at a wrong variable + when checking for an error from an _open_osfhandle() call. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code +clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3f749398bb --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +Git v2.5.2 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.5.1 +------------------ + + * "git init empty && git -C empty log" said "bad default revision 'HEAD'", + which was found to be a bit confusing to new users. + + * The "interpret-trailers" helper mistook a multi-paragraph title of + a commit log message with a colon in it as the end of the trailer + block. + + * When re-priming the cache-tree opportunistically while committing + the in-core index as-is, we mistakenly invalidated the in-core + index too aggressively, causing the experimental split-index code + to unnecessarily rewrite the on-disk index file(s). + + * "git archive" did not use zip64 extension when creating an archive + with more than 64k entries, which nobody should need, right ;-)? + + * The code in "multiple-worktree" support that attempted to recover + from an inconsistent state updated an incorrect file. + + * "git rev-list" does not take "--notes" option, but did not complain + when one is given. + + * Because the configuration system does not allow "alias.0foo" and + "pager.0foo" as the configuration key, the user cannot use '0foo' + as a custom command name anyway, but "git 0foo" tried to look these + keys up and emitted useless warnings before saying '0foo is not a + git command'. These warning messages have been squelched. + + * We recently rewrote one of the build scripts in Perl, which made it + necessary to have Perl to build Git. Reduced Perl dependency by + rewriting it again using sed. + + * t1509 test that requires a dedicated VM environment had some + bitrot, which has been corrected. + + * strbuf_read() used to have one extra iteration (and an unnecessary + strbuf_grow() of 8kB), which was eliminated. + + * The codepath to produce error messages had a hard-coded limit to + the size of the message, primarily to avoid memory allocation while + calling die(). + + * When trying to see that an object does not exist, a state errno + leaked from our "first try to open a packfile with O_NOATIME and + then if it fails retry without it" logic on a system that refuses + O_NOATIME. This confused us and caused us to die, saying that the + packfile is unreadable, when we should have just reported that the + object does not exist in that packfile to the caller. + + * An off-by-one error made "git remote" to mishandle a remote with a + single letter nickname. + + * A handful of codepaths that used to use fixed-sized arrays to hold + pathnames have been corrected to use strbuf and other mechanisms to + allow longer pathnames without fearing overflows. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code +clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d1436857cb --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Git v2.5.3 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.5.2 +------------------ + + * The experimental untracked-cache feature were buggy when paths with + a few levels of subdirectories are involved. + + * Recent versions of scripted "git am" has a performance regression + in "git am --skip" codepath, which no longer exists in the + built-in version on the 'master' front. Fix the regression in + the last scripted version that appear in 2.5.x maintenance track + and older. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code +clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b8a2f93ee7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Git v2.5.4 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.5.4 +------------------ + + * xdiff code we use to generate diffs is not prepared to handle + extremely large files. It uses "int" in many places, which can + overflow if we have a very large number of lines or even bytes in + our input files, for example. Cap the input size to somewhere + around 1GB for now. + + * Some protocols (like git-remote-ext) can execute arbitrary code + found in the URL. The URLs that submodules use may come from + arbitrary sources (e.g., .gitmodules files in a remote + repository), and can hurt those who blindly enable recursive + fetch. Restrict the allowed protocols to well known and safe + ones. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..37eae9a2d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +Git v2.5.5 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.5.4 +------------------ + + * Bugfix patches were backported from the 'master' front to plug heap + corruption holes, to catch integer overflow in the computation of + pathname lengths, and to get rid of the name_path API. Both of + these would have resulted in writing over an under-allocated buffer + when formulating pathnames while tree traversal. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7288aaf716 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,370 @@ +Git 2.6 Release Notes +===================== + +Updates since v2.5 +------------------ + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * An asterisk as a substring (as opposed to the entirety) of a path + component for both side of a refspec, e.g. + "refs/heads/o*:refs/remotes/heads/i*", is now allowed. + + * New userdiff pattern definition for fountain screenwriting markup + format has been added. + + * "git log" and friends learned a new "--date=format:..." option to + format timestamps using system's strftime(3). + + * "git fast-import" learned to respond to the get-mark command via + its cat-blob-fd interface. + + * "git rebase -i" learned "drop commit-object-name subject" command + as another way to skip replaying of a commit. + + * A new configuration variable can enable "--follow" automatically + when "git log" is run with one pathspec argument. + + * "git status" learned to show a more detailed information regarding + the "rebase -i" session in progress. + + * "git cat-file" learned "--batch-all-objects" option to enumerate all + available objects in the repository more quickly than "rev-list + --all --objects" (the output includes unreachable objects, though). + + * "git fsck" learned to ignore errors on a set of known-to-be-bad + objects, and also allows the warning levels of various kinds of + non-critical breakages to be tweaked. + + * "git rebase -i"'s list of todo is made configurable. + + * "git send-email" now performs alias-expansion on names that are + given via --cccmd, etc. + + * An environment variable GIT_REPLACE_REF_BASE tells Git to look into + refs hierarchy other than refs/replace/ for the object replacement + data. + + * Allow untracked cache (experimental) to be used when sparse + checkout (experimental) is also in use. + + * "git pull --rebase" has been taught to pay attention to + rebase.autostash configuration. + + * The command-line completion script (in contrib/) has been updated. + + * A negative !ref entry in multi-value transfer.hideRefs + configuration can be used to say "don't hide this one". + + * After "git am" without "-3" stops, running "git am -3" pays attention + to "-3" only for the patch that caused the original invocation + to stop. + + * When linked worktree is used, simultaneous "notes merge" instances + for the same ref in refs/notes/* are prevented from stomping on + each other. + + * "git send-email" learned a new option --smtp-auth to limit the SMTP + AUTH mechanisms to be used to a subset of what the system library + supports. + + * A new configuration variable http.sslVersion can be used to specify + what specific version of SSL/TLS to use to make a connection. + + * "git notes merge" can be told with "--strategy=<how>" option how to + automatically handle conflicts; this can now be configured by + setting notes.mergeStrategy configuration variable. + + * "git log --cc" did not show any patch, even though most of the time + the user meant "git log --cc -p -m" to see patch output for commits + with a single parent, and combined diff for merge commits. The + command is taught to DWIM "--cc" (without "--raw" and other forms + of output specification) to "--cc -p -m". + + * "git config --list" output was hard to parse when values consist of + multiple lines. "--name-only" option is added to help this. + + * A handful of usability & cosmetic fixes to gitk and l10n updates. + + * A completely empty e-mail address <> is now allowed in the authors + file used by git-svn, to match the way it accepts the output from + authors-prog. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * In preparation for allowing different "backends" to store the refs + in a way different from the traditional "one ref per file in + $GIT_DIR or in a $GIT_DIR/packed-refs file" filesystem storage, + direct filesystem access to ref-like things like CHERRY_PICK_HEAD + from scripts and programs has been reduced. + + * Computation of untracked status indicator by bash prompt + script (in contrib/) has been optimized. + + * Memory use reduction when commit-slab facility is used to annotate + sparsely (which is not recommended in the first place). + + * Clean up refs API and make "git clone" less intimate with the + implementation detail. + + * "git pull" was reimplemented in C. + + * The packet tracing machinery allows to capture an incoming pack + data to a file for debugging. + + * Move machinery to parse human-readable scaled numbers like 1k, 4M, + and 2G as an option parameter's value from pack-objects to + parse-options API, to make it available to other codepaths. + + * "git verify-tag" and "git verify-commit" have been taught to share + more code, and then learned to optionally show the verification + message from the underlying GPG implementation. + + * Various enhancements around "git am" reading patches generated by + foreign SCM have been made. + + * Ref listing by "git branch -l" and "git tag -l" commands has + started to be rebuilt, based on the for-each-ref machinery. + + * The code to perform multi-tree merges has been taught to repopulate + the cache-tree upon a successful merge into the index, so that + subsequent "diff-index --cached" (hence "status") and "write-tree" + (hence "commit") will go faster. + + The same logic in "git checkout" may now be removed, but that is a + separate issue. + + * Tests that assume how reflogs are represented on the filesystem too + much have been corrected. + + * "git am" has been rewritten in "C". + + * git_path() and mkpath() are handy helper functions but it is easy + to misuse, as the callers need to be careful to keep the number of + active results below 4. Their uses have been reduced. + + * The "lockfile" API has been rebuilt on top of a new "tempfile" API. + + * To prepare for allowing a different "ref" backend to be plugged in + to the system, update_ref()/delete_ref() have been taught about + ref-like things like MERGE_HEAD that are per-worktree (they will + always be written to the filesystem inside $GIT_DIR). + + * The gitmodules API that is accessed from the C code learned to + cache stuff lazily. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v2.5 +---------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v2.5 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' +notes for details). + + * "git subtree" (in contrib/) depended on "git log" output to be + stable, which was a no-no. Apply a workaround to force a + particular date format. + (merge e7aac44 da/subtree-date-confusion later to maint). + + * An attempt to delete a ref by pushing into a repository whose HEAD + symbolic reference points at an unborn branch that cannot be + created due to ref D/F conflict (e.g. refs/heads/a/b exists, HEAD + points at refs/heads/a) failed. + (merge b112b14 jx/do-not-crash-receive-pack-wo-head later to maint). + + * The low-level "git send-pack" did not honor 'user.signingkey' + configuration variable when sending a signed-push. + (merge d830d39 db/send-pack-user-signingkey later to maint). + + * "sparse checkout" misbehaved for a path that is excluded from the + checkout when switching between branches that differ at the path. + (merge 7d78241 as/sparse-checkout-removal later to maint). + + * An experimental "untracked cache" feature used uname(2) in a + slightly unportable way. + (merge 100e433 cb/uname-in-untracked later to maint). + + * A "rebase" replays changes of the local branch on top of something + else, as such they are placed in stage #3 and referred to as + "theirs", while the changes in the new base, typically a foreign + work, are placed in stage #2 and referred to as "ours". Clarify + the "checkout --ours/--theirs". + (merge f303016 se/doc-checkout-ours-theirs later to maint). + + * The "rev-parse --parseopt" mode parsed the option specification + and the argument hint in a strange way to allow '=' and other + special characters in the option name while forbidding them from + the argument hint. This made it impossible to define an option + like "--pair <key>=<value>" with "pair=key=value" specification, + which instead would have defined a "--pair=key <value>" option. + (merge 2d893df ib/scripted-parse-opt-better-hint-string later to maint). + + * Often a fast-import stream builds a new commit on top of the + previous commit it built, and it often unconditionally emits a + "from" command to specify the first parent, which can be omitted in + such a case. This caused fast-import to forget the tree of the + previous commit and then re-read it from scratch, which was + inefficient. Optimize for this common case. + (merge 0df3245 mh/fast-import-optimize-current-from later to maint). + + * Running an aliased command from a subdirectory when the .git thing + in the working tree is a gitfile pointing elsewhere did not work. + (merge d95138e nd/export-worktree later to maint). + + * "Is this subdirectory a separate repository that should not be + touched?" check "git clean" was inefficient. This was replaced + with a more optimized check. + (merge fbf2fec ee/clean-remove-dirs later to maint). + + * The "new-worktree-mode" hack in "checkout" that was added in + nd/multiple-work-trees topic has been removed by updating the + implementation of new "worktree add". + (merge 65f9b75 es/worktree-add-cleanup later to maint). + + * Remove remaining cruft from "git checkout --to", which + transitioned to "git worktree add". + (merge 114ff88 es/worktree-add later to maint). + + * An off-by-one error made "git remote" to mishandle a remote with a + single letter nickname. + (merge bc598c3 mh/get-remote-group-fix later to maint). + + * "git clone $URL", when cloning from a site whose sole purpose is to + host a single repository (hence, no path after <scheme>://<site>/), + tried to use the site name as the new repository name, but did not + remove username or password when <site> part was of the form + <user>@<pass>:<host>. The code is taught to redact these. + (merge adef956 ps/guess-repo-name-at-root later to maint). + + * Running tests with the "-x" option to make them verbose had some + unpleasant interactions with other features of the test suite. + (merge 9b5fe78 jk/test-with-x later to maint). + + * t1509 test that requires a dedicated VM environment had some + bitrot, which has been corrected. + (merge faacc5a ps/t1509-chroot-test-fixup later to maint). + + * "git pull" in recent releases of Git has a regression in the code + that allows custom path to the --upload-pack=<program>. This has + been corrected. + + Note that this is irrelevant for 'master' with "git pull" rewritten + in C. + (merge 13e0e28 mm/pull-upload-pack later to maint). + + * When trying to see that an object does not exist, a state errno + leaked from our "first try to open a packfile with O_NOATIME and + then if it fails retry without it" logic on a system that refuses + O_NOATIME. This confused us and caused us to die, saying that the + packfile is unreadable, when we should have just reported that the + object does not exist in that packfile to the caller. + (merge dff6f28 cb/open-noatime-clear-errno later to maint). + + * The codepath to produce error messages had a hard-coded limit to + the size of the message, primarily to avoid memory allocation while + calling die(). + (merge f4c3edc jk/long-error-messages later to maint). + + * strbuf_read() used to have one extra iteration (and an unnecessary + strbuf_grow() of 8kB), which was eliminated. + (merge 3ebbd00 jh/strbuf-read-use-read-in-full later to maint). + + * We rewrote one of the build scripts in Perl but this reimplements + in Bourne shell. + (merge 57cee8a sg/help-group later to maint). + + * The experimental untracked-cache feature were buggy when paths with + a few levels of subdirectories are involved. + (merge 73f9145 dt/untracked-subdir later to maint). + + * "interpret-trailers" helper mistook a single-liner log message that + has a colon as the end of existing trailer. + + * The "interpret-trailers" helper mistook a multi-paragraph title of + a commit log message with a colon in it as the end of the trailer + block. + (merge 5c99995 cc/trailers-corner-case-fix later to maint). + + * "git describe" without argument defaulted to describe the HEAD + commit, but "git describe --contains" didn't. Arguably, in a + repository used for active development, such defaulting would not + be very useful as the tip of branch is typically not tagged, but it + is better to be consistent. + (merge 2bd0706 sg/describe-contains later to maint). + + * The client side codepaths in "git push" have been cleaned up + and the user can request to perform an optional "signed push", + i.e. sign only when the other end accepts signed push. + (merge 68c757f db/push-sign-if-asked later to maint). + + * Because the configuration system does not allow "alias.0foo" and + "pager.0foo" as the configuration key, the user cannot use '0foo' + as a custom command name anyway, but "git 0foo" tried to look these + keys up and emitted useless warnings before saying '0foo is not a + git command'. These warning messages have been squelched. + (merge 9e9de18 jk/fix-alias-pager-config-key-warnings later to maint). + + * "git rev-list" does not take "--notes" option, but did not complain + when one is given. + (merge 2aea7a5 jk/rev-list-has-no-notes later to maint). + + * When re-priming the cache-tree opportunistically while committing + the in-core index as-is, we mistakenly invalidated the in-core + index too aggressively, causing the experimental split-index code + to unnecessarily rewrite the on-disk index file(s). + (merge 475a344 dt/commit-preserve-base-index-upon-opportunistic-cache-tree-update later to maint). + + * "git archive" did not use zip64 extension when creating an archive + with more than 64k entries, which nobody should need, right ;-)? + (merge 88329ca rs/archive-zip-many later to maint). + + * The code in "multiple-worktree" support that attempted to recover + from an inconsistent state updated an incorrect file. + (merge 82fde87 nd/fixup-linked-gitdir later to maint). + + * On case insensitive systems, "git p4" did not work well with client + specs. + + * "git init empty && git -C empty log" said "bad default revision 'HEAD'", + which was found to be a bit confusing to new users. + (merge ce11360 jk/log-missing-default-HEAD later to maint). + + * Recent versions of scripted "git am" has a performance regression in + "git am --skip" codepath, which no longer exists in the built-in + version on the 'master' front. Fix the regression in the last + scripted version that appear in 2.5.x maintenance track and older. + (merge b9d6689 js/maint-am-skip-performance-regression later to maint). + + * The branch descriptions that are set with "git branch --edit-description" + option were used in many places but they weren't clearly documented. + (merge 561d2b7 po/doc-branch-desc later to maint). + + * Code cleanups and documentation updates. + (merge 1c601af es/doc-clean-outdated-tools later to maint). + (merge 3581304 kn/tag-doc-fix later to maint). + (merge 3a59e59 kb/i18n-doc later to maint). + (merge 45abdee sb/remove-unused-var-from-builtin-add later to maint). + (merge 14691e3 sb/parse-options-codeformat later to maint). + (merge 4a6ada3 ad/bisect-cleanup later to maint). + (merge da4c5ad ta/docfix-index-format-tech later to maint). + (merge ae25fd3 sb/check-return-from-read-ref later to maint). + (merge b3325df nd/dwim-wildcards-as-pathspecs later to maint). + (merge 7aa9b9b sg/wt-status-header-inclusion later to maint). + (merge f04c690 as/docfix-reflog-expire-unreachable later to maint). + (merge 1269847 sg/t3020-typofix later to maint). + (merge 8b54c23 jc/calloc-pathspec later to maint). + (merge a6926b8 po/po-readme later to maint). + (merge 54d160e ss/fix-config-fd-leak later to maint). + (merge b80fa84 ah/submodule-typofix-in-error later to maint). + (merge 99885bc ah/reflog-typofix-in-error later to maint). + (merge 9476c2c ah/read-tree-usage-string later to maint). + (merge b8c1d27 ah/pack-objects-usage-strings later to maint). + (merge 486e1e1 br/svn-doc-include-paths-config later to maint). + (merge 1733ed3 ee/clean-test-fixes later to maint). + (merge 5fcadc3 gb/apply-comment-typofix later to maint). + (merge b894d3e mp/t7060-diff-index-test later to maint). + (merge d238710 as/config-doc-markup-fix later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f37ea89cda --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Git v2.6.1 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.6 +---------------- + + * xdiff code we use to generate diffs is not prepared to handle + extremely large files. It uses "int" in many places, which can + overflow if we have a very large number of lines or even bytes in + our input files, for example. Cap the input size to somewhere + around 1GB for now. + + * Some protocols (like git-remote-ext) can execute arbitrary code + found in the URL. The URLs that submodules use may come from + arbitrary sources (e.g., .gitmodules files in a remote + repository), and can hurt those who blindly enable recursive + fetch. Restrict the allowed protocols to well known and safe + ones. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5b65e35245 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +Git v2.6.2 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.6.1 +------------------ + + * There were some classes of errors that "git fsck" diagnosed to its + standard error that did not cause it to exit with non-zero status. + + * A test script for the HTTP service had a timing dependent bug, + which was fixed. + + * Performance-measurement tests did not work without an installed Git. + + * On a case insensitive filesystems, setting GIT_WORK_TREE variable + using a random cases that does not agree with what the filesystem + thinks confused Git that it wasn't inside the working tree. + + * When "git am" was rewritten as a built-in, it stopped paying + attention to user.signingkey, which was fixed. + + * After "git checkout --detach", "git status" reported a fairly + useless "HEAD detached at HEAD", instead of saying at which exact + commit. + + * "git rebase -i" had a minor regression recently, which stopped + considering a line that begins with an indented '#' in its insn + sheet not a comment, which is now fixed. + + * Description of the "log.follow" configuration variable in "git log" + documentation is now also copied to "git config" documentation. + + * Allocation related functions and stdio are unsafe things to call + inside a signal handler, and indeed killing the pager can cause + glibc to deadlock waiting on allocation mutex as our signal handler + tries to free() some data structures in wait_for_pager(). Reduce + these unsafe calls. + + * The way how --ref/--notes to specify the notes tree reference are + DWIMmed was not clearly documented. + + * Customization to change the behaviour with "make -w" and "make -s" + in our Makefile was broken when they were used together. + + * The Makefile always runs the library archiver with hardcoded "crs" + options, which was inconvenient for exotic platforms on which + people want to use programs with totally different set of command + line options. + + * The ssh transport, just like any other transport over the network, + did not clear GIT_* environment variables, but it is possible to + use SendEnv and AcceptEnv to leak them to the remote invocation of + Git, which is not a good idea at all. Explicitly clear them just + like we do for the local transport. + + * "git blame --first-parent v1.0..v2.0" was not rejected but did not + limit the blame to commits on the first parent chain. + + * Very small number of options take a parameter that is optional + (which is not a great UI element as they can only appear at the end + of the command line). Add notice to documentation of each and + every one of them. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code +clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fc6fe1711f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +Git v2.6.3 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.6.2 +------------------ + + * The error message from "git blame --contents --reverse" incorrectly + talked about "--contents --children". + + * "git merge-file" tried to signal how many conflicts it found, which + obviously would not work well when there are too many of them. + + * The name-hash subsystem that is used to cope with case insensitive + filesystems keeps track of directories and their on-filesystem + cases for all the paths in the index by holding a pointer to a + randomly chosen cache entry that is inside the directory (for its + ce->ce_name component). This pointer was not updated even when the + cache entry was removed from the index, leading to use after free. + This was fixed by recording the path for each directory instead of + borrowing cache entries and restructuring the API somewhat. + + * When the "git am" command was reimplemented in C, "git am -3" had a + small regression where it is aborted in its error handling codepath + when underlying merge-recursive failed in some ways. + + * The synopsis text and the usage string of subcommands that read + list of things from the standard input are often shown as if they + only take input from a file on a filesystem, which was misleading. + + * A couple of commands still showed "[options]" in their usage string + to note where options should come on their command line, but we + spell that "[<options>]" in most places these days. + + * The submodule code has been taught to work better with separate + work trees created via "git worktree add". + + * When "git gc --auto" is backgrounded, its diagnosis message is + lost. It now is saved to a file in $GIT_DIR and is shown next time + the "gc --auto" is run. + + * Work around "git p4" failing when the P4 depot records the contents + in UTF-16 without UTF-16 BOM. + + * Recent update to "rebase -i" that tries to sanity check the edited + insn sheet before it uses it has become too picky on Windows where + CRLF left by the editor is turned into a trailing CR on the line + read via the "read" built-in command. + + * "git clone --dissociate" runs a big "git repack" process at the + end, and it helps to close file descriptors that are open on the + packs and their idx files before doing so on filesystems that + cannot remove a file that is still open. + + * Correct "git p4 --detect-labels" so that it does not fail to create + a tag that points at a commit that is also being imported. + + * The internal stripspace() function has been moved to where it + logically belongs to, i.e. strbuf API, and the command line parser + of "git stripspace" has been updated to use the parse_options API. + + * Prepare for Git on-disk repository representation to undergo + backward incompatible changes by introducing a new repository + format version "1", with an extension mechanism. + + * "git gc" used to barf when a symbolic ref has gone dangling + (e.g. the branch that used to be your upstream's default when you + cloned from it is now gone, and you did "fetch --prune"). + + * The normalize_ceiling_entry() function does not muck with the end + of the path it accepts, and the real world callers do rely on that, + but a test insisted that the function drops a trailing slash. + + * "git gc" is safe to run anytime only because it has the built-in + grace period to protect young objects. In order to run with no + grace period, the user must make sure that the repository is + quiescent. + + * A recent "filter-branch --msg-filter" broke skipping of the commit + object header, which is fixed. + + * "git --literal-pathspecs add -u/-A" without any command line + argument misbehaved ever since Git 2.0. + + * Merging a branch that removes a path and another that changes the + mode bits on the same path should have conflicted at the path, but + it didn't and silently favoured the removal. + + * "git imap-send" did not compile well with older version of cURL library. + + * The linkage order of libraries was wrong in places around libcurl. + + * It was not possible to use a repository-lookalike created by "git + worktree add" as a local source of "git clone". + + * When "git send-email" wanted to talk over Net::SMTP::SSL, + Net::Cmd::datasend() did not like to be fed too many bytes at the + same time and failed to send messages. Send the payload one line + at a time to work around the problem. + + * We peek objects from submodule's object store by linking it to the + list of alternate object databases, but the code to do so forgot to + correctly initialize the list. + + * "git status --branch --short" accessed beyond the constant string + "HEAD", which has been corrected. + + * "git daemon" uses "run_command()" without "finish_command()", so it + needs to release resources itself, which it forgot to do. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code +clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b0256a2dc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +Git v2.6.4 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.6.3 +------------------ + + * The "configure" script did not test for -lpthread correctly, which + upset some linkers. + + * Add support for talking http/https over socks proxy. + + * Portability fix for Windows, which may rewrite $SHELL variable using + non-POSIX paths. + + * We now consistently allow all hooks to ignore their standard input, + rather than having git complain of SIGPIPE. + + * Fix shell quoting in contrib script. + + * Test portability fix for a topic in v2.6.1. + + * Allow tilde-expansion in some http config variables. + + * Give a useful special case "diff/show --word-diff-regex=." as an + example in the documentation. + + * Fix for a corner case in filter-branch. + + * Make git-p4 work on a detached head. + + * Documentation clarification for "check-ignore" without "--verbose". + + * Just like the working tree is cleaned up when the user cancelled + submission in P4Submit.applyCommit(), clean up the mess if "p4 + submit" fails. + + * Having a leftover .idx file without corresponding .pack file in + the repository hurts performance; "git gc" learned to prune them. + + * The code to prepare the working tree side of temporary directory + for the "dir-diff" feature forgot that symbolic links need not be + copied (or symlinked) to the temporary area, as the code already + special cases and overwrites them. Besides, it was wrong to try + computing the object name of the target of symbolic link, which may + not even exist or may be a directory. + + * There was no way to defeat a configured rebase.autostash variable + from the command line, as "git rebase --no-autostash" was missing. + + * Allow "git interpret-trailers" to run outside of a Git repository. + + * Produce correct "dirty" marker for shell prompts, even when we + are on an orphan or an unborn branch. + + * Some corner cases have been fixed in string-matching done in "git + status". + + * Apple's common crypto implementation of SHA1_Update() does not take + more than 4GB at a time, and we now have a compile-time workaround + for it. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code +clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f0924b62e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +Git v2.6.5 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.6.4 +------------------ + + * Because "test_when_finished" in our test framework queues the + clean-up tasks to be done in a shell variable, it should not be + used inside a subshell. Add a mechanism to allow 'bash' to catch + such uses, and fix the ones that were found. + + * Update "git subtree" (in contrib/) so that it can take whitespaces + in the pathnames, not only in the in-tree pathname but the name of + the directory that the repository is in. + + * Cosmetic improvement to lock-file error messages. + + * mark_tree_uninteresting() has code to handle the case where it gets + passed a NULL pointer in its 'tree' parameter, but the function had + 'object = &tree->object' assignment before checking if tree is + NULL. This gives a compiler an excuse to declare that tree will + never be NULL and apply a wrong optimization. Avoid it. + + * The helper used to iterate over loose object directories to prune + stale objects did not closedir() immediately when it is done with a + directory--a callback such as the one used for "git prune" may want + to do rmdir(), but it would fail on open directory on platforms + such as WinXP. + + * "git p4" used to import Perforce CLs that touch only paths outside + the client spec as empty commits. It has been corrected to ignore + them instead, with a new configuration git-p4.keepEmptyCommits as a + backward compatibility knob. + + * The exit code of git-fsck did not reflect some types of errors + found in packed objects, which has been corrected. + + * The completion script (in contrib/) used to list "git column" + (which is not an end-user facing command) as one of the choices + + * Improve error reporting when SMTP TLS fails. + + * When getpwuid() on the system returned NULL (e.g. the user is not + in the /etc/passwd file or other uid-to-name mappings), the + codepath to find who the user is to record it in the reflog barfed + and died. Loosen the check in this codepath, which already accepts + questionable ident string (e.g. host part of the e-mail address is + obviously bogus), and in general when we operate fmt_ident() function + in non-strict mode. + + * "git symbolic-ref" forgot to report a failure with its exit status. + + * History traversal with "git log --source" that starts with an + annotated tag failed to report the tag as "source", due to an + old regression in the command line parser back in v2.2 days. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code +clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..023ad85ec6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.6.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +Git v2.6.6 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.6.5 +------------------ + + * Bugfix patches were backported from the 'master' front to plug heap + corruption holes, to catch integer overflow in the computation of + pathname lengths, and to get rid of the name_path API. Both of + these would have resulted in writing over an under-allocated buffer + when formulating pathnames while tree traversal. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..563dadc57e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,414 @@ +Git 2.7 Release Notes +===================== + +Updates since v2.6 +------------------ + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * The appearance of "gitk", particularly on high DPI monitors, have + been improved. "gitk" also comes with an undated translation for + Swedish and Japanese. + + * "git remote" learned "get-url" subcommand to show the URL for a + given remote name used for fetching and pushing. + + * There was no way to defeat a configured rebase.autostash variable + from the command line, as "git rebase --no-autostash" was missing. + + * "git log --date=local" used to only show the normal (default) + format in the local timezone. The command learned to take 'local' + as an instruction to use the local timezone with other formats, + + * The refs used during a "git bisect" session is now per-worktree so + that independent bisect sessions can be done in different worktrees + created with "git worktree add". + + * Users who are too busy to type three extra keystrokes to ask for + "git stash show -p" can now set stash.showPatch configuration + variable to true to always see the actual patch, not just the list + of paths affected with feel for the extent of damage via diffstat. + + * "quiltimport" allows to specify the series file by honoring the + $QUILT_SERIES environment and also --series command line option. + + * The use of 'good/bad' in "git bisect" made it confusing to use when + hunting for a state change that is not a regression (e.g. bugfix). + The command learned 'old/new' and then allows the end user to + say e.g. "bisect start --term-old=fast --term-new=slow" to find a + performance regression. + + * "git interpret-trailers" can now run outside of a Git repository. + + * "git p4" learned to reencode the pathname it uses to communicate + with the p4 depot with a new option. + + * Give progress meter to "git filter-branch". + + * Allow a later "!/abc/def" to override an earlier "/abc" that + appears in the same .gitignore file to make it easier to express + "everything in /abc directory is ignored, except for ...". + + * Teach "git p4" to send large blobs outside the repository by + talking to Git LFS. + + * Prepare for Git on-disk repository representation to undergo + backward incompatible changes by introducing a new repository + format version "1", with an extension mechanism. + + * "git worktree" learned a "list" subcommand. + + * "git clone --dissociate" learned that it can be used even when + "--reference" was not used at the same time. + + * "git blame" learnt to take "--first-parent" and "--reverse" at the + same time when it makes sense. + + * "git checkout" did not follow the usual "--[no-]progress" + convention and implemented only "--quiet" that is essentially + a superset of "--no-progress". Extend the command to support the + usual "--[no-]progress". + + * The semantics of transfer.hideRefs configuration variable have been + extended to work better with the ref "namespace" feature that lets + you throw unrelated bunches of repositories in a single physical + repository and virtually serve them as separate ones. + + * send-email config variables whose values are pathnames now go + through the ~username/ expansion. + + * bash completion learnt to TAB-complete recipient addresses given + to send-email. + + * The credential-cache daemon can be told to ignore SIGHUP to work + around issue when running Git from inside emacs. + + * "git push" learned new configuration for doing "--recurse-submodules" + on each push. + + * "format-patch" has learned a new option to zero-out the commit + object name on the mbox "From " line. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * The infrastructure to rewrite "git submodule" in C is being built + incrementally. Let's polish these early parts well enough and make + them graduate to 'next' and 'master', so that the more involved + follow-up can start cooking on a solid ground. + + * Some features from "git tag -l" and "git branch -l" have been made + available to "git for-each-ref" so that eventually the unified + implementation can be shared across all three. The version merged + to the 'master' branch earlier had a performance regression in "tag + --contains", which has since been corrected. + + * Because "test_when_finished" in our test framework queues the + clean-up tasks to be done in a shell variable, it should not be + used inside a subshell. Add a mechanism to allow 'bash' to catch + such uses, and fix the ones that were found. + + * The debugging infrastructure for pkt-line based communication has + been improved to mark the side-band communication specifically. + + * Update "git branch" that list existing branches, using the + ref-filter API that is shared with "git tag" and "git + for-each-ref". + + * The test for various line-ending conversions has been enhanced. + + * A few test scripts around "git p4" have been improved for + portability. + + * Many allocations that is manually counted (correctly) that are + followed by strcpy/sprintf have been replaced with a less error + prone constructs such as xstrfmt. + + * The internal stripspace() function has been moved to where it + logically belongs to, i.e. strbuf API, and the command line parser + of "git stripspace" has been updated to use the parse_options API. + + * "git am" used to spawn "git mailinfo" via run_command() API once + per each patch, but learned to make a direct call to mailinfo() + instead. + + * The implementation of "git mailinfo" was refactored so that a + mailinfo() function can be directly called from inside a process. + + * With a "debug" helper, debugging of a single "git" invocation in + our test scripts has become a lot easier. + + * The "configure" script did not test for -lpthread correctly, which + upset some linkers. + + * Cross completed task off of subtree project's todo list. + + * Test cleanups for the subtree project. + + * Clean up style in an ancient test t9300. + + * Work around some test flakiness with p4d. + + * Fsck did not correctly detect a NUL-truncated header in a tag. + + * Use a safer behavior when we hit errors verifying remote certificates. + + * Speed up filter-branch for cases where we only care about rewriting + commits, not tree data. + + * The parse-options API has been updated to make "-h" command line + option work more consistently in all commands. + + * "git svn rebase/mkdirs" got optimized by keeping track of empty + directories better. + + * Fix some racy client/server tests by treating SIGPIPE the same as a + normal non-zero exit. + + * The necessary infrastructure to build topics using the free Travis + CI has been added. Developers forking from this topic (and enabling + Travis) can do their own builds, and we can turn on auto-builds for + git/git (including build-status for pull requests that people + open). + + * The write(2) emulation for Windows learned to set errno to EPIPE + when necessary. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v2.6 +---------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v2.6 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' +notes for details). + + * Very small number of options take a parameter that is optional + (which is not a great UI element as they can only appear at the end + of the command line). Add notice to documentation of each and + every one of them. + + * "git blame --first-parent v1.0..v2.0" was not rejected but did not + limit the blame to commits on the first parent chain. + + * "git subtree" (in contrib/) now can take whitespaces in the + pathnames, not only in the in-tree pathname but the name of the + directory that the repository is in. + + * The ssh transport, just like any other transport over the network, + did not clear GIT_* environment variables, but it is possible to + use SendEnv and AcceptEnv to leak them to the remote invocation of + Git, which is not a good idea at all. Explicitly clear them just + like we do for the local transport. + + * Correct "git p4 --detect-labels" so that it does not fail to create + a tag that points at a commit that is also being imported. + + * The Makefile always runs the library archiver with hardcoded "crs" + options, which was inconvenient for exotic platforms on which + people want to use programs with totally different set of command + line options. + + * Customization to change the behaviour with "make -w" and "make -s" + in our Makefile was broken when they were used together. + + * Allocation related functions and stdio are unsafe things to call + inside a signal handler, and indeed killing the pager can cause + glibc to deadlock waiting on allocation mutex as our signal handler + tries to free() some data structures in wait_for_pager(). Reduce + these unsafe calls. + + * The way how --ref/--notes to specify the notes tree reference are + DWIMmed was not clearly documented. + + * "git gc" used to barf when a symbolic ref has gone dangling + (e.g. the branch that used to be your upstream's default when you + cloned from it is now gone, and you did "fetch --prune"). + + * "git clone --dissociate" runs a big "git repack" process at the + end, and it helps to close file descriptors that are open on the + packs and their idx files before doing so on filesystems that + cannot remove a file that is still open. + + * Description of the "log.follow" configuration variable in "git log" + documentation is now also copied to "git config" documentation. + + * "git rebase -i" had a minor regression recently, which stopped + considering a line that begins with an indented '#' in its insn + sheet not a comment. Further, the code was still too picky on + Windows where CRLF left by the editor is turned into a trailing CR + on the line read via the "read" built-in command of bash. Both of + these issues are now fixed. + + * After "git checkout --detach", "git status" reported a fairly + useless "HEAD detached at HEAD", instead of saying at which exact + commit. + + * When "git send-email" wanted to talk over Net::SMTP::SSL, + Net::Cmd::datasend() did not like to be fed too many bytes at the + same time and failed to send messages. Send the payload one line + at a time to work around the problem. + + * When "git am" was rewritten as a built-in, it stopped paying + attention to user.signingkey, which was fixed. + + * It was not possible to use a repository-lookalike created by "git + worktree add" as a local source of "git clone". + + * On a case insensitive filesystems, setting GIT_WORK_TREE variable + using a random cases that does not agree with what the filesystem + thinks confused Git that it wasn't inside the working tree. + + * Performance-measurement tests did not work without an installed Git. + + * A test script for the HTTP service had a timing dependent bug, + which was fixed. + + * There were some classes of errors that "git fsck" diagnosed to its + standard error that did not cause it to exit with non-zero status. + + * Work around "git p4" failing when the P4 depot records the contents + in UTF-16 without UTF-16 BOM. + + * When "git gc --auto" is backgrounded, its diagnosis message is + lost. Save it to a file in $GIT_DIR and show it next time the "gc + --auto" is run. + + * The submodule code has been taught to work better with separate + work trees created via "git worktree add". + + * "git gc" is safe to run anytime only because it has the built-in + grace period to protect young objects. In order to run with no + grace period, the user must make sure that the repository is + quiescent. + + * A recent "filter-branch --msg-filter" broke skipping of the commit + object header, which is fixed. + + * The normalize_ceiling_entry() function does not muck with the end + of the path it accepts, and the real world callers do rely on that, + but a test insisted that the function drops a trailing slash. + + * A test for interaction between untracked cache and sparse checkout + added in Git 2.5 days were flaky. + + * A couple of commands still showed "[options]" in their usage string + to note where options should come on their command line, but we + spell that "[<options>]" in most places these days. + + * The synopsis text and the usage string of subcommands that read + list of things from the standard input are often shown as if they + only take input from a file on a filesystem, which was misleading. + + * "git am -3" had a small regression where it is aborted in its error + handling codepath when underlying merge-recursive failed in certain + ways, as it assumed that the internal call to merge-recursive will + never die, which is not the case (yet). + + * The linkage order of libraries was wrong in places around libcurl. + + * The name-hash subsystem that is used to cope with case insensitive + filesystems keeps track of directories and their on-filesystem + cases for all the paths in the index by holding a pointer to a + randomly chosen cache entry that is inside the directory (for its + ce->ce_name component). This pointer was not updated even when the + cache entry was removed from the index, leading to use after free. + This was fixed by recording the path for each directory instead of + borrowing cache entries and restructuring the API somewhat. + + * "git merge-file" tried to signal how many conflicts it found, which + obviously would not work well when there are too many of them. + + * The error message from "git blame --contents --reverse" incorrectly + talked about "--contents --children". + + * "git imap-send" did not compile well with older version of cURL library. + + * Merging a branch that removes a path and another that changes the + mode bits on the same path should have conflicted at the path, but + it didn't and silently favoured the removal. + + * "git --literal-pathspecs add -u/-A" without any command line + argument misbehaved ever since Git 2.0. + + * "git daemon" uses "run_command()" without "finish_command()", so it + needs to release resources itself, which it forgot to do. + + * "git status --branch --short" accessed beyond the constant string + "HEAD", which has been corrected. + + * We peek objects from submodule's object store by linking it to the + list of alternate object databases, but the code to do so forgot to + correctly initialize the list. + + * The code to prepare the working tree side of temporary directory + for the "dir-diff" feature forgot that symbolic links need not be + copied (or symlinked) to the temporary area, as the code already + special cases and overwrites them. Besides, it was wrong to try + computing the object name of the target of symbolic link, which may + not even exist or may be a directory. + + * A Range: request can be responded with a full response and when + asked properly libcurl knows how to strip the result down to the + requested range. However, we were hand-crafting a range request + and it did not kick in. + + * Having a leftover .idx file without corresponding .pack file in + the repository hurts performance; "git gc" learned to prune them. + + * Apple's common crypto implementation of SHA1_Update() does not take + more than 4GB at a time, and we now have a compile-time workaround + for it. + + * Produce correct "dirty" marker for shell prompts, even when we + are on an orphan or an unborn branch. + + * A build without NO_IPv6 used to use gethostbyname() when guessing + user's hostname, instead of getaddrinfo() that is used in other + codepaths in such a build. + + * The exit code of git-fsck did not reflect some types of errors + found in packed objects, which has been corrected. + + * The helper used to iterate over loose object directories to prune + stale objects did not closedir() immediately when it is done with a + directory--a callback such as the one used for "git prune" may want + to do rmdir(), but it would fail on open directory on platforms + such as WinXP. + + * "git p4" used to import Perforce CLs that touch only paths outside + the client spec as empty commits. It has been corrected to ignore + them instead, with a new configuration git-p4.keepEmptyCommits as a + backward compatibility knob. + + * The completion script (in contrib/) used to list "git column" + (which is not an end-user facing command) as one of the choices + (merge 160fcdb sg/completion-no-column later to maint). + + * The error reporting from "git send-email", when SMTP TLS fails, has + been improved. + (merge 9d60524 jk/send-email-ssl-errors later to maint). + + * When getpwuid() on the system returned NULL (e.g. the user is not + in the /etc/passwd file or other uid-to-name mappings), the + codepath to find who the user is to record it in the reflog barfed + and died. Loosen the check in this codepath, which already accepts + questionable ident string (e.g. host part of the e-mail address is + obviously bogus), and in general when we operate fmt_ident() function + in non-strict mode. + (merge 92bcbb9 jk/ident-loosen-getpwuid later to maint). + + * "git symbolic-ref" forgot to report a failure with its exit status. + (merge f91b273 jk/symbolic-ref-maint later to maint). + + * History traversal with "git log --source" that starts with an + annotated tag failed to report the tag as "source", due to an + old regression in the command line parser back in v2.2 days. + (merge 728350b jk/pending-keep-tag-name later to maint). + + * "git p4" when interacting with multiple depots at the same time + used to incorrectly drop changes. + + * Code clean-up, minor fixes etc. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6553d69e33 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +Git v2.7.1 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.7 +---------------- + + * An earlier change in 2.5.x-era broke users' hooks and aliases by + exporting GIT_WORK_TREE to point at the root of the working tree, + interfering when they tried to use a different working tree without + setting GIT_WORK_TREE environment themselves. + + * The "exclude_list" structure has the usual "alloc, nr" pair of + fields to be used by ALLOC_GROW(), but clear_exclude_list() forgot + to reset 'alloc' to 0 when it cleared 'nr' to discard the managed + array. + + * "git send-email" was confused by escaped quotes stored in the alias + files saved by "mutt", which has been corrected. + + * A few unportable C construct have been spotted by clang compiler + and have been fixed. + + * The documentation has been updated to hint the connection between + the '--signoff' option and DCO. + + * "git reflog" incorrectly assumed that all objects that used to be + at the tip of a ref must be commits, which caused it to segfault. + + * The ignore mechanism saw a few regressions around untracked file + listing and sparse checkout selection areas in 2.7.0; the change + that is responsible for the regression has been reverted. + + * Some codepaths used fopen(3) when opening a fixed path in $GIT_DIR + (e.g. COMMIT_EDITMSG) that is meant to be left after the command is + done. This however did not work well if the repository is set to + be shared with core.sharedRepository and the umask of the previous + user is tighter. They have been made to work better by calling + unlink(2) and retrying after fopen(3) fails with EPERM. + + * Asking gitweb for a nonexistent commit left a warning in the server + log. + + * "git rebase", unlike all other callers of "gc --auto", did not + ignore the exit code from "gc --auto". + + * Many codepaths that run "gc --auto" before exiting kept packfiles + mapped and left the file descriptors to them open, which was not + friendly to systems that cannot remove files that are open. They + now close the packs before doing so. + + * A recent optimization to filter-branch in v2.7.0 introduced a + regression when --prune-empty filter is used, which has been + corrected. + + * The description for SANITY prerequisite the test suite uses has + been clarified both in the comment and in the implementation. + + * "git tag" started listing a tag "foo" as "tags/foo" when a branch + named "foo" exists in the same repository; remove this unnecessary + disambiguation, which is a regression introduced in v2.7.0. + + * The way "git svn" uses auth parameter was broken by Subversion + 1.9.0 and later. + + * The "split" subcommand of "git subtree" (in contrib/) incorrectly + skipped merges when it shouldn't, which was corrected. + + * A few options of "git diff" did not work well when the command was + run from a subdirectory. + + * dirname() emulation has been added, as Msys2 lacks it. + + * The underlying machinery used by "ls-files -o" and other commands + have been taught not to create empty submodule ref cache for a + directory that is not a submodule. This removes a ton of wasted + CPU cycles. + + * Drop a few old "todo" items by deciding that the change one of them + suggests is not such a good idea, and doing the change the other + one suggested to do. + + * Documentation for "git fetch --depth" has been updated for clarity. + + * The command line completion learned a handful of additional options + and command specific syntax. + +Also includes a handful of documentation and test updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4feef76704 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Git v2.7.2 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.7.1 +------------------ + + * The low-level merge machinery has been taught to use CRLF line + termination when inserting conflict markers to merged contents that + are themselves CRLF line-terminated. + + * "git worktree" had a broken code that attempted to auto-fix + possible inconsistency that results from end-users moving a + worktree to different places without telling Git (the original + repository needs to maintain backpointers to its worktrees, but + "mv" run by end-users who are not familiar with that fact will + obviously not adjust them), which actually made things worse + when triggered. + + * "git push --force-with-lease" has been taught to report if the push + needed to force (or fast-forwarded). + + * The emulated "yes" command used in our test scripts has been + tweaked not to spend too much time generating unnecessary output + that is not used, to help those who test on Windows where it would + not stop until it fills the pipe buffer due to lack of SIGPIPE. + + * The vimdiff backend for "git mergetool" has been tweaked to arrange + and number buffers in the order that would match the expectation of + majority of people who read left to right, then top down and assign + buffers 1 2 3 4 "mentally" to local base remote merge windows based + on that order. + + * The documentation for "git clean" has been corrected; it mentioned + that .git/modules/* are removed by giving two "-f", which has never + been the case. + + * Paths that have been told the index about with "add -N" are not + quite yet in the index, but a few commands behaved as if they + already are in a harmful way. + +Also includes tiny documentation and test updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6adf038915 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +Git v2.7.3 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.7.2 +------------------ + + * Traditionally, the tests that try commands that work on the + contents in the working tree were named with "worktree" in their + filenames, but with the recent addition of "git worktree" + subcommand, whose tests are also named similarly, it has become + harder to tell them apart. The traditional tests have been renamed + to use "work-tree" instead in an attempt to differentiate them. + + * Many codepaths forget to check return value from git_config_set(); + the function is made to die() to make sure we do not proceed when + setting a configuration variable failed. + + * Handling of errors while writing into our internal asynchronous + process has been made more robust, which reduces flakiness in our + tests. + + * "git show 'HEAD:Foo[BAR]Baz'" did not interpret the argument as a + rev, i.e. the object named by the the pathname with wildcard + characters in a tree object. + + * "git rev-parse --git-common-dir" used in the worktree feature + misbehaved when run from a subdirectory. + + * The "v(iew)" subcommand of the interactive "git am -i" command was + broken in 2.6.0 timeframe when the command was rewritten in C. + + * "git merge-tree" used to mishandle "both sides added" conflict with + its own "create a fake ancestor file that has the common parts of + what both sides have added and do a 3-way merge" logic; this has + been updated to use the usual "3-way merge with an empty blob as + the fake common ancestor file" approach used in the rest of the + system. + + * The memory ownership rule of fill_textconv() API, which was a bit + tricky, has been documented a bit better. + + * The documentation did not clearly state that the 'simple' mode is + now the default for "git push" when push.default configuration is + not set. + + * Recent versions of GNU grep are pickier when their input contains + arbitrary binary data, which some of our tests uses. Rewrite the + tests to sidestep the problem. + + * A helper function "git submodule" uses since v2.7.0 to list the + modules that match the pathspec argument given to its subcommands + (e.g. "submodule add <repo> <path>") has been fixed. + + * "git config section.var value" to set a value in per-repository + configuration file failed when it was run outside any repository, + but didn't say the reason correctly. + + * The code to read the pack data using the offsets stored in the pack + idx file has been made more carefully check the validity of the + data in the idx. + +Also includes documentation and test updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..883ae896fe --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +Git v2.7.4 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.7.3 +------------------ + + * Bugfix patches were backported from the 'master' front to plug heap + corruption holes, to catch integer overflow in the computation of + pathname lengths, and to get rid of the name_path API. Both of + these would have resulted in writing over an under-allocated buffer + when formulating pathnames while tree traversal. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..25079710fa --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,439 @@ +Git 2.8 Release Notes +===================== + +Backward compatibility note +--------------------------- + +The rsync:// transport has been removed. + + +Updates since v2.7 +------------------ + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * It turns out "git clone" over rsync transport has been broken when + the source repository has packed references for a long time, and + nobody noticed nor complained about it. + + * "push" learned that its "--delete" option can be shortened to + "-d", just like "branch --delete" and "branch -d" are the same + thing. + + * "git blame" learned to produce the progress eye-candy when it takes + too much time before emitting the first line of the result. + + * "git grep" can now be configured (or told from the command line) + how many threads to use when searching in the working tree files. + + * Some "git notes" operations, e.g. "git log --notes=<note>", should + be able to read notes from any tree-ish that is shaped like a notes + tree, but the notes infrastructure required that the argument must + be a ref under refs/notes/. Loosen it to require a valid ref only + when the operation would update the notes (in which case we must + have a place to store the updated notes tree, iow, a ref). + + * "git grep" by default does not fall back to its "--no-index" + behavior outside a directory under Git's control (otherwise the + user may by mistake end up running a huge recursive search); with a + new configuration (set in $HOME/.gitconfig--by definition this + cannot be set in the config file per project), this safety can be + disabled. + + * "git pull --rebase" has been extended to allow invoking + "rebase -i". + + * "git p4" learned to cope with the type of a file getting changed. + + * "git format-patch" learned to notice format.outputDirectory + configuration variable. This allows "-o <dir>" option to be + omitted on the command line if you always use the same directory in + your workflow. + + * "interpret-trailers" has been taught to optionally update a file in + place, instead of always writing the result to the standard output. + + * Many commands that read files that are expected to contain text + that is generated (or can be edited) by the end user to control + their behavior (e.g. "git grep -f <filename>") have been updated + to be more tolerant to lines that are terminated with CRLF (they + used to treat such a line to contain payload that ends with CR, + which is usually not what the users expect). + + * "git notes merge" used to limit the source of the merged notes tree + to somewhere under refs/notes/ hierarchy, which was too limiting + when inventing a workflow to exchange notes with remote + repositories using remote-tracking notes trees (located in e.g. + refs/remote-notes/ or somesuch). + + * "git ls-files" learned a new "--eol" option to help diagnose + end-of-line problems. + + * "ls-remote" learned an option to show which branch the remote + repository advertises as its primary by pointing its HEAD at. + + * New http.proxyAuthMethod configuration variable can be used to + specify what authentication method to use, as a way to work around + proxies that do not give error response expected by libcurl when + CURLAUTH_ANY is used. Also, the codepath for proxy authentication + has been taught to use credential API to store the authentication + material in user's keyrings. + + * Update the untracked cache subsystem and change its primary UI from + "git update-index" to "git config". + + * There were a few "now I am doing this thing" progress messages in + the TCP connection code that can be triggered by setting a verbose + option internally in the code, but "git fetch -v" and friends never + passed the verbose option down to that codepath. + + * Clean/smudge filters defined in a configuration file of lower + precedence can now be overridden to be a pass-through no-op by + setting the variable to an empty string. + + * A new "<branch>^{/!-<pattern>}" notation can be used to name a + commit that is reachable from <branch> that does not match the + given <pattern>. + + * The "user.useConfigOnly" configuration variable can be used to + force the user to always set user.email & user.name configuration + variables, serving as a reminder for those who work on multiple + projects and do not want to put these in their $HOME/.gitconfig. + + * "git fetch" and friends that make network connections can now be + told to only use ipv4 (or ipv6). + + * Some authentication methods do not need username or password, but + libcurl needs some hint that it needs to perform authentication. + Supplying an empty username and password string is a valid way to + do so, but you can set the http.[<url>.]emptyAuth configuration + variable to achieve the same, if you find it cleaner. + + * You can now set http.[<url>.]pinnedpubkey to specify the pinned + public key when building with recent enough versions of libcURL. + + * The configuration system has been taught to phrase where it found a + bad configuration variable in a better way in its error messages. + "git config" learnt a new "--show-origin" option to indicate where + the values come from. + + * The "credential-cache" daemon process used to run in whatever + directory it happened to start in, but this made umount(2)ing the + filesystem that houses the repository harder; now the process + chdir()s to the directory that house its own socket on startup. + + * When "git submodule update" did not result in fetching the commit + object in the submodule that is referenced by the superproject, the + command learned to retry another fetch, specifically asking for + that commit that may not be connected to the refs it usually + fetches. + + * "git merge-recursive" learned "--no-renames" option to disable its + rename detection logic. + + * Across the transition at around Git version 2.0, the user used to + get a pretty loud warning when running "git push" without setting + push.default configuration variable. We no longer warn because the + transition was completed a long time ago. + + * README has been renamed to README.md and its contents got tweaked + slightly to make it easier on the eyes. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * Add a framework to spawn a group of processes in parallel, and use + it to run "git fetch --recurse-submodules" in parallel. + + * A slight update to the Makefile to mark ".PHONY" targets as such + correctly. + + * In-core storage of the reverse index for .pack files (which lets + you go from a pack offset to an object name) has been streamlined. + + * d95138e6 (setup: set env $GIT_WORK_TREE when work tree is set, like + $GIT_DIR, 2015-06-26) attempted to work around a glitch in alias + handling by overwriting GIT_WORK_TREE environment variable to + affect subprocesses when set_git_work_tree() gets called, which + resulted in a rather unpleasant regression to "clone" and "init". + Try to address the same issue by always restoring the environment + and respawning the real underlying command when handling alias. + + * The low-level code that is used to create symbolic references has + been updated to share more code with the code that deals with + normal references. + + * strbuf_getline() and friends have been redefined to make it easier + to identify which callsite of (new) strbuf_getline_lf() should + allow and silently ignore carriage-return at the end of the line to + help users on DOSsy systems. + + * "git shortlog" used to accumulate various pieces of information + regardless of what was asked to be shown in the final output. It + has been optimized by noticing what need not to be collected + (e.g. there is no need to collect the log messages when showing + only the number of changes). + + * "git checkout $branch" (and other operations that share the same + underlying machinery) has been optimized. + + * Automated tests in Travis CI environment has been optimized by + persisting runtime statistics of previous "prove" run, executing + tests that take longer before other ones; this reduces the total + wallclock time. + + * Test scripts have been updated to remove assumptions that are not + portable between Git for POSIX and Git for Windows, or to skip ones + with expectations that are not satisfiable on Git for Windows. + + * Some calls to strcpy(3) triggers a false warning from static + analyzers that are less intelligent than humans, and reducing the + number of these false hits helps us notice real issues. A few + calls to strcpy(3) in a couple of protrams that are already safe + has been rewritten to avoid false warnings. + + * The "name_path" API was an attempt to reduce the need to construct + the full path out of a series of path components while walking a + tree hierarchy, but over time made less efficient because the path + needs to be flattened, e.g. to be compared with another path that + is already flat. The API has been removed and its users have been + rewritten to simplify the overall code complexity. + + * Help those who debug http(s) part of the system. + (merge 0054045 sp/remote-curl-ssl-strerror later to maint). + + * The internal API to interact with "remote.*" configuration + variables has been streamlined. + + * The ref-filter's format-parsing code has been refactored, in + preparation for "branch --format" and friends. + + * Traditionally, the tests that try commands that work on the + contents in the working tree were named with "worktree" in their + filenames, but with the recent addition of "git worktree" + subcommand, whose tests are also named similarly, it has become + harder to tell them apart. The traditional tests have been renamed + to use "work-tree" instead in an attempt to differentiate them. + (merge 5549029 mg/work-tree-tests later to maint). + + * Many codepaths forget to check return value from git_config_set(); + the function is made to die() to make sure we do not proceed when + setting a configuration variable failed. + (merge 3d18064 ps/config-error later to maint). + + * Handling of errors while writing into our internal asynchronous + process has been made more robust, which reduces flakiness in our + tests. + (merge 43f3afc jk/epipe-in-async later to maint). + + * There is a new DEVELOPER knob that enables many compiler warning + options in the Makefile. + + * The way the test scripts configure the Apache web server has been + updated to work also for Apache 2.4 running on RedHat derived + distros. + + * Out of maintenance gcc on OSX 10.6 fails to compile the code in + 'master'; work it around by using clang by default on the platform. + + * The "name_path" API was an attempt to reduce the need to construct + the full path out of a series of path components while walking a + tree hierarchy, but over time made less efficient because the path + needs to be flattened, e.g. to be compared with another path that + is already flat, in many cases. The API has been removed and its + users have been rewritten to simplify the overall code complexity. + This incidentally also closes some heap-corruption holes. + + * Recent versions of GNU grep is pickier than before to decide if a + file is "binary" and refuse to give line-oriented hits when we + expect it to, unless explicitly told with "-a" option. As our + scripted Porcelains use sane_grep wrapper for line-oriented data, + even when the line may contain non-ASCII payload we took from + end-user data, use "grep -a" to implement sane_grep wrapper when + using an implementation of "grep" that takes the "-a" option. + + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v2.7 +---------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v2.7 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' +notes for details). + + * An earlier change in 2.5.x-era broke users' hooks and aliases by + exporting GIT_WORK_TREE to point at the root of the working tree, + interfering when they tried to use a different working tree without + setting GIT_WORK_TREE environment themselves. + + * The "exclude_list" structure has the usual "alloc, nr" pair of + fields to be used by ALLOC_GROW(), but clear_exclude_list() forgot + to reset 'alloc' to 0 when it cleared 'nr' to discard the managed + array. + + * Paths that have been told the index about with "add -N" are not + quite yet in the index, but a few commands behaved as if they + already are in a harmful way. + + * "git send-email" was confused by escaped quotes stored in the alias + files saved by "mutt", which has been corrected. + + * A few non-portable C construct have been spotted by clang compiler + and have been fixed. + + * The documentation has been updated to hint the connection between + the '--signoff' option and DCO. + + * "git reflog" incorrectly assumed that all objects that used to be + at the tip of a ref must be commits, which caused it to segfault. + + * The ignore mechanism saw a few regressions around untracked file + listing and sparse checkout selection areas in 2.7.0; the change + that is responsible for the regression has been reverted. + + * Some codepaths used fopen(3) when opening a fixed path in $GIT_DIR + (e.g. COMMIT_EDITMSG) that is meant to be left after the command is + done. This however did not work well if the repository is set to + be shared with core.sharedRepository and the umask of the previous + user is tighter. They have been made to work better by calling + unlink(2) and retrying after fopen(3) fails with EPERM. + + * Asking gitweb for a nonexistent commit left a warning in the server + log. + + Somebody may want to follow this up with an additional test, perhaps? + IIRC, we do test that no Perl warnings are given to the server log, + so this should have been caught if our test coverage were good. + + * "git rebase", unlike all other callers of "gc --auto", did not + ignore the exit code from "gc --auto". + + * Many codepaths that run "gc --auto" before exiting kept packfiles + mapped and left the file descriptors to them open, which was not + friendly to systems that cannot remove files that are open. They + now close the packs before doing so. + + * A recent optimization to filter-branch in v2.7.0 introduced a + regression when --prune-empty filter is used, which has been + corrected. + + * The description for SANITY prerequisite the test suite uses has + been clarified both in the comment and in the implementation. + + * "git tag" started listing a tag "foo" as "tags/foo" when a branch + named "foo" exists in the same repository; remove this unnecessary + disambiguation, which is a regression introduced in v2.7.0. + + * The way "git svn" uses auth parameter was broken by Subversion + 1.9.0 and later. + + * The "split" subcommand of "git subtree" (in contrib/) incorrectly + skipped merges when it shouldn't, which was corrected. + + * A few options of "git diff" did not work well when the command was + run from a subdirectory. + + * The command line completion learned a handful of additional options + and command specific syntax. + + * dirname() emulation has been added, as Msys2 lacks it. + + * The underlying machinery used by "ls-files -o" and other commands + has been taught not to create empty submodule ref cache for a + directory that is not a submodule. This removes a ton of wasted + CPU cycles. + + * "git worktree" had a broken code that attempted to auto-fix + possible inconsistency that results from end-users moving a + worktree to different places without telling Git (the original + repository needs to maintain back-pointers to its worktrees, + but "mv" run by end-users who are not familiar with that fact + will obviously not adjust them), which actually made things + worse when triggered. + + * The low-level merge machinery has been taught to use CRLF line + termination when inserting conflict markers to merged contents that + are themselves CRLF line-terminated. + + * "git push --force-with-lease" has been taught to report if the push + needed to force (or fast-forwarded). + + * The emulated "yes" command used in our test scripts has been + tweaked not to spend too much time generating unnecessary output + that is not used, to help those who test on Windows where it would + not stop until it fills the pipe buffer due to lack of SIGPIPE. + + * The documentation for "git clean" has been corrected; it mentioned + that .git/modules/* are removed by giving two "-f", which has never + been the case. + + * The vimdiff backend for "git mergetool" has been tweaked to arrange + and number buffers in the order that would match the expectation of + majority of people who read left to right, then top down and assign + buffers 1 2 3 4 "mentally" to local base remote merge windows based + on that order. + + * "git show 'HEAD:Foo[BAR]Baz'" did not interpret the argument as a + rev, i.e. the object named by the the pathname with wildcard + characters in a tree object. + (merge aac4fac nd/dwim-wildcards-as-pathspecs later to maint). + + * "git rev-parse --git-common-dir" used in the worktree feature + misbehaved when run from a subdirectory. + (merge 17f1365 nd/git-common-dir-fix later to maint). + + * "git worktree add -B <branchname>" did not work. + + * The "v(iew)" subcommand of the interactive "git am -i" command was + broken in 2.6.0 timeframe when the command was rewritten in C. + (merge 708b8cc jc/am-i-v-fix later to maint). + + * "git merge-tree" used to mishandle "both sides added" conflict with + its own "create a fake ancestor file that has the common parts of + what both sides have added and do a 3-way merge" logic; this has + been updated to use the usual "3-way merge with an empty blob as + the fake common ancestor file" approach used in the rest of the + system. + (merge 907681e jk/no-diff-emit-common later to maint). + + * The memory ownership rule of fill_textconv() API, which was a bit + tricky, has been documented a bit better. + (merge a64e6a4 jk/more-comments-on-textconv later to maint). + + * Update various codepaths to avoid manually-counted malloc(). + (merge 08c95df jk/tighten-alloc later to maint). + + * The documentation did not clearly state that the 'simple' mode is + now the default for "git push" when push.default configuration is + not set. + (merge f6b1fb3 mm/push-simple-doc later to maint). + + * Recent versions of GNU grep are pickier when their input contains + arbitrary binary data, which some of our tests uses. Rewrite the + tests to sidestep the problem. + (merge 3b1442d jk/grep-binary-workaround-in-test later to maint). + + * A helper function "git submodule" uses since v2.7.0 to list the + modules that match the pathspec argument given to its subcommands + (e.g. "submodule add <repo> <path>") has been fixed. + (merge 2b56bb7 sb/submodule-module-list-fix later to maint). + + * "git config section.var value" to set a value in per-repository + configuration file failed when it was run outside any repository, + but didn't say the reason correctly. + (merge 638fa62 js/config-set-in-non-repository later to maint). + + * The code to read the pack data using the offsets stored in the pack + idx file has been made more carefully check the validity of the + data in the idx. + (merge 7465feb jk/pack-idx-corruption-safety later to maint). + + * Other minor clean-ups and documentation updates + (merge f459823 ak/extract-argv0-last-dir-sep later to maint). + (merge 63ca1c0 ak/git-strip-extension-from-dashed-command later to maint). + (merge 4867f11 ps/plug-xdl-merge-leak later to maint). + (merge 4938686 dt/initial-ref-xn-commit-doc later to maint). + (merge 9537f21 ma/update-hooks-sample-typofix later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ef6d80b008 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +Git v2.8.1 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.8 +---------------- + + * "make rpmbuild" target was broken as its input, git.spec.in, was + not updated to match a file it describes that has been renamed + recently. This has been fixed. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..447b1933a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +Git v2.8.2 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.8.1 +------------------ + + * The embedded args argv-array in the child process is used to build + the command line to run pack-objects instead of using a separate + array of strings. + + * Bunch of tests on "git clone" has been renumbered for better + organization. + + * The tests that involve running httpd leaked the system-wide + configuration in /etc/gitconfig to the tested environment. + + * "index-pack --keep=<msg>" was broken since v2.1.0 timeframe. + + * "git config --get-urlmatch", unlike other variants of the "git + config --get" family, did not signal error with its exit status + when there was no matching configuration. + + * The "--local-env-vars" and "--resolve-git-dir" options of "git + rev-parse" failed to work outside a repository when the command's + option parsing was rewritten in 1.8.5 era. + + * Fetching of history by naming a commit object name directly didn't + work across remote-curl transport. + + * A small memory leak in an error codepath has been plugged in xdiff + code. + + * strbuf_getwholeline() did not NUL-terminate the buffer on certain + corner cases in its error codepath. + + * The startup_info data, which records if we are working inside a + repository (among other things), are now uniformly available to Git + subcommand implementations, and Git avoids attempting to touch + references when we are not in a repository. + + * "git mergetool" did not work well with conflicts that both sides + deleted. + + * "git send-email" had trouble parsing alias file in mailrc format + when lines in it had trailing whitespaces on them. + + * When "git merge --squash" stopped due to conflict, the concluding + "git commit" failed to read in the SQUASH_MSG that shows the log + messages from all the squashed commits. + + * "git merge FETCH_HEAD" dereferenced NULL pointer when merging + nothing into an unborn history (which is arguably unusual usage, + which perhaps was the reason why nobody noticed it). + + * Build updates for MSVC. + + * "git diff -M" used to work better when two originally identical + files A and B got renamed to X/A and X/B by pairing A to X/A and B + to X/B, but this was broken in the 2.0 timeframe. + + * "git send-pack --all <there>" was broken when its command line + option parsing was written in the 2.6 timeframe. + + * When running "git blame $path" with unnormalized data in the index + for the path, the data in the working tree was blamed, even though + "git add" would not have changed what is already in the index, due + to "safe crlf" that disables the line-end conversion. It has been + corrected. + +Also contains minor documentation updates and code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fedd9968e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +Git v2.8.3 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.8.2 +------------------ + + * "git send-email" now uses a more readable timestamps when + formulating a message ID. + + * The repository set-up sequence has been streamlined (the biggest + change is that there is no longer git_config_early()), so that we + do not attempt to look into refs/* when we know we do not have a + Git repository. + + * When "git worktree" feature is in use, "git branch -d" allowed + deletion of a branch that is checked out in another worktree + + * When "git worktree" feature is in use, "git branch -m" renamed a + branch that is checked out in another worktree without adjusting + the HEAD symbolic ref for the worktree. + + * "git format-patch --help" showed `-s` and `--no-patch` as if these + are valid options to the command. We already hide `--patch` option + from the documentation, because format-patch is about showing the + diff, and the documentation now hides these options as well. + + * A change back in version 2.7 to "git branch" broke display of a + symbolic ref in a non-standard place in the refs/ hierarchy (we + expect symbolic refs to appear in refs/remotes/*/HEAD to point at + the primary branch the remote has, and as .git/HEAD to point at the + branch we locally checked out). + + * A partial rewrite of "git submodule" in the 2.7 timeframe changed + the way the gitdir: pointer in the submodules point at the real + repository location to use absolute paths by accident. This has + been corrected. + + * "git commit" misbehaved in a few minor ways when an empty message + is given via -m '', all of which has been corrected. + + * Support for CRAM-MD5 authentication method in "git imap-send" did + not work well. + + * The socks5:// proxy support added back in 2.6.4 days was not aware + that socks5h:// proxies behave differently. + + * "git config" had a codepath that tried to pass a NULL to + printf("%s"), which nobody seems to have noticed. + + * On Cygwin, object creation uses the "create a temporary and then + rename it to the final name" pattern, not "create a temporary, + hardlink it to the final name and then unlink the temporary" + pattern. + + This is necessary to use Git on Windows shared directories, and is + already enabled for the MinGW and plain Windows builds. It also + has been used in Cygwin packaged versions of Git for quite a while. + See http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/291853 + and http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/275680. + + * "git replace -e" did not honour "core.editor" configuration. + + * Upcoming OpenSSL 1.1.0 will break compilation b updating a few APIs + we use in imap-send, which has been adjusted for the change. + + * "git submodule" reports the paths of submodules the command + recurses into, but this was incorrect when the command was not run + from the root level of the superproject. + + * The test scripts for "git p4" (but not "git p4" implementation + itself) has been updated so that they would work even on a system + where the installed version of Python is python 3. + + * The "user.useConfigOnly" configuration variable makes it an error + if users do not explicitly set user.name and user.email. However, + its check was not done early enough and allowed another error to + trigger, reporting that the default value we guessed from the + system setting was unusable. This was a suboptimal end-user + experience as we want the users to set user.name/user.email without + relying on the auto-detection at all. + + * "git mv old new" did not adjust the path for a submodule that lives + as a subdirectory inside old/ directory correctly. + + * "git push" from a corrupt repository that attempts to push a large + number of refs deadlocked; the thread to relay rejection notices + for these ref updates blocked on writing them to the main thread, + after the main thread at the receiving end notices that the push + failed and decides not to read these notices and return a failure. + + * A question by "git send-email" to ask the identity of the sender + has been updated. + + * Recent update to Git LFS broke "git p4" by changing the output from + its "lfs pointer" subcommand. + + * Some multi-byte encoding can have a backslash byte as a later part + of one letter, which would confuse "highlight" filter used in + gitweb. + +Also contains minor documentation updates and code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f4e2552836 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +Git v2.8.4 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.8.3 +------------------ + + * Documentation for "git merge --verify-signatures" has been updated + to clarify that the signature of only the commit at the tip is + verified. Also the phrasing used for signature and key validity is + adjusted to align with that used by OpenPGP. + + * On Windows, .git and optionally any files whose name starts with a + dot are now marked as hidden, with a core.hideDotFiles knob to + customize this behaviour. + + * Portability enhancement for "rebase -i" to help platforms whose + shell does not like "for i in <empty>" (which is not POSIX-kosher). + + * "git fsck" learned to catch NUL byte in a commit object as + potential error and warn. + + * CI test was taught to build documentation pages. + + * Many 'linkgit:<git documentation page>' references were broken, + which are all fixed with this. + + * "git describe --contains" often made a hard-to-justify choice of + tag to give name to a given commit, because it tried to come up + with a name with smallest number of hops from a tag, causing an old + commit whose close descendant that is recently tagged were not + described with respect to an old tag but with a newer tag. It did + not help that its computation of "hop" count was further tweaked to + penalize being on a side branch of a merge. The logic has been + updated to favor using the tag with the oldest tagger date, which + is a lot easier to explain to the end users: "We describe a commit + in terms of the (chronologically) oldest tag that contains the + commit." + + * Running tests with '-x' option to trace the individual command + executions is a useful way to debug test scripts, but some tests + that capture the standard error stream and check what the command + said can be broken with the trace output mixed in. When running + our tests under "bash", however, we can redirect the trace output + to another file descriptor to keep the standard error of programs + being tested intact. + + * "http.cookieFile" configuration variable clearly wants a pathname, + but we forgot to treat it as such by e.g. applying tilde expansion. + + * When de-initialising all submodules, "git submodule deinit" gave a + faulty recommendation to use "git submodule deinit .", which would + result in a strange error message in a pathological corner case. + This has been corrected to suggest "submodule deinit --all" instead. + + * Many commands normalize command line arguments from NFD to NFC + variant of UTF-8 on OSX, but commands in the "diff" family did + not, causing "git diff $path" to complain that no such path is + known to Git. They have been taught to do the normalization. + + * A couple of bugs around core.autocrlf have been fixed. + + * "git difftool" learned to handle unmerged paths correctly in + dir-diff mode. + + * The "are we talking with TTY, doing an interactive session?" + detection has been updated to work better for "Git for Windows". + + +Also contains other minor documentation updates and code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b61d36712f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,512 @@ +Git 2.9 Release Notes +===================== + +Backward compatibility notes +---------------------------- + +The end-user facing Porcelain level commands in the "git diff" and +"git log" family by default enable the rename detection; you can still +use "diff.renames" configuration variable to disable this. + +Merging two branches that have no common ancestor with "git merge" is +by default forbidden now to prevent creating such an unusual merge by +mistake. + +The output formats of "git log" that indents the commit log message by +4 spaces now expands HT in the log message by default. You can use +the "--no-expand-tabs" option to disable this. + +"git commit-tree" plumbing command required the user to always sign +its result when the user sets the commit.gpgsign configuration +variable, which was an ancient mistake, which this release corrects. +A script that drives commit-tree, if it relies on this mistake, now +needs to read commit.gpgsign and pass the -S option as necessary. + + +Updates since v2.8 +------------------ + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * Comes with git-multimail 1.3.1 (in contrib/). + + * The end-user facing commands like "git diff" and "git log" + now enable the rename detection by default. + + * The credential.helper configuration variable is cumulative and + there is no good way to override it from the command line. As + a special case, giving an empty string as its value now serves + as the signal to clear the values specified in various files. + + * A new "interactive.diffFilter" configuration can be used to + customize the diff shown in "git add -i" sessions. + + * "git p4" now allows P4 author names to be mapped to Git author + names. + + * "git rebase -x" can be used without passing "-i" option. + + * "git -c credential.<var>=<value> submodule" can now be used to + propagate configuration variables related to credential helper + down to the submodules. + + * "git tag" can create an annotated tag without explicitly given an + "-a" (or "-s") option (i.e. when a tag message is given). A new + configuration variable, tag.forceSignAnnotated, can be used to tell + the command to create signed tag in such a situation. + + * "git merge" used to allow merging two branches that have no common + base by default, which led to a brand new history of an existing + project created and then get pulled by an unsuspecting maintainer, + which allowed an unnecessary parallel history merged into the + existing project. The command has been taught not to allow this by + default, with an escape hatch "--allow-unrelated-histories" option + to be used in a rare event that merges histories of two projects + that started their lives independently. + + * "git pull" has been taught to pass the "--allow-unrelated-histories" + option to underlying "git merge". + + * "git apply -v" learned to report paths in the patch that were + skipped via --include/--exclude mechanism or being outside the + current working directory. + + * Shell completion (in contrib/) updates. + + * The commit object name reported when "rebase -i" stops has been + shortened. + + * "git worktree add" can be given "--no-checkout" option to only + create an empty worktree without checking out the files. + + * "git mergetools" learned to drive ExamDiff. + + * "git pull --rebase" learned "--[no-]autostash" option, so that + the rebase.autostash configuration variable set to true can be + overridden from the command line. + + * When "git log" shows the log message indented by 4-spaces, the + remainder of a line after a HT does not align in the way the author + originally intended. The command now expands tabs by default to help + such a case, and allows the users to override it with a new option, + "--no-expand-tabs". + + * "git send-email" now uses a more readable timestamps when + formulating a message ID. + + * "git rerere" can encounter two or more files with the same conflict + signature that have to be resolved in different ways, but there was + no way to record these separate resolutions. + + * "git p4" learned to record P4 jobs in Git commit that imports from + the history in Perforce. + + * "git describe --contains" often made a hard-to-justify choice of + tag to name a given commit, because it tried to come up + with a name with smallest number of hops from a tag, causing an old + commit whose close descendant that is recently tagged were not + described with respect to an old tag but with a newer tag. It did + not help that its computation of "hop" count was further tweaked to + penalize being on a side branch of a merge. The logic has been + updated to favor using the tag with the oldest tagger date, which + is a lot easier to explain to the end users: "We describe a commit + in terms of the (chronologically) oldest tag that contains the + commit." + + * "git clone" learned the "--shallow-submodules" option. + + * HTTP transport clients learned to throw extra HTTP headers at the + server, specified via http.extraHeader configuration variable. + + * The "--compaction-heuristic" option to "git diff" family of + commands enables a heuristic to make the patch output more readable + by using a blank line as a strong hint that the contents before and + after it belong to logically separate units. It is still + experimental. + + * A new configuration variable core.hooksPath allows customizing + where the hook directory is. + + * An earlier addition of "sanitize_submodule_env" with 14111fc4 (git: + submodule honor -c credential.* from command line, 2016-02-29) + turned out to be a convoluted no-op; implement what it wanted to do + correctly, and stop filtering settings given via "git -c var=val". + + * "git commit --dry-run" reported "No, no, you cannot commit." in one + case where "git commit" would have allowed you to commit, and this + improves it a little bit ("git commit --dry-run --short" still does + not give you the correct answer, for example). This is a stop-gap + measure in that "commit --short --dry-run" still gives an incorrect + result. + + * The experimental "multiple worktree" feature gains more safety to + forbid operations on a branch that is checked out or being actively + worked on elsewhere, by noticing that e.g. it is being rebased. + + * "git format-patch" learned a new "--base" option to record what + (public, well-known) commit the original series was built on in + its output. + + * "git commit" learned to pay attention to the "commit.verbose" + configuration variable and act as if the "--verbose" option + was given from the command line. + + * Updated documentation gives hints to GMail users with two-factor + auth enabled that they need app-specific-password when using + "git send-email". + + * The manpage output of our documentation did not render well in + terminal; typeset literals in bold by default to make them stand + out more. + + * The mark-up in the top-level README.md file has been updated to + typeset CLI command names differently from the body text. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * The embedded args argv-array in the child process is used to build + the command line to run pack-objects instead of using a separate + array of strings. + + * A test for tags has been restructured so that more parts of it can + easily be run on a platform without a working GnuPG. + + * The startup_info data, which records if we are working inside a + repository (among other things), are now uniformly available to Git + subcommand implementations, and Git avoids attempting to touch + references when we are not in a repository. + + * The command line argument parser for "receive-pack" has been + rewritten to use parse-options. + + * A major part of "git submodule update" has been ported to C to take + advantage of the recently added framework to run download tasks in + parallel. Other updates to "git submodule" that move pieces of + logic to C continues. + + * Rename bunch of tests on "git clone" for better organization. + + * The tests that involve running httpd leaked the system-wide + configuration in /etc/gitconfig to the tested environment. + + * Build updates for MSVC. + + * The repository set-up sequence has been streamlined (the biggest + change is that there is no longer git_config_early()), so that we + do not attempt to look into refs/* when we know we do not have a + Git repository. + + * Code restructuring around the "refs" API to prepare for pluggable + refs backends. + + * Sources to many test helper binaries and the generated helpers + have been moved to t/helper/ subdirectory to reduce clutter at the + top level of the tree. + + * Unify internal logic between "git tag -v" and "git verify-tag" + commands by making one directly call into the other. + + * "merge-recursive" strategy incorrectly checked if a path that is + involved in its internal merge exists in the working tree. + + * The test scripts for "git p4" (but not "git p4" implementation + itself) has been updated so that they would work even on a system + where the installed version of Python is python 3. + + * As nobody maintains our in-tree git.spec.in and distros use their + own spec file, we stopped pretending that we support "make rpm". + + * Move from "unsigned char[20]" to "struct object_id" continues. + + * The code for warning_errno/die_errno has been refactored and a new + error_errno() reporting helper is introduced. + (merge 1da045f nd/error-errno later to maint). + + * Running tests with '-x' option to trace the individual command + executions is a useful way to debug test scripts, but some tests + that capture the standard error stream and check what the command + said can be broken with the trace output mixed in. When running + our tests under "bash", however, we can redirect the trace output + to another file descriptor to keep the standard error of programs + being tested intact. + + * t0040 had too many unnecessary repetitions in its test data. Teach + test-parse-options program so that a caller can tell what it + expects in its output, so that these repetitions can be cleaned up. + + * Add perf test for "rebase -i". + + * Common mistakes when writing gitlink: in our documentation are + found by "make check-docs". + + * t9xxx series has been updated primarily for readability, while + fixing small bugs in it. A few scripted Porcelain commands have + also been updated to fix possible bugs around their use of + "test -z" and "test -n". + + * CI test was taught to run git-svn tests. + + * "git cat-file --batch-all" has been sped up, by taking advantage + of the fact that it does not have to read a list of objects, in two + ways. + + * test updates to make it more readable and maintainable. + (merge e6273f4 es/t1500-modernize later to maint). + + * "make DEVELOPER=1" worked as expected; setting DEVELOPER=1 in + config.mak didn't. + (merge 51dd3e8 mm/makefile-developer-can-be-in-config-mak later to maint). + + * The way how "submodule--helper list" signals unmatch error to its + callers has been updated. + + * A bash-ism "local" has been removed from "git submodule" scripted + Porcelain. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v2.8 +---------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v2.8 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' +notes for details). + + * "git config --get-urlmatch", unlike other variants of the "git + config --get" family, did not signal error with its exit status + when there was no matching configuration. + + * The "--local-env-vars" and "--resolve-git-dir" options of "git + rev-parse" failed to work outside a repository when the command's + option parsing was rewritten in 1.8.5 era. + + * "git index-pack --keep[=<msg>] pack-$name.pack" simply did not work. + + * Fetching of history by naming a commit object name directly didn't + work across remote-curl transport. + + * A small memory leak in an error codepath has been plugged in xdiff + code. + + * strbuf_getwholeline() did not NUL-terminate the buffer on certain + corner cases in its error codepath. + + * "git mergetool" did not work well with conflicts that both sides + deleted. + + * "git send-email" had trouble parsing alias file in mailrc format + when lines in it had trailing whitespaces on them. + + * When "git merge --squash" stopped due to conflict, the concluding + "git commit" failed to read in the SQUASH_MSG that shows the log + messages from all the squashed commits. + + * "git merge FETCH_HEAD" dereferenced NULL pointer when merging + nothing into an unborn history (which is arguably unusual usage, + which perhaps was the reason why nobody noticed it). + + * When "git worktree" feature is in use, "git branch -d" allowed + deletion of a branch that is checked out in another worktree, + which was wrong. + + * When "git worktree" feature is in use, "git branch -m" renamed a + branch that is checked out in another worktree without adjusting + the HEAD symbolic ref for the worktree. + + * "git diff -M" used to work better when two originally identical + files A and B got renamed to X/A and X/B by pairing A to X/A and B + to X/B, but this was broken in the 2.0 timeframe. + + * "git send-pack --all <there>" was broken when its command line + option parsing was written in the 2.6 timeframe. + + * "git format-patch --help" showed `-s` and `--no-patch` as if these + are valid options to the command. We already hide `--patch` option + from the documentation, because format-patch is about showing the + diff, and the documentation now hides these options as well. + + * When running "git blame $path" with unnormalized data in the index + for the path, the data in the working tree was blamed, even though + "git add" would not have changed what is already in the index, due + to "safe crlf" that disables the line-end conversion. It has been + corrected. + + * A change back in version 2.7 to "git branch" broke display of a + symbolic ref in a non-standard place in the refs/ hierarchy (we + expect symbolic refs to appear in refs/remotes/*/HEAD to point at + the primary branch the remote has, and as .git/HEAD to point at the + branch we locally checked out). + + * A partial rewrite of "git submodule" in the 2.7 timeframe changed + the way the gitdir: pointer in the submodules point at the real + repository location to use absolute paths by accident. This has + been corrected. + + * "git commit" misbehaved in a few minor ways when an empty message + is given via -m '', all of which has been corrected. + + * Support for CRAM-MD5 authentication method in "git imap-send" did + not work well. + + * Upcoming OpenSSL 1.1.0 will break compilation by updating a few API + elements we use in imap-send, which has been adjusted for the change. + + * The socks5:// proxy support added back in 2.6.4 days was not aware + that socks5h:// proxies behave differently from socks5:// proxies. + + * "git config" had a codepath that tried to pass a NULL to + printf("%s"), which nobody seems to have noticed. + + * On Cygwin, object creation uses the "create a temporary and then + rename it to the final name" pattern, not "create a temporary, + hardlink it to the final name and then unlink the temporary" + pattern. + + This is necessary to use Git on Windows shared directories, and is + already enabled for the MinGW and plain Windows builds. It also + has been used in Cygwin packaged versions of Git for quite a while. + See http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/291853 + + * "merge-octopus" strategy did not ensure that the index is clean + when merge begins. + + * When "git merge" notices that the merge can be resolved purely at + the tree level (without having to merge blobs) and the resulting + tree happens to already exist in the object store, it forgot to + update the index, which left an inconsistent state that would + break later operations. + + * "git submodule" reports the paths of submodules the command + recurses into, but these paths were incorrectly reported when + the command was not run from the root level of the superproject. + + * The "user.useConfigOnly" configuration variable makes it an error + if users do not explicitly set user.name and user.email. However, + its check was not done early enough and allowed another error to + trigger, reporting that the default value we guessed from the + system setting was unusable. This was a suboptimal end-user + experience as we want the users to set user.name/user.email without + relying on the auto-detection at all. + + * "git mv old new" did not adjust the path for a submodule that lives + as a subdirectory inside old/ directory correctly. + + * "git replace -e" did not honour "core.editor" configuration. + + * "git push" from a corrupt repository that attempts to push a large + number of refs deadlocked; the thread to relay rejection notices + for these ref updates blocked on writing them to the main thread, + after the main thread at the receiving end notices that the push + failed and decides not to read these notices and return a failure. + + * mmap emulation on Windows has been optimized and work better without + consuming paging store when not needed. + + * A question by "git send-email" to ask the identity of the sender + has been updated. + + * UI consistency improvements for "git mergetool". + + * "git rebase -m" could be asked to rebase an entire branch starting + from the root, but failed by assuming that there always is a parent + commit to the first commit on the branch. + + * Fix a broken "p4 lfs" test. + + * Recent update to Git LFS broke "git p4" by changing the output from + its "lfs pointer" subcommand. + + * "git fetch" test t5510 was flaky while running a (forced) automagic + garbage collection. + + * Documentation updates to help contributors setting up Travis CI + test for their patches. + + * Some multi-byte encoding can have a backslash byte as a later part + of one letter, which would confuse "highlight" filter used in + gitweb. + + * "git commit-tree" plumbing command required the user to always sign + its result when the user sets the commit.gpgsign configuration + variable, which was an ancient mistake. Rework "git rebase" that + relied on this mistake so that it reads commit.gpgsign and pass (or + not pass) the -S option to "git commit-tree" to keep the end-user + expectation the same, while teaching "git commit-tree" to ignore + the configuration variable. This will stop requiring the users to + sign commit objects used internally as an implementation detail of + "git stash". + + * "http.cookieFile" configuration variable clearly wants a pathname, + but we forgot to treat it as such by e.g. applying tilde expansion. + + * Consolidate description of tilde-expansion that is done to + configuration variables that take pathname to a single place. + + * Correct faulty recommendation to use "git submodule deinit ." when + de-initialising all submodules, which would result in a strange + error message in a pathological corner case. + + * Many 'linkgit:<git documentation page>' references were broken, + which are all fixed with this. + + * "git rerere" can get confused by conflict markers deliberately left + by the inner merge step, because they are indistinguishable from + the real conflict markers left by the outermost merge which are + what the end user and "rerere" need to look at. This was fixed by + making the conflict markers left by the inner merges a bit longer. + (merge 0f9fd5c jc/ll-merge-internal later to maint). + + * CI test was taught to build documentation pages. + + * "git fsck" learned to catch NUL byte in a commit object as + potential error and warn. + + * Portability enhancement for "rebase -i" to help platforms whose + shell does not like "for i in <empty>" (which is not POSIX-kosher). + + * On Windows, .git and optionally any files whose name starts with a + dot are now marked as hidden, with a core.hideDotFiles knob to + customize this behaviour. + + * Documentation for "git merge --verify-signatures" has been updated + to clarify that the signature of only the commit at the tip is + verified. Also the phrasing used for signature and key validity is + adjusted to align with that used by OpenPGP. + + * A couple of bugs around core.autocrlf have been fixed. + + * Many commands normalize command line arguments from NFD to NFC + variant of UTF-8 on OSX, but commands in the "diff" family did + not, causing "git diff $path" to complain that no such path is + known to Git. They have been taught to do the normalization. + + * "git difftool" learned to handle unmerged paths correctly in + dir-diff mode. + + * The "are we talking with TTY, doing an interactive session?" + detection has been updated to work better for "Git for Windows". + + * We forgot to add "git log --decorate=auto" to documentation when we + added the feature back in v2.1.0 timeframe. + (merge 462cbb4 rj/log-decorate-auto later to maint). + + * "git fast-import --export-marks" would overwrite the existing marks + file even when it makes a dump from its custom die routine. + Prevent it from doing so when we have an import-marks file but + haven't finished reading it. + (merge f4beed6 fc/fast-import-broken-marks-file later to maint). + + * "git rebase -i", after it fails to auto-resolve the conflict, had + an unnecessary call to "git rerere" from its very early days, which + was spotted recently; the call has been removed. + (merge 7063693 js/rebase-i-dedup-call-to-rerere later to maint). + + * Other minor clean-ups and documentation updates + (merge cd82b7a pa/cherry-pick-doc-typo later to maint). + (merge 2bb73ae rs/patch-id-use-skip-prefix later to maint). + (merge aa20cbc rs/apply-name-terminate later to maint). + (merge fe17fc0 jc/t2300-setup later to maint). + (merge e256eec jk/shell-portability later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..338394097e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +Git v2.9.1 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.9 +---------------- + + * When "git daemon" is run without --[init-]timeout specified, a + connection from a client that silently goes offline can hang around + for a long time, wasting resources. The socket-level KEEPALIVE has + been enabled to allow the OS to notice such failed connections. + + * The commands in `git log` family take %C(auto) in a custom format + string. This unconditionally turned the color on, ignoring + --no-color or with --color=auto when the output is not connected to + a tty; this was corrected to make the format truly behave as + "auto". + + * "git rev-list --count" whose walk-length is limited with "-n" + option did not work well with the counting optimized to look at the + bitmap index. + + * "git show -W" (extend hunks to cover the entire function, delimited + by lines that match the "funcname" pattern) used to show the entire + file when a change added an entire function at the end of the file, + which has been fixed. + + * The documentation set has been updated so that literal commands, + configuration variables and environment variables are consistently + typeset in fixed-width font and bold in manpages. + + * "git svn propset" subcommand that was added in 2.3 days is + documented now. + + * The documentation tries to consistently spell "GPG"; when + referring to the specific program name, "gpg" is used. + + * "git reflog" stopped upon seeing an entry that denotes a branch + creation event (aka "unborn"), which made it appear as if the + reflog was truncated. + + * The git-prompt scriptlet (in contrib/) was not friendly with those + who uses "set -u", which has been fixed. + + * A codepath that used alloca(3) to place an unbounded amount of data + on the stack has been updated to avoid doing so. + + * "git update-index --add --chmod=+x file" may be usable as an escape + hatch, but not a friendly thing to force for people who do need to + use it regularly. "git add --chmod=+x file" can be used instead. + + * Build improvements for gnome-keyring (in contrib/) + + * "git status" used to say "working directory" when it meant "working + tree". + + * Comments about misbehaving FreeBSD shells have been clarified with + the version number (9.x and before are broken, newer ones are OK). + + * "git cherry-pick A" worked on an unborn branch, but "git + cherry-pick A..B" didn't. + + * "git add -i/-p" learned to honor diff.compactionHeuristic + experimental knob, so that the user can work on the same hunk split + as "git diff" output. + + * "log --graph --format=" learned that "%>|(N)" specifies the width + relative to the terminal's left edge, not relative to the area to + draw text that is to the right of the ancestry-graph section. It + also now accepts negative N that means the column limit is relative + to the right border. + + * The ownership rule for the piece of memory that hold references to + be fetched in "git fetch" was screwy, which has been cleaned up. + + * "git bisect" makes an internal call to "git diff-tree" when + bisection finds the culprit, but this call did not initialize the + data structure to pass to the diff-tree API correctly. + + * Formats of the various data (and how to validate them) where we use + GPG signature have been documented. + + * Fix an unintended regression in v2.9 that breaks "clone --depth" + that recurses down to submodules by forcing the submodules to also + be cloned shallowly, which many server instances that host upstream + of the submodules are not prepared for. + + * Fix unnecessarily waste in the idiomatic use of ': ${VAR=default}' + to set the default value, without enclosing it in double quotes. + + * Some platform-specific code had non-ANSI strict declarations of C + functions that do not take any parameters, which has been + corrected. + + * The internal code used to show local timezone offset is not + prepared to handle timestamps beyond year 2100, and gave a + bogus offset value to the caller. Use a more benign looking + +0000 instead and let "git log" going in such a case, instead + of aborting. + + * One among four invocations of readlink(1) in our test suite has + been rewritten so that the test can run on systems without the + command (others are in valgrind test framework and t9802). + + * t/perf needs /usr/bin/time with GNU extension; the invocation of it + is updated to "gtime" on Darwin. + + * A bug, which caused "git p4" while running under verbose mode to + report paths that are omitted due to branch prefix incorrectly, has + been fixed; the command said "Ignoring file outside of prefix" for + paths that are _inside_. + + * The top level documentation "git help git" still pointed at the + documentation set hosted at now-defunct google-code repository. + Update it to point to https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html + instead. + +Also contains minor documentation updates and code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2620003dcf --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +Git v2.9.2 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.9.1 +------------------ + + * A fix merged to v2.9.1 had a few tests that are not meant to be + run on platforms without 64-bit long, which caused unnecessary + test failures on them because we didn't detect the platform and + skip them. These tests are now skipped on platforms that they + are not applicable to. + +No other change is included in this update. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..695b86f612 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,170 @@ +Git v2.9.3 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.9.2 +------------------ + + * A helper function that takes the contents of a commit object and + finds its subject line did not ignore leading blank lines, as is + commonly done by other codepaths. Make it ignore leading blank + lines to match. + + * Git does not know what the contents in the index should be for a + path added with "git add -N" yet, so "git grep --cached" should not + show hits (or show lack of hits, with -L) in such a path, but that + logic does not apply to "git grep", i.e. searching in the working + tree files. But we did so by mistake, which has been corrected. + + * "git rebase -i --autostash" did not restore the auto-stashed change + when the operation was aborted. + + * "git commit --amend --allow-empty-message -S" for a commit without + any message body could have misidentified where the header of the + commit object ends. + + * More mark-up updates to typeset strings that are expected to + literally typed by the end user in fixed-width font. + + * For a long time, we carried an in-code comment that said our + colored output would work only when we use fprintf/fputs on + Windows, which no longer is the case for the past few years. + + * "gc.autoPackLimit" when set to 1 should not trigger a repacking + when there is only one pack, but the code counted poorly and did + so. + + * One part of "git am" had an oddball helper function that called + stuff from outside "his" as opposed to calling what we have "ours", + which was not gender-neutral and also inconsistent with the rest of + the system where outside stuff is usuall called "theirs" in + contrast to "ours". + + * The test framework learned a new helper test_match_signal to + check an exit code from getting killed by an expected signal. + + * "git blame -M" missed a single line that was moved within the file. + + * Fix recently introduced codepaths that are involved in parallel + submodule operations, which gave up on reading too early, and + could have wasted CPU while attempting to write under a corner + case condition. + + * "git grep -i" has been taught to fold case in non-ascii locales + correctly. + + * A test that unconditionally used "mktemp" learned that the command + is not necessarily available everywhere. + + * "git blame file" allowed the lineage of lines in the uncommitted, + unadded contents of "file" to be inspected, but it refused when + "file" did not appear in the current commit. When "file" was + created by renaming an existing file (but the change has not been + committed), this restriction was unnecessarily tight. + + * "git add -N dir/file && git write-tree" produced an incorrect tree + when there are other paths in the same directory that sorts after + "file". + + * "git fetch http://user:pass@host/repo..." scrubbed the userinfo + part, but "git push" didn't. + + * An age old bug that caused "git diff --ignore-space-at-eol" + misbehave has been fixed. + + * "git notes merge" had a code to see if a path exists (and fails if + it does) and then open the path for writing (when it doesn't). + Replace it with open with O_EXCL. + + * "git pack-objects" and "git index-pack" mostly operate with off_t + when talking about the offset of objects in a packfile, but there + were a handful of places that used "unsigned long" to hold that + value, leading to an unintended truncation. + + * Recent update to "git daemon" tries to enable the socket-level + KEEPALIVE, but when it is spawned via inetd, the standard input + file descriptor may not necessarily be connected to a socket. + Suppress an ENOTSOCK error from setsockopt(). + + * Recent FreeBSD stopped making perl available at /usr/bin/perl; + switch the default the built-in path to /usr/local/bin/perl on not + too ancient FreeBSD releases. + + * "git status" learned to suggest "merge --abort" during a conflicted + merge, just like it already suggests "rebase --abort" during a + conflicted rebase. + + * The .c/.h sources are marked as such in our .gitattributes file so + that "git diff -W" and friends would work better. + + * Existing autoconf generated test for the need to link with pthread + library did not check all the functions from pthread libraries; + recent FreeBSD has some functions in libc but not others, and we + mistakenly thought linking with libc is enough when it is not. + + * Allow http daemon tests in Travis CI tests. + + * Users of the parse_options_concat() API function need to allocate + extra slots in advance and fill them with OPT_END() when they want + to decide the set of supported options dynamically, which makes the + code error-prone and hard to read. This has been corrected by tweaking + the API to allocate and return a new copy of "struct option" array. + + * The use of strbuf in "git rm" to build filename to remove was a bit + suboptimal, which has been fixed. + + * "git commit --help" said "--no-verify" is only about skipping the + pre-commit hook, and failed to say that it also skipped the + commit-msg hook. + + * "git merge" in Git v2.9 was taught to forbid merging an unrelated + lines of history by default, but that is exactly the kind of thing + the "--rejoin" mode of "git subtree" (in contrib/) wants to do. + "git subtree" has been taught to use the "--allow-unrelated-histories" + option to override the default. + + * The build procedure for "git persistent-https" helper (in contrib/) + has been updated so that it can be built with more recent versions + of Go. + + * There is an optimization used in "git diff $treeA $treeB" to borrow + an already checked-out copy in the working tree when it is known to + be the same as the blob being compared, expecting that open/mmap of + such a file is faster than reading it from the object store, which + involves inflating and applying delta. This however kicked in even + when the checked-out copy needs to go through the convert-to-git + conversion (including the clean filter), which defeats the whole + point of the optimization. The optimization has been disabled when + the conversion is necessary. + + * "git -c grep.patternType=extended log --basic-regexp" misbehaved + because the internal API to access the grep machinery was not + designed well. + + * Windows port was failing some tests in t4130, due to the lack of + inum in the returned values by its lstat(2) emulation. + + * The characters in the label shown for tags/refs for commits in + "gitweb" output are now properly escaped for proper HTML output. + + * FreeBSD can lie when asked mtime of a directory, which made the + untracked cache code to fall back to a slow-path, which in turn + caused tests in t7063 to fail because it wanted to verify the + behaviour of the fast-path. + + * Squelch compiler warnings for netmalloc (in compat/) library. + + * The API documentation for hashmap was unclear if hashmap_entry + can be safely discarded without any other consideration. State + that it is safe to do so. + + * Not-so-recent rewrite of "git am" that started making internal + calls into the commit machinery had an unintended regression, in + that no matter how many seconds it took to apply many patches, the + resulting committer timestamp for the resulting commits were all + the same. + + * "git difftool <paths>..." started in a subdirectory failed to + interpret the paths relative to that directory, which has been + fixed. + +Also contains minor documentation updates and code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..01e864278b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +Git v2.9.4 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.9.3 +------------------ + + * There are certain house-keeping tasks that need to be performed at + the very beginning of any Git program, and programs that are not + built-in commands had to do them exactly the same way as "git" + potty does. It was easy to make mistakes in one-off standalone + programs (like test helpers). A common "main()" function that + calls cmd_main() of individual program has been introduced to + make it harder to make mistakes. + + * "git merge" with renormalization did not work well with + merge-recursive, due to "safer crlf" conversion kicking in when it + shouldn't. + + * The reflog output format is documented better, and a new format + --date=unix to report the seconds-since-epoch (without timezone) + has been added. + + * "git push --force-with-lease" already had enough logic to allow + ensuring that such a push results in creation of a ref (i.e. the + receiving end did not have another push from sideways that would be + discarded by our force-pushing), but didn't expose this possibility + to the users. It does so now. + + * "import-tars" fast-import script (in contrib/) used to ignore a + hardlink target and replaced it with an empty file, which has been + corrected to record the same blob as the other file the hardlink is + shared with. + + * "git mv dir non-existing-dir/" did not work in some environments + the same way as existing mainstream platforms. The code now moves + "dir" to "non-existing-dir", without relying on rename("A", "B/") + that strips the trailing slash of '/'. + + * The "t/" hierarchy is prone to get an unusual pathname; "make test" + has been taught to make sure they do not contain paths that cannot + be checked out on Windows (and the mechanism can be reusable to + catch pathnames that are not portable to other platforms as need + arises). + + * When "git merge-recursive" works on history with many criss-cross + merges in "verbose" mode, the names the command assigns to the + virtual merge bases could have overwritten each other by unintended + reuse of the same piece of memory. + + * "git checkout --detach <branch>" used to give the same advice + message as that is issued when "git checkout <tag>" (or anything + that is not a branch name) is given, but asking with "--detach" is + an explicit enough sign that the user knows what is going on. The + advice message has been squelched in this case. + + * "git difftool" by default ignores the error exit from the backend + commands it spawns, because often they signal that they found + differences by exiting with a non-zero status code just like "diff" + does; the exit status codes 126 and above however are special in + that they are used to signal that the command is not executable, + does not exist, or killed by a signal. "git difftool" has been + taught to notice these exit status codes. + + * On Windows, help.browser configuration variable used to be ignored, + which has been corrected. + + * The "git -c var[=val] cmd" facility to append a configuration + variable definition at the end of the search order was described in + git(1) manual page, but not in git-config(1), which was more likely + place for people to look for when they ask "can I make a one-shot + override, and if so how?" + + * The tempfile (hence its user lockfile) API lets the caller to open + a file descriptor to a temporary file, write into it and then + finalize it by first closing the filehandle and then either + removing or renaming the temporary file. When the process spawns a + subprocess after obtaining the file descriptor, and if the + subprocess has not exited when the attempt to remove or rename is + made, the last step fails on Windows, because the subprocess has + the file descriptor still open. Open tempfile with O_CLOEXEC flag + to avoid this (on Windows, this is mapped to O_NOINHERIT). + +Also contains minor documentation updates and code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches index ba07c8c571..bc8ad00473 100644 --- a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +++ b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches @@ -1,54 +1,38 @@ -Checklist (and a short version for the impatient): - - Commits: - - - make commits of logical units - - check for unnecessary whitespace with "git diff --check" - before committing - - do not check in commented out code or unneeded files - - provide a meaningful commit message - - the first line of the commit message should be a short - description and should skip the full stop - - if you want your work included in git.git, add a - "Signed-off-by: Your Name <you@example.com>" line to the - commit message (or just use the option "-s" when - committing) to confirm that you agree to the Developer's - Certificate of Origin - - make sure that you have tests for the bug you are fixing - - make sure that the test suite passes after your commit - - Patch: - - - use "git format-patch -M" to create the patch - - do not PGP sign your patch - - do not attach your patch, but read in the mail - body, unless you cannot teach your mailer to - leave the formatting of the patch alone. - - be careful doing cut & paste into your mailer, not to - corrupt whitespaces. - - provide additional information (which is unsuitable for - the commit message) between the "---" and the diffstat - - if you change, add, or remove a command line option or - make some other user interface change, the associated - documentation should be updated as well. - - if your name is not writable in ASCII, make sure that - you send off a message in the correct encoding. - - send the patch to the list (git@vger.kernel.org) and the - maintainer (gitster@pobox.com) if (and only if) the patch - is ready for inclusion. If you use git-send-email(1), - please test it first by sending email to yourself. - -Long version: - -I started reading over the SubmittingPatches document for Linux -kernel, primarily because I wanted to have a document similar to -it for the core GIT to make sure people understand what they are -doing when they write "Signed-off-by" line. - -But the patch submission requirements are a lot more relaxed -here on the technical/contents front, because the core GIT is -thousand times smaller ;-). So here is only the relevant bits. +Here are some guidelines for people who want to contribute their code +to this software. +(0) Decide what to base your work on. + +In general, always base your work on the oldest branch that your +change is relevant to. + + - A bugfix should be based on 'maint' in general. If the bug is not + present in 'maint', base it on 'master'. For a bug that's not yet + in 'master', find the topic that introduces the regression, and + base your work on the tip of the topic. + + - A new feature should be based on 'master' in general. If the new + feature depends on a topic that is in 'pu', but not in 'master', + base your work on the tip of that topic. + + - Corrections and enhancements to a topic not yet in 'master' should + be based on the tip of that topic. If the topic has not been merged + to 'next', it's alright to add a note to squash minor corrections + into the series. + + - In the exceptional case that a new feature depends on several topics + not in 'master', start working on 'next' or 'pu' privately and send + out patches for discussion. Before the final merge, you may have to + wait until some of the dependent topics graduate to 'master', and + rebase your work. + + - Some parts of the system have dedicated maintainers with their own + repositories (see the section "Subsystems" below). Changes to + these parts should be based on their trees. + +To find the tip of a topic branch, run "git log --first-parent +master..pu" and look for the merge commit. The second parent of this +commit is the tip of the topic branch. (1) Make separate commits for logically separate changes. @@ -58,55 +42,143 @@ your commit head. Instead, always make a commit with complete commit message and generate a series of patches from your repository. It is a good discipline. -Describe the technical detail of the change(s). +Give an explanation for the change(s) that is detailed enough so +that people can judge if it is good thing to do, without reading +the actual patch text to determine how well the code does what +the explanation promises to do. If your description starts to get too long, that's a sign that you probably need to split up your commit to finer grained pieces. - -Oh, another thing. I am picky about whitespaces. Make sure your +That being said, patches which plainly describe the things that +help reviewers check the patch, and future maintainers understand +the code, are the most beautiful patches. Descriptions that summarise +the point in the subject well, and describe the motivation for the +change, the approach taken by the change, and if relevant how this +differs substantially from the prior version, are all good things +to have. + +Make sure that you have tests for the bug you are fixing. See +t/README for guidance. + +When adding a new feature, make sure that you have new tests to show +the feature triggers the new behavior when it should, and to show the +feature does not trigger when it shouldn't. After any code change, make +sure that the entire test suite passes. + +If you have an account at GitHub (and you can get one for free to work +on open source projects), you can use their Travis CI integration to +test your changes on Linux, Mac (and hopefully soon Windows). See +GitHub-Travis CI hints section for details. + +Do not forget to update the documentation to describe the updated +behavior and make sure that the resulting documentation set formats +well. It is currently a liberal mixture of US and UK English norms for +spelling and grammar, which is somewhat unfortunate. A huge patch that +touches the files all over the place only to correct the inconsistency +is not welcome, though. Potential clashes with other changes that can +result from such a patch are not worth it. We prefer to gradually +reconcile the inconsistencies in favor of US English, with small and +easily digestible patches, as a side effect of doing some other real +work in the vicinity (e.g. rewriting a paragraph for clarity, while +turning en_UK spelling to en_US). Obvious typographical fixes are much +more welcomed ("teh -> "the"), preferably submitted as independent +patches separate from other documentation changes. + +Oh, another thing. We are picky about whitespaces. Make sure your changes do not trigger errors with the sample pre-commit hook shipped in templates/hooks--pre-commit. To help ensure this does not happen, run git diff --check on your changes before you commit. -(1a) Try to be nice to older C compilers +(2) Describe your changes well. + +The first line of the commit message should be a short description (50 +characters is the soft limit, see DISCUSSION in git-commit(1)), and +should skip the full stop. It is also conventional in most cases to +prefix the first line with "area: " where the area is a filename or +identifier for the general area of the code being modified, e.g. + + . doc: clarify distinction between sign-off and pgp-signing + . githooks.txt: improve the intro section -We try to support a wide range of C compilers to compile -git with. That means that you should not use C99 initializers, even -if a lot of compilers grok it. +If in doubt which identifier to use, run "git log --no-merges" on the +files you are modifying to see the current conventions. -Also, variables have to be declared at the beginning of the block -(you can check this with gcc, using the -Wdeclaration-after-statement -option). +It's customary to start the remainder of the first line after "area: " +with a lower-case letter. E.g. "doc: clarify...", not "doc: +Clarify...", or "githooks.txt: improve...", not "githooks.txt: +Improve...". -Another thing: NULL pointers shall be written as NULL, not as 0. +The body should provide a meaningful commit message, which: + . explains the problem the change tries to solve, iow, what is wrong + with the current code without the change. -(2) Generate your patch using git tools out of your commits. + . justifies the way the change solves the problem, iow, why the + result with the change is better. -git based diff tools (git, Cogito, and StGIT included) generate -unidiff which is the preferred format. + . alternate solutions considered but discarded, if any. + +Describe your changes in imperative mood, e.g. "make xyzzy do frotz" +instead of "[This patch] makes xyzzy do frotz" or "[I] changed xyzzy +to do frotz", as if you are giving orders to the codebase to change +its behaviour. Try to make sure your explanation can be understood +without external resources. Instead of giving a URL to a mailing list +archive, summarize the relevant points of the discussion. + +If you want to reference a previous commit in the history of a stable +branch, use the format "abbreviated sha1 (subject, date)", +with the subject enclosed in a pair of double-quotes, like this: + + Commit f86a374 ("pack-bitmap.c: fix a memleak", 2015-03-30) + noticed that ... + +The "Copy commit summary" command of gitk can be used to obtain this +format, or this invocation of "git show": + + git show -s --date=short --pretty='format:%h ("%s", %ad)' <commit> + +(3) Generate your patch using Git tools out of your commits. + +Git based diff tools generate unidiff which is the preferred format. You do not have to be afraid to use -M option to "git diff" or "git format-patch", if your patch involves file renames. The receiving end can handle them just fine. -Please make sure your patch does not include any extra files -which do not belong in a patch submission. Make sure to review +Please make sure your patch does not add commented out debugging code, +or include any extra files which do not relate to what your patch +is trying to achieve. Make sure to review your patch after generating it, to ensure accuracy. Before sending out, please make sure it cleanly applies to the "master" branch head. If you are preparing a work based on "next" branch, that is fine, but please mark it as such. -(3) Sending your patches. +(4) Sending your patches. + +Learn to use format-patch and send-email if possible. These commands +are optimized for the workflow of sending patches, avoiding many ways +your existing e-mail client that is optimized for "multipart/*" mime +type e-mails to corrupt and render your patches unusable. -People on the git mailing list need to be able to read and +People on the Git mailing list need to be able to read and comment on the changes you are submitting. It is important for a developer to be able to "quote" your changes, using standard e-mail tools, so that they may comment on specific portions of -your code. For this reason, all patches should be submitted -"inline". WARNING: Be wary of your MUAs word-wrap +your code. For this reason, each patch should be submitted +"inline" in a separate message. + +Multiple related patches should be grouped into their own e-mail +thread to help readers find all parts of the series. To that end, +send them as replies to either an additional "cover letter" message +(see below), the first patch, or the respective preceding patch. + +If your log message (including your name on the +Signed-off-by line) is not writable in ASCII, make sure that +you send off a message in the correct encoding. + +WARNING: Be wary of your MUAs word-wrap corrupting your patch. Do not cut-n-paste your patch; you can lose tabs that way if you are not careful. @@ -130,7 +202,11 @@ message starts, you can put a "From: " line to name that person. You often want to add additional explanation about the patch, other than the commit message itself. Place such "cover letter" -material between the three dash lines and the diffstat. +material between the three-dash line and the diffstat. For +patches requiring multiple iterations of review and discussion, +an explanation of changes between each iteration can be kept in +Git-notes and inserted automatically following the three-dash +line via `git format-patch --notes`. Do not attach the patch as a MIME attachment, compressed or not. Do not let your e-mail client send quoted-printable. Do not let @@ -146,36 +222,40 @@ that it will be postponed. Exception: If your mailer is mangling patches then someone may ask you to re-send them using MIME, that is OK. -Do not PGP sign your patch, at least for now. Most likely, your -maintainer or other people on the list would not have your PGP -key and would not bother obtaining it anyway. Your patch is not -judged by who you are; a good patch from an unknown origin has a -far better chance of being accepted than a patch from a known, -respected origin that is done poorly or does incorrect things. +Do not PGP sign your patch. Most likely, your maintainer or other people on the +list would not have your PGP key and would not bother obtaining it anyway. +Your patch is not judged by who you are; a good patch from an unknown origin +has a far better chance of being accepted than a patch from a known, respected +origin that is done poorly or does incorrect things. If you really really really really want to do a PGP signed patch, format it as "multipart/signed", not a text/plain message that starts with '-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----'. That is not a text/plain, it's something else. -Note that your maintainer does not necessarily read everything -on the git mailing list. If your patch is for discussion first, -send it "To:" the mailing list, and optionally "cc:" him. If it -is trivially correct or after the list reached a consensus, send -it "To:" the maintainer and optionally "cc:" the list for -inclusion. +Send your patch with "To:" set to the mailing list, with "cc:" listing +people who are involved in the area you are touching (the output from +"git blame $path" and "git shortlog --no-merges $path" would help to +identify them), to solicit comments and reviews. + +After the list reached a consensus that it is a good idea to apply the +patch, re-send it with "To:" set to the maintainer [*1*] and "cc:" the +list [*2*] for inclusion. + +Do not forget to add trailers such as "Acked-by:", "Reviewed-by:" and +"Tested-by:" lines as necessary to credit people who helped your +patch. -Also note that your maintainer does not actively involve himself in -maintaining what are in contrib/ hierarchy. When you send fixes and -enhancements to them, do not forget to "cc: " the person who primarily -worked on that hierarchy in contrib/. + [Addresses] + *1* The current maintainer: gitster@pobox.com + *2* The mailing list: git@vger.kernel.org -(4) Sign your work +(5) Certify your work by adding your "Signed-off-by: " line To improve tracking of who did what, we've borrowed the "sign-off" procedure from the Linux kernel project on patches -that are being emailed around. Although core GIT is a lot +that are being emailed around. Although core Git is a lot smaller project it is a good discipline to follow it. The sign-off is a simple line at the end of the explanation for @@ -203,17 +283,17 @@ pretty simple: if you can certify the below: person who certified (a), (b) or (c) and I have not modified it. - (d) I understand and agree that this project and the contribution - are public and that a record of the contribution (including all - personal information I submit with it, including my sign-off) is - maintained indefinitely and may be redistributed consistent with - this project or the open source license(s) involved. + (d) I understand and agree that this project and the contribution + are public and that a record of the contribution (including all + personal information I submit with it, including my sign-off) is + maintained indefinitely and may be redistributed consistent with + this project or the open source license(s) involved. then you just add a line saying - Signed-off-by: Random J Developer <random@developer.example.org> + Signed-off-by: Random J Developer <random@developer.example.org> -This line can be automatically added by git if you run the git-commit +This line can be automatically added by Git if you run the git-commit command with the -s option. Notice that you can place your own Signed-off-by: line when @@ -225,12 +305,41 @@ the change to its true author (see (2) above). Also notice that a real name is used in the Signed-off-by: line. Please don't hide your real name. -Some people also put extra tags at the end. +If you like, you can put extra tags at the end: + +1. "Reported-by:" is used to credit someone who found the bug that + the patch attempts to fix. +2. "Acked-by:" says that the person who is more familiar with the area + the patch attempts to modify liked the patch. +3. "Reviewed-by:", unlike the other tags, can only be offered by the + reviewer and means that she is completely satisfied that the patch + is ready for application. It is usually offered only after a + detailed review. +4. "Tested-by:" is used to indicate that the person applied the patch + and found it to have the desired effect. + +You can also create your own tag or use one that's in common usage +such as "Thanks-to:", "Based-on-patch-by:", or "Mentored-by:". + +------------------------------------------------ +Subsystems with dedicated maintainers + +Some parts of the system have dedicated maintainers with their own +repositories. + + - git-gui/ comes from git-gui project, maintained by Pat Thoyts: + + git://repo.or.cz/git-gui.git -"Acked-by:" says that the patch was reviewed by the person who -is more familiar with the issues and the area the patch attempts -to modify. "Tested-by:" says the patch was tested by the person -and found to have the desired effect. + - gitk-git/ comes from Paul Mackerras's gitk project: + + git://ozlabs.org/~paulus/gitk + + - po/ comes from the localization coordinator, Jiang Xin: + + https://github.com/git-l10n/git-po/ + +Patches to these parts should be based on their trees. ------------------------------------------------ An ideal patch flow @@ -257,7 +366,7 @@ suggests to the contributors: spend their time to improve your patch. Go back to step (2). (4) The list forms consensus that the last round of your patch is - good. Send it to the list and cc the maintainer. + good. Send it to the maintainer and cc the list. (5) A topic branch is created with the patch and is merged to 'next', and cooked further and eventually graduates to 'master'. @@ -268,54 +377,79 @@ people play with it without having to pick up and apply the patch to their trees themselves. ------------------------------------------------ -MUA specific hints +Know the status of your patch after submission -Some of patches I receive or pick up from the list share common -patterns of breakage. Please make sure your MUA is set up -properly not to corrupt whitespaces. Here are two common ones -I have seen: +* You can use Git itself to find out when your patch is merged in + master. 'git pull --rebase' will automatically skip already-applied + patches, and will let you know. This works only if you rebase on top + of the branch in which your patch has been merged (i.e. it will not + tell you if your patch is merged in pu if you rebase on top of + master). + +* Read the Git mailing list, the maintainer regularly posts messages + entitled "What's cooking in git.git" and "What's in git.git" giving + the status of various proposed changes. -* Empty context lines that do not have _any_ whitespace. +-------------------------------------------------- +GitHub-Travis CI hints -* Non empty context lines that have one extra whitespace at the - beginning. +With an account at GitHub (you can get one for free to work on open +source projects), you can use Travis CI to test your changes on Linux, +Mac (and hopefully soon Windows). You can find a successful example +test build here: https://travis-ci.org/git/git/builds/120473209 -One test you could do yourself if your MUA is set up correctly is: +Follow these steps for the initial setup: -* Send the patch to yourself, exactly the way you would, except - To: and Cc: lines, which would not contain the list and - maintainer address. + (1) Fork https://github.com/git/git to your GitHub account. + You can find detailed instructions how to fork here: + https://help.github.com/articles/fork-a-repo/ -* Save that patch to a file in UNIX mailbox format. Call it say - a.patch. + (2) Open the Travis CI website: https://travis-ci.org -* Try to apply to the tip of the "master" branch from the - git.git public repository: + (3) Press the "Sign in with GitHub" button. - $ git fetch http://kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git master:test-apply - $ git checkout test-apply - $ git reset --hard - $ git am a.patch + (4) Grant Travis CI permissions to access your GitHub account. + You can find more information about the required permissions here: + https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/github-oauth-scopes -If it does not apply correctly, there can be various reasons. + (5) Open your Travis CI profile page: https://travis-ci.org/profile -* Your patch itself does not apply cleanly. That is _bad_ but - does not have much to do with your MUA. Please rebase the - patch appropriately. + (6) Enable Travis CI builds for your Git fork. -* Your MUA corrupted your patch; "am" would complain that - the patch does not apply. Look at .git/rebase-apply/ subdirectory and - see what 'patch' file contains and check for the common - corruption patterns mentioned above. +After the initial setup, Travis CI will run whenever you push new changes +to your fork of Git on GitHub. You can monitor the test state of all your +branches here: https://travis-ci.org/<Your GitHub handle>/git/branches -* While you are at it, check what are in 'info' and - 'final-commit' files as well. If what is in 'final-commit' is - not exactly what you would want to see in the commit log - message, it is very likely that your maintainer would end up - hand editing the log message when he applies your patch. - Things like "Hi, this is my first patch.\n", if you really - want to put in the patch e-mail, should come after the - three-dash line that signals the end of the commit message. +If a branch did not pass all test cases then it is marked with a red +cross. In that case you can click on the failing Travis CI job and +scroll all the way down in the log. Find the line "<-- Click here to see +detailed test output!" and click on the triangle next to the log line +number to expand the detailed test output. Here is such a failing +example: https://travis-ci.org/git/git/jobs/122676187 + +Fix the problem and push your fix to your Git fork. This will trigger +a new Travis CI build to ensure all tests pass. + + +------------------------------------------------ +MUA specific hints + +Some of patches I receive or pick up from the list share common +patterns of breakage. Please make sure your MUA is set up +properly not to corrupt whitespaces. + +See the DISCUSSION section of git-format-patch(1) for hints on +checking your patch by mailing it to yourself and applying with +git-am(1). + +While you are at it, check the resulting commit log message from +a trial run of applying the patch. If what is in the resulting +commit is not exactly what you would want to see, it is very +likely that your maintainer would end up hand editing the log +message when he applies your patch. Things like "Hi, this is my +first patch.\n", if you really want to put in the patch e-mail, +should come after the three-dash line that signals the end of the +commit message. Pine @@ -371,62 +505,10 @@ that or Gentoo did it.) So you need to set the it. -Thunderbird ------------ - -(A Large Angry SCM) - -Here are some hints on how to successfully submit patches inline using -Thunderbird. - -This recipe appears to work with the current [*1*] Thunderbird from Suse. - -The following Thunderbird extensions are needed: - AboutConfig 0.5 - http://aboutconfig.mozdev.org/ - External Editor 0.7.2 - http://globs.org/articles.php?lng=en&pg=8 - -1) Prepare the patch as a text file using your method of choice. - -2) Before opening a compose window, use Edit->Account Settings to -uncheck the "Compose messages in HTML format" setting in the -"Composition & Addressing" panel of the account to be used to send the -patch. [*2*] - -3) In the main Thunderbird window, _before_ you open the compose window -for the patch, use Tools->about:config to set the following to the -indicated values: - mailnews.send_plaintext_flowed => false - mailnews.wraplength => 0 - -4) Open a compose window and click the external editor icon. - -5) In the external editor window, read in the patch file and exit the -editor normally. - -6) Back in the compose window: Add whatever other text you wish to the -message, complete the addressing and subject fields, and press send. - -7) Optionally, undo the about:config/account settings changes made in -steps 2 & 3. - +Thunderbird, KMail, GMail +------------------------- -[Footnotes] -*1* Version 1.0 (20041207) from the MozillaThunderbird-1.0-5 rpm of Suse -9.3 professional updates. - -*2* It may be possible to do this with about:config and the following -settings but I haven't tried, yet. - mail.html_compose => false - mail.identity.default.compose_html => false - mail.identity.id?.compose_html => false - -(Lukas Sandström) - -There is a script in contrib/thunderbird-patch-inline which can help -you include patches with Thunderbird in an easy way. To use it, do the -steps above and then use the script as the external editor. +See the MUA-SPECIFIC HINTS section of git-format-patch(1). Gnus ---- @@ -441,48 +523,3 @@ characters (most notably in people's names), and also whitespaces (fatal in patches). Running 'C-u g' to display the message in raw form before using '|' to run the pipe can work this problem around. - - -KMail ------ - -This should help you to submit patches inline using KMail. - -1) Prepare the patch as a text file. - -2) Click on New Mail. - -3) Go under "Options" in the Composer window and be sure that -"Word wrap" is not set. - -4) Use Message -> Insert file... and insert the patch. - -5) Back in the compose window: add whatever other text you wish to the -message, complete the addressing and subject fields, and press send. - - -Gmail ------ - -Submitting properly formatted patches via Gmail is simple now that -IMAP support is available. First, edit your ~/.gitconfig to specify your -account settings: - -[imap] - folder = "[Gmail]/Drafts" - host = imaps://imap.gmail.com - user = user@gmail.com - pass = p4ssw0rd - port = 993 - sslverify = false - -Next, ensure that your Gmail settings are correct. In "Settings" the -"Use Unicode (UTF-8) encoding for outgoing messages" should be checked. - -Once your commits are ready to send to the mailing list, run the following -command to send the patch emails to your Gmail Drafts folder. - - $ git format-patch -M --stdout origin/master | git imap-send - -Go to your Gmail account, open the Drafts folder, find the patch email, fill -in the To: and CC: fields and send away! diff --git a/Documentation/asciidoc.conf b/Documentation/asciidoc.conf index 1e735df3bb..2c16c536ba 100644 --- a/Documentation/asciidoc.conf +++ b/Documentation/asciidoc.conf @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ # # Note, {0} is the manpage section, while {target} is the command. # -# Show GIT link as: <command>(<section>); if section is defined, else just show +# Show Git link as: <command>(<section>); if section is defined, else just show # the command. [macros] @@ -16,7 +16,11 @@ plus=+ caret=^ startsb=[ endsb=] +backslash=\ tilde=~ +apostrophe=' +backtick=` +litdd=-- ifdef::backend-docbook[] [linkgit-inlinemacro] @@ -27,12 +31,12 @@ ifdef::backend-docbook[] endif::backend-docbook[] ifdef::backend-docbook[] -ifndef::docbook-xsl-172[] +ifndef::git-asciidoc-no-roff[] # "unbreak" docbook-xsl v1.68 for manpages. v1.69 works with or without this. # v1.72 breaks with this because it replaces dots not in roff requests. [listingblock] <example><title>{title}</title> -<literallayout> +<literallayout class="monospaced"> ifdef::doctype-manpage[] .ft C endif::doctype-manpage[] @@ -42,16 +46,16 @@ ifdef::doctype-manpage[] endif::doctype-manpage[] </literallayout> {title#}</example> -endif::docbook-xsl-172[] +endif::git-asciidoc-no-roff[] -ifdef::docbook-xsl-172[] +ifdef::git-asciidoc-no-roff[] ifdef::doctype-manpage[] # The following two small workarounds insert a simple paragraph after screen [listingblock] <example><title>{title}</title> -<screen> +<literallayout class="monospaced"> | -</screen><simpara></simpara> +</literallayout><simpara></simpara> {title#}</example> [verseblock] @@ -59,10 +63,11 @@ ifdef::doctype-manpage[] {title%}<literallayout{id? id="{id}"}> {title#}<literallayout> | -</literallayout><simpara></simpara> +</literallayout> {title#}</para></formalpara> +{title%}<simpara></simpara> endif::doctype-manpage[] -endif::docbook-xsl-172[] +endif::git-asciidoc-no-roff[] endif::backend-docbook[] ifdef::doctype-manpage[] @@ -85,6 +90,8 @@ endif::backend-docbook[] endif::doctype-manpage[] ifdef::backend-xhtml11[] +[attributes] +git-relative-html-prefix= [linkgit-inlinemacro] -<a href="{target}.html">{target}{0?({0})}</a> +<a href="{git-relative-html-prefix}{target}.html">{target}{0?({0})}</a> endif::backend-xhtml11[] diff --git a/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb b/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ec83b4959e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +require 'asciidoctor' +require 'asciidoctor/extensions' + +module Git + module Documentation + class LinkGitProcessor < Asciidoctor::Extensions::InlineMacroProcessor + use_dsl + + named :chrome + + def process(parent, target, attrs) + if parent.document.basebackend? 'html' + prefix = parent.document.attr('git-relative-html-prefix') + %(<a href="#{prefix}#{target}.html">#{target}(#{attrs[1]})</a>\n) + elsif parent.document.basebackend? 'docbook' + "<citerefentry>\n" \ + "<refentrytitle>#{target}</refentrytitle>" \ + "<manvolnum>#{attrs[1]}</manvolnum>\n" \ + "</citerefentry>\n" + end + end + end + end +end + +Asciidoctor::Extensions.register do + inline_macro Git::Documentation::LinkGitProcessor, :linkgit +end diff --git a/Documentation/blame-options.txt b/Documentation/blame-options.txt index 1ab1b96cf9..dc41957afa 100644 --- a/Documentation/blame-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/blame-options.txt @@ -4,33 +4,20 @@ --root:: Do not treat root commits as boundaries. This can also be - controlled via the `blame.showroot` config option. + controlled via the `blame.showRoot` config option. --show-stats:: Include additional statistics at the end of blame output. -L <start>,<end>:: - Annotate only the given line range. <start> and <end> can take - one of these forms: - - - number +-L :<funcname>:: + Annotate only the given line range. May be specified multiple times. + Overlapping ranges are allowed. + -If <start> or <end> is a number, it specifies an -absolute line number (lines count from 1). -+ - -- /regex/ -+ -This form will use the first line matching the given -POSIX regex. If <end> is a regex, it will search -starting at the line given by <start>. -+ - -- +offset or -offset -+ -This is only valid for <end> and will specify a number -of lines before or after the line given by <start>. +<start> and <end> are optional. ``-L <start>'' or ``-L <start>,'' spans from +<start> to end of file. ``-L ,<end>'' spans from start of file to <end>. + +include::line-range-format.txt[] -l:: Show long rev (Default: off). @@ -39,12 +26,25 @@ of lines before or after the line given by <start>. Show raw timestamp (Default: off). -S <revs-file>:: - Use revs from revs-file instead of calling linkgit:git-rev-list[1]. + Use revisions from revs-file instead of calling linkgit:git-rev-list[1]. + +--reverse <rev>..<rev>:: + Walk history forward instead of backward. Instead of showing + the revision in which a line appeared, this shows the last + revision in which a line has existed. This requires a range of + revision like START..END where the path to blame exists in + START. `git blame --reverse START` is taken as `git blame + --reverse START..HEAD` for convenience. -p:: --porcelain:: Show in a format designed for machine consumption. +--line-porcelain:: + Show the porcelain format, but output commit information for + each line, not just the first time a commit is referenced. + Implies --porcelain. + --incremental:: Show the result incrementally in a format designed for machine consumption. @@ -63,34 +63,52 @@ of lines before or after the line given by <start>. tree copy has the contents of the named file (specify `-` to make the command read from the standard input). --M|<num>|:: - Detect moving lines in the file as well. When a commit - moves a block of lines in a file (e.g. the original file - has A and then B, and the commit changes it to B and - then A), traditional 'blame' algorithm typically blames - the lines that were moved up (i.e. B) to the parent and - assigns blame to the lines that were moved down (i.e. A) - to the child commit. With this option, both groups of lines - are blamed on the parent. +--date <format>:: + Specifies the format used to output dates. If --date is not + provided, the value of the blame.date config variable is + used. If the blame.date config variable is also not set, the + iso format is used. For supported values, see the discussion + of the --date option at linkgit:git-log[1]. + +--[no-]progress:: + Progress status is reported on the standard error stream + by default when it is attached to a terminal. This flag + enables progress reporting even if not attached to a + terminal. Can't use `--progress` together with `--porcelain` + or `--incremental`. + +-M[<num>]:: + Detect moved or copied lines within a file. When a commit + moves or copies a block of lines (e.g. the original file + has A and then B, and the commit changes it to B and then + A), the traditional 'blame' algorithm notices only half of + the movement and typically blames the lines that were moved + up (i.e. B) to the parent and assigns blame to the lines that + were moved down (i.e. A) to the child commit. With this + option, both groups of lines are blamed on the parent by + running extra passes of inspection. + <num> is optional but it is the lower bound on the number of -alphanumeric characters that git must detect as moving +alphanumeric characters that Git must detect as moving/copying within a file for it to associate those lines with the parent -commit. +commit. The default value is 20. --C|<num>|:: - In addition to `-M`, detect lines copied from other +-C[<num>]:: + In addition to `-M`, detect lines moved or copied from other files that were modified in the same commit. This is useful when you reorganize your program and move code around across files. When this option is given twice, - the command looks for copies from all other files in the - parent for the commit that creates the file in addition. + the command additionally looks for copies from other + files in the commit that creates the file. When this + option is given three times, the command additionally + looks for copies from other files in any commit. + <num> is optional but it is the lower bound on the number of -alphanumeric characters that git must detect as moving +alphanumeric characters that Git must detect as moving/copying between files for it to associate those lines with the parent -commit. +commit. And the default value is 40. If there are more than one +`-C` options given, the <num> argument of the last `-C` will +take effect. -h:: ---help:: Show help message. diff --git a/Documentation/callouts.xsl b/Documentation/callouts.xsl deleted file mode 100644 index 6a361a2136..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/callouts.xsl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -<!-- callout.xsl: converts asciidoc callouts to man page format --> -<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" version="1.0"> -<xsl:template match="co"> - <xsl:value-of select="concat('\fB(',substring-after(@id,'-'),')\fR')"/> -</xsl:template> -<xsl:template match="calloutlist"> - <xsl:text>.sp </xsl:text> - <xsl:apply-templates/> - <xsl:text> </xsl:text> -</xsl:template> -<xsl:template match="callout"> - <xsl:value-of select="concat('\fB',substring-after(@arearefs,'-'),'. \fR')"/> - <xsl:apply-templates/> - <xsl:text>.br </xsl:text> -</xsl:template> - -<!-- sorry, this is not about callouts, but attempts to work around - spurious .sp at the tail of the line docbook stylesheets seem to add --> -<xsl:template match="simpara"> - <xsl:variable name="content"> - <xsl:apply-templates/> - </xsl:variable> - <xsl:value-of select="normalize-space($content)"/> - <xsl:if test="not(ancestor::authorblurb) and - not(ancestor::personblurb)"> - <xsl:text> </xsl:text> - </xsl:if> -</xsl:template> - -</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/cat-texi.perl b/Documentation/cat-texi.perl index 828ec62554..14d2f83415 100755 --- a/Documentation/cat-texi.perl +++ b/Documentation/cat-texi.perl @@ -1,9 +1,12 @@ #!/usr/bin/perl -w +use strict; +use warnings; + my @menu = (); my $output = $ARGV[0]; -open TMP, '>', "$output.tmp"; +open my $tmp, '>', "$output.tmp"; while (<STDIN>) { next if (/^\\input texinfo/../\@node Top/); @@ -11,12 +14,13 @@ while (<STDIN>) { if (s/^\@top (.*)/\@node $1,,,Top/) { push @menu, $1; } - s/\(\@pxref{\[(URLS|REMOTES)\]}\)//; - print TMP; + s/\(\@pxref\{\[(URLS|REMOTES)\]}\)//; + s/\@anchor\{[^{}]*\}//g; + print $tmp $_; } -close TMP; +close $tmp; -printf '\input texinfo +print '\input texinfo @setfilename gitman.info @documentencoding UTF-8 @dircategory Development @@ -27,16 +31,16 @@ printf '\input texinfo @top Git Manual Pages @documentlanguage en @menu -', $menu[0]; +'; for (@menu) { print "* ${_}::\n"; } print "\@end menu\n"; -open TMP, '<', "$output.tmp"; -while (<TMP>) { +open $tmp, '<', "$output.tmp"; +while (<$tmp>) { print; } -close TMP; +close $tmp; print "\@bye\n"; unlink "$output.tmp"; diff --git a/Documentation/cmd-list.perl b/Documentation/cmd-list.perl index 04f99778d8..5aa73cfe45 100755 --- a/Documentation/cmd-list.perl +++ b/Documentation/cmd-list.perl @@ -38,6 +38,10 @@ sub format_one { } } +while (<>) { + last if /^### command list/; +} + my %cmds = (); for (sort <>) { next if /^#/; diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt index e2b8775dd3..475e874d51 100644 --- a/Documentation/config.txt +++ b/Documentation/config.txt @@ -1,19 +1,21 @@ CONFIGURATION FILE ------------------ -The git configuration file contains a number of variables that affect -the git command's behavior. `.git/config` file for each repository -is used to store the information for that repository, and -`$HOME/.gitconfig` is used to store per user information to give -fallback values for `.git/config` file. The file `/etc/gitconfig` -can be used to store system-wide defaults. - -They can be used by both the git plumbing -and the porcelains. The variables are divided into sections, where -in the fully qualified variable name the variable itself is the last +The Git configuration file contains a number of variables that affect +the Git commands' behavior. The `.git/config` file in each repository +is used to store the configuration for that repository, and +`$HOME/.gitconfig` is used to store a per-user configuration as +fallback values for the `.git/config` file. The file `/etc/gitconfig` +can be used to store a system-wide default configuration. + +The configuration variables are used by both the Git plumbing +and the porcelains. The variables are divided into sections, wherein +the fully qualified variable name of the variable itself is the last dot-separated segment and the section name is everything before the last -dot. The variable names are case-insensitive and only alphanumeric -characters are allowed. Some variables may appear multiple times. +dot. The variable names are case-insensitive, allow only alphanumeric +characters and `-`, and must start with an alphabetic character. Some +variables may appear multiple times; we say then that the variable is +multivalued. Syntax ~~~~~~ @@ -24,63 +26,122 @@ blank lines are ignored. The file consists of sections and variables. A section begins with the name of the section in square brackets and continues until the next -section begins. Section names are not case sensitive. Only alphanumeric -characters, '`-`' and '`.`' are allowed in section names. Each variable -must belong to some section, which means that there must be section -header before first setting of a variable. +section begins. Section names are case-insensitive. Only alphanumeric +characters, `-` and `.` are allowed in section names. Each variable +must belong to some section, which means that there must be a section +header before the first setting of a variable. Sections can be further divided into subsections. To begin a subsection put its name in double quotes, separated by space from the section name, -in the section header, like in example below: +in the section header, like in the example below: -------- [section "subsection"] -------- -Subsection names can contain any characters except newline (doublequote -'`"`' and backslash have to be escaped as '`\"`' and '`\\`', -respectively) and are case sensitive. Section header cannot span multiple +Subsection names are case sensitive and can contain any characters except +newline (doublequote `"` and backslash can be included by escaping them +as `\"` and `\\`, respectively). Section headers cannot span multiple lines. Variables may belong directly to a section or to a given subsection. You can have `[section]` if you have `[section "subsection"]`, but you don't need to. -There is also (case insensitive) alternative `[section.subsection]` syntax. -In this syntax subsection names follow the same restrictions as for section -name. +There is also a deprecated `[section.subsection]` syntax. With this +syntax, the subsection name is converted to lower-case and is also +compared case sensitively. These subsection names follow the same +restrictions as section names. + +All the other lines (and the remainder of the line after the section +header) are recognized as setting variables, in the form +'name = value' (or just 'name', which is a short-hand to say that +the variable is the boolean "true"). +The variable names are case-insensitive, allow only alphanumeric characters +and `-`, and must start with an alphabetic character. + +A line that defines a value can be continued to the next line by +ending it with a `\`; the backquote and the end-of-line are +stripped. Leading whitespaces after 'name =', the remainder of the +line after the first comment character '#' or ';', and trailing +whitespaces of the line are discarded unless they are enclosed in +double quotes. Internal whitespaces within the value are retained +verbatim. + +Inside double quotes, double quote `"` and backslash `\` characters +must be escaped: use `\"` for `"` and `\\` for `\`. + +The following escape sequences (beside `\"` and `\\`) are recognized: +`\n` for newline character (NL), `\t` for horizontal tabulation (HT, TAB) +and `\b` for backspace (BS). Other char escape sequences (including octal +escape sequences) are invalid. + + +Includes +~~~~~~~~ + +You can include a config file from another by setting the special +`include.path` variable to the name of the file to be included. The +variable takes a pathname as its value, and is subject to tilde +expansion. `include.path` can be given multiple times. + +The included file is expanded immediately, as if its contents had been +found at the location of the include directive. If the value of the +`include.path` variable is a relative path, the path is considered to +be relative to the configuration file in which the include directive +was found. See below for examples. + +Conditional includes +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +You can include a config file from another conditionally by setting a +`includeIf.<condition>.path` variable to the name of the file to be +included. The variable's value is treated the same way as +`include.path`. `includeIf.<condition>.path` can be given multiple times. + +The condition starts with a keyword followed by a colon and some data +whose format and meaning depends on the keyword. Supported keywords +are: + +`gitdir`:: + + The data that follows the keyword `gitdir:` is used as a glob + pattern. If the location of the .git directory matches the + pattern, the include condition is met. ++ +The .git location may be auto-discovered, or come from `$GIT_DIR` +environment variable. If the repository is auto discovered via a .git +file (e.g. from submodules, or a linked worktree), the .git location +would be the final location where the .git directory is, not where the +.git file is. ++ +The pattern can contain standard globbing wildcards and two additional +ones, `**/` and `/**`, that can match multiple path components. Please +refer to linkgit:gitignore[5] for details. For convenience: -All the other lines are recognized as setting variables, in the form -'name = value'. If there is no equal sign on the line, the entire line -is taken as 'name' and the variable is recognized as boolean "true". -The variable names are case-insensitive and only alphanumeric -characters and '`-`' are allowed. There can be more than one value -for a given variable; we say then that variable is multivalued. + * If the pattern starts with `~/`, `~` will be substituted with the + content of the environment variable `HOME`. -Leading and trailing whitespace in a variable value is discarded. -Internal whitespace within a variable value is retained verbatim. + * If the pattern starts with `./`, it is replaced with the directory + containing the current config file. -The values following the equals sign in variable assign are all either -a string, an integer, or a boolean. Boolean values may be given as yes/no, -0/1 or true/false. Case is not significant in boolean values, when -converting value to the canonical form using '--bool' type specifier; -'git-config' will ensure that the output is "true" or "false". + * If the pattern does not start with either `~/`, `./` or `/`, `**/` + will be automatically prepended. For example, the pattern `foo/bar` + becomes `**/foo/bar` and would match `/any/path/to/foo/bar`. -String values may be entirely or partially enclosed in double quotes. -You need to enclose variable value in double quotes if you want to -preserve leading or trailing whitespace, or if variable value contains -beginning of comment characters (if it contains '#' or ';'). -Double quote '`"`' and backslash '`\`' characters in variable value must -be escaped: use '`\"`' for '`"`' and '`\\`' for '`\`'. + * If the pattern ends with `/`, `**` will be automatically added. For + example, the pattern `foo/` becomes `foo/**`. In other words, it + matches "foo" and everything inside, recursively. -The following escape sequences (beside '`\"`' and '`\\`') are recognized: -'`\n`' for newline character (NL), '`\t`' for horizontal tabulation (HT, TAB) -and '`\b`' for backspace (BS). No other char escape sequence, nor octal -char sequences are valid. +`gitdir/i`:: + This is the same as `gitdir` except that matching is done + case-insensitively (e.g. on case-insensitive file sytems) -Variable value ending in a '`\`' is continued on the next line in the -customary UNIX fashion. +A few more notes on matching via `gitdir` and `gitdir/i`: -Some variables may require special value format. + * Symlinks in `$GIT_DIR` are not resolved before matching. + + * Note that "../" is not special and will match literally, which is + unlikely what you want. Example ~~~~~~~ @@ -104,74 +165,294 @@ Example gitProxy="ssh" for "kernel.org" gitProxy=default-proxy ; for the rest + [include] + path = /path/to/foo.inc ; include by absolute path + path = foo ; expand "foo" relative to the current file + path = ~/foo ; expand "foo" in your `$HOME` directory + + ; include if $GIT_DIR is /path/to/foo/.git + [includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/foo/.git"] + path = /path/to/foo.inc + + ; include for all repositories inside /path/to/group + [includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/group/"] + path = /path/to/foo.inc + + ; include for all repositories inside $HOME/to/group + [includeIf "gitdir:~/to/group/"] + path = /path/to/foo.inc + +Values +~~~~~~ + +Values of many variables are treated as a simple string, but there +are variables that take values of specific types and there are rules +as to how to spell them. + +boolean:: + + When a variable is said to take a boolean value, many + synonyms are accepted for 'true' and 'false'; these are all + case-insensitive. + + true;; Boolean true can be spelled as `yes`, `on`, `true`, + or `1`. Also, a variable defined without `= <value>` + is taken as true. + + false;; Boolean false can be spelled as `no`, `off`, + `false`, or `0`. ++ +When converting value to the canonical form using `--bool` type +specifier; 'git config' will ensure that the output is "true" or +"false" (spelled in lowercase). + +integer:: + The value for many variables that specify various sizes can + be suffixed with `k`, `M`,... to mean "scale the number by + 1024", "by 1024x1024", etc. + +color:: + The value for a variable that takes a color is a list of + colors (at most two, one for foreground and one for background) + and attributes (as many as you want), separated by spaces. ++ +The basic colors accepted are `normal`, `black`, `red`, `green`, `yellow`, +`blue`, `magenta`, `cyan` and `white`. The first color given is the +foreground; the second is the background. ++ +Colors may also be given as numbers between 0 and 255; these use ANSI +256-color mode (but note that not all terminals may support this). If +your terminal supports it, you may also specify 24-bit RGB values as +hex, like `#ff0ab3`. ++ +The accepted attributes are `bold`, `dim`, `ul`, `blink`, `reverse`, +`italic`, and `strike` (for crossed-out or "strikethrough" letters). +The position of any attributes with respect to the colors +(before, after, or in between), doesn't matter. Specific attributes may +be turned off by prefixing them with `no` or `no-` (e.g., `noreverse`, +`no-ul`, etc). ++ +An empty color string produces no color effect at all. This can be used +to avoid coloring specific elements without disabling color entirely. ++ +For git's pre-defined color slots, the attributes are meant to be reset +at the beginning of each item in the colored output. So setting +`color.decorate.branch` to `black` will paint that branch name in a +plain `black`, even if the previous thing on the same output line (e.g. +opening parenthesis before the list of branch names in `log --decorate` +output) is set to be painted with `bold` or some other attribute. +However, custom log formats may do more complicated and layered +coloring, and the negated forms may be useful there. + +pathname:: + A variable that takes a pathname value can be given a + string that begins with "`~/`" or "`~user/`", and the usual + tilde expansion happens to such a string: `~/` + is expanded to the value of `$HOME`, and `~user/` to the + specified user's home directory. + + Variables ~~~~~~~~~ Note that this list is non-comprehensive and not necessarily complete. For command-specific variables, you will find a more detailed description -in the appropriate manual page. You will find a description of non-core -porcelain configuration variables in the respective porcelain documentation. +in the appropriate manual page. -core.fileMode:: - If false, the executable bit differences between the index and - the working copy are ignored; useful on broken filesystems like FAT. - See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. True by default. +Other git-related tools may and do use their own variables. When +inventing new variables for use in your own tool, make sure their +names do not conflict with those that are used by Git itself and +other popular tools, and describe them in your documentation. + + +advice.*:: + These variables control various optional help messages designed to + aid new users. All 'advice.*' variables default to 'true', and you + can tell Git that you do not need help by setting these to 'false': ++ +-- + pushUpdateRejected:: + Set this variable to 'false' if you want to disable + 'pushNonFFCurrent', + 'pushNonFFMatching', 'pushAlreadyExists', + 'pushFetchFirst', and 'pushNeedsForce' + simultaneously. + pushNonFFCurrent:: + Advice shown when linkgit:git-push[1] fails due to a + non-fast-forward update to the current branch. + pushNonFFMatching:: + Advice shown when you ran linkgit:git-push[1] and pushed + 'matching refs' explicitly (i.e. you used ':', or + specified a refspec that isn't your current branch) and + it resulted in a non-fast-forward error. + pushAlreadyExists:: + Shown when linkgit:git-push[1] rejects an update that + does not qualify for fast-forwarding (e.g., a tag.) + pushFetchFirst:: + Shown when linkgit:git-push[1] rejects an update that + tries to overwrite a remote ref that points at an + object we do not have. + pushNeedsForce:: + Shown when linkgit:git-push[1] rejects an update that + tries to overwrite a remote ref that points at an + object that is not a commit-ish, or make the remote + ref point at an object that is not a commit-ish. + statusHints:: + Show directions on how to proceed from the current + state in the output of linkgit:git-status[1], in + the template shown when writing commit messages in + linkgit:git-commit[1], and in the help message shown + by linkgit:git-checkout[1] when switching branch. + statusUoption:: + Advise to consider using the `-u` option to linkgit:git-status[1] + when the command takes more than 2 seconds to enumerate untracked + files. + commitBeforeMerge:: + Advice shown when linkgit:git-merge[1] refuses to + merge to avoid overwriting local changes. + resolveConflict:: + Advice shown by various commands when conflicts + prevent the operation from being performed. + implicitIdentity:: + Advice on how to set your identity configuration when + your information is guessed from the system username and + domain name. + detachedHead:: + Advice shown when you used linkgit:git-checkout[1] to + move to the detach HEAD state, to instruct how to create + a local branch after the fact. + amWorkDir:: + Advice that shows the location of the patch file when + linkgit:git-am[1] fails to apply it. + rmHints:: + In case of failure in the output of linkgit:git-rm[1], + show directions on how to proceed from the current state. +-- -core.ignoreCygwinFSTricks:: - This option is only used by Cygwin implementation of Git. If false, - the Cygwin stat() and lstat() functions are used. This may be useful - if your repository consists of a few separate directories joined in - one hierarchy using Cygwin mount. If true, Git uses native Win32 API - whenever it is possible and falls back to Cygwin functions only to - handle symbol links. The native mode is more than twice faster than - normal Cygwin l/stat() functions. True by default, unless core.filemode - is true, in which case ignoreCygwinFSTricks is ignored as Cygwin's - POSIX emulation is required to support core.filemode. +core.fileMode:: + Tells Git if the executable bit of files in the working tree + is to be honored. ++ +Some filesystems lose the executable bit when a file that is +marked as executable is checked out, or checks out an +non-executable file with executable bit on. +linkgit:git-clone[1] or linkgit:git-init[1] probe the filesystem +to see if it handles the executable bit correctly +and this variable is automatically set as necessary. ++ +A repository, however, may be on a filesystem that handles +the filemode correctly, and this variable is set to 'true' +when created, but later may be made accessible from another +environment that loses the filemode (e.g. exporting ext4 via +CIFS mount, visiting a Cygwin created repository with +Git for Windows or Eclipse). +In such a case it may be necessary to set this variable to 'false'. +See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. ++ +The default is true (when core.filemode is not specified in the config file). + +core.hideDotFiles:: + (Windows-only) If true, mark newly-created directories and files whose + name starts with a dot as hidden. If 'dotGitOnly', only the `.git/` + directory is hidden, but no other files starting with a dot. The + default mode is 'dotGitOnly'. + +core.ignoreCase:: + If true, this option enables various workarounds to enable + Git to work better on filesystems that are not case sensitive, + like FAT. For example, if a directory listing finds + "makefile" when Git expects "Makefile", Git will assume + it is really the same file, and continue to remember it as + "Makefile". ++ +The default is false, except linkgit:git-clone[1] or linkgit:git-init[1] +will probe and set core.ignoreCase true if appropriate when the repository +is created. + +core.precomposeUnicode:: + This option is only used by Mac OS implementation of Git. + When core.precomposeUnicode=true, Git reverts the unicode decomposition + of filenames done by Mac OS. This is useful when sharing a repository + between Mac OS and Linux or Windows. + (Git for Windows 1.7.10 or higher is needed, or Git under cygwin 1.7). + When false, file names are handled fully transparent by Git, + which is backward compatible with older versions of Git. + +core.protectHFS:: + If set to true, do not allow checkout of paths that would + be considered equivalent to `.git` on an HFS+ filesystem. + Defaults to `true` on Mac OS, and `false` elsewhere. + +core.protectNTFS:: + If set to true, do not allow checkout of paths that would + cause problems with the NTFS filesystem, e.g. conflict with + 8.3 "short" names. + Defaults to `true` on Windows, and `false` elsewhere. core.trustctime:: If false, the ctime differences between the index and the - working copy are ignored; useful when the inode change time + working tree are ignored; useful when the inode change time is regularly modified by something outside Git (file system crawlers and some backup systems). See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. True by default. -core.quotepath:: - The commands that output paths (e.g. 'ls-files', - 'diff'), when not given the `-z` option, will quote - "unusual" characters in the pathname by enclosing the - pathname in a double-quote pair and with backslashes the - same way strings in C source code are quoted. If this - variable is set to false, the bytes higher than 0x80 are - not quoted but output as verbatim. Note that double - quote, backslash and control characters are always - quoted without `-z` regardless of the setting of this - variable. - -core.autocrlf:: - If true, makes git convert `CRLF` at the end of lines in text files to - `LF` when reading from the filesystem, and convert in reverse when - writing to the filesystem. The variable can be set to - 'input', in which case the conversion happens only while - reading from the filesystem but files are written out with - `LF` at the end of lines. Currently, which paths to consider - "text" (i.e. be subjected to the autocrlf mechanism) is - decided purely based on the contents. +core.splitIndex:: + If true, the split-index feature of the index will be used. + See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. False by default. + +core.untrackedCache:: + Determines what to do about the untracked cache feature of the + index. It will be kept, if this variable is unset or set to + `keep`. It will automatically be added if set to `true`. And + it will automatically be removed, if set to `false`. Before + setting it to `true`, you should check that mtime is working + properly on your system. + See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. `keep` by default. + +core.checkStat:: + Determines which stat fields to match between the index + and work tree. The user can set this to 'default' or + 'minimal'. Default (or explicitly 'default'), is to check + all fields, including the sub-second part of mtime and ctime. + +core.quotePath:: + Commands that output paths (e.g. 'ls-files', 'diff'), will + quote "unusual" characters in the pathname by enclosing the + pathname in double-quotes and escaping those characters with + backslashes in the same way C escapes control characters (e.g. + `\t` for TAB, `\n` for LF, `\\` for backslash) or bytes with + values larger than 0x80 (e.g. octal `\302\265` for "micro" in + UTF-8). If this variable is set to false, bytes higher than + 0x80 are not considered "unusual" any more. Double-quotes, + backslash and control characters are always escaped regardless + of the setting of this variable. A simple space character is + not considered "unusual". Many commands can output pathnames + completely verbatim using the `-z` option. The default value + is true. + +core.eol:: + Sets the line ending type to use in the working directory for + files that have the `text` property set when core.autocrlf is false. + Alternatives are 'lf', 'crlf' and 'native', which uses the platform's + native line ending. The default value is `native`. See + linkgit:gitattributes[5] for more information on end-of-line + conversion. core.safecrlf:: - If true, makes git check if converting `CRLF` as controlled by - `core.autocrlf` is reversible. Git will verify if a command + If true, makes Git check if converting `CRLF` is reversible when + end-of-line conversion is active. Git will verify if a command modifies a file in the work tree either directly or indirectly. For example, committing a file followed by checking out the same file should yield the original file in the work tree. If this is not the case for the current setting of - `core.autocrlf`, git will reject the file. The variable can - be set to "warn", in which case git will only warn about an + `core.autocrlf`, Git will reject the file. The variable can + be set to "warn", in which case Git will only warn about an irreversible conversion but continue the operation. + CRLF conversion bears a slight chance of corrupting data. -autocrlf=true will convert CRLF to LF during commit and LF to +When it is enabled, Git will convert CRLF to LF during commit and LF to CRLF during checkout. A file that contains a mixture of LF and -CRLF before the commit cannot be recreated by git. For text +CRLF before the commit cannot be recreated by Git. For text files this is the right thing to do: it corrects line endings such that we have only LF line endings in the repository. But for binary files that are accidentally classified as text the @@ -181,7 +462,7 @@ If you recognize such corruption early you can easily fix it by setting the conversion type explicitly in .gitattributes. Right after committing you still have the original file in your work tree and this file is not yet corrupted. You can explicitly tell -git that this file is binary and git will handle the file +Git that this file is binary and Git will handle the file appropriately. + Unfortunately, the desired effect of cleaning up text files with @@ -193,44 +474,73 @@ converting CRLFs corrupts data. + Note, this safety check does not mean that a checkout will generate a file identical to the original file for a different setting of -`core.autocrlf`, but only for the current one. For example, a text -file with `LF` would be accepted with `core.autocrlf=input` and could -later be checked out with `core.autocrlf=true`, in which case the +`core.eol` and `core.autocrlf`, but only for the current one. For +example, a text file with `LF` would be accepted with `core.eol=lf` +and could later be checked out with `core.eol=crlf`, in which case the resulting file would contain `CRLF`, although the original file contained `LF`. However, in both work trees the line endings would be consistent, that is either all `LF` or all `CRLF`, but never mixed. A file with mixed line endings would be reported by the `core.safecrlf` mechanism. +core.autocrlf:: + Setting this variable to "true" is the same as setting + the `text` attribute to "auto" on all files and core.eol to "crlf". + Set to true if you want to have `CRLF` line endings in your + working directory and the repository has LF line endings. + This variable can be set to 'input', + in which case no output conversion is performed. + core.symlinks:: If false, symbolic links are checked out as small plain files that contain the link text. linkgit:git-update-index[1] and linkgit:git-add[1] will not change the recorded type to regular file. Useful on filesystems like FAT that do not support - symbolic links. True by default. + symbolic links. ++ +The default is true, except linkgit:git-clone[1] or linkgit:git-init[1] +will probe and set core.symlinks false if appropriate when the repository +is created. core.gitProxy:: A "proxy command" to execute (as 'command host port') instead of establishing direct connection to the remote server when - using the git protocol for fetching. If the variable value is + using the Git protocol for fetching. If the variable value is in the "COMMAND for DOMAIN" format, the command is applied only on hostnames ending with the specified domain string. This variable may be set multiple times and is matched in the given order; the first match wins. + -Can be overridden by the 'GIT_PROXY_COMMAND' environment variable +Can be overridden by the `GIT_PROXY_COMMAND` environment variable (which always applies universally, without the special "for" handling). ++ +The special string `none` can be used as the proxy command to +specify that no proxy be used for a given domain pattern. +This is useful for excluding servers inside a firewall from +proxy use, while defaulting to a common proxy for external domains. + +core.sshCommand:: + If this variable is set, `git fetch` and `git push` will + use the specified command instead of `ssh` when they need to + connect to a remote system. The command is in the same form as + the `GIT_SSH_COMMAND` environment variable and is overridden + when the environment variable is set. core.ignoreStat:: - If true, commands which modify both the working tree and the index - will mark the updated paths with the "assume unchanged" bit in the - index. These marked files are then assumed to stay unchanged in the - working copy, until you mark them otherwise manually - Git will not - detect the file changes by lstat() calls. This is useful on systems - where those are very slow, such as Microsoft Windows. - See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. - False by default. + If true, Git will avoid using lstat() calls to detect if files have + changed by setting the "assume-unchanged" bit for those tracked files + which it has updated identically in both the index and working tree. ++ +When files are modified outside of Git, the user will need to stage +the modified files explicitly (e.g. see 'Examples' section in +linkgit:git-update-index[1]). +Git will not normally detect changes to those files. ++ +This is useful on systems where lstat() calls are very slow, such as +CIFS/Microsoft Windows. ++ +False by default. core.preferSymlinkRefs:: Instead of the default "symref" format for HEAD @@ -251,25 +561,40 @@ false), while all other repositories are assumed to be bare (bare = true). core.worktree:: - Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be - used in combination with repositories found automatically in - a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set). - This can be overridden by the GIT_WORK_TREE environment - variable and the '--work-tree' command line option. It can be - a absolute path or relative path to the directory specified by - --git-dir or GIT_DIR. - Note: If --git-dir or GIT_DIR are specified but none of + Set the path to the root of the working tree. + If `GIT_COMMON_DIR` environment variable is set, core.worktree + is ignored and not used for determining the root of working tree. + This can be overridden by the `GIT_WORK_TREE` environment + variable and the `--work-tree` command-line option. + The value can be an absolute path or relative to the path to + the .git directory, which is either specified by --git-dir + or GIT_DIR, or automatically discovered. + If --git-dir or GIT_DIR is specified but none of --work-tree, GIT_WORK_TREE and core.worktree is specified, - the current working directory is regarded as the top directory + the current working directory is regarded as the top level of your working tree. ++ +Note that this variable is honored even when set in a configuration +file in a ".git" subdirectory of a directory and its value differs +from the latter directory (e.g. "/path/to/.git/config" has +core.worktree set to "/different/path"), which is most likely a +misconfiguration. Running Git commands in the "/path/to" directory will +still use "/different/path" as the root of the work tree and can cause +confusion unless you know what you are doing (e.g. you are creating a +read-only snapshot of the same index to a location different from the +repository's usual working tree). core.logAllRefUpdates:: Enable the reflog. Updates to a ref <ref> is logged to the file - "$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>", by appending the new and old - SHA1, the date/time and the reason of the update, but + "`$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>`", by appending the new and old + SHA-1, the date/time and the reason of the update, but only when the file exists. If this configuration - variable is set to true, missing "$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>" - file is automatically created for branch heads. + variable is set to `true`, missing "`$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>`" + file is automatically created for branch heads (i.e. under + `refs/heads/`), remote refs (i.e. under `refs/remotes/`), + note refs (i.e. under `refs/notes/`), and the symbolic ref `HEAD`. + If it is set to `always`, then a missing reflog is automatically + created for any ref under `refs/`. + This information can be used to determine what commit was the tip of a branch "2 days ago". @@ -287,26 +612,28 @@ core.sharedRepository:: several users in a group (making sure all the files and objects are group-writable). When 'all' (or 'world' or 'everybody'), the repository will be readable by all users, additionally to being - group-shareable. When 'umask' (or 'false'), git will use permissions + group-shareable. When 'umask' (or 'false'), Git will use permissions reported by umask(2). When '0xxx', where '0xxx' is an octal number, files in the repository will have this mode value. '0xxx' will override - user's umask value, and thus, users with a safe umask (0077) can use - this option. Examples: '0660' is equivalent to 'group'. '0640' is a + user's umask value (whereas the other options will only override + requested parts of the user's umask value). Examples: '0660' will make + the repo read/write-able for the owner and group, but inaccessible to + others (equivalent to 'group' unless umask is e.g. '0022'). '0640' is a repository that is group-readable but not group-writable. See linkgit:git-init[1]. False by default. core.warnAmbiguousRefs:: - If true, git will warn you if the ref name you passed it is ambiguous - and might match multiple refs in the .git/refs/ tree. True by default. + If true, Git will warn you if the ref name you passed it is ambiguous + and might match multiple refs in the repository. True by default. core.compression:: An integer -1..9, indicating a default compression level. -1 is the zlib default. 0 means no compression, and 1..9 are various speed/size tradeoffs, 9 being slowest. If set, this provides a default to other compression variables, - such as 'core.loosecompression' and 'pack.compression'. + such as `core.looseCompression` and `pack.compression`. -core.loosecompression:: +core.looseCompression:: An integer -1..9, indicating the compression level for objects that are not in a pack file. -1 is the zlib default. 0 means no compression, and 1..9 are various speed/size tradeoffs, 9 being @@ -343,69 +670,154 @@ Common unit suffixes of 'k', 'm', or 'g' are supported. core.deltaBaseCacheLimit:: Maximum number of bytes to reserve for caching base objects - that multiple deltafied objects reference. By storing the + that may be referenced by multiple deltified objects. By storing the entire decompressed base objects in a cache Git is able to avoid unpacking and decompressing frequently used base objects multiple times. + -Default is 16 MiB on all platforms. This should be reasonable +Default is 96 MiB on all platforms. This should be reasonable for all users/operating systems, except on the largest projects. You probably do not need to adjust this value. + Common unit suffixes of 'k', 'm', or 'g' are supported. -core.excludesfile:: - In addition to '.gitignore' (per-directory) and - '.git/info/exclude', git looks into this file for patterns - of files which are not meant to be tracked. See - linkgit:gitignore[5]. +core.bigFileThreshold:: + Files larger than this size are stored deflated, without + attempting delta compression. Storing large files without + delta compression avoids excessive memory usage, at the + slight expense of increased disk usage. Additionally files + larger than this size are always treated as binary. ++ +Default is 512 MiB on all platforms. This should be reasonable +for most projects as source code and other text files can still +be delta compressed, but larger binary media files won't be. ++ +Common unit suffixes of 'k', 'm', or 'g' are supported. + +core.excludesFile:: + Specifies the pathname to the file that contains patterns to + describe paths that are not meant to be tracked, in addition + to '.gitignore' (per-directory) and '.git/info/exclude'. + Defaults to `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/ignore`. + If `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` is either not set or empty, `$HOME/.config/git/ignore` + is used instead. See linkgit:gitignore[5]. + +core.askPass:: + Some commands (e.g. svn and http interfaces) that interactively + ask for a password can be told to use an external program given + via the value of this variable. Can be overridden by the `GIT_ASKPASS` + environment variable. If not set, fall back to the value of the + `SSH_ASKPASS` environment variable or, failing that, a simple password + prompt. The external program shall be given a suitable prompt as + command-line argument and write the password on its STDOUT. + +core.attributesFile:: + In addition to '.gitattributes' (per-directory) and + '.git/info/attributes', Git looks into this file for attributes + (see linkgit:gitattributes[5]). Path expansions are made the same + way as for `core.excludesFile`. Its default value is + `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/attributes`. If `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` is either not + set or empty, `$HOME/.config/git/attributes` is used instead. + +core.hooksPath:: + By default Git will look for your hooks in the + '$GIT_DIR/hooks' directory. Set this to different path, + e.g. '/etc/git/hooks', and Git will try to find your hooks in + that directory, e.g. '/etc/git/hooks/pre-receive' instead of + in '$GIT_DIR/hooks/pre-receive'. ++ +The path can be either absolute or relative. A relative path is +taken as relative to the directory where the hooks are run (see +the "DESCRIPTION" section of linkgit:githooks[5]). ++ +This configuration variable is useful in cases where you'd like to +centrally configure your Git hooks instead of configuring them on a +per-repository basis, or as a more flexible and centralized +alternative to having an `init.templateDir` where you've changed +default hooks. core.editor:: - Commands such as `commit` and `tag` that lets you edit - messages by launching an editor uses the value of this + Commands such as `commit` and `tag` that let you edit + messages by launching an editor use the value of this variable when it is set, and the environment variable - `GIT_EDITOR` is not set. The order of preference is - `GIT_EDITOR` environment, `core.editor`, `VISUAL` and - `EDITOR` environment variables and then finally `vi`. + `GIT_EDITOR` is not set. See linkgit:git-var[1]. + +core.commentChar:: + Commands such as `commit` and `tag` that let you edit + messages consider a line that begins with this character + commented, and removes them after the editor returns + (default '#'). ++ +If set to "auto", `git-commit` would select a character that is not +the beginning character of any line in existing commit messages. + +core.packedRefsTimeout:: + The length of time, in milliseconds, to retry when trying to + lock the `packed-refs` file. Value 0 means not to retry at + all; -1 means to try indefinitely. Default is 1000 (i.e., + retry for 1 second). + +sequence.editor:: + Text editor used by `git rebase -i` for editing the rebase instruction file. + The value is meant to be interpreted by the shell when it is used. + It can be overridden by the `GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR` environment variable. + When not configured the default commit message editor is used instead. core.pager:: - The command that git will use to paginate output. Can - be overridden with the `GIT_PAGER` environment - variable. Note that git sets the `LESS` environment - variable to `FRSX` if it is unset when it runs the - pager. One can change these settings by setting the - `LESS` variable to some other value. Alternately, - these settings can be overridden on a project or - global basis by setting the `core.pager` option. - Setting `core.pager` has no affect on the `LESS` - environment variable behaviour above, so if you want - to override git's default settings this way, you need - to be explicit. For example, to disable the S option - in a backward compatible manner, set `core.pager` - to "`less -+$LESS -FRX`". This will be passed to the - shell by git, which will translate the final command to - "`LESS=FRSX less -+FRSX -FRX`". + Text viewer for use by Git commands (e.g., 'less'). The value + is meant to be interpreted by the shell. The order of preference + is the `$GIT_PAGER` environment variable, then `core.pager` + configuration, then `$PAGER`, and then the default chosen at + compile time (usually 'less'). ++ +When the `LESS` environment variable is unset, Git sets it to `FRX` +(if `LESS` environment variable is set, Git does not change it at +all). If you want to selectively override Git's default setting +for `LESS`, you can set `core.pager` to e.g. `less -S`. This will +be passed to the shell by Git, which will translate the final +command to `LESS=FRX less -S`. The environment does not set the +`S` option but the command line does, instructing less to truncate +long lines. Similarly, setting `core.pager` to `less -+F` will +deactivate the `F` option specified by the environment from the +command-line, deactivating the "quit if one screen" behavior of +`less`. One can specifically activate some flags for particular +commands: for example, setting `pager.blame` to `less -S` enables +line truncation only for `git blame`. ++ +Likewise, when the `LV` environment variable is unset, Git sets it +to `-c`. You can override this setting by exporting `LV` with +another value or setting `core.pager` to `lv +c`. core.whitespace:: A comma separated list of common whitespace problems to - notice. 'git-diff' will use `color.diff.whitespace` to - highlight them, and 'git-apply --whitespace=error' will + notice. 'git diff' will use `color.diff.whitespace` to + highlight them, and 'git apply --whitespace=error' will consider them as errors. You can prefix `-` to disable any of them (e.g. `-trailing-space`): + -* `trailing-space` treats trailing whitespaces at the end of the line +* `blank-at-eol` treats trailing whitespaces at the end of the line as an error (enabled by default). * `space-before-tab` treats a space character that appears immediately before a tab character in the initial indent part of the line as an error (enabled by default). -* `indent-with-non-tab` treats a line that is indented with 8 or more - space characters as an error (not enabled by default). +* `indent-with-non-tab` treats a line that is indented with space + characters instead of the equivalent tabs as an error (not enabled by + default). +* `tab-in-indent` treats a tab character in the initial indent part of + the line as an error (not enabled by default). +* `blank-at-eof` treats blank lines added at the end of file as an error + (enabled by default). +* `trailing-space` is a short-hand to cover both `blank-at-eol` and + `blank-at-eof`. * `cr-at-eol` treats a carriage-return at the end of line as part of the line terminator, i.e. with it, `trailing-space` does not trigger if the character before such a carriage-return is not a whitespace (not enabled by default). +* `tabwidth=<n>` tells how many character positions a tab occupies; this + is relevant for `indent-with-non-tab` and when Git fixes `tab-in-indent` + errors. The default tab width is 8. Allowed values are 1 to 63. -core.fsyncobjectfiles:: +core.fsyncObjectFiles:: This boolean will enable 'fsync()' when writing object files. + This is a total waste of time and effort on a filesystem that orders @@ -413,240 +825,490 @@ data writes properly, but can be useful for filesystems that do not use journalling (traditional UNIX filesystems) or that only journal metadata and not file contents (OS X's HFS+, or Linux ext3 with "data=writeback"). -core.preloadindex:: +core.preloadIndex:: Enable parallel index preload for operations like 'git diff' + This can speed up operations like 'git diff' and 'git status' especially on filesystems like NFS that have weak caching semantics and thus -relatively high IO latencies. With this set to 'true', git will do the +relatively high IO latencies. When enabled, Git will do the index comparison to the filesystem data in parallel, allowing -overlapping IO's. +overlapping IO's. Defaults to true. + +core.createObject:: + You can set this to 'link', in which case a hardlink followed by + a delete of the source are used to make sure that object creation + will not overwrite existing objects. ++ +On some file system/operating system combinations, this is unreliable. +Set this config setting to 'rename' there; However, This will remove the +check that makes sure that existing object files will not get overwritten. + +core.notesRef:: + When showing commit messages, also show notes which are stored in + the given ref. The ref must be fully qualified. If the given + ref does not exist, it is not an error but means that no + notes should be printed. ++ +This setting defaults to "refs/notes/commits", and it can be overridden by +the `GIT_NOTES_REF` environment variable. See linkgit:git-notes[1]. + +core.sparseCheckout:: + Enable "sparse checkout" feature. See section "Sparse checkout" in + linkgit:git-read-tree[1] for more information. + +core.abbrev:: + Set the length object names are abbreviated to. If + unspecified or set to "auto", an appropriate value is + computed based on the approximate number of packed objects + in your repository, which hopefully is enough for + abbreviated object names to stay unique for some time. + +add.ignoreErrors:: +add.ignore-errors (deprecated):: + Tells 'git add' to continue adding files when some files cannot be + added due to indexing errors. Equivalent to the `--ignore-errors` + option of linkgit:git-add[1]. `add.ignore-errors` is deprecated, + as it does not follow the usual naming convention for configuration + variables. alias.*:: Command aliases for the linkgit:git[1] command wrapper - e.g. after defining "alias.last = cat-file commit HEAD", the invocation "git last" is equivalent to "git cat-file commit HEAD". To avoid confusion and troubles with script usage, aliases that - hide existing git commands are ignored. Arguments are split by + hide existing Git commands are ignored. Arguments are split by spaces, the usual shell quoting and escaping is supported. - quote pair and a backslash can be used to quote them. + A quote pair or a backslash can be used to quote them. + If the alias expansion is prefixed with an exclamation point, it will be treated as a shell command. For example, defining "alias.new = !gitk --all --not ORIG_HEAD", the invocation "git new" is equivalent to running the shell command -"gitk --all --not ORIG_HEAD". +"gitk --all --not ORIG_HEAD". Note that shell commands will be +executed from the top-level directory of a repository, which may +not necessarily be the current directory. +`GIT_PREFIX` is set as returned by running 'git rev-parse --show-prefix' +from the original current directory. See linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. + +am.keepcr:: + If true, git-am will call git-mailsplit for patches in mbox format + with parameter `--keep-cr`. In this case git-mailsplit will + not remove `\r` from lines ending with `\r\n`. Can be overridden + by giving `--no-keep-cr` from the command line. + See linkgit:git-am[1], linkgit:git-mailsplit[1]. + +am.threeWay:: + By default, `git am` will fail if the patch does not apply cleanly. When + set to true, this setting tells `git am` to fall back on 3-way merge if + the patch records the identity of blobs it is supposed to apply to and + we have those blobs available locally (equivalent to giving the `--3way` + option from the command line). Defaults to `false`. + See linkgit:git-am[1]. + +apply.ignoreWhitespace:: + When set to 'change', tells 'git apply' to ignore changes in + whitespace, in the same way as the `--ignore-space-change` + option. + When set to one of: no, none, never, false tells 'git apply' to + respect all whitespace differences. + See linkgit:git-apply[1]. apply.whitespace:: - Tells 'git-apply' how to handle whitespaces, in the same way - as the '--whitespace' option. See linkgit:git-apply[1]. + Tells 'git apply' how to handle whitespaces, in the same way + as the `--whitespace` option. See linkgit:git-apply[1]. -branch.autosetupmerge:: - Tells 'git-branch' and 'git-checkout' to setup new branches +branch.autoSetupMerge:: + Tells 'git branch' and 'git checkout' to set up new branches so that linkgit:git-pull[1] will appropriately merge from the starting point branch. Note that even if this option is not set, this behavior can be chosen per-branch using the `--track` and `--no-track` options. The valid settings are: `false` -- no automatic setup is done; `true` -- automatic setup is done when the - starting point is a remote branch; `always` -- automatic setup is - done when the starting point is either a local branch or remote + starting point is a remote-tracking branch; `always` -- + automatic setup is done when the starting point is either a + local branch or remote-tracking branch. This option defaults to true. -branch.autosetuprebase:: - When a new branch is created with 'git-branch' or 'git-checkout' - that tracks another branch, this variable tells git to set +branch.autoSetupRebase:: + When a new branch is created with 'git branch' or 'git checkout' + that tracks another branch, this variable tells Git to set up pull to rebase instead of merge (see "branch.<name>.rebase"). When `never`, rebase is never automatically set to true. When `local`, rebase is set to true for tracked branches of other local branches. When `remote`, rebase is set to true for tracked branches of - remote branches. + remote-tracking branches. When `always`, rebase will be set to true for all tracking branches. - See "branch.autosetupmerge" for details on how to set up a + See "branch.autoSetupMerge" for details on how to set up a branch to track another branch. This option defaults to never. branch.<name>.remote:: - When in branch <name>, it tells 'git-fetch' which remote to fetch. - If this option is not given, 'git-fetch' defaults to remote "origin". + When on branch <name>, it tells 'git fetch' and 'git push' + which remote to fetch from/push to. The remote to push to + may be overridden with `remote.pushDefault` (for all branches). + The remote to push to, for the current branch, may be further + overridden by `branch.<name>.pushRemote`. If no remote is + configured, or if you are not on any branch, it defaults to + `origin` for fetching and `remote.pushDefault` for pushing. + Additionally, `.` (a period) is the current local repository + (a dot-repository), see `branch.<name>.merge`'s final note below. + +branch.<name>.pushRemote:: + When on branch <name>, it overrides `branch.<name>.remote` for + pushing. It also overrides `remote.pushDefault` for pushing + from branch <name>. When you pull from one place (e.g. your + upstream) and push to another place (e.g. your own publishing + repository), you would want to set `remote.pushDefault` to + specify the remote to push to for all branches, and use this + option to override it for a specific branch. branch.<name>.merge:: - When in branch <name>, it tells 'git-fetch' the default + Defines, together with branch.<name>.remote, the upstream branch + for the given branch. It tells 'git fetch'/'git pull'/'git rebase' which + branch to merge and can also affect 'git push' (see push.default). + When in branch <name>, it tells 'git fetch' the default refspec to be marked for merging in FETCH_HEAD. The value is handled like the remote part of a refspec, and must match a ref which is fetched from the remote given by "branch.<name>.remote". - The merge information is used by 'git-pull' (which at first calls - 'git-fetch') to lookup the default branch for merging. Without - this option, 'git-pull' defaults to merge the first refspec fetched. + The merge information is used by 'git pull' (which at first calls + 'git fetch') to lookup the default branch for merging. Without + this option, 'git pull' defaults to merge the first refspec fetched. Specify multiple values to get an octopus merge. - If you wish to setup 'git-pull' so that it merges into <name> from + If you wish to setup 'git pull' so that it merges into <name> from another branch in the local repository, you can point - branch.<name>.merge to the desired branch, and use the special setting - `.` (a period) for branch.<name>.remote. + branch.<name>.merge to the desired branch, and use the relative path + setting `.` (a period) for branch.<name>.remote. -branch.<name>.mergeoptions:: +branch.<name>.mergeOptions:: Sets default options for merging into branch <name>. The syntax and - supported options are equal to that of linkgit:git-merge[1], but + supported options are the same as those of linkgit:git-merge[1], but option values containing whitespace characters are currently not supported. branch.<name>.rebase:: When true, rebase the branch <name> on top of the fetched branch, instead of merging the default branch from the default remote when - "git pull" is run. - *NOTE*: this is a possibly dangerous operation; do *not* use - it unless you understand the implications (see linkgit:git-rebase[1] - for details). + "git pull" is run. See "pull.rebase" for doing this in a non + branch-specific manner. ++ +When preserve, also pass `--preserve-merges` along to 'git rebase' +so that locally committed merge commits will not be flattened +by running 'git pull'. ++ +When the value is `interactive`, the rebase is run in interactive mode. ++ +*NOTE*: this is a possibly dangerous operation; do *not* use +it unless you understand the implications (see linkgit:git-rebase[1] +for details). + +branch.<name>.description:: + Branch description, can be edited with + `git branch --edit-description`. Branch description is + automatically added in the format-patch cover letter or + request-pull summary. browser.<tool>.cmd:: Specify the command to invoke the specified browser. The specified command is evaluated in shell with the URLs passed - as arguments. (See linkgit:git-web--browse[1].) + as arguments. (See linkgit:git-web{litdd}browse[1].) browser.<tool>.path:: Override the path for the given tool that may be used to - browse HTML help (see '-w' option in linkgit:git-help[1]) or a + browse HTML help (see `-w` option in linkgit:git-help[1]) or a working repository in gitweb (see linkgit:git-instaweb[1]). clean.requireForce:: - A boolean to make git-clean do nothing unless given -f - or -n. Defaults to true. + A boolean to make git-clean do nothing unless given -f, + -i or -n. Defaults to true. color.branch:: A boolean to enable/disable color in the output of linkgit:git-branch[1]. May be set to `always`, `false` (or `never`) or `auto` (or `true`), in which case colors are used - only when the output is to a terminal. Defaults to false. + only when the output is to a terminal. If unset, then the + value of `color.ui` is used (`auto` by default). color.branch.<slot>:: Use customized color for branch coloration. `<slot>` is one of `current` (the current branch), `local` (a local branch), - `remote` (a tracking branch in refs/remotes/), `plain` (other + `remote` (a remote-tracking branch in refs/remotes/), + `upstream` (upstream tracking branch), `plain` (other refs). -+ -The value for these configuration variables is a list of colors (at most -two) and attributes (at most one), separated by spaces. The colors -accepted are `normal`, `black`, `red`, `green`, `yellow`, `blue`, -`magenta`, `cyan` and `white`; the attributes are `bold`, `dim`, `ul`, -`blink` and `reverse`. The first color given is the foreground; the -second is the background. The position of the attribute, if any, -doesn't matter. color.diff:: - When set to `always`, always use colors in patch. - When false (or `never`), never. When set to `true` or `auto`, use - colors only when the output is to the terminal. Defaults to false. + Whether to use ANSI escape sequences to add color to patches. + If this is set to `always`, linkgit:git-diff[1], + linkgit:git-log[1], and linkgit:git-show[1] will use color + for all patches. If it is set to `true` or `auto`, those + commands will only use color when output is to the terminal. + If unset, then the value of `color.ui` is used (`auto` by + default). ++ +This does not affect linkgit:git-format-patch[1] or the +'git-diff-{asterisk}' plumbing commands. Can be overridden on the +command line with the `--color[=<when>]` option. color.diff.<slot>:: Use customized color for diff colorization. `<slot>` specifies which part of the patch to use the specified color, and is one - of `plain` (context text), `meta` (metainformation), `frag` - (hunk header), `old` (removed lines), `new` (added lines), - `commit` (commit headers), or `whitespace` (highlighting - whitespace errors). The values of these variables may be specified as - in color.branch.<slot>. + of `context` (context text - `plain` is a historical synonym), + `meta` (metainformation), `frag` + (hunk header), 'func' (function in hunk header), `old` (removed lines), + `new` (added lines), `commit` (commit headers), or `whitespace` + (highlighting whitespace errors). + +color.decorate.<slot>:: + Use customized color for 'git log --decorate' output. `<slot>` is one + of `branch`, `remoteBranch`, `tag`, `stash` or `HEAD` for local + branches, remote-tracking branches, tags, stash and HEAD, respectively. + +color.grep:: + When set to `always`, always highlight matches. When `false` (or + `never`), never. When set to `true` or `auto`, use color only + when the output is written to the terminal. If unset, then the + value of `color.ui` is used (`auto` by default). + +color.grep.<slot>:: + Use customized color for grep colorization. `<slot>` specifies which + part of the line to use the specified color, and is one of ++ +-- +`context`;; + non-matching text in context lines (when using `-A`, `-B`, or `-C`) +`filename`;; + filename prefix (when not using `-h`) +`function`;; + function name lines (when using `-p`) +`linenumber`;; + line number prefix (when using `-n`) +`match`;; + matching text (same as setting `matchContext` and `matchSelected`) +`matchContext`;; + matching text in context lines +`matchSelected`;; + matching text in selected lines +`selected`;; + non-matching text in selected lines +`separator`;; + separators between fields on a line (`:`, `-`, and `=`) + and between hunks (`--`) +-- color.interactive:: When set to `always`, always use colors for interactive prompts - and displays (such as those used by "git-add --interactive"). - When false (or `never`), never. When set to `true` or `auto`, use - colors only when the output is to the terminal. Defaults to false. + and displays (such as those used by "git-add --interactive" and + "git-clean --interactive"). When false (or `never`), never. + When set to `true` or `auto`, use colors only when the output is + to the terminal. If unset, then the value of `color.ui` is + used (`auto` by default). color.interactive.<slot>:: - Use customized color for 'git-add --interactive' - output. `<slot>` may be `prompt`, `header`, or `help`, for - three distinct types of normal output from interactive - programs. The values of these variables may be specified as - in color.branch.<slot>. + Use customized color for 'git add --interactive' and 'git clean + --interactive' output. `<slot>` may be `prompt`, `header`, `help` + or `error`, for four distinct types of normal output from + interactive commands. color.pager:: A boolean to enable/disable colored output when the pager is in use (default is true). +color.showBranch:: + A boolean to enable/disable color in the output of + linkgit:git-show-branch[1]. May be set to `always`, + `false` (or `never`) or `auto` (or `true`), in which case colors are used + only when the output is to a terminal. If unset, then the + value of `color.ui` is used (`auto` by default). + color.status:: A boolean to enable/disable color in the output of linkgit:git-status[1]. May be set to `always`, `false` (or `never`) or `auto` (or `true`), in which case colors are used - only when the output is to a terminal. Defaults to false. + only when the output is to a terminal. If unset, then the + value of `color.ui` is used (`auto` by default). color.status.<slot>:: Use customized color for status colorization. `<slot>` is one of `header` (the header text of the status message), `added` or `updated` (files which are added but not committed), `changed` (files which are changed but not added in the index), - `untracked` (files which are not tracked by git), or + `untracked` (files which are not tracked by Git), + `branch` (the current branch), `nobranch` (the color the 'no branch' warning is shown in, defaulting - to red). The values of these variables may be specified as in - color.branch.<slot>. + to red), or + `unmerged` (files which have unmerged changes). color.ui:: - When set to `always`, always use colors in all git commands which - are capable of colored output. When false (or `never`), never. When - set to `true` or `auto`, use colors only when the output is to the - terminal. When more specific variables of color.* are set, they always - take precedence over this setting. Defaults to false. + This variable determines the default value for variables such + as `color.diff` and `color.grep` that control the use of color + per command family. Its scope will expand as more commands learn + configuration to set a default for the `--color` option. Set it + to `false` or `never` if you prefer Git commands not to use + color unless enabled explicitly with some other configuration + or the `--color` option. Set it to `always` if you want all + output not intended for machine consumption to use color, to + `true` or `auto` (this is the default since Git 1.8.4) if you + want such output to use color when written to the terminal. + +column.ui:: + Specify whether supported commands should output in columns. + This variable consists of a list of tokens separated by spaces + or commas: ++ +These options control when the feature should be enabled +(defaults to 'never'): ++ +-- +`always`;; + always show in columns +`never`;; + never show in columns +`auto`;; + show in columns if the output is to the terminal +-- ++ +These options control layout (defaults to 'column'). Setting any +of these implies 'always' if none of 'always', 'never', or 'auto' are +specified. ++ +-- +`column`;; + fill columns before rows +`row`;; + fill rows before columns +`plain`;; + show in one column +-- ++ +Finally, these options can be combined with a layout option (defaults +to 'nodense'): ++ +-- +`dense`;; + make unequal size columns to utilize more space +`nodense`;; + make equal size columns +-- + +column.branch:: + Specify whether to output branch listing in `git branch` in columns. + See `column.ui` for details. + +column.clean:: + Specify the layout when list items in `git clean -i`, which always + shows files and directories in columns. See `column.ui` for details. + +column.status:: + Specify whether to output untracked files in `git status` in columns. + See `column.ui` for details. + +column.tag:: + Specify whether to output tag listing in `git tag` in columns. + See `column.ui` for details. + +commit.cleanup:: + This setting overrides the default of the `--cleanup` option in + `git commit`. See linkgit:git-commit[1] for details. Changing the + default can be useful when you always want to keep lines that begin + with comment character `#` in your log message, in which case you + would do `git config commit.cleanup whitespace` (note that you will + have to remove the help lines that begin with `#` in the commit log + template yourself, if you do this). + +commit.gpgSign:: + + A boolean to specify whether all commits should be GPG signed. + Use of this option when doing operations such as rebase can + result in a large number of commits being signed. It may be + convenient to use an agent to avoid typing your GPG passphrase + several times. + +commit.status:: + A boolean to enable/disable inclusion of status information in the + commit message template when using an editor to prepare the commit + message. Defaults to true. commit.template:: - Specify a file to use as the template for new commit messages. - -diff.autorefreshindex:: - When using 'git-diff' to compare with work tree - files, do not consider stat-only change as changed. - Instead, silently run `git update-index --refresh` to - update the cached stat information for paths whose - contents in the work tree match the contents in the - index. This option defaults to true. Note that this - affects only 'git-diff' Porcelain, and not lower level - 'diff' commands, such as 'git-diff-files'. - -diff.external:: - If this config variable is set, diff generation is not - performed using the internal diff machinery, but using the - given command. Can be overridden with the `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' - environment variable. The command is called with parameters - as described under "git Diffs" in linkgit:git[1]. Note: if - you want to use an external diff program only on a subset of - your files, you might want to use linkgit:gitattributes[5] instead. - -diff.mnemonicprefix:: - If set, 'git-diff' uses a prefix pair that is different from the - standard "a/" and "b/" depending on what is being compared. When - this configuration is in effect, reverse diff output also swaps - the order of the prefixes: -'git-diff';; - compares the (i)ndex and the (w)ork tree; -'git-diff HEAD';; - compares a (c)ommit and the (w)ork tree; -'git diff --cached';; - compares a (c)ommit and the (i)ndex; -'git-diff HEAD:file1 file2';; - compares an (o)bject and a (w)ork tree entity; -'git diff --no-index a b';; - compares two non-git things (1) and (2). - -diff.renameLimit:: - The number of files to consider when performing the copy/rename - detection; equivalent to the 'git-diff' option '-l'. - -diff.renames:: - Tells git to detect renames. If set to any boolean value, it - will enable basic rename detection. If set to "copies" or - "copy", it will detect copies, as well. - -diff.suppressBlankEmpty:: - A boolean to inhibit the standard behavior of printing a space - before each empty output line. Defaults to false. - -diff.wordRegex:: - A POSIX Extended Regular Expression used to determine what is a "word" - when performing word-by-word difference calculations. Character - sequences that match the regular expression are "words", all other - characters are *ignorable* whitespace. + Specify the pathname of a file to use as the template for + new commit messages. + +commit.verbose:: + A boolean or int to specify the level of verbose with `git commit`. + See linkgit:git-commit[1]. + +credential.helper:: + Specify an external helper to be called when a username or + password credential is needed; the helper may consult external + storage to avoid prompting the user for the credentials. Note + that multiple helpers may be defined. See linkgit:gitcredentials[7] + for details. + +credential.useHttpPath:: + When acquiring credentials, consider the "path" component of an http + or https URL to be important. Defaults to false. See + linkgit:gitcredentials[7] for more information. + +credential.username:: + If no username is set for a network authentication, use this username + by default. See credential.<context>.* below, and + linkgit:gitcredentials[7]. + +credential.<url>.*:: + Any of the credential.* options above can be applied selectively to + some credentials. For example "credential.https://example.com.username" + would set the default username only for https connections to + example.com. See linkgit:gitcredentials[7] for details on how URLs are + matched. + +credentialCache.ignoreSIGHUP:: + Tell git-credential-cache--daemon to ignore SIGHUP, instead of quitting. + +include::diff-config.txt[] + +difftool.<tool>.path:: + Override the path for the given tool. This is useful in case + your tool is not in the PATH. + +difftool.<tool>.cmd:: + Specify the command to invoke the specified diff tool. + The specified command is evaluated in shell with the following + variables available: 'LOCAL' is set to the name of the temporary + file containing the contents of the diff pre-image and 'REMOTE' + is set to the name of the temporary file containing the contents + of the diff post-image. + +difftool.prompt:: + Prompt before each invocation of the diff tool. + +fastimport.unpackLimit:: + If the number of objects imported by linkgit:git-fast-import[1] + is below this limit, then the objects will be unpacked into + loose object files. However if the number of imported objects + equals or exceeds this limit then the pack will be stored as a + pack. Storing the pack from a fast-import can make the import + operation complete faster, especially on slow filesystems. If + not set, the value of `transfer.unpackLimit` is used instead. + +fetch.recurseSubmodules:: + This option can be either set to a boolean value or to 'on-demand'. + Setting it to a boolean changes the behavior of fetch and pull to + unconditionally recurse into submodules when set to true or to not + recurse at all when set to false. When set to 'on-demand' (the default + value), fetch and pull will only recurse into a populated submodule + when its superproject retrieves a commit that updates the submodule's + reference. + +fetch.fsckObjects:: + If it is set to true, git-fetch-pack will check all fetched + objects. It will abort in the case of a malformed object or a + broken link. The result of an abort are only dangling objects. + Defaults to false. If not set, the value of `transfer.fsckObjects` + is used instead. fetch.unpackLimit:: - If the number of objects fetched over the git native + If the number of objects fetched over the Git native transfer is below this limit, then the objects will be unpacked into loose object files. However if the number of received objects equals or @@ -656,6 +1318,32 @@ fetch.unpackLimit:: especially on slow filesystems. If not set, the value of `transfer.unpackLimit` is used instead. +fetch.prune:: + If true, fetch will automatically behave as if the `--prune` + option was given on the command line. See also `remote.<name>.prune`. + +fetch.output:: + Control how ref update status is printed. Valid values are + `full` and `compact`. Default value is `full`. See section + OUTPUT in linkgit:git-fetch[1] for detail. + +format.attach:: + Enable multipart/mixed attachments as the default for + 'format-patch'. The value can also be a double quoted string + which will enable attachments as the default and set the + value as the boundary. See the --attach option in + linkgit:git-format-patch[1]. + +format.from:: + Provides the default value for the `--from` option to format-patch. + Accepts a boolean value, or a name and email address. If false, + format-patch defaults to `--no-from`, using commit authors directly in + the "From:" field of patch mails. If true, format-patch defaults to + `--from`, using your committer identity in the "From:" field of patch + mails and including a "From:" field in the body of the patch mail if + different. If set to a non-boolean value, format-patch uses that + value instead of your committer identity. Defaults to false. + format.numbered:: A boolean which can enable or disable sequence numbers in patch subjects. It defaults to "auto" which enables it only if there @@ -667,6 +1355,26 @@ format.headers:: Additional email headers to include in a patch to be submitted by mail. See linkgit:git-format-patch[1]. +format.to:: +format.cc:: + Additional recipients to include in a patch to be submitted + by mail. See the --to and --cc options in + linkgit:git-format-patch[1]. + +format.subjectPrefix:: + The default for format-patch is to output files with the '[PATCH]' + subject prefix. Use this variable to change that prefix. + +format.signature:: + The default for format-patch is to output a signature containing + the Git version number. Use this variable to change that default. + Set this variable to the empty string ("") to suppress + signature generation. + +format.signatureFile:: + Works just like format.signature except the contents of the + file specified by this variable will be used as the signature. + format.suffix:: The default for format-patch is to output files with the suffix `.patch`. Use this variable to change that suffix (make sure to @@ -677,10 +1385,74 @@ format.pretty:: See linkgit:git-log[1], linkgit:git-show[1], linkgit:git-whatchanged[1]. +format.thread:: + The default threading style for 'git format-patch'. Can be + a boolean value, or `shallow` or `deep`. `shallow` threading + makes every mail a reply to the head of the series, + where the head is chosen from the cover letter, the + `--in-reply-to`, and the first patch mail, in this order. + `deep` threading makes every mail a reply to the previous one. + A true boolean value is the same as `shallow`, and a false + value disables threading. + +format.signOff:: + A boolean value which lets you enable the `-s/--signoff` option of + format-patch by default. *Note:* Adding the Signed-off-by: line to a + patch should be a conscious act and means that you certify you have + the rights to submit this work under the same open source license. + Please see the 'SubmittingPatches' document for further discussion. + +format.coverLetter:: + A boolean that controls whether to generate a cover-letter when + format-patch is invoked, but in addition can be set to "auto", to + generate a cover-letter only when there's more than one patch. + +format.outputDirectory:: + Set a custom directory to store the resulting files instead of the + current working directory. + +format.useAutoBase:: + A boolean value which lets you enable the `--base=auto` option of + format-patch by default. + +filter.<driver>.clean:: + The command which is used to convert the content of a worktree + file to a blob upon checkin. See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for + details. + +filter.<driver>.smudge:: + The command which is used to convert the content of a blob + object to a worktree file upon checkout. See + linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. + +fsck.<msg-id>:: + Allows overriding the message type (error, warn or ignore) of a + specific message ID such as `missingEmail`. ++ +For convenience, fsck prefixes the error/warning with the message ID, +e.g. "missingEmail: invalid author/committer line - missing email" means +that setting `fsck.missingEmail = ignore` will hide that issue. ++ +This feature is intended to support working with legacy repositories +which cannot be repaired without disruptive changes. + +fsck.skipList:: + The path to a sorted list of object names (i.e. one SHA-1 per + line) that are known to be broken in a non-fatal way and should + be ignored. This feature is useful when an established project + should be accepted despite early commits containing errors that + can be safely ignored such as invalid committer email addresses. + Note: corrupt objects cannot be skipped with this setting. + +gc.aggressiveDepth:: + The depth parameter used in the delta compression + algorithm used by 'git gc --aggressive'. This defaults + to 50. + gc.aggressiveWindow:: The window size parameter used in the delta compression - algorithm used by 'git-gc --aggressive'. This defaults - to 10. + algorithm used by 'git gc --aggressive'. This defaults + to 250. gc.auto:: When there are approximately more than this many loose @@ -689,49 +1461,77 @@ gc.auto:: light-weight garbage collection from time to time. The default value is 6700. Setting this to 0 disables it. -gc.autopacklimit:: +gc.autoPackLimit:: When there are more than this many packs that are not marked with `*.keep` file in the repository, `git gc --auto` consolidates them into one larger pack. The default value is 50. Setting this to 0 disables it. -gc.packrefs:: - 'git-gc' does not run `git pack-refs` in a bare repository by - default so that older dumb-transport clients can still fetch - from the repository. Setting this to `true` lets 'git-gc' - to run `git pack-refs`. Setting this to `false` tells - 'git-gc' never to run `git pack-refs`. The default setting is - `notbare`. Enable it only when you know you do not have to - support such clients. The default setting will change to `true` - at some stage, and setting this to `false` will continue to - prevent `git pack-refs` from being run from 'git-gc'. - -gc.pruneexpire:: - When 'git-gc' is run, it will call 'prune --expire 2.weeks.ago'. +gc.autoDetach:: + Make `git gc --auto` return immediately and run in background + if the system supports it. Default is true. + +gc.logExpiry:: + If the file gc.log exists, then `git gc --auto` won't run + unless that file is more than 'gc.logExpiry' old. Default is + "1.day". See `gc.pruneExpire` for more ways to specify its + value. + +gc.packRefs:: + Running `git pack-refs` in a repository renders it + unclonable by Git versions prior to 1.5.1.2 over dumb + transports such as HTTP. This variable determines whether + 'git gc' runs `git pack-refs`. This can be set to `notbare` + to enable it within all non-bare repos or it can be set to a + boolean value. The default is `true`. + +gc.pruneExpire:: + When 'git gc' is run, it will call 'prune --expire 2.weeks.ago'. Override the grace period with this config variable. The value - "now" may be used to disable this grace period and always prune - unreachable objects immediately. - -gc.reflogexpire:: - 'git-reflog expire' removes reflog entries older than - this time; defaults to 90 days. - -gc.reflogexpireunreachable:: - 'git-reflog expire' removes reflog entries older than + "now" may be used to disable this grace period and always prune + unreachable objects immediately, or "never" may be used to + suppress pruning. This feature helps prevent corruption when + 'git gc' runs concurrently with another process writing to the + repository; see the "NOTES" section of linkgit:git-gc[1]. + +gc.worktreePruneExpire:: + When 'git gc' is run, it calls + 'git worktree prune --expire 3.months.ago'. + This config variable can be used to set a different grace + period. The value "now" may be used to disable the grace + period and prune `$GIT_DIR/worktrees` immediately, or "never" + may be used to suppress pruning. + +gc.reflogExpire:: +gc.<pattern>.reflogExpire:: + 'git reflog expire' removes reflog entries older than + this time; defaults to 90 days. The value "now" expires all + entries immediately, and "never" suppresses expiration + altogether. With "<pattern>" (e.g. + "refs/stash") in the middle the setting applies only to + the refs that match the <pattern>. + +gc.reflogExpireUnreachable:: +gc.<pattern>.reflogExpireUnreachable:: + 'git reflog expire' removes reflog entries older than this time and are not reachable from the current tip; - defaults to 30 days. + defaults to 30 days. The value "now" expires all entries + immediately, and "never" suppresses expiration altogether. + With "<pattern>" (e.g. "refs/stash") + in the middle, the setting applies only to the refs that + match the <pattern>. -gc.rerereresolved:: +gc.rerereResolved:: Records of conflicted merge you resolved earlier are - kept for this many days when 'git-rerere gc' is run. + kept for this many days when 'git rerere gc' is run. The default is 60 days. See linkgit:git-rerere[1]. -gc.rerereunresolved:: +gc.rerereUnresolved:: Records of conflicted merge you have not resolved are - kept for this many days when 'git-rerere gc' is run. + kept for this many days when 'git rerere gc' is run. The default is 15 days. See linkgit:git-rerere[1]. -gitcvs.commitmsgannotation:: +gitcvs.commitMsgAnnotation:: Append this string to each commit message. Set to empty string to disable this feature. Defaults to "via git-CVS emulator". @@ -739,49 +1539,51 @@ gitcvs.enabled:: Whether the CVS server interface is enabled for this repository. See linkgit:git-cvsserver[1]. -gitcvs.logfile:: +gitcvs.logFile:: Path to a log file where the CVS server interface well... logs various stuff. See linkgit:git-cvsserver[1]. gitcvs.usecrlfattr:: - If true, the server will look up the `crlf` attribute for - files to determine the '-k' modes to use. If `crlf` is set, - the '-k' mode will be left blank, so cvs clients will - treat it as text. If `crlf` is explicitly unset, the file + If true, the server will look up the end-of-line conversion + attributes for files to determine the `-k` modes to use. If + the attributes force Git to treat a file as text, + the `-k` mode will be left blank so CVS clients will + treat it as text. If they suppress text conversion, the file will be set with '-kb' mode, which suppresses any newline munging - the client might otherwise do. If `crlf` is not specified, - then 'gitcvs.allbinary' is used. See linkgit:gitattributes[5]. + the client might otherwise do. If the attributes do not allow + the file type to be determined, then `gitcvs.allBinary` is + used. See linkgit:gitattributes[5]. -gitcvs.allbinary:: - This is used if 'gitcvs.usecrlfattr' does not resolve +gitcvs.allBinary:: + This is used if `gitcvs.usecrlfattr` does not resolve the correct '-kb' mode to use. If true, all unresolved files are sent to the client in mode '-kb'. This causes the client to treat them as binary files, which suppresses any newline munging it otherwise might do. Alternatively, if it is set to "guess", then the contents of the file are examined to decide if - it is binary, similar to 'core.autocrlf'. + it is binary, similar to `core.autocrlf`. -gitcvs.dbname:: +gitcvs.dbName:: Database used by git-cvsserver to cache revision information - derived from the git repository. The exact meaning depends on the + derived from the Git repository. The exact meaning depends on the used database driver, for SQLite (which is the default driver) this is a filename. Supports variable substitution (see linkgit:git-cvsserver[1] for details). May not contain semicolons (`;`). Default: '%Ggitcvs.%m.sqlite' -gitcvs.dbdriver:: +gitcvs.dbDriver:: Used Perl DBI driver. You can specify any available driver - for this here, but it might not work. git-cvsserver is tested + for this here, but it might not work. git-cvsserver is tested with 'DBD::SQLite', reported to work with 'DBD::Pg', and reported *not* to work with 'DBD::mysql'. Experimental feature. May not contain double colons (`:`). Default: 'SQLite'. See linkgit:git-cvsserver[1]. -gitcvs.dbuser, gitcvs.dbpass:: - Database user and password. Only useful if setting 'gitcvs.dbdriver', +gitcvs.dbUser, gitcvs.dbPass:: + Database user and password. Only useful if setting `gitcvs.dbDriver`, since SQLite has no concept of database users and/or passwords. - 'gitcvs.dbuser' supports variable substitution (see + 'gitcvs.dbUser' supports variable substitution (see linkgit:git-cvsserver[1] for details). gitcvs.dbTableNamePrefix:: @@ -791,20 +1593,74 @@ gitcvs.dbTableNamePrefix:: linkgit:git-cvsserver[1] for details). Any non-alphabetic characters will be replaced with underscores. -All gitcvs variables except for 'gitcvs.usecrlfattr' and -'gitcvs.allbinary' can also be specified as +All gitcvs variables except for `gitcvs.usecrlfattr` and +`gitcvs.allBinary` can also be specified as 'gitcvs.<access_method>.<varname>' (where 'access_method' is one of "ext" and "pserver") to make them apply only for the given access method. -gui.commitmsgwidth:: +gitweb.category:: +gitweb.description:: +gitweb.owner:: +gitweb.url:: + See linkgit:gitweb[1] for description. + +gitweb.avatar:: +gitweb.blame:: +gitweb.grep:: +gitweb.highlight:: +gitweb.patches:: +gitweb.pickaxe:: +gitweb.remote_heads:: +gitweb.showSizes:: +gitweb.snapshot:: + See linkgit:gitweb.conf[5] for description. + +grep.lineNumber:: + If set to true, enable `-n` option by default. + +grep.patternType:: + Set the default matching behavior. Using a value of 'basic', 'extended', + 'fixed', or 'perl' will enable the `--basic-regexp`, `--extended-regexp`, + `--fixed-strings`, or `--perl-regexp` option accordingly, while the + value 'default' will return to the default matching behavior. + +grep.extendedRegexp:: + If set to true, enable `--extended-regexp` option by default. This + option is ignored when the `grep.patternType` option is set to a value + other than 'default'. + +grep.threads:: + Number of grep worker threads to use. + See `grep.threads` in linkgit:git-grep[1] for more information. + +grep.fallbackToNoIndex:: + If set to true, fall back to git grep --no-index if git grep + is executed outside of a git repository. Defaults to false. + +gpg.program:: + Use this custom program instead of "`gpg`" found on `$PATH` when + making or verifying a PGP signature. The program must support the + same command-line interface as GPG, namely, to verify a detached + signature, "`gpg --verify $file - <$signature`" is run, and the + program is expected to signal a good signature by exiting with + code 0, and to generate an ASCII-armored detached signature, the + standard input of "`gpg -bsau $key`" is fed with the contents to be + signed, and the program is expected to send the result to its + standard output. + +gui.commitMsgWidth:: Defines how wide the commit message window is in the linkgit:git-gui[1]. "75" is the default. -gui.diffcontext:: +gui.diffContext:: Specifies how many context lines should be used in calls to diff made by the linkgit:git-gui[1]. The default is "5". +gui.displayUntracked:: + Determines if linkgit:git-gui[1] shows untracked files + in the file list. The default is "true". + gui.encoding:: Specifies the default encoding to use for displaying of file contents in linkgit:git-gui[1] and linkgit:gitk[1]. @@ -813,34 +1669,34 @@ gui.encoding:: If this option is not set, the tools default to the locale encoding. -gui.matchtrackingbranch:: +gui.matchTrackingBranch:: Determines if new branches created with linkgit:git-gui[1] should default to tracking remote branches with matching names or not. Default: "false". -gui.newbranchtemplate:: +gui.newBranchTemplate:: Is used as suggested name when creating new branches using the linkgit:git-gui[1]. -gui.pruneduringfetch:: - "true" if linkgit:git-gui[1] should prune tracking branches when +gui.pruneDuringFetch:: + "true" if linkgit:git-gui[1] should prune remote-tracking branches when performing a fetch. The default value is "false". gui.trustmtime:: Determines if linkgit:git-gui[1] should trust the file modification timestamp or not. By default the timestamps are not trusted. -gui.spellingdictionary:: +gui.spellingDictionary:: Specifies the dictionary used for spell checking commit messages in the linkgit:git-gui[1]. When set to "none" spell checking is turned off. -gui.fastcopyblame:: - If true, 'git gui blame' uses '-C' instead of '-C -C' for original +gui.fastCopyBlame:: + If true, 'git gui blame' uses `-C` instead of `-C -C` for original location detection. It makes blame significantly faster on huge repositories at the expense of less thorough copy detection. -gui.copyblamethreshold:: +gui.copyBlameThreshold:: Specifies the threshold to use in 'git gui blame' original location detection, measured in alphanumeric characters. See the linkgit:git-blame[1] manual for more information on copy detection. @@ -856,40 +1712,40 @@ guitool.<name>.cmd:: of the linkgit:git-gui[1] `Tools` menu is invoked. This option is mandatory for every tool. The command is executed from the root of the working directory, and in the environment it receives the name of - the tool as 'GIT_GUITOOL', the name of the currently selected file as + the tool as `GIT_GUITOOL`, the name of the currently selected file as 'FILENAME', and the name of the current branch as 'CUR_BRANCH' (if the head is detached, 'CUR_BRANCH' is empty). -guitool.<name>.needsfile:: +guitool.<name>.needsFile:: Run the tool only if a diff is selected in the GUI. It guarantees that 'FILENAME' is not empty. -guitool.<name>.noconsole:: +guitool.<name>.noConsole:: Run the command silently, without creating a window to display its output. -guitool.<name>.norescan:: +guitool.<name>.noRescan:: Don't rescan the working directory for changes after the tool finishes execution. guitool.<name>.confirm:: Show a confirmation dialog before actually running the tool. -guitool.<name>.argprompt:: +guitool.<name>.argPrompt:: Request a string argument from the user, and pass it to the tool - through the 'ARGS' environment variable. Since requesting an + through the `ARGS` environment variable. Since requesting an argument implies confirmation, the 'confirm' option has no effect if this is enabled. If the option is set to 'true', 'yes', or '1', the dialog uses a built-in generic prompt; otherwise the exact value of the variable is used. -guitool.<name>.revprompt:: +guitool.<name>.revPrompt:: Request a single valid revision from the user, and set the - 'REVISION' environment variable. In other aspects this option - is similar to 'argprompt', and can be used together with it. + `REVISION` environment variable. In other aspects this option + is similar to 'argPrompt', and can be used together with it. -guitool.<name>.revunmerged:: - Show only unmerged branches in the 'revprompt' subdialog. +guitool.<name>.revUnmerged:: + Show only unmerged branches in the 'revPrompt' subdialog. This is useful for tools similar to merge or rebase, but not for things like checkout or reset. @@ -899,7 +1755,7 @@ guitool.<name>.title:: guitool.<name>.prompt:: Specifies the general prompt string to display at the top of - the dialog, before subsections for 'argprompt' and 'revprompt'. + the dialog, before subsections for 'argPrompt' and 'revPrompt'. The default value includes the actual command. help.browser:: @@ -911,7 +1767,7 @@ help.format:: Values 'man', 'info', 'web' and 'html' are supported. 'man' is the default. 'web' and 'html' are the same. -help.autocorrect:: +help.autoCorrect:: Automatically correct and execute mistyped commands after waiting for the given number of deciseconds (0.1 sec). If more than one command can be deduced from the entered text, nothing @@ -920,54 +1776,275 @@ help.autocorrect:: value is 0 - the command will be just shown but not executed. This is the default. +help.htmlPath:: + Specify the path where the HTML documentation resides. File system paths + and URLs are supported. HTML pages will be prefixed with this path when + help is displayed in the 'web' format. This defaults to the documentation + path of your Git installation. + http.proxy:: - Override the HTTP proxy, normally configured using the 'http_proxy' - environment variable (see linkgit:curl[1]). This can be overridden + Override the HTTP proxy, normally configured using the 'http_proxy', + 'https_proxy', and 'all_proxy' environment variables (see `curl(1)`). In + addition to the syntax understood by curl, it is possible to specify a + proxy string with a user name but no password, in which case git will + attempt to acquire one in the same way it does for other credentials. See + linkgit:gitcredentials[7] for more information. The syntax thus is + '[protocol://][user[:password]@]proxyhost[:port]'. This can be overridden on a per-remote basis; see remote.<name>.proxy +http.proxyAuthMethod:: + Set the method with which to authenticate against the HTTP proxy. This + only takes effect if the configured proxy string contains a user name part + (i.e. is of the form 'user@host' or 'user@host:port'). This can be + overridden on a per-remote basis; see `remote.<name>.proxyAuthMethod`. + Both can be overridden by the `GIT_HTTP_PROXY_AUTHMETHOD` environment + variable. Possible values are: ++ +-- +* `anyauth` - Automatically pick a suitable authentication method. It is + assumed that the proxy answers an unauthenticated request with a 407 + status code and one or more Proxy-authenticate headers with supported + authentication methods. This is the default. +* `basic` - HTTP Basic authentication +* `digest` - HTTP Digest authentication; this prevents the password from being + transmitted to the proxy in clear text +* `negotiate` - GSS-Negotiate authentication (compare the --negotiate option + of `curl(1)`) +* `ntlm` - NTLM authentication (compare the --ntlm option of `curl(1)`) +-- + +http.emptyAuth:: + Attempt authentication without seeking a username or password. This + can be used to attempt GSS-Negotiate authentication without specifying + a username in the URL, as libcurl normally requires a username for + authentication. + +http.delegation:: + Control GSSAPI credential delegation. The delegation is disabled + by default in libcurl since version 7.21.7. Set parameter to tell + the server what it is allowed to delegate when it comes to user + credentials. Used with GSS/kerberos. Possible values are: ++ +-- +* `none` - Don't allow any delegation. +* `policy` - Delegates if and only if the OK-AS-DELEGATE flag is set in the + Kerberos service ticket, which is a matter of realm policy. +* `always` - Unconditionally allow the server to delegate. +-- + + +http.extraHeader:: + Pass an additional HTTP header when communicating with a server. If + more than one such entry exists, all of them are added as extra + headers. To allow overriding the settings inherited from the system + config, an empty value will reset the extra headers to the empty list. + +http.cookieFile:: + The pathname of a file containing previously stored cookie lines, + which should be used + in the Git http session, if they match the server. The file format + of the file to read cookies from should be plain HTTP headers or + the Netscape/Mozilla cookie file format (see `curl(1)`). + NOTE that the file specified with http.cookieFile is used only as + input unless http.saveCookies is set. + +http.saveCookies:: + If set, store cookies received during requests to the file specified by + http.cookieFile. Has no effect if http.cookieFile is unset. + +http.sslVersion:: + The SSL version to use when negotiating an SSL connection, if you + want to force the default. The available and default version + depend on whether libcurl was built against NSS or OpenSSL and the + particular configuration of the crypto library in use. Internally + this sets the 'CURLOPT_SSL_VERSION' option; see the libcurl + documentation for more details on the format of this option and + for the ssl version supported. Actually the possible values of + this option are: + + - sslv2 + - sslv3 + - tlsv1 + - tlsv1.0 + - tlsv1.1 + - tlsv1.2 + ++ +Can be overridden by the `GIT_SSL_VERSION` environment variable. +To force git to use libcurl's default ssl version and ignore any +explicit http.sslversion option, set `GIT_SSL_VERSION` to the +empty string. + +http.sslCipherList:: + A list of SSL ciphers to use when negotiating an SSL connection. + The available ciphers depend on whether libcurl was built against + NSS or OpenSSL and the particular configuration of the crypto + library in use. Internally this sets the 'CURLOPT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST' + option; see the libcurl documentation for more details on the format + of this list. ++ +Can be overridden by the `GIT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST` environment variable. +To force git to use libcurl's default cipher list and ignore any +explicit http.sslCipherList option, set `GIT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST` to the +empty string. + http.sslVerify:: Whether to verify the SSL certificate when fetching or pushing - over HTTPS. Can be overridden by the 'GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY' environment + over HTTPS. Can be overridden by the `GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY` environment variable. http.sslCert:: File containing the SSL certificate when fetching or pushing - over HTTPS. Can be overridden by the 'GIT_SSL_CERT' environment + over HTTPS. Can be overridden by the `GIT_SSL_CERT` environment variable. http.sslKey:: File containing the SSL private key when fetching or pushing - over HTTPS. Can be overridden by the 'GIT_SSL_KEY' environment + over HTTPS. Can be overridden by the `GIT_SSL_KEY` environment variable. +http.sslCertPasswordProtected:: + Enable Git's password prompt for the SSL certificate. Otherwise + OpenSSL will prompt the user, possibly many times, if the + certificate or private key is encrypted. Can be overridden by the + `GIT_SSL_CERT_PASSWORD_PROTECTED` environment variable. + http.sslCAInfo:: File containing the certificates to verify the peer with when fetching or pushing over HTTPS. Can be overridden by the - 'GIT_SSL_CAINFO' environment variable. + `GIT_SSL_CAINFO` environment variable. http.sslCAPath:: Path containing files with the CA certificates to verify the peer with when fetching or pushing over HTTPS. Can be overridden - by the 'GIT_SSL_CAPATH' environment variable. + by the `GIT_SSL_CAPATH` environment variable. + +http.pinnedpubkey:: + Public key of the https service. It may either be the filename of + a PEM or DER encoded public key file or a string starting with + 'sha256//' followed by the base64 encoded sha256 hash of the + public key. See also libcurl 'CURLOPT_PINNEDPUBLICKEY'. git will + exit with an error if this option is set but not supported by + cURL. + +http.sslTry:: + Attempt to use AUTH SSL/TLS and encrypted data transfers + when connecting via regular FTP protocol. This might be needed + if the FTP server requires it for security reasons or you wish + to connect securely whenever remote FTP server supports it. + Default is false since it might trigger certificate verification + errors on misconfigured servers. http.maxRequests:: How many HTTP requests to launch in parallel. Can be overridden - by the 'GIT_HTTP_MAX_REQUESTS' environment variable. Default is 5. + by the `GIT_HTTP_MAX_REQUESTS` environment variable. Default is 5. + +http.minSessions:: + The number of curl sessions (counted across slots) to be kept across + requests. They will not be ended with curl_easy_cleanup() until + http_cleanup() is invoked. If USE_CURL_MULTI is not defined, this + value will be capped at 1. Defaults to 1. + +http.postBuffer:: + Maximum size in bytes of the buffer used by smart HTTP + transports when POSTing data to the remote system. + For requests larger than this buffer size, HTTP/1.1 and + Transfer-Encoding: chunked is used to avoid creating a + massive pack file locally. Default is 1 MiB, which is + sufficient for most requests. http.lowSpeedLimit, http.lowSpeedTime:: If the HTTP transfer speed is less than 'http.lowSpeedLimit' for longer than 'http.lowSpeedTime' seconds, the transfer is aborted. - Can be overridden by the 'GIT_HTTP_LOW_SPEED_LIMIT' and - 'GIT_HTTP_LOW_SPEED_TIME' environment variables. + Can be overridden by the `GIT_HTTP_LOW_SPEED_LIMIT` and + `GIT_HTTP_LOW_SPEED_TIME` environment variables. http.noEPSV:: A boolean which disables using of EPSV ftp command by curl. This can helpful with some "poor" ftp servers which don't - support EPSV mode. Can be overridden by the 'GIT_CURL_FTP_NO_EPSV' + support EPSV mode. Can be overridden by the `GIT_CURL_FTP_NO_EPSV` environment variable. Default is false (curl will use EPSV). +http.userAgent:: + The HTTP USER_AGENT string presented to an HTTP server. The default + value represents the version of the client Git such as git/1.7.1. + This option allows you to override this value to a more common value + such as Mozilla/4.0. This may be necessary, for instance, if + connecting through a firewall that restricts HTTP connections to a set + of common USER_AGENT strings (but not including those like git/1.7.1). + Can be overridden by the `GIT_HTTP_USER_AGENT` environment variable. + +http.followRedirects:: + Whether git should follow HTTP redirects. If set to `true`, git + will transparently follow any redirect issued by a server it + encounters. If set to `false`, git will treat all redirects as + errors. If set to `initial`, git will follow redirects only for + the initial request to a remote, but not for subsequent + follow-up HTTP requests. Since git uses the redirected URL as + the base for the follow-up requests, this is generally + sufficient. The default is `initial`. + +http.<url>.*:: + Any of the http.* options above can be applied selectively to some URLs. + For a config key to match a URL, each element of the config key is + compared to that of the URL, in the following order: ++ +-- +. Scheme (e.g., `https` in `https://example.com/`). This field + must match exactly between the config key and the URL. + +. Host/domain name (e.g., `example.com` in `https://example.com/`). + This field must match between the config key and the URL. It is + possible to specify a `*` as part of the host name to match all subdomains + at this level. `https://*.example.com/` for example would match + `https://foo.example.com/`, but not `https://foo.bar.example.com/`. + +. Port number (e.g., `8080` in `http://example.com:8080/`). + This field must match exactly between the config key and the URL. + Omitted port numbers are automatically converted to the correct + default for the scheme before matching. + +. Path (e.g., `repo.git` in `https://example.com/repo.git`). The + path field of the config key must match the path field of the URL + either exactly or as a prefix of slash-delimited path elements. This means + a config key with path `foo/` matches URL path `foo/bar`. A prefix can only + match on a slash (`/`) boundary. Longer matches take precedence (so a config + key with path `foo/bar` is a better match to URL path `foo/bar` than a config + key with just path `foo/`). + +. User name (e.g., `user` in `https://user@example.com/repo.git`). If + the config key has a user name it must match the user name in the + URL exactly. If the config key does not have a user name, that + config key will match a URL with any user name (including none), + but at a lower precedence than a config key with a user name. +-- ++ +The list above is ordered by decreasing precedence; a URL that matches +a config key's path is preferred to one that matches its user name. For example, +if the URL is `https://user@example.com/foo/bar` a config key match of +`https://example.com/foo` will be preferred over a config key match of +`https://user@example.com`. ++ +All URLs are normalized before attempting any matching (the password part, +if embedded in the URL, is always ignored for matching purposes) so that +equivalent URLs that are simply spelled differently will match properly. +Environment variable settings always override any matches. The URLs that are +matched against are those given directly to Git commands. This means any URLs +visited as a result of a redirection do not participate in matching. + +ssh.variant:: + Depending on the value of the environment variables `GIT_SSH` or + `GIT_SSH_COMMAND`, or the config setting `core.sshCommand`, Git + auto-detects whether to adjust its command-line parameters for use + with plink or tortoiseplink, as opposed to the default (OpenSSH). ++ +The config variable `ssh.variant` can be set to override this auto-detection; +valid values are `ssh`, `plink`, `putty` or `tortoiseplink`. Any other value +will be treated as normal ssh. This setting can be overridden via the +environment variable `GIT_SSH_VARIANT`. + i18n.commitEncoding:: - Character encoding the commit messages are stored in; git itself + Character encoding the commit messages are stored in; Git itself does not care per se, but this information is necessary e.g. when importing commits from emails or in the gitk graphical history browser (and possibly at other places in the future or in other @@ -975,12 +2052,20 @@ i18n.commitEncoding:: i18n.logOutputEncoding:: Character encoding the commit messages are converted to when - running 'git-log' and friends. + running 'git log' and friends. imap:: The configuration variables in the 'imap' section are described in linkgit:git-imap-send[1]. +index.version:: + Specify the version with which new index files should be + initialized. This does not affect existing repositories. + +init.templateDir:: + Specify the directory from which templates will be copied. + (See the "TEMPLATE DIRECTORY" section of linkgit:git-init[1].) + instaweb.browser:: Specify the program that will be used to browse your working repository in gitweb. See linkgit:git-instaweb[1]. @@ -993,25 +2078,95 @@ instaweb.local:: If true the web server started by linkgit:git-instaweb[1] will be bound to the local IP (127.0.0.1). -instaweb.modulepath:: - The module path for an apache httpd used by linkgit:git-instaweb[1]. +instaweb.modulePath:: + The default module path for linkgit:git-instaweb[1] to use + instead of /usr/lib/apache2/modules. Only used if httpd + is Apache. instaweb.port:: The port number to bind the gitweb httpd to. See linkgit:git-instaweb[1]. -log.date:: - Set default date-time mode for the log command. Setting log.date - value is similar to using 'git-log'\'s --date option. The value is one of the - following alternatives: {relative,local,default,iso,rfc,short}. - See linkgit:git-log[1]. +interactive.singleKey:: + In interactive commands, allow the user to provide one-letter + input with a single key (i.e., without hitting enter). + Currently this is used by the `--patch` mode of + linkgit:git-add[1], linkgit:git-checkout[1], linkgit:git-commit[1], + linkgit:git-reset[1], and linkgit:git-stash[1]. Note that this + setting is silently ignored if portable keystroke input + is not available; requires the Perl module Term::ReadKey. + +interactive.diffFilter:: + When an interactive command (such as `git add --patch`) shows + a colorized diff, git will pipe the diff through the shell + command defined by this configuration variable. The command may + mark up the diff further for human consumption, provided that it + retains a one-to-one correspondence with the lines in the + original diff. Defaults to disabled (no filtering). + +log.abbrevCommit:: + If true, makes linkgit:git-log[1], linkgit:git-show[1], and + linkgit:git-whatchanged[1] assume `--abbrev-commit`. You may + override this option with `--no-abbrev-commit`. -log.showroot:: +log.date:: + Set the default date-time mode for the 'log' command. + Setting a value for log.date is similar to using 'git log''s + `--date` option. See linkgit:git-log[1] for details. + +log.decorate:: + Print out the ref names of any commits that are shown by the log + command. If 'short' is specified, the ref name prefixes 'refs/heads/', + 'refs/tags/' and 'refs/remotes/' will not be printed. If 'full' is + specified, the full ref name (including prefix) will be printed. + If 'auto' is specified, then if the output is going to a terminal, + the ref names are shown as if 'short' were given, otherwise no ref + names are shown. This is the same as the `--decorate` option + of the `git log`. + +log.follow:: + If `true`, `git log` will act as if the `--follow` option was used when + a single <path> is given. This has the same limitations as `--follow`, + i.e. it cannot be used to follow multiple files and does not work well + on non-linear history. + +log.graphColors:: + A list of colors, separated by commas, that can be used to draw + history lines in `git log --graph`. + +log.showRoot:: If true, the initial commit will be shown as a big creation event. This is equivalent to a diff against an empty tree. Tools like linkgit:git-log[1] or linkgit:git-whatchanged[1], which normally hide the root commit will now show it. True by default. +log.mailmap:: + If true, makes linkgit:git-log[1], linkgit:git-show[1], and + linkgit:git-whatchanged[1] assume `--use-mailmap`. + +mailinfo.scissors:: + If true, makes linkgit:git-mailinfo[1] (and therefore + linkgit:git-am[1]) act by default as if the --scissors option + was provided on the command-line. When active, this features + removes everything from the message body before a scissors + line (i.e. consisting mainly of ">8", "8<" and "-"). + +mailmap.file:: + The location of an augmenting mailmap file. The default + mailmap, located in the root of the repository, is loaded + first, then the mailmap file pointed to by this variable. + The location of the mailmap file may be in a repository + subdirectory, or somewhere outside of the repository itself. + See linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1]. + +mailmap.blob:: + Like `mailmap.file`, but consider the value as a reference to a + blob in the repository. If both `mailmap.file` and + `mailmap.blob` are given, both are parsed, with entries from + `mailmap.file` taking precedence. In a bare repository, this + defaults to `HEAD:.mailmap`. In a non-bare repository, it + defaults to empty. + man.viewer:: Specify the programs that may be used to display help in the 'man' format. See linkgit:git-help[1]. @@ -1050,6 +2205,15 @@ mergetool.<tool>.trustExitCode:: if the file has been updated, otherwise the user is prompted to indicate the success of the merge. +mergetool.meld.hasOutput:: + Older versions of `meld` do not support the `--output` option. + Git will attempt to detect whether `meld` supports `--output` + by inspecting the output of `meld --help`. Configuring + `mergetool.meld.hasOutput` will make Git skip these checks and + use the configured value instead. Setting `mergetool.meld.hasOutput` + to `true` tells Git to unconditionally use the `--output` option, + and `false` avoids using `--output`. + mergetool.keepBackup:: After performing a merge, the original file with conflict markers can be saved as a file with a `.orig` extension. If this variable @@ -1057,15 +2221,81 @@ mergetool.keepBackup:: `true` (i.e. keep the backup files). mergetool.keepTemporaries:: - When invoking a custom merge tool, git uses a set of temporary + When invoking a custom merge tool, Git uses a set of temporary files to pass to the tool. If the tool returns an error and this variable is set to `true`, then these temporary files will be preserved, otherwise they will be removed after the tool has exited. Defaults to `false`. +mergetool.writeToTemp:: + Git writes temporary 'BASE', 'LOCAL', and 'REMOTE' versions of + conflicting files in the worktree by default. Git will attempt + to use a temporary directory for these files when set `true`. + Defaults to `false`. + mergetool.prompt:: Prompt before each invocation of the merge resolution program. +notes.mergeStrategy:: + Which merge strategy to choose by default when resolving notes + conflicts. Must be one of `manual`, `ours`, `theirs`, `union`, or + `cat_sort_uniq`. Defaults to `manual`. See "NOTES MERGE STRATEGIES" + section of linkgit:git-notes[1] for more information on each strategy. + +notes.<name>.mergeStrategy:: + Which merge strategy to choose when doing a notes merge into + refs/notes/<name>. This overrides the more general + "notes.mergeStrategy". See the "NOTES MERGE STRATEGIES" section in + linkgit:git-notes[1] for more information on the available strategies. + +notes.displayRef:: + The (fully qualified) refname from which to show notes when + showing commit messages. The value of this variable can be set + to a glob, in which case notes from all matching refs will be + shown. You may also specify this configuration variable + several times. A warning will be issued for refs that do not + exist, but a glob that does not match any refs is silently + ignored. ++ +This setting can be overridden with the `GIT_NOTES_DISPLAY_REF` +environment variable, which must be a colon separated list of refs or +globs. ++ +The effective value of "core.notesRef" (possibly overridden by +GIT_NOTES_REF) is also implicitly added to the list of refs to be +displayed. + +notes.rewrite.<command>:: + When rewriting commits with <command> (currently `amend` or + `rebase`) and this variable is set to `true`, Git + automatically copies your notes from the original to the + rewritten commit. Defaults to `true`, but see + "notes.rewriteRef" below. + +notes.rewriteMode:: + When copying notes during a rewrite (see the + "notes.rewrite.<command>" option), determines what to do if + the target commit already has a note. Must be one of + `overwrite`, `concatenate`, `cat_sort_uniq`, or `ignore`. + Defaults to `concatenate`. ++ +This setting can be overridden with the `GIT_NOTES_REWRITE_MODE` +environment variable. + +notes.rewriteRef:: + When copying notes during a rewrite, specifies the (fully + qualified) ref whose notes should be copied. The ref may be a + glob, in which case notes in all matching refs will be copied. + You may also specify this configuration several times. ++ +Does not have a default value; you must configure this variable to +enable note rewriting. Set it to `refs/notes/commits` to enable +rewriting for the default commit notes. ++ +This setting can be overridden with the `GIT_NOTES_REWRITE_REF` +environment variable, which must be a colon separated list of refs or +globs. + pack.window:: The size of the window used by linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] when no window size is given on the command line. Defaults to 10. @@ -1075,10 +2305,11 @@ pack.depth:: maximum depth is given on the command line. Defaults to 50. pack.windowMemory:: - The window memory size limit used by linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] - when no limit is given on the command line. The value can be - suffixed with "k", "m", or "g". Defaults to 0, meaning no - limit. + The maximum size of memory that is consumed by each thread + in linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] for pack window memory when + no limit is given on the command line. The value can be + suffixed with "k", "m", or "g". When left unconfigured (or + set explicitly to 0), there will be no limit. pack.compression:: An integer -1..9, indicating the compression level for objects @@ -1088,15 +2319,27 @@ pack.compression:: not set, defaults to -1, the zlib default, which is "a default compromise between speed and compression (currently equivalent to level 6)." ++ +Note that changing the compression level will not automatically recompress +all existing objects. You can force recompression by passing the -F option +to linkgit:git-repack[1]. pack.deltaCacheSize:: The maximum memory in bytes used for caching deltas in - linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. - A value of 0 means no limit. Defaults to 0. + linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] before writing them out to a pack. + This cache is used to speed up the writing object phase by not + having to recompute the final delta result once the best match + for all objects is found. Repacking large repositories on machines + which are tight with memory might be badly impacted by this though, + especially if this cache pushes the system into swapping. + A value of 0 means no limit. The smallest size of 1 byte may be + used to virtually disable this cache. Defaults to 256 MiB. pack.deltaCacheLimit:: The maximum size of a delta, that is cached in - linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. Defaults to 1000. + linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. This cache is used to speed up the + writing object phase by not having to recompute the final delta + result once the best match for all objects is found. Defaults to 1000. pack.threads:: Specifies the number of threads to spawn when searching for best @@ -1105,7 +2348,7 @@ pack.threads:: warning. This is meant to reduce packing time on multiprocessor machines. The required amount of memory for the delta search window is however multiplied by the number of threads. - Specifying 0 will cause git to auto-detect the number of CPU's + Specifying 0 will cause Git to auto-detect the number of CPU's and set the number of threads accordingly. pack.indexVersion:: @@ -1117,26 +2360,136 @@ pack.indexVersion:: and this config option ignored whenever the corresponding pack is larger than 2 GB. + -If you have an old git that does not understand the version 2 `{asterisk}.idx` file, -cloning or fetching over a non native protocol (e.g. "http" and "rsync") -that will copy both `{asterisk}.pack` file and corresponding `{asterisk}.idx` file from the +If you have an old Git that does not understand the version 2 `*.idx` file, +cloning or fetching over a non native protocol (e.g. "http") +that will copy both `*.pack` file and corresponding `*.idx` file from the other side may give you a repository that cannot be accessed with your -older version of git. If the `{asterisk}.pack` file is smaller than 2 GB, however, +older version of Git. If the `*.pack` file is smaller than 2 GB, however, you can use linkgit:git-index-pack[1] on the *.pack file to regenerate -the `{asterisk}.idx` file. +the `*.idx` file. pack.packSizeLimit:: - The default maximum size of a pack. This setting only affects - packing to a file, i.e. the git:// protocol is unaffected. It - can be overridden by the `\--max-pack-size` option of - linkgit:git-repack[1]. + The maximum size of a pack. This setting only affects + packing to a file when repacking, i.e. the git:// protocol + is unaffected. It can be overridden by the `--max-pack-size` + option of linkgit:git-repack[1]. Reaching this limit results + in the creation of multiple packfiles; which in turn prevents + bitmaps from being created. + The minimum size allowed is limited to 1 MiB. + The default is unlimited. + Common unit suffixes of 'k', 'm', or 'g' are + supported. + +pack.useBitmaps:: + When true, git will use pack bitmaps (if available) when packing + to stdout (e.g., during the server side of a fetch). Defaults to + true. You should not generally need to turn this off unless + you are debugging pack bitmaps. + +pack.writeBitmaps (deprecated):: + This is a deprecated synonym for `repack.writeBitmaps`. + +pack.writeBitmapHashCache:: + When true, git will include a "hash cache" section in the bitmap + index (if one is written). This cache can be used to feed git's + delta heuristics, potentially leading to better deltas between + bitmapped and non-bitmapped objects (e.g., when serving a fetch + between an older, bitmapped pack and objects that have been + pushed since the last gc). The downside is that it consumes 4 + bytes per object of disk space, and that JGit's bitmap + implementation does not understand it, causing it to complain if + Git and JGit are used on the same repository. Defaults to false. pager.<cmd>:: - Allows turning on or off pagination of the output of a - particular git subcommand when writing to a tty. If - `\--paginate` or `\--no-pager` is specified on the command line, - it takes precedence over this option. To disable pagination for - all commands, set `core.pager` or 'GIT_PAGER' to "`cat`". + If the value is boolean, turns on or off pagination of the + output of a particular Git subcommand when writing to a tty. + Otherwise, turns on pagination for the subcommand using the + pager specified by the value of `pager.<cmd>`. If `--paginate` + or `--no-pager` is specified on the command line, it takes + precedence over this option. To disable pagination for all + commands, set `core.pager` or `GIT_PAGER` to `cat`. + +pretty.<name>:: + Alias for a --pretty= format string, as specified in + linkgit:git-log[1]. Any aliases defined here can be used just + as the built-in pretty formats could. For example, + running `git config pretty.changelog "format:* %H %s"` + would cause the invocation `git log --pretty=changelog` + to be equivalent to running `git log "--pretty=format:* %H %s"`. + Note that an alias with the same name as a built-in format + will be silently ignored. + +protocol.allow:: + If set, provide a user defined default policy for all protocols which + don't explicitly have a policy (`protocol.<name>.allow`). By default, + if unset, known-safe protocols (http, https, git, ssh, file) have a + default policy of `always`, known-dangerous protocols (ext) have a + default policy of `never`, and all other protocols have a default + policy of `user`. Supported policies: ++ +-- + +* `always` - protocol is always able to be used. + +* `never` - protocol is never able to be used. + +* `user` - protocol is only able to be used when `GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER` is + either unset or has a value of 1. This policy should be used when you want a + protocol to be directly usable by the user but don't want it used by commands which + execute clone/fetch/push commands without user input, e.g. recursive + submodule initialization. + +-- + +protocol.<name>.allow:: + Set a policy to be used by protocol `<name>` with clone/fetch/push + commands. See `protocol.allow` above for the available policies. ++ +The protocol names currently used by git are: ++ +-- + - `file`: any local file-based path (including `file://` URLs, + or local paths) + + - `git`: the anonymous git protocol over a direct TCP + connection (or proxy, if configured) + + - `ssh`: git over ssh (including `host:path` syntax, + `ssh://`, etc). + + - `http`: git over http, both "smart http" and "dumb http". + Note that this does _not_ include `https`; if you want to configure + both, you must do so individually. + + - any external helpers are named by their protocol (e.g., use + `hg` to allow the `git-remote-hg` helper) +-- + +pull.ff:: + By default, Git does not create an extra merge commit when merging + a commit that is a descendant of the current commit. Instead, the + tip of the current branch is fast-forwarded. When set to `false`, + this variable tells Git to create an extra merge commit in such + a case (equivalent to giving the `--no-ff` option from the command + line). When set to `only`, only such fast-forward merges are + allowed (equivalent to giving the `--ff-only` option from the + command line). This setting overrides `merge.ff` when pulling. + +pull.rebase:: + When true, rebase branches on top of the fetched branch, instead + of merging the default branch from the default remote when "git + pull" is run. See "branch.<name>.rebase" for setting this on a + per-branch basis. ++ +When preserve, also pass `--preserve-merges` along to 'git rebase' +so that locally committed merge commits will not be flattened +by running 'git pull'. ++ +When the value is `interactive`, the rebase is run in interactive mode. ++ +*NOTE*: this is a possibly dangerous operation; do *not* use +it unless you understand the implications (see linkgit:git-rebase[1] +for details). pull.octopus:: The default merge strategy to use when pulling multiple branches @@ -1145,11 +2498,193 @@ pull.octopus:: pull.twohead:: The default merge strategy to use when pulling a single branch. +push.default:: + Defines the action `git push` should take if no refspec is + explicitly given. Different values are well-suited for + specific workflows; for instance, in a purely central workflow + (i.e. the fetch source is equal to the push destination), + `upstream` is probably what you want. Possible values are: ++ +-- + +* `nothing` - do not push anything (error out) unless a refspec is + explicitly given. This is primarily meant for people who want to + avoid mistakes by always being explicit. + +* `current` - push the current branch to update a branch with the same + name on the receiving end. Works in both central and non-central + workflows. + +* `upstream` - push the current branch back to the branch whose + changes are usually integrated into the current branch (which is + called `@{upstream}`). This mode only makes sense if you are + pushing to the same repository you would normally pull from + (i.e. central workflow). + +* `tracking` - This is a deprecated synonym for `upstream`. + +* `simple` - in centralized workflow, work like `upstream` with an + added safety to refuse to push if the upstream branch's name is + different from the local one. ++ +When pushing to a remote that is different from the remote you normally +pull from, work as `current`. This is the safest option and is suited +for beginners. ++ +This mode has become the default in Git 2.0. + +* `matching` - push all branches having the same name on both ends. + This makes the repository you are pushing to remember the set of + branches that will be pushed out (e.g. if you always push 'maint' + and 'master' there and no other branches, the repository you push + to will have these two branches, and your local 'maint' and + 'master' will be pushed there). ++ +To use this mode effectively, you have to make sure _all_ the +branches you would push out are ready to be pushed out before +running 'git push', as the whole point of this mode is to allow you +to push all of the branches in one go. If you usually finish work +on only one branch and push out the result, while other branches are +unfinished, this mode is not for you. Also this mode is not +suitable for pushing into a shared central repository, as other +people may add new branches there, or update the tip of existing +branches outside your control. ++ +This used to be the default, but not since Git 2.0 (`simple` is the +new default). + +-- + +push.followTags:: + If set to true enable `--follow-tags` option by default. You + may override this configuration at time of push by specifying + `--no-follow-tags`. + +push.gpgSign:: + May be set to a boolean value, or the string 'if-asked'. A true + value causes all pushes to be GPG signed, as if `--signed` is + passed to linkgit:git-push[1]. The string 'if-asked' causes + pushes to be signed if the server supports it, as if + `--signed=if-asked` is passed to 'git push'. A false value may + override a value from a lower-priority config file. An explicit + command-line flag always overrides this config option. + +push.recurseSubmodules:: + Make sure all submodule commits used by the revisions to be pushed + are available on a remote-tracking branch. If the value is 'check' + then Git will verify that all submodule commits that changed in the + revisions to be pushed are available on at least one remote of the + submodule. If any commits are missing, the push will be aborted and + exit with non-zero status. If the value is 'on-demand' then all + submodules that changed in the revisions to be pushed will be + pushed. If on-demand was not able to push all necessary revisions + it will also be aborted and exit with non-zero status. If the value + is 'no' then default behavior of ignoring submodules when pushing + is retained. You may override this configuration at time of push by + specifying '--recurse-submodules=check|on-demand|no'. + +rebase.stat:: + Whether to show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last + rebase. False by default. + +rebase.autoSquash:: + If set to true enable `--autosquash` option by default. + +rebase.autoStash:: + When set to true, automatically create a temporary stash + before the operation begins, and apply it after the operation + ends. This means that you can run rebase on a dirty worktree. + However, use with care: the final stash application after a + successful rebase might result in non-trivial conflicts. + Defaults to false. + +rebase.missingCommitsCheck:: + If set to "warn", git rebase -i will print a warning if some + commits are removed (e.g. a line was deleted), however the + rebase will still proceed. If set to "error", it will print + the previous warning and stop the rebase, 'git rebase + --edit-todo' can then be used to correct the error. If set to + "ignore", no checking is done. + To drop a commit without warning or error, use the `drop` + command in the todo-list. + Defaults to "ignore". + +rebase.instructionFormat:: + A format string, as specified in linkgit:git-log[1], to be used for + the instruction list during an interactive rebase. The format will automatically + have the long commit hash prepended to the format. + +receive.advertiseAtomic:: + By default, git-receive-pack will advertise the atomic push + capability to its clients. If you don't want to advertise this + capability, set this variable to false. + +receive.advertisePushOptions:: + By default, git-receive-pack will advertise the push options + capability to its clients. If you don't want to advertise this + capability, set this variable to false. + +receive.autogc:: + By default, git-receive-pack will run "git-gc --auto" after + receiving data from git-push and updating refs. You can stop + it by setting this variable to false. + +receive.certNonceSeed:: + By setting this variable to a string, `git receive-pack` + will accept a `git push --signed` and verifies it by using + a "nonce" protected by HMAC using this string as a secret + key. + +receive.certNonceSlop:: + When a `git push --signed` sent a push certificate with a + "nonce" that was issued by a receive-pack serving the same + repository within this many seconds, export the "nonce" + found in the certificate to `GIT_PUSH_CERT_NONCE` to the + hooks (instead of what the receive-pack asked the sending + side to include). This may allow writing checks in + `pre-receive` and `post-receive` a bit easier. Instead of + checking `GIT_PUSH_CERT_NONCE_SLOP` environment variable + that records by how many seconds the nonce is stale to + decide if they want to accept the certificate, they only + can check `GIT_PUSH_CERT_NONCE_STATUS` is `OK`. + receive.fsckObjects:: If it is set to true, git-receive-pack will check all received objects. It will abort in the case of a malformed object or a broken link. The result of an abort are only dangling objects. - Defaults to false. + Defaults to false. If not set, the value of `transfer.fsckObjects` + is used instead. + +receive.fsck.<msg-id>:: + When `receive.fsckObjects` is set to true, errors can be switched + to warnings and vice versa by configuring the `receive.fsck.<msg-id>` + setting where the `<msg-id>` is the fsck message ID and the value + is one of `error`, `warn` or `ignore`. For convenience, fsck prefixes + the error/warning with the message ID, e.g. "missingEmail: invalid + author/committer line - missing email" means that setting + `receive.fsck.missingEmail = ignore` will hide that issue. ++ +This feature is intended to support working with legacy repositories +which would not pass pushing when `receive.fsckObjects = true`, allowing +the host to accept repositories with certain known issues but still catch +other issues. + +receive.fsck.skipList:: + The path to a sorted list of object names (i.e. one SHA-1 per + line) that are known to be broken in a non-fatal way and should + be ignored. This feature is useful when an established project + should be accepted despite early commits containing errors that + can be safely ignored such as invalid committer email addresses. + Note: corrupt objects cannot be skipped with this setting. + +receive.keepAlive:: + After receiving the pack from the client, `receive-pack` may + produce no output (if `--quiet` was specified) while processing + the pack, causing some networks to drop the TCP connection. + With this option set, if `receive-pack` does not transmit + any data in this phase for `receive.keepAlive` seconds, it will + send a short keepalive packet. The default is 5 seconds; set + to 0 to disable keepalives entirely. receive.unpackLimit:: If the number of objects received in a push is below this @@ -1161,34 +2696,82 @@ receive.unpackLimit:: especially on slow filesystems. If not set, the value of `transfer.unpackLimit` is used instead. +receive.maxInputSize:: + If the size of the incoming pack stream is larger than this + limit, then git-receive-pack will error out, instead of + accepting the pack file. If not set or set to 0, then the size + is unlimited. + receive.denyDeletes:: If set to true, git-receive-pack will deny a ref update that deletes the ref. Use this to prevent such a ref deletion via a push. +receive.denyDeleteCurrent:: + If set to true, git-receive-pack will deny a ref update that + deletes the currently checked out branch of a non-bare repository. + receive.denyCurrentBranch:: - If set to true or "refuse", receive-pack will deny a ref update + If set to true or "refuse", git-receive-pack will deny a ref update to the currently checked out branch of a non-bare repository. Such a push is potentially dangerous because it brings the HEAD out of sync with the index and working tree. If set to "warn", print a warning of such a push to stderr, but allow the push to proceed. If set to false or "ignore", allow such pushes with no - message. Defaults to "warn". + message. Defaults to "refuse". ++ +Another option is "updateInstead" which will update the working +tree if pushing into the current branch. This option is +intended for synchronizing working directories when one side is not easily +accessible via interactive ssh (e.g. a live web site, hence the requirement +that the working directory be clean). This mode also comes in handy when +developing inside a VM to test and fix code on different Operating Systems. ++ +By default, "updateInstead" will refuse the push if the working tree or +the index have any difference from the HEAD, but the `push-to-checkout` +hook can be used to customize this. See linkgit:githooks[5]. receive.denyNonFastForwards:: If set to true, git-receive-pack will deny a ref update which is - not a fast forward. Use this to prevent such an update via a push, + not a fast-forward. Use this to prevent such an update via a push, even if that push is forced. This configuration variable is set when initializing a shared repository. +receive.hideRefs:: + This variable is the same as `transfer.hideRefs`, but applies + only to `receive-pack` (and so affects pushes, but not fetches). + An attempt to update or delete a hidden ref by `git push` is + rejected. + +receive.updateServerInfo:: + If set to true, git-receive-pack will run git-update-server-info + after receiving data from git-push and updating refs. + +receive.shallowUpdate:: + If set to true, .git/shallow can be updated when new refs + require new shallow roots. Otherwise those refs are rejected. + +remote.pushDefault:: + The remote to push to by default. Overrides + `branch.<name>.remote` for all branches, and is overridden by + `branch.<name>.pushRemote` for specific branches. + remote.<name>.url:: The URL of a remote repository. See linkgit:git-fetch[1] or linkgit:git-push[1]. +remote.<name>.pushurl:: + The push URL of a remote repository. See linkgit:git-push[1]. + remote.<name>.proxy:: For remotes that require curl (http, https and ftp), the URL to the proxy to use for that remote. Set to the empty string to disable proxying for that remote. +remote.<name>.proxyAuthMethod:: + For remotes that require curl (http, https and ftp), the method to use for + authenticating against the proxy in use (probably set in + `remote.<name>.proxy`). See `http.proxyAuthMethod`. + remote.<name>.fetch:: The default set of "refspec" for linkgit:git-fetch[1]. See linkgit:git-fetch[1]. @@ -1199,77 +2782,315 @@ remote.<name>.push:: remote.<name>.mirror:: If true, pushing to this remote will automatically behave - as if the `\--mirror` option was given on the command line. + as if the `--mirror` option was given on the command line. remote.<name>.skipDefaultUpdate:: If true, this remote will be skipped by default when updating - using the update subcommand of linkgit:git-remote[1]. + using linkgit:git-fetch[1] or the `update` subcommand of + linkgit:git-remote[1]. + +remote.<name>.skipFetchAll:: + If true, this remote will be skipped by default when updating + using linkgit:git-fetch[1] or the `update` subcommand of + linkgit:git-remote[1]. remote.<name>.receivepack:: The default program to execute on the remote side when pushing. See - option \--receive-pack of linkgit:git-push[1]. + option --receive-pack of linkgit:git-push[1]. remote.<name>.uploadpack:: The default program to execute on the remote side when fetching. See - option \--upload-pack of linkgit:git-fetch-pack[1]. + option --upload-pack of linkgit:git-fetch-pack[1]. + +remote.<name>.tagOpt:: + Setting this value to --no-tags disables automatic tag following when + fetching from remote <name>. Setting it to --tags will fetch every + tag from remote <name>, even if they are not reachable from remote + branch heads. Passing these flags directly to linkgit:git-fetch[1] can + override this setting. See options --tags and --no-tags of + linkgit:git-fetch[1]. -remote.<name>.tagopt:: - Setting this value to \--no-tags disables automatic tag following when - fetching from remote <name> +remote.<name>.vcs:: + Setting this to a value <vcs> will cause Git to interact with + the remote with the git-remote-<vcs> helper. + +remote.<name>.prune:: + When set to true, fetching from this remote by default will also + remove any remote-tracking references that no longer exist on the + remote (as if the `--prune` option was given on the command line). + Overrides `fetch.prune` settings, if any. remotes.<group>:: The list of remotes which are fetched by "git remote update <group>". See linkgit:git-remote[1]. -repack.usedeltabaseoffset:: +repack.useDeltaBaseOffset:: By default, linkgit:git-repack[1] creates packs that use delta-base offset. If you need to share your repository with - git older than version 1.4.4, either directly or via a dumb + Git older than version 1.4.4, either directly or via a dumb protocol such as http, then you need to set this option to - "false" and repack. Access from old git versions over the + "false" and repack. Access from old Git versions over the native protocol are unaffected by this option. -rerere.autoupdate:: +repack.packKeptObjects:: + If set to true, makes `git repack` act as if + `--pack-kept-objects` was passed. See linkgit:git-repack[1] for + details. Defaults to `false` normally, but `true` if a bitmap + index is being written (either via `--write-bitmap-index` or + `repack.writeBitmaps`). + +repack.writeBitmaps:: + When true, git will write a bitmap index when packing all + objects to disk (e.g., when `git repack -a` is run). This + index can speed up the "counting objects" phase of subsequent + packs created for clones and fetches, at the cost of some disk + space and extra time spent on the initial repack. This has + no effect if multiple packfiles are created. + Defaults to false. + +rerere.autoUpdate:: When set to true, `git-rerere` updates the index with the resulting contents after it cleanly resolves conflicts using previously recorded resolution. Defaults to false. rerere.enabled:: Activate recording of resolved conflicts, so that identical - conflict hunks can be resolved automatically, should they - be encountered again. linkgit:git-rerere[1] command is by - default enabled if you create `rr-cache` directory under - `$GIT_DIR`, but can be disabled by setting this option to false. + conflict hunks can be resolved automatically, should they be + encountered again. By default, linkgit:git-rerere[1] is + enabled if there is an `rr-cache` directory under the + `$GIT_DIR`, e.g. if "rerere" was previously used in the + repository. + +sendemail.identity:: + A configuration identity. When given, causes values in the + 'sendemail.<identity>' subsection to take precedence over + values in the 'sendemail' section. The default identity is + the value of `sendemail.identity`. + +sendemail.smtpEncryption:: + See linkgit:git-send-email[1] for description. Note that this + setting is not subject to the 'identity' mechanism. + +sendemail.smtpssl (deprecated):: + Deprecated alias for 'sendemail.smtpEncryption = ssl'. + +sendemail.smtpsslcertpath:: + Path to ca-certificates (either a directory or a single file). + Set it to an empty string to disable certificate verification. + +sendemail.<identity>.*:: + Identity-specific versions of the 'sendemail.*' parameters + found below, taking precedence over those when the this + identity is selected, through command-line or + `sendemail.identity`. + +sendemail.aliasesFile:: +sendemail.aliasFileType:: +sendemail.annotate:: +sendemail.bcc:: +sendemail.cc:: +sendemail.ccCmd:: +sendemail.chainReplyTo:: +sendemail.confirm:: +sendemail.envelopeSender:: +sendemail.from:: +sendemail.multiEdit:: +sendemail.signedoffbycc:: +sendemail.smtpPass:: +sendemail.suppresscc:: +sendemail.suppressFrom:: +sendemail.to:: +sendemail.smtpDomain:: +sendemail.smtpServer:: +sendemail.smtpServerPort:: +sendemail.smtpServerOption:: +sendemail.smtpUser:: +sendemail.thread:: +sendemail.transferEncoding:: +sendemail.validate:: +sendemail.xmailer:: + See linkgit:git-send-email[1] for description. + +sendemail.signedoffcc (deprecated):: + Deprecated alias for `sendemail.signedoffbycc`. showbranch.default:: The default set of branches for linkgit:git-show-branch[1]. See linkgit:git-show-branch[1]. +splitIndex.maxPercentChange:: + When the split index feature is used, this specifies the + percent of entries the split index can contain compared to the + total number of entries in both the split index and the shared + index before a new shared index is written. + The value should be between 0 and 100. If the value is 0 then + a new shared index is always written, if it is 100 a new + shared index is never written. + By default the value is 20, so a new shared index is written + if the number of entries in the split index would be greater + than 20 percent of the total number of entries. + See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. + +splitIndex.sharedIndexExpire:: + When the split index feature is used, shared index files that + were not modified since the time this variable specifies will + be removed when a new shared index file is created. The value + "now" expires all entries immediately, and "never" suppresses + expiration altogether. + The default value is "2.weeks.ago". + Note that a shared index file is considered modified (for the + purpose of expiration) each time a new split-index file is + either created based on it or read from it. + See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. + status.relativePaths:: By default, linkgit:git-status[1] shows paths relative to the current directory. Setting this variable to `false` shows paths - relative to the repository root (this was the default for git + relative to the repository root (this was the default for Git prior to v1.5.4). +status.short:: + Set to true to enable --short by default in linkgit:git-status[1]. + The option --no-short takes precedence over this variable. + +status.branch:: + Set to true to enable --branch by default in linkgit:git-status[1]. + The option --no-branch takes precedence over this variable. + +status.displayCommentPrefix:: + If set to true, linkgit:git-status[1] will insert a comment + prefix before each output line (starting with + `core.commentChar`, i.e. `#` by default). This was the + behavior of linkgit:git-status[1] in Git 1.8.4 and previous. + Defaults to false. + status.showUntrackedFiles:: By default, linkgit:git-status[1] and linkgit:git-commit[1] show files which are not currently tracked by Git. Directories which contain only untracked files, are shown with the directory name only. Showing untracked files means that Git needs to lstat() all - all the files in the whole repository, which might be slow on some + the files in the whole repository, which might be slow on some systems. So, this variable controls how the commands displays the untracked files. Possible values are: + -- - - 'no' - Show no untracked files - - 'normal' - Shows untracked files and directories - - 'all' - Shows also individual files in untracked directories. +* `no` - Show no untracked files. +* `normal` - Show untracked files and directories. +* `all` - Show also individual files in untracked directories. -- + If this variable is not specified, it defaults to 'normal'. This variable can be overridden with the -u|--untracked-files option of linkgit:git-status[1] and linkgit:git-commit[1]. +status.submoduleSummary:: + Defaults to false. + If this is set to a non zero number or true (identical to -1 or an + unlimited number), the submodule summary will be enabled and a + summary of commits for modified submodules will be shown (see + --summary-limit option of linkgit:git-submodule[1]). Please note + that the summary output command will be suppressed for all + submodules when `diff.ignoreSubmodules` is set to 'all' or only + for those submodules where `submodule.<name>.ignore=all`. The only + exception to that rule is that status and commit will show staged + submodule changes. To + also view the summary for ignored submodules you can either use + the --ignore-submodules=dirty command-line option or the 'git + submodule summary' command, which shows a similar output but does + not honor these settings. + +stash.showPatch:: + If this is set to true, the `git stash show` command without an + option will show the stash in patch form. Defaults to false. + See description of 'show' command in linkgit:git-stash[1]. + +stash.showStat:: + If this is set to true, the `git stash show` command without an + option will show diffstat of the stash. Defaults to true. + See description of 'show' command in linkgit:git-stash[1]. + +submodule.<name>.url:: + The URL for a submodule. This variable is copied from the .gitmodules + file to the git config via 'git submodule init'. The user can change + the configured URL before obtaining the submodule via 'git submodule + update'. If neither submodule.<name>.active or submodule.active are + set, the presence of this variable is used as a fallback to indicate + whether the submodule is of interest to git commands. + See linkgit:git-submodule[1] and linkgit:gitmodules[5] for details. + +submodule.<name>.update:: + The default update procedure for a submodule. This variable + is populated by `git submodule init` from the + linkgit:gitmodules[5] file. See description of 'update' + command in linkgit:git-submodule[1]. + +submodule.<name>.branch:: + The remote branch name for a submodule, used by `git submodule + update --remote`. Set this option to override the value found in + the `.gitmodules` file. See linkgit:git-submodule[1] and + linkgit:gitmodules[5] for details. + +submodule.<name>.fetchRecurseSubmodules:: + This option can be used to control recursive fetching of this + submodule. It can be overridden by using the --[no-]recurse-submodules + command-line option to "git fetch" and "git pull". + This setting will override that from in the linkgit:gitmodules[5] + file. + +submodule.<name>.ignore:: + Defines under what circumstances "git status" and the diff family show + a submodule as modified. When set to "all", it will never be considered + modified (but it will nonetheless show up in the output of status and + commit when it has been staged), "dirty" will ignore all changes + to the submodules work tree and + takes only differences between the HEAD of the submodule and the commit + recorded in the superproject into account. "untracked" will additionally + let submodules with modified tracked files in their work tree show up. + Using "none" (the default when this option is not set) also shows + submodules that have untracked files in their work tree as changed. + This setting overrides any setting made in .gitmodules for this submodule, + both settings can be overridden on the command line by using the + "--ignore-submodules" option. The 'git submodule' commands are not + affected by this setting. + +submodule.<name>.active:: + Boolean value indicating if the submodule is of interest to git + commands. This config option takes precedence over the + submodule.active config option. + +submodule.active:: + A repeated field which contains a pathspec used to match against a + submodule's path to determine if the submodule is of interest to git + commands. + +submodule.fetchJobs:: + Specifies how many submodules are fetched/cloned at the same time. + A positive integer allows up to that number of submodules fetched + in parallel. A value of 0 will give some reasonable default. + If unset, it defaults to 1. + +submodule.alternateLocation:: + Specifies how the submodules obtain alternates when submodules are + cloned. Possible values are `no`, `superproject`. + By default `no` is assumed, which doesn't add references. When the + value is set to `superproject` the submodule to be cloned computes + its alternates location relative to the superprojects alternate. + +submodule.alternateErrorStrategy:: + Specifies how to treat errors with the alternates for a submodule + as computed via `submodule.alternateLocation`. Possible values are + `ignore`, `info`, `die`. Default is `die`. + +tag.forceSignAnnotated:: + A boolean to specify whether annotated tags created should be GPG signed. + If `--annotate` is specified on the command line, it takes + precedence over this option. + +tag.sort:: + This variable controls the sort ordering of tags when displayed by + linkgit:git-tag[1]. Without the "--sort=<value>" option provided, the + value of this variable will be used as the default. + tar.umask:: This variable can be used to restrict the permission bits of tar archive entries. The default is 0002, which turns off the @@ -1277,38 +3098,190 @@ tar.umask:: archiving user's umask will be used instead. See umask(2) and linkgit:git-archive[1]. +transfer.fsckObjects:: + When `fetch.fsckObjects` or `receive.fsckObjects` are + not set, the value of this variable is used instead. + Defaults to false. + +transfer.hideRefs:: + String(s) `receive-pack` and `upload-pack` use to decide which + refs to omit from their initial advertisements. Use more than + one definition to specify multiple prefix strings. A ref that is + under the hierarchies listed in the value of this variable is + excluded, and is hidden when responding to `git push` or `git + fetch`. See `receive.hideRefs` and `uploadpack.hideRefs` for + program-specific versions of this config. ++ +You may also include a `!` in front of the ref name to negate the entry, +explicitly exposing it, even if an earlier entry marked it as hidden. +If you have multiple hideRefs values, later entries override earlier ones +(and entries in more-specific config files override less-specific ones). ++ +If a namespace is in use, the namespace prefix is stripped from each +reference before it is matched against `transfer.hiderefs` patterns. +For example, if `refs/heads/master` is specified in `transfer.hideRefs` and +the current namespace is `foo`, then `refs/namespaces/foo/refs/heads/master` +is omitted from the advertisements but `refs/heads/master` and +`refs/namespaces/bar/refs/heads/master` are still advertised as so-called +"have" lines. In order to match refs before stripping, add a `^` in front of +the ref name. If you combine `!` and `^`, `!` must be specified first. ++ +Even if you hide refs, a client may still be able to steal the target +objects via the techniques described in the "SECURITY" section of the +linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] man page; it's best to keep private data in a +separate repository. + transfer.unpackLimit:: When `fetch.unpackLimit` or `receive.unpackLimit` are not set, the value of this variable is used instead. The default value is 100. +uploadarchive.allowUnreachable:: + If true, allow clients to use `git archive --remote` to request + any tree, whether reachable from the ref tips or not. See the + discussion in the "SECURITY" section of + linkgit:git-upload-archive[1] for more details. Defaults to + `false`. + +uploadpack.hideRefs:: + This variable is the same as `transfer.hideRefs`, but applies + only to `upload-pack` (and so affects only fetches, not pushes). + An attempt to fetch a hidden ref by `git fetch` will fail. See + also `uploadpack.allowTipSHA1InWant`. + +uploadpack.allowTipSHA1InWant:: + When `uploadpack.hideRefs` is in effect, allow `upload-pack` + to accept a fetch request that asks for an object at the tip + of a hidden ref (by default, such a request is rejected). + See also `uploadpack.hideRefs`. Even if this is false, a client + may be able to steal objects via the techniques described in the + "SECURITY" section of the linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] man page; it's + best to keep private data in a separate repository. + +uploadpack.allowReachableSHA1InWant:: + Allow `upload-pack` to accept a fetch request that asks for an + object that is reachable from any ref tip. However, note that + calculating object reachability is computationally expensive. + Defaults to `false`. Even if this is false, a client may be able + to steal objects via the techniques described in the "SECURITY" + section of the linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] man page; it's best to + keep private data in a separate repository. + +uploadpack.allowAnySHA1InWant:: + Allow `upload-pack` to accept a fetch request that asks for any + object at all. + Defaults to `false`. + +uploadpack.keepAlive:: + When `upload-pack` has started `pack-objects`, there may be a + quiet period while `pack-objects` prepares the pack. Normally + it would output progress information, but if `--quiet` was used + for the fetch, `pack-objects` will output nothing at all until + the pack data begins. Some clients and networks may consider + the server to be hung and give up. Setting this option instructs + `upload-pack` to send an empty keepalive packet every + `uploadpack.keepAlive` seconds. Setting this option to 0 + disables keepalive packets entirely. The default is 5 seconds. + +uploadpack.packObjectsHook:: + If this option is set, when `upload-pack` would run + `git pack-objects` to create a packfile for a client, it will + run this shell command instead. The `pack-objects` command and + arguments it _would_ have run (including the `git pack-objects` + at the beginning) are appended to the shell command. The stdin + and stdout of the hook are treated as if `pack-objects` itself + was run. I.e., `upload-pack` will feed input intended for + `pack-objects` to the hook, and expects a completed packfile on + stdout. ++ +Note that this configuration variable is ignored if it is seen in the +repository-level config (this is a safety measure against fetching from +untrusted repositories). + url.<base>.insteadOf:: Any URL that starts with this value will be rewritten to start, instead, with <base>. In cases where some site serves a large number of repositories, and serves them with multiple access methods, and some users need to use different access methods, this feature allows people to specify any of the - equivalent URLs and have git automatically rewrite the URL to + equivalent URLs and have Git automatically rewrite the URL to the best alternative for the particular user, even for a never-before-seen repository on the site. When more than one insteadOf strings match a given URL, the longest match is used. +url.<base>.pushInsteadOf:: + Any URL that starts with this value will not be pushed to; + instead, it will be rewritten to start with <base>, and the + resulting URL will be pushed to. In cases where some site serves + a large number of repositories, and serves them with multiple + access methods, some of which do not allow push, this feature + allows people to specify a pull-only URL and have Git + automatically use an appropriate URL to push, even for a + never-before-seen repository on the site. When more than one + pushInsteadOf strings match a given URL, the longest match is + used. If a remote has an explicit pushurl, Git will ignore this + setting for that remote. + user.email:: Your email address to be recorded in any newly created commits. - Can be overridden by the 'GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL', 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL', and - 'EMAIL' environment variables. See linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]. + Can be overridden by the `GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`, `GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`, and + `EMAIL` environment variables. See linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]. user.name:: Your full name to be recorded in any newly created commits. - Can be overridden by the 'GIT_AUTHOR_NAME' and 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME' + Can be overridden by the `GIT_AUTHOR_NAME` and `GIT_COMMITTER_NAME` environment variables. See linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]. -user.signingkey:: - If linkgit:git-tag[1] is not selecting the key you want it to - automatically when creating a signed tag, you can override the - default selection with this variable. This option is passed - unchanged to gpg's --local-user parameter, so you may specify a key - using any method that gpg supports. +user.useConfigOnly:: + Instruct Git to avoid trying to guess defaults for `user.email` + and `user.name`, and instead retrieve the values only from the + configuration. For example, if you have multiple email addresses + and would like to use a different one for each repository, then + with this configuration option set to `true` in the global config + along with a name, Git will prompt you to set up an email before + making new commits in a newly cloned repository. + Defaults to `false`. + +user.signingKey:: + If linkgit:git-tag[1] or linkgit:git-commit[1] is not selecting the + key you want it to automatically when creating a signed tag or + commit, you can override the default selection with this variable. + This option is passed unchanged to gpg's --local-user parameter, + so you may specify a key using any method that gpg supports. + +versionsort.prereleaseSuffix (deprecated):: + Deprecated alias for `versionsort.suffix`. Ignored if + `versionsort.suffix` is set. + +versionsort.suffix:: + Even when version sort is used in linkgit:git-tag[1], tagnames + with the same base version but different suffixes are still sorted + lexicographically, resulting e.g. in prerelease tags appearing + after the main release (e.g. "1.0-rc1" after "1.0"). This + variable can be specified to determine the sorting order of tags + with different suffixes. ++ +By specifying a single suffix in this variable, any tagname containing +that suffix will appear before the corresponding main release. E.g. if +the variable is set to "-rc", then all "1.0-rcX" tags will appear before +"1.0". If specified multiple times, once per suffix, then the order of +suffixes in the configuration will determine the sorting order of tagnames +with those suffixes. E.g. if "-pre" appears before "-rc" in the +configuration, then all "1.0-preX" tags will be listed before any +"1.0-rcX" tags. The placement of the main release tag relative to tags +with various suffixes can be determined by specifying the empty suffix +among those other suffixes. E.g. if the suffixes "-rc", "", "-ck" and +"-bfs" appear in the configuration in this order, then all "v4.8-rcX" tags +are listed first, followed by "v4.8", then "v4.8-ckX" and finally +"v4.8-bfsX". ++ +If more than one suffixes match the same tagname, then that tagname will +be sorted according to the suffix which starts at the earliest position in +the tagname. If more than one different matching suffixes start at +that earliest position, then that tagname will be sorted according to the +longest of those suffixes. +The sorting order between different suffixes is undefined if they are +in multiple config files. web.browser:: Specify a web browser that may be used by some commands. diff --git a/Documentation/date-formats.txt b/Documentation/date-formats.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6926e0a4c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/date-formats.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +DATE FORMATS +------------ + +The `GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`, `GIT_COMMITTER_DATE` environment variables +ifdef::git-commit[] +and the `--date` option +endif::git-commit[] +support the following date formats: + +Git internal format:: + It is `<unix timestamp> <time zone offset>`, where `<unix + timestamp>` is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch. + `<time zone offset>` is a positive or negative offset from UTC. + For example CET (which is 1 hour ahead of UTC) is `+0100`. + +RFC 2822:: + The standard email format as described by RFC 2822, for example + `Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200`. + +ISO 8601:: + Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example + `2005-04-07T22:13:13`. The parser accepts a space instead of the + `T` character as well. ++ +NOTE: In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats: +`YYYY.MM.DD`, `MM/DD/YYYY` and `DD.MM.YYYY`. diff --git a/Documentation/diff-config.txt b/Documentation/diff-config.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cbce8ec638 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/diff-config.txt @@ -0,0 +1,206 @@ +diff.autoRefreshIndex:: + When using 'git diff' to compare with work tree + files, do not consider stat-only change as changed. + Instead, silently run `git update-index --refresh` to + update the cached stat information for paths whose + contents in the work tree match the contents in the + index. This option defaults to true. Note that this + affects only 'git diff' Porcelain, and not lower level + 'diff' commands such as 'git diff-files'. + +diff.dirstat:: + A comma separated list of `--dirstat` parameters specifying the + default behavior of the `--dirstat` option to linkgit:git-diff[1]` + and friends. The defaults can be overridden on the command line + (using `--dirstat=<param1,param2,...>`). The fallback defaults + (when not changed by `diff.dirstat`) are `changes,noncumulative,3`. + The following parameters are available: ++ +-- +`changes`;; + Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the lines that have been + removed from the source, or added to the destination. This ignores + the amount of pure code movements within a file. In other words, + rearranging lines in a file is not counted as much as other changes. + This is the default behavior when no parameter is given. +`lines`;; + Compute the dirstat numbers by doing the regular line-based diff + analysis, and summing the removed/added line counts. (For binary + files, count 64-byte chunks instead, since binary files have no + natural concept of lines). This is a more expensive `--dirstat` + behavior than the `changes` behavior, but it does count rearranged + lines within a file as much as other changes. The resulting output + is consistent with what you get from the other `--*stat` options. +`files`;; + Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the number of files changed. + Each changed file counts equally in the dirstat analysis. This is + the computationally cheapest `--dirstat` behavior, since it does + not have to look at the file contents at all. +`cumulative`;; + Count changes in a child directory for the parent directory as well. + Note that when using `cumulative`, the sum of the percentages + reported may exceed 100%. The default (non-cumulative) behavior can + be specified with the `noncumulative` parameter. +<limit>;; + An integer parameter specifies a cut-off percent (3% by default). + Directories contributing less than this percentage of the changes + are not shown in the output. +-- ++ +Example: The following will count changed files, while ignoring +directories with less than 10% of the total amount of changed files, +and accumulating child directory counts in the parent directories: +`files,10,cumulative`. + +diff.statGraphWidth:: + Limit the width of the graph part in --stat output. If set, applies + to all commands generating --stat output except format-patch. + +diff.context:: + Generate diffs with <n> lines of context instead of the default + of 3. This value is overridden by the -U option. + +diff.interHunkContext:: + Show the context between diff hunks, up to the specified number + of lines, thereby fusing the hunks that are close to each other. + This value serves as the default for the `--inter-hunk-context` + command line option. + +diff.external:: + If this config variable is set, diff generation is not + performed using the internal diff machinery, but using the + given command. Can be overridden with the `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' + environment variable. The command is called with parameters + as described under "git Diffs" in linkgit:git[1]. Note: if + you want to use an external diff program only on a subset of + your files, you might want to use linkgit:gitattributes[5] instead. + +diff.ignoreSubmodules:: + Sets the default value of --ignore-submodules. Note that this + affects only 'git diff' Porcelain, and not lower level 'diff' + commands such as 'git diff-files'. 'git checkout' also honors + this setting when reporting uncommitted changes. Setting it to + 'all' disables the submodule summary normally shown by 'git commit' + and 'git status' when `status.submoduleSummary` is set unless it is + overridden by using the --ignore-submodules command-line option. + The 'git submodule' commands are not affected by this setting. + +diff.mnemonicPrefix:: + If set, 'git diff' uses a prefix pair that is different from the + standard "a/" and "b/" depending on what is being compared. When + this configuration is in effect, reverse diff output also swaps + the order of the prefixes: +`git diff`;; + compares the (i)ndex and the (w)ork tree; +`git diff HEAD`;; + compares a (c)ommit and the (w)ork tree; +`git diff --cached`;; + compares a (c)ommit and the (i)ndex; +`git diff HEAD:file1 file2`;; + compares an (o)bject and a (w)ork tree entity; +`git diff --no-index a b`;; + compares two non-git things (1) and (2). + +diff.noprefix:: + If set, 'git diff' does not show any source or destination prefix. + +diff.orderFile:: + File indicating how to order files within a diff. + See the '-O' option to linkgit:git-diff[1] for details. + If `diff.orderFile` is a relative pathname, it is treated as + relative to the top of the working tree. + +diff.renameLimit:: + The number of files to consider when performing the copy/rename + detection; equivalent to the 'git diff' option `-l`. + +diff.renames:: + Whether and how Git detects renames. If set to "false", + rename detection is disabled. If set to "true", basic rename + detection is enabled. If set to "copies" or "copy", Git will + detect copies, as well. Defaults to true. Note that this + affects only 'git diff' Porcelain like linkgit:git-diff[1] and + linkgit:git-log[1], and not lower level commands such as + linkgit:git-diff-files[1]. + +diff.suppressBlankEmpty:: + A boolean to inhibit the standard behavior of printing a space + before each empty output line. Defaults to false. + +diff.submodule:: + Specify the format in which differences in submodules are + shown. The "short" format just shows the names of the commits + at the beginning and end of the range. The "log" format lists + the commits in the range like linkgit:git-submodule[1] `summary` + does. The "diff" format shows an inline diff of the changed + contents of the submodule. Defaults to "short". + +diff.wordRegex:: + A POSIX Extended Regular Expression used to determine what is a "word" + when performing word-by-word difference calculations. Character + sequences that match the regular expression are "words", all other + characters are *ignorable* whitespace. + +diff.<driver>.command:: + The custom diff driver command. See linkgit:gitattributes[5] + for details. + +diff.<driver>.xfuncname:: + The regular expression that the diff driver should use to + recognize the hunk header. A built-in pattern may also be used. + See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. + +diff.<driver>.binary:: + Set this option to true to make the diff driver treat files as + binary. See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. + +diff.<driver>.textconv:: + The command that the diff driver should call to generate the + text-converted version of a file. The result of the + conversion is used to generate a human-readable diff. See + linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. + +diff.<driver>.wordRegex:: + The regular expression that the diff driver should use to + split words in a line. See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for + details. + +diff.<driver>.cachetextconv:: + Set this option to true to make the diff driver cache the text + conversion outputs. See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. + +diff.tool:: + Controls which diff tool is used by linkgit:git-difftool[1]. + This variable overrides the value configured in `merge.tool`. + The list below shows the valid built-in values. + Any other value is treated as a custom diff tool and requires + that a corresponding difftool.<tool>.cmd variable is defined. + +include::mergetools-diff.txt[] + +diff.indentHeuristic:: + Set this option to `true` to enable experimental heuristics + that shift diff hunk boundaries to make patches easier to read. + +diff.algorithm:: + Choose a diff algorithm. The variants are as follows: ++ +-- +`default`, `myers`;; + The basic greedy diff algorithm. Currently, this is the default. +`minimal`;; + Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible diff is + produced. +`patience`;; + Use "patience diff" algorithm when generating patches. +`histogram`;; + This algorithm extends the patience algorithm to "support + low-occurrence common elements". +-- ++ + +diff.wsErrorHighlight:: + A comma separated list of `old`, `new`, `context`, that + specifies how whitespace errors on lines are highlighted + with `color.diff.whitespace`. Can be overridden by the + command line option `--ws-error-highlight=<kind>` diff --git a/Documentation/diff-format.txt b/Documentation/diff-format.txt index 1eeb1c7683..706916c94c 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-format.txt @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@ -The output format from "git-diff-index", "git-diff-tree", +Raw output format +----------------- + +The raw output format from "git-diff-index", "git-diff-tree", "git-diff-files" and "git diff --raw" are very similar. These commands all compare two sets of things; what is @@ -16,6 +19,9 @@ git-diff-tree [-r] <tree-ish-1> <tree-ish-2> [<pattern>...]:: git-diff-files [<pattern>...]:: compares the index and the files on the filesystem. +The "git-diff-tree" command begins its output by printing the hash of +what is being compared. After that, all the commands print one output +line per changed file. An output line is formatted this way: @@ -40,11 +46,11 @@ That is, from the left to the right: . sha1 for "dst"; 0\{40\} if creation, unmerged or "look at work tree". . a space. . status, followed by optional "score" number. -. a tab or a NUL when '-z' option is used. +. a tab or a NUL when `-z` option is used. . path for "src" -. a tab or a NUL when '-z' option is used; only exists for C or R. +. a tab or a NUL when `-z` option is used; only exists for C or R. . path for "dst"; only exists for C or R. -. an LF or a NUL when '-z' option is used, to terminate the record. +. an LF or a NUL when `-z` option is used, to terminate the record. Possible status letters are: @@ -60,7 +66,8 @@ be committed) Status letters C and R are always followed by a score (denoting the percentage of similarity between the source and target of the move or -copy), and are the only ones to be so. +copy). Status letter M may be followed by a score (denoting the +percentage of dissimilarity) for file rewrites. <sha1> is shown as all 0's if a file is new on the filesystem and it is out of sync with the index. @@ -71,15 +78,16 @@ Example: :100644 100644 5be4a4...... 000000...... M file.c ------------------------------------------------ -When `-z` option is not used, TAB, LF, and backslash characters -in pathnames are represented as `\t`, `\n`, and `\\`, -respectively. +Without the `-z` option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are +quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` +(see linkgit:git-config[1]). Using `-z` the filename is output +verbatim and the line is terminated by a NUL byte. diff format for merges ---------------------- "git-diff-tree", "git-diff-files" and "git-diff --raw" -can take '-c' or '--cc' option +can take `-c` or `--cc` option to generate diff output also for merge commits. The output differs from the format described above in the following way: diff --git a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt index 0f25ba7e38..231105cff4 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt @@ -2,23 +2,22 @@ Generating patches with -p -------------------------- When "git-diff-index", "git-diff-tree", or "git-diff-files" are run -with a '-p' option, "git diff" without the '--raw' option, or +with a `-p` option, "git diff" without the `--raw` option, or "git log" with the "-p" option, they do not produce the output described above; instead they produce a patch file. You can customize the creation of such patches via the -GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF and the GIT_DIFF_OPTS environment variables. +`GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` and the `GIT_DIFF_OPTS` environment variables. What the -p option produces is slightly different from the traditional -diff format. +diff format: -1. It is preceded with a "git diff" header, that looks like - this: +1. It is preceded with a "git diff" header that looks like this: diff --git a/file1 b/file2 + The `a/` and `b/` filenames are the same unless rename/copy is involved. Especially, even for a creation or a deletion, -`/dev/null` is _not_ used in place of `a/` or `b/` filenames. +`/dev/null` is _not_ used in place of the `a/` or `b/` filenames. + When rename/copy is involved, `file1` and `file2` show the name of the source file of the rename/copy and the name of @@ -37,26 +36,50 @@ the file that rename/copy produces, respectively. similarity index <number> dissimilarity index <number> index <hash>..<hash> <mode> - -3. TAB, LF, double quote and backslash characters in pathnames - are represented as `\t`, `\n`, `\"` and `\\`, respectively. - If there is need for such substitution then the whole - pathname is put in double quotes. - ++ +File modes are printed as 6-digit octal numbers including the file type +and file permission bits. ++ +Path names in extended headers do not include the `a/` and `b/` prefixes. ++ The similarity index is the percentage of unchanged lines, and the dissimilarity index is the percentage of changed lines. It is a rounded down integer, followed by a percent sign. The similarity index value of 100% is thus reserved for two equal files, while 100% dissimilarity means that no line from the old file made it into the new one. ++ +The index line includes the SHA-1 checksum before and after the change. +The <mode> is included if the file mode does not change; otherwise, +separate lines indicate the old and the new mode. + +3. Pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as explained for + the configuration variable `core.quotePath` (see + linkgit:git-config[1]). + +4. All the `file1` files in the output refer to files before the + commit, and all the `file2` files refer to files after the commit. + It is incorrect to apply each change to each file sequentially. For + example, this patch will swap a and b: + + diff --git a/a b/b + rename from a + rename to b + diff --git a/b b/a + rename from b + rename to a combined diff format -------------------- -"git-diff-tree", "git-diff-files" and "git-diff" can take '-c' or -'--cc' option to produce 'combined diff'. For showing a merge commit -with "git log -p", this is the default format. +Any diff-generating command can take the `-c` or `--cc` option to +produce a 'combined diff' when showing a merge. This is the default +format when showing merges with linkgit:git-diff[1] or +linkgit:git-show[1]. Note also that you can give the `-m` option to any +of these commands to force generation of diffs with individual parents +of a merge. + A 'combined diff' format looks like this: ------------ @@ -90,11 +113,11 @@ index fabadb8,cc95eb0..4866510 ------------ 1. It is preceded with a "git diff" header, that looks like - this (when '-c' option is used): + this (when `-c` option is used): diff --combined file + -or like this (when '--cc' option is used): +or like this (when `--cc` option is used): diff --cc file @@ -150,8 +173,8 @@ added, from the point of view of that parent). In the above example output, the function signature was changed from both files (hence two `-` removals from both file1 and file2, plus `++` to mean one line that was added does not appear -in either file1 nor file2). Also eight other lines are the same -from file1 but do not appear in file2 (hence prefixed with `{plus}`). +in either file1 or file2). Also eight other lines are the same +from file1 but do not appear in file2 (hence prefixed with `+`). When shown by `git diff-tree -c`, it compares the parents of a merge commit with the merge result (i.e. file1..fileN are the diff --git a/Documentation/diff-heuristic-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-heuristic-options.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d4f3d95505 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/diff-heuristic-options.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +--indent-heuristic:: +--no-indent-heuristic:: + These are to help debugging and tuning experimental heuristics + (which are off by default) that shift diff hunk boundaries to + make patches easier to read. diff --git a/Documentation/diff-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-options.txt index 813a7b11b9..89cc0f48de 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-options.txt @@ -14,71 +14,187 @@ endif::git-format-patch[] ifdef::git-format-patch[] -p:: - Generate patches without diffstat. +--no-stat:: + Generate plain patches without any diffstats. endif::git-format-patch[] ifndef::git-format-patch[] -p:: -u:: +--patch:: Generate patch (see section on generating patches). - {git-diff? This is the default.} +ifdef::git-diff[] + This is the default. +endif::git-diff[] + +-s:: +--no-patch:: + Suppress diff output. Useful for commands like `git show` that + show the patch by default, or to cancel the effect of `--patch`. endif::git-format-patch[] -U<n>:: --unified=<n>:: Generate diffs with <n> lines of context instead of - the usual three. Implies "-p". + the usual three. +ifndef::git-format-patch[] + Implies `-p`. +endif::git-format-patch[] +ifndef::git-format-patch[] --raw:: - Generate the raw format. - {git-diff-core? This is the default.} +ifndef::git-log[] + Generate the diff in raw format. +ifdef::git-diff-core[] + This is the default. +endif::git-diff-core[] +endif::git-log[] +ifdef::git-log[] + For each commit, show a summary of changes using the raw diff + format. See the "RAW OUTPUT FORMAT" section of + linkgit:git-diff[1]. This is different from showing the log + itself in raw format, which you can achieve with + `--format=raw`. +endif::git-log[] +endif::git-format-patch[] +ifndef::git-format-patch[] --patch-with-raw:: - Synonym for "-p --raw". + Synonym for `-p --raw`. +endif::git-format-patch[] + +include::diff-heuristic-options.txt[] + +--minimal:: + Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible + diff is produced. --patience:: Generate a diff using the "patience diff" algorithm. ---stat[=width[,name-width]]:: - Generate a diffstat. You can override the default - output width for 80-column terminal by "--stat=width". - The width of the filename part can be controlled by - giving another width to it separated by a comma. +--histogram:: + Generate a diff using the "histogram diff" algorithm. + +--diff-algorithm={patience|minimal|histogram|myers}:: + Choose a diff algorithm. The variants are as follows: ++ +-- +`default`, `myers`;; + The basic greedy diff algorithm. Currently, this is the default. +`minimal`;; + Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible diff is + produced. +`patience`;; + Use "patience diff" algorithm when generating patches. +`histogram`;; + This algorithm extends the patience algorithm to "support + low-occurrence common elements". +-- ++ +For instance, if you configured diff.algorithm variable to a +non-default value and want to use the default one, then you +have to use `--diff-algorithm=default` option. + +--stat[=<width>[,<name-width>[,<count>]]]:: + Generate a diffstat. By default, as much space as necessary + will be used for the filename part, and the rest for the graph + part. Maximum width defaults to terminal width, or 80 columns + if not connected to a terminal, and can be overridden by + `<width>`. The width of the filename part can be limited by + giving another width `<name-width>` after a comma. The width + of the graph part can be limited by using + `--stat-graph-width=<width>` (affects all commands generating + a stat graph) or by setting `diff.statGraphWidth=<width>` + (does not affect `git format-patch`). + By giving a third parameter `<count>`, you can limit the + output to the first `<count>` lines, followed by `...` if + there are more. ++ +These parameters can also be set individually with `--stat-width=<width>`, +`--stat-name-width=<name-width>` and `--stat-count=<count>`. --numstat:: - Similar to \--stat, but shows number of added and + Similar to `--stat`, but shows number of added and deleted lines in decimal notation and pathname without abbreviation, to make it more machine friendly. For binary files, outputs two `-` instead of saying `0 0`. --shortstat:: - Output only the last line of the --stat format containing total + Output only the last line of the `--stat` format containing total number of modified files, as well as number of added and deleted lines. ---dirstat[=limit]:: - Output the distribution of relative amount of changes (number of lines added or - removed) for each sub-directory. Directories with changes below - a cut-off percent (3% by default) are not shown. The cut-off percent - can be set with "--dirstat=limit". Changes in a child directory is not - counted for the parent directory, unless "--cumulative" is used. - ---dirstat-by-file[=limit]:: - Same as --dirstat, but counts changed files instead of lines. +--dirstat[=<param1,param2,...>]:: + Output the distribution of relative amount of changes for each + sub-directory. The behavior of `--dirstat` can be customized by + passing it a comma separated list of parameters. + The defaults are controlled by the `diff.dirstat` configuration + variable (see linkgit:git-config[1]). + The following parameters are available: ++ +-- +`changes`;; + Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the lines that have been + removed from the source, or added to the destination. This ignores + the amount of pure code movements within a file. In other words, + rearranging lines in a file is not counted as much as other changes. + This is the default behavior when no parameter is given. +`lines`;; + Compute the dirstat numbers by doing the regular line-based diff + analysis, and summing the removed/added line counts. (For binary + files, count 64-byte chunks instead, since binary files have no + natural concept of lines). This is a more expensive `--dirstat` + behavior than the `changes` behavior, but it does count rearranged + lines within a file as much as other changes. The resulting output + is consistent with what you get from the other `--*stat` options. +`files`;; + Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the number of files changed. + Each changed file counts equally in the dirstat analysis. This is + the computationally cheapest `--dirstat` behavior, since it does + not have to look at the file contents at all. +`cumulative`;; + Count changes in a child directory for the parent directory as well. + Note that when using `cumulative`, the sum of the percentages + reported may exceed 100%. The default (non-cumulative) behavior can + be specified with the `noncumulative` parameter. +<limit>;; + An integer parameter specifies a cut-off percent (3% by default). + Directories contributing less than this percentage of the changes + are not shown in the output. +-- ++ +Example: The following will count changed files, while ignoring +directories with less than 10% of the total amount of changed files, +and accumulating child directory counts in the parent directories: +`--dirstat=files,10,cumulative`. --summary:: Output a condensed summary of extended header information such as creations, renames and mode changes. +ifndef::git-format-patch[] --patch-with-stat:: - Synonym for "-p --stat". - {git-format-patch? This is the default.} + Synonym for `-p --stat`. +endif::git-format-patch[] + +ifndef::git-format-patch[] -z:: - NUL-line termination on output. This affects the --raw - output field terminator. Also output from commands such - as "git-log" will be delimited with NUL between commits. +ifdef::git-log[] + Separate the commits with NULs instead of with new newlines. ++ +Also, when `--raw` or `--numstat` has been given, do not munge +pathnames and use NULs as output field terminators. +endif::git-log[] +ifndef::git-log[] + When `--raw`, `--numstat`, `--name-only` or `--name-status` has been + given, do not munge pathnames and use NULs as output field terminators. +endif::git-log[] ++ +Without this option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as +explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` (see +linkgit:git-config[1]). --name-only:: Show only names of changed files. @@ -87,18 +203,67 @@ endif::git-format-patch[] Show only names and status of changed files. See the description of the `--diff-filter` option on what the status letters mean. ---color:: +--submodule[=<format>]:: + Specify how differences in submodules are shown. When specifying + `--submodule=short` the 'short' format is used. This format just + shows the names of the commits at the beginning and end of the range. + When `--submodule` or `--submodule=log` is specified, the 'log' + format is used. This format lists the commits in the range like + linkgit:git-submodule[1] `summary` does. When `--submodule=diff` + is specified, the 'diff' format is used. This format shows an + inline diff of the changes in the submodule contents between the + commit range. Defaults to `diff.submodule` or the 'short' format + if the config option is unset. + +--color[=<when>]:: Show colored diff. + `--color` (i.e. without '=<when>') is the same as `--color=always`. + '<when>' can be one of `always`, `never`, or `auto`. +ifdef::git-diff[] + It can be changed by the `color.ui` and `color.diff` + configuration settings. +endif::git-diff[] --no-color:: - Turn off colored diff, even when the configuration file - gives the default to color output. + Turn off colored diff. +ifdef::git-diff[] + This can be used to override configuration settings. +endif::git-diff[] + It is the same as `--color=never`. ---color-words[=<regex>]:: - Show colored word diff, i.e., color words which have changed. - By default, words are separated by whitespace. +--word-diff[=<mode>]:: + Show a word diff, using the <mode> to delimit changed words. + By default, words are delimited by whitespace; see + `--word-diff-regex` below. The <mode> defaults to 'plain', and + must be one of: ++ +-- +color:: + Highlight changed words using only colors. Implies `--color`. +plain:: + Show words as `[-removed-]` and `{+added+}`. Makes no + attempts to escape the delimiters if they appear in the input, + so the output may be ambiguous. +porcelain:: + Use a special line-based format intended for script + consumption. Added/removed/unchanged runs are printed in the + usual unified diff format, starting with a `+`/`-`/` ` + character at the beginning of the line and extending to the + end of the line. Newlines in the input are represented by a + tilde `~` on a line of its own. +none:: + Disable word diff again. +-- + -When a <regex> is specified, every non-overlapping match of the +Note that despite the name of the first mode, color is used to +highlight the changed parts in all modes if enabled. + +--word-diff-regex=<regex>:: + Use <regex> to decide what a word is, instead of considering + runs of non-whitespace to be a word. Also implies + `--word-diff` unless it was already enabled. ++ +Every non-overlapping match of the <regex> is considered a word. Anything between these matches is considered whitespace and ignored(!) for the purposes of finding differences. You may want to append `|[^[:space:]]` to your regular @@ -106,20 +271,46 @@ expression to make sure that it matches all non-whitespace characters. A match that contains a newline is silently truncated(!) at the newline. + +For example, `--word-diff-regex=.` will treat each character as a word +and, correspondingly, show differences character by character. ++ The regex can also be set via a diff driver or configuration option, see -linkgit:gitattributes[1] or linkgit:git-config[1]. Giving it explicitly +linkgit:gitattributes[5] or linkgit:git-config[1]. Giving it explicitly overrides any diff driver or configuration setting. Diff drivers override configuration settings. +--color-words[=<regex>]:: + Equivalent to `--word-diff=color` plus (if a regex was + specified) `--word-diff-regex=<regex>`. +endif::git-format-patch[] + --no-renames:: Turn off rename detection, even when the configuration file gives the default to do so. +ifndef::git-format-patch[] --check:: - Warn if changes introduce trailing whitespace - or an indent that uses a space before a tab. Exits with - non-zero status if problems are found. Not compatible with - --exit-code. + Warn if changes introduce conflict markers or whitespace errors. + What are considered whitespace errors is controlled by `core.whitespace` + configuration. By default, trailing whitespaces (including + lines that solely consist of whitespaces) and a space character + that is immediately followed by a tab character inside the + initial indent of the line are considered whitespace errors. + Exits with non-zero status if problems are found. Not compatible + with --exit-code. + +--ws-error-highlight=<kind>:: + Highlight whitespace errors on lines specified by <kind> + in the color specified by `color.diff.whitespace`. <kind> + is a comma separated list of `old`, `new`, `context`. When + this option is not given, only whitespace errors in `new` + lines are highlighted. E.g. `--ws-error-highlight=new,old` + highlights whitespace errors on both deleted and added lines. + `all` can be used as a short-hand for `old,new,context`. + The `diff.wsErrorHighlight` configuration variable can be + used to specify the default behaviour. + +endif::git-format-patch[] --full-index:: Instead of the first handful of characters, show the full @@ -127,37 +318,64 @@ override configuration settings. line when generating patch format output. --binary:: - In addition to --full-index, output "binary diff" that - can be applied with "git apply". + In addition to `--full-index`, output a binary diff that + can be applied with `git-apply`. --abbrev[=<n>]:: Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object name in diff-raw format output and diff-tree header lines, show only a partial prefix. This is - independent of --full-index option above, which controls + independent of the `--full-index` option above, which controls the diff-patch output format. Non default number of - digits can be specified with --abbrev=<n>. + digits can be specified with `--abbrev=<n>`. --B:: - Break complete rewrite changes into pairs of delete and create. - --M:: +-B[<n>][/<m>]:: +--break-rewrites[=[<n>][/<m>]]:: + Break complete rewrite changes into pairs of delete and + create. This serves two purposes: ++ +It affects the way a change that amounts to a total rewrite of a file +not as a series of deletion and insertion mixed together with a very +few lines that happen to match textually as the context, but as a +single deletion of everything old followed by a single insertion of +everything new, and the number `m` controls this aspect of the -B +option (defaults to 60%). `-B/70%` specifies that less than 30% of the +original should remain in the result for Git to consider it a total +rewrite (i.e. otherwise the resulting patch will be a series of +deletion and insertion mixed together with context lines). ++ +When used with -M, a totally-rewritten file is also considered as the +source of a rename (usually -M only considers a file that disappeared +as the source of a rename), and the number `n` controls this aspect of +the -B option (defaults to 50%). `-B20%` specifies that a change with +addition and deletion compared to 20% or more of the file's size are +eligible for being picked up as a possible source of a rename to +another file. + +-M[<n>]:: +--find-renames[=<n>]:: +ifndef::git-log[] Detect renames. - --C:: +endif::git-log[] +ifdef::git-log[] + If generating diffs, detect and report renames for each commit. + For following files across renames while traversing history, see + `--follow`. +endif::git-log[] + If `n` is specified, it is a threshold on the similarity + index (i.e. amount of addition/deletions compared to the + file's size). For example, `-M90%` means Git should consider a + delete/add pair to be a rename if more than 90% of the file + hasn't changed. Without a `%` sign, the number is to be read as + a fraction, with a decimal point before it. I.e., `-M5` becomes + 0.5, and is thus the same as `-M50%`. Similarly, `-M05` is + the same as `-M5%`. To limit detection to exact renames, use + `-M100%`. The default similarity index is 50%. + +-C[<n>]:: +--find-copies[=<n>]:: Detect copies as well as renames. See also `--find-copies-harder`. - ---diff-filter=[ACDMRTUXB*]:: - Select only files that are Added (`A`), Copied (`C`), - Deleted (`D`), Modified (`M`), Renamed (`R`), have their - type (i.e. regular file, symlink, submodule, ...) changed (`T`), - are Unmerged (`U`), are - Unknown (`X`), or have had their pairing Broken (`B`). - Any combination of the filter characters may be used. - When `*` (All-or-none) is added to the combination, all - paths are selected if there is any file that matches - other criteria in the comparison; if there is no file - that matches other criteria, nothing is selected. + If `n` is specified, it has the same meaning as for `-M<n>`. --find-copies-harder:: For performance reasons, by default, `-C` option finds copies only @@ -168,29 +386,122 @@ override configuration settings. projects, so use it with caution. Giving more than one `-C` option has the same effect. +-D:: +--irreversible-delete:: + Omit the preimage for deletes, i.e. print only the header but not + the diff between the preimage and `/dev/null`. The resulting patch + is not meant to be applied with `patch` or `git apply`; this is + solely for people who want to just concentrate on reviewing the + text after the change. In addition, the output obviously lack + enough information to apply such a patch in reverse, even manually, + hence the name of the option. ++ +When used together with `-B`, omit also the preimage in the deletion part +of a delete/create pair. + -l<num>:: - -M and -C options require O(n^2) processing time where n + The `-M` and `-C` options require O(n^2) processing time where n is the number of potential rename/copy targets. This option prevents rename/copy detection from running if the number of rename/copy targets exceeds the specified number. +ifndef::git-format-patch[] +--diff-filter=[(A|C|D|M|R|T|U|X|B)...[*]]:: + Select only files that are Added (`A`), Copied (`C`), + Deleted (`D`), Modified (`M`), Renamed (`R`), have their + type (i.e. regular file, symlink, submodule, ...) changed (`T`), + are Unmerged (`U`), are + Unknown (`X`), or have had their pairing Broken (`B`). + Any combination of the filter characters (including none) can be used. + When `*` (All-or-none) is added to the combination, all + paths are selected if there is any file that matches + other criteria in the comparison; if there is no file + that matches other criteria, nothing is selected. ++ +Also, these upper-case letters can be downcased to exclude. E.g. +`--diff-filter=ad` excludes added and deleted paths. + -S<string>:: - Look for differences that contain the change in <string>. + Look for differences that change the number of occurrences of + the specified string (i.e. addition/deletion) in a file. + Intended for the scripter's use. ++ +It is useful when you're looking for an exact block of code (like a +struct), and want to know the history of that block since it first +came into being: use the feature iteratively to feed the interesting +block in the preimage back into `-S`, and keep going until you get the +very first version of the block. + +-G<regex>:: + Look for differences whose patch text contains added/removed + lines that match <regex>. ++ +To illustrate the difference between `-S<regex> --pickaxe-regex` and +`-G<regex>`, consider a commit with the following diff in the same +file: ++ +---- ++ return !regexec(regexp, two->ptr, 1, ®match, 0); +... +- hit = !regexec(regexp, mf2.ptr, 1, ®match, 0); +---- ++ +While `git log -G"regexec\(regexp"` will show this commit, `git log +-S"regexec\(regexp" --pickaxe-regex` will not (because the number of +occurrences of that string did not change). ++ +See the 'pickaxe' entry in linkgit:gitdiffcore[7] for more +information. --pickaxe-all:: - When -S finds a change, show all the changes in that + When `-S` or `-G` finds a change, show all the changes in that changeset, not just the files that contain the change in <string>. --pickaxe-regex:: - Make the <string> not a plain string but an extended POSIX - regex to match. + Treat the <string> given to `-S` as an extended POSIX regular + expression to match. +endif::git-format-patch[] -O<orderfile>:: - Output the patch in the order specified in the - <orderfile>, which has one shell glob pattern per line. + Control the order in which files appear in the output. + This overrides the `diff.orderFile` configuration variable + (see linkgit:git-config[1]). To cancel `diff.orderFile`, + use `-O/dev/null`. ++ +The output order is determined by the order of glob patterns in +<orderfile>. +All files with pathnames that match the first pattern are output +first, all files with pathnames that match the second pattern (but not +the first) are output next, and so on. +All files with pathnames that do not match any pattern are output +last, as if there was an implicit match-all pattern at the end of the +file. +If multiple pathnames have the same rank (they match the same pattern +but no earlier patterns), their output order relative to each other is +the normal order. ++ +<orderfile> is parsed as follows: ++ +-- + - Blank lines are ignored, so they can be used as separators for + readability. + + - Lines starting with a hash ("`#`") are ignored, so they can be used + for comments. Add a backslash ("`\`") to the beginning of the + pattern if it starts with a hash. + - Each other line contains a single pattern. +-- ++ +Patterns have the same syntax and semantics as patterns used for +fnmantch(3) without the FNM_PATHNAME flag, except a pathname also +matches a pattern if removing any number of the final pathname +components matches the pattern. For example, the pattern "`foo*bar`" +matches "`fooasdfbar`" and "`foo/bar/baz/asdf`" but not "`foobarx`". + +ifndef::git-format-patch[] -R:: Swap two inputs; that is, show differences from index or on-disk file to tree contents. @@ -202,6 +513,7 @@ override configuration settings. not in a subdirectory (e.g. in a bare repository), you can name which subdirectory to make the output relative to by giving a <path> as an argument. +endif::git-format-patch[] -a:: --text:: @@ -222,17 +534,30 @@ override configuration settings. differences even if one line has whitespace where the other line has none. +--ignore-blank-lines:: + Ignore changes whose lines are all blank. + --inter-hunk-context=<lines>:: Show the context between diff hunks, up to the specified number of lines, thereby fusing hunks that are close to each other. + Defaults to `diff.interHunkContext` or 0 if the config option + is unset. + +-W:: +--function-context:: + Show whole surrounding functions of changes. +ifndef::git-format-patch[] +ifndef::git-log[] --exit-code:: Make the program exit with codes similar to diff(1). That is, it exits with 1 if there were differences and 0 means no differences. --quiet:: - Disable all output of the program. Implies --exit-code. + Disable all output of the program. Implies `--exit-code`. +endif::git-log[] +endif::git-format-patch[] --ext-diff:: Allow an external diff helper to be executed. If you set an @@ -242,8 +567,29 @@ override configuration settings. --no-ext-diff:: Disallow external diff drivers. ---ignore-submodules:: - Ignore changes to submodules in the diff generation. +--textconv:: +--no-textconv:: + Allow (or disallow) external text conversion filters to be run + when comparing binary files. See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for + details. Because textconv filters are typically a one-way + conversion, the resulting diff is suitable for human + consumption, but cannot be applied. For this reason, textconv + filters are enabled by default only for linkgit:git-diff[1] and + linkgit:git-log[1], but not for linkgit:git-format-patch[1] or + diff plumbing commands. + +--ignore-submodules[=<when>]:: + Ignore changes to submodules in the diff generation. <when> can be + either "none", "untracked", "dirty" or "all", which is the default. + Using "none" will consider the submodule modified when it either contains + untracked or modified files or its HEAD differs from the commit recorded + in the superproject and can be used to override any settings of the + 'ignore' option in linkgit:git-config[1] or linkgit:gitmodules[5]. When + "untracked" is used submodules are not considered dirty when they only + contain untracked content (but they are still scanned for modified + content). Using "dirty" ignores all changes to the work tree of submodules, + only changes to the commits stored in the superproject are shown (this was + the behavior until 1.7.0). Using "all" hides all changes to submodules. --src-prefix=<prefix>:: Show the given source prefix instead of "a/". @@ -254,5 +600,16 @@ override configuration settings. --no-prefix:: Do not show any source or destination prefix. +--line-prefix=<prefix>:: + Prepend an additional prefix to every line of output. + +--ita-invisible-in-index:: + By default entries added by "git add -N" appear as an existing + empty file in "git diff" and a new file in "git diff --cached". + This option makes the entry appear as a new file in "git diff" + and non-existent in "git diff --cached". This option could be + reverted with `--ita-visible-in-index`. Both options are + experimental and could be removed in future. + For more detailed explanation on these common options, see also linkgit:gitdiffcore[7]. diff --git a/Documentation/docbook-xsl.css b/Documentation/docbook-xsl.css index b878b385c6..e11c8f053a 100644 --- a/Documentation/docbook-xsl.css +++ b/Documentation/docbook-xsl.css @@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ body blockquote { html body { margin: 1em 5% 1em 5%; line-height: 1.2; + font-family: sans-serif; } body div { @@ -128,6 +129,15 @@ body pre { tt.literal, code.literal { color: navy; + font-family: sans-serif; +} + +code.literal:before { content: "'"; } +code.literal:after { content: "'"; } + +em { + font-style: italic; + color: #064; } div.literallayout p { @@ -137,7 +147,6 @@ div.literallayout p { div.literallayout { font-family: monospace; -# margin: 0.5em 10% 0.5em 1em; margin: 0em; color: navy; border: 1px solid silver; @@ -187,7 +196,8 @@ dt { } dt span.term { - font-style: italic; + font-style: normal; + color: navy; } div.variablelist dd p { diff --git a/Documentation/docbook.xsl b/Documentation/docbook.xsl index 9a6912c641..da8b05b922 100644 --- a/Documentation/docbook.xsl +++ b/Documentation/docbook.xsl @@ -1,5 +1,8 @@ <xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" version='1.0'> <xsl:import href="http://docbook.sourceforge.net/release/xsl/current/html/docbook.xsl"/> - <xsl:output method="html" encoding="UTF-8" indent="no" /> + <xsl:output method="html" + encoding="UTF-8" indent="no" + doctype-public="-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" + doctype-system="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd" /> </xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/everyday.txto b/Documentation/everyday.txto new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ae555bd47e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/everyday.txto @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +Everyday Git With 20 Commands Or So +=================================== + +This document has been moved to linkgit:giteveryday[7]. + +Please let the owners of the referring site know so that they can update the +link you clicked to get here. + +Thanks. diff --git a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt index d313795fdb..fb6bebbc61 100644 --- a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt @@ -1,11 +1,5 @@ --q:: ---quiet:: - Pass --quiet to git-fetch-pack and silence any other internally - used programs. - --v:: ---verbose:: - Be verbose. +--all:: + Fetch all remotes. -a:: --append:: @@ -13,54 +7,176 @@ existing contents of `.git/FETCH_HEAD`. Without this option old data in `.git/FETCH_HEAD` will be overwritten. ---upload-pack <upload-pack>:: - When given, and the repository to fetch from is handled - by 'git-fetch-pack', '--exec=<upload-pack>' is passed to - the command to specify non-default path for the command - run on the other end. +--depth=<depth>:: + Limit fetching to the specified number of commits from the tip of + each remote branch history. If fetching to a 'shallow' repository + created by `git clone` with `--depth=<depth>` option (see + linkgit:git-clone[1]), deepen or shorten the history to the specified + number of commits. Tags for the deepened commits are not fetched. + +--deepen=<depth>:: + Similar to --depth, except it specifies the number of commits + from the current shallow boundary instead of from the tip of + each remote branch history. + +--shallow-since=<date>:: + Deepen or shorten the history of a shallow repository to + include all reachable commits after <date>. + +--shallow-exclude=<revision>:: + Deepen or shorten the history of a shallow repository to + exclude commits reachable from a specified remote branch or tag. + This option can be specified multiple times. + +--unshallow:: + If the source repository is complete, convert a shallow + repository to a complete one, removing all the limitations + imposed by shallow repositories. ++ +If the source repository is shallow, fetch as much as possible so that +the current repository has the same history as the source repository. + +--update-shallow:: + By default when fetching from a shallow repository, + `git fetch` refuses refs that require updating + .git/shallow. This option updates .git/shallow and accept such + refs. + +ifndef::git-pull[] +--dry-run:: + Show what would be done, without making any changes. +endif::git-pull[] -f:: --force:: - When 'git-fetch' is used with `<rbranch>:<lbranch>` + When 'git fetch' is used with `<rbranch>:<lbranch>` refspec, it refuses to update the local branch `<lbranch>` unless the remote branch `<rbranch>` it fetches is a descendant of `<lbranch>`. This option overrides that check. -ifdef::git-pull[] ---no-tags:: +-k:: +--keep:: + Keep downloaded pack. + +ifndef::git-pull[] +--multiple:: + Allow several <repository> and <group> arguments to be + specified. No <refspec>s may be specified. + +-p:: +--prune:: + Before fetching, remove any remote-tracking references that no + longer exist on the remote. Tags are not subject to pruning + if they are fetched only because of the default tag + auto-following or due to a --tags option. However, if tags + are fetched due to an explicit refspec (either on the command + line or in the remote configuration, for example if the remote + was cloned with the --mirror option), then they are also + subject to pruning. endif::git-pull[] + ifndef::git-pull[] -n:: ---no-tags:: endif::git-pull[] +--no-tags:: By default, tags that point at objects that are downloaded from the remote repository are fetched and stored locally. - This option disables this automatic tag following. + This option disables this automatic tag following. The default + behavior for a remote may be specified with the remote.<name>.tagOpt + setting. See linkgit:git-config[1]. + +ifndef::git-pull[] +--refmap=<refspec>:: + When fetching refs listed on the command line, use the + specified refspec (can be given more than once) to map the + refs to remote-tracking branches, instead of the values of + `remote.*.fetch` configuration variables for the remote + repository. See section on "Configured Remote-tracking + Branches" for details. -t:: --tags:: - Most of the tags are fetched automatically as branch - heads are downloaded, but tags that do not point at - objects reachable from the branch heads that are being - tracked will not be fetched by this mechanism. This - flag lets all tags and their associated objects be - downloaded. + Fetch all tags from the remote (i.e., fetch remote tags + `refs/tags/*` into local tags with the same name), in addition + to whatever else would otherwise be fetched. Using this + option alone does not subject tags to pruning, even if --prune + is used (though tags may be pruned anyway if they are also the + destination of an explicit refspec; see `--prune`). --k:: ---keep:: - Keep downloaded pack. +--recurse-submodules[=yes|on-demand|no]:: + This option controls if and under what conditions new commits of + populated submodules should be fetched too. It can be used as a + boolean option to completely disable recursion when set to 'no' or to + unconditionally recurse into all populated submodules when set to + 'yes', which is the default when this option is used without any + value. Use 'on-demand' to only recurse into a populated submodule + when the superproject retrieves a commit that updates the submodule's + reference to a commit that isn't already in the local submodule + clone. + +-j:: +--jobs=<n>:: + Number of parallel children to be used for fetching submodules. + Each will fetch from different submodules, such that fetching many + submodules will be faster. By default submodules will be fetched + one at a time. + +--no-recurse-submodules:: + Disable recursive fetching of submodules (this has the same effect as + using the `--recurse-submodules=no` option). + +--submodule-prefix=<path>:: + Prepend <path> to paths printed in informative messages + such as "Fetching submodule foo". This option is used + internally when recursing over submodules. + +--recurse-submodules-default=[yes|on-demand]:: + This option is used internally to temporarily provide a + non-negative default value for the --recurse-submodules + option. All other methods of configuring fetch's submodule + recursion (such as settings in linkgit:gitmodules[5] and + linkgit:git-config[1]) override this option, as does + specifying --[no-]recurse-submodules directly. +endif::git-pull[] -u:: --update-head-ok:: - By default 'git-fetch' refuses to update the head which + By default 'git fetch' refuses to update the head which corresponds to the current branch. This flag disables the - check. This is purely for the internal use for 'git-pull' - to communicate with 'git-fetch', and unless you are + check. This is purely for the internal use for 'git pull' + to communicate with 'git fetch', and unless you are implementing your own Porcelain you are not supposed to use it. ---depth=<depth>:: - Deepen the history of a 'shallow' repository created by - `git clone` with `--depth=<depth>` option (see linkgit:git-clone[1]) - by the specified number of commits. +--upload-pack <upload-pack>:: + When given, and the repository to fetch from is handled + by 'git fetch-pack', `--exec=<upload-pack>` is passed to + the command to specify non-default path for the command + run on the other end. + +ifndef::git-pull[] +-q:: +--quiet:: + Pass --quiet to git-fetch-pack and silence any other internally + used git commands. Progress is not reported to the standard error + stream. + +-v:: +--verbose:: + Be verbose. +endif::git-pull[] + +--progress:: + Progress status is reported on the standard error stream + by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q + is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the + standard error stream is not directed to a terminal. + +-4:: +--ipv4:: + Use IPv4 addresses only, ignoring IPv6 addresses. + +-6:: +--ipv6:: + Use IPv6 addresses only, ignoring IPv4 addresses. diff --git a/Documentation/fmt-merge-msg-config.txt b/Documentation/fmt-merge-msg-config.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c73cfa90b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/fmt-merge-msg-config.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +merge.branchdesc:: + In addition to branch names, populate the log message with + the branch description text associated with them. Defaults + to false. + +merge.log:: + In addition to branch names, populate the log message with at + most the specified number of one-line descriptions from the + actual commits that are being merged. Defaults to false, and + true is a synonym for 20. diff --git a/Documentation/git-add.txt b/Documentation/git-add.txt index 7c129cb24f..7ed63dce0b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-add.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-add.txt @@ -8,34 +8,39 @@ git-add - Add file contents to the index SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git add' [-n] [-v] [--force | -f] [--interactive | -i] [--patch | -p] - [--all | [--update | -u]] [--intent-to-add | -N] - [--refresh] [--ignore-errors] [--] <filepattern>... +'git add' [--verbose | -v] [--dry-run | -n] [--force | -f] [--interactive | -i] [--patch | -p] + [--edit | -e] [--[no-]all | --[no-]ignore-removal | [--update | -u]] + [--intent-to-add | -N] [--refresh] [--ignore-errors] [--ignore-missing] + [--chmod=(+|-)x] [--] [<pathspec>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -This command adds the current content of new or modified files to the -index, thus staging that content for inclusion in the next commit. +This command updates the index using the current content found in +the working tree, to prepare the content staged for the next commit. +It typically adds the current content of existing paths as a whole, +but with some options it can also be used to add content with +only part of the changes made to the working tree files applied, or +remove paths that do not exist in the working tree anymore. The "index" holds a snapshot of the content of the working tree, and it is this snapshot that is taken as the contents of the next commit. Thus -after making any changes to the working directory, and before running -the commit command, you must use the 'add' command to add any new or +after making any changes to the working tree, and before running +the commit command, you must use the `add` command to add any new or modified files to the index. This command can be performed multiple times before a commit. It only adds the content of the specified file(s) at the time the add command is run; if you want subsequent changes included in the next commit, then -you must run 'git add' again to add the new content to the index. +you must run `git add` again to add the new content to the index. -The 'git status' command can be used to obtain a summary of which +The `git status` command can be used to obtain a summary of which files have changes that are staged for the next commit. -The 'git add' command will not add ignored files by default. If any -ignored files were explicitly specified on the command line, 'git add' +The `git add` command will not add ignored files by default. If any +ignored files were explicitly specified on the command line, `git add` will fail with a list of ignored files. Ignored files reached by directory recursion or filename globbing performed by Git (quote your -globs before the shell) will be silently ignored. The 'add' command can +globs before the shell) will be silently ignored. The 'git add' command can be used to add ignored files with the `-f` (force) option. Please see linkgit:git-commit[1] for alternative ways to add content to a @@ -44,16 +49,23 @@ commit. OPTIONS ------- -<filepattern>...:: +<pathspec>...:: Files to add content from. Fileglobs (e.g. `*.c`) can be given to add all matching files. Also a leading directory name (e.g. `dir` to add `dir/file1` - and `dir/file2`) can be given to add all files in the - directory, recursively. + and `dir/file2`) can be given to update the index to + match the current state of the directory as a whole (e.g. + specifying `dir` will record not just a file `dir/file1` + modified in the working tree, a file `dir/file2` added to + the working tree, but also a file `dir/file3` removed from + the working tree. Note that older versions of Git used + to ignore removed files; use `--no-all` option if you want + to add modified or new files but ignore removed ones. -n:: --dry-run:: - Don't actually add the file(s), just show if they exist. + Don't actually add the file(s), just show if they exist and/or will + be ignored. -v:: --verbose:: @@ -72,34 +84,69 @@ OPTIONS -p:: --patch:: - Similar to Interactive mode but the initial command loop is - bypassed and the 'patch' subcommand is invoked using each of - the specified filepatterns before exiting. + Interactively choose hunks of patch between the index and the + work tree and add them to the index. This gives the user a chance + to review the difference before adding modified contents to the + index. ++ +This effectively runs `add --interactive`, but bypasses the +initial command menu and directly jumps to the `patch` subcommand. +See ``Interactive mode'' for details. + +-e:: +--edit:: + Open the diff vs. the index in an editor and let the user + edit it. After the editor was closed, adjust the hunk headers + and apply the patch to the index. ++ +The intent of this option is to pick and choose lines of the patch to +apply, or even to modify the contents of lines to be staged. This can be +quicker and more flexible than using the interactive hunk selector. +However, it is easy to confuse oneself and create a patch that does not +apply to the index. See EDITING PATCHES below. -u:: --update:: - Update only files that git already knows about, staging modified - content for commit and marking deleted files for removal. This - is similar - to what "git commit -a" does in preparation for making a commit, - except that the update is limited to paths specified on the - command line. If no paths are specified, all tracked files in the - current directory and its subdirectories are updated. + Update the index just where it already has an entry matching + <pathspec>. This removes as well as modifies index entries to + match the working tree, but adds no new files. ++ +If no <pathspec> is given when `-u` option is used, all +tracked files in the entire working tree are updated (old versions +of Git used to limit the update to the current directory and its +subdirectories). -A:: --all:: - Update files that git already knows about (same as '\--update') - and add all untracked files that are not ignored by '.gitignore' - mechanism. - +--no-ignore-removal:: + Update the index not only where the working tree has a file + matching <pathspec> but also where the index already has an + entry. This adds, modifies, and removes index entries to + match the working tree. ++ +If no <pathspec> is given when `-A` option is used, all +files in the entire working tree are updated (old versions +of Git used to limit the update to the current directory and its +subdirectories). + +--no-all:: +--ignore-removal:: + Update the index by adding new files that are unknown to the + index and files modified in the working tree, but ignore + files that have been removed from the working tree. This + option is a no-op when no <pathspec> is used. ++ +This option is primarily to help users who are used to older +versions of Git, whose "git add <pathspec>..." was a synonym +for "git add --no-all <pathspec>...", i.e. ignored removed files. -N:: --intent-to-add:: Record only the fact that the path will be added later. An entry for the path is placed in the index with no content. This is useful for, among other things, showing the unstaged content of - such files with 'git diff' and committing them with 'git commit - -a'. + such files with `git diff` and committing them with `git commit + -a`. --refresh:: Don't add the file(s), but only refresh their stat() @@ -109,6 +156,19 @@ OPTIONS If some files could not be added because of errors indexing them, do not abort the operation, but continue adding the others. The command shall still exit with non-zero status. + The configuration variable `add.ignoreErrors` can be set to + true to make this the default behaviour. + +--ignore-missing:: + This option can only be used together with --dry-run. By using + this option the user can check if any of the given files would + be ignored, no matter if they are already present in the work + tree or not. + +--chmod=(+|-)x:: + Override the executable bit of the added files. The executable + bit is only changed in the index, the files on disk are left + unchanged. \--:: This option can be used to separate command-line options from @@ -119,24 +179,24 @@ OPTIONS Configuration ------------- -The optional configuration variable 'core.excludesfile' indicates a path to a +The optional configuration variable `core.excludesFile` indicates a path to a file containing patterns of file names to exclude from git-add, similar to $GIT_DIR/info/exclude. Patterns in the exclude file are used in addition to -those in info/exclude. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5]. +those in info/exclude. See linkgit:gitignore[5]. EXAMPLES -------- -* Adds content from all `\*.txt` files under `Documentation` directory +* Adds content from all `*.txt` files under `Documentation` directory and its subdirectories: + ------------ -$ git add Documentation/\\*.txt +$ git add Documentation/\*.txt ------------ + -Note that the asterisk `\*` is quoted from the shell in this -example; this lets the command to include the files from +Note that the asterisk `*` is quoted from the shell in this +example; this lets the command include the files from subdirectories of `Documentation/` directory. * Considers adding content from all git-*.sh scripts: @@ -145,7 +205,7 @@ subdirectories of `Documentation/` directory. $ git add git-*.sh ------------ + -Because this example lets shell expand the asterisk (i.e. you are +Because this example lets the shell expand the asterisk (i.e. you are listing the files explicitly), it does not consider `subdir/git-foo.sh`. @@ -167,7 +227,7 @@ and type return, like this: What now> 1 ------------ -You also could say "s" or "sta" or "status" above as long as the +You also could say `s` or `sta` or `status` above as long as the choice is unique. The main command loop has 6 subcommands (plus help and quit). @@ -175,9 +235,9 @@ The main command loop has 6 subcommands (plus help and quit). status:: This shows the change between HEAD and index (i.e. what will be - committed if you say "git commit"), and between index and + committed if you say `git commit`), and between index and working tree files (i.e. what you could stage further before - "git commit" using "git-add") for each path. A sample output + `git commit` using `git add`) for each path. A sample output looks like this: + ------------ @@ -191,15 +251,15 @@ binary so line count cannot be shown) and there is no difference between indexed copy and the working tree version (if the working tree version were also different, 'binary' would have been shown in place of 'nothing'). The -other file, git-add--interactive.perl, has 403 lines added +other file, git-add{litdd}interactive.perl, has 403 lines added and 35 lines deleted if you commit what is in the index, but working tree file has further modifications (one addition and one deletion). update:: - This shows the status information and gives prompt - "Update>>". When the prompt ends with double '>>', you can + This shows the status information and issues an "Update>>" + prompt. When the prompt ends with double '>>', you can make more than one selection, concatenated with whitespace or comma. Also you can say ranges. E.g. "2-5 7,9" to choose 2,3,4,5,7,9 from the list. If the second number in a range is @@ -238,15 +298,19 @@ add untracked:: patch:: - This lets you choose one path out of 'status' like selection. - After choosing the path, it presents diff between the index + This lets you choose one path out of a 'status' like selection. + After choosing the path, it presents the diff between the index and the working tree file and asks you if you want to stage - the change of each hunk. You can say: + the change of each hunk. You can select one of the following + options and type return: y - stage this hunk n - do not stage this hunk - a - stage this and all the remaining hunks in the file - d - do not stage this hunk nor any of the remaining hunks in the file + q - quit; do not stage this hunk or any of the remaining ones + a - stage this hunk and all later hunks in the file + d - do not stage this hunk or any of the later hunks in the file + g - select a hunk to go to + / - search for a hunk matching the given regex j - leave this hunk undecided, see next undecided hunk J - leave this hunk undecided, see next hunk k - leave this hunk undecided, see previous undecided hunk @@ -257,18 +321,86 @@ patch:: + After deciding the fate for all hunks, if there is any hunk that was chosen, the index is updated with the selected hunks. ++ +You can omit having to type return here, by setting the configuration +variable `interactive.singleKey` to `true`. diff:: This lets you review what will be committed (i.e. between HEAD and index). -Bugs ----- -The interactive mode does not work with files whose names contain -characters that need C-quoting. `core.quotepath` configuration can be -used to work this limitation around to some degree, but backslash, -double-quote and control characters will still have problems. + +EDITING PATCHES +--------------- + +Invoking `git add -e` or selecting `e` from the interactive hunk +selector will open a patch in your editor; after the editor exits, the +result is applied to the index. You are free to make arbitrary changes +to the patch, but note that some changes may have confusing results, or +even result in a patch that cannot be applied. If you want to abort the +operation entirely (i.e., stage nothing new in the index), simply delete +all lines of the patch. The list below describes some common things you +may see in a patch, and which editing operations make sense on them. + +-- +added content:: + +Added content is represented by lines beginning with "{plus}". You can +prevent staging any addition lines by deleting them. + +removed content:: + +Removed content is represented by lines beginning with "-". You can +prevent staging their removal by converting the "-" to a " " (space). + +modified content:: + +Modified content is represented by "-" lines (removing the old content) +followed by "{plus}" lines (adding the replacement content). You can +prevent staging the modification by converting "-" lines to " ", and +removing "{plus}" lines. Beware that modifying only half of the pair is +likely to introduce confusing changes to the index. +-- + +There are also more complex operations that can be performed. But beware +that because the patch is applied only to the index and not the working +tree, the working tree will appear to "undo" the change in the index. +For example, introducing a new line into the index that is in neither +the HEAD nor the working tree will stage the new line for commit, but +the line will appear to be reverted in the working tree. + +Avoid using these constructs, or do so with extreme caution. + +-- +removing untouched content:: + +Content which does not differ between the index and working tree may be +shown on context lines, beginning with a " " (space). You can stage +context lines for removal by converting the space to a "-". The +resulting working tree file will appear to re-add the content. + +modifying existing content:: + +One can also modify context lines by staging them for removal (by +converting " " to "-") and adding a "{plus}" line with the new content. +Similarly, one can modify "{plus}" lines for existing additions or +modifications. In all cases, the new modification will appear reverted +in the working tree. + +new content:: + +You may also add new content that does not exist in the patch; simply +add new lines, each starting with "{plus}". The addition will appear +reverted in the working tree. +-- + +There are also several operations which should be avoided entirely, as +they will make the patch impossible to apply: + +* adding context (" ") or removal ("-") lines +* deleting context or removal lines +* modifying the contents of context or removal lines SEE ALSO -------- @@ -279,14 +411,6 @@ linkgit:git-mv[1] linkgit:git-commit[1] linkgit:git-update-index[1] -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-am.txt b/Documentation/git-am.txt index ff307eb270..12879e4029 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-am.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-am.txt @@ -9,13 +9,14 @@ git-am - Apply a series of patches from a mailbox SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git am' [--signoff] [--keep] [--utf8 | --no-utf8] - [--3way] [--interactive] [--committer-date-is-author-date] - [--ignore-date] +'git am' [--signoff] [--keep] [--[no-]keep-cr] [--[no-]utf8] + [--[no-]3way] [--interactive] [--committer-date-is-author-date] + [--ignore-date] [--ignore-space-change | --ignore-whitespace] [--whitespace=<option>] [-C<n>] [-p<n>] [--directory=<dir>] - [--reject] - [<mbox> | <Maildir>...] -'git am' (--skip | --resolved | --abort) + [--exclude=<path>] [--include=<path>] [--reject] [-q | --quiet] + [--[no-]scissors] [-S[<keyid>]] [--patch-format=<format>] + [(<mbox> | <Maildir>)...] +'git am' (--continue | --skip | --abort) DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -25,51 +26,99 @@ current branch. OPTIONS ------- -<mbox>|<Maildir>...:: +(<mbox>|<Maildir>)...:: The list of mailbox files to read patches from. If you do not - supply this argument, reads from the standard input. If you supply - directories, they'll be treated as Maildirs. + supply this argument, the command reads from the standard input. + If you supply directories, they will be treated as Maildirs. -s:: --signoff:: - Add `Signed-off-by:` line to the commit message, using + Add a `Signed-off-by:` line to the commit message, using the committer identity of yourself. + See the signoff option in linkgit:git-commit[1] for more information. -k:: --keep:: - Pass `-k` flag to 'git-mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). + Pass `-k` flag to 'git mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). + +--keep-non-patch:: + Pass `-b` flag to 'git mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). + +--[no-]keep-cr:: + With `--keep-cr`, call 'git mailsplit' (see linkgit:git-mailsplit[1]) + with the same option, to prevent it from stripping CR at the end of + lines. `am.keepcr` configuration variable can be used to specify the + default behaviour. `--no-keep-cr` is useful to override `am.keepcr`. + +-c:: +--scissors:: + Remove everything in body before a scissors line (see + linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). Can be activated by default using + the `mailinfo.scissors` configuration variable. + +--no-scissors:: + Ignore scissors lines (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). + +-m:: +--message-id:: + Pass the `-m` flag to 'git mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]), + so that the Message-ID header is added to the commit message. + The `am.messageid` configuration variable can be used to specify + the default behaviour. + +--no-message-id:: + Do not add the Message-ID header to the commit message. + `no-message-id` is useful to override `am.messageid`. + +-q:: +--quiet:: + Be quiet. Only print error messages. -u:: --utf8:: - Pass `-u` flag to 'git-mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). + Pass `-u` flag to 'git mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). The proposed commit log message taken from the e-mail is re-coded into UTF-8 encoding (configuration variable `i18n.commitencoding` can be used to specify project's preferred encoding if it is not UTF-8). + This was optional in prior versions of git, but now it is the -default. You could use `--no-utf8` to override this. +default. You can use `--no-utf8` to override this. --no-utf8:: - Pass `-n` flag to 'git-mailinfo' (see + Pass `-n` flag to 'git mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). -3:: --3way:: +--no-3way:: When the patch does not apply cleanly, fall back on - 3-way merge, if the patch records the identity of blobs - it is supposed to apply to, and we have those blobs - available locally. - + 3-way merge if the patch records the identity of blobs + it is supposed to apply to and we have those blobs + available locally. `--no-3way` can be used to override + am.threeWay configuration variable. For more information, + see am.threeWay in linkgit:git-config[1]. + +--ignore-space-change:: +--ignore-whitespace:: --whitespace=<option>:: -C<n>:: -p<n>:: --directory=<dir>:: +--exclude=<path>:: +--include=<path>:: --reject:: - These flags are passed to the 'git-apply' (see linkgit:git-apply[1]) + These flags are passed to the 'git apply' (see linkgit:git-apply[1]) program that applies the patch. +--patch-format:: + By default the command will try to detect the patch format + automatically. This option allows the user to bypass the automatic + detection and specify the patch format that the patch(es) should be + interpreted as. Valid formats are mbox, mboxrd, + stgit, stgit-series and hg. + -i:: --interactive:: Run interactively. @@ -79,19 +128,26 @@ default. You could use `--no-utf8` to override this. message as the commit author date, and uses the time of commit creation as the committer date. This allows the user to lie about the committer date by using the same - timestamp as the author date. + value as the author date. --ignore-date:: By default the command records the date from the e-mail message as the commit author date, and uses the time of commit creation as the committer date. This allows the - user to lie about author timestamp by using the same - timestamp as the committer date. + user to lie about the author date by using the same + value as the committer date. --skip:: Skip the current patch. This is only meaningful when restarting an aborted patch. +-S[<keyid>]:: +--gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: + GPG-sign commits. The `keyid` argument is optional and + defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be + stuck to the option without a space. + +--continue:: -r:: --resolved:: After a patch failure (e.g. attempting to apply @@ -104,9 +160,9 @@ default. You could use `--no-utf8` to override this. --resolvemsg=<msg>:: When a patch failure occurs, <msg> will be printed to the screen before exiting. This overrides the - standard message informing you to use `--resolved` + standard message informing you to use `--continue` or `--skip` to handle the failure. This is solely - for internal use between 'git-rebase' and 'git-am'. + for internal use between 'git rebase' and 'git am'. --abort:: Restore the original branch and abort the patching operation. @@ -115,24 +171,22 @@ DISCUSSION ---------- The commit author name is taken from the "From: " line of the -message, and commit author time is taken from the "Date: " line +message, and commit author date is taken from the "Date: " line of the message. The "Subject: " line is used as the title of the commit, after stripping common prefix "[PATCH <anything>]". -It is supposed to describe what the commit is about concisely as -a one line text. +The "Subject: " line is supposed to concisely describe what the +commit is about in one line of text. -The body of the message (iow, after a blank line that terminates -RFC2822 headers) can begin with "Subject: " and "From: " lines -that are different from those of the mail header, to override -the values of these fields. +"From: " and "Subject: " lines starting the body override the respective +commit author name and title values taken from the headers. The commit message is formed by the title taken from the "Subject: ", a blank line and the body of the message up to -where the patch begins. Excess whitespaces at the end of the -lines are automatically stripped. +where the patch begins. Excess whitespace at the end of each +line is automatically stripped. The patch is expected to be inline, directly following the -message. Any line that is of form: +message. Any line that is of the form: * three-dashes and end-of-line, or * a line that begins with "diff -", or @@ -141,20 +195,20 @@ message. Any line that is of form: is taken as the beginning of a patch, and the commit log message is terminated before the first occurrence of such a line. -When initially invoking it, you give it names of the mailboxes -to crunch. Upon seeing the first patch that does not apply, it -aborts in the middle,. You can recover from this in one of two ways: +When initially invoking `git am`, you give it the names of the mailboxes +to process. Upon seeing the first patch that does not apply, it +aborts in the middle. You can recover from this in one of two ways: -. skip the current patch by re-running the command with '--skip' +. skip the current patch by re-running the command with the `--skip` option. . hand resolve the conflict in the working directory, and update - the index file to bring it in a state that the patch should - have produced. Then run the command with '--resolved' option. + the index file to bring it into a state that the patch should + have produced. Then run the command with the `--continue` option. -The command refuses to process new mailboxes while `.git/rebase-apply` -directory exists, so if you decide to start over from scratch, -run `rm -f -r .git/rebase-apply` before running the command with mailbox +The command refuses to process new mailboxes until the current +operation is finished, so if you decide to start over from scratch, +run `git am --abort` before running the command with mailbox names. Before any patches are applied, ORIG_HEAD is set to the tip of the @@ -163,20 +217,16 @@ commits, like running 'git am' on the wrong branch or an error in the commits that is more easily fixed by changing the mailbox (e.g. errors in the "From:" lines). +HOOKS +----- +This command can run `applypatch-msg`, `pre-applypatch`, +and `post-applypatch` hooks. See linkgit:githooks[5] for more +information. SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-apply[1]. - -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Petr Baudis, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-annotate.txt b/Documentation/git-annotate.txt index 0aba022ba6..94be4b85e0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-annotate.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-annotate.txt @@ -3,34 +3,32 @@ git-annotate(1) NAME ---- -git-annotate - Annotate file lines with commit info +git-annotate - Annotate file lines with commit information SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git annotate' [options] file [revision] DESCRIPTION ----------- Annotates each line in the given file with information from the commit -which introduced the line. Optionally annotate from a given revision. +which introduced the line. Optionally annotates from a given revision. The only difference between this command and linkgit:git-blame[1] is that they use slightly different output formats, and this command exists only -for backward compatibility to support existing scripts, and provide more +for backward compatibility to support existing scripts, and provide a more familiar command name for people coming from other SCM systems. OPTIONS ------- include::blame-options.txt[] +include::diff-heuristic-options.txt[] SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-blame[1] -AUTHOR ------- -Written by Ryan Anderson <ryan@michonline.com>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-apply.txt b/Documentation/git-apply.txt index 9400f6a5d0..631cbd840a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-apply.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-apply.txt @@ -3,29 +3,39 @@ git-apply(1) NAME ---- -git-apply - Apply a patch on a git index file and a working tree +git-apply - Apply a patch to files and/or to the index SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git apply' [--stat] [--numstat] [--summary] [--check] [--index] +'git apply' [--stat] [--numstat] [--summary] [--check] [--index] [--3way] [--apply] [--no-add] [--build-fake-ancestor=<file>] [-R | --reverse] [--allow-binary-replacement | --binary] [--reject] [-z] - [-pNUM] [-CNUM] [--inaccurate-eof] [--recount] [--cached] - [--whitespace=<nowarn|warn|fix|error|error-all>] - [--exclude=PATH] [--include=PATH] [--directory=<root>] - [--verbose] [<patch>...] + [-p<n>] [-C<n>] [--inaccurate-eof] [--recount] [--cached] + [--ignore-space-change | --ignore-whitespace] + [--whitespace=(nowarn|warn|fix|error|error-all)] + [--exclude=<path>] [--include=<path>] [--directory=<root>] + [--verbose] [--unsafe-paths] [<patch>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Reads supplied 'diff' output and applies it on a git index file -and a work tree. +Reads the supplied diff output (i.e. "a patch") and applies it to files. +When running from a subdirectory in a repository, patched paths +outside the directory are ignored. +With the `--index` option the patch is also applied to the index, and +with the `--cached` option the patch is only applied to the index. +Without these options, the command applies the patch only to files, +and does not require them to be in a Git repository. + +This command applies the patch but does not create a commit. Use +linkgit:git-am[1] to create commits from patches generated by +linkgit:git-format-patch[1] and/or received by email. OPTIONS ------- <patch>...:: - The files to read patch from. '-' can be used to read + The files to read the patch from. '-' can be used to read from the standard input. --stat:: @@ -33,8 +43,8 @@ OPTIONS input. Turns off "apply". --numstat:: - Similar to \--stat, but shows number of added and - deleted lines in decimal notation and pathname without + Similar to `--stat`, but shows the number of added and + deleted lines in decimal notation and the pathname without abbreviation, to make it more machine friendly. For binary files, outputs two `-` instead of saying `0 0`. Turns off "apply". @@ -47,28 +57,37 @@ OPTIONS --check:: Instead of applying the patch, see if the patch is - applicable to the current work tree and/or the index + applicable to the current working tree and/or the index file and detects errors. Turns off "apply". --index:: - When --check is in effect, or when applying the patch + When `--check` is in effect, or when applying the patch (which is the default when none of the options that disables it is in effect), make sure the patch is applicable to what the current index file records. If - the file to be patched in the work tree is not + the file to be patched in the working tree is not up-to-date, it is flagged as an error. This flag also causes the index file to be updated. --cached:: - Apply a patch without touching the working tree. Instead, take the - cached data, apply the patch, and store the result in the index, - without using the working tree. This implies '--index'. + Apply a patch without touching the working tree. Instead take the + cached data, apply the patch, and store the result in the index + without using the working tree. This implies `--index`. + +-3:: +--3way:: + When the patch does not apply cleanly, fall back on 3-way merge if + the patch records the identity of blobs it is supposed to apply to, + and we have those blobs available locally, possibly leaving the + conflict markers in the files in the working tree for the user to + resolve. This option implies the `--index` option, and is incompatible + with the `--reject` and the `--cached` options. --build-fake-ancestor=<file>:: - Newer 'git-diff' output has embedded 'index information' + Newer 'git diff' output has embedded 'index information' for each blob to help identify the original version that the patch applies to. When this flag is given, and if - the original versions of the blobs is available locally, + the original versions of the blobs are available locally, builds a temporary index containing those blobs. + When a pure mode change is encountered (which has no index information), @@ -79,18 +98,19 @@ the information is read from the current index instead. Apply the patch in reverse. --reject:: - For atomicity, 'git-apply' by default fails the whole patch and + For atomicity, 'git apply' by default fails the whole patch and does not touch the working tree when some of the hunks do not apply. This option makes it apply the parts of the patch that are applicable, and leave the rejected hunks in corresponding *.rej files. -z:: - When showing the index information, do not munge paths, - but use NUL terminated machine readable format. Without - this flag, the pathnames output will have TAB, LF, and - backslash characters replaced with `\t`, `\n`, and `\\`, - respectively. + When `--numstat` has been given, do not munge pathnames, + but use a NUL-terminated machine-readable format. ++ +Without this option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as +explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` (see +linkgit:git-config[1]). -p<n>:: Remove <n> leading slashes from traditional diff paths. The @@ -103,19 +123,19 @@ the information is read from the current index instead. ever ignored. --unidiff-zero:: - By default, 'git-apply' expects that the patch being + By default, 'git apply' expects that the patch being applied is a unified diff with at least one line of context. This provides good safety measures, but breaks down when - applying a diff generated with --unified=0. To bypass these - checks use '--unidiff-zero'. + applying a diff generated with `--unified=0`. To bypass these + checks use `--unidiff-zero`. + -Note, for the reasons stated above usage of context-free patches are +Note, for the reasons stated above usage of context-free patches is discouraged. --apply:: If you use any of the options marked "Turns off - 'apply'" above, 'git-apply' reads and outputs the - information you asked without actually applying the + 'apply'" above, 'git apply' reads and outputs the + requested information without actually applying the patch. Give this flag after those flags to also apply the patch. @@ -124,7 +144,7 @@ discouraged. patch. This can be used to extract the common part between two files by first running 'diff' on them and applying the result with this option, which would apply the - deletion part but not addition part. + deletion part but not the addition part. --allow-binary-replacement:: --binary:: @@ -143,12 +163,20 @@ discouraged. be useful when importing patchsets, where you want to include certain files or directories. + -When --exclude and --include patterns are used, they are examined in the +When `--exclude` and `--include` patterns are used, they are examined in the order they appear on the command line, and the first match determines if a patch to each path is used. A patch to a path that does not match any include/exclude pattern is used by default if there is no include pattern on the command line, and ignored if there is any include pattern. +--ignore-space-change:: +--ignore-whitespace:: + When applying a patch, ignore changes in whitespace in context + lines if necessary. + Context lines will preserve their whitespace, and they will not + undergo whitespace fixing regardless of the value of the + `--whitespace` option. New lines will still be fixed, though. + --whitespace=<action>:: When applying a patch, detect a new or modified line that has whitespace errors. What are considered whitespace errors is @@ -159,10 +187,10 @@ on the command line, and ignored if there is any include pattern. considered whitespace errors. + By default, the command outputs warning messages but applies the patch. -When `git-apply is used for statistics and not applying a +When `git-apply` is used for statistics and not applying a patch, it defaults to `nowarn`. + -You can use different `<action>` to control this +You can use different `<action>` values to control this behavior: + * `nowarn` turns off the trailing whitespace warning. @@ -170,8 +198,8 @@ behavior: patch as-is (default). * `fix` outputs warnings for a few such errors, and applies the patch after fixing them (`strip` is a synonym --- the tool - used to consider only trailing whitespaces as errors, and the - fix involved 'stripping' them, but modern gits do more). + used to consider only trailing whitespace characters as errors, and the + fix involved 'stripping' them, but modern Gits do more). * `error` outputs warnings for a few such errors, and refuses to apply the patch. * `error-all` is similar to `error` but shows all errors. @@ -195,42 +223,52 @@ behavior: adjusting the hunk headers appropriately). --directory=<root>:: - Prepend <root> to all filenames. If a "-p" argument was passed, too, + Prepend <root> to all filenames. If a "-p" argument was also passed, it is applied before prepending the new root. + For example, a patch that talks about updating `a/git-gui.sh` to `b/git-gui.sh` can be applied to the file in the working tree `modules/git-gui/git-gui.sh` by running `git apply --directory=modules/git-gui`. +--unsafe-paths:: + By default, a patch that affects outside the working area + (either a Git controlled working tree, or the current working + directory when "git apply" is used as a replacement of GNU + patch) is rejected as a mistake (or a mischief). ++ +When `git apply` is used as a "better GNU patch", the user can pass +the `--unsafe-paths` option to override this safety check. This option +has no effect when `--index` or `--cached` is in use. + Configuration ------------- +apply.ignoreWhitespace:: + Set to 'change' if you want changes in whitespace to be ignored by default. + Set to one of: no, none, never, false if you want changes in + whitespace to be significant. apply.whitespace:: When no `--whitespace` flag is given from the command line, this configuration item is used as the default. Submodules ---------- -If the patch contains any changes to submodules then 'git-apply' +If the patch contains any changes to submodules then 'git apply' treats these changes as follows. -If --index is specified (explicitly or implicitly), then the submodule +If `--index` is specified (explicitly or implicitly), then the submodule commits must match the index exactly for the patch to apply. If any of the submodules are checked-out, then these check-outs are completely ignored, i.e., they are not required to be up-to-date or clean and they are not updated. -If --index is not specified, then the submodule commits in the patch -are ignored and only the absence of presence of the corresponding +If `--index` is not specified, then the submodule commits in the patch +are ignored and only the absence or presence of the corresponding subdirectory is checked and (if possible) updated. -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-am[1]. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-archimport.txt b/Documentation/git-archimport.txt index c7a6e3ec05..163b9f6f41 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-archimport.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-archimport.txt @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ git-archimport(1) NAME ---- -git-archimport - Import an Arch repository into git +git-archimport - Import an Arch repository into Git SYNOPSIS @@ -29,24 +29,24 @@ branches that have different roots, it will refuse to run. In that case, edit your <archive/branch> parameters to define clearly the scope of the import. -'git-archimport' uses `tla` extensively in the background to access the +'git archimport' uses `tla` extensively in the background to access the Arch repository. Make sure you have a recent version of `tla` available in the path. `tla` must -know about the repositories you pass to 'git-archimport'. +know about the repositories you pass to 'git archimport'. -For the initial import, 'git-archimport' expects to find itself in an empty +For the initial import, 'git archimport' expects to find itself in an empty directory. To follow the development of a project that uses Arch, rerun -'git-archimport' with the same parameters as the initial import to perform +'git archimport' with the same parameters as the initial import to perform incremental imports. -While 'git-archimport' will try to create sensible branch names for the -archives that it imports, it is also possible to specify git branch names -manually. To do so, write a git branch name after each <archive/branch> +While 'git archimport' will try to create sensible branch names for the +archives that it imports, it is also possible to specify Git branch names +manually. To do so, write a Git branch name after each <archive/branch> parameter, separated by a colon. This way, you can shorten the Arch -branch names and convert Arch jargon to git jargon, for example mapping a -"PROJECT--devo--VERSION" branch to "master". +branch names and convert Arch jargon to Git jargon, for example mapping a +"PROJECT{litdd}devo{litdd}VERSION" branch to "master". -Associating multiple Arch branches to one git branch is possible; the +Associating multiple Arch branches to one Git branch is possible; the result will make the most sense only if no commits are made to the first branch, after the second branch is created. Still, this is useful to convert Arch repositories that had been rotated periodically. @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ convert Arch repositories that had been rotated periodically. MERGES ------ -Patch merge data from Arch is used to mark merges in git as well. git +Patch merge data from Arch is used to mark merges in Git as well. Git does not care much about tracking patches, and only considers a merge when a branch incorporates all the commits since the point they forked. The end result -is that git will have a good idea of how far branches have diverged. So the +is that Git will have a good idea of how far branches have diverged. So the import process does lose some patch-trading metadata. Fortunately, when you try and merge branches imported from Arch, -git will find a good merge base, and it has a good chance of identifying +Git will find a good merge base, and it has a good chance of identifying patches that have been traded out-of-sequence between the branches. OPTIONS @@ -84,9 +84,9 @@ OPTIONS -o:: Use this for compatibility with old-style branch names used by - earlier versions of 'git-archimport'. Old-style branch names - were category--branch, whereas new-style branch names are - archive,category--branch--version. In both cases, names given + earlier versions of 'git archimport'. Old-style branch names + were category{litdd}branch, whereas new-style branch names are + archive,category{litdd}branch{litdd}version. In both cases, names given on the command-line will override the automatically-generated ones. @@ -107,14 +107,6 @@ OPTIONS Archive/branch identifier in a format that `tla log` understands. -Author ------- -Written by Martin Langhoff <martin@catalyst.net.nz>. - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano, Martin Langhoff and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-archive.txt b/Documentation/git-archive.txt index 41cbf9c081..cfa1e4ebe4 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-archive.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-archive.txt @@ -9,9 +9,10 @@ git-archive - Create an archive of files from a named tree SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git archive' --format=<fmt> [--list] [--prefix=<prefix>/] [<extra>] +'git archive' [--format=<fmt>] [--list] [--prefix=<prefix>/] [<extra>] + [-o <file> | --output=<file>] [--worktree-attributes] [--remote=<repo> [--exec=<git-upload-archive>]] <tree-ish> - [path...] + [<path>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -20,21 +21,24 @@ structure for the named tree, and writes it out to the standard output. If <prefix> is specified it is prepended to the filenames in the archive. -'git-archive' behaves differently when given a tree ID versus when +'git archive' behaves differently when given a tree ID versus when given a commit ID or tag ID. In the first case the current time is -used as modification time of each file in the archive. In the latter +used as the modification time of each file in the archive. In the latter case the commit time as recorded in the referenced commit object is used instead. Additionally the commit ID is stored in a global extended pax header if the tar format is used; it can be extracted -using 'git-get-tar-commit-id'. In ZIP files it is stored as a file +using 'git get-tar-commit-id'. In ZIP files it is stored as a file comment. OPTIONS ------- --format=<fmt>:: - Format of the resulting archive: 'tar' or 'zip'. The default - is 'tar'. + Format of the resulting archive: 'tar' or 'zip'. If this option + is not given, and the output file is specified, the format is + inferred from the filename if possible (e.g. writing to "foo.zip" + makes the output to be in the zip format). Otherwise the output + format is `tar`. -l:: --list:: @@ -47,13 +51,24 @@ OPTIONS --prefix=<prefix>/:: Prepend <prefix>/ to each filename in the archive. +-o <file>:: +--output=<file>:: + Write the archive to <file> instead of stdout. + +--worktree-attributes:: + Look for attributes in .gitattributes files in the working tree + as well (see <<ATTRIBUTES>>). + <extra>:: - This can be any options that the archiver backend understand. + This can be any options that the archiver backend understands. See next section. --remote=<repo>:: - Instead of making a tar archive from local repository, - retrieve a tar archive from a remote repository. + Instead of making a tar archive from the local repository, + retrieve a tar archive from a remote repository. Note that the + remote repository may place restrictions on which sha1 + expressions may be allowed in `<tree-ish>`. See + linkgit:git-upload-archive[1] for details. --exec=<git-upload-archive>:: Used with --remote to specify the path to the @@ -62,9 +77,10 @@ OPTIONS <tree-ish>:: The tree or commit to produce an archive for. -path:: - If one or more paths are specified, include only these in the - archive, otherwise include all files and subdirectories. +<path>:: + Without an optional path parameter, all files and subdirectories + of the current working directory are included in the archive. + If one or more paths are specified, only these are included. BACKEND EXTRA OPTIONS --------------------- @@ -86,37 +102,95 @@ tar.umask:: tar archive entries. The default is 0002, which turns off the world write bit. The special value "user" indicates that the archiving user's umask will be used instead. See umask(2) for - details. + details. If `--remote` is used then only the configuration of + the remote repository takes effect. + +tar.<format>.command:: + This variable specifies a shell command through which the tar + output generated by `git archive` should be piped. The command + is executed using the shell with the generated tar file on its + standard input, and should produce the final output on its + standard output. Any compression-level options will be passed + to the command (e.g., "-9"). An output file with the same + extension as `<format>` will be use this format if no other + format is given. ++ +The "tar.gz" and "tgz" formats are defined automatically and default to +`gzip -cn`. You may override them with custom commands. + +tar.<format>.remote:: + If true, enable `<format>` for use by remote clients via + linkgit:git-upload-archive[1]. Defaults to false for + user-defined formats, but true for the "tar.gz" and "tgz" + formats. + +[[ATTRIBUTES]] +ATTRIBUTES +---------- + +export-ignore:: + Files and directories with the attribute export-ignore won't be + added to archive files. See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. + +export-subst:: + If the attribute export-subst is set for a file then Git will + expand several placeholders when adding this file to an archive. + See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. + +Note that attributes are by default taken from the `.gitattributes` files +in the tree that is being archived. If you want to tweak the way the +output is generated after the fact (e.g. you committed without adding an +appropriate export-ignore in its `.gitattributes`), adjust the checked out +`.gitattributes` file as necessary and use `--worktree-attributes` +option. Alternatively you can keep necessary attributes that should apply +while archiving any tree in your `$GIT_DIR/info/attributes` file. EXAMPLES -------- -git archive --format=tar --prefix=junk/ HEAD | (cd /var/tmp/ && tar xf -):: +`git archive --format=tar --prefix=junk/ HEAD | (cd /var/tmp/ && tar xf -)`:: Create a tar archive that contains the contents of the - latest commit on the current branch, and extracts it in + latest commit on the current branch, and extract it in the `/var/tmp/junk` directory. -git archive --format=tar --prefix=git-1.4.0/ v1.4.0 | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz:: +`git archive --format=tar --prefix=git-1.4.0/ v1.4.0 | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz`:: Create a compressed tarball for v1.4.0 release. -git archive --format=tar --prefix=git-1.4.0/ v1.4.0{caret}\{tree\} | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz:: +`git archive --format=tar.gz --prefix=git-1.4.0/ v1.4.0 >git-1.4.0.tar.gz`:: + + Same as above, but using the builtin tar.gz handling. + +`git archive --prefix=git-1.4.0/ -o git-1.4.0.tar.gz v1.4.0`:: + + Same as above, but the format is inferred from the output file. + +`git archive --format=tar --prefix=git-1.4.0/ v1.4.0^{tree} | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz`:: Create a compressed tarball for v1.4.0 release, but without a global extended pax header. -git archive --format=zip --prefix=git-docs/ HEAD:Documentation/ > git-1.4.0-docs.zip:: +`git archive --format=zip --prefix=git-docs/ HEAD:Documentation/ > git-1.4.0-docs.zip`:: Put everything in the current head's Documentation/ directory into 'git-1.4.0-docs.zip', with the prefix 'git-docs/'. -Author ------- -Written by Franck Bui-Huu and Rene Scharfe. +`git archive -o latest.zip HEAD`:: -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. + Create a Zip archive that contains the contents of the latest + commit on the current branch. Note that the output format is + inferred by the extension of the output file. + +`git config tar.tar.xz.command "xz -c"`:: + + Configure a "tar.xz" format for making LZMA-compressed tarfiles. + You can use it specifying `--format=tar.xz`, or by creating an + output file like `-o foo.tar.xz`. + + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gitattributes[5] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt b/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e015f5b3cc --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1358 @@ +Fighting regressions with git bisect +==================================== +:Author: Christian Couder +:Email: chriscool@tuxfamily.org +:Date: 2009/11/08 + +Abstract +-------- + +"git bisect" enables software users and developers to easily find the +commit that introduced a regression. We show why it is important to +have good tools to fight regressions. We describe how "git bisect" +works from the outside and the algorithms it uses inside. Then we +explain how to take advantage of "git bisect" to improve current +practices. And we discuss how "git bisect" could improve in the +future. + + +Introduction to "git bisect" +---------------------------- + +Git is a Distributed Version Control system (DVCS) created by Linus +Torvalds and maintained by Junio Hamano. + +In Git like in many other Version Control Systems (VCS), the different +states of the data that is managed by the system are called +commits. And, as VCS are mostly used to manage software source code, +sometimes "interesting" changes of behavior in the software are +introduced in some commits. + +In fact people are specially interested in commits that introduce a +"bad" behavior, called a bug or a regression. They are interested in +these commits because a commit (hopefully) contains a very small set +of source code changes. And it's much easier to understand and +properly fix a problem when you only need to check a very small set of +changes, than when you don't know where look in the first place. + +So to help people find commits that introduce a "bad" behavior, the +"git bisect" set of commands was invented. And it follows of course +that in "git bisect" parlance, commits where the "interesting +behavior" is present are called "bad" commits, while other commits are +called "good" commits. And a commit that introduce the behavior we are +interested in is called a "first bad commit". Note that there could be +more than one "first bad commit" in the commit space we are searching. + +So "git bisect" is designed to help find a "first bad commit". And to +be as efficient as possible, it tries to perform a binary search. + + +Fighting regressions overview +----------------------------- + +Regressions: a big problem +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Regressions are a big problem in the software industry. But it's +difficult to put some real numbers behind that claim. + +There are some numbers about bugs in general, like a NIST study in +2002 <<1>> that said: + +_____________ +Software bugs, or errors, are so prevalent and so detrimental that +they cost the U.S. economy an estimated $59.5 billion annually, or +about 0.6 percent of the gross domestic product, according to a newly +released study commissioned by the Department of Commerce's National +Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). At the national level, +over half of the costs are borne by software users and the remainder +by software developers/vendors. The study also found that, although +all errors cannot be removed, more than a third of these costs, or an +estimated $22.2 billion, could be eliminated by an improved testing +infrastructure that enables earlier and more effective identification +and removal of software defects. These are the savings associated with +finding an increased percentage (but not 100 percent) of errors closer +to the development stages in which they are introduced. Currently, +over half of all errors are not found until "downstream" in the +development process or during post-sale software use. +_____________ + +And then: + +_____________ +Software developers already spend approximately 80 percent of +development costs on identifying and correcting defects, and yet few +products of any type other than software are shipped with such high +levels of errors. +_____________ + +Eventually the conclusion started with: + +_____________ +The path to higher software quality is significantly improved software +testing. +_____________ + +There are other estimates saying that 80% of the cost related to +software is about maintenance <<2>>. + +Though, according to Wikipedia <<3>>: + +_____________ +A common perception of maintenance is that it is merely fixing +bugs. However, studies and surveys over the years have indicated that +the majority, over 80%, of the maintenance effort is used for +non-corrective actions (Pigosky 1997). This perception is perpetuated +by users submitting problem reports that in reality are functionality +enhancements to the system. +_____________ + +But we can guess that improving on existing software is very costly +because you have to watch out for regressions. At least this would +make the above studies consistent among themselves. + +Of course some kind of software is developed, then used during some +time without being improved on much, and then finally thrown away. In +this case, of course, regressions may not be a big problem. But on the +other hand, there is a lot of big software that is continually +developed and maintained during years or even tens of years by a lot +of people. And as there are often many people who depend (sometimes +critically) on such software, regressions are a really big problem. + +One such software is the Linux kernel. And if we look at the Linux +kernel, we can see that a lot of time and effort is spent to fight +regressions. The release cycle start with a 2 weeks long merge +window. Then the first release candidate (rc) version is tagged. And +after that about 7 or 8 more rc versions will appear with around one +week between each of them, before the final release. + +The time between the first rc release and the final release is +supposed to be used to test rc versions and fight bugs and especially +regressions. And this time is more than 80% of the release cycle +time. But this is not the end of the fight yet, as of course it +continues after the release. + +And then this is what Ingo Molnar (a well known Linux kernel +developer) says about his use of git bisect: + +_____________ +I most actively use it during the merge window (when a lot of trees +get merged upstream and when the influx of bugs is the highest) - and +yes, there have been cases that i used it multiple times a day. My +average is roughly once a day. +_____________ + +So regressions are fought all the time by developers, and indeed it is +well known that bugs should be fixed as soon as possible, so as soon +as they are found. That's why it is interesting to have good tools for +this purpose. + +Other tools to fight regressions +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +So what are the tools used to fight regressions? They are nearly the +same as those used to fight regular bugs. The only specific tools are +test suites and tools similar as "git bisect". + +Test suites are very nice. But when they are used alone, they are +supposed to be used so that all the tests are checked after each +commit. This means that they are not very efficient, because many +tests are run for no interesting result, and they suffer from +combinational explosion. + +In fact the problem is that big software often has many different +configuration options and that each test case should pass for each +configuration after each commit. So if you have for each release: N +configurations, M commits and T test cases, you should perform: + +------------- +N * M * T tests +------------- + +where N, M and T are all growing with the size your software. + +So very soon it will not be possible to completely test everything. + +And if some bugs slip through your test suite, then you can add a test +to your test suite. But if you want to use your new improved test +suite to find where the bug slipped in, then you will either have to +emulate a bisection process or you will perhaps bluntly test each +commit backward starting from the "bad" commit you have which may be +very wasteful. + +"git bisect" overview +--------------------- + +Starting a bisection +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The first "git bisect" subcommand to use is "git bisect start" to +start the search. Then bounds must be set to limit the commit +space. This is done usually by giving one "bad" and at least one +"good" commit. They can be passed in the initial call to "git bisect +start" like this: + +------------- +$ git bisect start [BAD [GOOD...]] +------------- + +or they can be set using: + +------------- +$ git bisect bad [COMMIT] +------------- + +and: + +------------- +$ git bisect good [COMMIT...] +------------- + +where BAD, GOOD and COMMIT are all names that can be resolved to a +commit. + +Then "git bisect" will checkout a commit of its choosing and ask the +user to test it, like this: + +------------- +$ git bisect start v2.6.27 v2.6.25 +Bisecting: 10928 revisions left to test after this (roughly 14 steps) +[2ec65f8b89ea003c27ff7723525a2ee335a2b393] x86: clean up using max_low_pfn on 32-bit +------------- + +Note that the example that we will use is really a toy example, we +will be looking for the first commit that has a version like +"2.6.26-something", that is the commit that has a "SUBLEVEL = 26" line +in the top level Makefile. This is a toy example because there are +better ways to find this commit with Git than using "git bisect" (for +example "git blame" or "git log -S<string>"). + +Driving a bisection manually +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +At this point there are basically 2 ways to drive the search. It can +be driven manually by the user or it can be driven automatically by a +script or a command. + +If the user is driving it, then at each step of the search, the user +will have to test the current commit and say if it is "good" or "bad" +using the "git bisect good" or "git bisect bad" commands respectively +that have been described above. For example: + +------------- +$ git bisect bad +Bisecting: 5480 revisions left to test after this (roughly 13 steps) +[66c0b394f08fd89236515c1c84485ea712a157be] KVM: kill file->f_count abuse in kvm +------------- + +And after a few more steps like that, "git bisect" will eventually +find a first bad commit: + +------------- +$ git bisect bad +2ddcca36c8bcfa251724fe342c8327451988be0d is the first bad commit +commit 2ddcca36c8bcfa251724fe342c8327451988be0d +Author: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> +Date: Sat May 3 11:59:44 2008 -0700 + + Linux 2.6.26-rc1 + +:100644 100644 5cf82581... 4492984e... M Makefile +------------- + +At this point we can see what the commit does, check it out (if it's +not already checked out) or tinker with it, for example: + +------------- +$ git show HEAD +commit 2ddcca36c8bcfa251724fe342c8327451988be0d +Author: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> +Date: Sat May 3 11:59:44 2008 -0700 + + Linux 2.6.26-rc1 + +diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile +index 5cf8258..4492984 100644 +--- a/Makefile ++++ b/Makefile +@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ + VERSION = 2 + PATCHLEVEL = 6 +-SUBLEVEL = 25 +-EXTRAVERSION = ++SUBLEVEL = 26 ++EXTRAVERSION = -rc1 + NAME = Funky Weasel is Jiggy wit it + + # *DOCUMENTATION* +------------- + +And when we are finished we can use "git bisect reset" to go back to +the branch we were in before we started bisecting: + +------------- +$ git bisect reset +Checking out files: 100% (21549/21549), done. +Previous HEAD position was 2ddcca3... Linux 2.6.26-rc1 +Switched to branch 'master' +------------- + +Driving a bisection automatically +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The other way to drive the bisection process is to tell "git bisect" +to launch a script or command at each bisection step to know if the +current commit is "good" or "bad". To do that, we use the "git bisect +run" command. For example: + +------------- +$ git bisect start v2.6.27 v2.6.25 +Bisecting: 10928 revisions left to test after this (roughly 14 steps) +[2ec65f8b89ea003c27ff7723525a2ee335a2b393] x86: clean up using max_low_pfn on 32-bit +$ +$ git bisect run grep '^SUBLEVEL = 25' Makefile +running grep ^SUBLEVEL = 25 Makefile +Bisecting: 5480 revisions left to test after this (roughly 13 steps) +[66c0b394f08fd89236515c1c84485ea712a157be] KVM: kill file->f_count abuse in kvm +running grep ^SUBLEVEL = 25 Makefile +SUBLEVEL = 25 +Bisecting: 2740 revisions left to test after this (roughly 12 steps) +[671294719628f1671faefd4882764886f8ad08cb] V4L/DVB(7879): Adding cx18 Support for mxl5005s +... +... +running grep ^SUBLEVEL = 25 Makefile +Bisecting: 0 revisions left to test after this (roughly 0 steps) +[2ddcca36c8bcfa251724fe342c8327451988be0d] Linux 2.6.26-rc1 +running grep ^SUBLEVEL = 25 Makefile +2ddcca36c8bcfa251724fe342c8327451988be0d is the first bad commit +commit 2ddcca36c8bcfa251724fe342c8327451988be0d +Author: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> +Date: Sat May 3 11:59:44 2008 -0700 + + Linux 2.6.26-rc1 + +:100644 100644 5cf82581... 4492984e... M Makefile +bisect run success +------------- + +In this example, we passed "grep '^SUBLEVEL = 25' Makefile" as +parameter to "git bisect run". This means that at each step, the grep +command we passed will be launched. And if it exits with code 0 (that +means success) then git bisect will mark the current state as +"good". If it exits with code 1 (or any code between 1 and 127 +included, except the special code 125), then the current state will be +marked as "bad". + +Exit code between 128 and 255 are special to "git bisect run". They +make it stop immediately the bisection process. This is useful for +example if the command passed takes too long to complete, because you +can kill it with a signal and it will stop the bisection process. + +It can also be useful in scripts passed to "git bisect run" to "exit +255" if some very abnormal situation is detected. + +Avoiding untestable commits +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Sometimes it happens that the current state cannot be tested, for +example if it does not compile because there was a bug preventing it +at that time. This is what the special exit code 125 is for. It tells +"git bisect run" that the current commit should be marked as +untestable and that another one should be chosen and checked out. + +If the bisection process is driven manually, you can use "git bisect +skip" to do the same thing. (In fact the special exit code 125 makes +"git bisect run" use "git bisect skip" in the background.) + +Or if you want more control, you can inspect the current state using +for example "git bisect visualize". It will launch gitk (or "git log" +if the `DISPLAY` environment variable is not set) to help you find a +better bisection point. + +Either way, if you have a string of untestable commits, it might +happen that the regression you are looking for has been introduced by +one of these untestable commits. In this case it's not possible to +tell for sure which commit introduced the regression. + +So if you used "git bisect skip" (or the run script exited with +special code 125) you could get a result like this: + +------------- +There are only 'skip'ped commits left to test. +The first bad commit could be any of: +15722f2fa328eaba97022898a305ffc8172db6b1 +78e86cf3e850bd755bb71831f42e200626fbd1e0 +e15b73ad3db9b48d7d1ade32f8cd23a751fe0ace +070eab2303024706f2924822bfec8b9847e4ac1b +We cannot bisect more! +------------- + +Saving a log and replaying it +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +If you want to show other people your bisection process, you can get a +log using for example: + +------------- +$ git bisect log > bisect_log.txt +------------- + +And it is possible to replay it using: + +------------- +$ git bisect replay bisect_log.txt +------------- + + +"git bisect" details +-------------------- + +Bisection algorithm +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +As the Git commits form a directed acyclic graph (DAG), finding the +best bisection commit to test at each step is not so simple. Anyway +Linus found and implemented a "truly stupid" algorithm, later improved +by Junio Hamano, that works quite well. + +So the algorithm used by "git bisect" to find the best bisection +commit when there are no skipped commits is the following: + +1) keep only the commits that: + +a) are ancestor of the "bad" commit (including the "bad" commit itself), +b) are not ancestor of a "good" commit (excluding the "good" commits). + +This means that we get rid of the uninteresting commits in the DAG. + +For example if we start with a graph like this: + +------------- +G-Y-G-W-W-W-X-X-X-X + \ / + W-W-B + / +Y---G-W---W + \ / \ +Y-Y X-X-X-X + +-> time goes this way -> +------------- + +where B is the "bad" commit, "G" are "good" commits and W, X, and Y +are other commits, we will get the following graph after this first +step: + +------------- +W-W-W + \ + W-W-B + / +W---W +------------- + +So only the W and B commits will be kept. Because commits X and Y will +have been removed by rules a) and b) respectively, and because commits +G are removed by rule b) too. + +Note for Git users, that it is equivalent as keeping only the commit +given by: + +------------- +git rev-list BAD --not GOOD1 GOOD2... +------------- + +Also note that we don't require the commits that are kept to be +descendants of a "good" commit. So in the following example, commits W +and Z will be kept: + +------------- +G-W-W-W-B + / +Z-Z +------------- + +2) starting from the "good" ends of the graph, associate to each +commit the number of ancestors it has plus one + +For example with the following graph where H is the "bad" commit and A +and D are some parents of some "good" commits: + +------------- +A-B-C + \ + F-G-H + / +D---E +------------- + +this will give: + +------------- +1 2 3 +A-B-C + \6 7 8 + F-G-H +1 2/ +D---E +------------- + +3) associate to each commit: min(X, N - X) + +where X is the value associated to the commit in step 2) and N is the +total number of commits in the graph. + +In the above example we have N = 8, so this will give: + +------------- +1 2 3 +A-B-C + \2 1 0 + F-G-H +1 2/ +D---E +------------- + +4) the best bisection point is the commit with the highest associated +number + +So in the above example the best bisection point is commit C. + +5) note that some shortcuts are implemented to speed up the algorithm + +As we know N from the beginning, we know that min(X, N - X) can't be +greater than N/2. So during steps 2) and 3), if we would associate N/2 +to a commit, then we know this is the best bisection point. So in this +case we can just stop processing any other commit and return the +current commit. + +Bisection algorithm debugging +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +For any commit graph, you can see the number associated with each +commit using "git rev-list --bisect-all". + +For example, for the above graph, a command like: + +------------- +$ git rev-list --bisect-all BAD --not GOOD1 GOOD2 +------------- + +would output something like: + +------------- +e15b73ad3db9b48d7d1ade32f8cd23a751fe0ace (dist=3) +15722f2fa328eaba97022898a305ffc8172db6b1 (dist=2) +78e86cf3e850bd755bb71831f42e200626fbd1e0 (dist=2) +a1939d9a142de972094af4dde9a544e577ddef0e (dist=2) +070eab2303024706f2924822bfec8b9847e4ac1b (dist=1) +a3864d4f32a3bf5ed177ddef598490a08760b70d (dist=1) +a41baa717dd74f1180abf55e9341bc7a0bb9d556 (dist=1) +9e622a6dad403b71c40979743bb9d5be17b16bd6 (dist=0) +------------- + +Bisection algorithm discussed +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +First let's define "best bisection point". We will say that a commit X +is a best bisection point or a best bisection commit if knowing its +state ("good" or "bad") gives as much information as possible whether +the state of the commit happens to be "good" or "bad". + +This means that the best bisection commits are the commits where the +following function is maximum: + +------------- +f(X) = min(information_if_good(X), information_if_bad(X)) +------------- + +where information_if_good(X) is the information we get if X is good +and information_if_bad(X) is the information we get if X is bad. + +Now we will suppose that there is only one "first bad commit". This +means that all its descendants are "bad" and all the other commits are +"good". And we will suppose that all commits have an equal probability +of being good or bad, or of being the first bad commit, so knowing the +state of c commits gives always the same amount of information +wherever these c commits are on the graph and whatever c is. (So we +suppose that these commits being for example on a branch or near a +good or a bad commit does not give more or less information). + +Let's also suppose that we have a cleaned up graph like one after step +1) in the bisection algorithm above. This means that we can measure +the information we get in terms of number of commit we can remove from +the graph.. + +And let's take a commit X in the graph. + +If X is found to be "good", then we know that its ancestors are all +"good", so we want to say that: + +------------- +information_if_good(X) = number_of_ancestors(X) (TRUE) +------------- + +And this is true because at step 1) b) we remove the ancestors of the +"good" commits. + +If X is found to be "bad", then we know that its descendants are all +"bad", so we want to say that: + +------------- +information_if_bad(X) = number_of_descendants(X) (WRONG) +------------- + +But this is wrong because at step 1) a) we keep only the ancestors of +the bad commit. So we get more information when a commit is marked as +"bad", because we also know that the ancestors of the previous "bad" +commit that are not ancestors of the new "bad" commit are not the +first bad commit. We don't know if they are good or bad, but we know +that they are not the first bad commit because they are not ancestor +of the new "bad" commit. + +So when a commit is marked as "bad" we know we can remove all the +commits in the graph except those that are ancestors of the new "bad" +commit. This means that: + +------------- +information_if_bad(X) = N - number_of_ancestors(X) (TRUE) +------------- + +where N is the number of commits in the (cleaned up) graph. + +So in the end this means that to find the best bisection commits we +should maximize the function: + +------------- +f(X) = min(number_of_ancestors(X), N - number_of_ancestors(X)) +------------- + +And this is nice because at step 2) we compute number_of_ancestors(X) +and so at step 3) we compute f(X). + +Let's take the following graph as an example: + +------------- + G-H-I-J + / \ +A-B-C-D-E-F O + \ / + K-L-M-N +------------- + +If we compute the following non optimal function on it: + +------------- +g(X) = min(number_of_ancestors(X), number_of_descendants(X)) +------------- + +we get: + +------------- + 4 3 2 1 + G-H-I-J +1 2 3 4 5 6/ \0 +A-B-C-D-E-F O + \ / + K-L-M-N + 4 3 2 1 +------------- + +but with the algorithm used by git bisect we get: + +------------- + 7 7 6 5 + G-H-I-J +1 2 3 4 5 6/ \0 +A-B-C-D-E-F O + \ / + K-L-M-N + 7 7 6 5 +------------- + +So we chose G, H, K or L as the best bisection point, which is better +than F. Because if for example L is bad, then we will know not only +that L, M and N are bad but also that G, H, I and J are not the first +bad commit (since we suppose that there is only one first bad commit +and it must be an ancestor of L). + +So the current algorithm seems to be the best possible given what we +initially supposed. + +Skip algorithm +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When some commits have been skipped (using "git bisect skip"), then +the bisection algorithm is the same for step 1) to 3). But then we use +roughly the following steps: + +6) sort the commit by decreasing associated value + +7) if the first commit has not been skipped, we can return it and stop +here + +8) otherwise filter out all the skipped commits in the sorted list + +9) use a pseudo random number generator (PRNG) to generate a random +number between 0 and 1 + +10) multiply this random number with its square root to bias it toward +0 + +11) multiply the result by the number of commits in the filtered list +to get an index into this list + +12) return the commit at the computed index + +Skip algorithm discussed +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +After step 7) (in the skip algorithm), we could check if the second +commit has been skipped and return it if it is not the case. And in +fact that was the algorithm we used from when "git bisect skip" was +developed in Git version 1.5.4 (released on February 1st 2008) until +Git version 1.6.4 (released July 29th 2009). + +But Ingo Molnar and H. Peter Anvin (another well known linux kernel +developer) both complained that sometimes the best bisection points +all happened to be in an area where all the commits are +untestable. And in this case the user was asked to test many +untestable commits, which could be very inefficient. + +Indeed untestable commits are often untestable because a breakage was +introduced at one time, and that breakage was fixed only after many +other commits were introduced. + +This breakage is of course most of the time unrelated to the breakage +we are trying to locate in the commit graph. But it prevents us to +know if the interesting "bad behavior" is present or not. + +So it is a fact that commits near an untestable commit have a high +probability of being untestable themselves. And the best bisection +commits are often found together too (due to the bisection algorithm). + +This is why it is a bad idea to just chose the next best unskipped +bisection commit when the first one has been skipped. + +We found that most commits on the graph may give quite a lot of +information when they are tested. And the commits that will not on +average give a lot of information are the one near the good and bad +commits. + +So using a PRNG with a bias to favor commits away from the good and +bad commits looked like a good choice. + +One obvious improvement to this algorithm would be to look for a +commit that has an associated value near the one of the best bisection +commit, and that is on another branch, before using the PRNG. Because +if such a commit exists, then it is not very likely to be untestable +too, so it will probably give more information than a nearly randomly +chosen one. + +Checking merge bases +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +There is another tweak in the bisection algorithm that has not been +described in the "bisection algorithm" above. + +We supposed in the previous examples that the "good" commits were +ancestors of the "bad" commit. But this is not a requirement of "git +bisect". + +Of course the "bad" commit cannot be an ancestor of a "good" commit, +because the ancestors of the good commits are supposed to be +"good". And all the "good" commits must be related to the bad commit. +They cannot be on a branch that has no link with the branch of the +"bad" commit. But it is possible for a good commit to be related to a +bad commit and yet not be neither one of its ancestor nor one of its +descendants. + +For example, there can be a "main" branch, and a "dev" branch that was +forked of the main branch at a commit named "D" like this: + +------------- +A-B-C-D-E-F-G <--main + \ + H-I-J <--dev +------------- + +The commit "D" is called a "merge base" for branch "main" and "dev" +because it's the best common ancestor for these branches for a merge. + +Now let's suppose that commit J is bad and commit G is good and that +we apply the bisection algorithm like it has been previously +described. + +As described in step 1) b) of the bisection algorithm, we remove all +the ancestors of the good commits because they are supposed to be good +too. + +So we would be left with only: + +------------- +H-I-J +------------- + +But what happens if the first bad commit is "B" and if it has been +fixed in the "main" branch by commit "F"? + +The result of such a bisection would be that we would find that H is +the first bad commit, when in fact it's B. So that would be wrong! + +And yes it can happen in practice that people working on one branch +are not aware that people working on another branch fixed a bug! It +could also happen that F fixed more than one bug or that it is a +revert of some big development effort that was not ready to be +released. + +In fact development teams often maintain both a development branch and +a maintenance branch, and it would be quite easy for them if "git +bisect" just worked when they want to bisect a regression on the +development branch that is not on the maintenance branch. They should +be able to start bisecting using: + +------------- +$ git bisect start dev main +------------- + +To enable that additional nice feature, when a bisection is started +and when some good commits are not ancestors of the bad commit, we +first compute the merge bases between the bad and the good commits and +we chose these merge bases as the first commits that will be checked +out and tested. + +If it happens that one merge base is bad, then the bisection process +is stopped with a message like: + +------------- +The merge base BBBBBB is bad. +This means the bug has been fixed between BBBBBB and [GGGGGG,...]. +------------- + +where BBBBBB is the sha1 hash of the bad merge base and [GGGGGG,...] +is a comma separated list of the sha1 of the good commits. + +If some of the merge bases are skipped, then the bisection process +continues, but the following message is printed for each skipped merge +base: + +------------- +Warning: the merge base between BBBBBB and [GGGGGG,...] must be skipped. +So we cannot be sure the first bad commit is between MMMMMM and BBBBBB. +We continue anyway. +------------- + +where BBBBBB is the sha1 hash of the bad commit, MMMMMM is the sha1 +hash of the merge base that is skipped and [GGGGGG,...] is a comma +separated list of the sha1 of the good commits. + +So if there is no bad merge base, the bisection process continues as +usual after this step. + +Best bisecting practices +------------------------ + +Using test suites and git bisect together +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +If you both have a test suite and use git bisect, then it becomes less +important to check that all tests pass after each commit. Though of +course it is probably a good idea to have some checks to avoid +breaking too many things because it could make bisecting other bugs +more difficult. + +You can focus your efforts to check at a few points (for example rc +and beta releases) that all the T test cases pass for all the N +configurations. And when some tests don't pass you can use "git +bisect" (or better "git bisect run"). So you should perform roughly: + +------------- +c * N * T + b * M * log2(M) tests +------------- + +where c is the number of rounds of test (so a small constant) and b is +the ratio of bug per commit (hopefully a small constant too). + +So of course it's much better as it's O(N * T) vs O(N * T * M) if +you would test everything after each commit. + +This means that test suites are good to prevent some bugs from being +committed and they are also quite good to tell you that you have some +bugs. But they are not so good to tell you where some bugs have been +introduced. To tell you that efficiently, git bisect is needed. + +The other nice thing with test suites, is that when you have one, you +already know how to test for bad behavior. So you can use this +knowledge to create a new test case for "git bisect" when it appears +that there is a regression. So it will be easier to bisect the bug and +fix it. And then you can add the test case you just created to your +test suite. + +So if you know how to create test cases and how to bisect, you will be +subject to a virtuous circle: + +more tests => easier to create tests => easier to bisect => more tests + +So test suites and "git bisect" are complementary tools that are very +powerful and efficient when used together. + +Bisecting build failures +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +You can very easily automatically bisect broken builds using something +like: + +------------- +$ git bisect start BAD GOOD +$ git bisect run make +------------- + +Passing sh -c "some commands" to "git bisect run" +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +For example: + +------------- +$ git bisect run sh -c "make || exit 125; ./my_app | grep 'good output'" +------------- + +On the other hand if you do this often, then it can be worth having +scripts to avoid too much typing. + +Finding performance regressions +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Here is an example script that comes slightly modified from a real +world script used by Junio Hamano <<4>>. + +This script can be passed to "git bisect run" to find the commit that +introduced a performance regression: + +------------- +#!/bin/sh + +# Build errors are not what I am interested in. +make my_app || exit 255 + +# We are checking if it stops in a reasonable amount of time, so +# let it run in the background... + +./my_app >log 2>&1 & + +# ... and grab its process ID. +pid=$! + +# ... and then wait for sufficiently long. +sleep $NORMAL_TIME + +# ... and then see if the process is still there. +if kill -0 $pid +then + # It is still running -- that is bad. + kill $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid; + exit 1 +else + # It has already finished (the $pid process was no more), + # and we are happy. + exit 0 +fi +------------- + +Following general best practices +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +It is obviously a good idea not to have commits with changes that +knowingly break things, even if some other commits later fix the +breakage. + +It is also a good idea when using any VCS to have only one small +logical change in each commit. + +The smaller the changes in your commit, the most effective "git +bisect" will be. And you will probably need "git bisect" less in the +first place, as small changes are easier to review even if they are +only reviewed by the committer. + +Another good idea is to have good commit messages. They can be very +helpful to understand why some changes were made. + +These general best practices are very helpful if you bisect often. + +Avoiding bug prone merges +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +First merges by themselves can introduce some regressions even when +the merge needs no source code conflict resolution. This is because a +semantic change can happen in one branch while the other branch is not +aware of it. + +For example one branch can change the semantic of a function while the +other branch add more calls to the same function. + +This is made much worse if many files have to be fixed to resolve +conflicts. That's why such merges are called "evil merges". They can +make regressions very difficult to track down. It can even be +misleading to know the first bad commit if it happens to be such a +merge, because people might think that the bug comes from bad conflict +resolution when it comes from a semantic change in one branch. + +Anyway "git rebase" can be used to linearize history. This can be used +either to avoid merging in the first place. Or it can be used to +bisect on a linear history instead of the non linear one, as this +should give more information in case of a semantic change in one +branch. + +Merges can be also made simpler by using smaller branches or by using +many topic branches instead of only long version related branches. + +And testing can be done more often in special integration branches +like linux-next for the linux kernel. + +Adapting your work-flow +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +A special work-flow to process regressions can give great results. + +Here is an example of a work-flow used by Andreas Ericsson: + +* write, in the test suite, a test script that exposes the regression +* use "git bisect run" to find the commit that introduced it +* fix the bug that is often made obvious by the previous step +* commit both the fix and the test script (and if needed more tests) + +And here is what Andreas said about this work-flow <<5>>: + +_____________ +To give some hard figures, we used to have an average report-to-fix +cycle of 142.6 hours (according to our somewhat weird bug-tracker +which just measures wall-clock time). Since we moved to Git, we've +lowered that to 16.2 hours. Primarily because we can stay on top of +the bug fixing now, and because everyone's jockeying to get to fix +bugs (we're quite proud of how lazy we are to let Git find the bugs +for us). Each new release results in ~40% fewer bugs (almost certainly +due to how we now feel about writing tests). +_____________ + +Clearly this work-flow uses the virtuous circle between test suites +and "git bisect". In fact it makes it the standard procedure to deal +with regression. + +In other messages Andreas says that they also use the "best practices" +described above: small logical commits, topic branches, no evil +merge,... These practices all improve the bisectability of the commit +graph, by making it easier and more useful to bisect. + +So a good work-flow should be designed around the above points. That +is making bisecting easier, more useful and standard. + +Involving QA people and if possible end users +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +One nice about "git bisect" is that it is not only a developer +tool. It can effectively be used by QA people or even end users (if +they have access to the source code or if they can get access to all +the builds). + +There was a discussion at one point on the linux kernel mailing list +of whether it was ok to always ask end user to bisect, and very good +points were made to support the point of view that it is ok. + +For example David Miller wrote <<6>>: + +_____________ +What people don't get is that this is a situation where the "end node +principle" applies. When you have limited resources (here: developers) +you don't push the bulk of the burden upon them. Instead you push +things out to the resource you have a lot of, the end nodes (here: +users), so that the situation actually scales. +_____________ + +This means that it is often "cheaper" if QA people or end users can do +it. + +What is interesting too is that end users that are reporting bugs (or +QA people that reproduced a bug) have access to the environment where +the bug happens. So they can often more easily reproduce a +regression. And if they can bisect, then more information will be +extracted from the environment where the bug happens, which means that +it will be easier to understand and then fix the bug. + +For open source projects it can be a good way to get more useful +contributions from end users, and to introduce them to QA and +development activities. + +Using complex scripts +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +In some cases like for kernel development it can be worth developing +complex scripts to be able to fully automate bisecting. + +Here is what Ingo Molnar says about that <<7>>: + +_____________ +i have a fully automated bootup-hang bisection script. It is based on +"git-bisect run". I run the script, it builds and boots kernels fully +automatically, and when the bootup fails (the script notices that via +the serial log, which it continuously watches - or via a timeout, if +the system does not come up within 10 minutes it's a "bad" kernel), +the script raises my attention via a beep and i power cycle the test +box. (yeah, i should make use of a managed power outlet to 100% +automate it) +_____________ + +Combining test suites, git bisect and other systems together +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +We have seen that test suites an git bisect are very powerful when +used together. It can be even more powerful if you can combine them +with other systems. + +For example some test suites could be run automatically at night with +some unusual (or even random) configurations. And if a regression is +found by a test suite, then "git bisect" can be automatically +launched, and its result can be emailed to the author of the first bad +commit found by "git bisect", and perhaps other people too. And a new +entry in the bug tracking system could be automatically created too. + + +The future of bisecting +----------------------- + +"git replace" +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +We saw earlier that "git bisect skip" is now using a PRNG to try to +avoid areas in the commit graph where commits are untestable. The +problem is that sometimes the first bad commit will be in an +untestable area. + +To simplify the discussion we will suppose that the untestable area is +a simple string of commits and that it was created by a breakage +introduced by one commit (let's call it BBC for bisect breaking +commit) and later fixed by another one (let's call it BFC for bisect +fixing commit). + +For example: + +------------- +...-Y-BBC-X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-X6-BFC-Z-... +------------- + +where we know that Y is good and BFC is bad, and where BBC and X1 to +X6 are untestable. + +In this case if you are bisecting manually, what you can do is create +a special branch that starts just before the BBC. The first commit in +this branch should be the BBC with the BFC squashed into it. And the +other commits in the branch should be the commits between BBC and BFC +rebased on the first commit of the branch and then the commit after +BFC also rebased on. + +For example: + +------------- + (BBC+BFC)-X1'-X2'-X3'-X4'-X5'-X6'-Z' + / +...-Y-BBC-X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-X6-BFC-Z-... +------------- + +where commits quoted with ' have been rebased. + +You can easily create such a branch with Git using interactive rebase. + +For example using: + +------------- +$ git rebase -i Y Z +------------- + +and then moving BFC after BBC and squashing it. + +After that you can start bisecting as usual in the new branch and you +should eventually find the first bad commit. + +For example: + +------------- +$ git bisect start Z' Y +------------- + +If you are using "git bisect run", you can use the same manual fix up +as above, and then start another "git bisect run" in the special +branch. Or as the "git bisect" man page says, the script passed to +"git bisect run" can apply a patch before it compiles and test the +software <<8>>. The patch should turn a current untestable commits +into a testable one. So the testing will result in "good" or "bad" and +"git bisect" will be able to find the first bad commit. And the script +should not forget to remove the patch once the testing is done before +exiting from the script. + +(Note that instead of a patch you can use "git cherry-pick BFC" to +apply the fix, and in this case you should use "git reset --hard +HEAD^" to revert the cherry-pick after testing and before returning +from the script.) + +But the above ways to work around untestable areas are a little bit +clunky. Using special branches is nice because these branches can be +shared by developers like usual branches, but the risk is that people +will get many such branches. And it disrupts the normal "git bisect" +work-flow. So, if you want to use "git bisect run" completely +automatically, you have to add special code in your script to restart +bisection in the special branches. + +Anyway one can notice in the above special branch example that the Z' +and Z commits should point to the same source code state (the same +"tree" in git parlance). That's because Z' result from applying the +same changes as Z just in a slightly different order. + +So if we could just "replace" Z by Z' when we bisect, then we would +not need to add anything to a script. It would just work for anyone in +the project sharing the special branches and the replacements. + +With the example above that would give: + +------------- + (BBC+BFC)-X1'-X2'-X3'-X4'-X5'-X6'-Z'-... + / +...-Y-BBC-X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-X6-BFC-Z +------------- + +That's why the "git replace" command was created. Technically it +stores replacements "refs" in the "refs/replace/" hierarchy. These +"refs" are like branches (that are stored in "refs/heads/") or tags +(that are stored in "refs/tags"), and that means that they can +automatically be shared like branches or tags among developers. + +"git replace" is a very powerful mechanism. It can be used to fix +commits in already released history, for example to change the commit +message or the author. And it can also be used instead of git "grafts" +to link a repository with another old repository. + +In fact it's this last feature that "sold" it to the Git community, so +it is now in the "master" branch of Git's Git repository and it should +be released in Git 1.6.5 in October or November 2009. + +One problem with "git replace" is that currently it stores all the +replacements refs in "refs/replace/", but it would be perhaps better +if the replacement refs that are useful only for bisecting would be in +"refs/replace/bisect/". This way the replacement refs could be used +only for bisecting, while other refs directly in "refs/replace/" would +be used nearly all the time. + +Bisecting sporadic bugs +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Another possible improvement to "git bisect" would be to optionally +add some redundancy to the tests performed so that it would be more +reliable when tracking sporadic bugs. + +This has been requested by some kernel developers because some bugs +called sporadic bugs do not appear in all the kernel builds because +they are very dependent on the compiler output. + +The idea is that every 3 test for example, "git bisect" could ask the +user to test a commit that has already been found to be "good" or +"bad" (because one of its descendants or one of its ancestors has been +found to be "good" or "bad" respectively). If it happens that a commit +has been previously incorrectly classified then the bisection can be +aborted early, hopefully before too many mistakes have been made. Then +the user will have to look at what happened and then restart the +bisection using a fixed bisect log. + +There is already a project called BBChop created by Ealdwulf Wuffinga +on Github that does something like that using Bayesian Search Theory +<<9>>: + +_____________ +BBChop is like 'git bisect' (or equivalent), but works when your bug +is intermittent. That is, it works in the presence of false negatives +(when a version happens to work this time even though it contains the +bug). It assumes that there are no false positives (in principle, the +same approach would work, but adding it may be non-trivial). +_____________ + +But BBChop is independent of any VCS and it would be easier for Git +users to have something integrated in Git. + +Conclusion +---------- + +We have seen that regressions are an important problem, and that "git +bisect" has nice features that complement very well practices and +other tools, especially test suites, that are generally used to fight +regressions. But it might be needed to change some work-flows and +(bad) habits to get the most out of it. + +Some improvements to the algorithms inside "git bisect" are possible +and some new features could help in some cases, but overall "git +bisect" works already very well, is used a lot, and is already very +useful. To back up that last claim, let's give the final word to Ingo +Molnar when he was asked by the author how much time does he think +"git bisect" saves him when he uses it: + +_____________ +a _lot_. + +About ten years ago did i do my first 'bisection' of a Linux patch +queue. That was prior the Git (and even prior the BitKeeper) days. I +literally days spent sorting out patches, creating what in essence +were standalone commits that i guessed to be related to that bug. + +It was a tool of absolute last resort. I'd rather spend days looking +at printk output than do a manual 'patch bisection'. + +With Git bisect it's a breeze: in the best case i can get a ~15 step +kernel bisection done in 20-30 minutes, in an automated way. Even with +manual help or when bisecting multiple, overlapping bugs, it's rarely +more than an hour. + +In fact it's invaluable because there are bugs i would never even +_try_ to debug if it wasn't for git bisect. In the past there were bug +patterns that were immediately hopeless for me to debug - at best i +could send the crash/bug signature to lkml and hope that someone else +can think of something. + +And even if a bisection fails today it tells us something valuable +about the bug: that it's non-deterministic - timing or kernel image +layout dependent. + +So git bisect is unconditional goodness - and feel free to quote that +;-) +_____________ + +Acknowledgments +--------------- + +Many thanks to Junio Hamano for his help in reviewing this paper, for +reviewing the patches I sent to the Git mailing list, for discussing +some ideas and helping me improve them, for improving "git bisect" a +lot and for his awesome work in maintaining and developing Git. + +Many thanks to Ingo Molnar for giving me very useful information that +appears in this paper, for commenting on this paper, for his +suggestions to improve "git bisect" and for evangelizing "git bisect" +on the linux kernel mailing lists. + +Many thanks to Linus Torvalds for inventing, developing and +evangelizing "git bisect", Git and Linux. + +Many thanks to the many other great people who helped one way or +another when I worked on Git, especially to Andreas Ericsson, Johannes +Schindelin, H. Peter Anvin, Daniel Barkalow, Bill Lear, John Hawley, +Shawn O. Pierce, Jeff King, Sam Vilain, Jon Seymour. + +Many thanks to the Linux-Kongress program committee for choosing the +author to given a talk and for publishing this paper. + +References +---------- + +- [[[1]]] http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n02-10.htm['Software Errors Cost U.S. Economy $59.5 Billion Annually'. Nist News Release.] +- [[[2]]] http://java.sun.com/docs/codeconv/html/CodeConventions.doc.html#16712['Code Conventions for the Java Programming Language'. Sun Microsystems.] +- [[[3]]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenance['Software maintenance'. Wikipedia.] +- [[[4]]] http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/45195/[Junio C Hamano. 'Automated bisect success story'. Gmane.] +- [[[5]]] http://lwn.net/Articles/317154/[Christian Couder. 'Fully automated bisecting with "git bisect run"'. LWN.net.] +- [[[6]]] http://lwn.net/Articles/277872/[Jonathan Corbet. 'Bisection divides users and developers'. LWN.net.] +- [[[7]]] http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.scsi/36652/[Ingo Molnar. 'Re: BUG 2.6.23-rc3 can't see sd partitions on Alpha'. Gmane.] +- [[[8]]] http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-bisect.html[Junio C Hamano and the git-list. 'git-bisect(1) Manual Page'. Linux Kernel Archives.] +- [[[9]]] http://github.com/Ealdwulf/bbchop[Ealdwulf. 'bbchop'. GitHub.] diff --git a/Documentation/git-bisect.txt b/Documentation/git-bisect.txt index 147ea38197..bdd915a66b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-bisect.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-bisect.txt @@ -3,11 +3,12 @@ git-bisect(1) NAME ---- -git-bisect - Find the change that introduced a bug by binary search +git-bisect - Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a bug SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git bisect' <subcommand> <options> DESCRIPTION @@ -15,94 +16,197 @@ DESCRIPTION The command takes various subcommands, and different options depending on the subcommand: - git bisect help - git bisect start [<bad> [<good>...]] [--] [<paths>...] - git bisect bad [<rev>] - git bisect good [<rev>...] + git bisect start [--term-{old,good}=<term> --term-{new,bad}=<term>] + [--no-checkout] [<bad> [<good>...]] [--] [<paths>...] + git bisect (bad|new|<term-new>) [<rev>] + git bisect (good|old|<term-old>) [<rev>...] + git bisect terms [--term-good | --term-bad] git bisect skip [(<rev>|<range>)...] - git bisect reset [<branch>] + git bisect reset [<commit>] git bisect visualize git bisect replay <logfile> git bisect log git bisect run <cmd>... + git bisect help -This command uses 'git rev-list --bisect' to help drive the -binary search process to find which change introduced a bug, given an -old "good" commit object name and a later "bad" commit object name. - -Getting help -~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Use "git bisect" to get a short usage description, and "git bisect -help" or "git bisect -h" to get a long usage description. +This command uses a binary search algorithm to find which commit in +your project's history introduced a bug. You use it by first telling +it a "bad" commit that is known to contain the bug, and a "good" +commit that is known to be before the bug was introduced. Then `git +bisect` picks a commit between those two endpoints and asks you +whether the selected commit is "good" or "bad". It continues narrowing +down the range until it finds the exact commit that introduced the +change. + +In fact, `git bisect` can be used to find the commit that changed +*any* property of your project; e.g., the commit that fixed a bug, or +the commit that caused a benchmark's performance to improve. To +support this more general usage, the terms "old" and "new" can be used +in place of "good" and "bad", or you can choose your own terms. See +section "Alternate terms" below for more information. Basic bisect commands: start, bad, good ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The way you use it is: +As an example, suppose you are trying to find the commit that broke a +feature that was known to work in version `v2.6.13-rc2` of your +project. You start a bisect session as follows: ------------------------------------------------ $ git bisect start $ git bisect bad # Current version is bad -$ git bisect good v2.6.13-rc2 # v2.6.13-rc2 was the last version - # tested that was good +$ git bisect good v2.6.13-rc2 # v2.6.13-rc2 is known to be good ------------------------------------------------ -When you give at least one bad and one good versions, it will bisect -the revision tree and say something like: +Once you have specified at least one bad and one good commit, `git +bisect` selects a commit in the middle of that range of history, +checks it out, and outputs something similar to the following: ------------------------------------------------ -Bisecting: 675 revisions left to test after this +Bisecting: 675 revisions left to test after this (roughly 10 steps) ------------------------------------------------ -and check out the state in the middle. Now, compile that kernel, and -boot it. Now, let's say that this booted kernel works fine, then just -do +You should now compile the checked-out version and test it. If that +version works correctly, type ------------------------------------------------ -$ git bisect good # this one is good +$ git bisect good ------------------------------------------------ -which will now say +If that version is broken, type ------------------------------------------------ -Bisecting: 337 revisions left to test after this +$ git bisect bad ------------------------------------------------ -and you continue along, compiling that one, testing it, and depending -on whether it is good or bad, you say "git bisect good" or "git bisect -bad", and ask for the next bisection. +Then `git bisect` will respond with something like + +------------------------------------------------ +Bisecting: 337 revisions left to test after this (roughly 9 steps) +------------------------------------------------ + +Keep repeating the process: compile the tree, test it, and depending +on whether it is good or bad run `git bisect good` or `git bisect bad` +to ask for the next commit that needs testing. + +Eventually there will be no more revisions left to inspect, and the +command will print out a description of the first bad commit. The +reference `refs/bisect/bad` will be left pointing at that commit. -Until you have no more left, and you'll have been left with the first -bad kernel rev in "refs/bisect/bad". Bisect reset ~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Oh, and then after you want to reset to the original head, do a +After a bisect session, to clean up the bisection state and return to +the original HEAD, issue the following command: ------------------------------------------------ $ git bisect reset ------------------------------------------------ -to get back to the original branch, instead of being on the bisection -commit ("git bisect start" will do that for you too, actually: it will -reset the bisection state). +By default, this will return your tree to the commit that was checked +out before `git bisect start`. (A new `git bisect start` will also do +that, as it cleans up the old bisection state.) + +With an optional argument, you can return to a different commit +instead: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git bisect reset <commit> +------------------------------------------------ + +For example, `git bisect reset bisect/bad` will check out the first +bad revision, while `git bisect reset HEAD` will leave you on the +current bisection commit and avoid switching commits at all. + + +Alternate terms +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Sometimes you are not looking for the commit that introduced a +breakage, but rather for a commit that caused a change between some +other "old" state and "new" state. For example, you might be looking +for the commit that introduced a particular fix. Or you might be +looking for the first commit in which the source-code filenames were +finally all converted to your company's naming standard. Or whatever. + +In such cases it can be very confusing to use the terms "good" and +"bad" to refer to "the state before the change" and "the state after +the change". So instead, you can use the terms "old" and "new", +respectively, in place of "good" and "bad". (But note that you cannot +mix "good" and "bad" with "old" and "new" in a single session.) + +In this more general usage, you provide `git bisect` with a "new" +commit has some property and an "old" commit that doesn't have that +property. Each time `git bisect` checks out a commit, you test if that +commit has the property. If it does, mark the commit as "new"; +otherwise, mark it as "old". When the bisection is done, `git bisect` +will report which commit introduced the property. + +To use "old" and "new" instead of "good" and bad, you must run `git +bisect start` without commits as argument and then run the following +commands to add the commits: + +------------------------------------------------ +git bisect old [<rev>] +------------------------------------------------ + +to indicate that a commit was before the sought change, or + +------------------------------------------------ +git bisect new [<rev>...] +------------------------------------------------ + +to indicate that it was after. + +To get a reminder of the currently used terms, use + +------------------------------------------------ +git bisect terms +------------------------------------------------ + +You can get just the old (respectively new) term with `git bisect term +--term-old` or `git bisect term --term-good`. + +If you would like to use your own terms instead of "bad"/"good" or +"new"/"old", you can choose any names you like (except existing bisect +subcommands like `reset`, `start`, ...) by starting the +bisection using + +------------------------------------------------ +git bisect start --term-old <term-old> --term-new <term-new> +------------------------------------------------ + +For example, if you are looking for a commit that introduced a +performance regression, you might use + +------------------------------------------------ +git bisect start --term-old fast --term-new slow +------------------------------------------------ + +Or if you are looking for the commit that fixed a bug, you might use + +------------------------------------------------ +git bisect start --term-new fixed --term-old broken +------------------------------------------------ + +Then, use `git bisect <term-old>` and `git bisect <term-new>` instead +of `git bisect good` and `git bisect bad` to mark commits. Bisect visualize ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -During the bisection process, you can say +To see the currently remaining suspects in 'gitk', issue the following +command during the bisection process: ------------ $ git bisect visualize ------------ -to see the currently remaining suspects in 'gitk'. `visualize` is a bit -too long to type and `view` is provided as a synonym. +`view` may also be used as a synonym for `visualize`. -If 'DISPLAY' environment variable is not set, 'git log' is used -instead. You can even give command line options such as `-p` and +If the `DISPLAY` environment variable is not set, 'git log' is used +instead. You can also give command-line options such as `-p` and `--stat`. ------------ @@ -112,92 +216,94 @@ $ git bisect view --stat Bisect log and bisect replay ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The good/bad input is logged, and +After having marked revisions as good or bad, issue the following +command to show what has been done so far: ------------ $ git bisect log ------------ -shows what you have done so far. You can truncate its output somewhere -and save it in a file, and run +If you discover that you made a mistake in specifying the status of a +revision, you can save the output of this command to a file, edit it to +remove the incorrect entries, and then issue the following commands to +return to a corrected state: ------------ +$ git bisect reset $ git bisect replay that-file ------------ -if you find later you made a mistake telling good/bad about a -revision. - -Avoiding to test a commit +Avoiding testing a commit ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -If in a middle of bisect session, you know what the bisect suggested -to try next is not a good one to test (e.g. the change the commit -introduces is known not to work in your environment and you know it -does not have anything to do with the bug you are chasing), you may -want to find a near-by commit and try that instead. +If, in the middle of a bisect session, you know that the suggested +revision is not a good one to test (e.g. it fails to build and you +know that the failure does not have anything to do with the bug you +are chasing), you can manually select a nearby commit and test that +one instead. -It goes something like this: +For example: ------------ -$ git bisect good/bad # previous round was good/bad. -Bisecting: 337 revisions left to test after this +$ git bisect good/bad # previous round was good or bad. +Bisecting: 337 revisions left to test after this (roughly 9 steps) $ git bisect visualize # oops, that is uninteresting. -$ git reset --hard HEAD~3 # try 3 revs before what +$ git reset --hard HEAD~3 # try 3 revisions before what # was suggested ------------ -Then compile and test the one you chose to try. After that, tell -bisect what the result was as usual. +Then compile and test the chosen revision, and afterwards mark +the revision as good or bad in the usual manner. Bisect skip -~~~~~~~~~~~~ +~~~~~~~~~~~ -Instead of choosing by yourself a nearby commit, you may just want git -to do it for you using: +Instead of choosing a nearby commit by yourself, you can ask Git to do +it for you by issuing the command: ------------ $ git bisect skip # Current version cannot be tested ------------ -But computing the commit to test may be slower afterwards and git may -eventually not be able to tell the first bad among a bad and one or -more "skip"ped commits. +However, if you skip a commit adjacent to the one you are looking for, +Git will be unable to tell exactly which of those commits was the +first bad one. -You can even skip a range of commits, instead of just one commit, -using the "'<commit1>'..'<commit2>'" notation. For example: +You can also skip a range of commits, instead of just one commit, +using range notation. For example: ------------ $ git bisect skip v2.5..v2.6 ------------ -would mean that no commit between `v2.5` excluded and `v2.6` included -can be tested. +This tells the bisect process that no commit after `v2.5`, up to and +including `v2.6`, should be tested. -Note that if you want to also skip the first commit of a range you can -use something like: +Note that if you also want to skip the first commit of the range you +would issue the command: ------------ $ git bisect skip v2.5 v2.5..v2.6 ------------ -and the commit pointed to by `v2.5` will be skipped too. +This tells the bisect process that the commits between `v2.5` and +`v2.6` (inclusive) should be skipped. + Cutting down bisection by giving more parameters to bisect start ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -You can further cut down the number of trials if you know what part of -the tree is involved in the problem you are tracking down, by giving -paths parameters when you say `bisect start`, like this: +You can further cut down the number of trials, if you know what part of +the tree is involved in the problem you are tracking down, by specifying +path parameters when issuing the `bisect start` command: ------------ $ git bisect start -- arch/i386 include/asm-i386 ------------ -If you know beforehand more than one good commits, you can narrow the -bisect space down without doing the whole tree checkout every time you -give good commits. You give the bad revision immediately after `start` -and then you give all the good revisions you have: +If you know beforehand more than one good commit, you can narrow the +bisect space down by specifying all of the good commits immediately after +the bad commit when issuing the `bisect start` command: ------------ $ git bisect start v2.6.20-rc6 v2.6.20-rc4 v2.6.20-rc1 -- @@ -209,38 +315,56 @@ Bisect run ~~~~~~~~~~ If you have a script that can tell if the current source code is good -or bad, you can automatically bisect using: +or bad, you can bisect by issuing the command: ------------ -$ git bisect run my_script +$ git bisect run my_script arguments ------------ -Note that the "run" script (`my_script` in the above example) should -exit with code 0 in case the current source code is good. Exit with a -code between 1 and 127 (inclusive), except 125, if the current -source code is bad. +Note that the script (`my_script` in the above example) should exit +with code 0 if the current source code is good/old, and exit with a +code between 1 and 127 (inclusive), except 125, if the current source +code is bad/new. -Any other exit code will abort the automatic bisect process. (A -program that does "exit(-1)" leaves $? = 255, see exit(3) manual page, -the value is chopped with "& 0377".) +Any other exit code will abort the bisect process. It should be noted +that a program that terminates via `exit(-1)` leaves $? = 255, (see the +exit(3) manual page), as the value is chopped with `& 0377`. The special exit code 125 should be used when the current source code -cannot be tested. If the "run" script exits with this code, the current -revision will be skipped, see `git bisect skip` above. - -You may often find that during bisect you want to have near-constant -tweaks (e.g., s/#define DEBUG 0/#define DEBUG 1/ in a header file, or -"revision that does not have this commit needs this patch applied to -work around other problem this bisection is not interested in") -applied to the revision being tested. +cannot be tested. If the script exits with this code, the current +revision will be skipped (see `git bisect skip` above). 125 was chosen +as the highest sensible value to use for this purpose, because 126 and 127 +are used by POSIX shells to signal specific error status (127 is for +command not found, 126 is for command found but not executable--these +details do not matter, as they are normal errors in the script, as far as +`bisect run` is concerned). + +You may often find that during a bisect session you want to have +temporary modifications (e.g. s/#define DEBUG 0/#define DEBUG 1/ in a +header file, or "revision that does not have this commit needs this +patch applied to work around another problem this bisection is not +interested in") applied to the revision being tested. To cope with such a situation, after the inner 'git bisect' finds the -next revision to test, with the "run" script, you can apply that tweak -before compiling, run the real test, and after the test decides if the -revision (possibly with the needed tweaks) passed the test, rewind the -tree to the pristine state. Finally the "run" script can exit with -the status of the real test to let the "git bisect run" command loop to -determine the outcome. +next revision to test, the script can apply the patch +before compiling, run the real test, and afterwards decide if the +revision (possibly with the needed patch) passed the test and then +rewind the tree to the pristine state. Finally the script should exit +with the status of the real test to let the `git bisect run` command loop +determine the eventual outcome of the bisect session. + +OPTIONS +------- +--no-checkout:: ++ +Do not checkout the new working tree at each iteration of the bisection +process. Instead just update a special reference named `BISECT_HEAD` to make +it point to the commit that should be tested. ++ +This option may be useful when the test you would perform in each step +does not require a checked out tree. ++ +If the repository is bare, `--no-checkout` is assumed. EXAMPLES -------- @@ -250,54 +374,126 @@ EXAMPLES ------------ $ git bisect start HEAD v1.2 -- # HEAD is bad, v1.2 is good $ git bisect run make # "make" builds the app +$ git bisect reset # quit the bisect session +------------ + +* Automatically bisect a test failure between origin and HEAD: ++ +------------ +$ git bisect start HEAD origin -- # HEAD is bad, origin is good +$ git bisect run make test # "make test" builds and tests +$ git bisect reset # quit the bisect session ------------ -* Automatically bisect a broken test suite: +* Automatically bisect a broken test case: + ------------ $ cat ~/test.sh #!/bin/sh -make || exit 125 # this "skip"s broken builds -make test # "make test" runs the test suite -$ git bisect start v1.3 v1.1 -- # v1.3 is bad, v1.1 is good +make || exit 125 # this skips broken builds +~/check_test_case.sh # does the test case pass? +$ git bisect start HEAD HEAD~10 -- # culprit is among the last 10 $ git bisect run ~/test.sh +$ git bisect reset # quit the bisect session ------------ + -Here we use a "test.sh" custom script. In this script, if "make" -fails, we "skip" the current commit. -+ -It's safer to use a custom script outside the repo to prevent -interactions between the bisect, make and test processes and the -script. +Here we use a `test.sh` custom script. In this script, if `make` +fails, we skip the current commit. +`check_test_case.sh` should `exit 0` if the test case passes, +and `exit 1` otherwise. + -And "make test" should "exit 0", if the test suite passes, and -"exit 1" (for example) otherwise. +It is safer if both `test.sh` and `check_test_case.sh` are +outside the repository to prevent interactions between the bisect, +make and test processes and the scripts. -* Automatically bisect a broken test case: +* Automatically bisect with temporary modifications (hot-fix): + ------------ $ cat ~/test.sh #!/bin/sh -make || exit 125 # this "skip"s broken builds -~/check_test_case.sh # does the test case passes ? + +# tweak the working tree by merging the hot-fix branch +# and then attempt a build +if git merge --no-commit hot-fix && + make +then + # run project specific test and report its status + ~/check_test_case.sh + status=$? +else + # tell the caller this is untestable + status=125 +fi + +# undo the tweak to allow clean flipping to the next commit +git reset --hard + +# return control +exit $status +------------ ++ +This applies modifications from a hot-fix branch before each test run, +e.g. in case your build or test environment changed so that older +revisions may need a fix which newer ones have already. (Make sure the +hot-fix branch is based off a commit which is contained in all revisions +which you are bisecting, so that the merge does not pull in too much, or +use `git cherry-pick` instead of `git merge`.) + +* Automatically bisect a broken test case: ++ +------------ $ git bisect start HEAD HEAD~10 -- # culprit is among the last 10 -$ git bisect run ~/test.sh +$ git bisect run sh -c "make || exit 125; ~/check_test_case.sh" +$ git bisect reset # quit the bisect session +------------ ++ +This shows that you can do without a run script if you write the test +on a single line. + +* Locate a good region of the object graph in a damaged repository ++ +------------ +$ git bisect start HEAD <known-good-commit> [ <boundary-commit> ... ] --no-checkout +$ git bisect run sh -c ' + GOOD=$(git for-each-ref "--format=%(objectname)" refs/bisect/good-*) && + git rev-list --objects BISECT_HEAD --not $GOOD >tmp.$$ && + git pack-objects --stdout >/dev/null <tmp.$$ + rc=$? + rm -f tmp.$$ + test $rc = 0' + +$ git bisect reset # quit the bisect session ------------ + -Here "check_test_case.sh" should "exit 0", if the test case passes, -and "exit 1" (for example) otherwise. +In this case, when 'git bisect run' finishes, bisect/bad will refer to a commit that +has at least one parent whose reachable graph is fully traversable in the sense +required by 'git pack objects'. + +* Look for a fix instead of a regression in the code ++ +------------ +$ git bisect start +$ git bisect new HEAD # current commit is marked as new +$ git bisect old HEAD~10 # the tenth commit from now is marked as old +------------ + -It's safer if both "test.sh" and "check_test_case.sh" scripts are -outside the repo to prevent interactions between the bisect, make and -test processes and the scripts. +or: +------------ +$ git bisect start --term-old broken --term-new fixed +$ git bisect fixed +$ git bisect broken HEAD~10 +------------ -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> +Getting help +~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Documentation -------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +Use `git bisect` to get a short usage description, and `git bisect +help` or `git bisect -h` to get a long usage description. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +link:git-bisect-lk2009.html[Fighting regressions with git bisect], +linkgit:git-blame[1]. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-blame.txt b/Documentation/git-blame.txt index fba374d652..fdc3aea30a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-blame.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-blame.txt @@ -8,9 +8,10 @@ git-blame - Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git blame' [-c] [-b] [-l] [--root] [-t] [-f] [-n] [-s] [-p] [-w] [--incremental] [-L n,m] - [-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>] - [<rev> | --contents <file>] [--] <file> +'git blame' [-c] [-b] [-l] [--root] [-t] [-f] [-n] [-s] [-e] [-p] [-w] [--incremental] + [-L <range>] [-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>] + [--progress] [--abbrev=<n>] [<rev> | --contents <file> | --reverse <rev>..<rev>] + [--] <file> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -18,17 +19,25 @@ DESCRIPTION Annotates each line in the given file with information from the revision which last modified the line. Optionally, start annotating from the given revision. -Also it can limit the range of lines annotated. +When specified one or more times, `-L` restricts annotation to the requested +lines. -This report doesn't tell you anything about lines which have been deleted or -replaced; you need to use a tool such as 'git-diff' or the "pickaxe" +The origin of lines is automatically followed across whole-file +renames (currently there is no option to turn the rename-following +off). To follow lines moved from one file to another, or to follow +lines that were copied and pasted from another file, etc., see the +`-C` and `-M` options. + +The report does not tell you anything about lines which have been deleted or +replaced; you need to use a tool such as 'git diff' or the "pickaxe" interface briefly mentioned in the following paragraph. -Apart from supporting file annotation, git also supports searching the +Apart from supporting file annotation, Git also supports searching the development history for when a code snippet occurred in a change. This makes it possible to track when a code snippet was added to a file, moved or copied between files, and eventually deleted or replaced. It works by searching for -a text string in the diff. A small example: +a text string in the diff. A small example of the pickaxe interface +that searches for `blame_usage`: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- $ git log --pretty=oneline -S'blame_usage' @@ -48,26 +57,39 @@ include::blame-options.txt[] lines between files (see `-C`) and lines moved within a file (see `-M`). The first number listed is the score. This is the number of alphanumeric characters detected - to be moved between or within files. This must be above - a certain threshold for 'git-blame' to consider those lines + as having been moved between or within files. This must be above + a certain threshold for 'git blame' to consider those lines of code to have been moved. -f:: --show-name:: - Show filename in the original commit. By default - filename is shown if there is any line that came from a - file with different name, due to rename detection. + Show the filename in the original commit. By default + the filename is shown if there is any line that came from a + file with a different name, due to rename detection. -n:: --show-number:: - Show line number in the original commit (Default: off). + Show the line number in the original commit (Default: off). -s:: - Suppress author name and timestamp from the output. + Suppress the author name and timestamp from the output. + +-e:: +--show-email:: + Show the author email instead of author name (Default: off). + This can also be controlled via the `blame.showEmail` config + option. -w:: - Ignore whitespace when comparing parent's version and - child's to find where the lines came from. + Ignore whitespace when comparing the parent's version and + the child's to find where the lines came from. + +--abbrev=<n>:: + Instead of using the default 7+1 hexadecimal digits as the + abbreviated object name, use <n>+1 digits. Note that 1 column + is used for a caret to mark the boundary commit. + +include::diff-heuristic-options.txt[] THE PORCELAIN FORMAT @@ -79,46 +101,62 @@ header at the minimum has the first line which has: - 40-byte SHA-1 of the commit the line is attributed to; - the line number of the line in the original file; - the line number of the line in the final file; -- on a line that starts a group of line from a different +- on a line that starts a group of lines from a different commit than the previous one, the number of lines in this group. On subsequent lines this field is absent. This header line is followed by the following information at least once for each commit: -- author name ("author"), email ("author-mail"), time - ("author-time"), and timezone ("author-tz"); similarly +- the author name ("author"), email ("author-mail"), time + ("author-time"), and time zone ("author-tz"); similarly for committer. -- filename in the commit the line is attributed to. +- the filename in the commit that the line is attributed to. - the first line of the commit log message ("summary"). The contents of the actual line is output after the above header, prefixed by a TAB. This is to allow adding more header elements later. +The porcelain format generally suppresses commit information that has +already been seen. For example, two lines that are blamed to the same +commit will both be shown, but the details for that commit will be shown +only once. This is more efficient, but may require more state be kept by +the reader. The `--line-porcelain` option can be used to output full +commit information for each line, allowing simpler (but less efficient) +usage like: + + # count the number of lines attributed to each author + git blame --line-porcelain file | + sed -n 's/^author //p' | + sort | uniq -c | sort -rn + SPECIFYING RANGES ----------------- -Unlike 'git-blame' and 'git-annotate' in older git, the extent -of annotation can be limited to both line ranges and revision -ranges. When you are interested in finding the origin for -ll. 40-60 for file `foo`, you can use `-L` option like these +Unlike 'git blame' and 'git annotate' in older versions of git, the extent +of the annotation can be limited to both line ranges and revision +ranges. The `-L` option, which limits annotation to a range of lines, may be +specified multiple times. + +When you are interested in finding the origin for +lines 40-60 for file `foo`, you can use the `-L` option like so (they mean the same thing -- both ask for 21 lines starting at line 40): git blame -L 40,60 foo git blame -L 40,+21 foo -Also you can use regular expression to specify the line range. +Also you can use a regular expression to specify the line range: git blame -L '/^sub hello {/,/^}$/' foo -would limit the annotation to the body of `hello` subroutine. +which limits the annotation to the body of the `hello` subroutine. -When you are not interested in changes older than the version +When you are not interested in changes older than version v2.6.18, or changes older than 3 weeks, you can use revision -range specifiers similar to 'git-rev-list': +range specifiers similar to 'git rev-list': git blame v2.6.18.. -- foo git blame --since=3.weeks -- foo @@ -129,7 +167,7 @@ commit v2.6.18 or the most recent commit that is more than 3 weeks old in the above example) are blamed for that range boundary commit. -A particularly useful way is to see if an added file have lines +A particularly useful way is to see if an added file has lines created by copy-and-paste from existing files. Sometimes this indicates that the developer was being sloppy and did not refactor the code properly. You can first find the commit that @@ -138,7 +176,7 @@ introduced the file with: git log --diff-filter=A --pretty=short -- foo and then annotate the change between the commit and its -parents, using `commit{caret}!` notation: +parents, using `commit^!` notation: git blame -C -C -f $commit^! -- foo @@ -162,36 +200,38 @@ annotated. + Line numbers count from 1. -. The first time that commit shows up in the stream, it has various +. The first time that a commit shows up in the stream, it has various other information about it printed out with a one-word tag at the - beginning of each line about that "extended commit info" (author, - email, committer, dates, summary etc). + beginning of each line describing the extra commit information (author, + email, committer, dates, summary, etc.). -. Unlike Porcelain format, the filename information is always +. Unlike the Porcelain format, the filename information is always given and terminates the entry: "filename" <whitespace-quoted-filename-goes-here> + -and thus it's really quite easy to parse for some line- and word-oriented +and thus it is really quite easy to parse for some line- and word-oriented parser (which should be quite natural for most scripting languages). + [NOTE] For people who do parsing: to make it more robust, just ignore any -lines in between the first and last one ("<sha1>" and "filename" lines) -where you don't recognize the tag-words (or care about that particular +lines between the first and last one ("<sha1>" and "filename" lines) +where you do not recognize the tag words (or care about that particular one) at the beginning of the "extended information" lines. That way, if there is ever added information (like the commit encoding or extended -commit commentary), a blame viewer won't ever care. +commit commentary), a blame viewer will not care. + + +MAPPING AUTHORS +--------------- + +include::mailmap.txt[] SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-annotate[1] -AUTHOR ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-branch.txt index 6103d62fe3..81bd0a7b77 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-branch.txt @@ -8,44 +8,57 @@ git-branch - List, create, or delete branches SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git branch' [--color | --no-color] [-r | -a] - [-v [--abbrev=<length> | --no-abbrev]] - [(--merged | --no-merged | --contains) [<commit>]] -'git branch' [--track | --no-track] [-l] [-f] <branchname> [<start-point>] +'git branch' [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [-r | -a] + [--list] [-v [--abbrev=<length> | --no-abbrev]] + [--column[=<options>] | --no-column] [--sort=<key>] + [(--merged | --no-merged) [<commit>]] + [--contains [<commit]] [--no-contains [<commit>]] + [--points-at <object>] [--format=<format>] [<pattern>...] +'git branch' [--set-upstream | --track | --no-track] [-l] [-f] <branchname> [<start-point>] +'git branch' (--set-upstream-to=<upstream> | -u <upstream>) [<branchname>] +'git branch' --unset-upstream [<branchname>] 'git branch' (-m | -M) [<oldbranch>] <newbranch> 'git branch' (-d | -D) [-r] <branchname>... +'git branch' --edit-description [<branchname>] DESCRIPTION ----------- -With no arguments, existing branches are listed, the current branch will -be highlighted with an asterisk. Option `-r` causes the remote-tracking -branches to be listed, and option `-a` shows both. - -With `--contains`, shows only the branches that contains the named commit -(in other words, the branches whose tip commits are descendant of the -named commit). With `--merged`, only branches merged into the named -commit (i.e. the branches whose tip commits are reachable from the named -commit) will be listed. With `--no-merged` only branches not merged into -the named commit will be listed. Missing <commit> argument defaults to -'HEAD' (i.e. the tip of the current branch). - -In its second form, a new branch named <branchname> will be created. -It will start out with a head equal to the one given as <start-point>. -If no <start-point> is given, the branch will be created with a head -equal to that of the currently checked out branch. +If `--list` is given, or if there are no non-option arguments, existing +branches are listed; the current branch will be highlighted with an +asterisk. Option `-r` causes the remote-tracking branches to be listed, +and option `-a` shows both local and remote branches. If a `<pattern>` +is given, it is used as a shell wildcard to restrict the output to +matching branches. If multiple patterns are given, a branch is shown if +it matches any of the patterns. Note that when providing a +`<pattern>`, you must use `--list`; otherwise the command is interpreted +as branch creation. + +With `--contains`, shows only the branches that contain the named commit +(in other words, the branches whose tip commits are descendants of the +named commit), `--no-contains` inverts it. With `--merged`, only branches +merged into the named commit (i.e. the branches whose tip commits are +reachable from the named commit) will be listed. With `--no-merged` only +branches not merged into the named commit will be listed. If the <commit> +argument is missing it defaults to `HEAD` (i.e. the tip of the current +branch). + +The command's second form creates a new branch head named <branchname> +which points to the current `HEAD`, or <start-point> if given. Note that this will create the new branch, but it will not switch the working tree to it; use "git checkout <newbranch>" to switch to the new branch. -When a local branch is started off a remote branch, git sets up the -branch so that 'git-pull' will appropriately merge from -the remote branch. This behavior may be changed via the global -`branch.autosetupmerge` configuration flag. That setting can be -overridden by using the `--track` and `--no-track` options. +When a local branch is started off a remote-tracking branch, Git sets up the +branch (specifically the `branch.<name>.remote` and `branch.<name>.merge` +configuration entries) so that 'git pull' will appropriately merge from +the remote-tracking branch. This behavior may be changed via the global +`branch.autoSetupMerge` configuration flag. That setting can be +overridden by using the `--track` and `--no-track` options, and +changed later using `git branch --set-upstream-to`. -With a '-m' or '-M' option, <oldbranch> will be renamed to <newbranch>. +With a `-m` or `-M` option, <oldbranch> will be renamed to <newbranch>. If <oldbranch> had a corresponding reflog, it is renamed to match <newbranch>, and a reflog entry is created to remember the branch renaming. If <newbranch> exists, -M must be used to force the rename @@ -55,83 +68,171 @@ With a `-d` or `-D` option, `<branchname>` will be deleted. You may specify more than one branch for deletion. If the branch currently has a reflog then the reflog will also be deleted. -Use -r together with -d to delete remote-tracking branches. Note, that it +Use `-r` together with `-d` to delete remote-tracking branches. Note, that it only makes sense to delete remote-tracking branches if they no longer exist -in remote repository or if 'git-fetch' was configured not to fetch -them again. See also 'prune' subcommand of linkgit:git-remote[1] for way to -clean up all obsolete remote-tracking branches. +in the remote repository or if 'git fetch' was configured not to fetch +them again. See also the 'prune' subcommand of linkgit:git-remote[1] for a +way to clean up all obsolete remote-tracking branches. OPTIONS ------- -d:: - Delete a branch. The branch must be fully merged in HEAD. +--delete:: + Delete a branch. The branch must be fully merged in its + upstream branch, or in `HEAD` if no upstream was set with + `--track` or `--set-upstream`. -D:: - Delete a branch irrespective of its merged status. + Shortcut for `--delete --force`. -l:: +--create-reflog:: Create the branch's reflog. This activates recording of all changes made to the branch ref, enabling use of date based sha1 expressions such as "<branchname>@\{yesterday}". + Note that in non-bare repositories, reflogs are usually + enabled by default by the `core.logallrefupdates` config option. + The negated form `--no-create-reflog` only overrides an earlier + `--create-reflog`, but currently does not negate the setting of + `core.logallrefupdates`. -f:: - Force the creation of a new branch even if it means deleting - a branch that already exists with the same name. +--force:: + Reset <branchname> to <startpoint> if <branchname> exists + already. Without `-f` 'git branch' refuses to change an existing branch. + In combination with `-d` (or `--delete`), allow deleting the + branch irrespective of its merged status. In combination with + `-m` (or `--move`), allow renaming the branch even if the new + branch name already exists. -m:: +--move:: Move/rename a branch and the corresponding reflog. -M:: - Move/rename a branch even if the new branchname already exists. + Shortcut for `--move --force`. ---color:: - Color branches to highlight current, local, and remote branches. +--color[=<when>]:: + Color branches to highlight current, local, and + remote-tracking branches. + The value must be always (the default), never, or auto. --no-color:: Turn off branch colors, even when the configuration file gives the default to color output. + Same as `--color=never`. + +-i:: +--ignore-case:: + Sorting and filtering branches are case insensitive. + +--column[=<options>]:: +--no-column:: + Display branch listing in columns. See configuration variable + column.branch for option syntax.`--column` and `--no-column` + without options are equivalent to 'always' and 'never' respectively. ++ +This option is only applicable in non-verbose mode. -r:: +--remotes:: List or delete (if used with -d) the remote-tracking branches. -a:: +--all:: List both remote-tracking branches and local branches. +--list:: + List branches. With optional `<pattern>...`, e.g. `git + branch --list 'maint-*'`, list only the branches that match + the pattern(s). ++ +This should not be confused with `git branch -l <branchname>`, +which creates a branch named `<branchname>` with a reflog. +See `--create-reflog` above for details. + -v:: +-vv:: --verbose:: - Show sha1 and commit subject line for each head. + When in list mode, + show sha1 and commit subject line for each head, along with + relationship to upstream branch (if any). If given twice, print + the name of the upstream branch, as well (see also `git remote + show <remote>`). + +-q:: +--quiet:: + Be more quiet when creating or deleting a branch, suppressing + non-error messages. --abbrev=<length>:: - Alter minimum display length for sha1 in output listing, - default value is 7. + Alter the sha1's minimum display length in the output listing. + The default value is 7 and can be overridden by the `core.abbrev` + config option. --no-abbrev:: - Display the full sha1s in output listing rather than abbreviating them. + Display the full sha1s in the output listing rather than abbreviating them. +-t:: --track:: - When creating a new branch, set up configuration so that 'git-pull' - will automatically retrieve data from the start point, which must be - a branch. Use this if you always pull from the same upstream branch - into the new branch, and if you don't want to use "git pull - <repository> <refspec>" explicitly. This behavior is the default - when the start point is a remote branch. Set the - branch.autosetupmerge configuration variable to `false` if you want - 'git-checkout' and 'git-branch' to always behave as if '--no-track' were - given. Set it to `always` if you want this behavior when the - start-point is either a local or remote branch. + When creating a new branch, set up `branch.<name>.remote` and + `branch.<name>.merge` configuration entries to mark the + start-point branch as "upstream" from the new branch. This + configuration will tell git to show the relationship between the + two branches in `git status` and `git branch -v`. Furthermore, + it directs `git pull` without arguments to pull from the + upstream when the new branch is checked out. ++ +This behavior is the default when the start point is a remote-tracking branch. +Set the branch.autoSetupMerge configuration variable to `false` if you +want `git checkout` and `git branch` to always behave as if `--no-track` +were given. Set it to `always` if you want this behavior when the +start-point is either a local or remote-tracking branch. --no-track:: - Ignore the branch.autosetupmerge configuration variable. - ---contains <commit>:: - Only list branches which contain the specified commit. - ---merged:: - Only list branches which are fully contained by HEAD. - ---no-merged:: - Do not list branches which are fully contained by HEAD. + Do not set up "upstream" configuration, even if the + branch.autoSetupMerge configuration variable is true. + +--set-upstream:: + If specified branch does not exist yet or if `--force` has been + given, acts exactly like `--track`. Otherwise sets up configuration + like `--track` would when creating the branch, except that where + branch points to is not changed. + +-u <upstream>:: +--set-upstream-to=<upstream>:: + Set up <branchname>'s tracking information so <upstream> is + considered <branchname>'s upstream branch. If no <branchname> + is specified, then it defaults to the current branch. + +--unset-upstream:: + Remove the upstream information for <branchname>. If no branch + is specified it defaults to the current branch. + +--edit-description:: + Open an editor and edit the text to explain what the branch is + for, to be used by various other commands (e.g. `format-patch`, + `request-pull`, and `merge` (if enabled)). Multi-line explanations + may be used. + +--contains [<commit>]:: + Only list branches which contain the specified commit (HEAD + if not specified). Implies `--list`. + +--no-contains [<commit>]:: + Only list branches which don't contain the specified commit + (HEAD if not specified). Implies `--list`. + +--merged [<commit>]:: + Only list branches whose tips are reachable from the + specified commit (HEAD if not specified). Implies `--list`, + incompatible with `--no-merged`. + +--no-merged [<commit>]:: + Only list branches whose tips are not reachable from the + specified commit (HEAD if not specified). Implies `--list`, + incompatible with `--merged`. <branchname>:: The name of the branch to create or delete. @@ -140,22 +241,40 @@ OPTIONS may restrict the characters allowed in a branch name. <start-point>:: - The new branch will be created with a HEAD equal to this. It may - be given as a branch name, a commit-id, or a tag. If this option - is omitted, the current branch is assumed. + The new branch head will point to this commit. It may be + given as a branch name, a commit-id, or a tag. If this + option is omitted, the current HEAD will be used instead. <oldbranch>:: The name of an existing branch to rename. <newbranch>:: The new name for an existing branch. The same restrictions as for - <branchname> applies. + <branchname> apply. + +--sort=<key>:: + Sort based on the key given. Prefix `-` to sort in descending + order of the value. You may use the --sort=<key> option + multiple times, in which case the last key becomes the primary + key. The keys supported are the same as those in `git + for-each-ref`. Sort order defaults to sorting based on the + full refname (including `refs/...` prefix). This lists + detached HEAD (if present) first, then local branches and + finally remote-tracking branches. + +--points-at <object>:: + Only list branches of the given object. + +--format <format>:: + A string that interpolates `%(fieldname)` from the object + pointed at by a ref being shown. The format is the same as + that of linkgit:git-for-each-ref[1]. Examples -------- -Start development off of a known tag:: +Start development from a known tag:: + ------------ $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../linux-2.6 my2.6 @@ -167,7 +286,7 @@ $ git checkout my2.6.14 <1> This step and the next one could be combined into a single step with "checkout -b my2.6.14 v2.6.14". -Delete unneeded branch:: +Delete an unneeded branch:: + ------------ $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/.../git.git my.git @@ -176,40 +295,43 @@ $ git branch -d -r origin/todo origin/html origin/man <1> $ git branch -D test <2> ------------ + -<1> Delete remote-tracking branches "todo", "html", "man". Next 'fetch' or -'pull' will create them again unless you configure them not to. See -linkgit:git-fetch[1]. -<2> Delete "test" branch even if the "master" branch (or whichever branch is -currently checked out) does not have all commits from test branch. +<1> Delete the remote-tracking branches "todo", "html" and "man". The next +'fetch' or 'pull' will create them again unless you configure them not to. +See linkgit:git-fetch[1]. +<2> Delete the "test" branch even if the "master" branch (or whichever branch +is currently checked out) does not have all commits from the test branch. Notes ----- -If you are creating a branch that you want to immediately checkout, it's +If you are creating a branch that you want to checkout immediately, it is easier to use the git checkout command with its `-b` option to create a branch and check it out with a single command. -The options `--contains`, `--merged` and `--no-merged` serves three related -but different purposes: +The options `--contains`, `--no-contains`, `--merged` and `--no-merged` +serve four related but different purposes: - `--contains <commit>` is used to find all branches which will need special attention if <commit> were to be rebased or amended, since those branches contain the specified <commit>. +- `--no-contains <commit>` is the inverse of that, i.e. branches that don't + contain the specified <commit>. + - `--merged` is used to find all branches which can be safely deleted, since those branches are fully contained by HEAD. - `--no-merged` is used to find branches which are candidates for merging into HEAD, since those branches are not fully contained by HEAD. -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-check-ref-format[1], +linkgit:git-fetch[1], +linkgit:git-remote[1], +link:user-manual.html#what-is-a-branch[``Understanding history: What is +a branch?''] in the Git User's Manual. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-bundle.txt b/Documentation/git-bundle.txt index 1b66ab743c..3a8120c3b3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-bundle.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-bundle.txt @@ -9,23 +9,23 @@ git-bundle - Move objects and refs by archive SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git bundle' create <file> <git-rev-list args> +'git bundle' create <file> <git-rev-list-args> 'git bundle' verify <file> -'git bundle' list-heads <file> [refname...] -'git bundle' unbundle <file> [refname...] +'git bundle' list-heads <file> [<refname>...] +'git bundle' unbundle <file> [<refname>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- Some workflows require that one or more branches of development on one machine be replicated on another machine, but the two machines cannot -be directly connected so the interactive git protocols (git, ssh, -rsync, http) cannot be used. This command provides support for -'git-fetch' and 'git-pull' to operate by packaging objects and references +be directly connected, and therefore the interactive Git protocols (git, +ssh, http) cannot be used. This command provides support for +'git fetch' and 'git pull' to operate by packaging objects and references in an archive at the originating machine, then importing those into -another repository using 'git-fetch' and 'git-pull' -after moving the archive by some means (i.e., by sneakernet). As no -direct connection between repositories exists, the user must specify a +another repository using 'git fetch' and 'git pull' +after moving the archive by some means (e.g., by sneakernet). As no +direct connection between the repositories exists, the user must specify a basis for the bundle that is held by the destination repository: the bundle assumes that all objects in the basis are already in the destination repository. @@ -34,139 +34,171 @@ OPTIONS ------- create <file>:: - Used to create a bundle named 'file'. This requires the - 'git-rev-list' arguments to define the bundle contents. + Used to create a bundle named 'file'. This requires the + 'git-rev-list-args' arguments to define the bundle contents. verify <file>:: - Used to check that a bundle file is valid and will apply - cleanly to the current repository. This includes checks on the - bundle format itself as well as checking that the prerequisite - commits exist and are fully linked in the current repository. - 'git-bundle' prints a list of missing commits, if any, and exits - with non-zero status. + Used to check that a bundle file is valid and will apply + cleanly to the current repository. This includes checks on the + bundle format itself as well as checking that the prerequisite + commits exist and are fully linked in the current repository. + 'git bundle' prints a list of missing commits, if any, and exits + with a non-zero status. list-heads <file>:: - Lists the references defined in the bundle. If followed by a - list of references, only references matching those given are - printed out. + Lists the references defined in the bundle. If followed by a + list of references, only references matching those given are + printed out. unbundle <file>:: - Passes the objects in the bundle to 'git-index-pack' - for storage in the repository, then prints the names of all - defined references. If a reflist is given, only references - matching those in the given list are printed. This command is - really plumbing, intended to be called only by 'git-fetch'. - -[git-rev-list-args...]:: - A list of arguments, acceptable to 'git-rev-parse' and - 'git-rev-list', that specify the specific objects and references - to transport. For example, "master~10..master" causes the - current master reference to be packaged along with all objects - added since its 10th ancestor commit. There is no explicit - limit to the number of references and objects that may be - packaged. - - -[refname...]:: - A list of references used to limit the references reported as - available. This is principally of use to 'git-fetch', which - expects to receive only those references asked for and not - necessarily everything in the pack (in this case, 'git-bundle' is - acting like 'git-fetch-pack'). + Passes the objects in the bundle to 'git index-pack' + for storage in the repository, then prints the names of all + defined references. If a list of references is given, only + references matching those in the list are printed. This command is + really plumbing, intended to be called only by 'git fetch'. + +<git-rev-list-args>:: + A list of arguments, acceptable to 'git rev-parse' and + 'git rev-list' (and containing a named ref, see SPECIFYING REFERENCES + below), that specifies the specific objects and references + to transport. For example, `master~10..master` causes the + current master reference to be packaged along with all objects + added since its 10th ancestor commit. There is no explicit + limit to the number of references and objects that may be + packaged. + + +[<refname>...]:: + A list of references used to limit the references reported as + available. This is principally of use to 'git fetch', which + expects to receive only those references asked for and not + necessarily everything in the pack (in this case, 'git bundle' acts + like 'git fetch-pack'). SPECIFYING REFERENCES --------------------- -'git-bundle' will only package references that are shown by -'git-show-ref': this includes heads, tags, and remote heads. References -such as master~1 cannot be packaged, but are perfectly suitable for +'git bundle' will only package references that are shown by +'git show-ref': this includes heads, tags, and remote heads. References +such as `master~1` cannot be packaged, but are perfectly suitable for defining the basis. More than one reference may be packaged, and more than one basis can be specified. The objects packaged are those not contained in the union of the given bases. Each basis can be -specified explicitly (e.g., ^master~10), or implicitly (e.g., -master~10..master, master --since=10.days.ago). +specified explicitly (e.g. `^master~10`), or implicitly (e.g. +`master~10..master`, `--since=10.days.ago master`). It is very important that the basis used be held by the destination. -It is okay to err on the side of conservatism, causing the bundle file -to contain objects already in the destination as these are ignored +It is okay to err on the side of caution, causing the bundle file +to contain objects already in the destination, as these are ignored when unpacking at the destination. EXAMPLE ------- -Assume two repositories exist as R1 on machine A, and R2 on machine B. +Assume you want to transfer the history from a repository R1 on machine A +to another repository R2 on machine B. For whatever reason, direct connection between A and B is not allowed, -but we can move data from A to B via some mechanism (CD, email, etc). -We want to update R2 with developments made on branch master in R1. +but we can move data from A to B via some mechanism (CD, email, etc.). +We want to update R2 with development made on the branch master in R1. -To create the bundle you have to specify the basis. You have some options: +To bootstrap the process, you can first create a bundle that does not have +any basis. You can use a tag to remember up to what commit you last +processed, in order to make it easy to later update the other repository +with an incremental bundle: -- Without basis. -+ -This is useful when sending the whole history. +---------------- +machineA$ cd R1 +machineA$ git bundle create file.bundle master +machineA$ git tag -f lastR2bundle master +---------------- ------------- -$ git bundle create mybundle master ------------- +Then you transfer file.bundle to the target machine B. Because this +bundle does not require any existing object to be extracted, you can +create a new repository on machine B by cloning from it: -- Using temporally tags. -+ -We set a tag in R1 (lastR2bundle) after the previous such transport, -and move it afterwards to help build the bundle. +---------------- +machineB$ git clone -b master /home/me/tmp/file.bundle R2 +---------------- ------------- -$ git bundle create mybundle master ^lastR2bundle -$ git tag -f lastR2bundle master ------------- +This will define a remote called "origin" in the resulting repository that +lets you fetch and pull from the bundle. The $GIT_DIR/config file in R2 will +have an entry like this: -- Using a tag present in both repositories +------------------------ +[remote "origin"] + url = /home/me/tmp/file.bundle + fetch = refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/* +------------------------ ------------- -$ git bundle create mybundle master ^v1.0.0 ------------- +To update the resulting mine.git repository, you can fetch or pull after +replacing the bundle stored at /home/me/tmp/file.bundle with incremental +updates. -- A basis based on time. +After working some more in the original repository, you can create an +incremental bundle to update the other repository: ------------- -$ git bundle create mybundle master --since=10.days.ago ------------- +---------------- +machineA$ cd R1 +machineA$ git bundle create file.bundle lastR2bundle..master +machineA$ git tag -f lastR2bundle master +---------------- -- With a limit on the number of commits +You then transfer the bundle to the other machine to replace +/home/me/tmp/file.bundle, and pull from it. ------------- -$ git bundle create mybundle master -n 10 ------------- +---------------- +machineB$ cd R2 +machineB$ git pull +---------------- -Then you move mybundle from A to B, and in R2 on B: +If you know up to what commit the intended recipient repository should +have the necessary objects, you can use that knowledge to specify the +basis, giving a cut-off point to limit the revisions and objects that go +in the resulting bundle. The previous example used the lastR2bundle tag +for this purpose, but you can use any other options that you would give to +the linkgit:git-log[1] command. Here are more examples: ------------- -$ git bundle verify mybundle -$ git fetch mybundle master:localRef ------------- +You can use a tag that is present in both: -With something like this in the config in R2: +---------------- +$ git bundle create mybundle v1.0.0..master +---------------- ------------------------- -[remote "bundle"] - url = /home/me/tmp/file.bdl - fetch = refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/* ------------------------- +You can use a basis based on time: -You can first sneakernet the bundle file to ~/tmp/file.bdl and -then these commands on machine B: +---------------- +$ git bundle create mybundle --since=10.days master +---------------- ------------- -$ git ls-remote bundle -$ git fetch bundle -$ git pull bundle ------------- +You can use the number of commits: + +---------------- +$ git bundle create mybundle -10 master +---------------- + +You can run `git-bundle verify` to see if you can extract from a bundle +that was created with a basis: + +---------------- +$ git bundle verify mybundle +---------------- + +This will list what commits you must have in order to extract from the +bundle and will error out if you do not have them. + +A bundle from a recipient repository's point of view is just like a +regular repository which it fetches or pulls from. You can, for example, map +references when fetching: + +---------------- +$ git fetch mybundle master:localRef +---------------- -would treat it as if it is talking with a remote side over the -network. +You can also see what references it offers: -Author ------- -Written by Mark Levedahl <mdl123@verizon.net> +---------------- +$ git ls-remote mybundle +---------------- GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt b/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt index 668f697c2a..204541c690 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt @@ -3,30 +3,35 @@ git-cat-file(1) NAME ---- -git-cat-file - Provide content or type/size information for repository objects +git-cat-file - Provide content or type and size information for repository objects SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git cat-file' [-t | -s | -e | -p | <type>] <object> -'git cat-file' [--batch | --batch-check] < <list-of-objects> +'git cat-file' (-t [--allow-unknown-type]| -s [--allow-unknown-type]| -e | -p | <type> | --textconv | --filters ) [--path=<path>] <object> +'git cat-file' (--batch | --batch-check) [ --textconv | --filters ] [--follow-symlinks] DESCRIPTION ----------- -In the first form, provides content or type of objects in the repository. The -type is required unless '-t' or '-p' is used to find the object type, or '-s' -is used to find the object size. +In its first form, the command provides the content or the type of an object in +the repository. The type is required unless `-t` or `-p` is used to find the +object type, or `-s` is used to find the object size, or `--textconv` or +`--filters` is used (which imply type "blob"). -In the second form, a list of object (separated by LFs) is provided on stdin, -and the SHA1, type, and size of each object is printed on stdout. +In the second form, a list of objects (separated by linefeeds) is provided on +stdin, and the SHA-1, type, and size of each object is printed on stdout. The +output format can be overridden using the optional `<format>` argument. If +either `--textconv` or `--filters` was specified, the input is expected to +list the object names followed by the path name, separated by a single white +space, so that the appropriate drivers can be determined. OPTIONS ------- <object>:: The name of the object to show. For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see - "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. + the "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. -t:: Instead of the content, show the object type identified by @@ -51,56 +56,246 @@ OPTIONS or to ask for a "blob" with <object> being a tag object that points at it. +--textconv:: + Show the content as transformed by a textconv filter. In this case, + <object> has to be of the form <tree-ish>:<path>, or :<path> in + order to apply the filter to the content recorded in the index at + <path>. + +--filters:: + Show the content as converted by the filters configured in + the current working tree for the given <path> (i.e. smudge filters, + end-of-line conversion, etc). In this case, <object> has to be of + the form <tree-ish>:<path>, or :<path>. + +--path=<path>:: + For use with --textconv or --filters, to allow specifying an object + name and a path separately, e.g. when it is difficult to figure out + the revision from which the blob came. + --batch:: - Print the SHA1, type, size, and contents of each object provided on - stdin. May not be combined with any other options or arguments. +--batch=<format>:: + Print object information and contents for each object provided + on stdin. May not be combined with any other options or arguments + except `--textconv` or `--filters`, in which case the input lines + also need to specify the path, separated by white space. See the + section `BATCH OUTPUT` below for details. --batch-check:: - Print the SHA1, type, and size of each object provided on stdin. May not be - combined with any other options or arguments. +--batch-check=<format>:: + Print object information for each object provided on stdin. May + not be combined with any other options or arguments except + `--textconv` or `--filters`, in which case the input lines also + need to specify the path, separated by white space. See the + section `BATCH OUTPUT` below for details. + +--batch-all-objects:: + Instead of reading a list of objects on stdin, perform the + requested batch operation on all objects in the repository and + any alternate object stores (not just reachable objects). + Requires `--batch` or `--batch-check` be specified. Note that + the objects are visited in order sorted by their hashes. + +--buffer:: + Normally batch output is flushed after each object is output, so + that a process can interactively read and write from + `cat-file`. With this option, the output uses normal stdio + buffering; this is much more efficient when invoking + `--batch-check` on a large number of objects. + +--allow-unknown-type:: + Allow -s or -t to query broken/corrupt objects of unknown type. + +--follow-symlinks:: + With --batch or --batch-check, follow symlinks inside the + repository when requesting objects with extended SHA-1 + expressions of the form tree-ish:path-in-tree. Instead of + providing output about the link itself, provide output about + the linked-to object. If a symlink points outside the + tree-ish (e.g. a link to /foo or a root-level link to ../foo), + the portion of the link which is outside the tree will be + printed. ++ +This option does not (currently) work correctly when an object in the +index is specified (e.g. `:link` instead of `HEAD:link`) rather than +one in the tree. ++ +This option cannot (currently) be used unless `--batch` or +`--batch-check` is used. ++ +For example, consider a git repository containing: ++ +-- + f: a file containing "hello\n" + link: a symlink to f + dir/link: a symlink to ../f + plink: a symlink to ../f + alink: a symlink to /etc/passwd +-- ++ +For a regular file `f`, `echo HEAD:f | git cat-file --batch` would print ++ +-- + ce013625030ba8dba906f756967f9e9ca394464a blob 6 +-- ++ +And `echo HEAD:link | git cat-file --batch --follow-symlinks` would +print the same thing, as would `HEAD:dir/link`, as they both point at +`HEAD:f`. ++ +Without `--follow-symlinks`, these would print data about the symlink +itself. In the case of `HEAD:link`, you would see ++ +-- + 4d1ae35ba2c8ec712fa2a379db44ad639ca277bd blob 1 +-- ++ +Both `plink` and `alink` point outside the tree, so they would +respectively print: ++ +-- + symlink 4 + ../f + + symlink 11 + /etc/passwd +-- + OUTPUT ------ -If '-t' is specified, one of the <type>. +If `-t` is specified, one of the <type>. -If '-s' is specified, the size of the <object> in bytes. +If `-s` is specified, the size of the <object> in bytes. -If '-e' is specified, no output. +If `-e` is specified, no output. -If '-p' is specified, the contents of <object> are pretty-printed. +If `-p` is specified, the contents of <object> are pretty-printed. If <type> is specified, the raw (though uncompressed) contents of the <object> will be returned. -If '--batch' is specified, output of the following form is printed for each -object specified on stdin: +BATCH OUTPUT +------------ + +If `--batch` or `--batch-check` is given, `cat-file` will read objects +from stdin, one per line, and print information about them. By default, +the whole line is considered as an object, as if it were fed to +linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. + +You can specify the information shown for each object by using a custom +`<format>`. The `<format>` is copied literally to stdout for each +object, with placeholders of the form `%(atom)` expanded, followed by a +newline. The available atoms are: + +`objectname`:: + The 40-hex object name of the object. + +`objecttype`:: + The type of of the object (the same as `cat-file -t` reports). + +`objectsize`:: + The size, in bytes, of the object (the same as `cat-file -s` + reports). + +`objectsize:disk`:: + The size, in bytes, that the object takes up on disk. See the + note about on-disk sizes in the `CAVEATS` section below. + +`deltabase`:: + If the object is stored as a delta on-disk, this expands to the + 40-hex sha1 of the delta base object. Otherwise, expands to the + null sha1 (40 zeroes). See `CAVEATS` below. + +`rest`:: + If this atom is used in the output string, input lines are split + at the first whitespace boundary. All characters before that + whitespace are considered to be the object name; characters + after that first run of whitespace (i.e., the "rest" of the + line) are output in place of the `%(rest)` atom. + +If no format is specified, the default format is `%(objectname) +%(objecttype) %(objectsize)`. + +If `--batch` is specified, the object information is followed by the +object contents (consisting of `%(objectsize)` bytes), followed by a +newline. + +For example, `--batch` without a custom format would produce: ------------ <sha1> SP <type> SP <size> LF <contents> LF ------------ -If '--batch-check' is specified, output of the following form is printed for -each object specified on stdin: +Whereas `--batch-check='%(objectname) %(objecttype)'` would produce: ------------ -<sha1> SP <type> SP <size> LF +<sha1> SP <type> LF ------------ -For both '--batch' and '--batch-check', output of the following form is printed -for each object specified on stdin that does not exist in the repository: +If a name is specified on stdin that cannot be resolved to an object in +the repository, then `cat-file` will ignore any custom format and print: ------------ <object> SP missing LF ------------ -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> +If --follow-symlinks is used, and a symlink in the repository points +outside the repository, then `cat-file` will ignore any custom format +and print: + +------------ +symlink SP <size> LF +<symlink> LF +------------ + +The symlink will either be absolute (beginning with a /), or relative +to the tree root. For instance, if dir/link points to ../../foo, then +<symlink> will be ../foo. <size> is the size of the symlink in bytes. + +If --follow-symlinks is used, the following error messages will be +displayed: + +------------ +<object> SP missing LF +------------ +is printed when the initial symlink requested does not exist. + +------------ +dangling SP <size> LF +<object> LF +------------ +is printed when the initial symlink exists, but something that +it (transitive-of) points to does not. + +------------ +loop SP <size> LF +<object> LF +------------ +is printed for symlink loops (or any symlinks that +require more than 40 link resolutions to resolve). + +------------ +notdir SP <size> LF +<object> LF +------------ +is printed when, during symlink resolution, a file is used as a +directory name. + +CAVEATS +------- + +Note that the sizes of objects on disk are reported accurately, but care +should be taken in drawing conclusions about which refs or objects are +responsible for disk usage. The size of a packed non-delta object may be +much larger than the size of objects which delta against it, but the +choice of which object is the base and which is the delta is arbitrary +and is subject to change during a repack. -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +Note also that multiple copies of an object may be present in the object +database; in this case, it is undefined which copy's size or delta base +will be reported. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt b/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt index 8c2ac12f5d..aa3b2bf2fc 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt @@ -9,27 +9,40 @@ git-check-attr - Display gitattributes information SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git check-attr' attr... [--] pathname... -'git check-attr' --stdin [-z] attr... < <list-of-paths> +'git check-attr' [-a | --all | attr...] [--] pathname... +'git check-attr' --stdin [-z] [-a | --all | attr...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -For every pathname, this command will list if each attr is 'unspecified', +For every pathname, this command will list if each attribute is 'unspecified', 'set', or 'unset' as a gitattribute on that pathname. OPTIONS ------- +-a, --all:: + List all attributes that are associated with the specified + paths. If this option is used, then 'unspecified' attributes + will not be included in the output. + +--cached:: + Consider `.gitattributes` in the index only, ignoring the working tree. + --stdin:: - Read file names from stdin instead of from the command-line. + Read pathnames from the standard input, one per line, + instead of from the command-line. -z:: - Only meaningful with `--stdin`; paths are separated with - NUL character instead of LF. + The output format is modified to be machine-parseable. + If `--stdin` is also given, input paths are separated + with a NUL character instead of a linefeed character. \--:: - Interpret all preceding arguments as attributes, and all following - arguments as path names. If not supplied, only the first argument will - be treated as an attribute. + Interpret all preceding arguments as attributes and all following + arguments as path names. + +If none of `--stdin`, `--all`, or `--` is used, the first argument +will be treated as an attribute and the rest of the arguments as +pathnames. OUTPUT ------ @@ -37,14 +50,23 @@ OUTPUT The output is of the form: <path> COLON SP <attribute> COLON SP <info> LF -Where <path> is the path of a file being queried, <attribute> is an attribute +unless `-z` is in effect, in which case NUL is used as delimiter: +<path> NUL <attribute> NUL <info> NUL + + +<path> is the path of a file being queried, <attribute> is an attribute being queried and <info> can be either: 'unspecified';; when the attribute is not defined for the path. -'unset';; when the attribute is defined to false. -'set';; when the attribute is defined to true. +'unset';; when the attribute is defined as false. +'set';; when the attribute is defined as true. <value>;; when a value has been assigned to the attribute. +Buffering happens as documented under the `GIT_FLUSH` option in +linkgit:git[1]. The caller is responsible for avoiding deadlocks +caused by overfilling an input buffer or reading from an empty output +buffer. + EXAMPLES -------- @@ -69,7 +91,14 @@ org/example/MyClass.java: diff: java org/example/MyClass.java: myAttr: set --------------- -* Listing attribute for multiple files: +* Listing all attributes for a file: +--------------- +$ git check-attr --all -- org/example/MyClass.java +org/example/MyClass.java: diff: java +org/example/MyClass.java: myAttr: set +--------------- + +* Listing an attribute for multiple files: --------------- $ git check-attr myAttr -- org/example/MyClass.java org/example/NoMyAttr.java org/example/MyClass.java: myAttr: set @@ -86,15 +115,6 @@ SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:gitattributes[5]. - -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by James Bowes. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt b/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..611754f10b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +git-check-ignore(1) +=================== + +NAME +---- +git-check-ignore - Debug gitignore / exclude files + + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git check-ignore' [options] pathname... +'git check-ignore' [options] --stdin + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +For each pathname given via the command-line or from a file via +`--stdin`, check whether the file is excluded by .gitignore (or other +input files to the exclude mechanism) and output the path if it is +excluded. + +By default, tracked files are not shown at all since they are not +subject to exclude rules; but see `--no-index'. + +OPTIONS +------- +-q, --quiet:: + Don't output anything, just set exit status. This is only + valid with a single pathname. + +-v, --verbose:: + Also output details about the matching pattern (if any) + for each given pathname. For precedence rules within and + between exclude sources, see linkgit:gitignore[5]. + +--stdin:: + Read pathnames from the standard input, one per line, + instead of from the command-line. + +-z:: + The output format is modified to be machine-parseable (see + below). If `--stdin` is also given, input paths are separated + with a NUL character instead of a linefeed character. + +-n, --non-matching:: + Show given paths which don't match any pattern. This only + makes sense when `--verbose` is enabled, otherwise it would + not be possible to distinguish between paths which match a + pattern and those which don't. + +--no-index:: + Don't look in the index when undertaking the checks. This can + be used to debug why a path became tracked by e.g. `git add .` + and was not ignored by the rules as expected by the user or when + developing patterns including negation to match a path previously + added with `git add -f`. + +OUTPUT +------ + +By default, any of the given pathnames which match an ignore pattern +will be output, one per line. If no pattern matches a given path, +nothing will be output for that path; this means that path will not be +ignored. + +If `--verbose` is specified, the output is a series of lines of the form: + +<source> <COLON> <linenum> <COLON> <pattern> <HT> <pathname> + +<pathname> is the path of a file being queried, <pattern> is the +matching pattern, <source> is the pattern's source file, and <linenum> +is the line number of the pattern within that source. If the pattern +contained a `!` prefix or `/` suffix, it will be preserved in the +output. <source> will be an absolute path when referring to the file +configured by `core.excludesFile`, or relative to the repository root +when referring to `.git/info/exclude` or a per-directory exclude file. + +If `-z` is specified, the pathnames in the output are delimited by the +null character; if `--verbose` is also specified then null characters +are also used instead of colons and hard tabs: + +<source> <NULL> <linenum> <NULL> <pattern> <NULL> <pathname> <NULL> + +If `-n` or `--non-matching` are specified, non-matching pathnames will +also be output, in which case all fields in each output record except +for <pathname> will be empty. This can be useful when running +non-interactively, so that files can be incrementally streamed to +STDIN of a long-running check-ignore process, and for each of these +files, STDOUT will indicate whether that file matched a pattern or +not. (Without this option, it would be impossible to tell whether the +absence of output for a given file meant that it didn't match any +pattern, or that the output hadn't been generated yet.) + +Buffering happens as documented under the `GIT_FLUSH` option in +linkgit:git[1]. The caller is responsible for avoiding deadlocks +caused by overfilling an input buffer or reading from an empty output +buffer. + +EXIT STATUS +----------- + +0:: + One or more of the provided paths is ignored. + +1:: + None of the provided paths are ignored. + +128:: + A fatal error was encountered. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gitignore[5] +linkgit:git-config[1] +linkgit:git-ls-files[1] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-mailmap.txt b/Documentation/git-check-mailmap.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..39028ee1a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-check-mailmap.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +git-check-mailmap(1) +==================== + +NAME +---- +git-check-mailmap - Show canonical names and email addresses of contacts + + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git check-mailmap' [options] <contact>... + + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +For each ``Name $$<user@host>$$'' or ``$$<user@host>$$'' from the command-line +or standard input (when using `--stdin`), look up the person's canonical name +and email address (see "Mapping Authors" below). If found, print them; +otherwise print the input as-is. + + +OPTIONS +------- +--stdin:: + Read contacts, one per line, from the standard input after exhausting + contacts provided on the command-line. + + +OUTPUT +------ + +For each contact, a single line is output, terminated by a newline. If the +name is provided or known to the 'mailmap', ``Name $$<user@host>$$'' is +printed; otherwise only ``$$<user@host>$$'' is printed. + + +MAPPING AUTHORS +--------------- + +include::mailmap.txt[] + + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt b/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt index 034223cc5a..92777cef25 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt @@ -3,52 +3,124 @@ git-check-ref-format(1) NAME ---- -git-check-ref-format - Make sure ref name is well formed +git-check-ref-format - Ensures that a reference name is well formed SYNOPSIS -------- -'git check-ref-format' <refname> +[verse] +'git check-ref-format' [--normalize] + [--[no-]allow-onelevel] [--refspec-pattern] + <refname> +'git check-ref-format' --branch <branchname-shorthand> DESCRIPTION ----------- -Checks if a given 'refname' is acceptable, and exits non-zero if -it is not. +Checks if a given 'refname' is acceptable, and exits with a non-zero +status if it is not. -A reference is used in git to specify branches and tags. A -branch head is stored under `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads` directory, and -a tag is stored under `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags` directory. git -imposes the following rules on how refs are named: +A reference is used in Git to specify branches and tags. A +branch head is stored in the `refs/heads` hierarchy, while +a tag is stored in the `refs/tags` hierarchy of the ref namespace +(typically in `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads` and `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags` +directories or, as entries in file `$GIT_DIR/packed-refs` +if refs are packed by `git gc`). -. It can include slash `/` for hierarchical (directory) +Git imposes the following rules on how references are named: + +. They can include slash `/` for hierarchical (directory) grouping, but no slash-separated component can begin with a - dot `.`; + dot `.` or end with the sequence `.lock`. + +. They must contain at least one `/`. This enforces the presence of a + category like `heads/`, `tags/` etc. but the actual names are not + restricted. If the `--allow-onelevel` option is used, this rule + is waived. -. It cannot have two consecutive dots `..` anywhere; +. They cannot have two consecutive dots `..` anywhere. -. It cannot have ASCII control character (i.e. bytes whose +. They cannot have ASCII control characters (i.e. bytes whose values are lower than \040, or \177 `DEL`), space, tilde `~`, - caret `{caret}`, colon `:`, question-mark `?`, asterisk `*`, - or open bracket `[` anywhere; + caret `^`, or colon `:` anywhere. + +. They cannot have question-mark `?`, asterisk `*`, or open + bracket `[` anywhere. See the `--refspec-pattern` option below for + an exception to this rule. + +. They cannot begin or end with a slash `/` or contain multiple + consecutive slashes (see the `--normalize` option below for an + exception to this rule) -. It cannot end with a slash `/`. +. They cannot end with a dot `.`. -These rules makes it easy for shell script based tools to parse -refnames, pathname expansion by the shell when a refname is used -unquoted (by mistake), and also avoids ambiguities in certain -refname expressions (see linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]). Namely: +. They cannot contain a sequence `@{`. -. double-dot `..` are often used as in `ref1..ref2`, and in some - context this notation means `{caret}ref1 ref2` (i.e. not in - ref1 and in ref2). +. They cannot be the single character `@`. -. tilde `~` and caret `{caret}` are used to introduce postfix +. They cannot contain a `\`. + +These rules make it easy for shell script based tools to parse +reference names, pathname expansion by the shell when a reference name is used +unquoted (by mistake), and also avoid ambiguities in certain +reference name expressions (see linkgit:gitrevisions[7]): + +. A double-dot `..` is often used as in `ref1..ref2`, and in some + contexts this notation means `^ref1 ref2` (i.e. not in + `ref1` and in `ref2`). + +. A tilde `~` and caret `^` are used to introduce the postfix 'nth parent' and 'peel onion' operation. -. colon `:` is used as in `srcref:dstref` to mean "use srcref\'s +. A colon `:` is used as in `srcref:dstref` to mean "use srcref\'s value and store it in dstref" in fetch and push operations. It may also be used to select a specific object such as with - 'git-cat-file': "git cat-file blob v1.3.3:refs.c". + 'git cat-file': "git cat-file blob v1.3.3:refs.c". + +. at-open-brace `@{` is used as a notation to access a reflog entry. + +With the `--branch` option, it expands the ``previous branch syntax'' +`@{-n}`. For example, `@{-1}` is a way to refer the last branch you +were on. This option should be used by porcelains to accept this +syntax anywhere a branch name is expected, so they can act as if you +typed the branch name. + +OPTIONS +------- +--[no-]allow-onelevel:: + Controls whether one-level refnames are accepted (i.e., + refnames that do not contain multiple `/`-separated + components). The default is `--no-allow-onelevel`. + +--refspec-pattern:: + Interpret <refname> as a reference name pattern for a refspec + (as used with remote repositories). If this option is + enabled, <refname> is allowed to contain a single `*` + in the refspec (e.g., `foo/bar*/baz` or `foo/bar*baz/` + but not `foo/bar*/baz*`). + +--normalize:: + Normalize 'refname' by removing any leading slash (`/`) + characters and collapsing runs of adjacent slashes between + name components into a single slash. If the normalized + refname is valid then print it to standard output and exit + with a status of 0, otherwise exit with a non-zero status. + (`--print` is a deprecated way to spell `--normalize`.) + + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +* Print the name of the previous branch: ++ +------------ +$ git check-ref-format --branch @{-1} +------------ +* Determine the reference name to use for a new branch: ++ +------------ +$ ref=$(git check-ref-format --normalize "refs/heads/$newbranch")|| +{ echo "we do not like '$newbranch' as a branch name." >&2 ; exit 1 ; } +------------ GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt index 62d84836b8..4d33e7be0f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [--stage=<number>|all] [--temp] [-z] [--stdin] - [--] [<file>]\* + [--] [<file>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ $ find . -name '*.h' -print0 | xargs -0 git checkout-index -f -- which will force all existing `*.h` files to be replaced with their cached copies. If an empty command line implied "all", then this would force-refresh everything in the index, which was not the point. But -since 'git-checkout-index' accepts --stdin it would be faster to use: +since 'git checkout-index' accepts --stdin it would be faster to use: ---------------- $ find . -name '*.h' -print0 | git checkout-index -f -z --stdin @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ Using `--` is probably a good policy in scripts. Using --temp or --stage=all --------------------------- When `--temp` is used (or implied by `--stage=all`) -'git-checkout-index' will create a temporary file for each index +'git checkout-index' will create a temporary file for each index entry being checked out. The index will not be updated with stat information. These options can be useful if the caller needs all stages of all unmerged entries so that the unmerged files can be @@ -147,9 +147,9 @@ To update and refresh only the files already checked out:: $ git checkout-index -n -f -a && git update-index --ignore-missing --refresh ---------------- -Using 'git-checkout-index' to "export an entire tree":: +Using 'git checkout-index' to "export an entire tree":: The prefix ability basically makes it trivial to use - 'git-checkout-index' as an "export as tree" function. + 'git checkout-index' as an "export as tree" function. Just read the desired tree into the index, and do: + ---------------- @@ -172,18 +172,6 @@ $ git checkout-index --prefix=.merged- Makefile This will check out the currently cached copy of `Makefile` into the file `.merged-Makefile`. - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, -Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt index 3bccffae62..d6399c0af8 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt @@ -3,51 +3,118 @@ git-checkout(1) NAME ---- -git-checkout - Checkout a branch or paths to the working tree +git-checkout - Switch branches or restore working tree files SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [--track | --no-track] [-b <new_branch> [-l]] [-m] [<branch>] +'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [<branch>] +'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] --detach [<branch>] +'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [--detach] <commit> +'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [[-b|-B|--orphan] <new_branch>] [<start_point>] 'git checkout' [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>... +'git checkout' [-p|--patch] [<tree-ish>] [--] [<paths>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- - -When <paths> are not given, this command switches branches by -updating the index and working tree to reflect the specified -branch, <branch>, and updating HEAD to be <branch> or, if -specified, <new_branch>. Using -b will cause <new_branch> to -be created; in this case you can use the --track or --no-track -options, which will be passed to `git branch`. - -As a convenience, --track will default to create a branch whose -name is constructed from the specified branch name by stripping -the first namespace level. - -When <paths> are given, this command does *not* switch -branches. It updates the named paths in the working tree from -the index file, or from a named <tree-ish> (most often a commit). In -this case, the `-b` options is meaningless and giving -either of them results in an error. <tree-ish> argument can be -used to specify a specific tree-ish (i.e. commit, tag or tree) -to update the index for the given paths before updating the -working tree. - -The index may contain unmerged entries after a failed merge. By -default, if you try to check out such an entry from the index, the +Updates files in the working tree to match the version in the index +or the specified tree. If no paths are given, 'git checkout' will +also update `HEAD` to set the specified branch as the current +branch. + +'git checkout' <branch>:: + To prepare for working on <branch>, switch to it by updating + the index and the files in the working tree, and by pointing + HEAD at the branch. Local modifications to the files in the + working tree are kept, so that they can be committed to the + <branch>. ++ +If <branch> is not found but there does exist a tracking branch in +exactly one remote (call it <remote>) with a matching name, treat as +equivalent to ++ +------------ +$ git checkout -b <branch> --track <remote>/<branch> +------------ ++ +You could omit <branch>, in which case the command degenerates to +"check out the current branch", which is a glorified no-op with a +rather expensive side-effects to show only the tracking information, +if exists, for the current branch. + +'git checkout' -b|-B <new_branch> [<start point>]:: + + Specifying `-b` causes a new branch to be created as if + linkgit:git-branch[1] were called and then checked out. In + this case you can use the `--track` or `--no-track` options, + which will be passed to 'git branch'. As a convenience, + `--track` without `-b` implies branch creation; see the + description of `--track` below. ++ +If `-B` is given, <new_branch> is created if it doesn't exist; otherwise, it +is reset. This is the transactional equivalent of ++ +------------ +$ git branch -f <branch> [<start point>] +$ git checkout <branch> +------------ ++ +that is to say, the branch is not reset/created unless "git checkout" is +successful. + +'git checkout' --detach [<branch>]:: +'git checkout' [--detach] <commit>:: + + Prepare to work on top of <commit>, by detaching HEAD at it + (see "DETACHED HEAD" section), and updating the index and the + files in the working tree. Local modifications to the files + in the working tree are kept, so that the resulting working + tree will be the state recorded in the commit plus the local + modifications. ++ +When the <commit> argument is a branch name, the `--detach` option can +be used to detach HEAD at the tip of the branch (`git checkout +<branch>` would check out that branch without detaching HEAD). ++ +Omitting <branch> detaches HEAD at the tip of the current branch. + +'git checkout' [-p|--patch] [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>...:: + + When <paths> or `--patch` are given, 'git checkout' does *not* + switch branches. It updates the named paths in the working tree + from the index file or from a named <tree-ish> (most often a + commit). In this case, the `-b` and `--track` options are + meaningless and giving either of them results in an error. The + <tree-ish> argument can be used to specify a specific tree-ish + (i.e. commit, tag or tree) to update the index for the given + paths before updating the working tree. ++ +'git checkout' with <paths> or `--patch` is used to restore modified or +deleted paths to their original contents from the index or replace paths +with the contents from a named <tree-ish> (most often a commit-ish). ++ +The index may contain unmerged entries because of a previous failed merge. +By default, if you try to check out such an entry from the index, the checkout operation will fail and nothing will be checked out. -Using -f will ignore these unmerged entries. The contents from a +Using `-f` will ignore these unmerged entries. The contents from a specific side of the merge can be checked out of the index by -using --ours or --theirs. With -m, changes made to the working tree -file can be discarded to recreate the original conflicted merge result. +using `--ours` or `--theirs`. With `-m`, changes made to the working tree +file can be discarded to re-create the original conflicted merge result. OPTIONS ------- -q:: +--quiet:: Quiet, suppress feedback messages. +--[no-]progress:: + Progress status is reported on the standard error stream + by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless `--quiet` + is specified. This flag enables progress reporting even if not + attached to a terminal, regardless of `--quiet`. + -f:: +--force:: When switching branches, proceed even if the index or the working tree differs from HEAD. This is used to throw away local changes. @@ -59,44 +126,92 @@ entries; instead, unmerged entries are ignored. --theirs:: When checking out paths from the index, check out stage #2 ('ours') or #3 ('theirs') for unmerged paths. - --b:: ++ +Note that during `git rebase` and `git pull --rebase`, 'ours' and +'theirs' may appear swapped; `--ours` gives the version from the +branch the changes are rebased onto, while `--theirs` gives the +version from the branch that holds your work that is being rebased. ++ +This is because `rebase` is used in a workflow that treats the +history at the remote as the shared canonical one, and treats the +work done on the branch you are rebasing as the third-party work to +be integrated, and you are temporarily assuming the role of the +keeper of the canonical history during the rebase. As the keeper of +the canonical history, you need to view the history from the remote +as `ours` (i.e. "our shared canonical history"), while what you did +on your side branch as `theirs` (i.e. "one contributor's work on top +of it"). + +-b <new_branch>:: Create a new branch named <new_branch> and start it at - <branch>. The new branch name must pass all checks defined - by linkgit:git-check-ref-format[1]. Some of these checks - may restrict the characters allowed in a branch name. + <start_point>; see linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. + +-B <new_branch>:: + Creates the branch <new_branch> and start it at <start_point>; + if it already exists, then reset it to <start_point>. This is + equivalent to running "git branch" with "-f"; see + linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. -t:: --track:: - When creating a new branch, set up configuration so that 'git-pull' - will automatically retrieve data from the start point, which must be - a branch. Use this if you always pull from the same upstream branch - into the new branch, and if you don't want to use "git pull - <repository> <refspec>" explicitly. This behavior is the default - when the start point is a remote branch. Set the - branch.autosetupmerge configuration variable to `false` if you want - 'git-checkout' and 'git-branch' to always behave as if '--no-track' were - given. Set it to `always` if you want this behavior when the - start-point is either a local or remote branch. -+ -If no '-b' option was given, the name of the new branch will be -derived from the remote branch, by attempting to guess the name -of the branch on remote system. If "remotes/" or "refs/remotes/" -are prefixed, it is stripped away, and then the part up to the -next slash (which would be the nickname of the remote) is removed. + When creating a new branch, set up "upstream" configuration. See + "--track" in linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. ++ +If no `-b` option is given, the name of the new branch will be +derived from the remote-tracking branch, by looking at the local part of +the refspec configured for the corresponding remote, and then stripping +the initial part up to the "*". This would tell us to use "hack" as the local branch when branching off of "origin/hack" (or "remotes/origin/hack", or even "refs/remotes/origin/hack"). If the given name has no slash, or the above guessing results in an empty name, the guessing is aborted. You can -explicitly give a name with '-b' in such a case. +explicitly give a name with `-b` in such a case. --no-track:: - Ignore the branch.autosetupmerge configuration variable. + Do not set up "upstream" configuration, even if the + branch.autoSetupMerge configuration variable is true. -l:: - Create the new branch's reflog. This activates recording of - all changes made to the branch ref, enabling use of date - based sha1 expressions such as "<branchname>@\{yesterday}". + Create the new branch's reflog; see linkgit:git-branch[1] for + details. + +--detach:: + Rather than checking out a branch to work on it, check out a + commit for inspection and discardable experiments. + This is the default behavior of "git checkout <commit>" when + <commit> is not a branch name. See the "DETACHED HEAD" section + below for details. + +--orphan <new_branch>:: + Create a new 'orphan' branch, named <new_branch>, started from + <start_point> and switch to it. The first commit made on this + new branch will have no parents and it will be the root of a new + history totally disconnected from all the other branches and + commits. ++ +The index and the working tree are adjusted as if you had previously run +"git checkout <start_point>". This allows you to start a new history +that records a set of paths similar to <start_point> by easily running +"git commit -a" to make the root commit. ++ +This can be useful when you want to publish the tree from a commit +without exposing its full history. You might want to do this to publish +an open source branch of a project whose current tree is "clean", but +whose full history contains proprietary or otherwise encumbered bits of +code. ++ +If you want to start a disconnected history that records a set of paths +that is totally different from the one of <start_point>, then you should +clear the index and the working tree right after creating the orphan +branch by running "git rm -rf ." from the top level of the working tree. +Afterwards you will be ready to prepare your new files, repopulating the +working tree, by copying them from elsewhere, extracting a tarball, etc. + +--ignore-skip-worktree-bits:: + In sparse checkout mode, `git checkout -- <paths>` would + update only entries matched by <paths> and sparse patterns + in $GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout. This option ignores + the sparse patterns and adds back any files in <paths>. -m:: --merge:: @@ -120,61 +235,208 @@ the conflicted merge in the specified paths. --conflict=<style>:: The same as --merge option above, but changes the way the conflicting hunks are presented, overriding the - merge.conflictstyle configuration variable. Possible values are + merge.conflictStyle configuration variable. Possible values are "merge" (default) and "diff3" (in addition to what is shown by "merge" style, shows the original contents). -<new_branch>:: - Name for the new branch. +-p:: +--patch:: + Interactively select hunks in the difference between the + <tree-ish> (or the index, if unspecified) and the working + tree. The chosen hunks are then applied in reverse to the + working tree (and if a <tree-ish> was specified, the index). ++ +This means that you can use `git checkout -p` to selectively discard +edits from your current working tree. See the ``Interactive Mode'' +section of linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode. + +--ignore-other-worktrees:: + `git checkout` refuses when the wanted ref is already checked + out by another worktree. This option makes it check the ref + out anyway. In other words, the ref can be held by more than one + worktree. + +--[no-]recurse-submodules:: + Using --recurse-submodules will update the content of all initialized + submodules according to the commit recorded in the superproject. If + local modifications in a submodule would be overwritten the checkout + will fail unless `-f` is used. If nothing (or --no-recurse-submodules) + is used, the work trees of submodules will not be updated. <branch>:: - Branch to checkout; may be any object ID that resolves to a - commit. Defaults to HEAD. + Branch to checkout; if it refers to a branch (i.e., a name that, + when prepended with "refs/heads/", is a valid ref), then that + branch is checked out. Otherwise, if it refers to a valid + commit, your HEAD becomes "detached" and you are no longer on + any branch (see below for details). + -When this parameter names a non-branch (but still a valid commit object), -your HEAD becomes 'detached'. +As a special case, the `"@{-N}"` syntax for the N-th last branch/commit +checks out branches (instead of detaching). You may also specify +`-` which is synonymous with `"@{-1}"`. + -As a special case, the "`@\{-N\}`" syntax for the N-th last branch -checks out the branch (instead of detaching). You may also specify -"`-`" which is synonymous with "`@\{-1\}`". +As a further special case, you may use `"A...B"` as a shortcut for the +merge base of `A` and `B` if there is exactly one merge base. You can +leave out at most one of `A` and `B`, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`. + +<new_branch>:: + Name for the new branch. + +<start_point>:: + The name of a commit at which to start the new branch; see + linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. Defaults to HEAD. + +<tree-ish>:: + Tree to checkout from (when paths are given). If not specified, + the index will be used. + -Detached HEAD +DETACHED HEAD ------------- +HEAD normally refers to a named branch (e.g. 'master'). Meanwhile, each +branch refers to a specific commit. Let's look at a repo with three +commits, one of them tagged, and with branch 'master' checked out: -It is sometimes useful to be able to 'checkout' a commit that is -not at the tip of one of your branches. The most obvious -example is to check out the commit at a tagged official release -point, like this: +------------ + HEAD (refers to branch 'master') + | + v +a---b---c branch 'master' (refers to commit 'c') + ^ + | + tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b') +------------ + +When a commit is created in this state, the branch is updated to refer to +the new commit. Specifically, 'git commit' creates a new commit 'd', whose +parent is commit 'c', and then updates branch 'master' to refer to new +commit 'd'. HEAD still refers to branch 'master' and so indirectly now refers +to commit 'd': ------------ -$ git checkout v2.6.18 +$ edit; git add; git commit + + HEAD (refers to branch 'master') + | + v +a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') + ^ + | + tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b') ------------ -Earlier versions of git did not allow this and asked you to -create a temporary branch using `-b` option, but starting from -version 1.5.0, the above command 'detaches' your HEAD from the -current branch and directly point at the commit named by the tag -(`v2.6.18` in the above example). +It is sometimes useful to be able to checkout a commit that is not at +the tip of any named branch, or even to create a new commit that is not +referenced by a named branch. Let's look at what happens when we +checkout commit 'b' (here we show two ways this may be done): -You can use usual git commands while in this state. You can use -`git reset --hard $othercommit` to further move around, for -example. You can make changes and create a new commit on top of -a detached HEAD. You can even create a merge by using `git -merge $othercommit`. +------------ +$ git checkout v2.0 # or +$ git checkout master^^ + + HEAD (refers to commit 'b') + | + v +a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') + ^ + | + tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b') +------------ + +Notice that regardless of which checkout command we use, HEAD now refers +directly to commit 'b'. This is known as being in detached HEAD state. +It means simply that HEAD refers to a specific commit, as opposed to +referring to a named branch. Let's see what happens when we create a commit: + +------------ +$ edit; git add; git commit + + HEAD (refers to commit 'e') + | + v + e + / +a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') + ^ + | + tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b') +------------ + +There is now a new commit 'e', but it is referenced only by HEAD. We can +of course add yet another commit in this state: + +------------ +$ edit; git add; git commit + + HEAD (refers to commit 'f') + | + v + e---f + / +a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') + ^ + | + tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b') +------------ + +In fact, we can perform all the normal Git operations. But, let's look +at what happens when we then checkout master: + +------------ +$ git checkout master + + HEAD (refers to branch 'master') + e---f | + / v +a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') + ^ + | + tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b') +------------ -The state you are in while your HEAD is detached is not recorded -by any branch (which is natural --- you are not on any branch). -What this means is that you can discard your temporary commits -and merges by switching back to an existing branch (e.g. `git -checkout master`), and a later `git prune` or `git gc` would -garbage-collect them. If you did this by mistake, you can ask -the reflog for HEAD where you were, e.g. +It is important to realize that at this point nothing refers to commit +'f'. Eventually commit 'f' (and by extension commit 'e') will be deleted +by the routine Git garbage collection process, unless we create a reference +before that happens. If we have not yet moved away from commit 'f', +any of these will create a reference to it: ------------ +$ git checkout -b foo <1> +$ git branch foo <2> +$ git tag foo <3> +------------ + +<1> creates a new branch 'foo', which refers to commit 'f', and then +updates HEAD to refer to branch 'foo'. In other words, we'll no longer +be in detached HEAD state after this command. + +<2> similarly creates a new branch 'foo', which refers to commit 'f', +but leaves HEAD detached. + +<3> creates a new tag 'foo', which refers to commit 'f', +leaving HEAD detached. + +If we have moved away from commit 'f', then we must first recover its object +name (typically by using git reflog), and then we can create a reference to +it. For example, to see the last two commits to which HEAD referred, we +can use either of these commands: + +------------ +$ git reflog -2 HEAD # or $ git log -g -2 HEAD ------------ +ARGUMENT DISAMBIGUATION +----------------------- + +When there is only one argument given and it is not `--` (e.g. "git +checkout abc"), and when the argument is both a valid `<tree-ish>` +(e.g. a branch "abc" exists) and a valid `<pathspec>` (e.g. a file +or a directory whose name is "abc" exists), Git would usually ask +you to disambiguate. Because checking out a branch is so common an +operation, however, "git checkout abc" takes "abc" as a `<tree-ish>` +in such a situation. Use `git checkout -- <pathspec>` if you want +to checkout these paths out of the index. EXAMPLES -------- @@ -191,8 +453,20 @@ $ git checkout hello.c <3> ------------ + <1> switch branch -<2> take out a file out of other commit -<3> restore hello.c from HEAD of current branch +<2> take a file out of another commit +<3> restore hello.c from the index ++ +If you want to check out _all_ C source files out of the index, +you can say ++ +------------ +$ git checkout -- '*.c' +------------ ++ +Note the quotes around `*.c`. The file `hello.c` will also be +checked out, even though it is no longer in the working tree, +because the file globbing is used to match entries in the index +(not in the working tree by the shell). + If you have an unfortunate branch that is named `hello.c`, this step would be confused as an instruction to switch to that branch. @@ -202,7 +476,7 @@ You should instead write: $ git checkout -- hello.c ------------ -. After working in a wrong branch, switching to the correct +. After working in the wrong branch, switching to the correct branch would be done using: + ------------ @@ -210,12 +484,12 @@ $ git checkout mytopic ------------ + However, your "wrong" branch and correct "mytopic" branch may -differ in files that you have locally modified, in which case, +differ in files that you have modified locally, in which case the above checkout would fail like this: + ------------ $ git checkout mytopic -fatal: Entry 'frotz' not uptodate. Cannot merge. +error: You have local changes to 'frotz'; not switching branches. ------------ + You can give the `-m` flag to the command, which would try a @@ -250,15 +524,6 @@ $ edit frotz $ git add frotz ------------ - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt index b764130d26..d35d771fc8 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt @@ -3,34 +3,65 @@ git-cherry-pick(1) NAME ---- -git-cherry-pick - Apply the change introduced by an existing commit +git-cherry-pick - Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits SYNOPSIS -------- -'git cherry-pick' [--edit] [-n] [-m parent-number] [-s] [-x] <commit> +[verse] +'git cherry-pick' [--edit] [-n] [-m parent-number] [-s] [-x] [--ff] + [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>... +'git cherry-pick' --continue +'git cherry-pick' --quit +'git cherry-pick' --abort DESCRIPTION ----------- -Given one existing commit, apply the change the patch introduces, and record a -new commit that records it. This requires your working tree to be clean (no -modifications from the HEAD commit). + +Given one or more existing commits, apply the change each one +introduces, recording a new commit for each. This requires your +working tree to be clean (no modifications from the HEAD commit). + +When it is not obvious how to apply a change, the following +happens: + +1. The current branch and `HEAD` pointer stay at the last commit + successfully made. +2. The `CHERRY_PICK_HEAD` ref is set to point at the commit that + introduced the change that is difficult to apply. +3. Paths in which the change applied cleanly are updated both + in the index file and in your working tree. +4. For conflicting paths, the index file records up to three + versions, as described in the "TRUE MERGE" section of + linkgit:git-merge[1]. The working tree files will include + a description of the conflict bracketed by the usual + conflict markers `<<<<<<<` and `>>>>>>>`. +5. No other modifications are made. + +See linkgit:git-merge[1] for some hints on resolving such +conflicts. OPTIONS ------- -<commit>:: - Commit to cherry-pick. - For a more complete list of ways to spell commits, see the - "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. +<commit>...:: + Commits to cherry-pick. + For a more complete list of ways to spell commits, see + linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. + Sets of commits can be passed but no traversal is done by + default, as if the `--no-walk` option was specified, see + linkgit:git-rev-list[1]. Note that specifying a range will + feed all <commit>... arguments to a single revision walk + (see a later example that uses 'maint master..next'). -e:: --edit:: - With this option, 'git-cherry-pick' will let you edit the commit + With this option, 'git cherry-pick' will let you edit the commit message prior to committing. -x:: - When recording the commit, append to the original commit - message a note that indicates which commit this change - was cherry-picked from. Append the note only for cherry + When recording the commit, append a line that says + "(cherry picked from commit ...)" to the original commit + message in order to indicate which commit this change was + cherry-picked from. This is done only for cherry picks without conflicts. Do not use this option if you are cherry-picking from your private branch because the information is useless to the recipient. If on the @@ -55,10 +86,10 @@ OPTIONS -n:: --no-commit:: - Usually the command automatically creates a commit. - This flag applies the change necessary to cherry-pick - the named commit to your working tree and the index, - but does not make the commit. In addition, when this + Usually the command automatically creates a sequence of commits. + This flag applies the changes necessary to cherry-pick + each named commit to your working tree and the index, + without making any commit. In addition, when this option is used, your index does not have to match the HEAD commit. The cherry-pick is done against the beginning state of your index. @@ -69,15 +100,133 @@ effect to your index in a row. -s:: --signoff:: Add Signed-off-by line at the end of the commit message. + See the signoff option in linkgit:git-commit[1] for more information. + +-S[<keyid>]:: +--gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: + GPG-sign commits. The `keyid` argument is optional and + defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be + stuck to the option without a space. + +--ff:: + If the current HEAD is the same as the parent of the + cherry-pick'ed commit, then a fast forward to this commit will + be performed. + +--allow-empty:: + By default, cherry-picking an empty commit will fail, + indicating that an explicit invocation of `git commit + --allow-empty` is required. This option overrides that + behavior, allowing empty commits to be preserved automatically + in a cherry-pick. Note that when "--ff" is in effect, empty + commits that meet the "fast-forward" requirement will be kept + even without this option. Note also, that use of this option only + keeps commits that were initially empty (i.e. the commit recorded the + same tree as its parent). Commits which are made empty due to a + previous commit are dropped. To force the inclusion of those commits + use `--keep-redundant-commits`. + +--allow-empty-message:: + By default, cherry-picking a commit with an empty message will fail. + This option overrides that behavior, allowing commits with empty + messages to be cherry picked. + +--keep-redundant-commits:: + If a commit being cherry picked duplicates a commit already in the + current history, it will become empty. By default these + redundant commits cause `cherry-pick` to stop so the user can + examine the commit. This option overrides that behavior and + creates an empty commit object. Implies `--allow-empty`. + +--strategy=<strategy>:: + Use the given merge strategy. Should only be used once. + See the MERGE STRATEGIES section in linkgit:git-merge[1] + for details. + +-X<option>:: +--strategy-option=<option>:: + Pass the merge strategy-specific option through to the + merge strategy. See linkgit:git-merge[1] for details. + +SEQUENCER SUBCOMMANDS +--------------------- +include::sequencer.txt[] + +EXAMPLES +-------- +`git cherry-pick master`:: + Apply the change introduced by the commit at the tip of the + master branch and create a new commit with this change. -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> +`git cherry-pick ..master`:: +`git cherry-pick ^HEAD master`:: -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. + Apply the changes introduced by all commits that are ancestors + of master but not of HEAD to produce new commits. + +`git cherry-pick maint next ^master`:: +`git cherry-pick maint master..next`:: + + Apply the changes introduced by all commits that are + ancestors of maint or next, but not master or any of its + ancestors. Note that the latter does not mean `maint` and + everything between `master` and `next`; specifically, + `maint` will not be used if it is included in `master`. + +`git cherry-pick master~4 master~2`:: + + Apply the changes introduced by the fifth and third last + commits pointed to by master and create 2 new commits with + these changes. + +`git cherry-pick -n master~1 next`:: + + Apply to the working tree and the index the changes introduced + by the second last commit pointed to by master and by the last + commit pointed to by next, but do not create any commit with + these changes. + +`git cherry-pick --ff ..next`:: + + If history is linear and HEAD is an ancestor of next, update + the working tree and advance the HEAD pointer to match next. + Otherwise, apply the changes introduced by those commits that + are in next but not HEAD to the current branch, creating a new + commit for each new change. + +`git rev-list --reverse master -- README | git cherry-pick -n --stdin`:: + + Apply the changes introduced by all commits on the master + branch that touched README to the working tree and index, + so the result can be inspected and made into a single new + commit if suitable. + +The following sequence attempts to backport a patch, bails out because +the code the patch applies to has changed too much, and then tries +again, this time exercising more care about matching up context lines. + +------------ +$ git cherry-pick topic^ <1> +$ git diff <2> +$ git reset --merge ORIG_HEAD <3> +$ git cherry-pick -Xpatience topic^ <4> +------------ +<1> apply the change that would be shown by `git show topic^`. +In this example, the patch does not apply cleanly, so +information about the conflict is written to the index and +working tree and no new commit results. +<2> summarize changes to be reconciled +<3> cancel the cherry-pick. In other words, return to the +pre-cherry-pick state, preserving any local modifications you had in +the working tree. +<4> try to apply the change introduced by `topic^` again, +spending extra time to avoid mistakes based on incorrectly matching +context lines. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-revert[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-cherry.txt b/Documentation/git-cherry.txt index 7deefdae8f..0ea921a593 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cherry.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cherry.txt @@ -3,55 +3,35 @@ git-cherry(1) NAME ---- -git-cherry - Find commits not merged upstream +git-cherry - Find commits yet to be applied to upstream SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git cherry' [-v] [<upstream> [<head> [<limit>]]] DESCRIPTION ----------- -The changeset (or "diff") of each commit between the fork-point and <head> -is compared against each commit between the fork-point and <upstream>. -The commits are compared with their 'patch id', obtained from -the 'git-patch-id' program. +Determine whether there are commits in `<head>..<upstream>` that are +equivalent to those in the range `<limit>..<head>`. -Every commit that doesn't exist in the <upstream> branch -has its id (sha1) reported, prefixed by a symbol. The ones that have -equivalent change already -in the <upstream> branch are prefixed with a minus (-) sign, and those -that only exist in the <head> branch are prefixed with a plus (+) symbol: - - __*__*__*__*__> <upstream> - / - fork-point - \__+__+__-__+__+__-__+__> <head> - - -If a <limit> has been given then the commits along the <head> branch up -to and including <limit> are not reported: - - __*__*__*__*__> <upstream> - / - fork-point - \__*__*__<limit>__-__+__> <head> - - -Because 'git-cherry' compares the changeset rather than the commit id -(sha1), you can use 'git-cherry' to find out if a commit you made locally -has been applied <upstream> under a different commit id. For example, -this will happen if you're feeding patches <upstream> via email rather -than pushing or pulling commits directly. +The equivalence test is based on the diff, after removing whitespace +and line numbers. git-cherry therefore detects when commits have been +"copied" by means of linkgit:git-cherry-pick[1], linkgit:git-am[1] or +linkgit:git-rebase[1]. +Outputs the SHA1 of every commit in `<limit>..<head>`, prefixed with +`-` for commits that have an equivalent in <upstream>, and `+` for +commits that do not. OPTIONS ------- -v:: - Verbose. + Show the commit subjects next to the SHA1s. <upstream>:: - Upstream branch to compare against. - Defaults to the first tracked remote branch, if available. + Upstream branch to search for equivalent commits. + Defaults to the upstream branch of HEAD. <head>:: Working branch; defaults to HEAD. @@ -59,17 +39,106 @@ OPTIONS <limit>:: Do not report commits up to (and including) limit. -SEE ALSO +EXAMPLES -------- -linkgit:git-patch-id[1] -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> +Patch workflows +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +git-cherry is frequently used in patch-based workflows (see +linkgit:gitworkflows[7]) to determine if a series of patches has been +applied by the upstream maintainer. In such a workflow you might +create and send a topic branch like this: + +------------ +$ git checkout -b topic origin/master +# work and create some commits +$ git format-patch origin/master +$ git send-email ... 00* +------------ + +Later, you can see whether your changes have been applied by saying +(still on `topic`): + +------------ +$ git fetch # update your notion of origin/master +$ git cherry -v +------------ + +Concrete example +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +In a situation where topic consisted of three commits, and the +maintainer applied two of them, the situation might look like: + +------------ +$ git log --graph --oneline --decorate --boundary origin/master...topic +* 7654321 (origin/master) upstream tip commit +[... snip some other commits ...] +* cccc111 cherry-pick of C +* aaaa111 cherry-pick of A +[... snip a lot more that has happened ...] +| * cccc000 (topic) commit C +| * bbbb000 commit B +| * aaaa000 commit A +|/ +o 1234567 branch point +------------ + +In such cases, git-cherry shows a concise summary of what has yet to +be applied: + +------------ +$ git cherry origin/master topic +- cccc000... commit C ++ bbbb000... commit B +- aaaa000... commit A +------------ + +Here, we see that the commits A and C (marked with `-`) can be +dropped from your `topic` branch when you rebase it on top of +`origin/master`, while the commit B (marked with `+`) still needs to +be kept so that it will be sent to be applied to `origin/master`. + + +Using a limit +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The optional <limit> is useful in cases where your topic is based on +other work that is not in upstream. Expanding on the previous +example, this might look like: + +------------ +$ git log --graph --oneline --decorate --boundary origin/master...topic +* 7654321 (origin/master) upstream tip commit +[... snip some other commits ...] +* cccc111 cherry-pick of C +* aaaa111 cherry-pick of A +[... snip a lot more that has happened ...] +| * cccc000 (topic) commit C +| * bbbb000 commit B +| * aaaa000 commit A +| * 0000fff (base) unpublished stuff F +[... snip ...] +| * 0000aaa unpublished stuff A +|/ +o 1234567 merge-base between upstream and topic +------------ + +By specifying `base` as the limit, you can avoid listing commits +between `base` and `topic`: + +------------ +$ git cherry origin/master topic base +- cccc000... commit C ++ bbbb000... commit B +- aaaa000... commit A +------------ + -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-patch-id[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-citool.txt b/Documentation/git-citool.txt index 670cb02b6c..c7a11c36c1 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-citool.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-citool.txt @@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ git-citool - Graphical alternative to git-commit SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git citool' DESCRIPTION @@ -14,19 +15,11 @@ DESCRIPTION A Tcl/Tk based graphical interface to review modified files, stage them into the index, enter a commit message and record the new commit onto the current branch. This interface is an alternative -to the less interactive 'git-commit' program. +to the less interactive 'git commit' program. -'git-citool' is actually a standard alias for `git gui citool`. +'git citool' is actually a standard alias for `git gui citool`. See linkgit:git-gui[1] for more details. -Author ------- -Written by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>. - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-clean.txt b/Documentation/git-clean.txt index 8a114509f4..03056dad0d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-clean.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-clean.txt @@ -8,26 +8,41 @@ git-clean - Remove untracked files from the working tree SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git clean' [-d] [-f] [-n] [-q] [-x | -X] [--] <path>... +'git clean' [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] <path>... DESCRIPTION ----------- -Removes files unknown to git. This allows to clean the working tree -from files that are not under version control. If the '-x' option is -specified, ignored files are also removed, allowing to remove all -build products. + +Cleans the working tree by recursively removing files that are not +under version control, starting from the current directory. + +Normally, only files unknown to Git are removed, but if the `-x` +option is specified, ignored files are also removed. This can, for +example, be useful to remove all build products. + If any optional `<path>...` arguments are given, only those paths are affected. - OPTIONS ------- -d:: Remove untracked directories in addition to untracked files. + If an untracked directory is managed by a different Git + repository, it is not removed by default. Use -f option twice + if you really want to remove such a directory. -f:: - If the git configuration specifies clean.requireForce as true, - 'git-clean' will refuse to run unless given -f or -n. +--force:: + If the Git configuration variable clean.requireForce is not set + to false, 'git clean' will refuse to delete files or directories + unless given -f, -n or -i. Git will refuse to delete directories + with .git sub directory or file unless a second -f + is given. + +-i:: +--interactive:: + Show what would be done and clean files interactively. See + ``Interactive mode'' for details. -n:: --dry-run:: @@ -38,21 +53,88 @@ OPTIONS Be quiet, only report errors, but not the files that are successfully removed. +-e <pattern>:: +--exclude=<pattern>:: + In addition to those found in .gitignore (per directory) and + $GIT_DIR/info/exclude, also consider these patterns to be in the + set of the ignore rules in effect. + -x:: - Don't use the ignore rules. This allows removing all untracked + Don't use the standard ignore rules read from .gitignore (per + directory) and $GIT_DIR/info/exclude, but do still use the ignore + rules given with `-e` options. This allows removing all untracked files, including build products. This can be used (possibly in - conjunction with 'git-reset') to create a pristine + conjunction with 'git reset') to create a pristine working directory to test a clean build. -X:: - Remove only files ignored by git. This may be useful to rebuild + Remove only files ignored by Git. This may be useful to rebuild everything from scratch, but keep manually created files. +Interactive mode +---------------- +When the command enters the interactive mode, it shows the +files and directories to be cleaned, and goes into its +interactive command loop. + +The command loop shows the list of subcommands available, and +gives a prompt "What now> ". In general, when the prompt ends +with a single '>', you can pick only one of the choices given +and type return, like this: + +------------ + *** Commands *** + 1: clean 2: filter by pattern 3: select by numbers + 4: ask each 5: quit 6: help + What now> 1 +------------ + +You also could say `c` or `clean` above as long as the choice is unique. + +The main command loop has 6 subcommands. + +clean:: -Author ------- -Written by Pavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org> + Start cleaning files and directories, and then quit. +filter by pattern:: + + This shows the files and directories to be deleted and issues an + "Input ignore patterns>>" prompt. You can input space-separated + patterns to exclude files and directories from deletion. + E.g. "*.c *.h" will excludes files end with ".c" and ".h" from + deletion. When you are satisfied with the filtered result, press + ENTER (empty) back to the main menu. + +select by numbers:: + + This shows the files and directories to be deleted and issues an + "Select items to delete>>" prompt. When the prompt ends with double + '>>' like this, you can make more than one selection, concatenated + with whitespace or comma. Also you can say ranges. E.g. "2-5 7,9" + to choose 2,3,4,5,7,9 from the list. If the second number in a + range is omitted, all remaining items are selected. E.g. "7-" to + choose 7,8,9 from the list. You can say '*' to choose everything. + Also when you are satisfied with the filtered result, press ENTER + (empty) back to the main menu. + +ask each:: + + This will start to clean, and you must confirm one by one in order + to delete items. Please note that this action is not as efficient + as the above two actions. + +quit:: + + This lets you quit without do cleaning. + +help:: + + Show brief usage of interactive git-clean. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gitignore[5] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-clone.txt b/Documentation/git-clone.txt index 95f08b9114..30052cce49 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-clone.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-clone.txt @@ -11,24 +11,29 @@ SYNOPSIS [verse] 'git clone' [--template=<template_directory>] [-l] [-s] [--no-hardlinks] [-q] [-n] [--bare] [--mirror] - [-o <name>] [-u <upload-pack>] [--reference <repository>] - [--depth <depth>] [--] <repository> [<directory>] + [-o <name>] [-b <name>] [-u <upload-pack>] [--reference <repository>] + [--dissociate] [--separate-git-dir <git dir>] + [--depth <depth>] [--[no-]single-branch] + [--recurse-submodules] [--[no-]shallow-submodules] + [--jobs <n>] [--] <repository> [<directory>] DESCRIPTION ----------- Clones a repository into a newly created directory, creates remote-tracking branches for each branch in the cloned repository -(visible using `git branch -r`), and creates and checks out an initial -branch equal to the cloned repository's currently active branch. +(visible using `git branch -r`), and creates and checks out an +initial branch that is forked from the cloned repository's +currently active branch. After the clone, a plain `git fetch` without arguments will update all the remote-tracking branches, and a `git pull` without arguments will in addition merge the remote master branch into the -current master branch, if any. +current master branch, if any (this is untrue when "--single-branch" +is given; see below). This default configuration is achieved by creating references to -the remote branch heads under `$GIT_DIR/refs/remotes/origin` and +the remote branch heads under `refs/remotes/origin` and by initializing `remote.origin.url` and `remote.origin.fetch` configuration variables. @@ -38,69 +43,100 @@ OPTIONS --local:: -l:: When the repository to clone from is on a local machine, - this flag bypasses normal "git aware" transport + this flag bypasses the normal "Git aware" transport mechanism and clones the repository by making a copy of HEAD and everything under objects and refs directories. The files under `.git/objects/` directory are hardlinked - to save space when possible. This is now the default when - the source repository is specified with `/path/to/repo` - syntax, so it essentially is a no-op option. To force - copying instead of hardlinking (which may be desirable - if you are trying to make a back-up of your repository), - but still avoid the usual "git aware" transport - mechanism, `--no-hardlinks` can be used. + to save space when possible. ++ +If the repository is specified as a local path (e.g., `/path/to/repo`), +this is the default, and --local is essentially a no-op. If the +repository is specified as a URL, then this flag is ignored (and we +never use the local optimizations). Specifying `--no-local` will +override the default when `/path/to/repo` is given, using the regular +Git transport instead. --no-hardlinks:: - Optimize the cloning process from a repository on a - local filesystem by copying files under `.git/objects` - directory. + Force the cloning process from a repository on a local + filesystem to copy the files under the `.git/objects` + directory instead of using hardlinks. This may be desirable + if you are trying to make a back-up of your repository. --shared:: -s:: When the repository to clone is on the local machine, instead of using hard links, automatically setup - .git/objects/info/alternates to share the objects + `.git/objects/info/alternates` to share the objects with the source repository. The resulting repository starts out without any object of its own. + *NOTE*: this is a possibly dangerous operation; do *not* use it unless you understand what it does. If you clone your repository using this option and then delete branches (or use any -other git command that makes any existing commit unreferenced) in the +other Git command that makes any existing commit unreferenced) in the source repository, some objects may become unreferenced (or dangling). -These objects may be removed by normal git operations (such as 'git-commit') +These objects may be removed by normal Git operations (such as `git commit`) which automatically call `git gc --auto`. (See linkgit:git-gc[1].) If these objects are removed and were referenced by the cloned repository, then the cloned repository will become corrupt. ++ +Note that running `git repack` without the `-l` option in a repository +cloned with `-s` will copy objects from the source repository into a pack +in the cloned repository, removing the disk space savings of `clone -s`. +It is safe, however, to run `git gc`, which uses the `-l` option by +default. ++ +If you want to break the dependency of a repository cloned with `-s` on +its source repository, you can simply run `git repack -a` to copy all +objects from the source repository into a pack in the cloned repository. - - ---reference <repository>:: - If the reference repository is on the local machine - automatically setup .git/objects/info/alternates to +--reference[-if-able] <repository>:: + If the reference repository is on the local machine, + automatically setup `.git/objects/info/alternates` to obtain objects from the reference repository. Using an already existing repository as an alternate will require fewer objects to be copied from the repository being cloned, reducing network and local storage costs. + When using the `--reference-if-able`, a non existing + directory is skipped with a warning instead of aborting + the clone. + -*NOTE*: see NOTE to --shared option. +*NOTE*: see the NOTE for the `--shared` option, and also the +`--dissociate` option. + +--dissociate:: + Borrow the objects from reference repositories specified + with the `--reference` options only to reduce network + transfer, and stop borrowing from them after a clone is made + by making necessary local copies of borrowed objects. This + option can also be used when cloning locally from a + repository that already borrows objects from another + repository--the new repository will borrow objects from the + same repository, and this option can be used to stop the + borrowing. --quiet:: -q:: - Operate quietly. This flag is also passed to the `rsync' - command when given. + Operate quietly. Progress is not reported to the standard + error stream. --verbose:: -v:: - Display the progressbar, even in case the standard output is not - a terminal. + Run verbosely. Does not affect the reporting of progress status + to the standard error stream. + +--progress:: + Progress status is reported on the standard error stream + by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q + is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the + standard error stream is not directed to a terminal. --no-checkout:: -n:: No checkout of HEAD is performed after the clone is complete. --bare:: - Make a 'bare' GIT repository. That is, instead of + Make a 'bare' Git repository. That is, instead of creating `<directory>` and placing the administrative files in `<directory>/.git`, make the `<directory>` itself the `$GIT_DIR`. This obviously implies the `-n` @@ -112,12 +148,26 @@ then the cloned repository will become corrupt. configuration variables are created. --mirror:: - Set up a mirror of the remote repository. This implies --bare. + Set up a mirror of the source repository. This implies `--bare`. + Compared to `--bare`, `--mirror` not only maps local branches of the + source to local branches of the target, it maps all refs (including + remote-tracking branches, notes etc.) and sets up a refspec configuration such + that all these refs are overwritten by a `git remote update` in the + target repository. --origin <name>:: -o <name>:: - Instead of using the remote name 'origin' to keep track - of the upstream repository, use <name> instead. + Instead of using the remote name `origin` to keep track + of the upstream repository, use `<name>`. + +--branch <name>:: +-b <name>:: + Instead of pointing the newly created HEAD to the branch pointed + to by the cloned repository's HEAD, point to `<name>` branch + instead. In a non-bare repository, this is the branch that will + be checked out. + `--branch` can also take tags and detaches the HEAD at that commit + in the resulting repository. --upload-pack <upload-pack>:: -u <upload-pack>:: @@ -127,17 +177,71 @@ then the cloned repository will become corrupt. --template=<template_directory>:: Specify the directory from which templates will be used; - if unset the templates are taken from the installation - defined default, typically `/usr/share/git-core/templates`. + (See the "TEMPLATE DIRECTORY" section of linkgit:git-init[1].) + +--config <key>=<value>:: +-c <key>=<value>:: + Set a configuration variable in the newly-created repository; + this takes effect immediately after the repository is + initialized, but before the remote history is fetched or any + files checked out. The key is in the same format as expected by + linkgit:git-config[1] (e.g., `core.eol=true`). If multiple + values are given for the same key, each value will be written to + the config file. This makes it safe, for example, to add + additional fetch refspecs to the origin remote. --depth <depth>:: Create a 'shallow' clone with a history truncated to the - specified number of revisions. A shallow repository has a - number of limitations (you cannot clone or fetch from - it, nor push from nor into it), but is adequate if you - are only interested in the recent history of a large project - with a long history, and would want to send in fixes - as patches. + specified number of commits. Implies `--single-branch` unless + `--no-single-branch` is given to fetch the histories near the + tips of all branches. If you want to clone submodules shallowly, + also pass `--shallow-submodules`. + +--shallow-since=<date>:: + Create a shallow clone with a history after the specified time. + +--shallow-exclude=<revision>:: + Create a shallow clone with a history, excluding commits + reachable from a specified remote branch or tag. This option + can be specified multiple times. + +--[no-]single-branch:: + Clone only the history leading to the tip of a single branch, + either specified by the `--branch` option or the primary + branch remote's `HEAD` points at. + Further fetches into the resulting repository will only update the + remote-tracking branch for the branch this option was used for the + initial cloning. If the HEAD at the remote did not point at any + branch when `--single-branch` clone was made, no remote-tracking + branch is created. + +--recurse-submodules[=<pathspec]:: + After the clone is created, initialize and clone submodules + within based on the provided pathspec. If no pathspec is + provided, all submodules are initialized and cloned. + Submodules are initialized and cloned using their default + settings. The resulting clone has `submodule.active` set to + the provided pathspec, or "." (meaning all submodules) if no + pathspec is provided. This is equivalent to running + `git submodule update --init --recursive` immediately after + the clone is finished. This option is ignored if the cloned + repository does not have a worktree/checkout (i.e. if any of + `--no-checkout`/`-n`, `--bare`, or `--mirror` is given) + +--[no-]shallow-submodules:: + All submodules which are cloned will be shallow with a depth of 1. + +--separate-git-dir=<git dir>:: + Instead of placing the cloned repository where it is supposed + to be, place the cloned repository at the specified directory, + then make a filesystem-agnostic Git symbolic link to there. + The result is Git repository can be separated from working + tree. + +-j <n>:: +--jobs <n>:: + The number of submodules fetched at the same time. + Defaults to the `submodule.fetchJobs` option. <repository>:: The (possibly remote) repository to clone from. See the @@ -147,9 +251,9 @@ then the cloned repository will become corrupt. <directory>:: The name of a new directory to clone into. The "humanish" part of the source repository is used if no directory is - explicitly given ("repo" for "/path/to/repo.git" and "foo" - for "host.xz:foo/.git"). Cloning into an existing directory - is not allowed. + explicitly given (`repo` for `/path/to/repo.git` and `foo` + for `host.xz:foo/.git`). Cloning into an existing directory + is only allowed if the directory is empty. :git-clone: 1 include::urls.txt[] @@ -157,16 +261,16 @@ include::urls.txt[] Examples -------- -Clone from upstream:: +* Clone from upstream: + ------------ -$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../linux-2.6 my2.6 -$ cd my2.6 +$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../linux.git my-linux +$ cd my-linux $ make ------------ -Make a local clone that borrows from the current directory, without checking things out:: +* Make a local clone that borrows from the current directory, without checking things out: + ------------ $ git clone -l -s -n . ../copy @@ -175,41 +279,23 @@ $ git show-branch ------------ -Clone from upstream while borrowing from an existing local directory:: +* Clone from upstream while borrowing from an existing local directory: + ------------ -$ git clone --reference my2.6 \ - git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../linux-2.7 \ - my2.7 -$ cd my2.7 +$ git clone --reference /git/linux.git \ + git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../linux.git \ + my-linux +$ cd my-linux ------------ -Create a bare repository to publish your changes to the public:: +* Create a bare repository to publish your changes to the public: + ------------ $ git clone --bare -l /home/proj/.git /pub/scm/proj.git ------------ -Create a repository on the kernel.org machine that borrows from Linus:: -+ ------------- -$ git clone --bare -l -s /pub/scm/.../torvalds/linux-2.6.git \ - /pub/scm/.../me/subsys-2.6.git ------------- - - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-column.txt b/Documentation/git-column.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..03d18465d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-column.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +git-column(1) +============= + +NAME +---- +git-column - Display data in columns + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git column' [--command=<name>] [--[raw-]mode=<mode>] [--width=<width>] + [--indent=<string>] [--nl=<string>] [--padding=<n>] + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +This command formats its input into multiple columns. + +OPTIONS +------- +--command=<name>:: + Look up layout mode using configuration variable column.<name> and + column.ui. + +--mode=<mode>:: + Specify layout mode. See configuration variable column.ui for option + syntax. + +--raw-mode=<n>:: + Same as --mode but take mode encoded as a number. This is mainly used + by other commands that have already parsed layout mode. + +--width=<width>:: + Specify the terminal width. By default 'git column' will detect the + terminal width, or fall back to 80 if it is unable to do so. + +--indent=<string>:: + String to be printed at the beginning of each line. + +--nl=<N>:: + String to be printed at the end of each line, + including newline character. + +--padding=<N>:: + The number of spaces between columns. One space by default. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt index b8834baced..002dae625e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt @@ -8,7 +8,11 @@ git-commit-tree - Create a new commit object SYNOPSIS -------- -'git commit-tree' <tree> [-p <parent commit>]\* < changelog +[verse] +'git commit-tree' <tree> [(-p <parent>)...] +'git commit-tree' [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...] + [(-F <file>)...] <tree> + DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -16,7 +20,8 @@ This is usually not what an end user wants to run directly. See linkgit:git-commit[1] instead. Creates a new commit object based on the provided tree object and -emits the new commit object id on stdout. +emits the new commit object id on stdout. The log message is read +from the standard input, unless `-m` or `-F` options are given. A commit object may have any number of parents. With exactly one parent, it is an ordinary commit. Having more than one parent makes @@ -27,7 +32,7 @@ While a tree represents a particular directory state of a working directory, a commit represents that state in "time", and explains how to get there. -Normally a commit would identify a new "HEAD" state, and while git +Normally a commit would identify a new "HEAD" state, and while Git doesn't care where you save the note about that state, in practice we tend to just write the result to the file that is pointed at by `.git/HEAD`, so that we can always see what the last committed @@ -38,8 +43,26 @@ OPTIONS <tree>:: An existing tree object --p <parent commit>:: - Each '-p' indicates the id of a parent commit object. +-p <parent>:: + Each `-p` indicates the id of a parent commit object. + +-m <message>:: + A paragraph in the commit log message. This can be given more than + once and each <message> becomes its own paragraph. + +-F <file>:: + Read the commit log message from the given file. Use `-` to read + from the standard input. + +-S[<keyid>]:: +--gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: + GPG-sign commits. The `keyid` argument is optional and + defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be + stuck to the option without a space. + +--no-gpg-sign:: + Do not GPG-sign commit, to countermand a `--gpg-sign` option + given earlier on the command line. Commit Information @@ -61,46 +84,35 @@ if set: GIT_COMMITTER_NAME GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL GIT_COMMITTER_DATE - EMAIL (nb "<", ">" and "\n"s are stripped) In case (some of) these environment variables are not set, the information is taken from the configuration items user.name and user.email, or, if not -present, system user name and fully qualified hostname. +present, the environment variable EMAIL, or, if that is not set, +system user name and the hostname used for outgoing mail (taken +from `/etc/mailname` and falling back to the fully qualified hostname when +that file does not exist). A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog -entry is not provided via "<" redirection, 'git-commit-tree' will just wait +entry is not provided via "<" redirection, 'git commit-tree' will just wait for one to be entered and terminated with ^D. - -Diagnostics ------------ -You don't exist. Go away!:: - The passwd(5) gecos field couldn't be read -Your parents must have hated you!:: - The passwd(5) gecos field is longer than a giant static buffer. -Your sysadmin must hate you!:: - The passwd(5) name field is longer than a giant static buffer. +include::date-formats.txt[] Discussion ---------- include::i18n.txt[] +FILES +----- +/etc/mailname + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-write-tree[1] - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit.txt b/Documentation/git-commit.txt index b5d81be7ec..ed0f5b94b3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit.txt @@ -8,10 +8,12 @@ git-commit - Record changes to the repository SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git commit' [-a | --interactive] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend] - [(-c | -C) <commit>] [-F <file> | -m <msg>] - [--allow-empty] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>] - [--cleanup=<mode>] [--] [[-i | -o ]<file>...] +'git commit' [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend] + [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --fixup | --squash) <commit>] + [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty] + [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>] + [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status] + [-i | -o] [-S[<keyid>]] [--] [<file>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -20,17 +22,18 @@ with a log message from the user describing the changes. The content to be added can be specified in several ways: -1. by using 'git-add' to incrementally "add" changes to the +1. by using 'git add' to incrementally "add" changes to the index before using the 'commit' command (Note: even modified files must be "added"); -2. by using 'git-rm' to remove files from the working tree +2. by using 'git rm' to remove files from the working tree and the index, again before using the 'commit' command; -3. by listing files as arguments to the 'commit' command, in which +3. by listing files as arguments to the 'commit' command + (without --interactive or --patch switch), in which case the commit will ignore changes staged in the index, and instead record the current content of the listed files (which must already - be known to git); + be known to Git); 4. by using the -a switch with the 'commit' command to automatically "add" changes from all known files (i.e. all files that are already @@ -38,17 +41,18 @@ The content to be added can be specified in several ways: that have been removed from the working tree, and then perform the actual commit; -5. by using the --interactive switch with the 'commit' command to decide one - by one which files should be part of the commit, before finalizing the - operation. Currently, this is done by invoking 'git-add --interactive'. +5. by using the --interactive or --patch switches with the 'commit' command + to decide one by one which files or hunks should be part of the commit + in addition to contents in the index, + before finalizing the operation. See the ``Interactive Mode'' section of + linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate these modes. -The 'git-status' command can be used to obtain a +The `--dry-run` option can be used to obtain a summary of what is included by any of the above for the next -commit by giving the same set of parameters you would give to -this command. +commit by giving the same set of parameters (options and paths). If you make a commit and then find a mistake immediately after -that, you can recover from it with 'git-reset'. +that, you can recover from it with 'git reset'. OPTIONS @@ -57,7 +61,13 @@ OPTIONS --all:: Tell the command to automatically stage files that have been modified and deleted, but new files you have not - told git about are not affected. + told Git about are not affected. + +-p:: +--patch:: + Use the interactive patch selection interface to chose + which changes to commit. See linkgit:git-add[1] for + details. -C <commit>:: --reuse-message=<commit>:: @@ -67,36 +77,93 @@ OPTIONS -c <commit>:: --reedit-message=<commit>:: - Like '-C', but with '-c' the editor is invoked, so that + Like '-C', but with `-c` the editor is invoked, so that the user can further edit the commit message. +--fixup=<commit>:: + Construct a commit message for use with `rebase --autosquash`. + The commit message will be the subject line from the specified + commit with a prefix of "fixup! ". See linkgit:git-rebase[1] + for details. + +--squash=<commit>:: + Construct a commit message for use with `rebase --autosquash`. + The commit message subject line is taken from the specified + commit with a prefix of "squash! ". Can be used with additional + commit message options (`-m`/`-c`/`-C`/`-F`). See + linkgit:git-rebase[1] for details. + +--reset-author:: + When used with -C/-c/--amend options, or when committing after a + a conflicting cherry-pick, declare that the authorship of the + resulting commit now belongs to the committer. This also renews + the author timestamp. + +--short:: + When doing a dry-run, give the output in the short-format. See + linkgit:git-status[1] for details. Implies `--dry-run`. + +--branch:: + Show the branch and tracking info even in short-format. + +--porcelain:: + When doing a dry-run, give the output in a porcelain-ready + format. See linkgit:git-status[1] for details. Implies + `--dry-run`. + +--long:: + When doing a dry-run, give the output in a the long-format. + Implies `--dry-run`. + +-z:: +--null:: + When showing `short` or `porcelain` status output, print the + filename verbatim and terminate the entries with NUL, instead of LF. + If no format is given, implies the `--porcelain` output format. + Without the `-z` option, filenames with "unusual" characters are + quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` + (see linkgit:git-config[1]). + -F <file>:: --file=<file>:: Take the commit message from the given file. Use '-' to read the message from the standard input. --author=<author>:: - Override the author name used in the commit. You can use the - standard `A U Thor <author@example.com>` format. Otherwise, - an existing commit that matches the given string and its author - name is used. + Override the commit author. Specify an explicit author using the + standard `A U Thor <author@example.com>` format. Otherwise <author> + is assumed to be a pattern and is used to search for an existing + commit by that author (i.e. rev-list --all -i --author=<author>); + the commit author is then copied from the first such commit found. + +--date=<date>:: + Override the author date used in the commit. -m <msg>:: --message=<msg>:: Use the given <msg> as the commit message. + If multiple `-m` options are given, their values are + concatenated as separate paragraphs. -t <file>:: --template=<file>:: - Use the contents of the given file as the initial version - of the commit message. The editor is invoked and you can - make subsequent changes. If a message is specified using - the `-m` or `-F` options, this option has no effect. This - overrides the `commit.template` configuration variable. + When editing the commit message, start the editor with the + contents in the given file. The `commit.template` configuration + variable is often used to give this option implicitly to the + command. This mechanism can be used by projects that want to + guide participants with some hints on what to write in the message + in what order. If the user exits the editor without editing the + message, the commit is aborted. This has no effect when a message + is given by other means, e.g. with the `-m` or `-F` options. -s:: --signoff:: Add Signed-off-by line by the committer at the end of the commit - log message. + log message. The meaning of a signoff depends on the project, + but it typically certifies that committer has + the rights to submit this work under the same license and + agrees to a Developer Certificate of Origin + (see http://developercertificate.org/ for more information). -n:: --no-verify:: @@ -107,34 +174,63 @@ OPTIONS Usually recording a commit that has the exact same tree as its sole parent commit is a mistake, and the command prevents you from making such a commit. This option bypasses the safety, and - is primarily for use by foreign scm interface scripts. + is primarily for use by foreign SCM interface scripts. + +--allow-empty-message:: + Like --allow-empty this command is primarily for use by foreign + SCM interface scripts. It allows you to create a commit with an + empty commit message without using plumbing commands like + linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]. --cleanup=<mode>:: - This option sets how the commit message is cleaned up. - The '<mode>' can be one of 'verbatim', 'whitespace', 'strip', - and 'default'. The 'default' mode will strip leading and - trailing empty lines and #commentary from the commit message - only if the message is to be edited. Otherwise only whitespace - removed. The 'verbatim' mode does not change message at all, - 'whitespace' removes just leading/trailing whitespace lines - and 'strip' removes both whitespace and commentary. + This option determines how the supplied commit message should be + cleaned up before committing. The '<mode>' can be `strip`, + `whitespace`, `verbatim`, `scissors` or `default`. ++ +-- +strip:: + Strip leading and trailing empty lines, trailing whitespace, + commentary and collapse consecutive empty lines. +whitespace:: + Same as `strip` except #commentary is not removed. +verbatim:: + Do not change the message at all. +scissors:: + Same as `whitespace`, except that everything from (and + including) the line + "`# ------------------------ >8 ------------------------`" + is truncated if the message is to be edited. "`#`" can be + customized with core.commentChar. +default:: + Same as `strip` if the message is to be edited. + Otherwise `whitespace`. +-- ++ +The default can be changed by the `commit.cleanup` configuration +variable (see linkgit:git-config[1]). -e:: --edit:: The message taken from file with `-F`, command line with - `-m`, and from file with `-C` are usually used as the - commit log message unmodified. This option lets you + `-m`, and from commit object with `-C` are usually used as + the commit log message unmodified. This option lets you further edit the message taken from these sources. +--no-edit:: + Use the selected commit message without launching an editor. + For example, `git commit --amend --no-edit` amends a commit + without changing its commit message. + --amend:: - Used to amend the tip of the current branch. Prepare the tree - object you would want to replace the latest commit as usual - (this includes the usual -i/-o and explicit paths), and the - commit log editor is seeded with the commit message from the - tip of the current branch. The commit you create replaces the - current tip -- if it was a merge, it will have the parents of - the current tip as parents -- so the current top commit is - discarded. + Replace the tip of the current branch by creating a new + commit. The recorded tree is prepared as usual (including + the effect of the `-i` and `-o` options and explicit + pathspec), and the message from the original commit is used + as the starting point, instead of an empty message, when no + other message is specified from the command line via options + such as `-m`, `-F`, `-c`, etc. The new commit has the same + parents and author as the current one (the `--reset-author` + option can countermand this). + -- It is a rough equivalent for: @@ -151,6 +247,9 @@ You should understand the implications of rewriting history if you amend a commit that has already been published. (See the "RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1].) +--no-post-rewrite:: + Bypass the post-rewrite hook. + -i:: --include:: Before making a commit out of staged contents so far, @@ -160,44 +259,80 @@ FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1].) -o:: --only:: - Make a commit only from the paths specified on the + Make a commit by taking the updated working tree contents + of the paths specified on the command line, disregarding any contents that have been - staged so far. This is the default mode of operation of - 'git-commit' if any paths are given on the command line, + staged for other paths. This is the default mode of operation of + 'git commit' if any paths are given on the command line, in which case this option can be omitted. - If this option is specified together with '--amend', then + If this option is specified together with `--amend`, then no paths need to be specified, which can be used to amend the last commit without committing changes that have - already been staged. + already been staged. If used together with `--allow-empty` + paths are also not required, and an empty commit will be created. -u[<mode>]:: --untracked-files[=<mode>]:: - Show untracked files (Default: 'all'). + Show untracked files. + -The mode parameter is optional, and is used to specify -the handling of untracked files. The possible options are: +The mode parameter is optional (defaults to 'all'), and is used to +specify the handling of untracked files; when -u is not used, the +default is 'normal', i.e. show untracked files and directories. ++ +The possible options are: + --- - 'no' - Show no untracked files - 'normal' - Shows untracked files and directories - 'all' - Also shows individual files in untracked directories. --- + -See linkgit:git-config[1] for configuration variable -used to change the default for when the option is not -specified. +The default can be changed using the status.showUntrackedFiles +configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. -v:: --verbose:: Show unified diff between the HEAD commit and what would be committed at the bottom of the commit message - template. Note that this diff output doesn't have its - lines prefixed with '#'. + template to help the user describe the commit by reminding + what changes the commit has. + Note that this diff output doesn't have its + lines prefixed with '#'. This diff will not be a part + of the commit message. See the `commit.verbose` configuration + variable in linkgit:git-config[1]. ++ +If specified twice, show in addition the unified diff between +what would be committed and the worktree files, i.e. the unstaged +changes to tracked files. -q:: --quiet:: Suppress commit summary message. +--dry-run:: + Do not create a commit, but show a list of paths that are + to be committed, paths with local changes that will be left + uncommitted and paths that are untracked. + +--status:: + Include the output of linkgit:git-status[1] in the commit + message template when using an editor to prepare the commit + message. Defaults to on, but can be used to override + configuration variable commit.status. + +--no-status:: + Do not include the output of linkgit:git-status[1] in the + commit message template when using an editor to prepare the + default commit message. + +-S[<keyid>]:: +--gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: + GPG-sign commits. The `keyid` argument is optional and + defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be + stuck to the option without a space. + +--no-gpg-sign:: + Countermand `commit.gpgSign` configuration variable that is + set to force each and every commit to be signed. + \--:: Do not interpret any more arguments as options. @@ -208,15 +343,17 @@ specified. these files are also staged for the next commit on top of what have been staged before. +:git-commit: 1 +include::date-formats.txt[] EXAMPLES -------- When recording your own work, the contents of modified files in your working tree are temporarily stored to a staging area -called the "index" with 'git-add'. A file can be +called the "index" with 'git add'. A file can be reverted back, only in the index but not in the working tree, to that of the last commit with `git reset HEAD -- <file>`, -which effectively reverts 'git-add' and prevents the changes to +which effectively reverts 'git add' and prevents the changes to this file from participating in the next commit. After building the state to be committed incrementally with these commands, `git commit` (without any pathname parameter) is used to record what @@ -272,13 +409,13 @@ $ git commit this second commit would record the changes to `hello.c` and `hello.h` as expected. -After a merge (initiated by 'git-merge' or 'git-pull') stops +After a merge (initiated by 'git merge' or 'git pull') stops because of conflicts, cleanly merged paths are already staged to be committed for you, and paths that conflicted are left in unmerged state. You would have to first -check which paths are conflicting with 'git-status' +check which paths are conflicting with 'git status' and after fixing them manually in your working tree, you would -stage the result as usual with 'git-add': +stage the result as usual with 'git add': ------------ $ git status | grep unmerged @@ -309,24 +446,35 @@ DISCUSSION Though not required, it's a good idea to begin the commit message with a single short (less than 50 character) line summarizing the change, followed by a blank line and then a more thorough description. -Tools that turn commits into email, for example, use the first line -on the Subject: line and the rest of the commit in the body. +The text up to the first blank line in a commit message is treated +as the commit title, and that title is used throughout Git. +For example, linkgit:git-format-patch[1] turns a commit into email, and it uses +the title on the Subject line and the rest of the commit in the body. include::i18n.txt[] ENVIRONMENT AND CONFIGURATION VARIABLES --------------------------------------- The editor used to edit the commit log message will be chosen from the -GIT_EDITOR environment variable, the core.editor configuration variable, the -VISUAL environment variable, or the EDITOR environment variable (in that -order). +`GIT_EDITOR` environment variable, the core.editor configuration variable, the +`VISUAL` environment variable, or the `EDITOR` environment variable (in that +order). See linkgit:git-var[1] for details. HOOKS ----- This command can run `commit-msg`, `prepare-commit-msg`, `pre-commit`, -and `post-commit` hooks. See linkgit:githooks[5] for more +`post-commit` and `post-rewrite` hooks. See linkgit:githooks[5] for more information. +FILES +----- + +`$GIT_DIR/COMMIT_EDITMSG`:: + This file contains the commit message of a commit in progress. + If `git commit` exits due to an error before creating a commit, + any commit message that has been provided by the user (e.g., in + an editor session) will be available in this file, but will be + overwritten by the next invocation of `git commit`. SEE ALSO -------- @@ -336,12 +484,6 @@ linkgit:git-mv[1], linkgit:git-merge[1], linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and -Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-config.txt b/Documentation/git-config.txt index 19a8917b83..83f86b9231 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-config.txt @@ -9,19 +9,21 @@ git-config - Get and set repository or global options SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [-z|--null] name [value [value_regex]] +'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [--show-origin] [-z|--null] name [value [value_regex]] 'git config' [<file-option>] [type] --add name value -'git config' [<file-option>] [type] --replace-all name [value [value_regex]] -'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [-z|--null] --get name [value_regex] -'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [-z|--null] --get-all name [value_regex] -'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [-z|--null] --get-regexp name_regex [value_regex] +'git config' [<file-option>] [type] --replace-all name value [value_regex] +'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [--show-origin] [-z|--null] --get name [value_regex] +'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [--show-origin] [-z|--null] --get-all name [value_regex] +'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [--show-origin] [-z|--null] [--name-only] --get-regexp name_regex [value_regex] +'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [-z|--null] --get-urlmatch name URL 'git config' [<file-option>] --unset name [value_regex] 'git config' [<file-option>] --unset-all name [value_regex] 'git config' [<file-option>] --rename-section old_name new_name 'git config' [<file-option>] --remove-section name -'git config' [<file-option>] [-z|--null] -l | --list +'git config' [<file-option>] [--show-origin] [-z|--null] [--name-only] -l | --list 'git config' [<file-option>] --get-color name [default] 'git config' [<file-option>] --get-colorbool name [stdout-is-tty] +'git config' [<file-option>] -e | --edit DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -29,35 +31,42 @@ You can query/set/replace/unset options with this command. The name is actually the section and the key separated by a dot, and the value will be escaped. -Multiple lines can be added to an option by using the '--add' option. +Multiple lines can be added to an option by using the `--add` option. If you want to update or unset an option which can occur on multiple lines, a POSIX regexp `value_regex` needs to be given. Only the existing values that match the regexp are updated or unset. If you want to handle the lines that do *not* match the regex, just prepend a single exclamation mark in front (see also <<EXAMPLES>>). -The type specifier can be either '--int' or '--bool', which will make -'git-config' ensure that the variable(s) are of the given type and +The type specifier can be either `--int` or `--bool`, to make +'git config' ensure that the variable(s) are of the given type and convert the value to the canonical form (simple decimal number for int, -a "true" or "false" string for bool). If no type specifier is passed, -no checks or transformations are performed on the value. +a "true" or "false" string for bool), or `--path`, which does some +path expansion (see `--path` below). If no type specifier is passed, no +checks or transformations are performed on the value. -The file-option can be one of '--system', '--global' or '--file' -which specify where the values will be read from or written to. -The default is to assume the config file of the current repository, -.git/config unless defined otherwise with GIT_DIR and GIT_CONFIG -(see <<FILES>>). +When reading, the values are read from the system, global and +repository local configuration files by default, and options +`--system`, `--global`, `--local` and `--file <filename>` can be +used to tell the command to read from only that location (see <<FILES>>). -This command will fail if: +When writing, the new value is written to the repository local +configuration file by default, and options `--system`, `--global`, +`--file <filename>` can be used to tell the command to write to +that location (you can say `--local` but that is the default). -. The config file is invalid, -. Can not write to the config file, -. no section was provided, -. the section or key is invalid, -. you try to unset an option which does not exist, -. you try to unset/set an option for which multiple lines match, or -. you use '--global' option without $HOME being properly set. +This command will fail with non-zero status upon error. Some exit +codes are: +- The section or key is invalid (ret=1), +- no section or name was provided (ret=2), +- the config file is invalid (ret=3), +- the config file cannot be written (ret=4), +- you try to unset an option which does not exist (ret=5), +- you try to unset/set an option for which multiple lines match (ret=5), or +- you try to use an invalid regexp (ret=6). + +On success, the command returns the exit code 0. OPTIONS ------- @@ -68,43 +77,73 @@ OPTIONS --add:: Adds a new line to the option without altering any existing - values. This is the same as providing '^$' as the value_regex. + values. This is the same as providing '^$' as the value_regex + in `--replace-all`. --get:: Get the value for a given key (optionally filtered by a regex matching the value). Returns error code 1 if the key was not - found and error code 2 if multiple key values were found. + found and the last value if multiple key values were found. --get-all:: - Like get, but does not fail if the number of values for the key - is not exactly one. + Like get, but returns all values for a multi-valued key. --get-regexp:: - Like --get-all, but interprets the name as a regular expression. - Also outputs the key names. + Like --get-all, but interprets the name as a regular expression and + writes out the key names. Regular expression matching is currently + case-sensitive and done against a canonicalized version of the key + in which section and variable names are lowercased, but subsection + names are not. + +--get-urlmatch name URL:: + When given a two-part name section.key, the value for + section.<url>.key whose <url> part matches the best to the + given URL is returned (if no such key exists, the value for + section.key is used as a fallback). When given just the + section as name, do so for all the keys in the section and + list them. Returns error code 1 if no value is found. --global:: - For writing options: write to global ~/.gitconfig file rather than - the repository .git/config. + For writing options: write to global `~/.gitconfig` file + rather than the repository `.git/config`, write to + `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/config` file if this file exists and the + `~/.gitconfig` file doesn't. + -For reading options: read only from global ~/.gitconfig rather than -from all available files. +For reading options: read only from global `~/.gitconfig` and from +`$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/config` rather than from all available files. + See also <<FILES>>. --system:: - For writing options: write to system-wide $(prefix)/etc/gitconfig - rather than the repository .git/config. + For writing options: write to system-wide + `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` rather than the repository + `.git/config`. + -For reading options: read only from system-wide $(prefix)/etc/gitconfig +For reading options: read only from system-wide `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` rather than from all available files. + See also <<FILES>>. +--local:: + For writing options: write to the repository `.git/config` file. + This is the default behavior. ++ +For reading options: read only from the repository `.git/config` rather than +from all available files. ++ +See also <<FILES>>. + -f config-file:: --file config-file:: Use the given config file instead of the one specified by GIT_CONFIG. +--blob blob:: + Similar to `--file` but use the given blob instead of a file. E.g. + you can use 'master:.gitmodules' to read values from the file + '.gitmodules' in the master branch. See "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" + section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7] for a more complete list of + ways to spell blob names. + --remove-section:: Remove the given section from the configuration file. @@ -119,17 +158,28 @@ See also <<FILES>>. -l:: --list:: - List all variables set in config file. + List all variables set in config file, along with their values. --bool:: - 'git-config' will ensure that the output is "true" or "false" + 'git config' will ensure that the output is "true" or "false" --int:: - 'git-config' will ensure that the output is a simple + 'git config' will ensure that the output is a simple decimal number. An optional value suffix of 'k', 'm', or 'g' in the config file will cause the value to be multiplied by 1024, 1048576, or 1073741824 prior to output. +--bool-or-int:: + 'git config' will ensure that the output matches the format of + either --bool or --int, as described above. + +--path:: + 'git-config' will expand leading '{tilde}' to the value of + '$HOME', and '{tilde}user' to the home directory for the + specified user. This option has no effect when setting the + value (but you can use 'git config bla {tilde}/' from the + command line to let your shell do the expansion). + -z:: --null:: For all options that output values and/or keys, always @@ -139,6 +189,16 @@ See also <<FILES>>. output without getting confused e.g. by values that contain line breaks. +--name-only:: + Output only the names of config variables for `--list` or + `--get-regexp`. + +--show-origin:: + Augment the output of all queried config options with the + origin type (file, standard input, blob, command line) and + the actual origin (config file path, ref, or blob id if + applicable). + --get-colorbool name [stdout-is-tty]:: Find the color setting for `name` (e.g. `color.diff`) and output @@ -150,45 +210,69 @@ See also <<FILES>>. When the color setting for `name` is undefined, the command uses `color.ui` as fallback. ---get-color name default:: +--get-color name [default]:: Find the color configured for `name` (e.g. `color.diff.new`) and output it as the ANSI color escape sequence to the standard output. The optional `default` parameter is used instead, if there is no color configured for `name`. +-e:: +--edit:: + Opens an editor to modify the specified config file; either + `--system`, `--global`, or repository (default). + +--[no-]includes:: + Respect `include.*` directives in config files when looking up + values. Defaults to `off` when a specific file is given (e.g., + using `--file`, `--global`, etc) and `on` when searching all + config files. + [[FILES]] FILES ----- -If not set explicitly with '--file', there are three files where -'git-config' will search for configuration options: +If not set explicitly with `--file`, there are four files where +'git config' will search for configuration options: -$GIT_DIR/config:: - Repository specific configuration file. (The filename is - of course relative to the repository root, not the working - directory.) +$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig:: + System-wide configuration file. + +$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/config:: + Second user-specific configuration file. If $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is not set + or empty, `$HOME/.config/git/config` will be used. Any single-valued + variable set in this file will be overwritten by whatever is in + `~/.gitconfig`. It is a good idea not to create this file if + you sometimes use older versions of Git, as support for this + file was added fairly recently. ~/.gitconfig:: User-specific configuration file. Also called "global" configuration file. -$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig:: - System-wide configuration file. +$GIT_DIR/config:: + Repository specific configuration file. If no further options are given, all reading options will read all of these files that are available. If the global or the system-wide configuration file are not available they will be ignored. If the repository configuration -file is not available or readable, 'git-config' will exit with a non-zero +file is not available or readable, 'git config' will exit with a non-zero error code. However, in neither case will an error message be issued. +The files are read in the order given above, with last value found taking +precedence over values read earlier. When multiple values are taken then all +values of a key from all files will be used. + +You may override individual configuration parameters when running any git +command by using the `-c` option. See linkgit:git[1] for details. + All writing options will per default write to the repository specific -configuration file. Note that this also affects options like '--replace-all' -and '--unset'. *'git-config' will only ever change one file at a time*. +configuration file. Note that this also affects options like `--replace-all` +and `--unset`. *'git config' will only ever change one file at a time*. -You can override these rules either by command line options or by environment -variables. The '--global' and the '--system' options will limit the file used -to the global or system-wide file respectively. The GIT_CONFIG environment +You can override these rules either by command-line options or by environment +variables. The `--global` and the `--system` options will limit the file used +to the global or system-wide file respectively. The `GIT_CONFIG` environment variable has a similar effect, but you can specify any filename you want. @@ -200,6 +284,10 @@ GIT_CONFIG:: Using the "--global" option forces this to ~/.gitconfig. Using the "--system" option forces this to $(prefix)/etc/gitconfig. +GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM:: + Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide + $(prefix)/etc/gitconfig file. See linkgit:git[1] for details. + See also <<FILES>>. @@ -227,9 +315,16 @@ Given a .git/config like this: ; Proxy settings [core] - gitproxy="proxy-command" for kernel.org + gitproxy=proxy-command for kernel.org gitproxy=default-proxy ; for all the rest + ; HTTP + [http] + sslVerify + [http "https://weak.example.com"] + sslVerify = false + cookieFile = /tmp/cookie.txt + you can set the filemode to true with ------------ @@ -302,7 +397,7 @@ To actually match only values with an exclamation mark, you have to To add a new proxy, without altering any of the existing ones, use ------------ -% git config core.gitproxy '"proxy-command" for example.com' +% git config --add core.gitproxy '"proxy-command" for example.com' ------------ An example to use customized color from the configuration in your @@ -315,16 +410,20 @@ RESET=$(git config --get-color "" "reset") echo "${WS}your whitespace color or blue reverse${RESET}" ------------ -include::config.txt[] - +For URLs in `https://weak.example.com`, `http.sslVerify` is set to +false, while it is set to `true` for all others: -Author ------- -Written by Johannes Schindelin <Johannes.Schindelin@gmx.de> +------------ +% git config --bool --get-urlmatch http.sslverify https://good.example.com +true +% git config --bool --get-urlmatch http.sslverify https://weak.example.com +false +% git config --get-urlmatch http https://weak.example.com +http.cookieFile /tmp/cookie.txt +http.sslverify false +------------ -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Johannes Schindelin, Petr Baudis and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +include::config.txt[] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-count-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-count-objects.txt index 6bc1c21e62..cb9b4d2e46 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-count-objects.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-count-objects.txt @@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ git-count-objects - Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption SYNOPSIS -------- -'git count-objects' [-v] +[verse] +'git count-objects' [-v] [-H | --human-readable] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -19,20 +20,34 @@ OPTIONS ------- -v:: --verbose:: - In addition to the number of loose objects and disk - space consumed, it reports the number of in-pack - objects, number of packs, disk space consumed by those packs, - and number of objects that can be removed by running - `git prune-packed`. - - -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. + Report in more detail: ++ +count: the number of loose objects ++ +size: disk space consumed by loose objects, in KiB (unless -H is specified) ++ +in-pack: the number of in-pack objects ++ +size-pack: disk space consumed by the packs, in KiB (unless -H is specified) ++ +prune-packable: the number of loose objects that are also present in +the packs. These objects could be pruned using `git prune-packed`. ++ +garbage: the number of files in object database that are neither valid loose +objects nor valid packs ++ +size-garbage: disk space consumed by garbage files, in KiB (unless -H is +specified) ++ +alternate: absolute path of alternate object databases; may appear +multiple times, one line per path. Note that if the path contains +non-printable characters, it may be surrounded by double-quotes and +contain C-style backslashed escape sequences. + +-H:: +--human-readable:: + +Print sizes in human readable format GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-credential-cache--daemon.txt b/Documentation/git-credential-cache--daemon.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7051c6bdf8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-credential-cache--daemon.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +git-credential-cache--daemon(1) +=============================== + +NAME +---- +git-credential-cache--daemon - Temporarily store user credentials in memory + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +git credential-cache--daemon [--debug] <socket> + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +NOTE: You probably don't want to invoke this command yourself; it is +started automatically when you use linkgit:git-credential-cache[1]. + +This command listens on the Unix domain socket specified by `<socket>` +for `git-credential-cache` clients. Clients may store and retrieve +credentials. Each credential is held for a timeout specified by the +client; once no credentials are held, the daemon exits. + +If the `--debug` option is specified, the daemon does not close its +stderr stream, and may output extra diagnostics to it even after it has +begun listening for clients. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-credential-cache.txt b/Documentation/git-credential-cache.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2b85826393 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-credential-cache.txt @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +git-credential-cache(1) +======================= + +NAME +---- +git-credential-cache - Helper to temporarily store passwords in memory + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +----------------------------- +git config credential.helper 'cache [options]' +----------------------------- + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +This command caches credentials in memory for use by future Git +programs. The stored credentials never touch the disk, and are forgotten +after a configurable timeout. The cache is accessible over a Unix +domain socket, restricted to the current user by filesystem permissions. + +You probably don't want to invoke this command directly; it is meant to +be used as a credential helper by other parts of Git. See +linkgit:gitcredentials[7] or `EXAMPLES` below. + +OPTIONS +------- + +--timeout <seconds>:: + + Number of seconds to cache credentials (default: 900). + +--socket <path>:: + + Use `<path>` to contact a running cache daemon (or start a new + cache daemon if one is not started). + Defaults to `$XDG_CACHE_HOME/git/credential/socket` unless + `~/.git-credential-cache/` exists in which case + `~/.git-credential-cache/socket` is used instead. + If your home directory is on a network-mounted filesystem, you + may need to change this to a local filesystem. You must specify + an absolute path. + +CONTROLLING THE DAEMON +---------------------- + +If you would like the daemon to exit early, forgetting all cached +credentials before their timeout, you can issue an `exit` action: + +-------------------------------------- +git credential-cache exit +-------------------------------------- + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +The point of this helper is to reduce the number of times you must type +your username or password. For example: + +------------------------------------ +$ git config credential.helper cache +$ git push http://example.com/repo.git +Username: <type your username> +Password: <type your password> + +[work for 5 more minutes] +$ git push http://example.com/repo.git +[your credentials are used automatically] +------------------------------------ + +You can provide options via the credential.helper configuration +variable (this example drops the cache time to 5 minutes): + +------------------------------------------------------- +$ git config credential.helper 'cache --timeout=300' +------------------------------------------------------- + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-credential-store.txt b/Documentation/git-credential-store.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..25fb963f4b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-credential-store.txt @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +git-credential-store(1) +======================= + +NAME +---- +git-credential-store - Helper to store credentials on disk + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +------------------- +git config credential.helper 'store [options]' +------------------- + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +NOTE: Using this helper will store your passwords unencrypted on disk, +protected only by filesystem permissions. If this is not an acceptable +security tradeoff, try linkgit:git-credential-cache[1], or find a helper +that integrates with secure storage provided by your operating system. + +This command stores credentials indefinitely on disk for use by future +Git programs. + +You probably don't want to invoke this command directly; it is meant to +be used as a credential helper by other parts of git. See +linkgit:gitcredentials[7] or `EXAMPLES` below. + +OPTIONS +------- + +--file=<path>:: + + Use `<path>` to lookup and store credentials. The file will have its + filesystem permissions set to prevent other users on the system + from reading it, but will not be encrypted or otherwise + protected. If not specified, credentials will be searched for from + `~/.git-credentials` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/credentials`, and + credentials will be written to `~/.git-credentials` if it exists, or + `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/credentials` if it exists and the former does + not. See also <<FILES>>. + +[[FILES]] +FILES +----- + +If not set explicitly with `--file`, there are two files where +git-credential-store will search for credentials in order of precedence: + +~/.git-credentials:: + User-specific credentials file. + +$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/credentials:: + Second user-specific credentials file. If '$XDG_CONFIG_HOME' is not set + or empty, `$HOME/.config/git/credentials` will be used. Any credentials + stored in this file will not be used if `~/.git-credentials` has a + matching credential as well. It is a good idea not to create this file + if you sometimes use older versions of Git that do not support it. + +For credential lookups, the files are read in the order given above, with the +first matching credential found taking precedence over credentials found in +files further down the list. + +Credential storage will by default write to the first existing file in the +list. If none of these files exist, `~/.git-credentials` will be created and +written to. + +When erasing credentials, matching credentials will be erased from all files. + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +The point of this helper is to reduce the number of times you must type +your username or password. For example: + +------------------------------------------ +$ git config credential.helper store +$ git push http://example.com/repo.git +Username: <type your username> +Password: <type your password> + +[several days later] +$ git push http://example.com/repo.git +[your credentials are used automatically] +------------------------------------------ + +STORAGE FORMAT +-------------- + +The `.git-credentials` file is stored in plaintext. Each credential is +stored on its own line as a URL like: + +------------------------------ +https://user:pass@example.com +------------------------------ + +When Git needs authentication for a particular URL context, +credential-store will consider that context a pattern to match against +each entry in the credentials file. If the protocol, hostname, and +username (if we already have one) match, then the password is returned +to Git. See the discussion of configuration in linkgit:gitcredentials[7] +for more information. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-credential.txt b/Documentation/git-credential.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b211440373 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-credential.txt @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ +git-credential(1) +================= + +NAME +---- +git-credential - Retrieve and store user credentials + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +------------------ +git credential <fill|approve|reject> +------------------ + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +Git has an internal interface for storing and retrieving credentials +from system-specific helpers, as well as prompting the user for +usernames and passwords. The git-credential command exposes this +interface to scripts which may want to retrieve, store, or prompt for +credentials in the same manner as Git. The design of this scriptable +interface models the internal C API; see +link:technical/api-credentials.html[the Git credential API] for more +background on the concepts. + +git-credential takes an "action" option on the command-line (one of +`fill`, `approve`, or `reject`) and reads a credential description +on stdin (see <<IOFMT,INPUT/OUTPUT FORMAT>>). + +If the action is `fill`, git-credential will attempt to add "username" +and "password" attributes to the description by reading config files, +by contacting any configured credential helpers, or by prompting the +user. The username and password attributes of the credential +description are then printed to stdout together with the attributes +already provided. + +If the action is `approve`, git-credential will send the description +to any configured credential helpers, which may store the credential +for later use. + +If the action is `reject`, git-credential will send the description to +any configured credential helpers, which may erase any stored +credential matching the description. + +If the action is `approve` or `reject`, no output should be emitted. + +TYPICAL USE OF GIT CREDENTIAL +----------------------------- + +An application using git-credential will typically use `git +credential` following these steps: + + 1. Generate a credential description based on the context. ++ +For example, if we want a password for +`https://example.com/foo.git`, we might generate the following +credential description (don't forget the blank line at the end; it +tells `git credential` that the application finished feeding all the +information it has): + + protocol=https + host=example.com + path=foo.git + + 2. Ask git-credential to give us a username and password for this + description. This is done by running `git credential fill`, + feeding the description from step (1) to its standard input. The complete + credential description (including the credential per se, i.e. the + login and password) will be produced on standard output, like: + + protocol=https + host=example.com + username=bob + password=secr3t ++ +In most cases, this means the attributes given in the input will be +repeated in the output, but Git may also modify the credential +description, for example by removing the `path` attribute when the +protocol is HTTP(s) and `credential.useHttpPath` is false. ++ +If the `git credential` knew about the password, this step may +not have involved the user actually typing this password (the +user may have typed a password to unlock the keychain instead, +or no user interaction was done if the keychain was already +unlocked) before it returned `password=secr3t`. + + 3. Use the credential (e.g., access the URL with the username and + password from step (2)), and see if it's accepted. + + 4. Report on the success or failure of the password. If the + credential allowed the operation to complete successfully, then + it can be marked with an "approve" action to tell `git + credential` to reuse it in its next invocation. If the credential + was rejected during the operation, use the "reject" action so + that `git credential` will ask for a new password in its next + invocation. In either case, `git credential` should be fed with + the credential description obtained from step (2) (which also + contain the ones provided in step (1)). + +[[IOFMT]] +INPUT/OUTPUT FORMAT +------------------- + +`git credential` reads and/or writes (depending on the action used) +credential information in its standard input/output. This information +can correspond either to keys for which `git credential` will obtain +the login/password information (e.g. host, protocol, path), or to the +actual credential data to be obtained (login/password). + +The credential is split into a set of named attributes, with one +attribute per line. Each attribute is +specified by a key-value pair, separated by an `=` (equals) sign, +followed by a newline. The key may contain any bytes except `=`, +newline, or NUL. The value may contain any bytes except newline or NUL. +In both cases, all bytes are treated as-is (i.e., there is no quoting, +and one cannot transmit a value with newline or NUL in it). The list of +attributes is terminated by a blank line or end-of-file. +Git understands the following attributes: + +`protocol`:: + + The protocol over which the credential will be used (e.g., + `https`). + +`host`:: + + The remote hostname for a network credential. + +`path`:: + + The path with which the credential will be used. E.g., for + accessing a remote https repository, this will be the + repository's path on the server. + +`username`:: + + The credential's username, if we already have one (e.g., from a + URL, from the user, or from a previously run helper). + +`password`:: + + The credential's password, if we are asking it to be stored. + +`url`:: + + When this special attribute is read by `git credential`, the + value is parsed as a URL and treated as if its constituent parts + were read (e.g., `url=https://example.com` would behave as if + `protocol=https` and `host=example.com` had been provided). This + can help callers avoid parsing URLs themselves. Note that any + components which are missing from the URL (e.g., there is no + username in the example above) will be set to empty; if you want + to provide a URL and override some attributes, provide the URL + attribute first, followed by any overrides. diff --git a/Documentation/git-cvsexportcommit.txt b/Documentation/git-cvsexportcommit.txt index 2da8588f4f..00154b6c85 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cvsexportcommit.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cvsexportcommit.txt @@ -8,14 +8,15 @@ git-cvsexportcommit - Export a single commit to a CVS checkout SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git cvsexportcommit' [-h] [-u] [-v] [-c] [-P] [-p] [-a] [-d cvsroot] [-w cvsworkdir] [-W] [-f] [-m msgprefix] [PARENTCOMMIT] COMMITID DESCRIPTION ----------- -Exports a commit from GIT to a CVS checkout, making it easier -to merge patches from a git repository into a CVS repository. +Exports a commit from Git to a CVS checkout, making it easier +to merge patches from a Git repository into a CVS repository. Specify the name of a CVS checkout using the -w switch or execute it from the root of the CVS working copy. In the latter case GIT_DIR must @@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ by default. Supports file additions, removals, and commits that affect binary files. -If the commit is a merge commit, you must tell 'git-cvsexportcommit' what +If the commit is a merge commit, you must tell 'git cvsexportcommit' what parent the changeset should be done against. OPTIONS @@ -63,10 +64,14 @@ OPTIONS -u:: Update affected files from CVS repository before attempting export. +-k:: + Reverse CVS keyword expansion (e.g. $Revision: 1.2.3.4$ + becomes $Revision$) in working CVS checkout before applying patch. + -w:: Specify the location of the CVS checkout to use for the export. This option does not require GIT_DIR to be set before execution if the - current directory is within a git repository. The default is the + current directory is within a Git repository. The default is the value of 'cvsexportcommit.cvsdir'. -W:: @@ -108,14 +113,6 @@ $ cd ~/project_cvs_checkout $ git cherry cvshead myhead | sed -n 's/^+ //p' | xargs -l1 git cvsexportcommit -c -p -v ------------ -Author ------- -Written by Martin Langhoff <martin@catalyst.net.nz> and others. - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Martin Langhoff <martin@catalyst.net.nz> and others. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt b/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt index b7a8c10b87..de1ebed67d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt @@ -13,21 +13,30 @@ SYNOPSIS [-A <author-conv-file>] [-p <options-for-cvsps>] [-P <file>] [-C <git_repository>] [-z <fuzz>] [-i] [-k] [-u] [-s <subst>] [-a] [-m] [-M <regex>] [-S <regex>] [-L <commitlimit>] - [-r <remote>] [<CVS_module>] + [-r <remote>] [-R] [<CVS_module>] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Imports a CVS repository into git. It will either create a new +*WARNING:* `git cvsimport` uses cvsps version 2, which is considered +deprecated; it does not work with cvsps version 3 and later. If you are +performing a one-shot import of a CVS repository consider using +http://cvs2svn.tigris.org/cvs2git.html[cvs2git] or +http://www.catb.org/esr/cvs-fast-export/[cvs-fast-export]. + +Imports a CVS repository into Git. It will either create a new repository, or incrementally import into an existing one. Splitting the CVS log into patch sets is done by 'cvsps'. At least version 2.1 is required. +*WARNING:* for certain situations the import leads to incorrect results. +Please see the section <<issues,ISSUES>> for further reference. + You should *never* do any work of your own on the branches that are -created by 'git-cvsimport'. By default initial import will create and populate a +created by 'git cvsimport'. By default initial import will create and populate a "master" branch from the CVS repository's main branch which you're free -to work with; after that, you need to 'git-merge' incremental imports, or +to work with; after that, you need to 'git merge' incremental imports, or any CVS branches, yourself. It is advisable to specify a named remote via -r to separate and protect the incoming branches. @@ -46,30 +55,30 @@ OPTIONS -d <CVSROOT>:: The root of the CVS archive. May be local (a simple path) or remote; currently, only the :local:, :ext: and :pserver: access methods - are supported. If not given, 'git-cvsimport' will try to read it + are supported. If not given, 'git cvsimport' will try to read it from `CVS/Root`. If no such file exists, it checks for the `CVSROOT` environment variable. <CVS_module>:: The CVS module you want to import. Relative to <CVSROOT>. - If not given, 'git-cvsimport' tries to read it from + If not given, 'git cvsimport' tries to read it from `CVS/Repository`. -C <target-dir>:: - The git repository to import to. If the directory doesn't + The Git repository to import to. If the directory doesn't exist, it will be created. Default is the current directory. -r <remote>:: - The git remote to import this CVS repository into. + The Git remote to import this CVS repository into. Moves all CVS branches into remotes/<remote>/<branch> - akin to the 'git-clone' "--use-separate-remote" option. + akin to the way 'git clone' uses 'origin' by default. -o <branch-for-HEAD>:: - When no remote is specified (via -r) the 'HEAD' branch - from CVS is imported to the 'origin' branch within the git - repository, as 'HEAD' already has a special meaning for git. - When a remote is specified the 'HEAD' branch is named - remotes/<remote>/master mirroring 'git-clone' behaviour. + When no remote is specified (via -r) the `HEAD` branch + from CVS is imported to the 'origin' branch within the Git + repository, as `HEAD` already has a special meaning for Git. + When a remote is specified the `HEAD` branch is named + remotes/<remote>/master mirroring 'git clone' behaviour. Use this option if you want to import into a different branch. + @@ -94,7 +103,7 @@ the old cvs2git tool. -p <options-for-cvsps>:: Additional options for cvsps. - The options '-u' and '-A' are implicit and should not be used here. + The options `-u` and '-A' are implicit and should not be used here. + If you need to pass multiple options, separate them with a comma. @@ -113,7 +122,7 @@ If you need to pass multiple options, separate them with a comma. -M <regex>:: Attempt to detect merges based on the commit message with a custom - regex. It can be used with '-m' to enable the default regexes + regex. It can be used with `-m` to enable the default regexes as well. You must escape forward slashes. + The regex must capture the source branch name in $1. @@ -134,45 +143,85 @@ This option can be used several times to provide several detection regexes. -A <author-conv-file>:: CVS by default uses the Unix username when writing its commit logs. Using this option and an author-conv-file - in this format + maps the name recorded in CVS to author name, e-mail and + optional time zone: + --------- exon=Andreas Ericsson <ae@op5.se> - spawn=Simon Pawn <spawn@frog-pond.org> + spawn=Simon Pawn <spawn@frog-pond.org> America/Chicago --------- + -'git-cvsimport' will make it appear as those authors had +'git cvsimport' will make it appear as those authors had their GIT_AUTHOR_NAME and GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL set properly -all along. +all along. If a time zone is specified, GIT_AUTHOR_DATE will +have the corresponding offset applied. + For convenience, this data is saved to `$GIT_DIR/cvs-authors` each time the '-A' option is provided and read from that same -file each time 'git-cvsimport' is run. +file each time 'git cvsimport' is run. + It is not recommended to use this feature if you intend to export changes back to CVS again later with -'git-cvsexportcommit'. +'git cvsexportcommit'. + +-R:: + Generate a `$GIT_DIR/cvs-revisions` file containing a mapping from CVS + revision numbers to newly-created Git commit IDs. The generated file + will contain one line for each (filename, revision) pair imported; + each line will look like ++ +--------- +src/widget.c 1.1 1d862f173cdc7325b6fa6d2ae1cfd61fd1b512b7 +--------- ++ +The revision data is appended to the file if it already exists, for use when +doing incremental imports. ++ +This option may be useful if you have CVS revision numbers stored in commit +messages, bug-tracking systems, email archives, and the like. -h:: Print a short usage message and exit. OUTPUT ------ -If '-v' is specified, the script reports what it is doing. +If `-v` is specified, the script reports what it is doing. Otherwise, success is indicated the Unix way, i.e. by simply exiting with a zero exit status. - -Author +[[issues]] +ISSUES ------ -Written by Matthias Urlichs <smurf@smurf.noris.de>, with help from -various participants of the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +Problems related to timestamps: + + * If timestamps of commits in the CVS repository are not stable enough + to be used for ordering commits changes may show up in the wrong + order. + * If any files were ever "cvs import"ed more than once (e.g., import of + more than one vendor release) the HEAD contains the wrong content. + * If the timestamp order of different files cross the revision order + within the commit matching time window the order of commits may be + wrong. + +Problems related to branches: + + * Branches on which no commits have been made are not imported. + * All files from the branching point are added to a branch even if + never added in CVS. + * This applies to files added to the source branch *after* a daughter + branch was created: if previously no commit was made on the daughter + branch they will erroneously be added to the daughter branch in git. + +Problems related to tags: + +* Multiple tags on the same revision are not imported. + +If you suspect that any of these issues may apply to the repository you +want to import, consider using cvs2git: -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Matthias Urlichs <smurf@smurf.noris.de>. +* cvs2git (part of cvs2svn), `http://subversion.apache.org/` GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt b/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt index 785779e221..a336ae5f6f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ git-cvsserver(1) NAME ---- -git-cvsserver - A CVS server emulator for git +git-cvsserver - A CVS server emulator for Git SYNOPSIS -------- @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ cvspserver stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/bin/git-cvsserver git-cvsserver pserver Usage: [verse] -'git cvsserver' [options] [pserver|server] [<directory> ...] +'git-cvsserver' [options] [pserver|server] [<directory> ...] OPTIONS ------- @@ -54,13 +54,13 @@ Print usage information and exit You can specify a list of allowed directories. If no directories are given, all are allowed. This is an additional restriction, gitcvs access still needs to be enabled by the `gitcvs.enabled` config option -unless '--export-all' was given, too. +unless `--export-all` was given, too. DESCRIPTION ----------- -This application is a CVS emulation layer for git. +This application is a CVS emulation layer for Git. It is highly functional. However, not all methods are implemented, and for those methods that are implemented, @@ -72,19 +72,16 @@ plugin. Most functionality works fine with both of these clients. LIMITATIONS ----------- -Currently cvsserver works over SSH connections for read/write clients, and -over pserver for anonymous CVS access. +CVS clients cannot tag, branch or perform Git merges. -CVS clients cannot tag, branch or perform GIT merges. - -'git-cvsserver' maps GIT branches to CVS modules. This is very different +'git-cvsserver' maps Git branches to CVS modules. This is very different from what most CVS users would expect since in CVS modules usually represent one or more directories. INSTALLATION ------------ -1. If you are going to offer anonymous CVS access via pserver, add a line in +1. If you are going to offer CVS access via pserver, add a line in /etc/inetd.conf like + -- @@ -101,7 +98,39 @@ looks like cvspserver stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/bin/git-cvsserver git-cvsserver pserver ------ -No special setup is needed for SSH access, other than having GIT tools + +Only anonymous access is provided by pserve by default. To commit you +will have to create pserver accounts, simply add a gitcvs.authdb +setting in the config file of the repositories you want the cvsserver +to allow writes to, for example: + +------ + + [gitcvs] + authdb = /etc/cvsserver/passwd + +------ +The format of these files is username followed by the encrypted password, +for example: + +------ + myuser:$1Oyx5r9mdGZ2 + myuser:$1$BA)@$vbnMJMDym7tA32AamXrm./ +------ +You can use the 'htpasswd' facility that comes with Apache to make these +files, but Apache's MD5 crypt method differs from the one used by most C +library's crypt() function, so don't use the -m option. + +Alternatively you can produce the password with perl's crypt() operator: +----- + perl -e 'my ($user, $pass) = @ARGV; printf "%s:%s\n", $user, crypt($user, $pass)' $USER password +----- + +Then provide your password via the pserver method, for example: +------ + cvs -d:pserver:someuser:somepassword <at> server/path/repo.git co <HEAD_name> +------ +No special setup is needed for SSH access, other than having Git tools in the PATH. If you have clients that do not accept the CVS_SERVER environment variable, you can rename 'git-cvsserver' to `cvs`. @@ -125,15 +154,15 @@ with CVS_SERVER (and shouldn't) as 'git-shell' understands `cvs` to mean [gitcvs] enabled=1 # optional for debugging - logfile=/path/to/logfile + logFile=/path/to/logfile ------ Note: you need to ensure each user that is going to invoke 'git-cvsserver' has write access to the log file and to the database (see <<dbbackend,Database Backend>>. If you want to offer write access over -SSH, the users of course also need write access to the git repository itself. +SSH, the users of course also need write access to the Git repository itself. -You also need to ensure that each repository is "bare" (without a git index +You also need to ensure that each repository is "bare" (without a Git index file) for `cvs commit` to work. See linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. [[configaccessmethod]] @@ -152,7 +181,7 @@ allowing access over SSH. 3. If you didn't specify the CVSROOT/CVS_SERVER directly in the checkout command, automatically saving it in your 'CVS/Root' files, then you need to set them explicitly in your environment. CVSROOT should be set as per normal, but the - directory should point at the appropriate git repo. As above, for SSH clients + directory should point at the appropriate Git repo. As above, for SSH clients _not_ restricted to 'git-shell', CVS_SERVER should be set to 'git-cvsserver'. + -- @@ -168,7 +197,7 @@ allowing access over SSH. shell is bash, .bashrc may be a reasonable alternative. 5. Clients should now be able to check out the project. Use the CVS 'module' - name to indicate what GIT 'head' you want to check out. This also sets the + name to indicate what Git 'head' you want to check out. This also sets the name of your newly checked-out directory, unless you tell it otherwise with `-d <dir_name>`. For example, this checks out 'master' branch to the `project-master` directory: @@ -181,11 +210,10 @@ allowing access over SSH. Database Backend ---------------- -'git-cvsserver' uses one database per git head (i.e. CVS module) to -store information about the repository for faster access. The -database doesn't contain any persistent data and can be completely -regenerated from the git repository at any time. The database -needs to be updated (i.e. written to) after every commit. +'git-cvsserver' uses one database per Git head (i.e. CVS module) to +store information about the repository to maintain consistent +CVS revision numbers. The database needs to be +updated (i.e. written to) after every commit. If the commit is done directly by using `git` (as opposed to using 'git-cvsserver') the update will need to happen on the @@ -197,13 +225,25 @@ the pserver method), 'git-cvsserver' should have write access to the database to work reliably (otherwise you need to make sure that the database is up-to-date any time 'git-cvsserver' is executed). -By default it uses SQLite databases in the git directory, named +By default it uses SQLite databases in the Git directory, named `gitcvs.<module_name>.sqlite`. Note that the SQLite backend creates temporary files in the same directory as the database file on write so it might not be enough to grant the users using 'git-cvsserver' write access to the database file without granting them write access to the directory, too. +The database can not be reliably regenerated in a +consistent form after the branch it is tracking has changed. +Example: For merged branches, 'git-cvsserver' only tracks +one branch of development, and after a 'git merge' an +incrementally updated database may track a different branch +than a database regenerated from scratch, causing inconsistent +CVS revision numbers. `git-cvsserver` has no way of knowing which +branch it would have picked if it had been run incrementally +pre-merge. So if you have to fully or partially (from old +backup) regenerate the database, you should be suspicious +of pre-existing CVS sandboxes. + You can configure the database backend with the following configuration variables: @@ -214,14 +254,14 @@ Configuring database backend its documentation if changing these variables, especially about `DBI->connect()`. -gitcvs.dbname:: +gitcvs.dbName:: Database name. The exact meaning depends on the selected database driver, for SQLite this is a filename. Supports variable substitution (see below). May not contain semicolons (`;`). Default: '%Ggitcvs.%m.sqlite' -gitcvs.dbdriver:: +gitcvs.dbDriver:: Used DBI driver. You can specify any available driver for this here, but it might not work. cvsserver is tested with 'DBD::SQLite', reported to work with @@ -231,12 +271,12 @@ gitcvs.dbdriver:: Default: 'SQLite' gitcvs.dbuser:: - Database user. Only useful if setting `dbdriver`, since + Database user. Only useful if setting `dbDriver`, since SQLite has no concept of database users. Supports variable substitution (see below). -gitcvs.dbpass:: - Database password. Only useful if setting `dbdriver`, since +gitcvs.dbPass:: + Database password. Only useful if setting `dbDriver`, since SQLite has no concept of database passwords. gitcvs.dbTableNamePrefix:: @@ -248,17 +288,17 @@ All variables can also be set per access method, see <<configaccessmethod,above> Variable substitution ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -In `dbdriver` and `dbuser` you can use the following variables: +In `dbDriver` and `dbUser` you can use the following variables: %G:: - git directory name + Git directory name %g:: - git directory name, where all characters except for + Git directory name, where all characters except for alpha-numeric ones, `.`, and `-` are replaced with `_` (this should make it easier to use the directory name in a filename if wanted) %m:: - CVS module/git head name + CVS module/Git head name %a:: access method (one of "ext" or "pserver") %u:: @@ -266,6 +306,21 @@ In `dbdriver` and `dbuser` you can use the following variables: If no name can be determined, the numeric uid is used. +ENVIRONMENT +----------- + +These variables obviate the need for command-line options in some +circumstances, allowing easier restricted usage through git-shell. + +GIT_CVSSERVER_BASE_PATH takes the place of the argument to --base-path. + +GIT_CVSSERVER_ROOT specifies a single-directory whitelist. The +repository must still be configured to allow access through +git-cvsserver, as described above. + +When these environment variables are set, the corresponding +command-line arguments may not be used. + Eclipse CVS Client Notes ------------------------ @@ -277,13 +332,13 @@ To get a checkout with the Eclipse CVS client: 3. Browse the 'modules' available. It will give you a list of the heads in the repository. You will not be able to browse the tree from there. Only the heads. -4. Pick 'HEAD' when it asks what branch/tag to check out. Untick the +4. Pick `HEAD` when it asks what branch/tag to check out. Untick the "launch commit wizard" to avoid committing the .project file. Protocol notes: If you are using anonymous access via pserver, just select that. Those using SSH access should choose the 'ext' protocol, and configure 'ext' access on the Preferences->Team->CVS->ExtConnection pane. Set CVS_SERVER to -"'git cvsserver'". Note that password support is not good when using 'ext', +"`git cvsserver`". Note that password support is not good when using 'ext', you will definitely want to have SSH keys setup. Alternatively, you can just use the non-standard extssh protocol that Eclipse @@ -304,57 +359,75 @@ Operations supported All the operations required for normal use are supported, including checkout, diff, status, update, log, add, remove, commit. + +Most CVS command arguments that read CVS tags or revision numbers +(typically -r) work, and also support any git refspec +(tag, branch, commit ID, etc). +However, CVS revision numbers for non-default branches are not well +emulated, and cvs log does not show tags or branches at +all. (Non-main-branch CVS revision numbers superficially resemble CVS +revision numbers, but they actually encode a git commit ID directly, +rather than represent the number of revisions since the branch point.) + +Note that there are two ways to checkout a particular branch. +As described elsewhere on this page, the "module" parameter +of cvs checkout is interpreted as a branch name, and it becomes +the main branch. It remains the main branch for a given sandbox +even if you temporarily make another branch sticky with +cvs update -r. Alternatively, the -r argument can indicate +some other branch to actually checkout, even though the module +is still the "main" branch. Tradeoffs (as currently +implemented): Each new "module" creates a new database on disk with +a history for the given module, and after the database is created, +operations against that main branch are fast. Or alternatively, +-r doesn't take any extra disk space, but may be significantly slower for +many operations, like cvs update. + +If you want to refer to a git refspec that has characters that are +not allowed by CVS, you have two options. First, it may just work +to supply the git refspec directly to the appropriate CVS -r argument; +some CVS clients don't seem to do much sanity checking of the argument. +Second, if that fails, you can use a special character escape mechanism +that only uses characters that are valid in CVS tags. A sequence +of 4 or 5 characters of the form (underscore (`"_"`), dash (`"-"`), +one or two characters, and dash (`"-"`)) can encode various characters based +on the one or two letters: `"s"` for slash (`"/"`), `"p"` for +period (`"."`), `"u"` for underscore (`"_"`), or two hexadecimal digits +for any byte value at all (typically an ASCII number, or perhaps a part +of a UTF-8 encoded character). + Legacy monitoring operations are not supported (edit, watch and related). Exports and tagging (tags and branches) are not supported at this stage. CRLF Line Ending Conversions ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -By default the server leaves the '-k' mode blank for all files, -which causes the cvs client to treat them as a text files, subject -to crlf conversion on some platforms. +By default the server leaves the `-k` mode blank for all files, +which causes the CVS client to treat them as a text files, subject +to end-of-line conversion on some platforms. -You can make the server use `crlf` attributes to set the '-k' modes -for files by setting the `gitcvs.usecrlfattr` config variable. -In this case, if `crlf` is explicitly unset ('-crlf'), then the -server will set '-kb' mode for binary files. If `crlf` is set, -then the '-k' mode will explicitly be left blank. See -also linkgit:gitattributes[5] for more information about the `crlf` -attribute. +You can make the server use the end-of-line conversion attributes to +set the `-k` modes for files by setting the `gitcvs.usecrlfattr` +config variable. See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for more information +about end-of-line conversion. Alternatively, if `gitcvs.usecrlfattr` config is not enabled -or if the `crlf` attribute is unspecified for a filename, then -the server uses the `gitcvs.allbinary` config for the default setting. -If `gitcvs.allbinary` is set, then file not otherwise -specified will default to '-kb' mode. Otherwise the '-k' mode -is left blank. But if `gitcvs.allbinary` is set to "guess", then -the correct '-k' mode will be guessed based on the contents of +or the attributes do not allow automatic detection for a filename, then +the server uses the `gitcvs.allBinary` config for the default setting. +If `gitcvs.allBinary` is set, then file not otherwise +specified will default to '-kb' mode. Otherwise the `-k` mode +is left blank. But if `gitcvs.allBinary` is set to "guess", then +the correct `-k` mode will be guessed based on the contents of the file. For best consistency with 'cvs', it is probably best to override the defaults by setting `gitcvs.usecrlfattr` to true, -and `gitcvs.allbinary` to "guess". +and `gitcvs.allBinary` to "guess". Dependencies ------------ 'git-cvsserver' depends on DBD::SQLite. -Copyright and Authors ---------------------- - -This program is copyright The Open University UK - 2006. - -Authors: - -- Martyn Smith <martyn@catalyst.net.nz> -- Martin Langhoff <martin@catalyst.net.nz> - -with ideas and patches from participants of the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Martyn Smith <martyn@catalyst.net.nz>, Martin Langhoff <martin@catalyst.net.nz>, and Matthias Urlichs <smurf@smurf.noris.de>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-daemon.txt b/Documentation/git-daemon.txt index 36f00aed67..3c91db7bed 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-daemon.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-daemon.txt @@ -3,65 +3,68 @@ git-daemon(1) NAME ---- -git-daemon - A really simple server for git repositories +git-daemon - A really simple server for Git repositories SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git daemon' [--verbose] [--syslog] [--export-all] - [--timeout=n] [--init-timeout=n] [--max-connections=n] - [--strict-paths] [--base-path=path] [--base-path-relaxed] - [--user-path | --user-path=path] - [--interpolated-path=pathtemplate] - [--reuseaddr] [--detach] [--pid-file=file] - [--enable=service] [--disable=service] - [--allow-override=service] [--forbid-override=service] - [--inetd | [--listen=host_or_ipaddr] [--port=n] [--user=user [--group=group]] - [directory...] + [--timeout=<n>] [--init-timeout=<n>] [--max-connections=<n>] + [--strict-paths] [--base-path=<path>] [--base-path-relaxed] + [--user-path | --user-path=<path>] + [--interpolated-path=<pathtemplate>] + [--reuseaddr] [--detach] [--pid-file=<file>] + [--enable=<service>] [--disable=<service>] + [--allow-override=<service>] [--forbid-override=<service>] + [--access-hook=<path>] [--[no-]informative-errors] + [--inetd | + [--listen=<host_or_ipaddr>] [--port=<n>] + [--user=<user> [--group=<group>]]] + [<directory>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -A really simple TCP git daemon that normally listens on port "DEFAULT_GIT_PORT" +A really simple TCP Git daemon that normally listens on port "DEFAULT_GIT_PORT" aka 9418. It waits for a connection asking for a service, and will serve that service if it is enabled. It verifies that the directory has the magic file "git-daemon-export-ok", and -it will refuse to export any git directory that hasn't explicitly been marked -for export this way (unless the '--export-all' parameter is specified). If you -pass some directory paths as 'git-daemon' arguments, you can further restrict +it will refuse to export any Git directory that hasn't explicitly been marked +for export this way (unless the `--export-all` parameter is specified). If you +pass some directory paths as 'git daemon' arguments, you can further restrict the offers to a whitelist comprising of those. By default, only `upload-pack` service is enabled, which serves -'git-fetch-pack' and 'git-ls-remote' clients, which are invoked -from 'git-fetch', 'git-pull', and 'git-clone'. +'git fetch-pack' and 'git ls-remote' clients, which are invoked +from 'git fetch', 'git pull', and 'git clone'. This is ideally suited for read-only updates, i.e., pulling from -git repositories. +Git repositories. -An `upload-archive` also exists to serve 'git-archive'. +An `upload-archive` also exists to serve 'git archive'. OPTIONS ------- --strict-paths:: Match paths exactly (i.e. don't allow "/foo/repo" when the real path is "/foo/repo.git" or "/foo/repo/.git") and don't do user-relative paths. - 'git-daemon' will refuse to start when this option is enabled and no + 'git daemon' will refuse to start when this option is enabled and no whitelist is specified. ---base-path:: +--base-path=<path>:: Remap all the path requests as relative to the given path. - This is sort of "GIT root" - if you run 'git-daemon' with + This is sort of "Git root" - if you run 'git daemon' with '--base-path=/srv/git' on example.com, then if you later try to pull - 'git://example.com/hello.git', 'git-daemon' will interpret the path + 'git://example.com/hello.git', 'git daemon' will interpret the path as '/srv/git/hello.git'. --base-path-relaxed:: If --base-path is enabled and repo lookup fails, with this option - 'git-daemon' will attempt to lookup without prefixing the base path. + 'git daemon' will attempt to lookup without prefixing the base path. This is useful for switching to --base-path usage, while still allowing the old paths. ---interpolated-path=pathtemplate:: +--interpolated-path=<pathtemplate>:: To support virtual hosting, an interpolated path template can be used to dynamically construct alternate paths. The template supports %H for the target hostname as supplied by the client but @@ -72,35 +75,37 @@ OPTIONS whitelist. --export-all:: - Allow pulling from all directories that look like GIT repositories + Allow pulling from all directories that look like Git repositories (have the 'objects' and 'refs' subdirectories), even if they do not have the 'git-daemon-export-ok' file. --inetd:: Have the server run as an inetd service. Implies --syslog. - Incompatible with --port, --listen, --user and --group options. + Incompatible with --detach, --port, --listen, --user and --group + options. ---listen=host_or_ipaddr:: - Listen on an a specific IP address or hostname. IP addresses can - be either an IPv4 address or an IPV6 address if supported. If IPv6 +--listen=<host_or_ipaddr>:: + Listen on a specific IP address or hostname. IP addresses can + be either an IPv4 address or an IPv6 address if supported. If IPv6 is not supported, then --listen=hostname is also not supported and --listen must be given an IPv4 address. - Incompatible with '--inetd' option. + Can be given more than once. + Incompatible with `--inetd` option. ---port=n:: - Listen on an alternative port. Incompatible with '--inetd' option. +--port=<n>:: + Listen on an alternative port. Incompatible with `--inetd` option. ---init-timeout:: - Timeout between the moment the connection is established and the - client request is received (typically a rather low value, since +--init-timeout=<n>:: + Timeout (in seconds) between the moment the connection is established + and the client request is received (typically a rather low value, since that should be basically immediate). ---timeout:: - Timeout for specific client sub-requests. This includes the time - it takes for the server to process the sub-request and time spent - waiting for next client's request. +--timeout=<n>:: + Timeout (in seconds) for specific client sub-requests. This includes + the time it takes for the server to process the sub-request and the + time spent waiting for the next client's request. ---max-connections:: +--max-connections=<n>:: Maximum number of concurrent clients, defaults to 32. Set it to zero for no limit. @@ -109,7 +114,7 @@ OPTIONS --verbose, thus by default only error conditions will be logged. --user-path:: ---user-path=path:: +--user-path=<path>:: Allow {tilde}user notation to be used in requests. When specified with no parameter, requests to git://host/{tilde}alice/foo is taken as a request to access @@ -129,12 +134,12 @@ OPTIONS --detach:: Detach from the shell. Implies --syslog. ---pid-file=file:: +--pid-file=<file>:: Save the process id in 'file'. Ignored when the daemon is run under `--inetd`. ---user=user:: ---group=group:: +--user=<user>:: +--group=<group>:: Change daemon's uid and gid before entering the service loop. When only `--user` is given without `--group`, the primary group ID for the user is used. The values of @@ -143,21 +148,52 @@ OPTIONS + Giving these options is an error when used with `--inetd`; use the facility of inet daemon to achieve the same before spawning -'git-daemon' if needed. - ---enable=service:: ---disable=service:: +'git daemon' if needed. ++ +Like many programs that switch user id, the daemon does not reset +environment variables such as `$HOME` when it runs git programs, +e.g. `upload-pack` and `receive-pack`. When using this option, you +may also want to set and export `HOME` to point at the home +directory of `<user>` before starting the daemon, and make sure any +Git configuration files in that directory are readable by `<user>`. + +--enable=<service>:: +--disable=<service>:: Enable/disable the service site-wide per default. Note that a service disabled site-wide can still be enabled per repository if it is marked overridable and the - repository enables the service with an configuration + repository enables the service with a configuration item. ---allow-override=service:: ---forbid-override=service:: +--allow-override=<service>:: +--forbid-override=<service>:: Allow/forbid overriding the site-wide default with per repository configuration. By default, all the services - are overridable. + may be overridden. + +--[no-]informative-errors:: + When informative errors are turned on, git-daemon will report + more verbose errors to the client, differentiating conditions + like "no such repository" from "repository not exported". This + is more convenient for clients, but may leak information about + the existence of unexported repositories. When informative + errors are not enabled, all errors report "access denied" to the + client. The default is --no-informative-errors. + +--access-hook=<path>:: + Every time a client connects, first run an external command + specified by the <path> with service name (e.g. "upload-pack"), + path to the repository, hostname (%H), canonical hostname + (%CH), IP address (%IP), and TCP port (%P) as its command-line + arguments. The external command can decide to decline the + service by exiting with a non-zero status (or to allow it by + exiting with a zero status). It can also look at the $REMOTE_ADDR + and `$REMOTE_PORT` environment variables to learn about the + requestor when making this decision. ++ +The external command can optionally write a single line to its +standard output to be sent to the requestor as an error message when +it declines the service. <directory>:: A directory to add to the whitelist of allowed directories. Unless @@ -168,31 +204,31 @@ SERVICES -------- These services can be globally enabled/disabled using the -command line options of this command. If a finer-grained -control is desired (e.g. to allow 'git-archive' to be run +command-line options of this command. If finer-grained +control is desired (e.g. to allow 'git archive' to be run against only in a few selected repositories the daemon serves), the per-repository configuration file can be used to enable or disable them. upload-pack:: - This serves 'git-fetch-pack' and 'git-ls-remote' + This serves 'git fetch-pack' and 'git ls-remote' clients. It is enabled by default, but a repository can disable it by setting `daemon.uploadpack` configuration item to `false`. upload-archive:: - This serves 'git-archive --remote'. It is disabled by + This serves 'git archive --remote'. It is disabled by default, but a repository can enable it by setting `daemon.uploadarch` configuration item to `true`. receive-pack:: - This serves 'git-send-pack' clients, allowing anonymous + This serves 'git send-pack' clients, allowing anonymous push. It is disabled by default, as there is _no_ authentication in the protocol (in other words, anybody can push anything into the repository, including removal of refs). This is solely meant for a closed LAN setting where everybody is friendly. This service can be - enabled by `daemon.receivepack` configuration item to + enabled by setting `daemon.receivepack` configuration item to `true`. EXAMPLES @@ -204,8 +240,8 @@ $ grep 9418 /etc/services git 9418/tcp # Git Version Control System ------------ -'git-daemon' as inetd server:: - To set up 'git-daemon' as an inetd service that handles any +'git daemon' as inetd server:: + To set up 'git daemon' as an inetd service that handles any repository under the whitelisted set of directories, /pub/foo and /pub/bar, place an entry like the following into /etc/inetd all on one line: @@ -217,8 +253,8 @@ git 9418/tcp # Git Version Control System ------------------------------------------------ -'git-daemon' as inetd server for virtual hosts:: - To set up 'git-daemon' as an inetd service that handles +'git daemon' as inetd server for virtual hosts:: + To set up 'git daemon' as an inetd service that handles repositories for different virtual hosts, `www.example.com` and `www.example.org`, place an entry like the following into `/etc/inetd` all on one line: @@ -240,8 +276,8 @@ clients, a symlink from `/software` into the appropriate default repository could be made as well. -'git-daemon' as regular daemon for virtual hosts:: - To set up 'git-daemon' as a regular, non-inetd service that +'git daemon' as regular daemon for virtual hosts:: + To set up 'git daemon' as a regular, non-inetd service that handles repositories for multiple virtual hosts based on their IP addresses, start the daemon like this: + @@ -258,9 +294,9 @@ Repositories can still be accessed by hostname though, assuming they correspond to these IP addresses. selectively enable/disable services per repository:: - To enable 'git-archive --remote' and disable 'git-fetch' against + To enable 'git archive --remote' and disable 'git fetch' against a repository, have the following in the configuration file in the - repository (that is the file 'config' next to 'HEAD', 'refs' and + repository (that is the file 'config' next to `HEAD`, 'refs' and 'objects'). + ---------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -272,22 +308,11 @@ selectively enable/disable services per repository:: ENVIRONMENT ----------- -'git-daemon' will set REMOTE_ADDR to the IP address of the client +'git daemon' will set REMOTE_ADDR to the IP address of the client that connected to it, if the IP address is available. REMOTE_ADDR will be available in the environment of hooks called when services are performed. - - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>, YOSHIFUJI Hideaki -<yoshfuji@linux-ipv6.org> and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-describe.txt b/Documentation/git-describe.txt index b231dbb947..26f19d3b07 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-describe.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-describe.txt @@ -3,12 +3,14 @@ git-describe(1) NAME ---- -git-describe - Show the most recent tag that is reachable from a commit +git-describe - Describe a commit using the most recent tag reachable from it SYNOPSIS -------- -'git describe' [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] <committish>... +[verse] +'git describe' [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<commit-ish>...] +'git describe' [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<mark>] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -24,17 +26,27 @@ see the -a and -s options to linkgit:git-tag[1]. OPTIONS ------- -<committish>...:: - Committish object names to describe. +<commit-ish>...:: + Commit-ish object names to describe. Defaults to HEAD if omitted. + +--dirty[=<mark>]:: +--broken[=<mark>]:: + Describe the state of the working tree. When the working + tree matches HEAD, the output is the same as "git describe + HEAD". If the working tree has local modification "-dirty" + is appended to it. If a repository is corrupt and Git + cannot determine if there is local modification, Git will + error out, unless `--broken' is given, which appends + the suffix "-broken" instead. --all:: Instead of using only the annotated tags, use any ref - found in `.git/refs/`. This option enables matching - any known branch, remote branch, or lightweight tag. + found in `refs/` namespace. This option enables matching + any known branch, remote-tracking branch, or lightweight tag. --tags:: Instead of using only the annotated tags, use any tag - found in `.git/refs/tags`. This option enables matching + found in `refs/tags` namespace. This option enables matching a lightweight (non-annotated) tag. --contains:: @@ -44,11 +56,13 @@ OPTIONS --abbrev=<n>:: Instead of using the default 7 hexadecimal digits as the - abbreviated object name, use <n> digits. + abbreviated object name, use <n> digits, or as many digits + as needed to form a unique object name. An <n> of 0 + will suppress long format, only showing the closest tag. --candidates=<n>:: Instead of considering only the 10 most recent tags as - candidates to describe the input committish consider + candidates to describe the input commit-ish consider up to <n> candidates. Increasing <n> above 10 will take slightly longer but may produce a more accurate result. An <n> of 0 will cause only exact matches to be output. @@ -68,16 +82,35 @@ OPTIONS This is useful when you want to see parts of the commit object name in "describe" output, even when the commit in question happens to be a tagged version. Instead of just emitting the tag name, it will - describe such a commit as v1.2-0-deadbeef (0th commit since tag v1.2 - that points at object deadbeef....). + describe such a commit as v1.2-0-gdeadbee (0th commit since tag v1.2 + that points at object deadbee....). --match <pattern>:: - Only consider tags matching the given pattern (can be used to avoid - leaking private tags made from the repository). + Only consider tags matching the given `glob(7)` pattern, + excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix. This can be used to avoid + leaking private tags from the repository. If given multiple times, a + list of patterns will be accumulated, and tags matching any of the + patterns will be considered. Use `--no-match` to clear and reset the + list of patterns. + +--exclude <pattern>:: + Do not consider tags matching the given `glob(7)` pattern, excluding + the "refs/tags/" prefix. This can be used to narrow the tag space and + find only tags matching some meaningful criteria. If given multiple + times, a list of patterns will be accumulated and tags matching any + of the patterns will be excluded. When combined with --match a tag will + be considered when it matches at least one --match pattern and does not + match any of the --exclude patterns. Use `--no-exclude` to clear and + reset the list of patterns. --always:: Show uniquely abbreviated commit object as fallback. +--first-parent:: + Follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge commit. + This is useful when you wish to not match tags on branches merged + in the history of the target commit. + EXAMPLES -------- @@ -96,8 +129,11 @@ The number of additional commits is the number of commits which would be displayed by "git log v1.0.4..parent". The hash suffix is "-g" + 7-char abbreviation for the tip commit of parent (which was `2414721b194453f058079d897d13c4e377f92dc6`). +The "g" prefix stands for "git" and is used to allow describing the version of +a software depending on the SCM the software is managed with. This is useful +in an environment where people may use different SCMs. -Doing a 'git-describe' on a tag-name will just show the tag name: +Doing a 'git describe' on a tag-name will just show the tag name: [torvalds@g5 git]$ git describe v1.0.4 v1.0.4 @@ -108,7 +144,7 @@ the output shows the reference path as well: [torvalds@g5 git]$ git describe --all --abbrev=4 v1.0.5^2 tags/v1.0.0-21-g975b - [torvalds@g5 git]$ git describe --all HEAD^ + [torvalds@g5 git]$ git describe --all --abbrev=4 HEAD^ heads/lt/describe-7-g975b With --abbrev set to 0, the command can be used to find the @@ -117,37 +153,35 @@ closest tagname without any suffix: [torvalds@g5 git]$ git describe --abbrev=0 v1.0.5^2 tags/v1.0.0 +Note that the suffix you get if you type these commands today may be +longer than what Linus saw above when he ran these commands, as your +Git repository may have new commits whose object names begin with +975b that did not exist back then, and "-g975b" suffix alone may not +be sufficient to disambiguate these commits. + + SEARCH STRATEGY --------------- -For each committish supplied, 'git-describe' will first look for +For each commit-ish supplied, 'git describe' will first look for a tag which tags exactly that commit. Annotated tags will always be preferred over lightweight tags, and tags with newer dates will always be preferred over tags with older dates. If an exact match is found, its name will be output and searching will stop. -If an exact match was not found, 'git-describe' will walk back +If an exact match was not found, 'git describe' will walk back through the commit history to locate an ancestor commit which has been tagged. The ancestor's tag will be output along with an -abbreviation of the input committish's SHA1. +abbreviation of the input commit-ish's SHA-1. If `--first-parent` was +specified then the walk will only consider the first parent of each +commit. If multiple tags were found during the walk then the tag which -has the fewest commits different from the input committish will be +has the fewest commits different from the input commit-ish will be selected and output. Here fewest commits different is defined as the number of commits which would be shown by `git log tag..input` will be the smallest number of commits possible. - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>, but somewhat -butchered by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>. Later significantly -updated by Shawn Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>. - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt index c526141564..906774f0f7 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ git-diff-files - Compares files in the working tree and the index SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git diff-files' [-q] [-0|-1|-2|-3|-c|--cc] [<common diff options>] [<path>...] DESCRIPTION @@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ DESCRIPTION Compares the files in the working tree and the index. When paths are specified, compares only those named paths. Otherwise all entries in the index are compared. The output format is the -same as for 'git-diff-index' and 'git-diff-tree'. +same as for 'git diff-index' and 'git diff-tree'. OPTIONS ------- @@ -43,18 +44,8 @@ omit diff output for unmerged entries and just show "Unmerged". -q:: Remain silent even on nonexistent files -Output format -------------- -include::diff-format.txt[] - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +include::diff-format.txt[] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt index 26920d4f63..a171506952 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt @@ -3,20 +3,21 @@ git-diff-index(1) NAME ---- -git-diff-index - Compares content and mode of blobs between the index and repository +git-diff-index - Compare a tree to the working tree or index SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git diff-index' [-m] [--cached] [<common diff options>] <tree-ish> [<path>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Compares the content and mode of the blobs found via a tree -object with the content of the current index and, optionally -ignoring the stat state of the file on disk. When paths are -specified, compares only those named paths. Otherwise all -entries in the index are compared. +Compares the content and mode of the blobs found in a tree object +with the corresponding tracked files in the working tree, or with the +corresponding paths in the index. When <path> arguments are present, +compares only paths matching those patterns. Otherwise all tracked +files are compared. OPTIONS ------- @@ -31,26 +32,24 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] -m:: By default, files recorded in the index but not checked out are reported as deleted. This flag makes - 'git-diff-index' say that all non-checked-out files are up + 'git diff-index' say that all non-checked-out files are up to date. -Output format -------------- include::diff-format.txt[] Operating Modes --------------- You can choose whether you want to trust the index file entirely -(using the '--cached' flag) or ask the diff logic to show any files +(using the `--cached` flag) or ask the diff logic to show any files that don't match the stat state as being "tentatively changed". Both of these operations are very useful indeed. Cached Mode ----------- -If '--cached' is specified, it allows you to ask: +If `--cached` is specified, it allows you to ask: show me the differences between HEAD and the current index - contents (the ones I'd write using 'git-write-tree') + contents (the ones I'd write using 'git write-tree') For example, let's say that you have worked on your working directory, updated some files in the index and are ready to commit. You want to see exactly @@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ object and compare it that way, and to do that, you just do Example: let's say I had renamed `commit.c` to `git-commit.c`, and I had done an `update-index` to make that effective in the index file. `git diff-files` wouldn't show anything at all, since the index file -matches my working directory. But doing a 'git-diff-index' does: +matches my working directory. But doing a 'git diff-index' does: torvalds@ppc970:~/git> git diff-index --cached HEAD -100644 blob 4161aecc6700a2eb579e842af0b7f22b98443f74 commit.c @@ -71,10 +70,10 @@ matches my working directory. But doing a 'git-diff-index' does: You can see easily that the above is a rename. In fact, `git diff-index --cached` *should* always be entirely equivalent to -actually doing a 'git-write-tree' and comparing that. Except this one is much +actually doing a 'git write-tree' and comparing that. Except this one is much nicer for the case where you just want to check where you are. -So doing a 'git-diff-index --cached' is basically very useful when you are +So doing a `git diff-index --cached` is basically very useful when you are asking yourself "what have I already marked for being committed, and what's the difference to a previous tree". @@ -82,35 +81,35 @@ Non-cached Mode --------------- The "non-cached" mode takes a different approach, and is potentially the more useful of the two in that what it does can't be emulated with -a 'git-write-tree' + 'git-diff-tree'. Thus that's the default mode. +a 'git write-tree' + 'git diff-tree'. Thus that's the default mode. The non-cached version asks the question: show me the differences between HEAD and the currently checked out tree - index contents _and_ files that aren't up-to-date which is obviously a very useful question too, since that tells you what -you *could* commit. Again, the output matches the 'git-diff-tree -r' +you *could* commit. Again, the output matches the 'git diff-tree -r' output to a tee, but with a twist. The twist is that if some file doesn't match the index, we don't have a backing store thing for it, and we use the magic "all-zero" sha1 to show that. So let's say that you have edited `kernel/sched.c`, but -have not actually done a 'git-update-index' on it yet - there is no +have not actually done a 'git update-index' on it yet - there is no "object" associated with the new state, and you get: - torvalds@ppc970:~/v2.6/linux> git diff-index HEAD - *100644->100664 blob 7476bb......->000000...... kernel/sched.c + torvalds@ppc970:~/v2.6/linux> git diff-index --abbrev HEAD + :100644 100664 7476bb... 000000... kernel/sched.c i.e., it shows that the tree has changed, and that `kernel/sched.c` has is not up-to-date and may contain new stuff. The all-zero sha1 means that to get the real diff, you need to look at the object in the working directory directly rather than do an object-to-object diff. -NOTE: As with other commands of this type, 'git-diff-index' does not +NOTE: As with other commands of this type, 'git diff-index' does not actually look at the contents of the file at all. So maybe `kernel/sched.c` hasn't actually changed, and it's just that you touched it. In either case, it's a note that you need to -'git-update-index' it to make the index be in sync. +'git update-index' it to make the index be in sync. NOTE: You can have a mixture of files show up as "has been updated" and "is still dirty in the working directory" together. You can always @@ -118,15 +117,6 @@ tell which file is in which state, since the "has been updated" ones show a valid sha1, and the "not in sync with the index" ones will always have the special all-zero sha1. - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt index 23b7abd3c6..7870e175b7 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Compares the content and mode of the blobs found via two tree objects. If there is only one <tree-ish> given, the commit is compared with its parents (see --stdin below). -Note that 'git-diff-tree' can use the tree encapsulated in a commit object. +Note that 'git diff-tree' can use the tree encapsulated in a commit object. OPTIONS ------- @@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] show tree entry itself as well as subtrees. Implies -r. --root:: - When '--root' is specified the initial commit will be shown as a big + When `--root` is specified the initial commit will be shown as a big creation event. This is equivalent to a diff against the NULL tree. --stdin:: - When '--stdin' is specified, the command does not take + When `--stdin` is specified, the command does not take <tree-ish> arguments from the command line. Instead, it reads lines containing either two <tree>, one <commit>, or a list of <commit> from its standard input. (Use a single space @@ -67,41 +67,41 @@ The following flags further affect the behavior when comparing commits (but not trees). -m:: - By default, 'git-diff-tree --stdin' does not show + By default, 'git diff-tree --stdin' does not show differences for merge commits. With this flag, it shows differences to that commit from all of its parents. See - also '-c'. + also `-c`. -s:: - By default, 'git-diff-tree --stdin' shows differences, - either in machine-readable form (without '-p') or in patch - form (with '-p'). This output can be suppressed. It is - only useful with '-v' flag. + By default, 'git diff-tree --stdin' shows differences, + either in machine-readable form (without `-p`) or in patch + form (with `-p`). This output can be suppressed. It is + only useful with `-v` flag. -v:: - This flag causes 'git-diff-tree --stdin' to also show + This flag causes 'git diff-tree --stdin' to also show the commit message before the differences. include::pretty-options.txt[] --no-commit-id:: - 'git-diff-tree' outputs a line with the commit ID when + 'git diff-tree' outputs a line with the commit ID when applicable. This flag suppressed the commit ID output. -c:: This flag changes the way a merge commit is displayed (which means it is useful only when the command is given - one <tree-ish>, or '--stdin'). It shows the differences + one <tree-ish>, or `--stdin`). It shows the differences from each of the parents to the merge result simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between a parent and the - result one at a time (which is what the '-m' option does). + result one at a time (which is what the `-m` option does). Furthermore, it lists only files which were modified from all parents. --cc:: This flag changes the way a merge commit patch is displayed, - in a similar way to the '-c' option. It implies the '-c' - and '-p' options and further compresses the patch output + in a similar way to the `-c` option. It implies the `-c` + and `-p` options and further compresses the patch output by omitting uninteresting hunks whose the contents in the parents have only two variants and the merge result picks one of them without modification. When all hunks are uninteresting, the commit @@ -138,8 +138,8 @@ so it can be used to name subdirectories. An example of normal usage is: - torvalds@ppc970:~/git> git diff-tree 5319e4...... - *100664->100664 blob ac348b.......->a01513....... git-fsck-objects.c + torvalds@ppc970:~/git> git diff-tree --abbrev 5319e4 + :100664 100664 ac348b... a01513... git-fsck-objects.c which tells you that the last commit changed just one file (it's from this one: @@ -159,18 +159,8 @@ HEAD commits it finds, which is even more interesting. in case you care). -Output format -------------- -include::diff-format.txt[] - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +include::diff-format.txt[] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff.txt b/Documentation/git-diff.txt index a2f192fb75..bbab35fcaf 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff.txt @@ -8,24 +8,35 @@ git-diff - Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc SYNOPSIS -------- -'git diff' [<common diff options>] <commit>{0,2} [--] [<path>...] +[verse] +'git diff' [options] [<commit>] [--] [<path>...] +'git diff' [options] --cached [<commit>] [--] [<path>...] +'git diff' [options] <commit> <commit> [--] [<path>...] +'git diff' [options] <blob> <blob> +'git diff' [options] [--no-index] [--] <path> <path> DESCRIPTION ----------- -Show changes between two trees, a tree and the working tree, a -tree and the index file, or the index file and the working tree. +Show changes between the working tree and the index or a tree, changes +between the index and a tree, changes between two trees, changes between +two blob objects, or changes between two files on disk. 'git diff' [--options] [--] [<path>...]:: This form is to view the changes you made relative to the index (staging area for the next commit). In other - words, the differences are what you _could_ tell git to + words, the differences are what you _could_ tell Git to further add to the index but you still haven't. You can stage these changes by using linkgit:git-add[1]. -+ -If exactly two paths are given, and at least one is untracked, -compare the two files / directories. This behavior can be -forced by --no-index. + +'git diff' --no-index [--options] [--] [<path>...]:: + + This form is to compare the given two paths on the + filesystem. You can omit the `--no-index` option when + running the command in a working tree controlled by Git and + at least one of the paths points outside the working tree, + or when running the command outside a working tree + controlled by Git. 'git diff' [--options] --cached [<commit>] [--] [<path>...]:: @@ -33,6 +44,8 @@ forced by --no-index. commit relative to the named <commit>. Typically you would want comparison with the latest commit, so if you do not give <commit>, it defaults to HEAD. + If HEAD does not exist (e.g. unborn branches) and + <commit> is not given, it shows all staged changes. --staged is a synonym of --cached. 'git diff' [--options] <commit> [--] [<path>...]:: @@ -64,15 +77,20 @@ forced by --no-index. Just in case if you are doing something exotic, it should be noted that all of the <commit> in the above description, except -for the last two forms that use ".." notations, can be any -<tree-ish>. +in the last two forms that use ".." notations, can be any +<tree>. For a more complete list of ways to spell <commit>, see -"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. +"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. However, "diff" is about comparing two _endpoints_, not ranges, and the range notations ("<commit>..<commit>" and "<commit>\...<commit>") do not mean a range as defined in the -"SPECIFYING RANGES" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. +"SPECIFYING RANGES" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. + +'git diff' [options] <blob> <blob>:: + + This form is to view the differences between the raw + contents of two blob objects. OPTIONS ------- @@ -84,8 +102,7 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] the diff to the named paths (you can give directory names and get diff for all files under them). -Output format -------------- + include::diff-format.txt[] EXAMPLES @@ -141,8 +158,8 @@ $ git diff --name-status <2> $ git diff arch/i386 include/asm-i386 <3> ------------ + -<1> Show only modification, rename and copy, but not addition -nor deletion. +<1> Show only modification, rename, and copy, but not addition +or deletion. <2> Show only names and the nature of change, but not actual diff output. <3> Limit diff output to named subtrees. @@ -158,14 +175,14 @@ $ git diff -R <2> rewrites (very expensive). <2> Output diff in reverse. - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +SEE ALSO +-------- +diff(1), +linkgit:git-difftool[1], +linkgit:git-log[1], +linkgit:gitdiffcore[7], +linkgit:git-format-patch[1], +linkgit:git-apply[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-difftool.txt b/Documentation/git-difftool.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..96c26e6aa8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-difftool.txt @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ +git-difftool(1) +=============== + +NAME +---- +git-difftool - Show changes using common diff tools + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git difftool' [<options>] [<commit> [<commit>]] [--] [<path>...] + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +'git difftool' is a Git command that allows you to compare and edit files +between revisions using common diff tools. 'git difftool' is a frontend +to 'git diff' and accepts the same options and arguments. See +linkgit:git-diff[1]. + +OPTIONS +------- +-d:: +--dir-diff:: + Copy the modified files to a temporary location and perform + a directory diff on them. This mode never prompts before + launching the diff tool. + +-y:: +--no-prompt:: + Do not prompt before launching a diff tool. + +--prompt:: + Prompt before each invocation of the diff tool. + This is the default behaviour; the option is provided to + override any configuration settings. + +-t <tool>:: +--tool=<tool>:: + Use the diff tool specified by <tool>. Valid values include + emerge, kompare, meld, and vimdiff. Run `git difftool --tool-help` + for the list of valid <tool> settings. ++ +If a diff tool is not specified, 'git difftool' +will use the configuration variable `diff.tool`. If the +configuration variable `diff.tool` is not set, 'git difftool' +will pick a suitable default. ++ +You can explicitly provide a full path to the tool by setting the +configuration variable `difftool.<tool>.path`. For example, you +can configure the absolute path to kdiff3 by setting +`difftool.kdiff3.path`. Otherwise, 'git difftool' assumes the +tool is available in PATH. ++ +Instead of running one of the known diff tools, +'git difftool' can be customized to run an alternative program +by specifying the command line to invoke in a configuration +variable `difftool.<tool>.cmd`. ++ +When 'git difftool' is invoked with this tool (either through the +`-t` or `--tool` option or the `diff.tool` configuration variable) +the configured command line will be invoked with the following +variables available: `$LOCAL` is set to the name of the temporary +file containing the contents of the diff pre-image and `$REMOTE` +is set to the name of the temporary file containing the contents +of the diff post-image. `$MERGED` is the name of the file which is +being compared. `$BASE` is provided for compatibility +with custom merge tool commands and has the same value as `$MERGED`. + +--tool-help:: + Print a list of diff tools that may be used with `--tool`. + +--[no-]symlinks:: + 'git difftool''s default behavior is create symlinks to the + working tree when run in `--dir-diff` mode and the right-hand + side of the comparison yields the same content as the file in + the working tree. ++ +Specifying `--no-symlinks` instructs 'git difftool' to create copies +instead. `--no-symlinks` is the default on Windows. + +-x <command>:: +--extcmd=<command>:: + Specify a custom command for viewing diffs. + 'git-difftool' ignores the configured defaults and runs + `$command $LOCAL $REMOTE` when this option is specified. + Additionally, `$BASE` is set in the environment. + +-g:: +--[no-]gui:: + When 'git-difftool' is invoked with the `-g` or `--gui` option + the default diff tool will be read from the configured + `diff.guitool` variable instead of `diff.tool`. The `--no-gui` + option can be used to override this setting. + +--[no-]trust-exit-code:: + 'git-difftool' invokes a diff tool individually on each file. + Errors reported by the diff tool are ignored by default. + Use `--trust-exit-code` to make 'git-difftool' exit when an + invoked diff tool returns a non-zero exit code. ++ +'git-difftool' will forward the exit code of the invoked tool when +`--trust-exit-code` is used. + +See linkgit:git-diff[1] for the full list of supported options. + +CONFIG VARIABLES +---------------- +'git difftool' falls back to 'git mergetool' config variables when the +difftool equivalents have not been defined. + +diff.tool:: + The default diff tool to use. + +diff.guitool:: + The default diff tool to use when `--gui` is specified. + +difftool.<tool>.path:: + Override the path for the given tool. This is useful in case + your tool is not in the PATH. + +difftool.<tool>.cmd:: + Specify the command to invoke the specified diff tool. ++ +See the `--tool=<tool>` option above for more details. + +difftool.prompt:: + Prompt before each invocation of the diff tool. + +difftool.trustExitCode:: + Exit difftool if the invoked diff tool returns a non-zero exit status. ++ +See the `--trust-exit-code` option above for more details. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-diff[1]:: + Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc + +linkgit:git-mergetool[1]:: + Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts + +linkgit:git-config[1]:: + Get and set repository or global options + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt index 0c9eb567cb..ed57c684db 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt @@ -8,33 +8,47 @@ git-fast-export - Git data exporter SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git fast-export [options]' | 'git fast-import' DESCRIPTION ----------- This program dumps the given revisions in a form suitable to be piped -into 'git-fast-import'. +into 'git fast-import'. You can use it as a human-readable bundle replacement (see linkgit:git-bundle[1]), or as a kind of an interactive -'git-filter-branch'. +'git filter-branch'. OPTIONS ------- --progress=<n>:: Insert 'progress' statements every <n> objects, to be shown by - 'git-fast-import' during import. + 'git fast-import' during import. ---signed-tags=(verbatim|warn|strip|abort):: +--signed-tags=(verbatim|warn|warn-strip|strip|abort):: Specify how to handle signed tags. Since any transformation after the export can change the tag names (which can also happen when excluding revisions) the signatures will not match. + When asking to 'abort' (which is the default), this program will die -when encountering a signed tag. With 'strip', the tags will be made -unsigned, with 'verbatim', they will be silently exported -and with 'warn', they will be exported, but you will see a warning. +when encountering a signed tag. With 'strip', the tags will silently +be made unsigned, with 'warn-strip' they will be made unsigned but a +warning will be displayed, with 'verbatim', they will be silently +exported and with 'warn', they will be exported, but you will see a +warning. + +--tag-of-filtered-object=(abort|drop|rewrite):: + Specify how to handle tags whose tagged object is filtered out. + Since revisions and files to export can be limited by path, + tagged objects may be filtered completely. ++ +When asking to 'abort' (which is the default), this program will die +when encountering such a tag. With 'drop' it will omit such tags from +the output. With 'rewrite', if the tagged object is a commit, it will +rewrite the tag to tag an ancestor commit (via parent rewriting; see +linkgit:git-rev-list[1]) -M:: -C:: @@ -53,15 +67,17 @@ produced incorrect results if you gave these options. have been completed, or to save the marks table across incremental runs. As <file> is only opened and truncated at completion, the same path can also be safely given to - \--import-marks. + --import-marks. + The file will not be written if no new object has been + marked/exported. --import-marks=<file>:: Before processing any input, load the marks specified in <file>. The input file must exist, must be readable, and - must use the same format as produced by \--export-marks. + must use the same format as produced by --export-marks. + Any commits that have already been marked will not be exported again. -If the backend uses a similar \--import-marks file, this allows for +If the backend uses a similar --import-marks file, this allows for incremental bidirectional exporting of the repository by keeping the marks the same across runs. @@ -71,6 +87,39 @@ marks the same across runs. allow that. So fake a tagger to be able to fast-import the output. +--use-done-feature:: + Start the stream with a 'feature done' stanza, and terminate + it with a 'done' command. + +--no-data:: + Skip output of blob objects and instead refer to blobs via + their original SHA-1 hash. This is useful when rewriting the + directory structure or history of a repository without + touching the contents of individual files. Note that the + resulting stream can only be used by a repository which + already contains the necessary objects. + +--full-tree:: + This option will cause fast-export to issue a "deleteall" + directive for each commit followed by a full list of all files + in the commit (as opposed to just listing the files which are + different from the commit's first parent). + +--anonymize:: + Anonymize the contents of the repository while still retaining + the shape of the history and stored tree. See the section on + `ANONYMIZING` below. + +--refspec:: + Apply the specified refspec to each ref exported. Multiple of them can + be specified. + +[<git-rev-list-args>...]:: + A list of arguments, acceptable to 'git rev-parse' and + 'git rev-list', that specifies the specific objects and references + to export. For example, `master~10..master` causes the + current master reference to be exported along with all objects + added since its 10th ancestor commit. EXAMPLES -------- @@ -97,21 +146,72 @@ referenced by that revision range contains the string 'refs/heads/master'. -Limitations +ANONYMIZING ----------- -Since 'git-fast-import' cannot tag trees, you will not be -able to export the linux-2.6.git repository completely, as it contains -a tag referencing a tree instead of a commit. +If the `--anonymize` option is given, git will attempt to remove all +identifying information from the repository while still retaining enough +of the original tree and history patterns to reproduce some bugs. The +goal is that a git bug which is found on a private repository will +persist in the anonymized repository, and the latter can be shared with +git developers to help solve the bug. + +With this option, git will replace all refnames, paths, blob contents, +commit and tag messages, names, and email addresses in the output with +anonymized data. Two instances of the same string will be replaced +equivalently (e.g., two commits with the same author will have the same +anonymized author in the output, but bear no resemblance to the original +author string). The relationship between commits, branches, and tags is +retained, as well as the commit timestamps (but the commit messages and +refnames bear no resemblance to the originals). The relative makeup of +the tree is retained (e.g., if you have a root tree with 10 files and 3 +trees, so will the output), but their names and the contents of the +files will be replaced. + +If you think you have found a git bug, you can start by exporting an +anonymized stream of the whole repository: + +--------------------------------------------------- +$ git fast-export --anonymize --all >anon-stream +--------------------------------------------------- + +Then confirm that the bug persists in a repository created from that +stream (many bugs will not, as they really do depend on the exact +repository contents): + +--------------------------------------------------- +$ git init anon-repo +$ cd anon-repo +$ git fast-import <../anon-stream +$ ... test your bug ... +--------------------------------------------------- + +If the anonymized repository shows the bug, it may be worth sharing +`anon-stream` along with a regular bug report. Note that the anonymized +stream compresses very well, so gzipping it is encouraged. If you want +to examine the stream to see that it does not contain any private data, +you can peruse it directly before sending. You may also want to try: + +--------------------------------------------------- +$ perl -pe 's/\d+/X/g' <anon-stream | sort -u | less +--------------------------------------------------- + +which shows all of the unique lines (with numbers converted to "X", to +collapse "User 0", "User 1", etc into "User X"). This produces a much +smaller output, and it is usually easy to quickly confirm that there is +no private data in the stream. -Author ------- -Written by Johannes E. Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de>. +Limitations +----------- + +Since 'git fast-import' cannot tag trees, you will not be +able to export the linux.git repository completely, as it contains +a tag referencing a tree instead of a commit. -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Johannes E. Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de>. +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-fast-import[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt index c2f483a8d2..2b762654bf 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ git-fast-import - Backend for fast Git data importers SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] frontend | 'git fast-import' [options] DESCRIPTION @@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ DESCRIPTION This program is usually not what the end user wants to run directly. Most end users want to use one of the existing frontend programs, which parses a specific type of foreign source and feeds the contents -stored there to 'git-fast-import'. +stored there to 'git fast-import'. fast-import reads a mixed command/data stream from standard input and writes one or more packfiles directly into the current repository. @@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ updated branch and tag refs, fully updating the current repository with the newly imported data. The fast-import backend itself can import into an empty repository (one that -has already been initialized by 'git-init') or incrementally +has already been initialized by 'git init') or incrementally update an existing populated repository. Whether or not incremental imports are supported from a particular foreign source depends on the frontend program in use. @@ -32,31 +33,46 @@ the frontend program in use. OPTIONS ------- ---date-format=<fmt>:: - Specify the type of dates the frontend will supply to - fast-import within `author`, `committer` and `tagger` commands. - See ``Date Formats'' below for details about which formats - are supported, and their syntax. --force:: Force updating modified existing branches, even if doing so would cause commits to be lost (as the new commit does not contain the old commit). ---max-pack-size=<n>:: - Maximum size of each output packfile, expressed in MiB. - The default is 4096 (4 GiB) as that is the maximum allowed - packfile size (due to file format limitations). Some - importers may wish to lower this, such as to ensure the - resulting packfiles fit on CDs. +--quiet:: + Disable all non-fatal output, making fast-import silent when it + is successful. This option disables the output shown by + --stats. ---depth=<n>:: - Maximum delta depth, for blob and tree deltification. - Default is 10. +--stats:: + Display some basic statistics about the objects fast-import has + created, the packfiles they were stored into, and the + memory used by fast-import during this run. Showing this output + is currently the default, but can be disabled with --quiet. ---active-branches=<n>:: - Maximum number of branches to maintain active at once. - See ``Memory Utilization'' below for details. Default is 5. +Options for Frontends +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +--cat-blob-fd=<fd>:: + Write responses to `get-mark`, `cat-blob`, and `ls` queries to the + file descriptor <fd> instead of `stdout`. Allows `progress` + output intended for the end-user to be separated from other + output. + +--date-format=<fmt>:: + Specify the type of dates the frontend will supply to + fast-import within `author`, `committer` and `tagger` commands. + See ``Date Formats'' below for details about which formats + are supported, and their syntax. + +--done:: + Terminate with error if there is no `done` command at the end of + the stream. This option might be useful for detecting errors + that cause the frontend to terminate before it has started to + write a stream. + +Locations of Marks Files +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ --export-marks=<file>:: Dumps the internal marks table to <file> when complete. @@ -65,16 +81,48 @@ OPTIONS have been completed, or to save the marks table across incremental runs. As <file> is only opened and truncated at checkpoint (or completion) the same path can also be - safely given to \--import-marks. + safely given to --import-marks. --import-marks=<file>:: Before processing any input, load the marks specified in <file>. The input file must exist, must be readable, and - must use the same format as produced by \--export-marks. + must use the same format as produced by --export-marks. Multiple options may be supplied to import more than one set of marks. If a mark is defined to different values, the last file wins. +--import-marks-if-exists=<file>:: + Like --import-marks but instead of erroring out, silently + skips the file if it does not exist. + +--[no-]relative-marks:: + After specifying --relative-marks the paths specified + with --import-marks= and --export-marks= are relative + to an internal directory in the current repository. + In git-fast-import this means that the paths are relative + to the .git/info/fast-import directory. However, other + importers may use a different location. ++ +Relative and non-relative marks may be combined by interweaving +--(no-)-relative-marks with the --(import|export)-marks= options. + +Performance and Compression Tuning +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +--active-branches=<n>:: + Maximum number of branches to maintain active at once. + See ``Memory Utilization'' below for details. Default is 5. + +--big-file-threshold=<n>:: + Maximum size of a blob that fast-import will attempt to + create a delta for, expressed in bytes. The default is 512m + (512 MiB). Some importers may wish to lower this on systems + with constrained memory. + +--depth=<n>:: + Maximum delta depth, for blob and tree deltification. + Default is 10. + --export-pack-edges=<file>:: After creating a packfile, print a line of data to <file> listing the filename of the packfile and the last @@ -82,19 +130,14 @@ OPTIONS This information may be useful after importing projects whose total object set exceeds the 4 GiB packfile limit, as these commits can be used as edge points during calls - to 'git-pack-objects'. - ---quiet:: - Disable all non-fatal output, making fast-import silent when it - is successful. This option disables the output shown by - \--stats. + to 'git pack-objects'. ---stats:: - Display some basic statistics about the objects fast-import has - created, the packfiles they were stored into, and the - memory used by fast-import during this run. Showing this output - is currently the default, but can be disabled with \--quiet. +--max-pack-size=<n>:: + Maximum size of each output packfile. + The default is unlimited. +fastimport.unpackLimit:: + See linkgit:git-config[1] Performance ----------- @@ -124,9 +167,9 @@ an ideal situation, given that most conversion tools are throw-away Parallel Operation ------------------ -Like 'git-push' or 'git-fetch', imports handled by fast-import are safe to +Like 'git push' or 'git fetch', imports handled by fast-import are safe to run alongside parallel `git repack -a -d` or `git gc` invocations, -or any other Git operation (including 'git-prune', as loose objects +or any other Git operation (including 'git prune', as loose objects are never used by fast-import). fast-import does not lock the branch or tag refs it is actively importing. @@ -138,8 +181,8 @@ fast-forward update, fast-import will skip updating that ref and instead prints a warning message. fast-import will always attempt to update all branch refs, and does not stop on the first failure. -Branch updates can be forced with \--force, but its recommended that -this only be used on an otherwise quiet repository. Using \--force +Branch updates can be forced with --force, but it's recommended that +this only be used on an otherwise quiet repository. Using --force is not necessary for an initial import into an empty repository. @@ -170,7 +213,8 @@ especially when a higher level language such as Perl, Python or Ruby is being used. fast-import is very strict about its input. Where we say SP below we mean -*exactly* one space. Likewise LF means one (and only one) linefeed. +*exactly* one space. Likewise LF means one (and only one) linefeed +and HT one (and only one) horizontal tab. Supplying additional whitespace characters will cause unexpected results, such as branch names or file names with leading or trailing spaces in their name, or early termination of fast-import when it encounters @@ -189,11 +233,11 @@ Date Formats ~~~~~~~~~~~~ The following date formats are supported. A frontend should select the format it will use for this import by passing the format name -in the \--date-format=<fmt> command line option. +in the --date-format=<fmt> command-line option. `raw`:: This is the Git native format and is `<time> SP <offutc>`. - It is also fast-import's default format, if \--date-format was + It is also fast-import's default format, if --date-format was not specified. + The time of the event is specified by `<time>` as the number of @@ -209,7 +253,7 @@ advisement to help formatting routines display the timestamp. If the local offset is not available in the source material, use ``+0000'', or the most common local offset. For example many organizations have a CVS repository which has only ever been accessed -by users who are located in the same location and timezone. In this +by users who are located in the same location and time zone. In this case a reasonable offset from UTC could be assumed. + Unlike the `rfc2822` format, this format is very strict. Any @@ -220,7 +264,7 @@ variation in formatting will cause fast-import to reject the value. + An example value is ``Tue Feb 6 11:22:18 2007 -0500''. The Git parser is accurate, but a little on the lenient side. It is the -same parser used by 'git-am' when applying patches +same parser used by 'git am' when applying patches received from email. + Some malformed strings may be accepted as valid dates. In some of @@ -229,7 +273,7 @@ the malformed string. There are also some types of malformed strings which Git will parse wrong, and yet consider valid. Seriously malformed strings will be rejected. + -Unlike the `raw` format above, the timezone/UTC offset information +Unlike the `raw` format above, the time zone/UTC offset information contained in an RFC 2822 date string is used to adjust the date value to UTC prior to storage. Therefore it is important that this information be as accurate as possible. @@ -245,18 +289,18 @@ format, or its format is easily convertible to it, as there is no ambiguity in parsing. `now`:: - Always use the current time and timezone. The literal + Always use the current time and time zone. The literal `now` must always be supplied for `<when>`. + -This is a toy format. The current time and timezone of this system +This is a toy format. The current time and time zone of this system is always copied into the identity string at the time it is being created by fast-import. There is no way to specify a different time or -timezone. +time zone. + -This particular format is supplied as its short to implement and +This particular format is supplied as it's short to implement and may be useful to a process that wants to create a new commit right now, without needing to use a working directory or -'git-update-index'. +'git update-index'. + If separate `author` and `committer` commands are used in a `commit` the timestamps may not match, as the system clock will be polled @@ -303,6 +347,35 @@ and control the current import process. More detailed discussion standard output. This command is optional and is not needed to perform an import. +`done`:: + Marks the end of the stream. This command is optional + unless the `done` feature was requested using the + `--done` command-line option or `feature done` command. + +`get-mark`:: + Causes fast-import to print the SHA-1 corresponding to a mark + to the file descriptor set with `--cat-blob-fd`, or `stdout` if + unspecified. + +`cat-blob`:: + Causes fast-import to print a blob in 'cat-file --batch' + format to the file descriptor set with `--cat-blob-fd` or + `stdout` if unspecified. + +`ls`:: + Causes fast-import to print a line describing a directory + entry in 'ls-tree' format to the file descriptor set with + `--cat-blob-fd` or `stdout` if unspecified. + +`feature`:: + Enable the specified feature. This requires that fast-import + supports the specified feature, and aborts if it does not. + +`option`:: + Specify any of the options listed under OPTIONS that do not + change stream semantic to suit the frontend's needs. This + command is optional and is not needed to perform an import. + `commit` ~~~~~~~~ Create or update a branch with a new commit, recording one logical @@ -311,12 +384,12 @@ change to the project. .... 'commit' SP <ref> LF mark? - ('author' SP <name> SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF)? - 'committer' SP <name> SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF + ('author' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF)? + 'committer' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF data - ('from' SP <committish> LF)? - ('merge' SP <committish> LF)? - (filemodify | filedelete | filecopy | filerename | filedeleteall)* + ('from' SP <commit-ish> LF)? + ('merge' SP <commit-ish> LF)? + (filemodify | filedelete | filecopy | filerename | filedeleteall | notemodify)* LF? .... @@ -339,14 +412,13 @@ commit message use a 0 length data. Commit messages are free-form and are not interpreted by Git. Currently they must be encoded in UTF-8, as fast-import does not permit other encodings to be specified. -Zero or more `filemodify`, `filedelete`, `filecopy`, `filerename` -and `filedeleteall` commands +Zero or more `filemodify`, `filedelete`, `filecopy`, `filerename`, +`filedeleteall` and `notemodify` commands may be included to update the contents of the branch prior to creating the commit. These commands may be supplied in any order. However it is recommended that a `filedeleteall` command precede -all `filemodify`, `filecopy` and `filerename` commands in the same -commit, as `filedeleteall` -wipes the branch clean (see below). +all `filemodify`, `filecopy`, `filerename` and `notemodify` commands in +the same commit, as `filedeleteall` wipes the branch clean (see below). The `LF` after the command is optional (it used to be required). @@ -365,14 +437,14 @@ they made it. Here `<name>` is the person's display name (for example ``Com M Itter'') and `<email>` is the person's email address -(``cm@example.com''). `LT` and `GT` are the literal less-than (\x3c) +(``\cm@example.com''). `LT` and `GT` are the literal less-than (\x3c) and greater-than (\x3e) symbols. These are required to delimit the email address from the other fields in the line. Note that -`<name>` is free-form and may contain any sequence of bytes, except -`LT` and `LF`. It is typically UTF-8 encoded. +`<name>` and `<email>` are free-form and may contain any sequence +of bytes, except `LT`, `GT` and `LF`. `<name>` is typically UTF-8 encoded. The time of the change is specified by `<when>` using the date format -that was selected by the \--date-format=<fmt> command line option. +that was selected by the --date-format=<fmt> command-line option. See ``Date Formats'' above for the set of supported formats, and their syntax. @@ -380,7 +452,9 @@ their syntax. ^^^^^^ The `from` command is used to specify the commit to initialize this branch from. This revision will be the first ancestor of the -new commit. +new commit. The state of the tree built at this commit will begin +with the state at the `from` commit, and be altered by the content +modifications in this commit. Omitting the `from` command in the first commit of a new branch will cause fast-import to create that commit with no ancestor. This @@ -393,12 +467,12 @@ as the current commit on that branch is automatically assumed to be the first ancestor of the new commit. As `LF` is not valid in a Git refname or SHA-1 expression, no -quoting or escaping syntax is supported within `<committish>`. +quoting or escaping syntax is supported within `<commit-ish>`. -Here `<committish>` is any of the following: +Here `<commit-ish>` is any of the following: * The name of an existing branch already in fast-import's internal branch - table. If fast-import doesn't know the name, its treated as a SHA-1 + table. If fast-import doesn't know the name, it's treated as a SHA-1 expression. * A mark reference, `:<idnum>`, where `<idnum>` is the mark number. @@ -414,33 +488,34 @@ Marks must be declared (via `mark`) before they can be used. * A complete 40 byte or abbreviated commit SHA-1 in hex. * Any valid Git SHA-1 expression that resolves to a commit. See - ``SPECIFYING REVISIONS'' in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1] for details. + ``SPECIFYING REVISIONS'' in linkgit:gitrevisions[7] for details. + +* The special null SHA-1 (40 zeros) specifies that the branch is to be + removed. The special case of restarting an incremental import from the current branch value should be written as: ---- from refs/heads/branch^0 ---- -The `{caret}0` suffix is necessary as fast-import does not permit a branch to +The `^0` suffix is necessary as fast-import does not permit a branch to start from itself, and the branch is created in memory before the -`from` command is even read from the input. Adding `{caret}0` will force +`from` command is even read from the input. Adding `^0` will force fast-import to resolve the commit through Git's revision parsing library, rather than its internal branch table, thereby loading in the existing value of the branch. `merge` ^^^^^^^ -Includes one additional ancestor commit. If the `from` command is +Includes one additional ancestor commit. The additional ancestry +link does not change the way the tree state is built at this commit. +If the `from` command is omitted when creating a new branch, the first `merge` commit will be the first ancestor of the current commit, and the branch will start out with no files. An unlimited number of `merge` commands per commit are permitted by fast-import, thereby establishing an n-way merge. -However Git's other tools never create commits with more than 15 -additional ancestors (forming a 16-way merge). For this reason -it is suggested that frontends do not use more than 15 `merge` -commands per commit; 16, if starting a new, empty branch. -Here `<committish>` is any of the commit specification expressions +Here `<commit-ish>` is any of the commit specification expressions also accepted by `from` (see above). `filemodify` @@ -457,9 +532,11 @@ External data format:: 'M' SP <mode> SP <dataref> SP <path> LF .... + -Here `<dataref>` can be either a mark reference (`:<idnum>`) +Here usually `<dataref>` must be either a mark reference (`:<idnum>`) set by a prior `blob` command, or a full 40-byte SHA-1 of an -existing Git blob object. +existing Git blob object. If `<mode>` is `040000`` then +`<dataref>` must be the full 40-byte SHA-1 of an existing +Git tree object or a mark reference set with `--import-marks`. Inline data format:: The data content for the file has not been supplied yet. @@ -484,6 +561,8 @@ in octal. Git only supports the following modes: * `160000`: A gitlink, SHA-1 of the object refers to a commit in another repository. Git links can only be specified by SHA or through a commit mark. They are used to implement submodules. +* `040000`: A subdirectory. Subdirectories can only be specified by + SHA or through a tree mark set with `--import-marks`. In both formats `<path>` is the complete path of the file to be added (if not already existing) or modified (if already existing). @@ -492,8 +571,12 @@ A `<path>` string must use UNIX-style directory separators (forward slash `/`), may contain any byte other than `LF`, and must not start with double quote (`"`). -If an `LF` or double quote must be encoded into `<path>` shell-style -quoting should be used, e.g. `"path/with\n and \" in it"`. +A path can use C-style string quoting; this is accepted in all cases +and mandatory if the filename starts with double quote or contains +`LF`. In C-style quoting, the complete name should be surrounded with +double quotes, and any `LF`, backslash, or double quote characters +must be escaped by preceding them with a backslash (e.g., +`"path/with\n, \\ and \" in it"`). The value of `<path>` must be in canonical form. That is it must not: @@ -503,6 +586,8 @@ The value of `<path>` must be in canonical form. That is it must not: * contain the special component `.` or `..` (e.g. `foo/./bar` and `foo/../bar` are invalid). +The root of the tree can be represented by an empty string as `<path>`. + It is recommended that `<path>` always be encoded using UTF-8. `filedelete` @@ -522,7 +607,7 @@ be removed from the branch. See `filemodify` above for a detailed description of `<path>`. `filecopy` -^^^^^^^^^^^^ +^^^^^^^^^^ Recursively copies an existing file or subdirectory to a different location within the branch. The existing file or directory must exist. If the destination exists it will be completely replaced @@ -595,6 +680,45 @@ more memory per active branch (less than 1 MiB for even most large projects); so frontends that can easily obtain only the affected paths for a commit are encouraged to do so. +`notemodify` +^^^^^^^^^^^^ +Included in a `commit` `<notes_ref>` command to add a new note +annotating a `<commit-ish>` or change this annotation contents. +Internally it is similar to filemodify 100644 on `<commit-ish>` +path (maybe split into subdirectories). It's not advised to +use any other commands to write to the `<notes_ref>` tree except +`filedeleteall` to delete all existing notes in this tree. +This command has two different means of specifying the content +of the note. + +External data format:: + The data content for the note was already supplied by a prior + `blob` command. The frontend just needs to connect it to the + commit that is to be annotated. ++ +.... + 'N' SP <dataref> SP <commit-ish> LF +.... ++ +Here `<dataref>` can be either a mark reference (`:<idnum>`) +set by a prior `blob` command, or a full 40-byte SHA-1 of an +existing Git blob object. + +Inline data format:: + The data content for the note has not been supplied yet. + The frontend wants to supply it as part of this modify + command. ++ +.... + 'N' SP 'inline' SP <commit-ish> LF + data +.... ++ +See below for a detailed description of the `data` command. + +In both formats `<commit-ish>` is any of the commit specification +expressions also accepted by `from` (see above). + `mark` ~~~~~~ Arranges for fast-import to save a reference to the current object, allowing @@ -623,8 +747,8 @@ lightweight (non-annotated) tags see the `reset` command below. .... 'tag' SP <name> LF - 'from' SP <committish> LF - 'tagger' SP <name> SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF + 'from' SP <commit-ish> LF + 'tagger' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF data .... @@ -657,7 +781,7 @@ recommended, as the frontend does not (easily) have access to the complete set of bytes which normally goes into such a signature. If signing is required, create lightweight tags from within fast-import with `reset`, then create the annotated versions of those tags offline -with the standard 'git-tag' process. +with the standard 'git tag' process. `reset` ~~~~~~~ @@ -668,11 +792,11 @@ branch from an existing commit without creating a new commit. .... 'reset' SP <ref> LF - ('from' SP <committish> LF)? + ('from' SP <commit-ish> LF)? LF? .... -For a detailed description of `<ref>` and `<committish>` see above +For a detailed description of `<ref>` and `<commit-ish>` see above under `commit` and `from`. The `LF` after the command is optional (it used to be required). @@ -703,7 +827,7 @@ assigned mark. The mark command is optional here as some frontends have chosen to generate the Git SHA-1 for the blob on their own, and feed that -directly to `commit`. This is typically more work than its worth +directly to `commit`. This is typically more work than it's worth however, as marks are inexpensive to store and easy to use. `data` @@ -771,7 +895,7 @@ save out all current branch refs, tags and marks. .... Note that fast-import automatically switches packfiles when the current -packfile reaches \--max-pack-size, or 4 GiB, whichever limit is +packfile reaches --max-pack-size, or 4 GiB, whichever limit is smaller. During an automatic packfile switch fast-import does not update the branch refs, tags or marks. @@ -813,6 +937,229 @@ Placing a `progress` command immediately after a `checkpoint` will inform the reader when the `checkpoint` has been completed and it can safely access the refs that fast-import updated. +`get-mark` +~~~~~~~~~~ +Causes fast-import to print the SHA-1 corresponding to a mark to +stdout or to the file descriptor previously arranged with the +`--cat-blob-fd` argument. The command otherwise has no impact on the +current import; its purpose is to retrieve SHA-1s that later commits +might want to refer to in their commit messages. + +.... + 'get-mark' SP ':' <idnum> LF +.... + +This command can be used anywhere in the stream that comments are +accepted. In particular, the `get-mark` command can be used in the +middle of a commit but not in the middle of a `data` command. + +See ``Responses To Commands'' below for details about how to read +this output safely. + +`cat-blob` +~~~~~~~~~~ +Causes fast-import to print a blob to a file descriptor previously +arranged with the `--cat-blob-fd` argument. The command otherwise +has no impact on the current import; its main purpose is to +retrieve blobs that may be in fast-import's memory but not +accessible from the target repository. + +.... + 'cat-blob' SP <dataref> LF +.... + +The `<dataref>` can be either a mark reference (`:<idnum>`) +set previously or a full 40-byte SHA-1 of a Git blob, preexisting or +ready to be written. + +Output uses the same format as `git cat-file --batch`: + +==== + <sha1> SP 'blob' SP <size> LF + <contents> LF +==== + +This command can be used anywhere in the stream that comments are +accepted. In particular, the `cat-blob` command can be used in the +middle of a commit but not in the middle of a `data` command. + +See ``Responses To Commands'' below for details about how to read +this output safely. + +`ls` +~~~~ +Prints information about the object at a path to a file descriptor +previously arranged with the `--cat-blob-fd` argument. This allows +printing a blob from the active commit (with `cat-blob`) or copying a +blob or tree from a previous commit for use in the current one (with +`filemodify`). + +The `ls` command can be used anywhere in the stream that comments are +accepted, including the middle of a commit. + +Reading from the active commit:: + This form can only be used in the middle of a `commit`. + The path names a directory entry within fast-import's + active commit. The path must be quoted in this case. ++ +.... + 'ls' SP <path> LF +.... + +Reading from a named tree:: + The `<dataref>` can be a mark reference (`:<idnum>`) or the + full 40-byte SHA-1 of a Git tag, commit, or tree object, + preexisting or waiting to be written. + The path is relative to the top level of the tree + named by `<dataref>`. ++ +.... + 'ls' SP <dataref> SP <path> LF +.... + +See `filemodify` above for a detailed description of `<path>`. + +Output uses the same format as `git ls-tree <tree> -- <path>`: + +==== + <mode> SP ('blob' | 'tree' | 'commit') SP <dataref> HT <path> LF +==== + +The <dataref> represents the blob, tree, or commit object at <path> +and can be used in later 'get-mark', 'cat-blob', 'filemodify', or +'ls' commands. + +If there is no file or subtree at that path, 'git fast-import' will +instead report + +==== + missing SP <path> LF +==== + +See ``Responses To Commands'' below for details about how to read +this output safely. + +`feature` +~~~~~~~~~ +Require that fast-import supports the specified feature, or abort if +it does not. + +.... + 'feature' SP <feature> ('=' <argument>)? LF +.... + +The <feature> part of the command may be any one of the following: + +date-format:: +export-marks:: +relative-marks:: +no-relative-marks:: +force:: + Act as though the corresponding command-line option with + a leading `--` was passed on the command line + (see OPTIONS, above). + +import-marks:: +import-marks-if-exists:: + Like --import-marks except in two respects: first, only one + "feature import-marks" or "feature import-marks-if-exists" + command is allowed per stream; second, an --import-marks= + or --import-marks-if-exists command-line option overrides + any of these "feature" commands in the stream; third, + "feature import-marks-if-exists" like a corresponding + command-line option silently skips a nonexistent file. + +get-mark:: +cat-blob:: +ls:: + Require that the backend support the 'get-mark', 'cat-blob', + or 'ls' command respectively. + Versions of fast-import not supporting the specified command + will exit with a message indicating so. + This lets the import error out early with a clear message, + rather than wasting time on the early part of an import + before the unsupported command is detected. + +notes:: + Require that the backend support the 'notemodify' (N) + subcommand to the 'commit' command. + Versions of fast-import not supporting notes will exit + with a message indicating so. + +done:: + Error out if the stream ends without a 'done' command. + Without this feature, errors causing the frontend to end + abruptly at a convenient point in the stream can go + undetected. This may occur, for example, if an import + front end dies in mid-operation without emitting SIGTERM + or SIGKILL at its subordinate git fast-import instance. + +`option` +~~~~~~~~ +Processes the specified option so that git fast-import behaves in a +way that suits the frontend's needs. +Note that options specified by the frontend are overridden by any +options the user may specify to git fast-import itself. + +.... + 'option' SP <option> LF +.... + +The `<option>` part of the command may contain any of the options +listed in the OPTIONS section that do not change import semantics, +without the leading `--` and is treated in the same way. + +Option commands must be the first commands on the input (not counting +feature commands), to give an option command after any non-option +command is an error. + +The following command-line options change import semantics and may therefore +not be passed as option: + +* date-format +* import-marks +* export-marks +* cat-blob-fd +* force + +`done` +~~~~~~ +If the `done` feature is not in use, treated as if EOF was read. +This can be used to tell fast-import to finish early. + +If the `--done` command-line option or `feature done` command is +in use, the `done` command is mandatory and marks the end of the +stream. + +Responses To Commands +--------------------- +New objects written by fast-import are not available immediately. +Most fast-import commands have no visible effect until the next +checkpoint (or completion). The frontend can send commands to +fill fast-import's input pipe without worrying about how quickly +they will take effect, which improves performance by simplifying +scheduling. + +For some frontends, though, it is useful to be able to read back +data from the current repository as it is being updated (for +example when the source material describes objects in terms of +patches to be applied to previously imported objects). This can +be accomplished by connecting the frontend and fast-import via +bidirectional pipes: + +==== + mkfifo fast-import-output + frontend <fast-import-output | + git fast-import >fast-import-output +==== + +A frontend set up this way can use `progress`, `get-mark`, `ls`, and +`cat-blob` commands to read information from the import in progress. + +To avoid deadlock, such frontends must completely consume any +pending output from `progress`, `ls`, `get-mark`, and `cat-blob` before +performing writes to fast-import that might block. + Crash Reports ------------- If fast-import is supplied invalid input it will terminate with a @@ -908,7 +1255,7 @@ users of fast-import, and are offered here as suggestions. Use One Mark Per Commit ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ When doing a repository conversion, use a unique mark per commit -(`mark :<n>`) and supply the \--export-marks option on the command +(`mark :<n>`) and supply the --export-marks option on the command line. fast-import will dump a file which lists every mark and the Git object SHA-1 that corresponds to it. If the frontend can tie the marks back to the source repository, it is easy to verify the @@ -958,7 +1305,7 @@ is not `refs/heads/TAG_FIXUP`). When committing fixups, consider using `merge` to connect the commit(s) which are supplying file revisions to the fixup branch. -Doing so will allow tools such as 'git-blame' to track +Doing so will allow tools such as 'git blame' to track through the real commit history and properly annotate the source files. @@ -973,7 +1320,7 @@ even for considerably large projects (100,000+ commits). However repacking the repository is necessary to improve data locality and access performance. It can also take hours on extremely -large projects (especially if -f and a large \--window parameter is +large projects (especially if -f and a large --window parameter is used). Since repacking is safe to run alongside readers and writers, run the repack in the background and let it finish when it finishes. There is no reason to wait to explore your new Git project! @@ -987,7 +1334,7 @@ Repacking Historical Data ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ If you are repacking very old imported data (e.g. older than the last year), consider expending some extra CPU time and supplying -\--window=50 (or higher) when you run 'git-repack'. +--window=50 (or higher) when you run 'git repack'. This will take longer, but will also produce a smaller packfile. You only need to expend the effort once, and everyone using your project will benefit from the smaller repository. @@ -1089,7 +1436,7 @@ branch, their in-memory storage size can grow to a considerable size fast-import automatically moves active branches to inactive status based on a simple least-recently-used algorithm. The LRU chain is updated on each `commit` command. The maximum number of active branches can be -increased or decreased on the command line with \--active-branches=. +increased or decreased on the command line with --active-branches=. per active tree ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -1111,14 +1458,17 @@ and lazy loading of subtrees, allows fast-import to efficiently import projects with 2,000+ branches and 45,114+ files in a very limited memory footprint (less than 2.7 MiB per active branch). +Signals +------- +Sending *SIGUSR1* to the 'git fast-import' process ends the current +packfile early, simulating a `checkpoint` command. The impatient +operator can use this facility to peek at the objects and refs from an +import in progress, at the cost of some added running time and worse +compression. -Author ------- -Written by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>. - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>. +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-fast-export[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt index 47448da22e..f7ebe36a7b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt @@ -8,17 +8,21 @@ git-fetch-pack - Receive missing objects from another repository SYNOPSIS -------- -'git fetch-pack' [--all] [--quiet|-q] [--keep|-k] [--thin] [--include-tag] [--upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>] [--depth=<n>] [--no-progress] [-v] [<host>:]<directory> [<refs>...] +[verse] +'git fetch-pack' [--all] [--quiet|-q] [--keep|-k] [--thin] [--include-tag] + [--upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>] + [--depth=<n>] [--no-progress] + [-v] <repository> [<refs>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Usually you would want to use 'git-fetch', which is a +Usually you would want to use 'git fetch', which is a higher level wrapper of this command, instead. Invokes 'git-upload-pack' on a possibly remote repository and asks it to send objects missing from this repository, to update the named heads. The list of commits available locally -is found out by scanning local $GIT_DIR/refs/ and sent to +is found out by scanning the local refs/ hierarchy and sent to 'git-upload-pack' running on the other end. This command degenerates to download everything to complete the @@ -31,21 +35,31 @@ OPTIONS --all:: Fetch all remote refs. +--stdin:: + Take the list of refs from stdin, one per line. If there + are refs specified on the command line in addition to this + option, then the refs from stdin are processed after those + on the command line. ++ +If `--stateless-rpc` is specified together with this option then +the list of refs must be in packet format (pkt-line). Each ref must +be in a separate packet, and the list must end with a flush packet. + -q:: --quiet:: - Pass '-q' flag to 'git-unpack-objects'; this makes the + Pass `-q` flag to 'git unpack-objects'; this makes the cloning process less verbose. -k:: --keep:: - Do not invoke 'git-unpack-objects' on received data, but + Do not invoke 'git unpack-objects' on received data, but create a single packfile out of it instead, and store it in the object database. If provided twice then the pack is locked against repacking. --thin:: - Spend extra cycles to minimize the number of objects to be sent. - Use it on slower connection. + Fetch a "thin" pack, which records objects in deltified form based + on objects not included in the pack to reduce network traffic. --include-tag:: If the remote side supports it, annotated tags objects will @@ -66,38 +80,52 @@ OPTIONS the things up in .bash_profile). --exec=<git-upload-pack>:: - Same as \--upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>. + Same as --upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>. --depth=<n>:: Limit fetching to ancestor-chains not longer than n. + 'git-upload-pack' treats the special depth 2147483647 as + infinite even if there is an ancestor-chain that long. + +--shallow-since=<date>:: + Deepen or shorten the history of a shallow'repository to + include all reachable commits after <date>. + +--shallow-exclude=<revision>:: + Deepen or shorten the history of a shallow repository to + exclude commits reachable from a specified remote branch or tag. + This option can be specified multiple times. + +--deepen-relative:: + Argument --depth specifies the number of commits from the + current shallow boundary instead of from the tip of each + remote branch history. --no-progress:: Do not show the progress. +--check-self-contained-and-connected:: + Output "connectivity-ok" if the received pack is + self-contained and connected. + -v:: Run verbosely. -<host>:: - A remote host that houses the repository. When this - part is specified, 'git-upload-pack' is invoked via - ssh. - -<directory>:: - The repository to sync from. +<repository>:: + The URL to the remote repository. <refs>...:: The remote heads to update from. This is relative to $GIT_DIR (e.g. "HEAD", "refs/heads/master"). When unspecified, update from all heads the remote side has. ++ +If the remote has enabled the options `uploadpack.allowTipSHA1InWant`, +`uploadpack.allowReachableSHA1InWant`, or `uploadpack.allowAnySHA1InWant`, +they may alternatively be 40-hex sha1s present on the remote. - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano. +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-fetch[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-fetch.txt b/Documentation/git-fetch.txt index d3164c5c88..b153aefa68 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fetch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fetch.txt @@ -8,26 +8,39 @@ git-fetch - Download objects and refs from another repository SYNOPSIS -------- -'git fetch' <options> <repository> <refspec>... +[verse] +'git fetch' [<options>] [<repository> [<refspec>...]] +'git fetch' [<options>] <group> +'git fetch' --multiple [<options>] [(<repository> | <group>)...] +'git fetch' --all [<options>] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Fetches named heads or tags from another repository, along with -the objects necessary to complete them. - -The ref names and their object names of fetched refs are stored -in `.git/FETCH_HEAD`. This information is left for a later merge -operation done by 'git-merge'. - -When <refspec> stores the fetched result in tracking branches, -the tags that point at these branches are automatically -followed. This is done by first fetching from the remote using -the given <refspec>s, and if the repository has objects that are -pointed by remote tags that it does not yet have, then fetch -those missing tags. If the other end has tags that point at -branches you are not interested in, you will not get them. - +Fetch branches and/or tags (collectively, "refs") from one or more +other repositories, along with the objects necessary to complete their +histories. Remote-tracking branches are updated (see the description +of <refspec> below for ways to control this behavior). + +By default, any tag that points into the histories being fetched is +also fetched; the effect is to fetch tags that +point at branches that you are interested in. This default behavior +can be changed by using the --tags or --no-tags options or by +configuring remote.<name>.tagOpt. By using a refspec that fetches tags +explicitly, you can fetch tags that do not point into branches you +are interested in as well. + +'git fetch' can fetch from either a single named repository or URL, +or from several repositories at once if <group> is given and +there is a remotes.<group> entry in the configuration file. +(See linkgit:git-config[1]). + +When no remote is specified, by default the `origin` remote will be used, +unless there's an upstream branch configured for the current branch. + +The names of refs that are fetched, together with the object names +they point at, are written to `.git/FETCH_HEAD`. This information +may be used by scripts or other git commands, such as linkgit:git-pull[1]. OPTIONS ------- @@ -37,19 +50,162 @@ include::pull-fetch-param.txt[] include::urls-remotes.txt[] -SEE ALSO --------- -linkgit:git-pull[1] - -Author +CONFIGURED REMOTE-TRACKING BRANCHES[[CRTB]] +------------------------------------------- + +You often interact with the same remote repository by +regularly and repeatedly fetching from it. In order to keep track +of the progress of such a remote repository, `git fetch` allows you +to configure `remote.<repository>.fetch` configuration variables. + +Typically such a variable may look like this: + +------------------------------------------------ +[remote "origin"] + fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/* +------------------------------------------------ + +This configuration is used in two ways: + +* When `git fetch` is run without specifying what branches + and/or tags to fetch on the command line, e.g. `git fetch origin` + or `git fetch`, `remote.<repository>.fetch` values are used as + the refspecs--they specify which refs to fetch and which local refs + to update. The example above will fetch + all branches that exist in the `origin` (i.e. any ref that matches + the left-hand side of the value, `refs/heads/*`) and update the + corresponding remote-tracking branches in the `refs/remotes/origin/*` + hierarchy. + +* When `git fetch` is run with explicit branches and/or tags + to fetch on the command line, e.g. `git fetch origin master`, the + <refspec>s given on the command line determine what are to be + fetched (e.g. `master` in the example, + which is a short-hand for `master:`, which in turn means + "fetch the 'master' branch but I do not explicitly say what + remote-tracking branch to update with it from the command line"), + and the example command will + fetch _only_ the 'master' branch. The `remote.<repository>.fetch` + values determine which + remote-tracking branch, if any, is updated. When used in this + way, the `remote.<repository>.fetch` values do not have any + effect in deciding _what_ gets fetched (i.e. the values are not + used as refspecs when the command-line lists refspecs); they are + only used to decide _where_ the refs that are fetched are stored + by acting as a mapping. + +The latter use of the `remote.<repository>.fetch` values can be +overridden by giving the `--refmap=<refspec>` parameter(s) on the +command line. + +OUTPUT ------ -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and -Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> -Documentation -------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +The output of "git fetch" depends on the transport method used; this +section describes the output when fetching over the Git protocol +(either locally or via ssh) and Smart HTTP protocol. + +The status of the fetch is output in tabular form, with each line +representing the status of a single ref. Each line is of the form: + +------------------------------- + <flag> <summary> <from> -> <to> [<reason>] +------------------------------- + +The status of up-to-date refs is shown only if the --verbose option is +used. + +In compact output mode, specified with configuration variable +fetch.output, if either entire `<from>` or `<to>` is found in the +other string, it will be substituted with `*` in the other string. For +example, `master -> origin/master` becomes `master -> origin/*`. + +flag:: + A single character indicating the status of the ref: +(space);; for a successfully fetched fast-forward; +`+`;; for a successful forced update; +`-`;; for a successfully pruned ref; +`t`;; for a successful tag update; +`*`;; for a successfully fetched new ref; +`!`;; for a ref that was rejected or failed to update; and +`=`;; for a ref that was up to date and did not need fetching. + +summary:: + For a successfully fetched ref, the summary shows the old and new + values of the ref in a form suitable for using as an argument to + `git log` (this is `<old>..<new>` in most cases, and + `<old>...<new>` for forced non-fast-forward updates). + +from:: + The name of the remote ref being fetched from, minus its + `refs/<type>/` prefix. In the case of deletion, the name of + the remote ref is "(none)". + +to:: + The name of the local ref being updated, minus its + `refs/<type>/` prefix. + +reason:: + A human-readable explanation. In the case of successfully fetched + refs, no explanation is needed. For a failed ref, the reason for + failure is described. + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +* Update the remote-tracking branches: ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git fetch origin +------------------------------------------------ ++ +The above command copies all branches from the remote refs/heads/ +namespace and stores them to the local refs/remotes/origin/ namespace, +unless the branch.<name>.fetch option is used to specify a non-default +refspec. + +* Using refspecs explicitly: ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git fetch origin +pu:pu maint:tmp +------------------------------------------------ ++ +This updates (or creates, as necessary) branches `pu` and `tmp` in +the local repository by fetching from the branches (respectively) +`pu` and `maint` from the remote repository. ++ +The `pu` branch will be updated even if it is does not fast-forward, +because it is prefixed with a plus sign; `tmp` will not be. + +* Peek at a remote's branch, without configuring the remote in your local +repository: ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git fetch git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git maint +$ git log FETCH_HEAD +------------------------------------------------ ++ +The first command fetches the `maint` branch from the repository at +`git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git` and the second command uses +`FETCH_HEAD` to examine the branch with linkgit:git-log[1]. The fetched +objects will eventually be removed by git's built-in housekeeping (see +linkgit:git-gc[1]). + +include::transfer-data-leaks.txt[] + +BUGS +---- +Using --recurse-submodules can only fetch new commits in already checked +out submodules right now. When e.g. upstream added a new submodule in the +just fetched commits of the superproject the submodule itself can not be +fetched, making it impossible to check out that submodule later without +having to do a fetch again. This is expected to be fixed in a future Git +version. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-pull[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt index 451950bab6..6e4bb02204 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt @@ -12,12 +12,13 @@ SYNOPSIS [--index-filter <command>] [--parent-filter <command>] [--msg-filter <command>] [--commit-filter <command>] [--tag-name-filter <command>] [--subdirectory-filter <directory>] + [--prune-empty] [--original <namespace>] [-d <directory>] [-f | --force] [--] [<rev-list options>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Lets you rewrite git revision history by rewriting the branches mentioned +Lets you rewrite Git revision history by rewriting the branches mentioned in the <rev-list options>, applying custom filters on each revision. Those filters can modify each tree (e.g. removing a file or running a perl rewrite on all files) or information about each commit. @@ -28,9 +29,14 @@ The command will only rewrite the _positive_ refs mentioned in the command line (e.g. if you pass 'a..b', only 'b' will be rewritten). If you specify no filters, the commits will be recommitted without any changes, which would normally have no effect. Nevertheless, this may be -useful in the future for compensating for some git bugs or such, +useful in the future for compensating for some Git bugs or such, therefore such a usage is permitted. +*NOTE*: This command honors `.git/info/grafts` file and refs in +the `refs/replace/` namespace. +If you have any grafts or replacement refs defined, running this command +will make them permanent. + *WARNING*! The rewritten history will have different object names for all the objects and will not converge with the original branch. You will not be able to easily push and distribute the rewritten branch on top of the @@ -46,7 +52,7 @@ if different from the rewritten ones, will be stored in the namespace Note that since this operation is very I/O expensive, it might be a good idea to redirect the temporary directory off-disk with the -'-d' option, e.g. on tmpfs. Reportedly the speedup is very noticeable. +`-d` option, e.g. on tmpfs. Reportedly the speedup is very noticeable. Filters @@ -55,11 +61,14 @@ Filters The filters are applied in the order as listed below. The <command> argument is always evaluated in the shell context using the 'eval' command (with the notable exception of the commit filter, for technical reasons). -Prior to that, the $GIT_COMMIT environment variable will be set to contain +Prior to that, the `$GIT_COMMIT` environment variable will be set to contain the id of the commit being rewritten. Also, GIT_AUTHOR_NAME, GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL, GIT_AUTHOR_DATE, GIT_COMMITTER_NAME, GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL, -and GIT_COMMITTER_DATE are set according to the current commit. The values -of these variables after the filters have run, are used for the new commit. +and GIT_COMMITTER_DATE are taken from the current commit and exported to +the environment, in order to affect the author and committer identities of +the replacement commit created by linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] after the +filters have run. + If any evaluation of <command> returns a non-zero exit status, the whole operation will be aborted. @@ -77,7 +86,7 @@ OPTIONS This filter may be used if you only need to modify the environment in which the commit will be performed. Specifically, you might want to rewrite the author/committer name/email/time environment - variables (see linkgit:git-commit[1] for details). Do not forget + variables (see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] for details). Do not forget to re-export the variables. --tree-filter <command>:: @@ -91,7 +100,9 @@ OPTIONS --index-filter <command>:: This is the filter for rewriting the index. It is similar to the tree filter but does not check out the tree, which makes it much - faster. For hairy cases, see linkgit:git-update-index[1]. + faster. Frequently used with `git rm --cached + --ignore-unmatch ...`, see EXAMPLES below. For hairy + cases, see linkgit:git-update-index[1]. --parent-filter <command>:: This is the filter for rewriting the commit's parent list. @@ -110,8 +121,8 @@ OPTIONS --commit-filter <command>:: This is the filter for performing the commit. If this filter is specified, it will be called instead of the - 'git-commit-tree' command, with arguments of the form - "<TREE_ID> [-p <PARENT_COMMIT_ID>]..." and the log message on + 'git commit-tree' command, with arguments of the form + "<TREE_ID> [(-p <PARENT_COMMIT_ID>)...]" and the log message on stdin. The commit id is expected on stdout. + As a special extension, the commit filter may emit multiple @@ -121,10 +132,10 @@ have all of them as parents. You can use the 'map' convenience function in this filter, and other convenience functions, too. For example, calling 'skip_commit "$@"' will leave out the current commit (but not its changes! If you want -that, use 'git-rebase' instead). +that, use 'git rebase' instead). + -You can also use the 'git_commit_non_empty_tree "$@"' instead of -'git commit-tree "$@"' if you don't wish to keep commits with a single parent +You can also use the `git_commit_non_empty_tree "$@"` instead of +`git commit-tree "$@"` if you don't wish to keep commits with a single parent and that makes no change to the tree. --tag-name-filter <command>:: @@ -153,17 +164,15 @@ to other tags will be rewritten to point to the underlying commit. --subdirectory-filter <directory>:: Only look at the history which touches the given subdirectory. The result will contain that directory (and only that) as its - project root. + project root. Implies <<Remap_to_ancestor>>. --prune-empty:: - Some kind of filters will generate empty commits, that left the tree - untouched. This switch allow git-filter-branch to ignore such - commits. Though, this switch only applies for commits that have one - and only one parent, it will hence keep merges points. Also, this - option is not compatible with the use of '--commit-filter'. Though you - just need to use the function 'git_commit_non_empty_tree "$@"' instead - of the 'git commit-tree "$@"' idiom in your commit filter to make that - happen. + Some filters will generate empty commits that leave the tree untouched. + This option instructs git-filter-branch to remove such commits if they + have exactly one or zero non-pruned parents; merge commits will + therefore remain intact. This option cannot be used together with + `--commit-filter`, though the same effect can be achieved by using the + provided `git_commit_non_empty_tree` function in a commit filter. --original <namespace>:: Use this option to set the namespace where the original commits @@ -179,15 +188,26 @@ to other tags will be rewritten to point to the underlying commit. -f:: --force:: - 'git-filter-branch' refuses to start with an existing temporary + 'git filter-branch' refuses to start with an existing temporary directory or when there are already refs starting with 'refs/original/', unless forced. <rev-list options>...:: - Arguments for 'git-rev-list'. All positive refs included by + Arguments for 'git rev-list'. All positive refs included by these options are rewritten. You may also specify options - such as '--all', but you must use '--' to separate them from - the 'git-filter-branch' options. + such as `--all`, but you must use `--` to separate them from + the 'git filter-branch' options. Implies <<Remap_to_ancestor>>. + + +[[Remap_to_ancestor]] +Remap to ancestor +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +By using linkgit:git-rev-list[1] arguments, e.g., path limiters, you can limit the +set of revisions which get rewritten. However, positive refs on the command +line are distinguished: we don't let them be excluded by such limiters. For +this purpose, they are instead rewritten to point at the nearest ancestor that +was not excluded. Examples @@ -204,10 +224,14 @@ However, if the file is absent from the tree of some commit, a simple `rm filename` will fail for that tree and commit. Thus you may instead want to use `rm -f filename` as the script. -A significantly faster version: +Using `--index-filter` with 'git rm' yields a significantly faster +version. Like with using `rm filename`, `git rm --cached filename` +will fail if the file is absent from the tree of a commit. If you +want to "completely forget" a file, it does not matter when it entered +history, so we also add `--ignore-unmatch`: -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -git filter-branch --index-filter 'git rm --cached filename' HEAD +git filter-branch --index-filter 'git rm --cached --ignore-unmatch filename' HEAD -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Now, you will get the rewritten history saved in HEAD. @@ -220,8 +244,8 @@ git filter-branch --subdirectory-filter foodir -- --all ------------------------------------------------------- Thus you can, e.g., turn a library subdirectory into a repository of -its own. Note the `\--` that separates 'filter-branch' options from -revision options, and the `\--all` to rewrite all branches and tags. +its own. Note the `--` that separates 'filter-branch' options from +revision options, and the `--all` to rewrite all branches and tags. To set a commit (which typically is at the tip of another history) to be the parent of the current initial commit, in @@ -281,8 +305,13 @@ committed a merge between P1 and P2, it will be propagated properly and all children of the merge will become merge commits with P1,P2 as their parents instead of the merge commit. +*NOTE* the changes introduced by the commits, and which are not reverted +by subsequent commits, will still be in the rewritten branch. If you want +to throw out _changes_ together with the commits, you should use the +interactive mode of 'git rebase'. + You can rewrite the commit log messages using `--msg-filter`. For -example, 'git-svn-id' strings in a repository created by 'git-svn' can +example, 'git svn-id' strings in a repository created by 'git svn' can be removed this way: ------------------------------------------------------- @@ -291,17 +320,41 @@ git filter-branch --msg-filter ' ' ------------------------------------------------------- +If you need to add 'Acked-by' lines to, say, the last 10 commits (none +of which is a merge), use this command: + +-------------------------------------------------------- +git filter-branch --msg-filter ' + cat && + echo "Acked-by: Bugs Bunny <bunny@bugzilla.org>" +' HEAD~10..HEAD +-------------------------------------------------------- + +The `--env-filter` option can be used to modify committer and/or author +identity. For example, if you found out that your commits have the wrong +identity due to a misconfigured user.email, you can make a correction, +before publishing the project, like this: + +-------------------------------------------------------- +git filter-branch --env-filter ' + if test "$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL" = "root@localhost" + then + GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL=john@example.com + export GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL + fi + if test "$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL" = "root@localhost" + then + GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL=john@example.com + export GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL + fi +' -- --all +-------------------------------------------------------- + To restrict rewriting to only part of the history, specify a revision range in addition to the new branch name. The new branch name will -point to the top-most revision that a 'git-rev-list' of this range +point to the top-most revision that a 'git rev-list' of this range will print. -*NOTE* the changes introduced by the commits, and which are not reverted -by subsequent commits, will still be in the rewritten branch. If you want -to throw out _changes_ together with the commits, you should use the -interactive mode of 'git-rebase'. - - Consider this history: ------------------ @@ -327,21 +380,83 @@ To move the whole tree into a subdirectory, or remove it from there: --------------------------------------------------------------- git filter-branch --index-filter \ - 'git ls-files -s | sed "s-\t-&newsubdir/-" | + 'git ls-files -s | sed "s-\t\"*-&newsubdir/-" | GIT_INDEX_FILE=$GIT_INDEX_FILE.new \ git update-index --index-info && - mv $GIT_INDEX_FILE.new $GIT_INDEX_FILE' HEAD + mv "$GIT_INDEX_FILE.new" "$GIT_INDEX_FILE"' HEAD --------------------------------------------------------------- -Author ------- -Written by Petr "Pasky" Baudis <pasky@suse.cz>, -and the git list <git@vger.kernel.org> -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Petr Baudis and the git list. +Checklist for Shrinking a Repository +------------------------------------ + +git-filter-branch can be used to get rid of a subset of files, +usually with some combination of `--index-filter` and +`--subdirectory-filter`. People expect the resulting repository to +be smaller than the original, but you need a few more steps to +actually make it smaller, because Git tries hard not to lose your +objects until you tell it to. First make sure that: + +* You really removed all variants of a filename, if a blob was moved + over its lifetime. `git log --name-only --follow --all -- filename` + can help you find renames. + +* You really filtered all refs: use `--tag-name-filter cat -- --all` + when calling git-filter-branch. + +Then there are two ways to get a smaller repository. A safer way is +to clone, that keeps your original intact. + +* Clone it with `git clone file:///path/to/repo`. The clone + will not have the removed objects. See linkgit:git-clone[1]. (Note + that cloning with a plain path just hardlinks everything!) + +If you really don't want to clone it, for whatever reasons, check the +following points instead (in this order). This is a very destructive +approach, so *make a backup* or go back to cloning it. You have been +warned. + +* Remove the original refs backed up by git-filter-branch: say `git + for-each-ref --format="%(refname)" refs/original/ | xargs -n 1 git + update-ref -d`. + +* Expire all reflogs with `git reflog expire --expire=now --all`. + +* Garbage collect all unreferenced objects with `git gc --prune=now` + (or if your git-gc is not new enough to support arguments to + `--prune`, use `git repack -ad; git prune` instead). + +Notes +----- + +git-filter-branch allows you to make complex shell-scripted rewrites +of your Git history, but you probably don't need this flexibility if +you're simply _removing unwanted data_ like large files or passwords. +For those operations you may want to consider +http://rtyley.github.io/bfg-repo-cleaner/[The BFG Repo-Cleaner], +a JVM-based alternative to git-filter-branch, typically at least +10-50x faster for those use-cases, and with quite different +characteristics: + +* Any particular version of a file is cleaned exactly _once_. The BFG, + unlike git-filter-branch, does not give you the opportunity to + handle a file differently based on where or when it was committed + within your history. This constraint gives the core performance + benefit of The BFG, and is well-suited to the task of cleansing bad + data - you don't care _where_ the bad data is, you just want it + _gone_. + +* By default The BFG takes full advantage of multi-core machines, + cleansing commit file-trees in parallel. git-filter-branch cleans + commits sequentially (i.e. in a single-threaded manner), though it + _is_ possible to write filters that include their own parallelism, + in the scripts executed against each commit. + +* The http://rtyley.github.io/bfg-repo-cleaner/#examples[command options] + are much more restrictive than git-filter branch, and dedicated just + to the tasks of removing unwanted data- e.g: + `--strip-blobs-bigger-than 1M`. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt b/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt index 1c24796d66..44892c447e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt @@ -9,35 +9,41 @@ git-fmt-merge-msg - Produce a merge commit message SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git fmt-merge-msg' [--log | --no-log] <$GIT_DIR/FETCH_HEAD -'git fmt-merge-msg' [--log | --no-log] -F <file> +'git fmt-merge-msg' [-m <message>] [--log[=<n>] | --no-log] +'git fmt-merge-msg' [-m <message>] [--log[=<n>] | --no-log] -F <file> DESCRIPTION ----------- Takes the list of merged objects on stdin and produces a suitable commit message to be used for the merge commit, usually to be -passed as the '<merge-message>' argument of 'git-merge'. +passed as the '<merge-message>' argument of 'git merge'. -This script is intended mostly for internal use by scripts -automatically invoking 'git-merge'. +This command is intended mostly for internal use by scripts +automatically invoking 'git merge'. OPTIONS ------- ---log:: +--log[=<n>]:: In addition to branch names, populate the log message with one-line descriptions from the actual commits that are being - merged. + merged. At most <n> commits from each merge parent will be + used (20 if <n> is omitted). This overrides the `merge.log` + configuration variable. --no-log:: Do not list one-line descriptions from the actual commits being merged. ---summary:: ---no-summary:: +--[no-]summary:: Synonyms to --log and --no-log; these are deprecated and will be removed in the future. +-m <message>:: +--message <message>:: + Use <message> instead of the branch names for the first line + of the log message. For use with `--log`. + -F <file>:: --file <file>:: Take the list of merged objects from <file> instead of @@ -45,27 +51,27 @@ OPTIONS CONFIGURATION ------------- - -merge.log:: - Whether to include summaries of merged commits in newly - merge commit messages. False by default. +include::fmt-merge-msg-config.txt[] merge.summary:: Synonym to `merge.log`; this is deprecated and will be removed in the future. -SEE ALSO --------- -linkgit:git-merge[1] +EXAMPLE +------- + +--------- +$ git fetch origin master +$ git fmt-merge-msg --log <$GIT_DIR/FETCH_HEAD +--------- +Print a log message describing a merge of the "master" branch from +the "origin" remote. -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Petr Baudis, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-merge[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt index 5061d3e4e7..03e187a105 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt @@ -9,7 +9,9 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git for-each-ref' [--count=<count>] [--shell|--perl|--python|--tcl] - [--sort=<key>]\* [--format=<format>] [<pattern>...] + [(--sort=<key>)...] [--format=<format>] [<pattern>...] + [--points-at <object>] [(--merged | --no-merged) [<object>]] + [--contains [<object>]] [--no-contains [<object>]] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -62,6 +64,29 @@ OPTIONS the specified host language. This is meant to produce a scriptlet that can directly be `eval`ed. +--points-at <object>:: + Only list refs which points at the given object. + +--merged [<object>]:: + Only list refs whose tips are reachable from the + specified commit (HEAD if not specified), + incompatible with `--no-merged`. + +--no-merged [<object>]:: + Only list refs whose tips are not reachable from the + specified commit (HEAD if not specified), + incompatible with `--merged`. + +--contains [<object>]:: + Only list refs which contain the specified commit (HEAD if not + specified). + +--no-contains [<object>]:: + Only list refs which don't contain the specified commit (HEAD + if not specified). + +--ignore-case:: + Sorting and filtering refs are case insensitive. FIELD NAMES ----------- @@ -75,47 +100,150 @@ For all objects, the following names can be used: refname:: The name of the ref (the part after $GIT_DIR/). For a non-ambiguous short name of the ref append `:short`. + The option core.warnAmbiguousRefs is used to select the strict + abbreviation mode. If `lstrip=<N>` (`rstrip=<N>`) is appended, strips `<N>` + slash-separated path components from the front (back) of the refname + (e.g. `%(refname:lstrip=2)` turns `refs/tags/foo` into `foo` and + `%(refname:rstrip=2)` turns `refs/tags/foo` into `refs`). + If `<N>` is a negative number, strip as many path components as + necessary from the specified end to leave `-<N>` path components + (e.g. `%(refname:lstrip=-2)` turns + `refs/tags/foo` into `tags/foo` and `%(refname:rstrip=-1)` + turns `refs/tags/foo` into `refs`). When the ref does not have + enough components, the result becomes an empty string if + stripping with positive <N>, or it becomes the full refname if + stripping with negative <N>. Neither is an error. ++ +`strip` can be used as a synomym to `lstrip`. objecttype:: The type of the object (`blob`, `tree`, `commit`, `tag`). objectsize:: - The size of the object (the same as 'git-cat-file -s' reports). + The size of the object (the same as 'git cat-file -s' reports). objectname:: The object name (aka SHA-1). + For a non-ambiguous abbreviation of the object name append `:short`. + For an abbreviation of the object name with desired length append + `:short=<length>`, where the minimum length is MINIMUM_ABBREV. The + length may be exceeded to ensure unique object names. + +upstream:: + The name of a local ref which can be considered ``upstream'' + from the displayed ref. Respects `:short`, `:lstrip` and + `:rstrip` in the same way as `refname` above. Additionally + respects `:track` to show "[ahead N, behind M]" and + `:trackshort` to show the terse version: ">" (ahead), "<" + (behind), "<>" (ahead and behind), or "=" (in sync). `:track` + also prints "[gone]" whenever unknown upstream ref is + encountered. Append `:track,nobracket` to show tracking + information without brackets (i.e "ahead N, behind M"). Has + no effect if the ref does not have tracking information + associated with it. All the options apart from `nobracket` + are mutually exclusive, but if used together the last option + is selected. + +push:: + The name of a local ref which represents the `@{push}` + location for the displayed ref. Respects `:short`, `:lstrip`, + `:rstrip`, `:track`, and `:trackshort` options as `upstream` + does. Produces an empty string if no `@{push}` ref is + configured. + +HEAD:: + '*' if HEAD matches current ref (the checked out branch), ' ' + otherwise. + +color:: + Change output color. Followed by `:<colorname>`, where names + are described in `color.branch.*`. + +align:: + Left-, middle-, or right-align the content between + %(align:...) and %(end). The "align:" is followed by + `width=<width>` and `position=<position>` in any order + separated by a comma, where the `<position>` is either left, + right or middle, default being left and `<width>` is the total + length of the content with alignment. For brevity, the + "width=" and/or "position=" prefixes may be omitted, and bare + <width> and <position> used instead. For instance, + `%(align:<width>,<position>)`. If the contents length is more + than the width then no alignment is performed. If used with + `--quote` everything in between %(align:...) and %(end) is + quoted, but if nested then only the topmost level performs + quoting. + +if:: + Used as %(if)...%(then)...%(end) or + %(if)...%(then)...%(else)...%(end). If there is an atom with + value or string literal after the %(if) then everything after + the %(then) is printed, else if the %(else) atom is used, then + everything after %(else) is printed. We ignore space when + evaluating the string before %(then), this is useful when we + use the %(HEAD) atom which prints either "*" or " " and we + want to apply the 'if' condition only on the 'HEAD' ref. + Append ":equals=<string>" or ":notequals=<string>" to compare + the value between the %(if:...) and %(then) atoms with the + given string. + +symref:: + The ref which the given symbolic ref refers to. If not a + symbolic ref, nothing is printed. Respects the `:short`, + `:lstrip` and `:rstrip` options in the same way as `refname` + above. In addition to the above, for commit and tag objects, the header field names (`tree`, `parent`, `object`, `type`, and `tag`) can be used to specify the value in the header field. +For commit and tag objects, the special `creatordate` and `creator` +fields will correspond to the appropriate date or name-email-date tuple +from the `committer` or `tagger` fields depending on the object type. +These are intended for working on a mix of annotated and lightweight tags. + Fields that have name-email-date tuple as its value (`author`, `committer`, and `tagger`) can be suffixed with `name`, `email`, and `date` to extract the named component. -The first line of the message in a commit and tag object is -`subject`, the remaining lines are `body`. The whole message -is `contents`. - -For sorting purposes, fields with numeric values sort in numeric -order (`objectsize`, `authordate`, `committerdate`, `taggerdate`). +The complete message in a commit and tag object is `contents`. +Its first line is `contents:subject`, where subject is the concatenation +of all lines of the commit message up to the first blank line. The next +line is 'contents:body', where body is all of the lines after the first +blank line. The optional GPG signature is `contents:signature`. The +first `N` lines of the message is obtained using `contents:lines=N`. +Additionally, the trailers as interpreted by linkgit:git-interpret-trailers[1] +are obtained as 'contents:trailers'. + +For sorting purposes, fields with numeric values sort in numeric order +(`objectsize`, `authordate`, `committerdate`, `creatordate`, `taggerdate`). All other fields are used to sort in their byte-value order. +There is also an option to sort by versions, this can be done by using +the fieldname `version:refname` or its alias `v:refname`. + In any case, a field name that refers to a field inapplicable to the object referred by the ref does not cause an error. It returns an empty string instead. As a special case for the date-type fields, you may specify a format for -the date by adding one of `:default`, `:relative`, `:short`, `:local`, -`:iso8601` or `:rfc2822` to the end of the fieldname; e.g. -`%(taggerdate:relative)`. +the date by adding `:` followed by date format name (see the +values the `--date` option to linkgit:git-rev-list[1] takes). + +Some atoms like %(align) and %(if) always require a matching %(end). +We call them "opening atoms" and sometimes denote them as %($open). + +When a scripting language specific quoting is in effect, everything +between a top-level opening atom and its matching %(end) is evaluated +according to the semantics of the opening atom and only its result +from the top-level is quoted. EXAMPLES -------- An example directly producing formatted text. Show the most recent -3 tagged commits:: +3 tagged commits: ------------ #!/bin/sh @@ -132,7 +260,7 @@ Ref: %(*refname) A simple example showing the use of shell eval on the output, -demonstrating the use of --shell. List the prefixes of all heads:: +demonstrating the use of --shell. List the prefixes of all heads: ------------ #!/bin/sh @@ -146,7 +274,7 @@ done A bit more elaborate report on tags, demonstrating that the format -may be an entire script:: +may be an entire script: ------------ #!/bin/sh @@ -196,3 +324,27 @@ eval=`git for-each-ref --shell --format="$fmt" \ refs/tags` eval "$eval" ------------ + + +An example to show the usage of %(if)...%(then)...%(else)...%(end). +This prefixes the current branch with a star. + +------------ +git for-each-ref --format="%(if)%(HEAD)%(then)* %(else) %(end)%(refname:short)" refs/heads/ +------------ + + +An example to show the usage of %(if)...%(then)...%(end). +This prints the authorname, if present. + +------------ +git for-each-ref --format="%(refname)%(if)%(authorname)%(then) Authored by: %(authorname)%(end)" +------------ + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-show-ref[1] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt index 11a7d77261..f7a069bb92 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt @@ -9,16 +9,21 @@ git-format-patch - Prepare patches for e-mail submission SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git format-patch' [-k] [-o <dir> | --stdout] [--thread] - [--attach[=<boundary>] | --inline[=<boundary>]] - [-s | --signoff] [<common diff options>] +'git format-patch' [-k] [(-o|--output-directory) <dir> | --stdout] + [--no-thread | --thread[=<style>]] + [(--attach|--inline)[=<boundary>] | --no-attach] + [-s | --signoff] + [--signature=<signature> | --no-signature] + [--signature-file=<file>] [-n | --numbered | -N | --no-numbered] [--start-number <n>] [--numbered-files] [--in-reply-to=Message-Id] [--suffix=.<sfx>] [--ignore-if-in-upstream] - [--subject-prefix=Subject-Prefix] - [--cc=<email>] - [--cover-letter] + [--rfc] [--subject-prefix=Subject-Prefix] + [(--reroll-count|-v) <n>] + [--to=<email>] [--cc=<email>] + [--[no-]cover-letter] [--quiet] [--notes[=<ref>]] + [<common diff options>] [ <since> | <revision range> ] DESCRIPTION @@ -27,7 +32,7 @@ DESCRIPTION Prepare each commit with its patch in one file per commit, formatted to resemble UNIX mailbox format. The output of this command is convenient for e-mail submission or -for use with 'git-am'. +for use with 'git am'. There are two ways to specify which commits to operate on. @@ -36,37 +41,40 @@ There are two ways to specify which commits to operate on. that leads to the <since> to be output. 2. Generic <revision range> expression (see "SPECIFYING - REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]) means the + REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7]) means the commits in the specified range. -A single commit, when interpreted as a <revision range> -expression, means "everything that leads to that commit", but -if you write 'git format-patch <commit>', the previous rule -applies to that command line and you do not get "everything -since the beginning of the time". If you want to format -everything since project inception to one commit, say "git -format-patch \--root <commit>" to make it clear that it is the -latter case. If you want to format a single commit, you can do -this with "git format-patch -1 <commit>". +The first rule takes precedence in the case of a single <commit>. To +apply the second rule, i.e., format everything since the beginning of +history up until <commit>, use the '\--root' option: `git format-patch +--root <commit>`. If you want to format only <commit> itself, you +can do this with `git format-patch -1 <commit>`. By default, each output file is numbered sequentially from 1, and uses the first line of the commit message (massaged for pathname safety) as -the filename. With the --numbered-files option, the output file names +the filename. With the `--numbered-files` option, the output file names will only be numbers, without the first line of the commit appended. The names of the output files are printed to standard -output, unless the --stdout option is specified. - -If -o is specified, output files are created in <dir>. Otherwise -they are created in the current working directory. - -By default, the subject of a single patch is "[PATCH] First Line" and -the subject when multiple patches are output is "[PATCH n/m] First -Line". To force 1/1 to be added for a single patch, use -n. To omit -patch numbers from the subject, use -N - -If given --thread, 'git-format-patch' will generate In-Reply-To and -References headers to make the second and subsequent patch mails appear -as replies to the first mail; this also generates a Message-Id header to +output, unless the `--stdout` option is specified. + +If `-o` is specified, output files are created in <dir>. Otherwise +they are created in the current working directory. The default path +can be set with the `format.outputDirectory` configuration option. +The `-o` option takes precedence over `format.outputDirectory`. +To store patches in the current working directory even when +`format.outputDirectory` points elsewhere, use `-o .`. + +By default, the subject of a single patch is "[PATCH] " followed by +the concatenation of lines from the commit message up to the first blank +line (see the DISCUSSION section of linkgit:git-commit[1]). + +When multiple patches are output, the subject prefix will instead be +"[PATCH n/m] ". To force 1/1 to be added for a single patch, use `-n`. +To omit patch numbers from the subject, use `-N`. + +If given `--thread`, `git-format-patch` will generate `In-Reply-To` and +`References` headers to make the second and subsequent patch mails appear +as replies to the first mail; this also generates a `Message-Id` header to reference. OPTIONS @@ -75,7 +83,7 @@ OPTIONS include::diff-options.txt[] -<n>:: - Limits the number of patches to prepare. + Prepare patches from the topmost <n> commits. -o <dir>:: --output-directory <dir>:: @@ -96,7 +104,6 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] --numbered-files:: Output file names will be a simple number sequence without the default first line of the commit appended. - Mutually exclusive with the --stdout option. -k:: --keep-subject:: @@ -107,6 +114,7 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] --signoff:: Add `Signed-off-by:` line to the commit message, using the committer identity of yourself. + See the signoff option in linkgit:git-commit[1] for more information. --stdout:: Print all commits to the standard output in mbox format, @@ -115,20 +123,40 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] --attach[=<boundary>]:: Create multipart/mixed attachment, the first part of which is the commit message and the patch itself in the - second part, with "Content-Disposition: attachment". + second part, with `Content-Disposition: attachment`. + +--no-attach:: + Disable the creation of an attachment, overriding the + configuration setting. --inline[=<boundary>]:: Create multipart/mixed attachment, the first part of which is the commit message and the patch itself in the - second part, with "Content-Disposition: inline". - ---thread:: - Add In-Reply-To and References headers to make the second and - subsequent mails appear as replies to the first. Also generates - the Message-Id header to reference. + second part, with `Content-Disposition: inline`. + +--thread[=<style>]:: +--no-thread:: + Controls addition of `In-Reply-To` and `References` headers to + make the second and subsequent mails appear as replies to the + first. Also controls generation of the `Message-Id` header to + reference. ++ +The optional <style> argument can be either `shallow` or `deep`. +'shallow' threading makes every mail a reply to the head of the +series, where the head is chosen from the cover letter, the +`--in-reply-to`, and the first patch mail, in this order. 'deep' +threading makes every mail a reply to the previous one. ++ +The default is `--no-thread`, unless the `format.thread` configuration +is set. If `--thread` is specified without a style, it defaults to the +style specified by `format.thread` if any, or else `shallow`. ++ +Beware that the default for 'git send-email' is to thread emails +itself. If you want `git format-patch` to take care of threading, you +will want to ensure that threading is disabled for `git send-email`. --in-reply-to=Message-Id:: - Make the first mail (or all the mails with --no-thread) appear as a + Make the first mail (or all the mails with `--no-thread`) appear as a reply to the given Message-Id, which avoids breaking threads to provide a new patch series. @@ -143,54 +171,427 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] Instead of the standard '[PATCH]' prefix in the subject line, instead use '[<Subject-Prefix>]'. This allows for useful naming of a patch series, and can be - combined with the --numbered option. + combined with the `--numbered` option. + +--rfc:: + Alias for `--subject-prefix="RFC PATCH"`. RFC means "Request For + Comments"; use this when sending an experimental patch for + discussion rather than application. + +-v <n>:: +--reroll-count=<n>:: + Mark the series as the <n>-th iteration of the topic. The + output filenames have `v<n>` prepended to them, and the + subject prefix ("PATCH" by default, but configurable via the + `--subject-prefix` option) has ` v<n>` appended to it. E.g. + `--reroll-count=4` may produce `v4-0001-add-makefile.patch` + file that has "Subject: [PATCH v4 1/20] Add makefile" in it. + +--to=<email>:: + Add a `To:` header to the email headers. This is in addition + to any configured headers, and may be used multiple times. + The negated form `--no-to` discards all `To:` headers added so + far (from config or command line). --cc=<email>:: - Add a "Cc:" header to the email headers. This is in addition + Add a `Cc:` header to the email headers. This is in addition + to any configured headers, and may be used multiple times. + The negated form `--no-cc` discards all `Cc:` headers added so + far (from config or command line). + +--from:: +--from=<ident>:: + Use `ident` in the `From:` header of each commit email. If the + author ident of the commit is not textually identical to the + provided `ident`, place a `From:` header in the body of the + message with the original author. If no `ident` is given, use + the committer ident. ++ +Note that this option is only useful if you are actually sending the +emails and want to identify yourself as the sender, but retain the +original author (and `git am` will correctly pick up the in-body +header). Note also that `git send-email` already handles this +transformation for you, and this option should not be used if you are +feeding the result to `git send-email`. + +--add-header=<header>:: + Add an arbitrary header to the email headers. This is in addition to any configured headers, and may be used multiple times. + For example, `--add-header="Organization: git-foo"`. + The negated form `--no-add-header` discards *all* (`To:`, + `Cc:`, and custom) headers added so far from config or command + line. ---cover-letter:: +--[no-]cover-letter:: In addition to the patches, generate a cover letter file - containing the shortlog and the overall diffstat. You can + containing the branch description, shortlog and the overall diffstat. You can fill in a description in the file before sending it out. +--notes[=<ref>]:: + Append the notes (see linkgit:git-notes[1]) for the commit + after the three-dash line. ++ +The expected use case of this is to write supporting explanation for +the commit that does not belong to the commit log message proper, +and include it with the patch submission. While one can simply write +these explanations after `format-patch` has run but before sending, +keeping them as Git notes allows them to be maintained between versions +of the patch series (but see the discussion of the `notes.rewrite` +configuration options in linkgit:git-notes[1] to use this workflow). + +--[no-]signature=<signature>:: + Add a signature to each message produced. Per RFC 3676 the signature + is separated from the body by a line with '-- ' on it. If the + signature option is omitted the signature defaults to the Git version + number. + +--signature-file=<file>:: + Works just like --signature except the signature is read from a file. + --suffix=.<sfx>:: Instead of using `.patch` as the suffix for generated filenames, use specified suffix. A common alternative is - `--suffix=.txt`. + `--suffix=.txt`. Leaving this empty will remove the `.patch` + suffix. + -Note that you would need to include the leading dot `.` if you -want a filename like `0001-description-of-my-change.patch`, and -the first letter does not have to be a dot. Leaving it empty would -not add any suffix. +Note that the leading character does not have to be a dot; for example, +you can use `--suffix=-patch` to get `0001-description-of-my-change-patch`. + +-q:: +--quiet:: + Do not print the names of the generated files to standard output. --no-binary:: - Don't output contents of changes in binary files, just take note - that they differ. Note that this disable the patch to be properly - applied. By default the contents of changes in those files are - encoded in the patch. + Do not output contents of changes in binary files, instead + display a notice that those files changed. Patches generated + using this option cannot be applied properly, but they are + still useful for code review. + +--zero-commit:: + Output an all-zero hash in each patch's From header instead + of the hash of the commit. + +--base=<commit>:: + Record the base tree information to identify the state the + patch series applies to. See the BASE TREE INFORMATION section + below for details. + +--root:: + Treat the revision argument as a <revision range>, even if it + is just a single commit (that would normally be treated as a + <since>). Note that root commits included in the specified + range are always formatted as creation patches, independently + of this flag. CONFIGURATION ------------- -You can specify extra mail header lines to be added to each message -in the repository configuration, new defaults for the subject prefix -and file suffix, and number patches when outputting more than one. +You can specify extra mail header lines to be added to each message, +defaults for the subject prefix and file suffix, number patches when +outputting more than one patch, add "To" or "Cc:" headers, configure +attachments, and sign off patches with configuration variables. ------------ [format] headers = "Organization: git-foo\n" - subjectprefix = CHANGE + subjectPrefix = CHANGE suffix = .txt numbered = auto + to = <email> cc = <email> + attach [ = mime-boundary-string ] + signOff = true + coverletter = auto +------------ + + +DISCUSSION +---------- + +The patch produced by 'git format-patch' is in UNIX mailbox format, +with a fixed "magic" time stamp to indicate that the file is output +from format-patch rather than a real mailbox, like so: + +------------ +From 8f72bad1baf19a53459661343e21d6491c3908d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 +From: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com> +Date: Tue, 13 Jul 2010 11:42:54 -0700 +Subject: [PATCH] =?UTF-8?q?[IA64]=20Put=20ia64=20config=20files=20on=20the=20?= + =?UTF-8?q?Uwe=20Kleine-K=C3=B6nig=20diet?= +MIME-Version: 1.0 +Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 +Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit + +arch/arm config files were slimmed down using a python script +(See commit c2330e286f68f1c408b4aa6515ba49d57f05beae comment) + +Do the same for ia64 so we can have sleek & trim looking +... +------------ + +Typically it will be placed in a MUA's drafts folder, edited to add +timely commentary that should not go in the changelog after the three +dashes, and then sent as a message whose body, in our example, starts +with "arch/arm config files were...". On the receiving end, readers +can save interesting patches in a UNIX mailbox and apply them with +linkgit:git-am[1]. + +When a patch is part of an ongoing discussion, the patch generated by +'git format-patch' can be tweaked to take advantage of the 'git am +--scissors' feature. After your response to the discussion comes a +line that consists solely of "`-- >8 --`" (scissors and perforation), +followed by the patch with unnecessary header fields removed: + +------------ +... +> So we should do such-and-such. + +Makes sense to me. How about this patch? + +-- >8 -- +Subject: [IA64] Put ia64 config files on the Uwe Kleine-König diet + +arch/arm config files were slimmed down using a python script +... +------------ + +When sending a patch this way, most often you are sending your own +patch, so in addition to the "`From $SHA1 $magic_timestamp`" marker you +should omit `From:` and `Date:` lines from the patch file. The patch +title is likely to be different from the subject of the discussion the +patch is in response to, so it is likely that you would want to keep +the Subject: line, like the example above. + +Checking for patch corruption +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Many mailers if not set up properly will corrupt whitespace. Here are +two common types of corruption: + +* Empty context lines that do not have _any_ whitespace. + +* Non-empty context lines that have one extra whitespace at the + beginning. + +One way to test if your MUA is set up correctly is: + +* Send the patch to yourself, exactly the way you would, except + with To: and Cc: lines that do not contain the list and + maintainer address. + +* Save that patch to a file in UNIX mailbox format. Call it a.patch, + say. + +* Apply it: + + $ git fetch <project> master:test-apply + $ git checkout test-apply + $ git reset --hard + $ git am a.patch + +If it does not apply correctly, there can be various reasons. + +* The patch itself does not apply cleanly. That is _bad_ but + does not have much to do with your MUA. You might want to rebase + the patch with linkgit:git-rebase[1] before regenerating it in + this case. + +* The MUA corrupted your patch; "am" would complain that + the patch does not apply. Look in the .git/rebase-apply/ subdirectory and + see what 'patch' file contains and check for the common + corruption patterns mentioned above. + +* While at it, check the 'info' and 'final-commit' files as well. + If what is in 'final-commit' is not exactly what you would want to + see in the commit log message, it is very likely that the + receiver would end up hand editing the log message when applying + your patch. Things like "Hi, this is my first patch.\n" in the + patch e-mail should come after the three-dash line that signals + the end of the commit message. + +MUA-SPECIFIC HINTS +------------------ +Here are some hints on how to successfully submit patches inline using +various mailers. + +GMail +~~~~~ +GMail does not have any way to turn off line wrapping in the web +interface, so it will mangle any emails that you send. You can however +use "git send-email" and send your patches through the GMail SMTP server, or +use any IMAP email client to connect to the google IMAP server and forward +the emails through that. + +For hints on using 'git send-email' to send your patches through the +GMail SMTP server, see the EXAMPLE section of linkgit:git-send-email[1]. + +For hints on submission using the IMAP interface, see the EXAMPLE +section of linkgit:git-imap-send[1]. + +Thunderbird +~~~~~~~~~~~ +By default, Thunderbird will both wrap emails as well as flag +them as being 'format=flowed', both of which will make the +resulting email unusable by Git. + +There are three different approaches: use an add-on to turn off line wraps, +configure Thunderbird to not mangle patches, or use +an external editor to keep Thunderbird from mangling the patches. + +Approach #1 (add-on) +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Install the Toggle Word Wrap add-on that is available from +https://addons.mozilla.org/thunderbird/addon/toggle-word-wrap/ +It adds a menu entry "Enable Word Wrap" in the composer's "Options" menu +that you can tick off. Now you can compose the message as you otherwise do +(cut + paste, 'git format-patch' | 'git imap-send', etc), but you have to +insert line breaks manually in any text that you type. + +Approach #2 (configuration) +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +Three steps: + +1. Configure your mail server composition as plain text: + Edit...Account Settings...Composition & Addressing, + uncheck "Compose Messages in HTML". + +2. Configure your general composition window to not wrap. ++ +In Thunderbird 2: +Edit..Preferences..Composition, wrap plain text messages at 0 ++ +In Thunderbird 3: +Edit..Preferences..Advanced..Config Editor. Search for +"mail.wrap_long_lines". +Toggle it to make sure it is set to `false`. Also, search for +"mailnews.wraplength" and set the value to 0. + +3. Disable the use of format=flowed: +Edit..Preferences..Advanced..Config Editor. Search for +"mailnews.send_plaintext_flowed". +Toggle it to make sure it is set to `false`. + +After that is done, you should be able to compose email as you +otherwise would (cut + paste, 'git format-patch' | 'git imap-send', etc), +and the patches will not be mangled. + +Approach #3 (external editor) +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +The following Thunderbird extensions are needed: +AboutConfig from http://aboutconfig.mozdev.org/ and +External Editor from http://globs.org/articles.php?lng=en&pg=8 + +1. Prepare the patch as a text file using your method of choice. + +2. Before opening a compose window, use Edit->Account Settings to + uncheck the "Compose messages in HTML format" setting in the + "Composition & Addressing" panel of the account to be used to + send the patch. + +3. In the main Thunderbird window, 'before' you open the compose + window for the patch, use Tools->about:config to set the + following to the indicated values: ++ +---------- + mailnews.send_plaintext_flowed => false + mailnews.wraplength => 0 +---------- + +4. Open a compose window and click the external editor icon. + +5. In the external editor window, read in the patch file and exit + the editor normally. + +Side note: it may be possible to do step 2 with +about:config and the following settings but no one's tried yet. + +---------- + mail.html_compose => false + mail.identity.default.compose_html => false + mail.identity.id?.compose_html => false +---------- + +There is a script in contrib/thunderbird-patch-inline which can help +you include patches with Thunderbird in an easy way. To use it, do the +steps above and then use the script as the external editor. + +KMail +~~~~~ +This should help you to submit patches inline using KMail. + +1. Prepare the patch as a text file. + +2. Click on New Mail. + +3. Go under "Options" in the Composer window and be sure that + "Word wrap" is not set. + +4. Use Message -> Insert file... and insert the patch. + +5. Back in the compose window: add whatever other text you wish to the + message, complete the addressing and subject fields, and press send. + +BASE TREE INFORMATION +--------------------- + +The base tree information block is used for maintainers or third party +testers to know the exact state the patch series applies to. It consists +of the 'base commit', which is a well-known commit that is part of the +stable part of the project history everybody else works off of, and zero +or more 'prerequisite patches', which are well-known patches in flight +that is not yet part of the 'base commit' that need to be applied on top +of 'base commit' in topological order before the patches can be applied. + +The 'base commit' is shown as "base-commit: " followed by the 40-hex of +the commit object name. A 'prerequisite patch' is shown as +"prerequisite-patch-id: " followed by the 40-hex 'patch id', which can +be obtained by passing the patch through the `git patch-id --stable` +command. + +Imagine that on top of the public commit P, you applied well-known +patches X, Y and Z from somebody else, and then built your three-patch +series A, B, C, the history would be like: + +................................................ +---P---X---Y---Z---A---B---C +................................................ + +With `git format-patch --base=P -3 C` (or variants thereof, e.g. with +`--cover-letter` of using `Z..C` instead of `-3 C` to specify the +range), the base tree information block is shown at the end of the +first message the command outputs (either the first patch, or the +cover letter), like this: + ------------ +base-commit: P +prerequisite-patch-id: X +prerequisite-patch-id: Y +prerequisite-patch-id: Z +------------ + +For non-linear topology, such as + +................................................ +---P---X---A---M---C + \ / + Y---Z---B +................................................ + +You can also use `git format-patch --base=P -3 C` to generate patches +for A, B and C, and the identifiers for P, X, Y, Z are appended at the +end of the first message. +If set `--base=auto` in cmdline, it will track base commit automatically, +the base commit will be the merge base of tip commit of the remote-tracking +branch and revision-range specified in cmdline. +For a local branch, you need to track a remote branch by `git branch +--set-upstream-to` before using this option. EXAMPLES -------- * Extract commits between revisions R1 and R2, and apply them on top of -the current branch using 'git-am' to cherry-pick them: +the current branch using 'git am' to cherry-pick them: + ------------ $ git format-patch -k --stdout R1..R2 | git am -3 -k @@ -220,9 +621,9 @@ $ git format-patch -M -B origin + Additionally, it detects and handles renames and complete rewrites intelligently to produce a renaming patch. A renaming patch reduces -the amount of text output, and generally makes it easier to review it. -Note that the "patch" program does not understand renaming patches, so -use it only when you know the recipient uses git to apply your patch. +the amount of text output, and generally makes it easier to review. +Note that non-Git "patch" programs won't understand renaming patches, so +use it only when you know the recipient uses Git to apply your patch. * Extract three topmost commits from the current branch and format them as e-mailable patches: @@ -235,15 +636,6 @@ SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-am[1], linkgit:git-send-email[1] - -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-fsck-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-fsck-objects.txt index 965a8279c1..eec4bdb600 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fsck-objects.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fsck-objects.txt @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ git-fsck-objects - Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git fsck-objects' ... DESCRIPTION @@ -15,3 +16,7 @@ DESCRIPTION This is a synonym for linkgit:git-fsck[1]. Please refer to the documentation of that command. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt index 287c4fc5e0..b9f060e3b2 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt @@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git fsck' [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs] - [--full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found] [<object>*] + [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found] + [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only] + [--[no-]name-objects] [<object>*] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -21,14 +23,18 @@ OPTIONS <object>:: An object to treat as the head of an unreachability trace. + -If no objects are given, 'git-fsck' defaults to using the -index file, all SHA1 references in .git/refs/*, and all reflogs (unless ---no-reflogs is given) as heads. +If no objects are given, 'git fsck' defaults to using the +index file, all SHA-1 references in `refs` namespace, and all reflogs +(unless --no-reflogs is given) as heads. --unreachable:: - Print out objects that exist but that aren't readable from any + Print out objects that exist but that aren't reachable from any of the reference nodes. +--[no-]dangling:: + Print objects that exist but that are never 'directly' used (default). + `--no-dangling` can be used to omit this information from the output. + --root:: Report root nodes. @@ -50,15 +56,21 @@ index file, all SHA1 references in .git/refs/*, and all reflogs (unless ($GIT_DIR/objects), but also the ones found in alternate object pools listed in GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES or $GIT_DIR/objects/info/alternates, - and in packed git archives found in $GIT_DIR/objects/pack + and in packed Git archives found in $GIT_DIR/objects/pack and corresponding pack subdirectories in alternate - object pools. + object pools. This is now default; you can turn it off + with --no-full. + +--connectivity-only:: + Check only the connectivity of tags, commits and tree objects. By + avoiding to unpack blobs, this speeds up the operation, at the + expense of missing corrupt objects or other problematic issues. --strict:: Enable more strict checking, namely to catch a file mode recorded with g+w bit set, which was created by older - versions of git. Existing repositories, including the - Linux kernel, git itself, and sparse repository have old + versions of Git. Existing repositories, including the + Linux kernel, Git itself, and sparse repository have old objects that triggers this check, but it is recommended to check new projects with this flag. @@ -71,30 +83,33 @@ index file, all SHA1 references in .git/refs/*, and all reflogs (unless a blob, the contents are written into the file, rather than its object name. -It tests SHA1 and general object sanity, and it does full tracking of -the resulting reachability and everything else. It prints out any -corruption it finds (missing or bad objects), and if you use the -'--unreachable' flag it will also print out objects that exist but -that aren't readable from any of the specified head nodes. +--name-objects:: + When displaying names of reachable objects, in addition to the + SHA-1 also display a name that describes *how* they are reachable, + compatible with linkgit:git-rev-parse[1], e.g. + `HEAD@{1234567890}~25^2:src/`. -So for example +--[no-]progress:: + Progress status is reported on the standard error stream by + default when it is attached to a terminal, unless + --no-progress or --verbose is specified. --progress forces + progress status even if the standard error stream is not + directed to a terminal. - git fsck --unreachable HEAD \ - $(git for-each-ref --format="%(objectname)" refs/heads) +DISCUSSION +---------- -will do quite a _lot_ of verification on the tree. There are a few -extra validity tests to be added (make sure that tree objects are -sorted properly etc), but on the whole if 'git-fsck' is happy, you -do have a valid tree. +git-fsck tests SHA-1 and general object sanity, and it does full tracking +of the resulting reachability and everything else. It prints out any +corruption it finds (missing or bad objects), and if you use the +`--unreachable` flag it will also print out objects that exist but that +aren't reachable from any of the specified head nodes (or the default +set, as mentioned above). Any corrupt objects you will have to find in backups or other archives (i.e., you can just remove them and do an 'rsync' with some other site in the hopes that somebody else has the object you have corrupted). -Of course, "valid tree" doesn't mean that it wasn't generated by some -evil person, and the end result might be crap. git is a revision -tracking system, not a quality assurance system ;) - Extracted Diagnostics --------------------- @@ -122,9 +137,6 @@ dangling <type> <object>:: The <type> object <object>, is present in the database but never 'directly' used. A dangling commit could be a root node. -warning: git-fsck: tree <tree> has full pathnames in it:: - And it shouldn't... - sha1 mismatch <object>:: The database has an object who's sha1 doesn't match the database value. @@ -142,14 +154,6 @@ GIT_INDEX_FILE:: GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES:: used to specify additional object database roots (usually unset) -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-gc.txt b/Documentation/git-gc.txt index 7086eea74a..571b5a7e3c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-gc.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-gc.txt @@ -8,20 +8,21 @@ git-gc - Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository SYNOPSIS -------- -'git gc' [--aggressive] [--auto] [--quiet] +[verse] +'git gc' [--aggressive] [--auto] [--quiet] [--prune=<date> | --no-prune] [--force] DESCRIPTION ----------- Runs a number of housekeeping tasks within the current repository, such as compressing file revisions (to reduce disk space and increase performance) and removing unreachable objects which may have been -created from prior invocations of 'git-add'. +created from prior invocations of 'git add'. Users are encouraged to run this task on a regular basis within each repository to maintain good disk space utilization and good operating performance. -Some git commands may automatically run 'git-gc'; see the `--auto` flag +Some git commands may automatically run 'git gc'; see the `--auto` flag below for details. If you know what you're doing and all you want is to disable this behavior permanently without further considerations, just do: @@ -33,15 +34,15 @@ OPTIONS ------- --aggressive:: - Usually 'git-gc' runs very quickly while providing good disk + Usually 'git gc' runs very quickly while providing good disk space utilization and performance. This option will cause - 'git-gc' to more aggressively optimize the repository at the expense + 'git gc' to more aggressively optimize the repository at the expense of taking much more time. The effects of this optimization are persistent, so this option only needs to be used occasionally; every few hundred changesets or so. --auto:: - With this option, 'git-gc' checks whether any housekeeping is + With this option, 'git gc' checks whether any housekeeping is required; if not, it exits without performing any work. Some git commands run `git gc --auto` after performing operations that could create many loose objects. @@ -50,57 +51,85 @@ Housekeeping is required if there are too many loose objects or too many packs in the repository. If the number of loose objects exceeds the value of the `gc.auto` configuration variable, then all loose objects are combined into a single pack using -'git-repack -d -l'. Setting the value of `gc.auto` to 0 +`git repack -d -l`. Setting the value of `gc.auto` to 0 disables automatic packing of loose objects. + -If the number of packs exceeds the value of `gc.autopacklimit`, +If the number of packs exceeds the value of `gc.autoPackLimit`, then existing packs (except those marked with a `.keep` file) are consolidated into a single pack by using the `-A` option of -'git-repack'. Setting `gc.autopacklimit` to 0 disables +'git repack'. Setting `gc.autoPackLimit` to 0 disables automatic consolidation of packs. +--prune=<date>:: + Prune loose objects older than date (default is 2 weeks ago, + overridable by the config variable `gc.pruneExpire`). + --prune=all prunes loose objects regardless of their age and + increases the risk of corruption if another process is writing to + the repository concurrently; see "NOTES" below. --prune is on by + default. + +--no-prune:: + Do not prune any loose objects. + --quiet:: Suppress all progress reports. +--force:: + Force `git gc` to run even if there may be another `git gc` + instance running on this repository. + Configuration ------------- -The optional configuration variable 'gc.reflogExpire' can be +The optional configuration variable `gc.reflogExpire` can be set to indicate how long historical entries within each branch's reflog should remain available in this repository. The setting is expressed as a length of time, for example '90 days' or '3 months'. It defaults to '90 days'. -The optional configuration variable 'gc.reflogExpireUnreachable' +The optional configuration variable `gc.reflogExpireUnreachable` can be set to indicate how long historical reflog entries which are not part of the current branch should remain available in this repository. These types of entries are generally created as -a result of using `git commit \--amend` or `git rebase` and are the +a result of using `git commit --amend` or `git rebase` and are the commits prior to the amend or rebase occurring. Since these changes are not part of the current project most users will want to expire them sooner. This option defaults to '30 days'. -The optional configuration variable 'gc.rerereresolved' indicates +The above two configuration variables can be given to a pattern. For +example, this sets non-default expiry values only to remote-tracking +branches: + +------------ +[gc "refs/remotes/*"] + reflogExpire = never + reflogExpireUnreachable = 3 days +------------ + +The optional configuration variable `gc.rerereResolved` indicates how long records of conflicted merge you resolved earlier are kept. This defaults to 60 days. -The optional configuration variable 'gc.rerereunresolved' indicates +The optional configuration variable `gc.rerereUnresolved` indicates how long records of conflicted merge you have not resolved are kept. This defaults to 15 days. -The optional configuration variable 'gc.packrefs' determines if -'git-gc' runs 'git-pack-refs'. This can be set to "nobare" to enable +The optional configuration variable `gc.packRefs` determines if +'git gc' runs 'git pack-refs'. This can be set to "notbare" to enable it within all non-bare repos or it can be set to a boolean value. This defaults to true. -The optional configuration variable 'gc.aggressiveWindow' controls how +The optional configuration variable `gc.aggressiveWindow` controls how much time is spent optimizing the delta compression of the objects in the repository when the --aggressive option is specified. The larger the value, the more time is spent optimizing the delta compression. See the documentation for the --window' option in linkgit:git-repack[1] for -more details. This defaults to 10. +more details. This defaults to 250. + +Similarly, the optional configuration variable `gc.aggressiveDepth` +controls --depth option in linkgit:git-repack[1]. This defaults to 50. -The optional configuration variable 'gc.pruneExpire' controls how old +The optional configuration variable `gc.pruneExpire` controls how old the unreferenced loose objects have to be before they are pruned. The default is "2 weeks ago". @@ -108,17 +137,43 @@ default is "2 weeks ago". Notes ----- -'git-gc' tries very hard to be safe about the garbage it collects. In +'git gc' tries very hard not to delete objects that are referenced +anywhere in your repository. In particular, it will keep not only objects referenced by your current set -of branches and tags, but also objects referenced by the index, remote -tracking branches, refs saved by 'git-filter-branch' in -refs/original/, or reflogs (which may references commits in branches +of branches and tags, but also objects referenced by the index, +remote-tracking branches, refs saved by 'git filter-branch' in +refs/original/, or reflogs (which may reference commits in branches that were later amended or rewound). - -If you are expecting some objects to be collected and they aren't, check +If you are expecting some objects to be deleted and they aren't, check all of those locations and decide whether it makes sense in your case to remove those references. +On the other hand, when 'git gc' runs concurrently with another process, +there is a risk of it deleting an object that the other process is using +but hasn't created a reference to. This may just cause the other process +to fail or may corrupt the repository if the other process later adds a +reference to the deleted object. Git has two features that significantly +mitigate this problem: + +. Any object with modification time newer than the `--prune` date is kept, + along with everything reachable from it. + +. Most operations that add an object to the database update the + modification time of the object if it is already present so that #1 + applies. + +However, these features fall short of a complete solution, so users who +run commands concurrently have to live with some risk of corruption (which +seems to be low in practice) unless they turn off automatic garbage +collection with 'git config gc.auto 0'. + +HOOKS +----- + +The 'git gc --auto' command will run the 'pre-auto-gc' hook. See +linkgit:githooks[5] for more information. + + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-prune[1] @@ -126,10 +181,6 @@ linkgit:git-reflog[1] linkgit:git-repack[1] linkgit:git-rerere[1] -Author ------- -Written by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org> - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-get-tar-commit-id.txt b/Documentation/git-get-tar-commit-id.txt index 84f23ee525..ac44d85b0b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-get-tar-commit-id.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-get-tar-commit-id.txt @@ -8,28 +8,22 @@ git-get-tar-commit-id - Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-arch SYNOPSIS -------- -'git get-tar-commit-id' < <tarfile> +[verse] +'git get-tar-commit-id' DESCRIPTION ----------- -Acts as a filter, extracting the commit ID stored in archives created by -'git-archive'. It reads only the first 1024 bytes of input, thus its -runtime is not influenced by the size of <tarfile> very much. - -If no commit ID is found, 'git-get-tar-commit-id' quietly exists with a -return code of 1. This can happen if <tarfile> had not been created -using 'git-archive' or if the first parameter of 'git-archive' had been -a tree ID instead of a commit ID or tag. +Read a tar archive created by 'git archive' from the standard input +and extract the commit ID stored in it. It reads only the first +1024 bytes of input, thus its runtime is not influenced by the size +of the tar archive very much. -Author ------- -Written by Rene Scharfe <rene.scharfe@lsrfire.ath.cx> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +If no commit ID is found, 'git get-tar-commit-id' quietly exists with a +return code of 1. This can happen if the archive had not been created +using 'git archive' or if the first parameter of 'git archive' had been +a tree ID instead of a commit ID or tag. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-grep.txt b/Documentation/git-grep.txt index 553da6cbb1..71f32f3508 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-grep.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-grep.txt @@ -9,35 +9,110 @@ git-grep - Print lines matching a pattern SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git grep' [--cached] - [-a | --text] [-I] [-i | --ignore-case] [-w | --word-regexp] +'git grep' [-a | --text] [-I] [--textconv] [-i | --ignore-case] [-w | --word-regexp] [-v | --invert-match] [-h|-H] [--full-name] [-E | --extended-regexp] [-G | --basic-regexp] - [-F | --fixed-strings] [-n] + [-P | --perl-regexp] + [-F | --fixed-strings] [-n | --line-number] [-l | --files-with-matches] [-L | --files-without-match] + [(-O | --open-files-in-pager) [<pager>]] [-z | --null] - [-c | --count] [--all-match] + [-c | --count] [--all-match] [-q | --quiet] + [--max-depth <depth>] + [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] + [--break] [--heading] [-p | --show-function] [-A <post-context>] [-B <pre-context>] [-C <context>] + [-W | --function-context] + [--threads <num>] [-f <file>] [-e] <pattern> - [--and|--or|--not|(|)|-e <pattern>...] [<tree>...] - [--] [<path>...] + [--and|--or|--not|(|)|-e <pattern>...] + [--recurse-submodules] [--parent-basename <basename>] + [ [--[no-]exclude-standard] [--cached | --no-index | --untracked] | <tree>...] + [--] [<pathspec>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Look for specified patterns in the working tree files, blobs -registered in the index file, or given tree objects. +Look for specified patterns in the tracked files in the work tree, blobs +registered in the index file, or blobs in given tree objects. Patterns +are lists of one or more search expressions separated by newline +characters. An empty string as search expression matches all lines. + + +CONFIGURATION +------------- + +grep.lineNumber:: + If set to true, enable `-n` option by default. + +grep.patternType:: + Set the default matching behavior. Using a value of 'basic', 'extended', + 'fixed', or 'perl' will enable the `--basic-regexp`, `--extended-regexp`, + `--fixed-strings`, or `--perl-regexp` option accordingly, while the + value 'default' will return to the default matching behavior. + +grep.extendedRegexp:: + If set to true, enable `--extended-regexp` option by default. This + option is ignored when the `grep.patternType` option is set to a value + other than 'default'. + +grep.threads:: + Number of grep worker threads to use. If unset (or set to 0), + 8 threads are used by default (for now). + +grep.fullName:: + If set to true, enable `--full-name` option by default. + +grep.fallbackToNoIndex:: + If set to true, fall back to git grep --no-index if git grep + is executed outside of a git repository. Defaults to false. OPTIONS ------- --cached:: - Instead of searching in the working tree files, check - the blobs registered in the index file. + Instead of searching tracked files in the working tree, search + blobs registered in the index file. + +--no-index:: + Search files in the current directory that is not managed by Git. + +--untracked:: + In addition to searching in the tracked files in the working + tree, search also in untracked files. + +--no-exclude-standard:: + Also search in ignored files by not honoring the `.gitignore` + mechanism. Only useful with `--untracked`. + +--exclude-standard:: + Do not pay attention to ignored files specified via the `.gitignore` + mechanism. Only useful when searching files in the current directory + with `--no-index`. + +--recurse-submodules:: + Recursively search in each submodule that has been initialized and + checked out in the repository. When used in combination with the + <tree> option the prefix of all submodule output will be the name of + the parent project's <tree> object. + +--parent-basename <basename>:: + For internal use only. In order to produce uniform output with the + --recurse-submodules option, this option can be used to provide the + basename of a parent's <tree> object to a submodule so the submodule + can prefix its output with the parent's name rather than the SHA1 of + the submodule. -a:: --text:: Process binary files as if they were text. +--textconv:: + Honor textconv filter settings. + +--no-textconv:: + Do not honor textconv filter settings. + This is the default. + -i:: --ignore-case:: Ignore case differences between the patterns and the @@ -46,6 +121,13 @@ OPTIONS -I:: Don't match the pattern in binary files. +--max-depth <depth>:: + For each <pathspec> given on command line, descend at most <depth> + levels of directories. A negative value means no limit. + This option is ignored if <pathspec> contains active wildcards. + In other words if "a*" matches a directory named "a*", + "*" is matched literally so --max-depth is still effective. + -w:: --word-regexp:: Match the pattern only at word boundary (either begin at the @@ -77,12 +159,18 @@ OPTIONS Use POSIX extended/basic regexp for patterns. Default is to use basic regexp. +-P:: +--perl-regexp:: + Use Perl-compatible regexp for patterns. Requires libpcre to be + compiled in. + -F:: --fixed-strings:: Use fixed strings for patterns (don't interpret pattern as a regex). -n:: +--line-number:: Prefix the line number to matching lines. -l:: @@ -92,8 +180,18 @@ OPTIONS --files-without-match:: Instead of showing every matched line, show only the names of files that contain (or do not contain) matches. - For better compatibility with 'git-diff', --name-only is a - synonym for --files-with-matches. + For better compatibility with 'git diff', `--name-only` is a + synonym for `--files-with-matches`. + +-O[<pager>]:: +--open-files-in-pager[=<pager>]:: + Open the matching files in the pager (not the output of 'grep'). + If the pager happens to be "less" or "vi", and the user + specified only one pattern, the first file is positioned at + the first match automatically. The `pager` argument is + optional; if specified, it must be stuck to the option + without a space. If `pager` is unspecified, the default pager + will be used (see `core.pager` in linkgit:git-config[1]). -z:: --null:: @@ -105,21 +203,63 @@ OPTIONS Instead of showing every matched line, show the number of lines that match. --[ABC] <context>:: - Show `context` trailing (`A` -- after), or leading (`B` - -- before), or both (`C` -- context) lines, and place a - line containing `--` between contiguous groups of - matches. +--color[=<when>]:: + Show colored matches. + The value must be always (the default), never, or auto. + +--no-color:: + Turn off match highlighting, even when the configuration file + gives the default to color output. + Same as `--color=never`. + +--break:: + Print an empty line between matches from different files. + +--heading:: + Show the filename above the matches in that file instead of + at the start of each shown line. + +-p:: +--show-function:: + Show the preceding line that contains the function name of + the match, unless the matching line is a function name itself. + The name is determined in the same way as 'git diff' works out + patch hunk headers (see 'Defining a custom hunk-header' in + linkgit:gitattributes[5]). -<num>:: - A shortcut for specifying -C<num>. +-C <num>:: +--context <num>:: + Show <num> leading and trailing lines, and place a line + containing `--` between contiguous groups of matches. + +-A <num>:: +--after-context <num>:: + Show <num> trailing lines, and place a line containing + `--` between contiguous groups of matches. + +-B <num>:: +--before-context <num>:: + Show <num> leading lines, and place a line containing + `--` between contiguous groups of matches. + +-W:: +--function-context:: + Show the surrounding text from the previous line containing a + function name up to the one before the next function name, + effectively showing the whole function in which the match was + found. + +--threads <num>:: + Number of grep worker threads to use. + See `grep.threads` in 'CONFIGURATION' for more information. -f <file>:: Read patterns from <file>, one per line. -e:: The next parameter is the pattern. This option has to be - used for patterns starting with - and should be used in + used for patterns starting with `-` and should be used in scripts passing user input to grep. Multiple patterns are combined by 'or'. @@ -137,35 +277,38 @@ OPTIONS this flag is specified to limit the match to files that have lines to match all of them. -`<tree>...`:: - Search blobs in the trees for specified patterns. +-q:: +--quiet:: + Do not output matched lines; instead, exit with status 0 when + there is a match and with non-zero status when there isn't. + +<tree>...:: + Instead of searching tracked files in the working tree, search + blobs in the given trees. \--:: Signals the end of options; the rest of the parameters - are <path> limiters. + are <pathspec> limiters. +<pathspec>...:: + If given, limit the search to paths matching at least one pattern. + Both leading paths match and glob(7) patterns are supported. -Example -------- +Examples +-------- + +`git grep 'time_t' -- '*.[ch]'`:: + Looks for `time_t` in all tracked .c and .h files in the working + directory and its subdirectories. -git grep -e \'#define\' --and \( -e MAX_PATH -e PATH_MAX \):: +`git grep -e '#define' --and \( -e MAX_PATH -e PATH_MAX \)`:: Looks for a line that has `#define` and either `MAX_PATH` or `PATH_MAX`. -git grep --all-match -e NODE -e Unexpected:: +`git grep --all-match -e NODE -e Unexpected`:: Looks for a line that has `NODE` or `Unexpected` in files that have lines that match both. -Author ------- -Originally written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>, later -revamped by Junio C Hamano. - - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-gui.txt b/Documentation/git-gui.txt index d0bc98b852..5f93f8003d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-gui.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-gui.txt @@ -7,23 +7,24 @@ git-gui - A portable graphical interface to Git SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git gui' [<command>] [arguments] DESCRIPTION ----------- -A Tcl/Tk based graphical user interface to Git. 'git-gui' focuses +A Tcl/Tk based graphical user interface to Git. 'git gui' focuses on allowing users to make changes to their repository by making new commits, amending existing ones, creating branches, performing local merges, and fetching/pushing to remote repositories. -Unlike 'gitk', 'git-gui' focuses on commit generation +Unlike 'gitk', 'git gui' focuses on commit generation and single file annotation and does not show project history. It does however supply menu actions to start a 'gitk' session from -within 'git-gui'. +within 'git gui'. -'git-gui' is known to work on all popular UNIX systems, Mac OS X, +'git gui' is known to work on all popular UNIX systems, Mac OS X, and Windows (under both Cygwin and MSYS). To the extent possible -OS specific user interface guidelines are followed, making 'git-gui' +OS specific user interface guidelines are followed, making 'git gui' a fairly native interface for users. COMMANDS @@ -34,22 +35,22 @@ blame:: browser:: Start a tree browser showing all files in the specified - commit (or 'HEAD' by default). Files selected through the + commit. Files selected through the browser are opened in the blame viewer. citool:: - Start 'git-gui' and arrange to make exactly one commit before + Start 'git gui' and arrange to make exactly one commit before exiting and returning to the shell. The interface is limited to only commit actions, slightly reducing the application's startup time and simplifying the menubar. version:: - Display the currently running version of 'git-gui'. + Display the currently running version of 'git gui'. Examples -------- -git gui blame Makefile:: +`git gui blame Makefile`:: Show the contents of the file 'Makefile' in the current working directory, and provide annotations for both the @@ -58,41 +59,41 @@ git gui blame Makefile:: uncommitted changes (if any) are explicitly attributed to 'Not Yet Committed'. -git gui blame v0.99.8 Makefile:: +`git gui blame v0.99.8 Makefile`:: Show the contents of 'Makefile' in revision 'v0.99.8' and provide annotations for each line. Unlike the above example the file is read from the object database and not the working directory. -git gui blame --line=100 Makefile:: +`git gui blame --line=100 Makefile`:: Loads annotations as described above and automatically scrolls the view to center on line '100'. -git gui citool:: +`git gui citool`:: Make one commit and return to the shell when it is complete. This command returns a non-zero exit code if the window was closed in any way other than by making a commit. -git gui citool --amend:: +`git gui citool --amend`:: Automatically enter the 'Amend Last Commit' mode of the interface. -git gui citool --nocommit:: +`git gui citool --nocommit`:: Behave as normal citool, but instead of making a commit simply terminate with a zero exit code. It still checks that the index does not contain any unmerged entries, so you can use it as a GUI version of linkgit:git-mergetool[1] -git citool:: +`git citool`:: Same as `git gui citool` (above). -git gui browser maint:: +`git gui browser maint`:: Show a browser for the tree of the 'maint' branch. Files selected in the browser can be viewed with the internal @@ -101,17 +102,17 @@ git gui browser maint:: SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:gitk[1]:: - The git repository browser. Shows branches, commit history + The Git repository browser. Shows branches, commit history and file differences. gitk is the utility started by - 'git-gui''s Repository Visualize actions. + 'git gui''s Repository Visualize actions. Other ----- -'git-gui' is actually maintained as an independent project, but stable +'git gui' is actually maintained as an independent project, but stable versions are distributed as part of the Git suite for the convenience of end users. -A 'git-gui' development repository can be obtained from: +A 'git gui' development repository can be obtained from: git clone git://repo.or.cz/git-gui.git @@ -121,14 +122,6 @@ or or browsed online at http://repo.or.cz/w/git-gui.git/[]. -Author ------- -Written by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>. - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt b/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt index 0af40cfb85..814e74406a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt @@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ git-hash-object - Compute object ID and optionally creates a blob from a file SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git hash-object' [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file>|--no-filters] [--stdin] [--] <file>... -'git hash-object' [-t <type>] [-w] --stdin-paths < <list-of-paths> +'git hash-object' [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file>|--no-filters] [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <file>... +'git hash-object' [-t <type>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Computes the object ID value for an object with specified type with the contents of the named file (which can be outside of the work tree), and optionally writes the resulting object into the object database. Reports its object ID to its standard output. -This is used by 'git-cvsimport' to update the index +This is used by 'git cvsimport' to update the index without modifying files in the work tree. When <type> is not specified, it defaults to "blob". @@ -35,12 +35,13 @@ OPTIONS Read the object from standard input instead of from a file. --stdin-paths:: - Read file names from stdin instead of from the command-line. + Read file names from the standard input, one per line, instead + of from the command-line. --path:: Hash object as it were located at the given path. The location of file does not directly influence on the hash value, but path is - used to determine what git filters should be applied to the object + used to determine what Git filters should be applied to the object before it can be placed to the object database, and, as result of applying filters, the actual blob put into the object database may differ from the given file. This option is mainly useful for hashing @@ -49,17 +50,15 @@ OPTIONS --no-filters:: Hash the contents as is, ignoring any input filter that would - have been chosen by the attributes mechanism, including crlf + have been chosen by the attributes mechanism, including the end-of-line conversion. If the file is read from standard input then this - is always implied, unless the --path option is given. + is always implied, unless the `--path` option is given. -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +--literally:: + Allow `--stdin` to hash any garbage into a loose object which might not + otherwise pass standard object parsing or git-fsck checks. Useful for + stress-testing Git itself or reproducing characteristics of corrupt or + bogus objects encountered in the wild. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-help.txt b/Documentation/git-help.txt index d9b9c34b3a..40d328a4b3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-help.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-help.txt @@ -3,35 +3,50 @@ git-help(1) NAME ---- -git-help - display help information about git +git-help - Display help information about Git SYNOPSIS -------- -'git help' [-a|--all|-i|--info|-m|--man|-w|--web] [COMMAND] +[verse] +'git help' [-a|--all] [-g|--guide] + [-i|--info|-m|--man|-w|--web] [COMMAND|GUIDE] DESCRIPTION ----------- -With no options and no COMMAND given, the synopsis of the 'git' -command and a list of the most commonly used git commands are printed +With no options and no COMMAND or GUIDE given, the synopsis of the 'git' +command and a list of the most commonly used Git commands are printed on the standard output. -If the option '--all' or '-a' is given, then all available commands are +If the option `--all` or `-a` is given, all available commands are printed on the standard output. -If a git command is named, a manual page for that command is brought -up. The 'man' program is used by default for this purpose, but this -can be overridden by other options or configuration variables. +If the option `--guide` or `-g` is given, a list of the useful +Git guides is also printed on the standard output. + +If a command, or a guide, is given, a manual page for that command or +guide is brought up. The 'man' program is used by default for this +purpose, but this can be overridden by other options or configuration +variables. Note that `git --help ...` is identical to `git help ...` because the former is internally converted into the latter. +To display the linkgit:git[1] man page, use `git help git`. + +This page can be displayed with 'git help help' or `git help --help` + OPTIONS ------- -a:: --all:: Prints all the available commands on the standard output. This - option supersedes any other option. + option overrides any given command or guide name. + +-g:: +--guides:: + Prints a list of useful guides on the standard output. This + option overrides any given command or guide name. -i:: --info:: @@ -42,10 +57,10 @@ OPTIONS --man:: Display manual page for the command in the 'man' format. This option may be used to override a value set in the - 'help.format' configuration variable. + `help.format` configuration variable. + By default the 'man' program will be used to display the manual page, -but the 'man.viewer' configuration variable may be used to choose +but the `man.viewer` configuration variable may be used to choose other display programs (see below). -w:: @@ -54,10 +69,10 @@ other display programs (see below). format. A web browser will be used for that purpose. + The web browser can be specified using the configuration variable -'help.browser', or 'web.browser' if the former is not set. If none of -these config variables is set, the 'git-web--browse' helper script -(called by 'git-help') will pick a suitable default. See -linkgit:git-web--browse[1] for more information about this. +`help.browser`, or `web.browser` if the former is not set. If none of +these config variables is set, the 'git web{litdd}browse' helper script +(called by 'git help') will pick a suitable default. See +linkgit:git-web{litdd}browse[1] for more information about this. CONFIGURATION VARIABLES ----------------------- @@ -65,9 +80,9 @@ CONFIGURATION VARIABLES help.format ~~~~~~~~~~~ -If no command line option is passed, the 'help.format' configuration +If no command-line option is passed, the `help.format` configuration variable will be checked. The following values are supported for this -variable; they make 'git-help' behave as their corresponding command +variable; they make 'git help' behave as their corresponding command- line option: * "man" corresponds to '-m|--man', @@ -77,16 +92,16 @@ line option: help.browser, web.browser and browser.<tool>.path ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The 'help.browser', 'web.browser' and 'browser.<tool>.path' will also -be checked if the 'web' format is chosen (either by command line +The `help.browser`, `web.browser` and `browser.<tool>.path` will also +be checked if the 'web' format is chosen (either by command-line option or configuration variable). See '-w|--web' in the OPTIONS -section above and linkgit:git-web--browse[1]. +section above and linkgit:git-web{litdd}browse[1]. man.viewer ~~~~~~~~~~ -The 'man.viewer' config variable will be checked if the 'man' format -is chosen. The following values are currently supported: +The `man.viewer` configuration variable will be checked if the 'man' +format is chosen. The following values are currently supported: * "man": use the 'man' program as usual, * "woman": use 'emacsclient' to launch the "woman" mode in emacs @@ -95,9 +110,9 @@ is chosen. The following values are currently supported: tab (see 'Note about konqueror' below). Values for other tools can be used if there is a corresponding -'man.<tool>.cmd' configuration entry (see below). +`man.<tool>.cmd` configuration entry (see below). -Multiple values may be given to the 'man.viewer' configuration +Multiple values may be given to the `man.viewer` configuration variable. Their corresponding programs will be tried in the order listed in the configuration file. @@ -109,28 +124,28 @@ For example, this configuration: viewer = woman ------------------------------------------------ -will try to use konqueror first. But this may fail (for example if +will try to use konqueror first. But this may fail (for example, if DISPLAY is not set) and in that case emacs' woman mode will be tried. If everything fails, or if no viewer is configured, the viewer specified -in the GIT_MAN_VIEWER environment variable will be tried. If that +in the `GIT_MAN_VIEWER` environment variable will be tried. If that fails too, the 'man' program will be tried anyway. man.<tool>.path ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ You can explicitly provide a full path to your preferred man viewer by -setting the configuration variable 'man.<tool>.path'. For example, you +setting the configuration variable `man.<tool>.path`. For example, you can configure the absolute path to konqueror by setting -'man.konqueror.path'. Otherwise, 'git-help' assumes the tool is +'man.konqueror.path'. Otherwise, 'git help' assumes the tool is available in PATH. man.<tool>.cmd ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -When the man viewer, specified by the 'man.viewer' configuration +When the man viewer, specified by the `man.viewer` configuration variables, is not among the supported ones, then the corresponding -'man.<tool>.cmd' configuration variable will be looked up. If this +`man.<tool>.cmd` configuration variable will be looked up. If this variable exists then the specified tool will be treated as a custom command and a shell eval will be used to run the command with the man page passed as arguments. @@ -138,7 +153,7 @@ page passed as arguments. Note about konqueror ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -When 'konqueror' is specified in the 'man.viewer' configuration +When 'konqueror' is specified in the `man.viewer` configuration variable, we launch 'kfmclient' to try to open the man page on an already opened konqueror in a new tab if possible. @@ -161,7 +176,7 @@ Note about git config --global ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Note that all these configuration variables should probably be set -using the '--global' flag, for example like this: +using the `--global` flag, for example like this: ------------------------------------------------ $ git config --global help.format web @@ -171,17 +186,6 @@ $ git config --global web.browser firefox as they are probably more user specific than repository specific. See linkgit:git-config[1] for more information about this. -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and the git-list -<git@vger.kernel.org>. - -Documentation -------------- -Initial documentation was part of the linkgit:git[1] man page. -Christian Couder <chriscool@tuxfamily.org> extracted and rewrote it a -little. Maintenance is done by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt b/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bb0db195ce --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt @@ -0,0 +1,277 @@ +git-http-backend(1) +=================== + +NAME +---- +git-http-backend - Server side implementation of Git over HTTP + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git http-backend' + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +A simple CGI program to serve the contents of a Git repository to Git +clients accessing the repository over http:// and https:// protocols. +The program supports clients fetching using both the smart HTTP protocol +and the backwards-compatible dumb HTTP protocol, as well as clients +pushing using the smart HTTP protocol. + +It verifies that the directory has the magic file +"git-daemon-export-ok", and it will refuse to export any Git directory +that hasn't explicitly been marked for export this way (unless the +`GIT_HTTP_EXPORT_ALL` environmental variable is set). + +By default, only the `upload-pack` service is enabled, which serves +'git fetch-pack' and 'git ls-remote' clients, which are invoked from +'git fetch', 'git pull', and 'git clone'. If the client is authenticated, +the `receive-pack` service is enabled, which serves 'git send-pack' +clients, which is invoked from 'git push'. + +SERVICES +-------- +These services can be enabled/disabled using the per-repository +configuration file: + +http.getanyfile:: + This serves Git clients older than version 1.6.6 that are unable to use the + upload pack service. When enabled, clients are able to read + any file within the repository, including objects that are + no longer reachable from a branch but are still present. + It is enabled by default, but a repository can disable it + by setting this configuration item to `false`. + +http.uploadpack:: + This serves 'git fetch-pack' and 'git ls-remote' clients. + It is enabled by default, but a repository can disable it + by setting this configuration item to `false`. + +http.receivepack:: + This serves 'git send-pack' clients, allowing push. It is + disabled by default for anonymous users, and enabled by + default for users authenticated by the web server. It can be + disabled by setting this item to `false`, or enabled for all + users, including anonymous users, by setting it to `true`. + +URL TRANSLATION +--------------- +To determine the location of the repository on disk, 'git http-backend' +concatenates the environment variables PATH_INFO, which is set +automatically by the web server, and GIT_PROJECT_ROOT, which must be set +manually in the web server configuration. If GIT_PROJECT_ROOT is not +set, 'git http-backend' reads PATH_TRANSLATED, which is also set +automatically by the web server. + +EXAMPLES +-------- +All of the following examples map `http://$hostname/git/foo/bar.git` +to `/var/www/git/foo/bar.git`. + +Apache 2.x:: + Ensure mod_cgi, mod_alias, and mod_env are enabled, set + GIT_PROJECT_ROOT (or DocumentRoot) appropriately, and + create a ScriptAlias to the CGI: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +SetEnv GIT_PROJECT_ROOT /var/www/git +SetEnv GIT_HTTP_EXPORT_ALL +ScriptAlias /git/ /usr/libexec/git-core/git-http-backend/ +---------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +To enable anonymous read access but authenticated write access, +require authorization for both the initial ref advertisement (which we +detect as a push via the service parameter in the query string), and the +receive-pack invocation itself: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} service=git-receive-pack [OR] +RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /git-receive-pack$ +RewriteRule ^/git/ - [E=AUTHREQUIRED:yes] + +<LocationMatch "^/git/"> + Order Deny,Allow + Deny from env=AUTHREQUIRED + + AuthType Basic + AuthName "Git Access" + Require group committers + Satisfy Any + ... +</LocationMatch> +---------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +If you do not have `mod_rewrite` available to match against the query +string, it is sufficient to just protect `git-receive-pack` itself, +like: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +<LocationMatch "^/git/.*/git-receive-pack$"> + AuthType Basic + AuthName "Git Access" + Require group committers + ... +</LocationMatch> +---------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +In this mode, the server will not request authentication until the +client actually starts the object negotiation phase of the push, rather +than during the initial contact. For this reason, you must also enable +the `http.receivepack` config option in any repositories that should +accept a push. The default behavior, if `http.receivepack` is not set, +is to reject any pushes by unauthenticated users; the initial request +will therefore report `403 Forbidden` to the client, without even giving +an opportunity for authentication. ++ +To require authentication for both reads and writes, use a Location +directive around the repository, or one of its parent directories: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +<Location /git/private> + AuthType Basic + AuthName "Private Git Access" + Require group committers + ... +</Location> +---------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +To serve gitweb at the same url, use a ScriptAliasMatch to only +those URLs that 'git http-backend' can handle, and forward the +rest to gitweb: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +ScriptAliasMatch \ + "(?x)^/git/(.*/(HEAD | \ + info/refs | \ + objects/(info/[^/]+ | \ + [0-9a-f]{2}/[0-9a-f]{38} | \ + pack/pack-[0-9a-f]{40}\.(pack|idx)) | \ + git-(upload|receive)-pack))$" \ + /usr/libexec/git-core/git-http-backend/$1 + +ScriptAlias /git/ /var/www/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/ +---------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +To serve multiple repositories from different linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] in a +single repository: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +SetEnvIf Request_URI "^/git/([^/]*)" GIT_NAMESPACE=$1 +ScriptAliasMatch ^/git/[^/]*(.*) /usr/libexec/git-core/git-http-backend/storage.git$1 +---------------------------------------------------------------- + +Accelerated static Apache 2.x:: + Similar to the above, but Apache can be used to return static + files that are stored on disk. On many systems this may + be more efficient as Apache can ask the kernel to copy the + file contents from the file system directly to the network: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +SetEnv GIT_PROJECT_ROOT /var/www/git + +AliasMatch ^/git/(.*/objects/[0-9a-f]{2}/[0-9a-f]{38})$ /var/www/git/$1 +AliasMatch ^/git/(.*/objects/pack/pack-[0-9a-f]{40}.(pack|idx))$ /var/www/git/$1 +ScriptAlias /git/ /usr/libexec/git-core/git-http-backend/ +---------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +This can be combined with the gitweb configuration: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +SetEnv GIT_PROJECT_ROOT /var/www/git + +AliasMatch ^/git/(.*/objects/[0-9a-f]{2}/[0-9a-f]{38})$ /var/www/git/$1 +AliasMatch ^/git/(.*/objects/pack/pack-[0-9a-f]{40}.(pack|idx))$ /var/www/git/$1 +ScriptAliasMatch \ + "(?x)^/git/(.*/(HEAD | \ + info/refs | \ + objects/info/[^/]+ | \ + git-(upload|receive)-pack))$" \ + /usr/libexec/git-core/git-http-backend/$1 +ScriptAlias /git/ /var/www/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/ +---------------------------------------------------------------- + +Lighttpd:: + Ensure that `mod_cgi`, `mod_alias`, `mod_auth`, `mod_setenv` are + loaded, then set `GIT_PROJECT_ROOT` appropriately and redirect + all requests to the CGI: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +alias.url += ( "/git" => "/usr/lib/git-core/git-http-backend" ) +$HTTP["url"] =~ "^/git" { + cgi.assign = ("" => "") + setenv.add-environment = ( + "GIT_PROJECT_ROOT" => "/var/www/git", + "GIT_HTTP_EXPORT_ALL" => "" + ) +} +---------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +To enable anonymous read access but authenticated write access: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +$HTTP["querystring"] =~ "service=git-receive-pack" { + include "git-auth.conf" +} +$HTTP["url"] =~ "^/git/.*/git-receive-pack$" { + include "git-auth.conf" +} +---------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +where `git-auth.conf` looks something like: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +auth.require = ( + "/" => ( + "method" => "basic", + "realm" => "Git Access", + "require" => "valid-user" + ) +) +# ...and set up auth.backend here +---------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +To require authentication for both reads and writes: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +$HTTP["url"] =~ "^/git/private" { + include "git-auth.conf" +} +---------------------------------------------------------------- + + +ENVIRONMENT +----------- +'git http-backend' relies upon the `CGI` environment variables set +by the invoking web server, including: + +* PATH_INFO (if GIT_PROJECT_ROOT is set, otherwise PATH_TRANSLATED) +* REMOTE_USER +* REMOTE_ADDR +* CONTENT_TYPE +* QUERY_STRING +* REQUEST_METHOD + +The `GIT_HTTP_EXPORT_ALL` environmental variable may be passed to +'git-http-backend' to bypass the check for the "git-daemon-export-ok" +file in each repository before allowing export of that repository. + +The `GIT_HTTP_MAX_REQUEST_BUFFER` environment variable (or the +`http.maxRequestBuffer` config variable) may be set to change the +largest ref negotiation request that git will handle during a fetch; any +fetch requiring a larger buffer will not succeed. This value should not +normally need to be changed, but may be helpful if you are fetching from +a repository with an extremely large number of refs. The value can be +specified with a unit (e.g., `100M` for 100 megabytes). The default is +10 megabytes. + +The backend process sets GIT_COMMITTER_NAME to '$REMOTE_USER' and +GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL to '$\{REMOTE_USER}@http.$\{REMOTE_ADDR\}', +ensuring that any reflogs created by 'git-receive-pack' contain some +identifying information of the remote user who performed the push. + +All `CGI` environment variables are available to each of the hooks +invoked by the 'git-receive-pack'. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt b/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt index e7c796155f..21a33d2c41 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt @@ -3,16 +3,20 @@ git-http-fetch(1) NAME ---- -git-http-fetch - Download from a remote git repository via HTTP +git-http-fetch - Download from a remote Git repository via HTTP SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git http-fetch' [-c] [-t] [-a] [-d] [-v] [-w filename] [--recover] [--stdin] <commit> <url> DESCRIPTION ----------- -Downloads a remote git repository via HTTP. +Downloads a remote Git repository via HTTP. + +*NOTE*: use of this command without -a is deprecated. The -a +behaviour will become the default in a future release. OPTIONS ------- @@ -35,7 +39,7 @@ commit-id:: --stdin:: Instead of a commit id on the command line (which is not expected in this - case), 'git-http-fetch' expects lines on stdin in the format + case), 'git http-fetch' expects lines on stdin in the format <commit-id>['\t'<filename-as-in--w>] @@ -43,14 +47,6 @@ commit-id:: Verify that everything reachable from target is fetched. Used after an earlier fetch is interrupted. -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-push.txt b/Documentation/git-http-push.txt index aef383e0b1..2aceb6f26d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-http-push.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-http-push.txt @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ git-http-push - Push objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git http-push' [--all] [--dry-run] [--force] [--verbose] <url> <ref> [<ref>...] DESCRIPTION @@ -80,26 +81,17 @@ destination side. exist in the set of remote refs; the ref matched <src> locally is used as the name of the destination. -Without '--force', the <src> ref is stored at the remote only if +Without `--force`, the <src> ref is stored at the remote only if <dst> does not exist, or <dst> is a proper subset (i.e. an -ancestor) of <src>. This check, known as "fast forward check", +ancestor) of <src>. This check, known as "fast-forward check", is performed in order to avoid accidentally overwriting the remote ref and lose other peoples' commits from there. -With '--force', the fast forward check is disabled for all refs. +With `--force`, the fast-forward check is disabled for all refs. Optionally, a <ref> parameter can be prefixed with a plus '+' sign to disable the fast-forward check only on that ref. - -Author ------- -Written by Nick Hengeveld <nickh@reactrix.com> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Nick Hengeveld - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-imap-send.txt b/Documentation/git-imap-send.txt index bd49a0aee8..5d1e4c80cd 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-imap-send.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-imap-send.txt @@ -8,21 +8,46 @@ git-imap-send - Send a collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP folder SYNOPSIS -------- -'git imap-send' +[verse] +'git imap-send' [-v] [-q] [--[no-]curl] DESCRIPTION ----------- -This command uploads a mailbox generated with 'git-format-patch' +This command uploads a mailbox generated with 'git format-patch' into an IMAP drafts folder. This allows patches to be sent as other email is when using mail clients that cannot read mailbox -files directly. +files directly. The command also works with any general mailbox +in which emails have the fields "From", "Date", and "Subject" in +that order. Typical usage is something like: git format-patch --signoff --stdout --attach origin | git imap-send +OPTIONS +------- + +-v:: +--verbose:: + Be verbose. + +-q:: +--quiet:: + Be quiet. + +--curl:: + Use libcurl to communicate with the IMAP server, unless tunneling + into it. Ignored if Git was built without the USE_CURL_FOR_IMAP_SEND + option set. + +--no-curl:: + Talk to the IMAP server using git's own IMAP routines instead of + using libcurl. Ignored if Git was built with the NO_OPENSSL option + set. + + CONFIGURATION ------------- @@ -35,23 +60,22 @@ Variables imap.folder:: The folder to drop the mails into, which is typically the Drafts folder. For example: "INBOX.Drafts", "INBOX/Drafts" or - "[Gmail]/Drafts". Required to use imap-send. + "[Gmail]/Drafts". Required. imap.tunnel:: Command used to setup a tunnel to the IMAP server through which commands will be piped instead of using a direct network connection - to the server. Required when imap.host is not set to use imap-send. + to the server. Required when imap.host is not set. imap.host:: A URL identifying the server. Use a `imap://` prefix for non-secure connections and a `imaps://` prefix for secure connections. - Ignored when imap.tunnel is set, but required to use imap-send - otherwise. + Ignored when imap.tunnel is set, but required otherwise. imap.user:: The username to use when logging in to the server. -imap.password:: +imap.pass:: The password to use when logging in to the server. imap.port:: @@ -64,6 +88,20 @@ imap.sslverify:: used by the SSL/TLS connection. Default is `true`. Ignored when imap.tunnel is set. +imap.preformattedHTML:: + A boolean to enable/disable the use of html encoding when sending + a patch. An html encoded patch will be bracketed with <pre> + and have a content type of text/html. Ironically, enabling this + option causes Thunderbird to send the patch as a plain/text, + format=fixed email. Default is `false`. + +imap.authMethod:: + Specify authenticate method for authentication with IMAP server. + If Git was built with the NO_CURL option, or if your curl version is older + than 7.34.0, or if you're running git-imap-send with the `--no-curl` + option, the only supported method is 'CRAM-MD5'. If this is not set + then 'git imap-send' uses the basic IMAP plaintext LOGIN command. + Examples ~~~~~~~~ @@ -83,7 +121,7 @@ Using direct mode: host = imap://imap.example.com user = bob pass = p4ssw0rd -.......................... +......................... Using direct mode with SSL: @@ -95,21 +133,50 @@ Using direct mode with SSL: pass = p4ssw0rd port = 123 sslverify = false -.......................... - - -BUGS ----- -Doesn't handle lines starting with "From " in the message body. +......................... -Author ------- -Derived from isync 1.0.1 by Mike McCormack. +EXAMPLE +------- +To submit patches using GMail's IMAP interface, first, edit your ~/.gitconfig +to specify your account settings: -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Mike McCormack +--------- +[imap] + folder = "[Gmail]/Drafts" + host = imaps://imap.gmail.com + user = user@gmail.com + port = 993 + sslverify = false +--------- + +You might need to instead use: folder = "[Google Mail]/Drafts" if you get an error +that the "Folder doesn't exist". + +Once the commits are ready to be sent, run the following command: + + $ git format-patch --cover-letter -M --stdout origin/master | git imap-send + +Just make sure to disable line wrapping in the email client (GMail's web +interface will wrap lines no matter what, so you need to use a real +IMAP client). + +CAUTION +------- +It is still your responsibility to make sure that the email message +sent by your email program meets the standards of your project. +Many projects do not like patches to be attached. Some mail +agents will transform patches (e.g. wrap lines, send them as +format=flowed) in ways that make them fail. You will get angry +flames ridiculing you if you don't check this. + +Thunderbird in particular is known to be problematic. Thunderbird +users may wish to visit this web page for more information: + http://kb.mozillazine.org/Plain_text_e-mail_-_Thunderbird#Completely_plain_email + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-format-patch[1], linkgit:git-send-email[1], mbox(5) GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt index 4b5c743c1e..1b4b65d665 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ DESCRIPTION Reads a packed archive (.pack) from the specified file, and builds a pack index file (.idx) for it. The packed archive together with the pack index can then be placed in the -objects/pack/ directory of a git repository. +objects/pack/ directory of a Git repository. OPTIONS @@ -39,34 +39,30 @@ OPTIONS When this flag is provided, the pack is read from stdin instead and a copy is then written to <pack-file>. If <pack-file> is not specified, the pack is written to - objects/pack/ directory of the current git repository with + objects/pack/ directory of the current Git repository with a default name determined from the pack content. If <pack-file> is not specified consider using --keep to prevent a race condition between this process and - 'git-repack'. + 'git repack'. --fix-thin:: - It is possible for 'git-pack-objects' to build - "thin" pack, which records objects in deltified form based on - objects not included in the pack to reduce network traffic. - Those objects are expected to be present on the receiving end - and they must be included in the pack for that pack to be self - contained and indexable. Without this option any attempt to - index a thin pack will fail. This option only makes sense in - conjunction with --stdin. + Fix a "thin" pack produced by `git pack-objects --thin` (see + linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] for details) by adding the + excluded objects the deltified objects are based on to the + pack. This option only makes sense in conjunction with --stdin. --keep:: Before moving the index into its final destination create an empty .keep file for the associated pack file. This option is usually necessary with --stdin to prevent a - simultaneous 'git-repack' process from deleting + simultaneous 'git repack' process from deleting the newly constructed pack and index before refs can be updated to use objects contained in the pack. ---keep='why':: +--keep=<msg>:: Like --keep create a .keep file before moving the index into its final destination, but rather than creating an empty file - place 'why' followed by an LF into the .keep file. The 'why' + place '<msg>' followed by an LF into the .keep file. The '<msg>' message can later be searched for within all .keep files to locate any which have outlived their usefulness. @@ -78,26 +74,32 @@ OPTIONS --strict:: Die, if the pack contains broken objects or links. +--check-self-contained-and-connected:: + Die if the pack contains broken links. For internal use only. + +--threads=<n>:: + Specifies the number of threads to spawn when resolving + deltas. This requires that index-pack be compiled with + pthreads otherwise this option is ignored with a warning. + This is meant to reduce packing time on multiprocessor + machines. The required amount of memory for the delta search + window is however multiplied by the number of threads. + Specifying 0 will cause Git to auto-detect the number of CPU's + and use maximum 3 threads. + +--max-input-size=<size>:: + Die, if the pack is larger than <size>. Note ---- Once the index has been created, the list of object names is sorted -and the SHA1 hash of that list is printed to stdout. If --stdin was +and the SHA-1 hash of that list is printed to stdout. If --stdin was also used then this is prefixed by either "pack\t", or "keep\t" if a new .keep file was successfully created. This is useful to remove a -.keep file used as a lock to prevent the race with 'git-repack' +.keep file used as a lock to prevent the race with 'git repack' mentioned above. - -Author ------- -Written by Sergey Vlasov <vsu@altlinux.ru> - -Documentation -------------- -Documentation by Sergey Vlasov - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-init-db.txt b/Documentation/git-init-db.txt index 1fd0ff2610..648a6cd78a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-init-db.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-init-db.txt @@ -3,12 +3,13 @@ git-init-db(1) NAME ---- -git-init-db - Creates an empty git repository +git-init-db - Creates an empty Git repository SYNOPSIS -------- -'git init-db' [-q | --quiet] [--template=<template_directory>] [--shared[=<permissions>]] +[verse] +'git init-db' [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template_directory>] [--separate-git-dir <git dir>] [--shared[=<permissions>]] DESCRIPTION @@ -16,3 +17,7 @@ DESCRIPTION This is a synonym for linkgit:git-init[1]. Please refer to the documentation of that command. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-init.txt b/Documentation/git-init.txt index 71749c09d3..3c5a67fb96 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-init.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-init.txt @@ -3,14 +3,38 @@ git-init(1) NAME ---- -git-init - Create an empty git repository or reinitialize an existing one +git-init - Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing one SYNOPSIS -------- -'git init' [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template_directory>] [--shared[=<permissions>]] +[verse] +'git init' [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template_directory>] + [--separate-git-dir <git dir>] + [--shared[=<permissions>]] [directory] +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +This command creates an empty Git repository - basically a `.git` +directory with subdirectories for `objects`, `refs/heads`, +`refs/tags`, and template files. An initial `HEAD` file that +references the HEAD of the master branch is also created. + +If the `$GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it specifies a path +to use instead of `./.git` for the base of the repository. + +If the object storage directory is specified via the +`$GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY` environment variable then the sha1 directories +are created underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects` +directory is used. + +Running 'git init' in an existing repository is safe. It will not +overwrite things that are already there. The primary reason for +rerunning 'git init' is to pick up newly added templates (or to move +the repository to another place if --separate-git-dir is given). + OPTIONS ------- @@ -19,107 +43,115 @@ OPTIONS -q:: --quiet:: -Only print error and warning messages, all other output will be suppressed. +Only print error and warning messages; all other output will be suppressed. --bare:: -Create a bare repository. If GIT_DIR environment is not set, it is set to the +Create a bare repository. If `GIT_DIR` environment is not set, it is set to the current working directory. --template=<template_directory>:: -Provide the directory from which templates will be used. The default template -directory is `/usr/share/git-core/templates`. +Specify the directory from which templates will be used. (See the "TEMPLATE +DIRECTORY" section below.) + +--separate-git-dir=<git dir>:: -When specified, `<template_directory>` is used as the source of the template -files rather than the default. The template files include some directory -structure, some suggested "exclude patterns", and copies of non-executing -"hook" files. The suggested patterns and hook files are all modifiable and -extensible. +Instead of initializing the repository as a directory to either `$GIT_DIR` or +`./.git/`, create a text file there containing the path to the actual +repository. This file acts as filesystem-agnostic Git symbolic link to the +repository. ++ +If this is reinitialization, the repository will be moved to the specified path. ---shared[={false|true|umask|group|all|world|everybody|0xxx}]:: +--shared[=(false|true|umask|group|all|world|everybody|0xxx)]:: -Specify that the git repository is to be shared amongst several users. This +Specify that the Git repository is to be shared amongst several users. This allows users belonging to the same group to push into that repository. When specified, the config variable "core.sharedRepository" is set so that files and directories under `$GIT_DIR` are created with the -requested permissions. When not specified, git will use permissions reported +requested permissions. When not specified, Git will use permissions reported by umask(2). - ++ The option can have the following values, defaulting to 'group' if no value is given: ++ +-- +'umask' (or 'false'):: - - 'umask' (or 'false'): Use permissions reported by umask(2). The default, - when `--shared` is not specified. +Use permissions reported by umask(2). The default, when `--shared` is not +specified. - - 'group' (or 'true'): Make the repository group-writable, (and g+sx, since - the git group may be not the primary group of all users). +'group' (or 'true'):: - - 'all' (or 'world' or 'everybody'): Same as 'group', but make the repository - readable by all users. +Make the repository group-writable, (and g+sx, since the git group may be not +the primary group of all users). This is used to loosen the permissions of an +otherwise safe umask(2) value. Note that the umask still applies to the other +permission bits (e.g. if umask is '0022', using 'group' will not remove read +privileges from other (non-group) users). See '0xxx' for how to exactly specify +the repository permissions. - - '0xxx': '0xxx' is an octal number and each file will have mode '0xxx' - Any option except 'umask' can be set using this option. '0xxx' will - override users umask(2) value, and thus, users with a safe umask (0077) - can use this option. '0640' will create a repository which is group-readable - but not writable. '0660' is equivalent to 'group'. +'all' (or 'world' or 'everybody'):: -By default, the configuration flag receive.denyNonFastForwards is enabled +Same as 'group', but make the repository readable by all users. + +'0xxx':: + +'0xxx' is an octal number and each file will have mode '0xxx'. '0xxx' will +override users' umask(2) value (and not only loosen permissions as 'group' and +'all' does). '0640' will create a repository which is group-readable, but not +group-writable or accessible to others. '0660' will create a repo that is +readable and writable to the current user and group, but inaccessible to others. +-- + +By default, the configuration flag `receive.denyNonFastForwards` is enabled in shared repositories, so that you cannot force a non fast-forwarding push into it. +If you provide a 'directory', the command is run inside it. If this directory +does not exist, it will be created. + -- +TEMPLATE DIRECTORY +------------------ -DESCRIPTION ------------ -This command creates an empty git repository - basically a `.git` directory -with subdirectories for `objects`, `refs/heads`, `refs/tags`, and -template files. -An initial `HEAD` file that references the HEAD of the master branch -is also created. +Files and directories in the template directory whose name do not start with a +dot will be copied to the `$GIT_DIR` after it is created. -If the `$GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it specifies a path -to use instead of `./.git` for the base of the repository. +The template directory will be one of the following (in order): + + - the argument given with the `--template` option; + + - the contents of the `$GIT_TEMPLATE_DIR` environment variable; + + - the `init.templateDir` configuration variable; or -If the object storage directory is specified via the `$GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY` -environment variable then the sha1 directories are created underneath - -otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects` directory is used. + - the default template directory: `/usr/share/git-core/templates`. -Running 'git-init' in an existing repository is safe. It will not overwrite -things that are already there. The primary reason for rerunning 'git-init' -is to pick up newly added templates. +The default template directory includes some directory structure, suggested +"exclude patterns" (see linkgit:gitignore[5]), and sample hook files. -Note that 'git-init' is the same as 'git-init-db'. The command -was primarily meant to initialize the object database, but over -time it has become responsible for setting up the other aspects -of the repository, such as installing the default hooks and -setting the configuration variables. The old name is retained -for backward compatibility reasons. +The sample hooks are all disabled by default, To enable one of the +sample hooks rename it by removing its `.sample` suffix. +See linkgit:githooks[5] for more general info on hook execution. EXAMPLES -------- -Start a new git repository for an existing code base:: +Start a new Git repository for an existing code base:: + ---------------- $ cd /path/to/my/codebase $ git init <1> $ git add . <2> +$ git commit <3> ---------------- + -<1> prepare /path/to/my/codebase/.git directory -<2> add all existing file to the index - - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +<1> Create a /path/to/my/codebase/.git directory. +<2> Add all existing files to the index. +<3> Record the pristine state as the first commit in the history. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-instaweb.txt b/Documentation/git-instaweb.txt index 22da21a54f..e8ecdbf927 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-instaweb.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-instaweb.txt @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ OPTIONS The HTTP daemon command-line that will be executed. Command-line options may be specified here, and the configuration file will be added at the end of the command-line. - Currently lighttpd, apache2 and webrick are supported. + Currently apache2, lighttpd, mongoose, plackup and webrick are supported. (Default: lighttpd) -m:: @@ -44,23 +44,26 @@ OPTIONS -b:: --browser:: The web browser that should be used to view the gitweb - page. This will be passed to the 'git-web--browse' helper + page. This will be passed to the 'git web{litdd}browse' helper script along with the URL of the gitweb instance. See - linkgit:git-web--browse[1] for more information about this. If + linkgit:git-web{litdd}browse[1] for more information about this. If the script fails, the URL will be printed to stdout. +start:: --start:: - Start the httpd instance and exit. This does not generate - any of the configuration files for spawning a new instance. + Start the httpd instance and exit. Regenerate configuration files + as necessary for spawning a new instance. +stop:: --stop:: Stop the httpd instance and exit. This does not generate any of the configuration files for spawning a new instance, nor does it close the browser. +restart:: --restart:: - Restart the httpd instance and exit. This does not generate - any of the configuration files for spawning a new instance. + Restart the httpd instance and exit. Regenerate configuration files + as necessary for spawning a new instance. CONFIGURATION ------------- @@ -73,21 +76,17 @@ You may specify configuration in your .git/config httpd = apache2 -f port = 4321 browser = konqueror - modulepath = /usr/lib/apache2/modules + modulePath = /usr/lib/apache2/modules ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -If the configuration variable 'instaweb.browser' is not set, -'web.browser' will be used instead if it is defined. See -linkgit:git-web--browse[1] for more information about this. +If the configuration variable `instaweb.browser` is not set, +`web.browser` will be used instead if it is defined. See +linkgit:git-web{litdd}browse[1] for more information about this. -Author ------- -Written by Eric Wong <normalperson@yhbt.net> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Eric Wong <normalperson@yhbt.net>. +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gitweb[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt b/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..09074c75a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt @@ -0,0 +1,339 @@ +git-interpret-trailers(1) +========================= + +NAME +---- +git-interpret-trailers - help add structured information into commit messages + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git interpret-trailers' [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [<file>...] + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +Help adding 'trailers' lines, that look similar to RFC 822 e-mail +headers, at the end of the otherwise free-form part of a commit +message. + +This command reads some patches or commit messages from either the +<file> arguments or the standard input if no <file> is specified. Then +this command applies the arguments passed using the `--trailer` +option, if any, to the commit message part of each input file. The +result is emitted on the standard output. + +Some configuration variables control the way the `--trailer` arguments +are applied to each commit message and the way any existing trailer in +the commit message is changed. They also make it possible to +automatically add some trailers. + +By default, a '<token>=<value>' or '<token>:<value>' argument given +using `--trailer` will be appended after the existing trailers only if +the last trailer has a different (<token>, <value>) pair (or if there +is no existing trailer). The <token> and <value> parts will be trimmed +to remove starting and trailing whitespace, and the resulting trimmed +<token> and <value> will appear in the message like this: + +------------------------------------------------ +token: value +------------------------------------------------ + +This means that the trimmed <token> and <value> will be separated by +`': '` (one colon followed by one space). + +By default the new trailer will appear at the end of all the existing +trailers. If there is no existing trailer, the new trailer will appear +after the commit message part of the output, and, if there is no line +with only spaces at the end of the commit message part, one blank line +will be added before the new trailer. + +Existing trailers are extracted from the input message by looking for +a group of one or more lines that (i) are all trailers, or (ii) contains at +least one Git-generated or user-configured trailer and consists of at +least 25% trailers. +The group must be preceded by one or more empty (or whitespace-only) lines. +The group must either be at the end of the message or be the last +non-whitespace lines before a line that starts with '---'. Such three +minus signs start the patch part of the message. + +When reading trailers, there can be whitespaces after the +token, the separator and the value. There can also be whitespaces +inside the token and the value. The value may be split over multiple lines with +each subsequent line starting with whitespace, like the "folding" in RFC 822. + +Note that 'trailers' do not follow and are not intended to follow many +rules for RFC 822 headers. For example they do not follow +the encoding rules and probably many other rules. + +OPTIONS +------- +--in-place:: + Edit the files in place. + +--trim-empty:: + If the <value> part of any trailer contains only whitespace, + the whole trailer will be removed from the resulting message. + This applies to existing trailers as well as new trailers. + +--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>]:: + Specify a (<token>, <value>) pair that should be applied as a + trailer to the input messages. See the description of this + command. + +CONFIGURATION VARIABLES +----------------------- + +trailer.separators:: + This option tells which characters are recognized as trailer + separators. By default only ':' is recognized as a trailer + separator, except that '=' is always accepted on the command + line for compatibility with other git commands. ++ +The first character given by this option will be the default character +used when another separator is not specified in the config for this +trailer. ++ +For example, if the value for this option is "%=$", then only lines +using the format '<token><sep><value>' with <sep> containing '%', '=' +or '$' and then spaces will be considered trailers. And '%' will be +the default separator used, so by default trailers will appear like: +'<token>% <value>' (one percent sign and one space will appear between +the token and the value). + +trailer.where:: + This option tells where a new trailer will be added. ++ +This can be `end`, which is the default, `start`, `after` or `before`. ++ +If it is `end`, then each new trailer will appear at the end of the +existing trailers. ++ +If it is `start`, then each new trailer will appear at the start, +instead of the end, of the existing trailers. ++ +If it is `after`, then each new trailer will appear just after the +last trailer with the same <token>. ++ +If it is `before`, then each new trailer will appear just before the +first trailer with the same <token>. + +trailer.ifexists:: + This option makes it possible to choose what action will be + performed when there is already at least one trailer with the + same <token> in the message. ++ +The valid values for this option are: `addIfDifferentNeighbor` (this +is the default), `addIfDifferent`, `add`, `overwrite` or `doNothing`. ++ +With `addIfDifferentNeighbor`, a new trailer will be added only if no +trailer with the same (<token>, <value>) pair is above or below the line +where the new trailer will be added. ++ +With `addIfDifferent`, a new trailer will be added only if no trailer +with the same (<token>, <value>) pair is already in the message. ++ +With `add`, a new trailer will be added, even if some trailers with +the same (<token>, <value>) pair are already in the message. ++ +With `replace`, an existing trailer with the same <token> will be +deleted and the new trailer will be added. The deleted trailer will be +the closest one (with the same <token>) to the place where the new one +will be added. ++ +With `doNothing`, nothing will be done; that is no new trailer will be +added if there is already one with the same <token> in the message. + +trailer.ifmissing:: + This option makes it possible to choose what action will be + performed when there is not yet any trailer with the same + <token> in the message. ++ +The valid values for this option are: `add` (this is the default) and +`doNothing`. ++ +With `add`, a new trailer will be added. ++ +With `doNothing`, nothing will be done. + +trailer.<token>.key:: + This `key` will be used instead of <token> in the trailer. At + the end of this key, a separator can appear and then some + space characters. By default the only valid separator is ':', + but this can be changed using the `trailer.separators` config + variable. ++ +If there is a separator, then the key will be used instead of both the +<token> and the default separator when adding the trailer. + +trailer.<token>.where:: + This option takes the same values as the 'trailer.where' + configuration variable and it overrides what is specified by + that option for trailers with the specified <token>. + +trailer.<token>.ifexist:: + This option takes the same values as the 'trailer.ifexist' + configuration variable and it overrides what is specified by + that option for trailers with the specified <token>. + +trailer.<token>.ifmissing:: + This option takes the same values as the 'trailer.ifmissing' + configuration variable and it overrides what is specified by + that option for trailers with the specified <token>. + +trailer.<token>.command:: + This option can be used to specify a shell command that will + be called to automatically add or modify a trailer with the + specified <token>. ++ +When this option is specified, the behavior is as if a special +'<token>=<value>' argument were added at the beginning of the command +line, where <value> is taken to be the standard output of the +specified command with any leading and trailing whitespace trimmed +off. ++ +If the command contains the `$ARG` string, this string will be +replaced with the <value> part of an existing trailer with the same +<token>, if any, before the command is launched. ++ +If some '<token>=<value>' arguments are also passed on the command +line, when a 'trailer.<token>.command' is configured, the command will +also be executed for each of these arguments. And the <value> part of +these arguments, if any, will be used to replace the `$ARG` string in +the command. + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +* Configure a 'sign' trailer with a 'Signed-off-by' key, and then + add two of these trailers to a message: ++ +------------ +$ git config trailer.sign.key "Signed-off-by" +$ cat msg.txt +subject + +message +$ cat msg.txt | git interpret-trailers --trailer 'sign: Alice <alice@example.com>' --trailer 'sign: Bob <bob@example.com>' +subject + +message + +Signed-off-by: Alice <alice@example.com> +Signed-off-by: Bob <bob@example.com> +------------ + +* Use the `--in-place` option to edit a message file in place: ++ +------------ +$ cat msg.txt +subject + +message + +Signed-off-by: Bob <bob@example.com> +$ git interpret-trailers --trailer 'Acked-by: Alice <alice@example.com>' --in-place msg.txt +$ cat msg.txt +subject + +message + +Signed-off-by: Bob <bob@example.com> +Acked-by: Alice <alice@example.com> +------------ + +* Extract the last commit as a patch, and add a 'Cc' and a + 'Reviewed-by' trailer to it: ++ +------------ +$ git format-patch -1 +0001-foo.patch +$ git interpret-trailers --trailer 'Cc: Alice <alice@example.com>' --trailer 'Reviewed-by: Bob <bob@example.com>' 0001-foo.patch >0001-bar.patch +------------ + +* Configure a 'sign' trailer with a command to automatically add a + 'Signed-off-by: ' with the author information only if there is no + 'Signed-off-by: ' already, and show how it works: ++ +------------ +$ git config trailer.sign.key "Signed-off-by: " +$ git config trailer.sign.ifmissing add +$ git config trailer.sign.ifexists doNothing +$ git config trailer.sign.command 'echo "$(git config user.name) <$(git config user.email)>"' +$ git interpret-trailers <<EOF +> EOF + +Signed-off-by: Bob <bob@example.com> +$ git interpret-trailers <<EOF +> Signed-off-by: Alice <alice@example.com> +> EOF + +Signed-off-by: Alice <alice@example.com> +------------ + +* Configure a 'fix' trailer with a key that contains a '#' and no + space after this character, and show how it works: ++ +------------ +$ git config trailer.separators ":#" +$ git config trailer.fix.key "Fix #" +$ echo "subject" | git interpret-trailers --trailer fix=42 +subject + +Fix #42 +------------ + +* Configure a 'see' trailer with a command to show the subject of a + commit that is related, and show how it works: ++ +------------ +$ git config trailer.see.key "See-also: " +$ git config trailer.see.ifExists "replace" +$ git config trailer.see.ifMissing "doNothing" +$ git config trailer.see.command "git log -1 --oneline --format=\"%h (%s)\" --abbrev-commit --abbrev=14 \$ARG" +$ git interpret-trailers <<EOF +> subject +> +> message +> +> see: HEAD~2 +> EOF +subject + +message + +See-also: fe3187489d69c4 (subject of related commit) +------------ + +* Configure a commit template with some trailers with empty values + (using sed to show and keep the trailing spaces at the end of the + trailers), then configure a commit-msg hook that uses + 'git interpret-trailers' to remove trailers with empty values and + to add a 'git-version' trailer: ++ +------------ +$ sed -e 's/ Z$/ /' >commit_template.txt <<EOF +> ***subject*** +> +> ***message*** +> +> Fixes: Z +> Cc: Z +> Reviewed-by: Z +> Signed-off-by: Z +> EOF +$ git config commit.template commit_template.txt +$ cat >.git/hooks/commit-msg <<EOF +> #!/bin/sh +> git interpret-trailers --trim-empty --trailer "git-version: \$(git describe)" "\$1" > "\$1.new" +> mv "\$1.new" "\$1" +> EOF +$ chmod +x .git/hooks/commit-msg +------------ + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-commit[1], linkgit:git-format-patch[1], linkgit:git-config[1] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-log.txt b/Documentation/git-log.txt index 34cf4e5811..32246fdb00 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-log.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-log.txt @@ -8,114 +8,216 @@ git-log - Show commit logs SYNOPSIS -------- -'git log' [<options>] [<since>..<until>] [[\--] <path>...] +[verse] +'git log' [<options>] [<revision range>] [[\--] <path>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- Shows the commit logs. -The command takes options applicable to the 'git-rev-list' +The command takes options applicable to the `git rev-list` command to control what is shown and how, and options applicable to -the 'git-diff-*' commands to control how the changes +the `git diff-*` commands to control how the changes each commit introduces are shown. OPTIONS ------- -:git-log: 1 -include::diff-options.txt[] - --<n>:: - Limits the number of commits to show. - -<since>..<until>:: - Show only commits between the named two commits. When - either <since> or <until> is omitted, it defaults to - `HEAD`, i.e. the tip of the current branch. - For a more complete list of ways to spell <since> - and <until>, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in - linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. - ---decorate:: - Print out the ref names of any commits that are shown. +--follow:: + Continue listing the history of a file beyond renames + (works only for a single file). + +--no-decorate:: +--decorate[=short|full|auto|no]:: + Print out the ref names of any commits that are shown. If 'short' is + specified, the ref name prefixes 'refs/heads/', 'refs/tags/' and + 'refs/remotes/' will not be printed. If 'full' is specified, the + full ref name (including prefix) will be printed. If 'auto' is + specified, then if the output is going to a terminal, the ref names + are shown as if 'short' were given, otherwise no ref names are + shown. The default option is 'short'. --source:: Print out the ref name given on the command line by which each commit was reached. +--use-mailmap:: + Use mailmap file to map author and committer names and email + addresses to canonical real names and email addresses. See + linkgit:git-shortlog[1]. + --full-diff:: - Without this flag, "git log -p <path>..." shows commits that + Without this flag, `git log -p <path>...` shows commits that touch the specified paths, and diffs about the same specified paths. With this, the full diff is shown for commits that touch the specified paths; this means that "<path>..." limits only commits, and doesn't limit diff for those commits. - ---follow:: - Continue listing the history of a file beyond renames. ++ +Note that this affects all diff-based output types, e.g. those +produced by `--stat`, etc. --log-size:: - Before the log message print out its size in bytes. Intended - mainly for porcelain tools consumption. If git is unable to - produce a valid value size is set to zero. - Note that only message is considered, if also a diff is shown - its size is not included. + Include a line ``log size <number>'' in the output for each commit, + where <number> is the length of that commit's message in bytes. + Intended to speed up tools that read log messages from `git log` + output by allowing them to allocate space in advance. + +-L <start>,<end>:<file>:: +-L :<funcname>:<file>:: + Trace the evolution of the line range given by "<start>,<end>" + (or the function name regex <funcname>) within the <file>. You may + not give any pathspec limiters. This is currently limited to + a walk starting from a single revision, i.e., you may only + give zero or one positive revision arguments. + You can specify this option more than once. ++ +include::line-range-format.txt[] + +<revision range>:: + Show only commits in the specified revision range. When no + <revision range> is specified, it defaults to `HEAD` (i.e. the + whole history leading to the current commit). `origin..HEAD` + specifies all the commits reachable from the current commit + (i.e. `HEAD`), but not from `origin`. For a complete list of + ways to spell <revision range>, see the 'Specifying Ranges' + section of linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. [\--] <path>...:: - Show only commits that affect any of the specified paths. To - prevent confusion with options and branch names, paths may need - to be prefixed with "\-- " to separate them from options or - refnames. - + Show only commits that are enough to explain how the files + that match the specified paths came to be. See 'History + Simplification' below for details and other simplification + modes. ++ +Paths may need to be prefixed with ``\-- '' to separate them from +options or the revision range, when confusion arises. include::rev-list-options.txt[] include::pretty-formats.txt[] +COMMON DIFF OPTIONS +------------------- + +:git-log: 1 +include::diff-options.txt[] + include::diff-generate-patch.txt[] -Examples +EXAMPLES -------- -git log --no-merges:: +`git log --no-merges`:: Show the whole commit history, but skip any merges -git log v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi:: +`git log v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi`:: Show all commits since version 'v2.6.12' that changed any file - in the include/scsi or drivers/scsi subdirectories + in the `include/scsi` or `drivers/scsi` subdirectories -git log --since="2 weeks ago" \-- gitk:: +`git log --since="2 weeks ago" -- gitk`:: Show the changes during the last two weeks to the file 'gitk'. - The "--" is necessary to avoid confusion with the *branch* named + The ``--'' is necessary to avoid confusion with the *branch* named 'gitk' -git log --name-status release..test:: +`git log --name-status release..test`:: Show the commits that are in the "test" branch but not yet in the "release" branch, along with the list of paths each commit modifies. -git log --follow builtin-rev-list.c:: +`git log --follow builtin/rev-list.c`:: - Shows the commits that changed builtin-rev-list.c, including + Shows the commits that changed `builtin/rev-list.c`, including those commits that occurred before the file was given its present name. -Discussion ----------- +`git log --branches --not --remotes=origin`:: -include::i18n.txt[] + Shows all commits that are in any of local branches but not in + any of remote-tracking branches for 'origin' (what you have that + origin doesn't). + +`git log master --not --remotes=*/master`:: + + Shows all commits that are in local master but not in any remote + repository master branches. + +`git log -p -m --first-parent`:: + + Shows the history including change diffs, but only from the + ``main branch'' perspective, skipping commits that come from merged + branches, and showing full diffs of changes introduced by the merges. + This makes sense only when following a strict policy of merging all + topic branches when staying on a single integration branch. +`git log -L '/int main/',/^}/:main.c`:: -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> + Shows how the function `main()` in the file `main.c` evolved + over time. + +`git log -3`:: + + Limits the number of commits to show to 3. + +DISCUSSION +---------- + +include::i18n.txt[] -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +CONFIGURATION +------------- + +See linkgit:git-config[1] for core variables and linkgit:git-diff[1] +for settings related to diff generation. + +format.pretty:: + Default for the `--format` option. (See 'Pretty Formats' above.) + Defaults to `medium`. + +i18n.logOutputEncoding:: + Encoding to use when displaying logs. (See 'Discussion' above.) + Defaults to the value of `i18n.commitEncoding` if set, and UTF-8 + otherwise. + +log.date:: + Default format for human-readable dates. (Compare the + `--date` option.) Defaults to "default", which means to write + dates like `Sat May 8 19:35:34 2010 -0500`. + +log.follow:: + If `true`, `git log` will act as if the `--follow` option was used when + a single <path> is given. This has the same limitations as `--follow`, + i.e. it cannot be used to follow multiple files and does not work well + on non-linear history. + +log.showRoot:: + If `false`, `git log` and related commands will not treat the + initial commit as a big creation event. Any root commits in + `git log -p` output would be shown without a diff attached. + The default is `true`. + +log.showSignature:: + If `true`, `git log` and related commands will act as if the + `--show-signature` option was passed to them. + +mailmap.*:: + See linkgit:git-shortlog[1]. + +notes.displayRef:: + Which refs, in addition to the default set by `core.notesRef` + or `GIT_NOTES_REF`, to read notes from when showing commit + messages with the `log` family of commands. See + linkgit:git-notes[1]. ++ +May be an unabbreviated ref name or a glob and may be specified +multiple times. A warning will be issued for refs that do not exist, +but a glob that does not match any refs is silently ignored. ++ +This setting can be disabled by the `--no-notes` option, +overridden by the `GIT_NOTES_DISPLAY_REF` environment variable, +and overridden by the `--notes=<ref>` option. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-lost-found.txt b/Documentation/git-lost-found.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 602b8d5d4d..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/git-lost-found.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,81 +0,0 @@ -git-lost-found(1) -================= - -NAME ----- -git-lost-found - Recover lost refs that luckily have not yet been pruned - -SYNOPSIS --------- -'git lost-found' - -DESCRIPTION ------------ - -*NOTE*: this command is deprecated. Use linkgit:git-fsck[1] with -the option '--lost-found' instead. - -Finds dangling commits and tags from the object database, and -creates refs to them in the .git/lost-found/ directory. Commits and -tags that dereference to commits are stored in .git/lost-found/commit, -and other objects are stored in .git/lost-found/other. - - -OUTPUT ------- -Prints to standard output the object names and one-line descriptions -of any commits or tags found. - -EXAMPLE -------- - -Suppose you run 'git tag -f' and mistype the tag to overwrite. -The ref to your tag is overwritten, but until you run 'git -prune', the tag itself is still there. - ------------- -$ git lost-found -[1ef2b196d909eed523d4f3c9bf54b78cdd6843c6] GIT 0.99.9c -... ------------- - -Also you can use gitk to browse how any tags found relate to each -other. - ------------- -$ gitk $(cd .git/lost-found/commit && echo ??*) ------------- - -After making sure you know which the object is the tag you are looking -for, you can reconnect it to your regular .git/refs hierarchy. - ------------- -$ git cat-file -t 1ef2b196 -tag -$ git cat-file tag 1ef2b196 -object fa41bbce8e38c67a218415de6cfa510c7e50032a -type commit -tag v0.99.9c -tagger Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> 1131059594 -0800 - -GIT 0.99.9c - -This contains the following changes from the "master" branch, since -... -$ git update-ref refs/tags/not-lost-anymore 1ef2b196 -$ git rev-parse not-lost-anymore -1ef2b196d909eed523d4f3c9bf54b78cdd6843c6 ------------- - -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - - -GIT ---- -Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt index 057a021eb5..1cab703f73 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt @@ -10,14 +10,16 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git ls-files' [-z] [-t] [-v] - (--[cached|deleted|others|ignored|stage|unmerged|killed|modified])\* - (-[c|d|o|i|s|u|k|m])\* + (--[cached|deleted|others|ignored|stage|unmerged|killed|modified])* + (-[c|d|o|i|s|u|k|m])* + [--eol] [-x <pattern>|--exclude=<pattern>] [-X <file>|--exclude-from=<file>] [--exclude-per-directory=<file>] [--exclude-standard] [--error-unmatch] [--with-tree=<tree-ish>] - [--full-name] [--abbrev] [--] [<file>]\* + [--full-name] [--recurse-submodules] + [--abbrev] [--] [<file>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -44,12 +46,14 @@ OPTIONS -o:: --others:: - Show other files in the output + Show other (i.e. untracked) files in the output -i:: --ignored:: - Show ignored files in the output. - Note that this also reverses any exclude list present. + Show only ignored files in the output. When showing files in the + index, print only those matched by an exclude pattern. When + showing "other" files, show only those matched by an exclude + pattern. -s:: --stage:: @@ -73,23 +77,25 @@ OPTIONS succeed. -z:: - \0 line termination on output. + \0 line termination on output and do not quote filenames. + See OUTPUT below for more information. -x <pattern>:: --exclude=<pattern>:: - Skips files matching pattern. - Note that pattern is a shell wildcard pattern. + Skip untracked files matching pattern. + Note that pattern is a shell wildcard pattern. See EXCLUDE PATTERNS + below for more information. -X <file>:: --exclude-from=<file>:: - exclude patterns are read from <file>; 1 per line. + Read exclude patterns from <file>; 1 per line. --exclude-per-directory=<file>:: - read additional exclude patterns that apply only to the + Read additional exclude patterns that apply only to the directory and its subdirectories in <file>. --exclude-standard:: - Add the standard git exclusions: .git/info/exclude, .gitignore + Add the standard Git exclusions: .git/info/exclude, .gitignore in each directory, and the user's global exclusion file. --error-unmatch:: @@ -104,9 +110,18 @@ OPTIONS with `-s` or `-u` options does not make any sense. -t:: - Identify the file status with the following tags (followed by - a space) at the start of each line: + This feature is semi-deprecated. For scripting purpose, + linkgit:git-status[1] `--porcelain` and + linkgit:git-diff-files[1] `--name-status` are almost always + superior alternatives, and users should look at + linkgit:git-status[1] `--short` or linkgit:git-diff[1] + `--name-status` for more user-friendly alternatives. ++ +This option identifies the file status with the following tags (followed by +a space) at the start of each line: + H:: cached + S:: skip-worktree M:: unmerged R:: removed/deleted C:: modified/changed @@ -124,11 +139,38 @@ OPTIONS option forces paths to be output relative to the project top directory. +--recurse-submodules:: + Recursively calls ls-files on each submodule in the repository. + Currently there is only support for the --cached mode. + --abbrev[=<n>]:: Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object lines, show only a partial prefix. Non default number of digits can be specified with --abbrev=<n>. +--debug:: + After each line that describes a file, add more data about its + cache entry. This is intended to show as much information as + possible for manual inspection; the exact format may change at + any time. + +--eol:: + Show <eolinfo> and <eolattr> of files. + <eolinfo> is the file content identification used by Git when + the "text" attribute is "auto" (or not set and core.autocrlf is not false). + <eolinfo> is either "-text", "none", "lf", "crlf", "mixed" or "". ++ +"" means the file is not a regular file, it is not in the index or +not accessible in the working tree. ++ +<eolattr> is the attribute that is used when checking out or committing, +it is either "", "-text", "text", "text=auto", "text eol=lf", "text eol=crlf". +Since Git 2.10 "text=auto eol=lf" and "text=auto eol=crlf" are supported. ++ +Both the <eolinfo> in the index ("i/<eolinfo>") +and in the working tree ("w/<eolinfo>") are shown for regular files, +followed by the ("attr/<eolattr>"). + \--:: Do not interpret any more arguments as options. @@ -138,45 +180,49 @@ OPTIONS Output ------ -show files just outputs the filename unless '--stage' is specified in +'git ls-files' just outputs the filenames unless `--stage` is specified in which case it outputs: [<tag> ]<mode> <object> <stage> <file> -'git-ls-files --unmerged' and 'git-ls-files --stage' can be used to examine +'git ls-files --eol' will show + i/<eolinfo><SPACES>w/<eolinfo><SPACES>attr/<eolattr><SPACE*><TAB><file> + +'git ls-files --unmerged' and 'git ls-files --stage' can be used to examine detailed information on unmerged paths. -For an unmerged path, instead of recording a single mode/SHA1 pair, +For an unmerged path, instead of recording a single mode/SHA-1 pair, the index records up to three such pairs; one from tree O in stage 1, A in stage 2, and B in stage 3. This information can be used by the user (or the porcelain) to see what should eventually be recorded at the path. (see linkgit:git-read-tree[1] for more information on state) -When `-z` option is not used, TAB, LF, and backslash characters -in pathnames are represented as `\t`, `\n`, and `\\`, -respectively. +Without the `-z` option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are +quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` +(see linkgit:git-config[1]). Using `-z` the filename is output +verbatim and the line is terminated by a NUL byte. Exclude Patterns ---------------- -'git-ls-files' can use a list of "exclude patterns" when +'git ls-files' can use a list of "exclude patterns" when traversing the directory tree and finding files to show when the flags --others or --ignored are specified. linkgit:gitignore[5] specifies the format of exclude patterns. These exclude patterns come from these places, in order: - 1. The command line flag --exclude=<pattern> specifies a + 1. The command-line flag --exclude=<pattern> specifies a single pattern. Patterns are ordered in the same order they appear in the command line. - 2. The command line flag --exclude-from=<file> specifies a + 2. The command-line flag --exclude-from=<file> specifies a file containing a list of patterns. Patterns are ordered in the same order they appear in the file. - 3. command line flag --exclude-per-directory=<name> specifies - a name of the file in each directory 'git-ls-files' + 3. The command-line flag --exclude-per-directory=<name> specifies + a name of the file in each directory 'git ls-files' examines, normally `.gitignore`. Files in deeper directories take precedence. Patterns are ordered in the same order they appear in the files. @@ -191,15 +237,6 @@ SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-read-tree[1], linkgit:gitignore[5] - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano, Josh Triplett, and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt index abe7bf9ff9..5f2628c8f8 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt @@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ git-ls-remote - List references in a remote repository SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git ls-remote' [--heads] [--tags] [-u <exec> | --upload-pack <exec>] - <repository> <refs>... +'git ls-remote' [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<exec>] + [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] + [--symref] [<repository> [<refs>...]] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -29,17 +30,40 @@ OPTIONS both, references stored in refs/heads and refs/tags are displayed. --u <exec>:: +--refs:: + Do not show peeled tags or pseudorefs like HEAD in the output. + +-q:: +--quiet:: + Do not print remote URL to stderr. + --upload-pack=<exec>:: Specify the full path of 'git-upload-pack' on the remote host. This allows listing references from repositories accessed via SSH and where the SSH daemon does not use the PATH configured by the user. +--exit-code:: + Exit with status "2" when no matching refs are found in the remote + repository. Usually the command exits with status "0" to indicate + it successfully talked with the remote repository, whether it + found any matching refs. + +--get-url:: + Expand the URL of the given remote repository taking into account any + "url.<base>.insteadOf" config setting (See linkgit:git-config[1]) and + exit without talking to the remote. + +--symref:: + In addition to the object pointed by it, show the underlying + ref pointed by it when showing a symbolic ref. Currently, + upload-pack only shows the symref HEAD, so it will be the only + one shown by ls-remote. + <repository>:: - Location of the repository. The shorthand defined in - $GIT_DIR/branches/ can be used. Use "." (dot) to list references in - the local repository. + The "remote" repository to query. This parameter can be + either a URL or the name of a remote (see the GIT URLS and + REMOTES sections of linkgit:git-fetch[1]). <refs>...:: When unspecified, all references, after filtering done @@ -59,18 +83,13 @@ EXAMPLES $ git ls-remote http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git master pu rc 5fe978a5381f1fbad26a80e682ddd2a401966740 refs/heads/master c781a84b5204fb294c9ccc79f8b3baceeb32c061 refs/heads/pu - b1d096f2926c4e37c9c0b6a7bf2119bedaa277cb refs/heads/rc - $ echo http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git >.git/branches/public - $ git ls-remote --tags public v\* + $ git remote add korg http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git + $ git ls-remote --tags korg v\* d6602ec5194c87b0fc87103ca4d67251c76f233a refs/tags/v0.99 f25a265a342aed6041ab0cc484224d9ca54b6f41 refs/tags/v0.99.1 c5db5456ae3b0873fc659c19fafdde22313cc441 refs/tags/v0.99.2 7ceca275d047c90c0c7d5afb13ab97efdf51bd6e refs/tags/v0.99.3 -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt index f68e5c5c1a..9dee7bef35 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt @@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git ls-tree' [-d] [-r] [-t] [-l] [-z] - [--name-only] [--name-status] [--full-name] [--full-tree] [--abbrev=[<n>]] - <tree-ish> [paths...] + [--name-only] [--name-status] [--full-name] [--full-tree] [--abbrev[=<n>]] + <tree-ish> [<path>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -19,17 +19,17 @@ Lists the contents of a given tree object, like what "/bin/ls -a" does in the current working directory. Note that: - the behaviour is slightly different from that of "/bin/ls" in that the - 'paths' denote just a list of patterns to match, e.g. so specifying - directory name (without '-r') will behave differently, and order of the + '<path>' denotes just a list of patterns to match, e.g. so specifying + directory name (without `-r`) will behave differently, and order of the arguments does not matter. - - the behaviour is similar to that of "/bin/ls" in that the 'paths' is + - the behaviour is similar to that of "/bin/ls" in that the '<path>' is taken as relative to the current working directory. E.g. when you are in a directory 'sub' that has a directory 'dir', you can run 'git ls-tree -r HEAD dir' to list the contents of the tree (that is - 'sub/dir' in 'HEAD'). You don't want to give a tree that is not at the - root level (e.g. 'git ls-tree -r HEAD:sub dir') in this case, as that - would result in asking for 'sub/sub/dir' in the 'HEAD' commit. + 'sub/dir' in `HEAD`). You don't want to give a tree that is not at the + root level (e.g. `git ls-tree -r HEAD:sub dir`) in this case, as that + would result in asking for 'sub/sub/dir' in the `HEAD` commit. However, the current working directory can be ignored by passing --full-tree option. @@ -46,14 +46,15 @@ OPTIONS -t:: Show tree entries even when going to recurse them. Has no effect - if '-r' was not passed. '-d' implies '-t'. + if `-r` was not passed. `-d` implies `-t`. -l:: --long:: Show object size of blob (file) entries. -z:: - \0 line termination on output. + \0 line termination on output and do not quote filenames. + See OUTPUT FORMAT below for more information. --name-only:: --name-status:: @@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ OPTIONS Do not limit the listing to the current working directory. Implies --full-name. -paths:: +[<path>...]:: When paths are given, show them (note that this isn't really raw pathnames, but rather a list of patterns to match). Otherwise implicitly uses the root level of the tree as the sole path argument. @@ -82,8 +83,8 @@ Output Format ------------- <mode> SP <type> SP <object> TAB <file> -When the `-z` option is not used, TAB, LF, and backslash characters -in pathnames are represented as `\t`, `\n`, and `\\`, respectively. +This output format is compatible with what `--index-info --stdin` of +'git update-index' expects. When the `-l` option is used, format changes to @@ -93,17 +94,10 @@ Object size identified by <object> is given in bytes, and right-justified with minimum width of 7 characters. Object size is given only for blobs (file) entries; for other entries `-` character is used in place of size. - -Author ------- -Written by Petr Baudis <pasky@suse.cz> -Completely rewritten from scratch by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>, -another major rewrite by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list -<git@vger.kernel.org>. +Without the `-z` option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are +quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` +(see linkgit:git-config[1]). Using `-z` the filename is output +verbatim and the line is terminated by a NUL byte. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt b/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt index 8d95aaa304..3bbc731f67 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt @@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ git-mailinfo - Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message SYNOPSIS -------- -'git mailinfo' [-k] [-u | --encoding=<encoding> | -n] <msg> <patch> +[verse] +'git mailinfo' [-k|-b] [-u | --encoding=<encoding> | -n] [--[no-]scissors] <msg> <patch> DESCRIPTION @@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ DESCRIPTION Reads a single e-mail message from the standard input, and writes the commit log message in <msg> file, and the patches in <patch> file. The author name, e-mail and e-mail subject are -written out to the standard output to be used by 'git-am' +written out to the standard output to be used by 'git am' to create a commit. It is usually not necessary to use this command directly. See linkgit:git-am[1] instead. @@ -24,31 +25,71 @@ command directly. See linkgit:git-am[1] instead. OPTIONS ------- -k:: - Usually the program 'cleans up' the Subject: header line - to extract the title line for the commit log message, - among which (1) remove 'Re:' or 're:', (2) leading - whitespaces, (3) '[' up to ']', typically '[PATCH]', and - then prepends "[PATCH] ". This flag forbids this - munging, and is most useful when used to read back - 'git-format-patch -k' output. + Usually the program removes email cruft from the Subject: + header line to extract the title line for the commit log + message. This option prevents this munging, and is most + useful when used to read back 'git format-patch -k' output. ++ +Specifically, the following are removed until none of them remain: ++ +-- +* Leading and trailing whitespace. + +* Leading `Re:`, `re:`, and `:`. + +* Leading bracketed strings (between `[` and `]`, usually + `[PATCH]`). +-- ++ +Finally, runs of whitespace are normalized to a single ASCII space +character. + +-b:: + When -k is not in effect, all leading strings bracketed with '[' + and ']' pairs are stripped. This option limits the stripping to + only the pairs whose bracketed string contains the word "PATCH". -u:: The commit log message, author name and author email are taken from the e-mail, and after minimally decoding MIME - transfer encoding, re-coded in UTF-8 by transliterating + transfer encoding, re-coded in the charset specified by + i18n.commitencoding (defaulting to UTF-8) by transliterating them. This used to be optional but now it is the default. + Note that the patch is always used as-is without charset conversion, even with this flag. --encoding=<encoding>:: - Similar to -u but if the local convention is different - from what is specified by i18n.commitencoding, this flag - can be used to override it. + Similar to -u. But when re-coding, the charset specified here is + used instead of the one specified by i18n.commitencoding or UTF-8. -n:: Disable all charset re-coding of the metadata. +-m:: +--message-id:: + Copy the Message-ID header at the end of the commit message. This + is useful in order to associate commits with mailing list discussions. + +--scissors:: + Remove everything in body before a scissors line. A line that + mainly consists of scissors (either ">8" or "8<") and perforation + (dash "-") marks is called a scissors line, and is used to request + the reader to cut the message at that line. If such a line + appears in the body of the message before the patch, everything + before it (including the scissors line itself) is ignored when + this option is used. ++ +This is useful if you want to begin your message in a discussion thread +with comments and suggestions on the message you are responding to, and to +conclude it with a patch submission, separating the discussion and the +beginning of the proposed commit log message with a scissors line. ++ +This can be enabled by default with the configuration option mailinfo.scissors. + +--no-scissors:: + Ignore scissors lines. Useful for overriding mailinfo.scissors settings. + <msg>:: The commit log message extracted from e-mail, usually except the title line which comes from e-mail Subject. @@ -56,17 +97,6 @@ conversion, even with this flag. <patch>:: The patch extracted from e-mail. - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and -Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt b/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt index 5cc94ec53d..e3b2a88c4b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt @@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ git-mailsplit - Simple UNIX mbox splitter program SYNOPSIS -------- -'git mailsplit' [-b] [-f<nn>] [-d<prec>] -o<directory> [--] [<mbox>|<Maildir>...] +[verse] +'git mailsplit' [-b] [-f<nn>] [-d<prec>] [--keep-cr] [--mboxrd] + -o<directory> [--] [(<mbox>|<Maildir>)...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -43,15 +45,12 @@ OPTIONS Skip the first <nn> numbers, for example if -f3 is specified, start the numbering with 0004. -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> -and Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> +--keep-cr:: + Do not remove `\r` from lines ending with `\r\n`. - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +--mboxrd:: + Input is of the "mboxrd" format and "^>+From " line escaping is + reversed. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt index 767486c770..b968b64c38 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt @@ -8,27 +8,67 @@ git-merge-base - Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge SYNOPSIS -------- -'git merge-base' [--all] <commit> <commit>... +[verse] +'git merge-base' [-a|--all] <commit> <commit>... +'git merge-base' [-a|--all] --octopus <commit>... +'git merge-base' --is-ancestor <commit> <commit> +'git merge-base' --independent <commit>... +'git merge-base' --fork-point <ref> [<commit>] DESCRIPTION ----------- -'git-merge-base' finds best common ancestor(s) between two commits to use +'git merge-base' finds best common ancestor(s) between two commits to use in a three-way merge. One common ancestor is 'better' than another common ancestor if the latter is an ancestor of the former. A common ancestor that does not have any better common ancestor is a 'best common ancestor', i.e. a 'merge base'. Note that there can be more than one merge base for a pair of commits. -Among the two commits to compute the merge base from, one is specified by -the first commit argument on the command line; the other commit is a -(possibly hypothetical) commit that is a merge across all the remaining -commits on the command line. As the most common special case, specifying only -two commits on the command line means computing the merge base between -the given two commits. +OPERATION MODES +--------------- + +As the most common special case, specifying only two commits on the +command line means computing the merge base between the given two commits. + +More generally, among the two commits to compute the merge base from, +one is specified by the first commit argument on the command line; +the other commit is a (possibly hypothetical) commit that is a merge +across all the remaining commits on the command line. + +As a consequence, the 'merge base' is not necessarily contained in each of the +commit arguments if more than two commits are specified. This is different +from linkgit:git-show-branch[1] when used with the `--merge-base` option. + +--octopus:: + Compute the best common ancestors of all supplied commits, + in preparation for an n-way merge. This mimics the behavior + of 'git show-branch --merge-base'. + +--independent:: + Instead of printing merge bases, print a minimal subset of + the supplied commits with the same ancestors. In other words, + among the commits given, list those which cannot be reached + from any other. This mimics the behavior of 'git show-branch + --independent'. + +--is-ancestor:: + Check if the first <commit> is an ancestor of the second <commit>, + and exit with status 0 if true, or with status 1 if not. + Errors are signaled by a non-zero status that is not 1. + +--fork-point:: + Find the point at which a branch (or any history that leads + to <commit>) forked from another branch (or any reference) + <ref>. This does not just look for the common ancestor of + the two commits, but also takes into account the reflog of + <ref> to see if the history leading to <commit> forked from + an earlier incarnation of the branch <ref> (see discussion + on this mode below). OPTIONS ------- +-a:: --all:: Output all merge bases for the commits, instead of just one. @@ -40,8 +80,8 @@ which is reachable from both 'A' and 'B' through the parent relationship. For example, with this topology: - o---o---o---B - / + o---o---o---B + / ---o---1---o---o---o---A the merge base between 'A' and 'B' is '1'. @@ -70,26 +110,73 @@ and the result of `git merge-base A M` is '1'. Commit '2' is also a common ancestor between 'A' and 'M', but '1' is a better common ancestor, because '2' is an ancestor of '1'. Hence, '2' is not a merge base. +The result of `git merge-base --octopus A B C` is '2', because '2' is +the best common ancestor of all commits. + When the history involves criss-cross merges, there can be more than one 'best' common ancestor for two commits. For example, with this topology: - ---1---o---A - \ / - X - / \ - ---2---o---o---B + ---1---o---A + \ / + X + / \ + ---2---o---o---B both '1' and '2' are merge-bases of A and B. Neither one is better than the other (both are 'best' merge bases). When the `--all` option is not given, it is unspecified which best one is output. -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> +A common idiom to check "fast-forward-ness" between two commits A +and B is (or at least used to be) to compute the merge base between +A and B, and check if it is the same as A, in which case, A is an +ancestor of B. You will see this idiom used often in older scripts. + + A=$(git rev-parse --verify A) + if test "$A" = "$(git merge-base A B)" + then + ... A is an ancestor of B ... + fi + +In modern git, you can say this in a more direct way: + + if git merge-base --is-ancestor A B + then + ... A is an ancestor of B ... + fi + +instead. + +Discussion on fork-point mode +----------------------------- -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +After working on the `topic` branch created with `git checkout -b +topic origin/master`, the history of remote-tracking branch +`origin/master` may have been rewound and rebuilt, leading to a +history of this shape: + + o---B1 + / + ---o---o---B2--o---o---o---B (origin/master) + \ + B3 + \ + Derived (topic) + +where `origin/master` used to point at commits B3, B2, B1 and now it +points at B, and your `topic` branch was started on top of it back +when `origin/master` was at B3. This mode uses the reflog of +`origin/master` to find B3 as the fork point, so that the `topic` +can be rebased on top of the updated `origin/master` by: + + $ fork_point=$(git merge-base --fork-point origin/master topic) + $ git rebase --onto origin/master $fork_point topic + + +See also +-------- +linkgit:git-rev-list[1], +linkgit:git-show-branch[1], +linkgit:git-merge[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt index 303537357b..f856032613 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt @@ -10,20 +10,21 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git merge-file' [-L <current-name> [-L <base-name> [-L <other-name>]]] - [-p|--stdout] [-q|--quiet] <current-file> <base-file> <other-file> + [--ours|--theirs|--union] [-p|--stdout] [-q|--quiet] [--marker-size=<n>] + [--[no-]diff3] <current-file> <base-file> <other-file> DESCRIPTION ----------- -'git-merge-file' incorporates all changes that lead from the `<base-file>` +'git merge-file' incorporates all changes that lead from the `<base-file>` to `<other-file>` into `<current-file>`. The result ordinarily goes into -`<current-file>`. 'git-merge-file' is useful for combining separate changes +`<current-file>`. 'git merge-file' is useful for combining separate changes to an original. Suppose `<base-file>` is the original, and both `<current-file>` and `<other-file>` are modifications of `<base-file>`, -then 'git-merge-file' combines both changes. +then 'git merge-file' combines both changes. A conflict occurs if both `<current-file>` and `<other-file>` have changes -in a common segment of lines. If a conflict is found, 'git-merge-file' +in a common segment of lines. If a conflict is found, 'git merge-file' normally outputs a warning and brackets the conflict with lines containing <<<<<<< and >>>>>>> markers. A typical conflict will look like this: @@ -34,12 +35,16 @@ normally outputs a warning and brackets the conflict with lines containing >>>>>>> B If there are conflicts, the user should edit the result and delete one of -the alternatives. +the alternatives. When `--ours`, `--theirs`, or `--union` option is in effect, +however, these conflicts are resolved favouring lines from `<current-file>`, +lines from `<other-file>`, or lines from both respectively. The length of the +conflict markers can be given with the `--marker-size` option. The exit value of this program is negative on error, and the number of -conflicts otherwise. If the merge was clean, the exit value is 0. +conflicts otherwise (truncated to 127 if there are more than that many +conflicts). If the merge was clean, the exit value is 0. -'git-merge-file' is designed to be a minimal clone of RCS 'merge'; that is, it +'git merge-file' is designed to be a minimal clone of RCS 'merge'; that is, it implements all of RCS 'merge''s functionality which is needed by linkgit:git[1]. @@ -62,31 +67,29 @@ OPTIONS -q:: Quiet; do not warn about conflicts. +--diff3:: + Show conflicts in "diff3" style. + +--ours:: +--theirs:: +--union:: + Instead of leaving conflicts in the file, resolve conflicts + favouring our (or their or both) side of the lines. + EXAMPLES -------- -git merge-file README.my README README.upstream:: +`git merge-file README.my README README.upstream`:: combines the changes of README.my and README.upstream since README, tries to merge them and writes the result into README.my. -git merge-file -L a -L b -L c tmp/a123 tmp/b234 tmp/c345:: +`git merge-file -L a -L b -L c tmp/a123 tmp/b234 tmp/c345`:: merges tmp/a123 and tmp/c345 with the base tmp/b234, but uses labels `a` and `c` instead of `tmp/a123` and `tmp/c345`. - -Author ------- -Written by Johannes Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de> - - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Johannes Schindelin and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>, -with parts copied from the original documentation of RCS 'merge'. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt index 123e6d024a..02676fb391 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt @@ -8,12 +8,13 @@ git-merge-index - Run a merge for files needing merging SYNOPSIS -------- -'git merge-index' [-o] [-q] <merge-program> (-a | [--] <file>\*) +[verse] +'git merge-index' [-o] [-q] <merge-program> (-a | [--] <file>*) DESCRIPTION ----------- This looks up the <file>(s) in the index and, if there are any merge -entries, passes the SHA1 hash for those files as arguments 1, 2, 3 (empty +entries, passes the SHA-1 hash for those files as arguments 1, 2, 3 (empty argument if no file), and <file> as argument 4. File modes for the three files are passed as arguments 5, 6 and 7. @@ -36,17 +37,17 @@ OPTIONS failure usually indicates conflicts during the merge). This is for porcelains which might want to emit custom messages. -If 'git-merge-index' is called with multiple <file>s (or -a) then it +If 'git merge-index' is called with multiple <file>s (or -a) then it processes them in turn only stopping if merge returns a non-zero exit code. -Typically this is run with a script calling git's imitation of +Typically this is run with a script calling Git's imitation of the 'merge' command from the RCS package. -A sample script called 'git-merge-one-file' is included in the +A sample script called 'git merge-one-file' is included in the distribution. -ALERT ALERT ALERT! The git "merge object order" is different from the +ALERT ALERT ALERT! The Git "merge object order" is different from the RCS 'merge' program merge object order. In the above ordering, the original is first. But the argument order to the 3-way merge program 'merge' is to have the original in the middle. Don't ask me why. @@ -68,19 +69,10 @@ or This is added AA in the branch B. fatal: merge program failed -where the latter example shows how 'git-merge-index' will stop trying to +where the latter example shows how 'git merge-index' will stop trying to merge once anything has returned an error (i.e., `cat` returned an error for the AA file, because it didn't exist in the original, and thus -'git-merge-index' didn't even try to merge the MM thing). - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> -One-shot merge by Petr Baudis <pasky@ucw.cz> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +'git merge-index' didn't even try to merge the MM thing). GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-one-file.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-one-file.txt index dc8a96adb0..04e803d5d3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-one-file.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-one-file.txt @@ -8,21 +8,13 @@ git-merge-one-file - The standard helper program to use with git-merge-index SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-merge-one-file' +[verse] +'git merge-one-file' DESCRIPTION ----------- -This is the standard helper program to use with 'git-merge-index' -to resolve a merge after the trivial merge done with 'git-read-tree -m'. - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>, -Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and Petr Baudis <pasky@suse.cz>. - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +This is the standard helper program to use with 'git merge-index' +to resolve a merge after the trivial merge done with 'git read-tree -m'. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt index f869a7f00f..58731c1942 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt @@ -8,11 +8,12 @@ git-merge-tree - Show three-way merge without touching index SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git merge-tree' <base-tree> <branch1> <branch2> DESCRIPTION ----------- -Reads three treeish, and output trivial merge results and +Reads three tree-ish, and output trivial merge results and conflicting stages to the standard output. This is similar to what three-way 'git read-tree -m' does, but instead of storing the results in the index, the command outputs the entries to the @@ -23,14 +24,6 @@ merge results outside of the index, and stuff the results back into the index. For this reason, the output from the command omits entries that match the <branch1> tree. -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge.txt b/Documentation/git-merge.txt index f7be5846a6..04fdd8cf08 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge.txt @@ -9,116 +9,203 @@ git-merge - Join two or more development histories together SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git merge' [-n] [--stat] [--no-commit] [--squash] [-s <strategy>]... - [-m <msg>] <remote> <remote>... -'git merge' <msg> HEAD <remote>... +'git merge' [-n] [--stat] [--no-commit] [--squash] [--[no-]edit] + [-s <strategy>] [-X <strategy-option>] [-S[<keyid>]] + [--[no-]allow-unrelated-histories] + [--[no-]rerere-autoupdate] [-m <msg>] [<commit>...] +'git merge' --abort +'git merge' --continue DESCRIPTION ----------- -This is the top-level interface to the merge machinery -which drives multiple merge strategy scripts. +Incorporates changes from the named commits (since the time their +histories diverged from the current branch) into the current +branch. This command is used by 'git pull' to incorporate changes +from another repository and can be used by hand to merge changes +from one branch into another. -The second syntax (<msg> `HEAD` <remote>) is supported for -historical reasons. Do not use it from the command line or in -new scripts. It is the same as `git merge -m <msg> <remote>`. +Assume the following history exists and the current branch is +"`master`": +------------ + A---B---C topic + / + D---E---F---G master +------------ -OPTIONS -------- -include::merge-options.txt[] +Then "`git merge topic`" will replay the changes made on the +`topic` branch since it diverged from `master` (i.e., `E`) until +its current commit (`C`) on top of `master`, and record the result +in a new commit along with the names of the two parent commits and +a log message from the user describing the changes. --m <msg>:: - The commit message to be used for the merge commit (in case - it is created). The 'git-fmt-merge-msg' script can be used - to give a good default for automated 'git-merge' invocations. +------------ + A---B---C topic + / \ + D---E---F---G---H master +------------ -<remote>...:: - Other branch heads to merge into our branch. You need at - least one <remote>. Specifying more than one <remote> - obviously means you are trying an Octopus. +The second syntax ("`git merge --abort`") can only be run after the +merge has resulted in conflicts. 'git merge --abort' will abort the +merge process and try to reconstruct the pre-merge state. However, +if there were uncommitted changes when the merge started (and +especially if those changes were further modified after the merge +was started), 'git merge --abort' will in some cases be unable to +reconstruct the original (pre-merge) changes. Therefore: -include::merge-strategies.txt[] +*Warning*: Running 'git merge' with non-trivial uncommitted changes is +discouraged: while possible, it may leave you in a state that is hard to +back out of in the case of a conflict. +The fourth syntax ("`git merge --continue`") can only be run after the +merge has resulted in conflicts. -If you tried a merge which resulted in a complex conflicts and -would want to start over, you can recover with 'git-reset'. +OPTIONS +------- +include::merge-options.txt[] -CONFIGURATION -------------- -include::merge-config.txt[] +-S[<keyid>]:: +--gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: + GPG-sign the resulting merge commit. The `keyid` argument is + optional and defaults to the committer identity; if specified, + it must be stuck to the option without a space. -branch.<name>.mergeoptions:: - Sets default options for merging into branch <name>. The syntax and - supported options are equal to that of 'git-merge', but option values - containing whitespace characters are currently not supported. - -HOW MERGE WORKS ---------------- - -A merge is always between the current `HEAD` and one or more -commits (usually, branch head or tag), and the index file must -match the tree of `HEAD` commit (i.e. the contents of the last commit) -when it starts out. In other words, `git diff --cached HEAD` must -report no changes. (One exception is when the changed index -entries are already in the same state that would result from -the merge anyway.) - -Three kinds of merge can happen: - -* The merged commit is already contained in `HEAD`. This is the - simplest case, called "Already up-to-date." - -* `HEAD` is already contained in the merged commit. This is the - most common case especially when invoked from 'git pull': - you are tracking an upstream repository, have committed no local - changes and now you want to update to a newer upstream revision. - Your `HEAD` (and the index) is updated to point at the merged - commit, without creating an extra merge commit. This is - called "Fast-forward". - -* Both the merged commit and `HEAD` are independent and must be - tied together by a merge commit that has both of them as its parents. - The rest of this section describes this "True merge" case. - -The chosen merge strategy merges the two commits into a single -new source tree. -When things merge cleanly, this is what happens: - -1. The results are updated both in the index file and in your - working tree; -2. Index file is written out as a tree; -3. The tree gets committed; and -4. The `HEAD` pointer gets advanced. - -Because of 2., we require that the original state of the index -file matches exactly the current `HEAD` commit; otherwise we -will write out your local changes already registered in your -index file along with the merge result, which is not good. -Because 1. involves only those paths differing between your -branch and the remote branch you are pulling from during the -merge (which is typically a fraction of the whole tree), you can -have local modifications in your working tree as long as they do -not overlap with what the merge updates. - -When there are conflicts, the following happens: - -1. `HEAD` stays the same. - -2. Cleanly merged paths are updated both in the index file and +-m <msg>:: + Set the commit message to be used for the merge commit (in + case one is created). ++ +If `--log` is specified, a shortlog of the commits being merged +will be appended to the specified message. ++ +The 'git fmt-merge-msg' command can be +used to give a good default for automated 'git merge' +invocations. The automated message can include the branch description. + +--[no-]rerere-autoupdate:: + Allow the rerere mechanism to update the index with the + result of auto-conflict resolution if possible. + +--abort:: + Abort the current conflict resolution process, and + try to reconstruct the pre-merge state. ++ +If there were uncommitted worktree changes present when the merge +started, 'git merge --abort' will in some cases be unable to +reconstruct these changes. It is therefore recommended to always +commit or stash your changes before running 'git merge'. ++ +'git merge --abort' is equivalent to 'git reset --merge' when +`MERGE_HEAD` is present. + +--continue:: + After a 'git merge' stops due to conflicts you can conclude the + merge by running 'git merge --continue' (see "HOW TO RESOLVE + CONFLICTS" section below). + +<commit>...:: + Commits, usually other branch heads, to merge into our branch. + Specifying more than one commit will create a merge with + more than two parents (affectionately called an Octopus merge). ++ +If no commit is given from the command line, merge the remote-tracking +branches that the current branch is configured to use as its upstream. +See also the configuration section of this manual page. ++ +When `FETCH_HEAD` (and no other commit) is specified, the branches +recorded in the `.git/FETCH_HEAD` file by the previous invocation +of `git fetch` for merging are merged to the current branch. + + +PRE-MERGE CHECKS +---------------- + +Before applying outside changes, you should get your own work in +good shape and committed locally, so it will not be clobbered if +there are conflicts. See also linkgit:git-stash[1]. +'git pull' and 'git merge' will stop without doing anything when +local uncommitted changes overlap with files that 'git pull'/'git +merge' may need to update. + +To avoid recording unrelated changes in the merge commit, +'git pull' and 'git merge' will also abort if there are any changes +registered in the index relative to the `HEAD` commit. (One +exception is when the changed index entries are in the state that +would result from the merge already.) + +If all named commits are already ancestors of `HEAD`, 'git merge' +will exit early with the message "Already up-to-date." + +FAST-FORWARD MERGE +------------------ + +Often the current branch head is an ancestor of the named commit. +This is the most common case especially when invoked from 'git +pull': you are tracking an upstream repository, you have committed +no local changes, and now you want to update to a newer upstream +revision. In this case, a new commit is not needed to store the +combined history; instead, the `HEAD` (along with the index) is +updated to point at the named commit, without creating an extra +merge commit. + +This behavior can be suppressed with the `--no-ff` option. + +TRUE MERGE +---------- + +Except in a fast-forward merge (see above), the branches to be +merged must be tied together by a merge commit that has both of them +as its parents. + +A merged version reconciling the changes from all branches to be +merged is committed, and your `HEAD`, index, and working tree are +updated to it. It is possible to have modifications in the working +tree as long as they do not overlap; the update will preserve them. + +When it is not obvious how to reconcile the changes, the following +happens: + +1. The `HEAD` pointer stays the same. +2. The `MERGE_HEAD` ref is set to point to the other branch head. +3. Paths that merged cleanly are updated both in the index file and in your working tree. - -3. For conflicting paths, the index file records up to three - versions; stage1 stores the version from the common ancestor, - stage2 from `HEAD`, and stage3 from the remote branch (you +4. For conflicting paths, the index file records up to three + versions: stage 1 stores the version from the common ancestor, + stage 2 from `HEAD`, and stage 3 from `MERGE_HEAD` (you can inspect the stages with `git ls-files -u`). The working tree files contain the result of the "merge" program; i.e. 3-way - merge results with familiar conflict markers `<<< === >>>`. - -4. No other changes are done. In particular, the local + merge results with familiar conflict markers `<<<` `===` `>>>`. +5. No other changes are made. In particular, the local modifications you had before you started merge will stay the same and the index entries for them stay as they were, i.e. matching `HEAD`. +If you tried a merge which resulted in complex conflicts and +want to start over, you can recover with `git merge --abort`. + +MERGING TAG +----------- + +When merging an annotated (and possibly signed) tag, Git always +creates a merge commit even if a fast-forward merge is possible, and +the commit message template is prepared with the tag message. +Additionally, if the tag is signed, the signature check is reported +as a comment in the message template. See also linkgit:git-tag[1]. + +When you want to just integrate with the work leading to the commit +that happens to be tagged, e.g. synchronizing with an upstream +release point, you may not want to make an unnecessary merge commit. + +In such a case, you can "unwrap" the tag yourself before feeding it +to `git merge`, or pass `--ff-only` when you do not have any work on +your own. e.g. + +---- +git fetch origin +git merge v1.2.3^0 +git merge --ff-only v1.2.3 +---- + + HOW CONFLICTS ARE PRESENTED --------------------------- @@ -127,10 +214,10 @@ of the merge. Among the changes made to the common ancestor's version, non-overlapping ones (that is, you changed an area of the file while the other side left that area intact, or vice versa) are incorporated in the final result verbatim. When both sides made changes to the same area, -however, git cannot randomly pick one side over the other, and asks you to +however, Git cannot randomly pick one side over the other, and asks you to resolve it by leaving what both sides did to that area. -By default, git uses the same style as that is used by "merge" program +By default, Git uses the same style as the one used by the "merge" program from the RCS suite to present such a conflicted hunk, like this: ------------ @@ -146,7 +233,7 @@ And here is another line that is cleanly resolved or unmodified. ------------ The area where a pair of conflicting changes happened is marked with markers -"`<<<<<<<`", "`=======`", and "`>>>>>>>`". The part before the "`=======`" +`<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>`. The part before the `=======` is typically your side, and the part afterwards is typically their side. The default format does not show what the original said in the conflicting @@ -155,7 +242,7 @@ Barbie's remark on your side. The only thing you can tell is that your side wants to say it is hard and you'd prefer to go shopping, while the other side wants to claim it is easy. -An alternative style can be used by setting the "merge.conflictstyle" +An alternative style can be used by setting the "merge.conflictStyle" configuration variable to "diff3". In "diff3" style, the above conflict may look like this: @@ -173,8 +260,8 @@ Git makes conflict resolution easy. And here is another line that is cleanly resolved or unmodified. ------------ -In addition to the "`<<<<<<<`", "`=======`", and "`>>>>>>>`" markers, it uses -another "`|||||||`" marker that is followed by the original text. You can +In addition to the `<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>` markers, it uses +another `|||||||` marker that is followed by the original text. You can tell that the original just stated a fact, and your side simply gave in to that statement and gave up, while the other side tried to have a more positive attitude. You can sometimes come up with a better resolution by @@ -188,28 +275,74 @@ After seeing a conflict, you can do two things: * Decide not to merge. The only clean-ups you need are to reset the index file to the `HEAD` commit to reverse 2. and to clean - up working tree changes made by 2. and 3.; 'git-reset --hard' can - be used for this. + up working tree changes made by 2. and 3.; `git merge --abort` + can be used for this. * Resolve the conflicts. Git will mark the conflicts in the working tree. Edit the files into shape and - 'git-add' them to the index. Use 'git-commit' to seal the deal. + 'git add' them to the index. Use 'git commit' to seal the deal. You can work through the conflict with a number of tools: - * Use a mergetool. 'git mergetool' to launch a graphical + * Use a mergetool. `git mergetool` to launch a graphical mergetool which will work you through the merge. - * Look at the diffs. 'git diff' will show a three-way diff, - highlighting changes from both the HEAD and remote versions. + * Look at the diffs. `git diff` will show a three-way diff, + highlighting changes from both the `HEAD` and `MERGE_HEAD` + versions. + + * Look at the diffs from each branch. `git log --merge -p <path>` + will show diffs first for the `HEAD` version and then the + `MERGE_HEAD` version. + + * Look at the originals. `git show :1:filename` shows the + common ancestor, `git show :2:filename` shows the `HEAD` + version, and `git show :3:filename` shows the `MERGE_HEAD` + version. + + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +* Merge branches `fixes` and `enhancements` on top of + the current branch, making an octopus merge: ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git merge fixes enhancements +------------------------------------------------ + +* Merge branch `obsolete` into the current branch, using `ours` + merge strategy: ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git merge -s ours obsolete +------------------------------------------------ + +* Merge branch `maint` into the current branch, but do not make + a new commit automatically: ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git merge --no-commit maint +------------------------------------------------ ++ +This can be used when you want to include further changes to the +merge, or want to write your own merge commit message. ++ +You should refrain from abusing this option to sneak substantial +changes into a merge commit. Small fixups like bumping +release/version name would be acceptable. + - * Look at the diffs on their own. 'git log --merge -p <path>' - will show diffs first for the HEAD version and then the - remote version. +include::merge-strategies.txt[] - * Look at the originals. 'git show :1:filename' shows the - common ancestor, 'git show :2:filename' shows the HEAD - version and 'git show :3:filename' shows the remote version. +CONFIGURATION +------------- +include::merge-config.txt[] + +branch.<name>.mergeOptions:: + Sets default options for merging into branch <name>. The syntax and + supported options are the same as those of 'git merge', but option + values containing whitespace characters are currently not supported. SEE ALSO -------- @@ -220,15 +353,6 @@ linkgit:git-diff[1], linkgit:git-ls-files[1], linkgit:git-add[1], linkgit:git-rm[1], linkgit:git-mergetool[1] -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-mergetool--lib.txt b/Documentation/git-mergetool--lib.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..055550b2bc --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-mergetool--lib.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +git-mergetool{litdd}lib(1) +========================== + +NAME +---- +git-mergetool--lib - Common Git merge tool shell scriptlets + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'TOOL_MODE=(diff|merge) . "$(git --exec-path)/git-mergetool{litdd}lib"' + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +This is not a command the end user would want to run. Ever. +This documentation is meant for people who are studying the +Porcelain-ish scripts and/or are writing new ones. + +The 'git-mergetool{litdd}lib' scriptlet is designed to be sourced (using +`.`) by other shell scripts to set up functions for working +with Git merge tools. + +Before sourcing 'git-mergetool{litdd}lib', your script must set `TOOL_MODE` +to define the operation mode for the functions listed below. +'diff' and 'merge' are valid values. + +FUNCTIONS +--------- +get_merge_tool:: + returns a merge tool. + +get_merge_tool_cmd:: + returns the custom command for a merge tool. + +get_merge_tool_path:: + returns the custom path for a merge tool. + +run_merge_tool:: + launches a merge tool given the tool name and a true/false + flag to indicate whether a merge base is present. + '$MERGED', '$LOCAL', '$REMOTE', and '$BASE' must be defined + for use by the merge tool. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt b/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt index 5d3c632872..3622d66488 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt @@ -7,44 +7,47 @@ git-mergetool - Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts SYNOPSIS -------- -'git mergetool' [--tool=<tool>] [-y|--no-prompt|--prompt] [<file>]... +[verse] +'git mergetool' [--tool=<tool>] [-y | --[no-]prompt] [<file>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- Use `git mergetool` to run one of several merge utilities to resolve -merge conflicts. It is typically run after 'git-merge'. +merge conflicts. It is typically run after 'git merge'. If one or more <file> parameters are given, the merge tool program will -be run to resolve differences on each file. If no <file> names are -specified, 'git-mergetool' will run the merge tool program on every file -with merge conflicts. +be run to resolve differences on each file (skipping those without +conflicts). Specifying a directory will include all unresolved files in +that path. If no <file> names are specified, 'git mergetool' will run +the merge tool program on every file with merge conflicts. OPTIONS ------- -t <tool>:: --tool=<tool>:: Use the merge resolution program specified by <tool>. - Valid merge tools are: - kdiff3, tkdiff, meld, xxdiff, emerge, vimdiff, gvimdiff, ecmerge, and opendiff + Valid values include emerge, gvimdiff, kdiff3, + meld, vimdiff, and tortoisemerge. Run `git mergetool --tool-help` + for the list of valid <tool> settings. + -If a merge resolution program is not specified, 'git-mergetool' +If a merge resolution program is not specified, 'git mergetool' will use the configuration variable `merge.tool`. If the -configuration variable `merge.tool` is not set, 'git-mergetool' +configuration variable `merge.tool` is not set, 'git mergetool' will pick a suitable default. + You can explicitly provide a full path to the tool by setting the configuration variable `mergetool.<tool>.path`. For example, you can configure the absolute path to kdiff3 by setting -`mergetool.kdiff3.path`. Otherwise, 'git-mergetool' assumes the +`mergetool.kdiff3.path`. Otherwise, 'git mergetool' assumes the tool is available in PATH. + Instead of running one of the known merge tool programs, -'git-mergetool' can be customized to run an alternative program +'git mergetool' can be customized to run an alternative program by specifying the command line to invoke in a configuration variable `mergetool.<tool>.cmd`. + -When 'git-mergetool' is invoked with this tool (either through the +When 'git mergetool' is invoked with this tool (either through the `-t` or `--tool` option or the `merge.tool` configuration variable) the configured command line will be invoked with `$BASE` set to the name of a temporary file containing the common base for @@ -58,26 +61,40 @@ merge resolution. If the custom merge tool correctly indicates the success of a merge resolution with its exit code, then the configuration variable `mergetool.<tool>.trustExitCode` can be set to `true`. -Otherwise, 'git-mergetool' will prompt the user to indicate the +Otherwise, 'git mergetool' will prompt the user to indicate the success of the resolution after the custom tool has exited. +--tool-help:: + Print a list of merge tools that may be used with `--tool`. + -y:: --no-prompt:: Don't prompt before each invocation of the merge resolution program. + This is the default if the merge resolution program is + explicitly specified with the `--tool` option or with the + `merge.tool` configuration variable. --prompt:: - Prompt before each invocation of the merge resolution program. - This is the default behaviour; the option is provided to - override any configuration settings. + Prompt before each invocation of the merge resolution program + to give the user a chance to skip the path. + +-O<orderfile>:: + Process files in the order specified in the + <orderfile>, which has one shell glob pattern per line. + This overrides the `diff.orderFile` configuration variable + (see linkgit:git-config[1]). To cancel `diff.orderFile`, + use `-O/dev/null`. -Author ------- -Written by Theodore Y Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu> +TEMPORARY FILES +--------------- +`git mergetool` creates `*.orig` backup files while resolving merges. +These are safe to remove once a file has been merged and its +`git mergetool` session has completed. -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Theodore Y Ts'o. +Setting the `mergetool.keepBackup` configuration variable to `false` +causes `git mergetool` to automatically remove the backup as files +are successfully merged. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-mktag.txt b/Documentation/git-mktag.txt index 8bcc11443d..fa6a756123 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mktag.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mktag.txt @@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ git-mktag - Creates a tag object SYNOPSIS -------- -'git mktag' < signature_file +[verse] +'git mktag' DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -19,7 +20,8 @@ The output is the new tag's <object> identifier. Tag Format ---------- -A tag signature file has a very simple fixed format: four lines of +A tag signature file, to be fed to this command's standard input, +has a very simple fixed format: four lines of object <sha1> type <typename> @@ -27,20 +29,11 @@ A tag signature file has a very simple fixed format: four lines of tagger <tagger> followed by some 'optional' free-form message (some tags created -by older git may not have `tagger` line). The message, when +by older Git may not have `tagger` line). The message, when exists, is separated by a blank line from the header. The -message part may contain a signature that git itself doesn't +message part may contain a signature that Git itself doesn't care about, but that can be verified with gpg. - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-mktree.txt b/Documentation/git-mktree.txt index af19f06ed7..c3616e7711 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mktree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mktree.txt @@ -8,12 +8,14 @@ git-mktree - Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text SYNOPSIS -------- -'git mktree' [-z] +[verse] +'git mktree' [-z] [--missing] [--batch] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Reads standard input in non-recursive `ls-tree` output format, -and creates a tree object. The object name of the tree object +Reads standard input in non-recursive `ls-tree` output format, and creates +a tree object. The order of the tree entries is normalised by mktree so +pre-sorting the input is not required. The object name of the tree object built is written to the standard output. OPTIONS @@ -21,13 +23,17 @@ OPTIONS -z:: Read the NUL-terminated `ls-tree -z` output instead. -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +--missing:: + Allow missing objects. The default behaviour (without this option) + is to verify that each tree entry's sha1 identifies an existing + object. This option has no effect on the treatment of gitlink entries + (aka "submodules") which are always allowed to be missing. + +--batch:: + Allow building of more than one tree object before exiting. Each + tree is separated by as single blank line. The final new-line is + optional. Note - if the `-z` option is used, lines are terminated + with NUL. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-mv.txt b/Documentation/git-mv.txt index 9c5660275b..79449bf98f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mv.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mv.txt @@ -8,14 +8,15 @@ git-mv - Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git mv' <options>... <args>... DESCRIPTION ----------- -This script is used to move or rename a file, directory or symlink. +Move or rename a file, directory or symlink. - git mv [-f] [-n] <source> <destination> - git mv [-f] [-n] [-k] <source> ... <destination directory> + git mv [-v] [-f] [-n] [-k] <source> <destination> + git mv [-v] [-f] [-n] [-k] <source> ... <destination directory> In the first form, it renames <source>, which must exist and be either a file, symlink or directory, to <destination>. @@ -28,26 +29,40 @@ committed. OPTIONS ------- -f:: +--force:: Force renaming or moving of a file even if the target exists -k:: - Skip move or rename actions which would lead to an error + Skip move or rename actions which would lead to an error condition. An error happens when a source is neither existing nor - controlled by GIT, or when it would overwrite an existing - file unless '-f' is given. + controlled by Git, or when it would overwrite an existing + file unless `-f` is given. -n:: --dry-run:: Do nothing; only show what would happen +-v:: +--verbose:: + Report the names of files as they are moved. -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> -Rewritten by Ryan Anderson <ryan@michonline.com> -Move functionality added by Josef Weidendorfer <Josef.Weidendorfer@gmx.de> +SUBMODULES +---------- +Moving a submodule using a gitfile (which means they were cloned +with a Git version 1.7.8 or newer) will update the gitfile and +core.worktree setting to make the submodule work in the new location. +It also will attempt to update the submodule.<name>.path setting in +the linkgit:gitmodules[5] file and stage that file (unless -n is used). -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +BUGS +---- +Each time a superproject update moves a populated submodule (e.g. when +switching between commits before and after the move) a stale submodule +checkout will remain in the old location and an empty directory will +appear in the new location. To populate the submodule again in the new +location the user will have to run "git submodule update" +afterwards. Removing the old directory is only safe when it uses a +gitfile, as otherwise the history of the submodule will be deleted +too. Both steps will be obsolete when recursive submodule update has +been implemented. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt b/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt index 7ca8a7b48c..e8e68f528c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt @@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git name-rev' [--tags] [--refs=<pattern>] - ( --all | --stdin | <committish>... ) + ( --all | --stdin | <commit-ish>... ) DESCRIPTION ----------- Finds symbolic names suitable for human digestion for revisions given in any -format parsable by 'git-rev-parse'. +format parsable by 'git rev-parse'. OPTIONS @@ -25,14 +25,28 @@ OPTIONS Do not use branch names, but only tags to name the commits --refs=<pattern>:: - Only use refs whose names match a given shell pattern. + Only use refs whose names match a given shell pattern. The pattern + can be one of branch name, tag name or fully qualified ref name. If + given multiple times, use refs whose names match any of the given shell + patterns. Use `--no-refs` to clear any previous ref patterns given. + +--exclude=<pattern>:: + Do not use any ref whose name matches a given shell pattern. The + pattern can be one of branch name, tag name or fully qualified ref + name. If given multiple times, a ref will be excluded when it matches + any of the given patterns. When used together with --refs, a ref will + be used as a match only when it matches at least one --refs pattern and + does not match any --exclude patterns. Use `--no-exclude` to clear the + list of exclude patterns. --all:: List all commits reachable from all refs --stdin:: - Read from stdin, append "(<rev_name>)" to all sha1's of nameable - commits, and pass to stdout + Transform stdin by substituting all the 40-character SHA-1 + hexes (say $hex) with "$hex ($rev_name)". When used with + --name-only, substitute with "$rev_name", omitting $hex + altogether. Intended for the scripter's use. --name-only:: Instead of printing both the SHA-1 and the name, print only @@ -55,7 +69,7 @@ wrote you about that fantastic commit 33db5f4d9027a10e477ccf054b2c1ab94f74c85a. Of course, you look into the commit, but that only tells you what happened, but not the context. -Enter 'git-name-rev': +Enter 'git name-rev': ------------ % git name-rev 33db5f4d9027a10e477ccf054b2c1ab94f74c85a @@ -70,15 +84,6 @@ Another nice thing you can do is: % git log | git name-rev --stdin ------------ - -Author ------- -Written by Johannes Schindelin <Johannes.Schindelin@gmx.de> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Johannes Schindelin. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-notes.txt b/Documentation/git-notes.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..be7db3048d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-notes.txt @@ -0,0 +1,405 @@ +git-notes(1) +============ + +NAME +---- +git-notes - Add or inspect object notes + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git notes' [list [<object>]] +'git notes' add [-f] [--allow-empty] [-F <file> | -m <msg> | (-c | -C) <object>] [<object>] +'git notes' copy [-f] ( --stdin | <from-object> <to-object> ) +'git notes' append [--allow-empty] [-F <file> | -m <msg> | (-c | -C) <object>] [<object>] +'git notes' edit [--allow-empty] [<object>] +'git notes' show [<object>] +'git notes' merge [-v | -q] [-s <strategy> ] <notes-ref> +'git notes' merge --commit [-v | -q] +'git notes' merge --abort [-v | -q] +'git notes' remove [--ignore-missing] [--stdin] [<object>...] +'git notes' prune [-n | -v] +'git notes' get-ref + + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +Adds, removes, or reads notes attached to objects, without touching +the objects themselves. + +By default, notes are saved to and read from `refs/notes/commits`, but +this default can be overridden. See the OPTIONS, CONFIGURATION, and +ENVIRONMENT sections below. If this ref does not exist, it will be +quietly created when it is first needed to store a note. + +A typical use of notes is to supplement a commit message without +changing the commit itself. Notes can be shown by 'git log' along with +the original commit message. To distinguish these notes from the +message stored in the commit object, the notes are indented like the +message, after an unindented line saying "Notes (<refname>):" (or +"Notes:" for `refs/notes/commits`). + +Notes can also be added to patches prepared with `git format-patch` by +using the `--notes` option. Such notes are added as a patch commentary +after a three dash separator line. + +To change which notes are shown by 'git log', see the +"notes.displayRef" configuration in linkgit:git-log[1]. + +See the "notes.rewrite.<command>" configuration for a way to carry +notes across commands that rewrite commits. + + +SUBCOMMANDS +----------- + +list:: + List the notes object for a given object. If no object is + given, show a list of all note objects and the objects they + annotate (in the format "<note object> <annotated object>"). + This is the default subcommand if no subcommand is given. + +add:: + Add notes for a given object (defaults to HEAD). Abort if the + object already has notes (use `-f` to overwrite existing notes). + However, if you're using `add` interactively (using an editor + to supply the notes contents), then - instead of aborting - + the existing notes will be opened in the editor (like the `edit` + subcommand). + +copy:: + Copy the notes for the first object onto the second object. + Abort if the second object already has notes, or if the first + object has none (use -f to overwrite existing notes to the + second object). This subcommand is equivalent to: + `git notes add [-f] -C $(git notes list <from-object>) <to-object>` ++ +In `--stdin` mode, take lines in the format ++ +---------- +<from-object> SP <to-object> [ SP <rest> ] LF +---------- ++ +on standard input, and copy the notes from each <from-object> to its +corresponding <to-object>. (The optional `<rest>` is ignored so that +the command can read the input given to the `post-rewrite` hook.) + +append:: + Append to the notes of an existing object (defaults to HEAD). + Creates a new notes object if needed. + +edit:: + Edit the notes for a given object (defaults to HEAD). + +show:: + Show the notes for a given object (defaults to HEAD). + +merge:: + Merge the given notes ref into the current notes ref. + This will try to merge the changes made by the given + notes ref (called "remote") since the merge-base (if + any) into the current notes ref (called "local"). ++ +If conflicts arise and a strategy for automatically resolving +conflicting notes (see the "NOTES MERGE STRATEGIES" section) is not given, +the "manual" resolver is used. This resolver checks out the +conflicting notes in a special worktree (`.git/NOTES_MERGE_WORKTREE`), +and instructs the user to manually resolve the conflicts there. +When done, the user can either finalize the merge with +'git notes merge --commit', or abort the merge with +'git notes merge --abort'. + +remove:: + Remove the notes for given objects (defaults to HEAD). When + giving zero or one object from the command line, this is + equivalent to specifying an empty note message to + the `edit` subcommand. + +prune:: + Remove all notes for non-existing/unreachable objects. + +get-ref:: + Print the current notes ref. This provides an easy way to + retrieve the current notes ref (e.g. from scripts). + +OPTIONS +------- +-f:: +--force:: + When adding notes to an object that already has notes, + overwrite the existing notes (instead of aborting). + +-m <msg>:: +--message=<msg>:: + Use the given note message (instead of prompting). + If multiple `-m` options are given, their values + are concatenated as separate paragraphs. + Lines starting with `#` and empty lines other than a + single line between paragraphs will be stripped out. + +-F <file>:: +--file=<file>:: + Take the note message from the given file. Use '-' to + read the note message from the standard input. + Lines starting with `#` and empty lines other than a + single line between paragraphs will be stripped out. + +-C <object>:: +--reuse-message=<object>:: + Take the given blob object (for example, another note) as the + note message. (Use `git notes copy <object>` instead to + copy notes between objects.) + +-c <object>:: +--reedit-message=<object>:: + Like '-C', but with `-c` the editor is invoked, so that + the user can further edit the note message. + +--allow-empty:: + Allow an empty note object to be stored. The default behavior is + to automatically remove empty notes. + +--ref <ref>:: + Manipulate the notes tree in <ref>. This overrides + `GIT_NOTES_REF` and the "core.notesRef" configuration. The ref + specifies the full refname when it begins with `refs/notes/`; when it + begins with `notes/`, `refs/` and otherwise `refs/notes/` is prefixed + to form a full name of the ref. + +--ignore-missing:: + Do not consider it an error to request removing notes from an + object that does not have notes attached to it. + +--stdin:: + Also read the object names to remove notes from from the standard + input (there is no reason you cannot combine this with object + names from the command line). + +-n:: +--dry-run:: + Do not remove anything; just report the object names whose notes + would be removed. + +-s <strategy>:: +--strategy=<strategy>:: + When merging notes, resolve notes conflicts using the given + strategy. The following strategies are recognized: "manual" + (default), "ours", "theirs", "union" and "cat_sort_uniq". + This option overrides the "notes.mergeStrategy" configuration setting. + See the "NOTES MERGE STRATEGIES" section below for more + information on each notes merge strategy. + +--commit:: + Finalize an in-progress 'git notes merge'. Use this option + when you have resolved the conflicts that 'git notes merge' + stored in .git/NOTES_MERGE_WORKTREE. This amends the partial + merge commit created by 'git notes merge' (stored in + .git/NOTES_MERGE_PARTIAL) by adding the notes in + .git/NOTES_MERGE_WORKTREE. The notes ref stored in the + .git/NOTES_MERGE_REF symref is updated to the resulting commit. + +--abort:: + Abort/reset a in-progress 'git notes merge', i.e. a notes merge + with conflicts. This simply removes all files related to the + notes merge. + +-q:: +--quiet:: + When merging notes, operate quietly. + +-v:: +--verbose:: + When merging notes, be more verbose. + When pruning notes, report all object names whose notes are + removed. + + +DISCUSSION +---------- + +Commit notes are blobs containing extra information about an object +(usually information to supplement a commit's message). These blobs +are taken from notes refs. A notes ref is usually a branch which +contains "files" whose paths are the object names for the objects +they describe, with some directory separators included for performance +reasons footnote:[Permitted pathnames have the form +'ab'`/`'cd'`/`'ef'`/`'...'`/`'abcdef...': a sequence of directory +names of two hexadecimal digits each followed by a filename with the +rest of the object ID.]. + +Every notes change creates a new commit at the specified notes ref. +You can therefore inspect the history of the notes by invoking, e.g., +`git log -p notes/commits`. Currently the commit message only records +which operation triggered the update, and the commit authorship is +determined according to the usual rules (see linkgit:git-commit[1]). +These details may change in the future. + +It is also permitted for a notes ref to point directly to a tree +object, in which case the history of the notes can be read with +`git log -p -g <refname>`. + + +NOTES MERGE STRATEGIES +---------------------- + +The default notes merge strategy is "manual", which checks out +conflicting notes in a special work tree for resolving notes conflicts +(`.git/NOTES_MERGE_WORKTREE`), and instructs the user to resolve the +conflicts in that work tree. +When done, the user can either finalize the merge with +'git notes merge --commit', or abort the merge with +'git notes merge --abort'. + +Users may select an automated merge strategy from among the following using +either -s/--strategy option or configuring notes.mergeStrategy accordingly: + +"ours" automatically resolves conflicting notes in favor of the local +version (i.e. the current notes ref). + +"theirs" automatically resolves notes conflicts in favor of the remote +version (i.e. the given notes ref being merged into the current notes +ref). + +"union" automatically resolves notes conflicts by concatenating the +local and remote versions. + +"cat_sort_uniq" is similar to "union", but in addition to concatenating +the local and remote versions, this strategy also sorts the resulting +lines, and removes duplicate lines from the result. This is equivalent +to applying the "cat | sort | uniq" shell pipeline to the local and +remote versions. This strategy is useful if the notes follow a line-based +format where one wants to avoid duplicated lines in the merge result. +Note that if either the local or remote version contain duplicate lines +prior to the merge, these will also be removed by this notes merge +strategy. + + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +You can use notes to add annotations with information that was not +available at the time a commit was written. + +------------ +$ git notes add -m 'Tested-by: Johannes Sixt <j6t@kdbg.org>' 72a144e2 +$ git show -s 72a144e +[...] + Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> + +Notes: + Tested-by: Johannes Sixt <j6t@kdbg.org> +------------ + +In principle, a note is a regular Git blob, and any kind of +(non-)format is accepted. You can binary-safely create notes from +arbitrary files using 'git hash-object': + +------------ +$ cc *.c +$ blob=$(git hash-object -w a.out) +$ git notes --ref=built add --allow-empty -C "$blob" HEAD +------------ + +(You cannot simply use `git notes --ref=built add -F a.out HEAD` +because that is not binary-safe.) +Of course, it doesn't make much sense to display non-text-format notes +with 'git log', so if you use such notes, you'll probably need to write +some special-purpose tools to do something useful with them. + + +CONFIGURATION +------------- + +core.notesRef:: + Notes ref to read and manipulate instead of + `refs/notes/commits`. Must be an unabbreviated ref name. + This setting can be overridden through the environment and + command line. + +notes.mergeStrategy:: + Which merge strategy to choose by default when resolving notes + conflicts. Must be one of `manual`, `ours`, `theirs`, `union`, or + `cat_sort_uniq`. Defaults to `manual`. See "NOTES MERGE STRATEGIES" + section above for more information on each strategy. ++ +This setting can be overridden by passing the `--strategy` option. + +notes.<name>.mergeStrategy:: + Which merge strategy to choose when doing a notes merge into + refs/notes/<name>. This overrides the more general + "notes.mergeStrategy". See the "NOTES MERGE STRATEGIES" section above + for more information on each available strategy. + +notes.displayRef:: + Which ref (or refs, if a glob or specified more than once), in + addition to the default set by `core.notesRef` or + `GIT_NOTES_REF`, to read notes from when showing commit + messages with the 'git log' family of commands. + This setting can be overridden on the command line or by the + `GIT_NOTES_DISPLAY_REF` environment variable. + See linkgit:git-log[1]. + +notes.rewrite.<command>:: + When rewriting commits with <command> (currently `amend` or + `rebase`), if this variable is `false`, git will not copy + notes from the original to the rewritten commit. Defaults to + `true`. See also "`notes.rewriteRef`" below. ++ +This setting can be overridden by the `GIT_NOTES_REWRITE_REF` +environment variable. + +notes.rewriteMode:: + When copying notes during a rewrite, what to do if the target + commit already has a note. Must be one of `overwrite`, + `concatenate`, `cat_sort_uniq`, or `ignore`. Defaults to + `concatenate`. ++ +This setting can be overridden with the `GIT_NOTES_REWRITE_MODE` +environment variable. + +notes.rewriteRef:: + When copying notes during a rewrite, specifies the (fully + qualified) ref whose notes should be copied. May be a glob, + in which case notes in all matching refs will be copied. You + may also specify this configuration several times. ++ +Does not have a default value; you must configure this variable to +enable note rewriting. ++ +Can be overridden with the `GIT_NOTES_REWRITE_REF` environment variable. + + +ENVIRONMENT +----------- + +`GIT_NOTES_REF`:: + Which ref to manipulate notes from, instead of `refs/notes/commits`. + This overrides the `core.notesRef` setting. + +`GIT_NOTES_DISPLAY_REF`:: + Colon-delimited list of refs or globs indicating which refs, + in addition to the default from `core.notesRef` or + `GIT_NOTES_REF`, to read notes from when showing commit + messages. + This overrides the `notes.displayRef` setting. ++ +A warning will be issued for refs that do not exist, but a glob that +does not match any refs is silently ignored. + +`GIT_NOTES_REWRITE_MODE`:: + When copying notes during a rewrite, what to do if the target + commit already has a note. + Must be one of `overwrite`, `concatenate`, `cat_sort_uniq`, or `ignore`. + This overrides the `core.rewriteMode` setting. + +`GIT_NOTES_REWRITE_REF`:: + When rewriting commits, which notes to copy from the original + to the rewritten commit. Must be a colon-delimited list of + refs or globs. ++ +If not set in the environment, the list of notes to copy depends +on the `notes.rewrite.<command>` and `notes.rewriteRef` settings. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-p4.txt b/Documentation/git-p4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7436c64a95 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-p4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,652 @@ +git-p4(1) +========= + +NAME +---- +git-p4 - Import from and submit to Perforce repositories + + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git p4 clone' [<sync options>] [<clone options>] <p4 depot path>... +'git p4 sync' [<sync options>] [<p4 depot path>...] +'git p4 rebase' +'git p4 submit' [<submit options>] [<master branch name>] + + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +This command provides a way to interact with p4 repositories +using Git. + +Create a new Git repository from an existing p4 repository using +'git p4 clone', giving it one or more p4 depot paths. Incorporate +new commits from p4 changes with 'git p4 sync'. The 'sync' command +is also used to include new branches from other p4 depot paths. +Submit Git changes back to p4 using 'git p4 submit'. The command +'git p4 rebase' does a sync plus rebases the current branch onto +the updated p4 remote branch. + + +EXAMPLE +------- +* Clone a repository: ++ +------------ +$ git p4 clone //depot/path/project +------------ + +* Do some work in the newly created Git repository: ++ +------------ +$ cd project +$ vi foo.h +$ git commit -a -m "edited foo.h" +------------ + +* Update the Git repository with recent changes from p4, rebasing your + work on top: ++ +------------ +$ git p4 rebase +------------ + +* Submit your commits back to p4: ++ +------------ +$ git p4 submit +------------ + + +COMMANDS +-------- + +Clone +~~~~~ +Generally, 'git p4 clone' is used to create a new Git directory +from an existing p4 repository: +------------ +$ git p4 clone //depot/path/project +------------ +This: + +1. Creates an empty Git repository in a subdirectory called 'project'. ++ +2. Imports the full contents of the head revision from the given p4 +depot path into a single commit in the Git branch 'refs/remotes/p4/master'. ++ +3. Creates a local branch, 'master' from this remote and checks it out. + +To reproduce the entire p4 history in Git, use the '@all' modifier on +the depot path: +------------ +$ git p4 clone //depot/path/project@all +------------ + + +Sync +~~~~ +As development continues in the p4 repository, those changes can +be included in the Git repository using: +------------ +$ git p4 sync +------------ +This command finds new changes in p4 and imports them as Git commits. + +P4 repositories can be added to an existing Git repository using +'git p4 sync' too: +------------ +$ mkdir repo-git +$ cd repo-git +$ git init +$ git p4 sync //path/in/your/perforce/depot +------------ +This imports the specified depot into +'refs/remotes/p4/master' in an existing Git repository. The +`--branch` option can be used to specify a different branch to +be used for the p4 content. + +If a Git repository includes branches 'refs/remotes/origin/p4', these +will be fetched and consulted first during a 'git p4 sync'. Since +importing directly from p4 is considerably slower than pulling changes +from a Git remote, this can be useful in a multi-developer environment. + +If there are multiple branches, doing 'git p4 sync' will automatically +use the "BRANCH DETECTION" algorithm to try to partition new changes +into the right branch. This can be overridden with the `--branch` +option to specify just a single branch to update. + + +Rebase +~~~~~~ +A common working pattern is to fetch the latest changes from the p4 depot +and merge them with local uncommitted changes. Often, the p4 repository +is the ultimate location for all code, thus a rebase workflow makes +sense. This command does 'git p4 sync' followed by 'git rebase' to move +local commits on top of updated p4 changes. +------------ +$ git p4 rebase +------------ + + +Submit +~~~~~~ +Submitting changes from a Git repository back to the p4 repository +requires a separate p4 client workspace. This should be specified +using the `P4CLIENT` environment variable or the Git configuration +variable 'git-p4.client'. The p4 client must exist, but the client root +will be created and populated if it does not already exist. + +To submit all changes that are in the current Git branch but not in +the 'p4/master' branch, use: +------------ +$ git p4 submit +------------ + +To specify a branch other than the current one, use: +------------ +$ git p4 submit topicbranch +------------ + +The upstream reference is generally 'refs/remotes/p4/master', but can +be overridden using the `--origin=` command-line option. + +The p4 changes will be created as the user invoking 'git p4 submit'. The +`--preserve-user` option will cause ownership to be modified +according to the author of the Git commit. This option requires admin +privileges in p4, which can be granted using 'p4 protect'. + + +OPTIONS +------- + +General options +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +All commands except clone accept these options. + +--git-dir <dir>:: + Set the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. See linkgit:git[1]. + +-v:: +--verbose:: + Provide more progress information. + +Sync options +~~~~~~~~~~~~ +These options can be used in the initial 'clone' as well as in +subsequent 'sync' operations. + +--branch <ref>:: + Import changes into <ref> instead of refs/remotes/p4/master. + If <ref> starts with refs/, it is used as is. Otherwise, if + it does not start with p4/, that prefix is added. ++ +By default a <ref> not starting with refs/ is treated as the +name of a remote-tracking branch (under refs/remotes/). This +behavior can be modified using the --import-local option. ++ +The default <ref> is "master". ++ +This example imports a new remote "p4/proj2" into an existing +Git repository: ++ +---- + $ git init + $ git p4 sync --branch=refs/remotes/p4/proj2 //depot/proj2 +---- + +--detect-branches:: + Use the branch detection algorithm to find new paths in p4. It is + documented below in "BRANCH DETECTION". + +--changesfile <file>:: + Import exactly the p4 change numbers listed in 'file', one per + line. Normally, 'git p4' inspects the current p4 repository + state and detects the changes it should import. + +--silent:: + Do not print any progress information. + +--detect-labels:: + Query p4 for labels associated with the depot paths, and add + them as tags in Git. Limited usefulness as only imports labels + associated with new changelists. Deprecated. + +--import-labels:: + Import labels from p4 into Git. + +--import-local:: + By default, p4 branches are stored in 'refs/remotes/p4/', + where they will be treated as remote-tracking branches by + linkgit:git-branch[1] and other commands. This option instead + puts p4 branches in 'refs/heads/p4/'. Note that future + sync operations must specify `--import-local` as well so that + they can find the p4 branches in refs/heads. + +--max-changes <n>:: + Import at most 'n' changes, rather than the entire range of + changes included in the given revision specifier. A typical + usage would be use '@all' as the revision specifier, but then + to use '--max-changes 1000' to import only the last 1000 + revisions rather than the entire revision history. + +--changes-block-size <n>:: + The internal block size to use when converting a revision + specifier such as '@all' into a list of specific change + numbers. Instead of using a single call to 'p4 changes' to + find the full list of changes for the conversion, there are a + sequence of calls to 'p4 changes -m', each of which requests + one block of changes of the given size. The default block size + is 500, which should usually be suitable. + +--keep-path:: + The mapping of file names from the p4 depot path to Git, by + default, involves removing the entire depot path. With this + option, the full p4 depot path is retained in Git. For example, + path '//depot/main/foo/bar.c', when imported from + '//depot/main/', becomes 'foo/bar.c'. With `--keep-path`, the + Git path is instead 'depot/main/foo/bar.c'. + +--use-client-spec:: + Use a client spec to find the list of interesting files in p4. + See the "CLIENT SPEC" section below. + +-/ <path>:: + Exclude selected depot paths when cloning or syncing. + +Clone options +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +These options can be used in an initial 'clone', along with the 'sync' +options described above. + +--destination <directory>:: + Where to create the Git repository. If not provided, the last + component in the p4 depot path is used to create a new + directory. + +--bare:: + Perform a bare clone. See linkgit:git-clone[1]. + +Submit options +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +These options can be used to modify 'git p4 submit' behavior. + +--origin <commit>:: + Upstream location from which commits are identified to submit to + p4. By default, this is the most recent p4 commit reachable + from `HEAD`. + +-M:: + Detect renames. See linkgit:git-diff[1]. Renames will be + represented in p4 using explicit 'move' operations. There + is no corresponding option to detect copies, but there are + variables for both moves and copies. + +--preserve-user:: + Re-author p4 changes before submitting to p4. This option + requires p4 admin privileges. + +--export-labels:: + Export tags from Git as p4 labels. Tags found in Git are applied + to the perforce working directory. + +-n:: +--dry-run:: + Show just what commits would be submitted to p4; do not change + state in Git or p4. + +--prepare-p4-only:: + Apply a commit to the p4 workspace, opening, adding and deleting + files in p4 as for a normal submit operation. Do not issue the + final "p4 submit", but instead print a message about how to + submit manually or revert. This option always stops after the + first (oldest) commit. Git tags are not exported to p4. + +--shelve:: + Instead of submitting create a series of shelved changelists. + After creating each shelve, the relevant files are reverted/deleted. + If you have multiple commits pending multiple shelves will be created. + +--update-shelve CHANGELIST:: + Update an existing shelved changelist with this commit. Implies + --shelve. + +--conflict=(ask|skip|quit):: + Conflicts can occur when applying a commit to p4. When this + happens, the default behavior ("ask") is to prompt whether to + skip this commit and continue, or quit. This option can be used + to bypass the prompt, causing conflicting commits to be automatically + skipped, or to quit trying to apply commits, without prompting. + +--branch <branch>:: + After submitting, sync this named branch instead of the default + p4/master. See the "Sync options" section above for more + information. + +Rebase options +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +These options can be used to modify 'git p4 rebase' behavior. + +--import-labels:: + Import p4 labels. + +DEPOT PATH SYNTAX +----------------- +The p4 depot path argument to 'git p4 sync' and 'git p4 clone' can +be one or more space-separated p4 depot paths, with an optional +p4 revision specifier on the end: + +"//depot/my/project":: + Import one commit with all files in the '#head' change under that tree. + +"//depot/my/project@all":: + Import one commit for each change in the history of that depot path. + +"//depot/my/project@1,6":: + Import only changes 1 through 6. + +"//depot/proj1@all //depot/proj2@all":: + Import all changes from both named depot paths into a single + repository. Only files below these directories are included. + There is not a subdirectory in Git for each "proj1" and "proj2". + You must use the `--destination` option when specifying more + than one depot path. The revision specifier must be specified + identically on each depot path. If there are files in the + depot paths with the same name, the path with the most recently + updated version of the file is the one that appears in Git. + +See 'p4 help revisions' for the full syntax of p4 revision specifiers. + + +CLIENT SPEC +----------- +The p4 client specification is maintained with the 'p4 client' command +and contains among other fields, a View that specifies how the depot +is mapped into the client repository. The 'clone' and 'sync' commands +can consult the client spec when given the `--use-client-spec` option or +when the useClientSpec variable is true. After 'git p4 clone', the +useClientSpec variable is automatically set in the repository +configuration file. This allows future 'git p4 submit' commands to +work properly; the submit command looks only at the variable and does +not have a command-line option. + +The full syntax for a p4 view is documented in 'p4 help views'. 'git p4' +knows only a subset of the view syntax. It understands multi-line +mappings, overlays with '+', exclusions with '-' and double-quotes +around whitespace. Of the possible wildcards, 'git p4' only handles +'...', and only when it is at the end of the path. 'git p4' will complain +if it encounters an unhandled wildcard. + +Bugs in the implementation of overlap mappings exist. If multiple depot +paths map through overlays to the same location in the repository, +'git p4' can choose the wrong one. This is hard to solve without +dedicating a client spec just for 'git p4'. + +The name of the client can be given to 'git p4' in multiple ways. The +variable 'git-p4.client' takes precedence if it exists. Otherwise, +normal p4 mechanisms of determining the client are used: environment +variable P4CLIENT, a file referenced by P4CONFIG, or the local host name. + + +BRANCH DETECTION +---------------- +P4 does not have the same concept of a branch as Git. Instead, +p4 organizes its content as a directory tree, where by convention +different logical branches are in different locations in the tree. +The 'p4 branch' command is used to maintain mappings between +different areas in the tree, and indicate related content. 'git p4' +can use these mappings to determine branch relationships. + +If you have a repository where all the branches of interest exist as +subdirectories of a single depot path, you can use `--detect-branches` +when cloning or syncing to have 'git p4' automatically find +subdirectories in p4, and to generate these as branches in Git. + +For example, if the P4 repository structure is: +---- +//depot/main/... +//depot/branch1/... +---- + +And "p4 branch -o branch1" shows a View line that looks like: +---- +//depot/main/... //depot/branch1/... +---- + +Then this 'git p4 clone' command: +---- +git p4 clone --detect-branches //depot@all +---- +produces a separate branch in 'refs/remotes/p4/' for //depot/main, +called 'master', and one for //depot/branch1 called 'depot/branch1'. + +However, it is not necessary to create branches in p4 to be able to use +them like branches. Because it is difficult to infer branch +relationships automatically, a Git configuration setting +'git-p4.branchList' can be used to explicitly identify branch +relationships. It is a list of "source:destination" pairs, like a +simple p4 branch specification, where the "source" and "destination" are +the path elements in the p4 repository. The example above relied on the +presence of the p4 branch. Without p4 branches, the same result will +occur with: +---- +git init depot +cd depot +git config git-p4.branchList main:branch1 +git p4 clone --detect-branches //depot@all . +---- + + +PERFORMANCE +----------- +The fast-import mechanism used by 'git p4' creates one pack file for +each invocation of 'git p4 sync'. Normally, Git garbage compression +(linkgit:git-gc[1]) automatically compresses these to fewer pack files, +but explicit invocation of 'git repack -adf' may improve performance. + + +CONFIGURATION VARIABLES +----------------------- +The following config settings can be used to modify 'git p4' behavior. +They all are in the 'git-p4' section. + +General variables +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +git-p4.user:: + User specified as an option to all p4 commands, with '-u <user>'. + The environment variable 'P4USER' can be used instead. + +git-p4.password:: + Password specified as an option to all p4 commands, with + '-P <password>'. + The environment variable 'P4PASS' can be used instead. + +git-p4.port:: + Port specified as an option to all p4 commands, with + '-p <port>'. + The environment variable 'P4PORT' can be used instead. + +git-p4.host:: + Host specified as an option to all p4 commands, with + '-h <host>'. + The environment variable 'P4HOST' can be used instead. + +git-p4.client:: + Client specified as an option to all p4 commands, with + '-c <client>', including the client spec. + +git-p4.retries:: + Specifies the number of times to retry a p4 command (notably, + 'p4 sync') if the network times out. The default value is 3. + Set the value to 0 to disable retries or if your p4 version + does not support retries (pre 2012.2). + +Clone and sync variables +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +git-p4.syncFromOrigin:: + Because importing commits from other Git repositories is much faster + than importing them from p4, a mechanism exists to find p4 changes + first in Git remotes. If branches exist under 'refs/remote/origin/p4', + those will be fetched and used when syncing from p4. This + variable can be set to 'false' to disable this behavior. + +git-p4.branchUser:: + One phase in branch detection involves looking at p4 branches + to find new ones to import. By default, all branches are + inspected. This option limits the search to just those owned + by the single user named in the variable. + +git-p4.branchList:: + List of branches to be imported when branch detection is + enabled. Each entry should be a pair of branch names separated + by a colon (:). This example declares that both branchA and + branchB were created from main: ++ +------------- +git config git-p4.branchList main:branchA +git config --add git-p4.branchList main:branchB +------------- + +git-p4.ignoredP4Labels:: + List of p4 labels to ignore. This is built automatically as + unimportable labels are discovered. + +git-p4.importLabels:: + Import p4 labels into git, as per --import-labels. + +git-p4.labelImportRegexp:: + Only p4 labels matching this regular expression will be imported. The + default value is '[a-zA-Z0-9_\-.]+$'. + +git-p4.useClientSpec:: + Specify that the p4 client spec should be used to identify p4 + depot paths of interest. This is equivalent to specifying the + option `--use-client-spec`. See the "CLIENT SPEC" section above. + This variable is a boolean, not the name of a p4 client. + +git-p4.pathEncoding:: + Perforce keeps the encoding of a path as given by the originating OS. + Git expects paths encoded as UTF-8. Use this config to tell git-p4 + what encoding Perforce had used for the paths. This encoding is used + to transcode the paths to UTF-8. As an example, Perforce on Windows + often uses "cp1252" to encode path names. + +git-p4.largeFileSystem:: + Specify the system that is used for large (binary) files. Please note + that large file systems do not support the 'git p4 submit' command. + Only Git LFS is implemented right now (see https://git-lfs.github.com/ + for more information). Download and install the Git LFS command line + extension to use this option and configure it like this: ++ +------------- +git config git-p4.largeFileSystem GitLFS +------------- + +git-p4.largeFileExtensions:: + All files matching a file extension in the list will be processed + by the large file system. Do not prefix the extensions with '.'. + +git-p4.largeFileThreshold:: + All files with an uncompressed size exceeding the threshold will be + processed by the large file system. By default the threshold is + defined in bytes. Add the suffix k, m, or g to change the unit. + +git-p4.largeFileCompressedThreshold:: + All files with a compressed size exceeding the threshold will be + processed by the large file system. This option might slow down + your clone/sync process. By default the threshold is defined in + bytes. Add the suffix k, m, or g to change the unit. + +git-p4.largeFilePush:: + Boolean variable which defines if large files are automatically + pushed to a server. + +git-p4.keepEmptyCommits:: + A changelist that contains only excluded files will be imported + as an empty commit if this boolean option is set to true. + +git-p4.mapUser:: + Map a P4 user to a name and email address in Git. Use a string + with the following format to create a mapping: ++ +------------- +git config --add git-p4.mapUser "p4user = First Last <mail@address.com>" +------------- ++ +A mapping will override any user information from P4. Mappings for +multiple P4 user can be defined. + +Submit variables +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +git-p4.detectRenames:: + Detect renames. See linkgit:git-diff[1]. This can be true, + false, or a score as expected by 'git diff -M'. + +git-p4.detectCopies:: + Detect copies. See linkgit:git-diff[1]. This can be true, + false, or a score as expected by 'git diff -C'. + +git-p4.detectCopiesHarder:: + Detect copies harder. See linkgit:git-diff[1]. A boolean. + +git-p4.preserveUser:: + On submit, re-author changes to reflect the Git author, + regardless of who invokes 'git p4 submit'. + +git-p4.allowMissingP4Users:: + When 'preserveUser' is true, 'git p4' normally dies if it + cannot find an author in the p4 user map. This setting + submits the change regardless. + +git-p4.skipSubmitEdit:: + The submit process invokes the editor before each p4 change + is submitted. If this setting is true, though, the editing + step is skipped. + +git-p4.skipSubmitEditCheck:: + After editing the p4 change message, 'git p4' makes sure that + the description really was changed by looking at the file + modification time. This option disables that test. + +git-p4.allowSubmit:: + By default, any branch can be used as the source for a 'git p4 + submit' operation. This configuration variable, if set, permits only + the named branches to be used as submit sources. Branch names + must be the short names (no "refs/heads/"), and should be + separated by commas (","), with no spaces. + +git-p4.skipUserNameCheck:: + If the user running 'git p4 submit' does not exist in the p4 + user map, 'git p4' exits. This option can be used to force + submission regardless. + +git-p4.attemptRCSCleanup:: + If enabled, 'git p4 submit' will attempt to cleanup RCS keywords + ($Header$, etc). These would otherwise cause merge conflicts and prevent + the submit going ahead. This option should be considered experimental at + present. + +git-p4.exportLabels:: + Export Git tags to p4 labels, as per --export-labels. + +git-p4.labelExportRegexp:: + Only p4 labels matching this regular expression will be exported. The + default value is '[a-zA-Z0-9_\-.]+$'. + +git-p4.conflict:: + Specify submit behavior when a conflict with p4 is found, as per + --conflict. The default behavior is 'ask'. + +IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS +---------------------- +* Changesets from p4 are imported using Git fast-import. +* Cloning or syncing does not require a p4 client; file contents are + collected using 'p4 print'. +* Submitting requires a p4 client, which is not in the same location + as the Git repository. Patches are applied, one at a time, to + this p4 client and submitted from there. +* Each commit imported by 'git p4' has a line at the end of the log + message indicating the p4 depot location and change number. This + line is used by later 'git p4 sync' operations to know which p4 + changes are new. diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt index 7d4c1a7556..8973510a41 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt @@ -9,9 +9,11 @@ git-pack-objects - Create a packed archive of objects SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git pack-objects' [-q] [--no-reuse-delta] [--delta-base-offset] [--non-empty] - [--local] [--incremental] [--window=N] [--depth=N] [--all-progress] - [--revs [--unpacked | --all]*] [--stdout | base-name] < object-list +'git pack-objects' [-q | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-progress-implied] + [--no-reuse-delta] [--delta-base-offset] [--non-empty] + [--local] [--incremental] [--window=<n>] [--depth=<n>] + [--revs [--unpacked | --all]] [--stdout | base-name] + [--shallow] [--keep-true-parents] < object-list DESCRIPTION @@ -19,27 +21,28 @@ DESCRIPTION Reads list of objects from the standard input, and writes a packed archive with specified base-name, or to the standard output. -A packed archive is an efficient way to transfer set of objects -between two repositories, and also is an archival format which -is efficient to access. The packed archive format (.pack) is -designed to be self contained so that it can be unpacked without -any further information, but for fast, random access to the objects -in the pack, a pack index file (.idx) will be generated. +A packed archive is an efficient way to transfer a set of objects +between two repositories as well as an access efficient archival +format. In a packed archive, an object is either stored as a +compressed whole or as a difference from some other object. +The latter is often called a delta. -Placing both in the pack/ subdirectory of $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY (or +The packed archive format (.pack) is designed to be self-contained +so that it can be unpacked without any further information. Therefore, +each object that a delta depends upon must be present within the pack. + +A pack index file (.idx) is generated for fast, random access to the +objects in the pack. Placing both the index file (.idx) and the packed +archive (.pack) in the pack/ subdirectory of $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY (or any of the directories on $GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES) -enables git to read from such an archive. +enables Git to read from the pack archive. -The 'git-unpack-objects' command can read the packed archive and +The 'git unpack-objects' command can read the packed archive and expand the objects contained in the pack into "one-file one-object" format; this is typically done by the smart-pull commands when a pack is created on-the-fly for efficient network transport by their peers. -In a packed archive, an object is either stored as a compressed -whole, or as a difference from some other object. The latter is -often called a delta. - OPTIONS ------- @@ -47,9 +50,8 @@ base-name:: Write into a pair of files (.pack and .idx), using <base-name> to determine the name of the created file. When this option is used, the two files are written in - <base-name>-<SHA1>.{pack,idx} files. <SHA1> is a hash - of the sorted object names to make the resulting filename - based on the pack content, and written to the standard + <base-name>-<SHA-1>.{pack,idx} files. <SHA-1> is a hash + based on the pack content and is written to the standard output of the command. --stdout:: @@ -59,9 +61,11 @@ base-name:: --revs:: Read the revision arguments from the standard input, instead of individual object names. The revision arguments are processed - the same way as 'git-rev-list' with the `--objects` flag + the same way as 'git rev-list' with the `--objects` flag uses its `commit` arguments to build the list of objects it outputs. The objects on the resulting list are packed. + Besides revisions, `--not` or `--shallow <SHA-1>` lines are + also accepted. --unpacked:: This implies `--revs`. When processing the list of @@ -71,16 +75,16 @@ base-name:: --all:: This implies `--revs`. In addition to the list of revision arguments read from the standard input, pretend - as if all refs under `$GIT_DIR/refs` are specified to be + as if all refs under `refs/` are specified to be included. --include-tag:: Include unasked-for annotated tags if the object they reference was included in the resulting packfile. This - can be useful to send new tags to native git clients. + can be useful to send new tags to native Git clients. ---window=[N]:: ---depth=[N]:: +--window=<n>:: +--depth=<n>:: These two options affect how the objects contained in the pack are stored using delta compression. The objects are first internally sorted by type, size and @@ -92,37 +96,38 @@ base-name:: times to get to the necessary object. The default value for --window is 10 and --depth is 50. ---window-memory=[N]:: +--window-memory=<n>:: This option provides an additional limit on top of `--window`; the window size will dynamically scale down so as to not take - up more than N bytes in memory. This is useful in + up more than '<n>' bytes in memory. This is useful in repositories with a mix of large and small objects to not run out of memory with a large window, but still be able to take advantage of the large window for the smaller objects. The size can be suffixed with "k", "m", or "g". - `--window-memory=0` makes memory usage unlimited, which is the - default. + `--window-memory=0` makes memory usage unlimited. The default + is taken from the `pack.windowMemory` configuration variable. --max-pack-size=<n>:: - Maximum size of each output packfile, expressed in MiB. - If specified, multiple packfiles may be created. + Maximum size of each output pack file. The size can be suffixed with + "k", "m", or "g". The minimum size allowed is limited to 1 MiB. + If specified, multiple packfiles may be created, which also + prevents the creation of a bitmap index. The default is unlimited, unless the config variable `pack.packSizeLimit` is set. --honor-pack-keep:: This flag causes an object already in a local pack that - has a .keep file to be ignored, even if it appears in the - standard input. + has a .keep file to be ignored, even if it would have + otherwise been packed. --incremental:: - This flag causes an object already in a pack ignored - even if it appears in the standard input. + This flag causes an object already in a pack to be ignored + even if it would have otherwise been packed. --local:: - This flag is similar to `--incremental`; instead of - ignoring all packed objects, it only ignores objects - that are packed and/or not in the local object store - (i.e. borrowed from an alternate). + This flag causes an object that is borrowed from an alternate + object store to be ignored even if it would have otherwise been + packed. --non-empty:: Only create a packed archive if it would contain at @@ -136,7 +141,7 @@ base-name:: --all-progress:: When --stdout is specified then progress report is - displayed during the object count and deltification phases + displayed during the object count and compression phases but inhibited during the write-out phase. The reason is that in some cases the output stream is directly linked to another command which may wish to display progress @@ -145,6 +150,11 @@ base-name:: report for the write-out phase as well even if --stdout is used. +--all-progress-implied:: + This is used to imply --all-progress whenever progress display + is activated. Unlike --all-progress this flag doesn't actually + force any progress display by itself. + -q:: This flag makes the command not to report its progress on the standard error stream. @@ -163,7 +173,7 @@ base-name:: wholesale enforcement of a different compression level on the packed data is desired. ---compression=[N]:: +--compression=<n>:: Specifies compression level for newly-compressed data in the generated pack. If not specified, pack compression level is determined first by pack.compression, then by core.compression, @@ -171,16 +181,36 @@ base-name:: Add --no-reuse-object if you want to force a uniform compression level on all data no matter the source. +--thin:: + Create a "thin" pack by omitting the common objects between a + sender and a receiver in order to reduce network transfer. This + option only makes sense in conjunction with --stdout. ++ +Note: A thin pack violates the packed archive format by omitting +required objects and is thus unusable by Git without making it +self-contained. Use `git index-pack --fix-thin` +(see linkgit:git-index-pack[1]) to restore the self-contained property. + +--shallow:: + Optimize a pack that will be provided to a client with a shallow + repository. This option, combined with --thin, can result in a + smaller pack at the cost of speed. + --delta-base-offset:: - A packed archive can express base object of a delta as - either 20-byte object name or as an offset in the - stream, but older version of git does not understand the - latter. By default, 'git-pack-objects' only uses the + A packed archive can express the base object of a delta as + either a 20-byte object name or as an offset in the + stream, but ancient versions of Git don't understand the + latter. By default, 'git pack-objects' only uses the former format for better compatibility. This option allows the command to use the latter format for compactness. Depending on the average delta chain length, this option typically shrinks the resulting packfile by 3-5 per-cent. ++ +Note: Porcelain commands such as `git gc` (see linkgit:git-gc[1]), +`git repack` (see linkgit:git-repack[1]) pass this option by default +in modern Git when they put objects in your repository into pack files. +So does `git bundle` (see linkgit:git-bundle[1]) when it creates a bundle. --threads=<n>:: Specifies the number of threads to spawn when searching for best @@ -189,7 +219,7 @@ base-name:: This is meant to reduce packing time on multiprocessor machines. The required amount of memory for the delta search window is however multiplied by the number of threads. - Specifying 0 will cause git to auto-detect the number of CPU's + Specifying 0 will cause Git to auto-detect the number of CPU's and set the number of threads accordingly. --index-version=<version>[,<offset>]:: @@ -197,14 +227,9 @@ base-name:: to force the version for the generated pack index, and to force 64-bit index entries on objects located above the given offset. - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation -------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano +--keep-true-parents:: + With this option, parents that are hidden by grafts are packed + nevertheless. SEE ALSO -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt index 5f9435e59b..f2869da572 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ git-pack-redundant - Find redundant pack files SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git pack-redundant' [ --verbose ] [ --alt-odb ] < --all | .pack filename ... > DESCRIPTION @@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ This program computes which packs in your repository are redundant. The output is suitable for piping to `xargs rm` if you are in the root of the repository. -'git-pack-redundant' accepts a list of objects on standard input. Any objects +'git pack-redundant' accepts a list of objects on standard input. Any objects given will be ignored when checking which packs are required. This makes the following command useful when wanting to remove packs which contain unreachable objects. @@ -38,14 +39,6 @@ OPTIONS --verbose:: Outputs some statistics to stderr. Has a small performance penalty. -Author ------- -Written by Lukas Sandström <lukass@etek.chalmers.se> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Lukas Sandström <lukass@etek.chalmers.se> - SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-refs.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-refs.txt index a5244d35f4..154081f2de 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pack-refs.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pack-refs.txt @@ -7,13 +7,15 @@ git-pack-refs - Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git pack-refs' [--all] [--no-prune] DESCRIPTION ----------- Traditionally, tips of branches and tags (collectively known as -'refs') were stored one file per ref under `$GIT_DIR/refs` +'refs') were stored one file per ref in a (sub)directory +under `$GIT_DIR/refs` directory. While many branch tips tend to be updated often, most tags and some branch tips are never updated. When a repository has hundreds or thousands of tags, this @@ -21,21 +23,22 @@ one-file-per-ref format both wastes storage and hurts performance. This command is used to solve the storage and performance -problem by stashing the refs in a single file, +problem by storing the refs in a single file, `$GIT_DIR/packed-refs`. When a ref is missing from the -traditional `$GIT_DIR/refs` hierarchy, it is looked up in this +traditional `$GIT_DIR/refs` directory hierarchy, it is looked +up in this file and used if found. -Subsequent updates to branches always creates new file under -`$GIT_DIR/refs` hierarchy. +Subsequent updates to branches always create new files under +`$GIT_DIR/refs` directory hierarchy. A recommended practice to deal with a repository with too many -refs is to pack its refs with `--all --prune` once, and -occasionally run `git pack-refs \--prune`. Tags are by +refs is to pack its refs with `--all` once, and +occasionally run `git pack-refs`. Tags are by definition stationary and are not expected to change. Branch heads will be packed with the initial `pack-refs --all`, but only the currently active branch heads will become unpacked, -and next `pack-refs` (without `--all`) will leave them +and the next `pack-refs` (without `--all`) will leave them unpacked. @@ -57,9 +60,13 @@ The command usually removes loose refs under `$GIT_DIR/refs` hierarchy after packing them. This option tells it not to. -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> +BUGS +---- + +Older documentation written before the packed-refs mechanism was +introduced may still say things like ".git/refs/heads/<branch> file +exists" when it means "branch <branch> exists". + GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-parse-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-parse-remote.txt index cd43069874..a45ea1ece8 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-parse-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-parse-remote.txt @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ git-parse-remote - Routines to help parsing remote repository access parameters SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] '. "$(git --exec-path)/git-parse-remote"' DESCRIPTION @@ -17,34 +18,6 @@ routines to parse files under $GIT_DIR/remotes/ and $GIT_DIR/branches/ and configuration variables that are related to fetching, pulling and pushing. -The primary entry points are: - -get_remote_refs_for_fetch:: - Given the list of user-supplied `<repo> <refspec>...`, - return the list of refs to fetch after canonicalizing - them into `$GIT_DIR` relative paths - (e.g. `refs/heads/foo`). When `<refspec>...` is empty - the returned list of refs consists of the defaults - for the given `<repo>`, if specified in - `$GIT_DIR/remotes/`, `$GIT_DIR/branches/`, or `remote.*.fetch` - configuration. - -get_remote_refs_for_push:: - Given the list of user-supplied `<repo> <refspec>...`, - return the list of refs to push in a form suitable to be - fed to the 'git-send-pack' command. When `<refspec>...` - is empty the returned list of refs consists of the - defaults for the given `<repo>`, if specified in - `$GIT_DIR/remotes/`. - -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano. - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt b/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt index 477785e134..cf71fba1c0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt @@ -7,35 +7,57 @@ git-patch-id - Compute unique ID for a patch SYNOPSIS -------- -'git patch-id' < <patch> +[verse] +'git patch-id' [--stable | --unstable] DESCRIPTION ----------- -A "patch ID" is nothing but a SHA1 of the diff associated with a patch, with -whitespace and line numbers ignored. As such, it's "reasonably stable", but at -the same time also reasonably unique, i.e., two patches that have the same "patch -ID" are almost guaranteed to be the same thing. +Read a patch from the standard input and compute the patch ID for it. + +A "patch ID" is nothing but a sum of SHA-1 of the file diffs associated with a +patch, with whitespace and line numbers ignored. As such, it's "reasonably +stable", but at the same time also reasonably unique, i.e., two patches that +have the same "patch ID" are almost guaranteed to be the same thing. IOW, you can use this thing to look for likely duplicate commits. -When dealing with 'git-diff-tree' output, it takes advantage of +When dealing with 'git diff-tree' output, it takes advantage of the fact that the patch is prefixed with the object name of the -commit, and outputs two 40-byte hexadecimal string. The first +commit, and outputs two 40-byte hexadecimal strings. The first string is the patch ID, and the second string is the commit ID. This can be used to make a mapping from patch ID to commit ID. OPTIONS ------- -<patch>:: - The diff to create the ID of. -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> +--stable:: + Use a "stable" sum of hashes as the patch ID. With this option: + - Reordering file diffs that make up a patch does not affect the ID. + In particular, two patches produced by comparing the same two trees + with two different settings for "-O<orderfile>" result in the same + patch ID signature, thereby allowing the computed result to be used + as a key to index some meta-information about the change between + the two trees; + + - Result is different from the value produced by git 1.9 and older + or produced when an "unstable" hash (see --unstable below) is + configured - even when used on a diff output taken without any use + of "-O<orderfile>", thereby making existing databases storing such + "unstable" or historical patch-ids unusable. + + This is the default if patchid.stable is set to true. -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +--unstable:: + Use an "unstable" hash as the patch ID. With this option, + the result produced is compatible with the patch-id value produced + by git 1.9 and older. Users with pre-existing databases storing + patch-ids produced by git 1.9 and older (who do not deal with reordered + patches) may want to use this option. + + This is the default. + +<patch>:: + The diff to create the ID of. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-peek-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-peek-remote.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8282a5e82b..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/git-peek-remote.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,50 +0,0 @@ -git-peek-remote(1) -================== - -NAME ----- -git-peek-remote - List the references in a remote repository - - -SYNOPSIS --------- -'git peek-remote' [--upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>] [<host>:]<directory> - -DESCRIPTION ------------ -This command is deprecated; use 'git-ls-remote' instead. - -OPTIONS -------- ---upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>:: - Use this to specify the path to 'git-upload-pack' on the - remote side, if it is not found on your $PATH. Some - installations of sshd ignores the user's environment - setup scripts for login shells (e.g. .bash_profile) and - your privately installed git may not be found on the system - default $PATH. Another workaround suggested is to set - up your $PATH in ".bashrc", but this flag is for people - who do not want to pay the overhead for non-interactive - shells, but prefer having a lean .bashrc file (they set most of - the things up in .bash_profile). - -<host>:: - A remote host that houses the repository. When this - part is specified, 'git-upload-pack' is invoked via - ssh. - -<directory>:: - The repository to sync from. - - -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano. - -GIT ---- -Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt b/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt index b5f26cee13..9fed59a317 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ git-prune-packed(1) -===================== +=================== NAME ---- @@ -8,12 +8,13 @@ git-prune-packed - Remove extra objects that are already in pack files SYNOPSIS -------- -'git prune-packed' [-n] [-q] +[verse] +'git prune-packed' [-n|--dry-run] [-q|--quiet] DESCRIPTION ----------- -This program searches the `$GIT_OBJECT_DIR` for all objects that currently +This program searches the `$GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY` for all objects that currently exist in a pack file as well as the independent object directories. All such extra objects are removed. @@ -28,20 +29,14 @@ disk storage, etc. OPTIONS ------- -n:: +--dry-run:: Don't actually remove any objects, only show those that would have been removed. -q:: +--quiet:: Squelch the progress indicator. -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Ryan Anderson <ryan@michonline.com> - SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] diff --git a/Documentation/git-prune.txt b/Documentation/git-prune.txt index da6055d4b8..7a493c80f7 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-prune.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-prune.txt @@ -8,21 +8,24 @@ git-prune - Prune all unreachable objects from the object database SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-prune' [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>] [--] [<head>...] +[verse] +'git prune' [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>] [--] [<head>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -NOTE: In most cases, users should run 'git-gc', which calls -'git-prune'. See the section "NOTES", below. +NOTE: In most cases, users should run 'git gc', which calls +'git prune'. See the section "NOTES", below. -This runs 'git-fsck --unreachable' using all the refs -available in `$GIT_DIR/refs`, optionally with additional set of +This runs 'git fsck --unreachable' using all the refs +available in `refs/`, optionally with additional set of objects specified on the command line, and prunes all unpacked objects unreachable from any of these head objects from the object database. In addition, it prunes the unpacked objects that are also found in packs by -running 'git-prune-packed'. +running 'git prune-packed'. +It also removes entries from .git/shallow that are not reachable by +any ref. Note that unreachable, packed objects will remain. If this is not desired, see linkgit:git-repack[1]. @@ -31,10 +34,12 @@ OPTIONS ------- -n:: +--dry-run:: Do not remove anything; just report what it would remove. -v:: +--verbose:: Report all removed objects. \--:: @@ -51,23 +56,23 @@ OPTIONS EXAMPLE ------- -To prune objects not used by your repository nor another that +To prune objects not used by your repository or another that borrows from your repository via its `.git/objects/info/alternates`: ------------ -$ git prune $(cd ../another && $(git rev-parse --all)) +$ git prune $(cd ../another && git rev-parse --all) ------------ Notes ----- -In most cases, users will not need to call 'git-prune' directly, but -should instead call 'git-gc', which handles pruning along with +In most cases, users will not need to call 'git prune' directly, but +should instead call 'git gc', which handles pruning along with many other housekeeping tasks. For a description of which objects are considered for pruning, see -'git-fsck''s --unreachable option. +'git fsck''s --unreachable option. SEE ALSO -------- @@ -76,14 +81,6 @@ linkgit:git-fsck[1], linkgit:git-gc[1], linkgit:git-reflog[1] -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-pull.txt b/Documentation/git-pull.txt index 7578623edb..4470e4b574 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pull.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pull.txt @@ -3,40 +3,121 @@ git-pull(1) NAME ---- -git-pull - Fetch from and merge with another repository or a local branch +git-pull - Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch SYNOPSIS -------- -'git pull' <options> <repository> <refspec>... +[verse] +'git pull' [options] [<repository> [<refspec>...]] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Runs 'git-fetch' with the given parameters, and calls 'git-merge' -to merge the retrieved head(s) into the current branch. -With `--rebase`, calls 'git-rebase' instead of 'git-merge'. -Note that you can use `.` (current directory) as the -<repository> to pull from the local repository -- this is useful -when merging local branches into the current branch. +Incorporates changes from a remote repository into the current +branch. In its default mode, `git pull` is shorthand for +`git fetch` followed by `git merge FETCH_HEAD`. -Also note that options meant for 'git-pull' itself and underlying -'git-merge' must be given before the options meant for 'git-fetch'. +More precisely, 'git pull' runs 'git fetch' with the given +parameters and calls 'git merge' to merge the retrieved branch +heads into the current branch. +With `--rebase`, it runs 'git rebase' instead of 'git merge'. + +<repository> should be the name of a remote repository as +passed to linkgit:git-fetch[1]. <refspec> can name an +arbitrary remote ref (for example, the name of a tag) or even +a collection of refs with corresponding remote-tracking branches +(e.g., refs/heads/{asterisk}:refs/remotes/origin/{asterisk}), +but usually it is the name of a branch in the remote repository. + +Default values for <repository> and <branch> are read from the +"remote" and "merge" configuration for the current branch +as set by linkgit:git-branch[1] `--track`. + +Assume the following history exists and the current branch is +"`master`": + +------------ + A---B---C master on origin + / + D---E---F---G master + ^ + origin/master in your repository +------------ + +Then "`git pull`" will fetch and replay the changes from the remote +`master` branch since it diverged from the local `master` (i.e., `E`) +until its current commit (`C`) on top of `master` and record the +result in a new commit along with the names of the two parent commits +and a log message from the user describing the changes. + +------------ + A---B---C origin/master + / \ + D---E---F---G---H master +------------ + +See linkgit:git-merge[1] for details, including how conflicts +are presented and handled. + +In Git 1.7.0 or later, to cancel a conflicting merge, use +`git reset --merge`. *Warning*: In older versions of Git, running 'git pull' +with uncommitted changes is discouraged: while possible, it leaves you +in a state that may be hard to back out of in the case of a conflict. + +If any of the remote changes overlap with local uncommitted changes, +the merge will be automatically cancelled and the work tree untouched. +It is generally best to get any local changes in working order before +pulling or stash them away with linkgit:git-stash[1]. OPTIONS ------- -include::merge-options.txt[] + +-q:: +--quiet:: + This is passed to both underlying git-fetch to squelch reporting of + during transfer, and underlying git-merge to squelch output during + merging. + +-v:: +--verbose:: + Pass --verbose to git-fetch and git-merge. + +--[no-]recurse-submodules[=yes|on-demand|no]:: + This option controls if new commits of all populated submodules should + be fetched too (see linkgit:git-config[1] and linkgit:gitmodules[5]). + That might be necessary to get the data needed for merging submodule + commits, a feature Git learned in 1.7.3. Notice that the result of a + merge will not be checked out in the submodule, "git submodule update" + has to be called afterwards to bring the work tree up to date with the + merge result. + +Options related to merging +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :git-pull: 1 ---rebase:: - Instead of a merge, perform a rebase after fetching. If - there is a remote ref for the upstream branch, and this branch +include::merge-options.txt[] + +-r:: +--rebase[=false|true|preserve|interactive]:: + When true, rebase the current branch on top of the upstream + branch after fetching. If there is a remote-tracking branch + corresponding to the upstream branch and the upstream branch was rebased since last fetched, the rebase uses that information - to avoid rebasing non-local changes. To make this the default - for branch `<name>`, set configuration `branch.<name>.rebase` - to `true`. + to avoid rebasing non-local changes. ++ +When set to preserve, rebase with the `--preserve-merges` option passed +to `git rebase` so that locally created merge commits will not be flattened. ++ +When false, merge the current branch into the upstream branch. ++ +When `interactive`, enable the interactive mode of rebase. ++ +See `pull.rebase`, `branch.<name>.rebase` and `branch.autoSetupRebase` in +linkgit:git-config[1] if you want to make `git pull` always use +`--rebase` instead of merging. + [NOTE] This is a potentially _dangerous_ mode of operation. @@ -47,6 +128,18 @@ unless you have read linkgit:git-rebase[1] carefully. --no-rebase:: Override earlier --rebase. +--autostash:: +--no-autostash:: + Before starting rebase, stash local modifications away (see + linkgit:git-stash[1]) if needed, and apply the stash when + done. `--no-autostash` is useful to override the `rebase.autoStash` + configuration variable (see linkgit:git-config[1]). ++ +This option is only valid when "--rebase" is used. + +Options related to fetching +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + include::fetch-options.txt[] include::pull-fetch-param.txt[] @@ -70,7 +163,7 @@ and if there is not any such variable, the value on `URL: ` line in `$GIT_DIR/remotes/<origin>` file is used. In order to determine what remote branches to fetch (and -optionally store in the tracking branches) when the command is +optionally store in the remote-tracking branches) when the command is run without any refspec parameters on the command line, values of the configuration variable `remote.<origin>.fetch` are consulted, and if there aren't any, `$GIT_DIR/remotes/<origin>` @@ -83,9 +176,9 @@ refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/* ------------ A globbing refspec must have a non-empty RHS (i.e. must store -what were fetched in tracking branches), and its LHS and RHS +what were fetched in remote-tracking branches), and its LHS and RHS must end with `/*`. The above specifies that all remote -branches are tracked using tracking branches in +branches are tracked using remote-tracking branches in `refs/remotes/origin/` hierarchy under the same name. The rule to determine which remote branch to merge after @@ -131,76 +224,34 @@ $ git pull origin next ------------------------------------------------ + This leaves a copy of `next` temporarily in FETCH_HEAD, but -does not update any remote-tracking branches. - -* Bundle local branch `fixes` and `enhancements` on top of - the current branch, making an Octopus merge: -+ ------------------------------------------------- -$ git pull . fixes enhancements ------------------------------------------------- -+ -This `git pull .` syntax is equivalent to `git merge`. - -* Merge local branch `obsolete` into the current branch, using `ours` - merge strategy: +does not update any remote-tracking branches. Using remote-tracking +branches, the same can be done by invoking fetch and merge: + ------------------------------------------------ -$ git pull -s ours . obsolete +$ git fetch origin +$ git merge origin/next ------------------------------------------------ -* Merge local branch `maint` into the current branch, but do not make - a commit automatically: -+ ------------------------------------------------- -$ git pull --no-commit . maint ------------------------------------------------- -+ -This can be used when you want to include further changes to the -merge, or want to write your own merge commit message. -+ -You should refrain from abusing this option to sneak substantial -changes into a merge commit. Small fixups like bumping -release/version name would be acceptable. -* Command line pull of multiple branches from one repository: -+ ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout master -$ git fetch origin +pu:pu maint:tmp -$ git pull . tmp ------------------------------------------------- -+ -This updates (or creates, as necessary) branches `pu` and `tmp` in -the local repository by fetching from the branches (respectively) -`pu` and `maint` from the remote repository. -+ -The `pu` branch will be updated even if it is does not fast-forward; -the others will not be. -+ -The final command then merges the newly fetched `tmp` into master. +If you tried a pull which resulted in complex conflicts and +would want to start over, you can recover with 'git reset'. -If you tried a pull which resulted in a complex conflicts and -would want to start over, you can recover with 'git-reset'. +include::transfer-data-leaks.txt[] +BUGS +---- +Using --recurse-submodules can only fetch new commits in already checked +out submodules right now. When e.g. upstream added a new submodule in the +just fetched commits of the superproject the submodule itself can not be +fetched, making it impossible to check out that submodule later without +having to do a fetch again. This is expected to be fixed in a future Git +version. SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-fetch[1], linkgit:git-merge[1], linkgit:git-config[1] - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> -and Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Jon Loeliger, -David Greaves, -Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-push.txt b/Documentation/git-push.txt index 7d1eced7d2..1624a35888 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-push.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-push.txt @@ -9,9 +9,12 @@ git-push - Update remote refs along with associated objects SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git push' [--all | --mirror] [--dry-run] [--tags] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>] - [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [-v | --verbose] - [<repository> <refspec>...] +'git push' [--all | --mirror | --tags] [--follow-tags] [--atomic] [-n | --dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>] + [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [-d | --delete] [--prune] [-v | --verbose] + [-u | --set-upstream] [--push-option=<string>] + [--[no-]signed|--sign=(true|false|if-asked)] + [--force-with-lease[=<refname>[:<expect>]]] + [--no-verify] [<repository> [<refspec>...]] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -23,9 +26,27 @@ You can make interesting things happen to a repository every time you push into it, by setting up 'hooks' there. See documentation for linkgit:git-receive-pack[1]. +When the command line does not specify where to push with the +`<repository>` argument, `branch.*.remote` configuration for the +current branch is consulted to determine where to push. If the +configuration is missing, it defaults to 'origin'. -OPTIONS -------- +When the command line does not specify what to push with `<refspec>...` +arguments or `--all`, `--mirror`, `--tags` options, the command finds +the default `<refspec>` by consulting `remote.*.push` configuration, +and if it is not found, honors `push.default` configuration to decide +what to push (See linkgit:git-config[1] for the meaning of `push.default`). + +When neither the command-line nor the configuration specify what to +push, the default behavior is used, which corresponds to the `simple` +value for `push.default`: the current branch is pushed to the +corresponding upstream branch, but as a safety measure, the push is +aborted if the upstream branch does not have the same name as the +local one. + + +OPTIONS[[OPTIONS]] +------------------ <repository>:: The "remote" repository that is destination of a push operation. This parameter can be either a URL @@ -33,45 +54,58 @@ OPTIONS of a remote (see the section <<REMOTES,REMOTES>> below). <refspec>...:: + Specify what destination ref to update with what source object. The format of a <refspec> parameter is an optional plus - `{plus}`, followed by the source ref <src>, followed + `+`, followed by the source object <src>, followed by a colon `:`, followed by the destination ref <dst>. - It is used to specify with what <src> object the <dst> ref - in the remote repository is to be updated. + The <src> is often the name of the branch you would want to push, but it can be any arbitrary "SHA-1 expression", such as `master~4` or -`HEAD` (see linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]). +`HEAD` (see linkgit:gitrevisions[7]). + The <dst> tells which ref on the remote side is updated with this push. Arbitrary expressions cannot be used here, an actual ref must -be named. If `:`<dst> is omitted, the same ref as <src> will be -updated. +be named. +If `git push [<repository>]` without any `<refspec>` argument is set to +update some ref at the destination with `<src>` with +`remote.<repository>.push` configuration variable, `:<dst>` part can +be omitted--such a push will update a ref that `<src>` normally updates +without any `<refspec>` on the command line. Otherwise, missing +`:<dst>` means to update the same ref as the `<src>`. + -The object referenced by <src> is used to fast forward the ref <dst> -on the remote side. If the optional leading plus `{plus}` is used, the -remote ref is updated even if it does not result in a fast forward -update. +The object referenced by <src> is used to update the <dst> reference +on the remote side. By default this is only allowed if <dst> is not +a tag (annotated or lightweight), and then only if it can fast-forward +<dst>. By having the optional leading `+`, you can tell Git to update +the <dst> ref even if it is not allowed by default (e.g., it is not a +fast-forward.) This does *not* attempt to merge <src> into <dst>. See +EXAMPLES below for details. + `tag <tag>` means the same as `refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag>`. + Pushing an empty <src> allows you to delete the <dst> ref from the remote repository. + -The special refspec `:` (or `+:` to allow non-fast forward updates) -directs git to push "matching" branches: for every branch that exists on +The special refspec `:` (or `+:` to allow non-fast-forward updates) +directs Git to push "matching" branches: for every branch that exists on the local side, the remote side is updated if a branch of the same name -already exists on the remote side. This is the default operation mode -if no explicit refspec is found (that is neither on the command line -nor in any Push line of the corresponding remotes file---see below). +already exists on the remote side. --all:: - Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all - refs under `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/` be pushed. + Push all branches (i.e. refs under `refs/heads/`); cannot be + used with other <refspec>. + +--prune:: + Remove remote branches that don't have a local counterpart. For example + a remote branch `tmp` will be removed if a local branch with the same + name doesn't exist any more. This also respects refspecs, e.g. + `git push --prune remote refs/heads/*:refs/tmp/*` would + make sure that remote `refs/tmp/foo` will be removed if `refs/heads/foo` + doesn't exist. --mirror:: Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all - refs under `$GIT_DIR/refs/` (which includes but is not + refs under `refs/` (which includes but is not limited to `refs/heads/`, `refs/remotes/`, and `refs/tags/`) be mirrored to the remote repository. Newly created local refs will be pushed to the remote end, locally updated refs @@ -80,14 +114,54 @@ nor in any Push line of the corresponding remotes file---see below). if the configuration option `remote.<remote>.mirror` is set. +-n:: --dry-run:: Do everything except actually send the updates. +--porcelain:: + Produce machine-readable output. The output status line for each ref + will be tab-separated and sent to stdout instead of stderr. The full + symbolic names of the refs will be given. + +--delete:: + All listed refs are deleted from the remote repository. This is + the same as prefixing all refs with a colon. + --tags:: - All refs under `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags` are pushed, in + All refs under `refs/tags` are pushed, in addition to refspecs explicitly listed on the command line. +--follow-tags:: + Push all the refs that would be pushed without this option, + and also push annotated tags in `refs/tags` that are missing + from the remote but are pointing at commit-ish that are + reachable from the refs being pushed. This can also be specified + with configuration variable `push.followTags`. For more + information, see `push.followTags` in linkgit:git-config[1]. + +--[no-]signed:: +--sign=(true|false|if-asked):: + GPG-sign the push request to update refs on the receiving + side, to allow it to be checked by the hooks and/or be + logged. If `false` or `--no-signed`, no signing will be + attempted. If `true` or `--signed`, the push will fail if the + server does not support signed pushes. If set to `if-asked`, + sign if and only if the server supports signed pushes. The push + will also fail if the actual call to `gpg --sign` fails. See + linkgit:git-receive-pack[1] for the details on the receiving end. + +--[no-]atomic:: + Use an atomic transaction on the remote side if available. + Either all refs are updated, or on error, no refs are updated. + If the server does not support atomic pushes the push will fail. + +-o:: +--push-option:: + Transmit the given string to the server, which passes them to + the pre-receive as well as the post-receive hook. The given string + must not contain a NUL or LF character. + --receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>:: --exec=<git-receive-pack>:: Path to the 'git-receive-pack' program on the remote @@ -95,48 +169,144 @@ nor in any Push line of the corresponding remotes file---see below). repository over ssh, and you do not have the program in a directory on the default $PATH. +--[no-]force-with-lease:: +--force-with-lease=<refname>:: +--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>:: + Usually, "git push" refuses to update a remote ref that is + not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it. ++ +This option overrides this restriction if the current value of the +remote ref is the expected value. "git push" fails otherwise. ++ +Imagine that you have to rebase what you have already published. +You will have to bypass the "must fast-forward" rule in order to +replace the history you originally published with the rebased history. +If somebody else built on top of your original history while you are +rebasing, the tip of the branch at the remote may advance with her +commit, and blindly pushing with `--force` will lose her work. ++ +This option allows you to say that you expect the history you are +updating is what you rebased and want to replace. If the remote ref +still points at the commit you specified, you can be sure that no +other people did anything to the ref. It is like taking a "lease" on +the ref without explicitly locking it, and the remote ref is updated +only if the "lease" is still valid. ++ +`--force-with-lease` alone, without specifying the details, will protect +all remote refs that are going to be updated by requiring their +current value to be the same as the remote-tracking branch we have +for them. ++ +`--force-with-lease=<refname>`, without specifying the expected value, will +protect the named ref (alone), if it is going to be updated, by +requiring its current value to be the same as the remote-tracking +branch we have for it. ++ +`--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>` will protect the named ref (alone), +if it is going to be updated, by requiring its current value to be +the same as the specified value `<expect>` (which is allowed to be +different from the remote-tracking branch we have for the refname, +or we do not even have to have such a remote-tracking branch when +this form is used). If `<expect>` is the empty string, then the named ref +must not already exist. ++ +Note that all forms other than `--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>` +that specifies the expected current value of the ref explicitly are +still experimental and their semantics may change as we gain experience +with this feature. ++ +"--no-force-with-lease" will cancel all the previous --force-with-lease on the +command line. + -f:: --force:: Usually, the command refuses to update a remote ref that is not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it. - This flag disables the check. This can cause the - remote repository to lose commits; use it with care. + Also, when `--force-with-lease` option is used, the command refuses + to update a remote ref whose current value does not match + what is expected. ++ +This flag disables these checks, and can cause the remote repository +to lose commits; use it with care. ++ +Note that `--force` applies to all the refs that are pushed, hence +using it with `push.default` set to `matching` or with multiple push +destinations configured with `remote.*.push` may overwrite refs +other than the current branch (including local refs that are +strictly behind their remote counterpart). To force a push to only +one branch, use a `+` in front of the refspec to push (e.g `git push +origin +master` to force a push to the `master` branch). See the +`<refspec>...` section above for details. --repo=<repository>:: - This option is only relevant if no <repository> argument is - passed in the invocation. In this case, 'git-push' derives the - remote name from the current branch: If it tracks a remote - branch, then that remote repository is pushed to. Otherwise, - the name "origin" is used. For this latter case, this option - can be used to override the name "origin". In other words, - the difference between these two commands -+ --------------------------- -git push public #1 -git push --repo=public #2 --------------------------- -+ -is that #1 always pushes to "public" whereas #2 pushes to "public" -only if the current branch does not track a remote branch. This is -useful if you write an alias or script around 'git-push'. - ---thin:: ---no-thin:: - These options are passed to 'git-send-pack'. Thin - transfer spends extra cycles to minimize the number of - objects to be sent and meant to be used on slower connection. + This option is equivalent to the <repository> argument. If both + are specified, the command-line argument takes precedence. + +-u:: +--set-upstream:: + For every branch that is up to date or successfully pushed, add + upstream (tracking) reference, used by argument-less + linkgit:git-pull[1] and other commands. For more information, + see `branch.<name>.merge` in linkgit:git-config[1]. + +--[no-]thin:: + These options are passed to linkgit:git-send-pack[1]. A thin transfer + significantly reduces the amount of sent data when the sender and + receiver share many of the same objects in common. The default is + \--thin. + +-q:: +--quiet:: + Suppress all output, including the listing of updated refs, + unless an error occurs. Progress is not reported to the standard + error stream. -v:: --verbose:: Run verbosely. +--progress:: + Progress status is reported on the standard error stream + by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q + is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the + standard error stream is not directed to a terminal. + +--no-recurse-submodules:: +--recurse-submodules=check|on-demand|only|no:: + May be used to make sure all submodule commits used by the + revisions to be pushed are available on a remote-tracking branch. + If 'check' is used Git will verify that all submodule commits that + changed in the revisions to be pushed are available on at least one + remote of the submodule. If any commits are missing the push will + be aborted and exit with non-zero status. If 'on-demand' is used + all submodules that changed in the revisions to be pushed will be + pushed. If on-demand was not able to push all necessary revisions it will + also be aborted and exit with non-zero status. If 'only' is used all + submodules will be recursively pushed while the superproject is left + unpushed. A value of 'no' or using `--no-recurse-submodules` can be used + to override the push.recurseSubmodules configuration variable when no + submodule recursion is required. + +--[no-]verify:: + Toggle the pre-push hook (see linkgit:githooks[5]). The + default is --verify, giving the hook a chance to prevent the + push. With --no-verify, the hook is bypassed completely. + +-4:: +--ipv4:: + Use IPv4 addresses only, ignoring IPv6 addresses. + +-6:: +--ipv6:: + Use IPv6 addresses only, ignoring IPv4 addresses. + include::urls-remotes.txt[] OUTPUT ------ The output of "git push" depends on the transport method used; this -section describes the output when pushing over the git protocol (either +section describes the output when pushing over the Git protocol (either locally or via ssh). The status of the push is output in tabular form, with each line @@ -146,27 +316,51 @@ representing the status of a single ref. Each line is of the form: <flag> <summary> <from> -> <to> (<reason>) ------------------------------- +If --porcelain is used, then each line of the output is of the form: + +------------------------------- + <flag> \t <from>:<to> \t <summary> (<reason>) +------------------------------- + +The status of up-to-date refs is shown only if --porcelain or --verbose +option is used. + flag:: - A single character indicating the status of the ref. This is - blank for a successfully pushed ref, `!` for a ref that was - rejected or failed to push, and '=' for a ref that was up to - date and did not need pushing (note that the status of up to - date refs is shown only when `git push` is running verbosely). + A single character indicating the status of the ref: +(space);; for a successfully pushed fast-forward; +`+`;; for a successful forced update; +`-`;; for a successfully deleted ref; +`*`;; for a successfully pushed new ref; +`!`;; for a ref that was rejected or failed to push; and +`=`;; for a ref that was up to date and did not need pushing. summary:: For a successfully pushed ref, the summary shows the old and new values of the ref in a form suitable for using as an argument to `git log` (this is `<old>..<new>` in most cases, and - `<old>...<new>` for forced non-fast forward updates). For a - failed update, more details are given for the failure. - The string `rejected` indicates that git did not try to send the - ref at all (typically because it is not a fast forward). The - string `remote rejected` indicates that the remote end refused - the update; this rejection is typically caused by a hook on the - remote side. The string `remote failure` indicates that the - remote end did not report the successful update of the ref - (perhaps because of a temporary error on the remote side, a - break in the network connection, or other transient error). + `<old>...<new>` for forced non-fast-forward updates). ++ +For a failed update, more details are given: ++ +-- +rejected:: + Git did not try to send the ref at all, typically because it + is not a fast-forward and you did not force the update. + +remote rejected:: + The remote end refused the update. Usually caused by a hook + on the remote side, or because the remote repository has one + of the following safety options in effect: + `receive.denyCurrentBranch` (for pushes to the checked out + branch), `receive.denyNonFastForwards` (for forced + non-fast-forward updates), `receive.denyDeletes` or + `receive.denyDeleteCurrent`. See linkgit:git-config[1]. + +remote failure:: + The remote end did not report the successful update of the ref, + perhaps because of a temporary error on the remote side, a + break in the network connection, or other transient error. +-- from:: The name of the local ref being pushed, minus its @@ -182,51 +376,191 @@ reason:: refs, no explanation is needed. For a failed ref, the reason for failure is described. +Note about fast-forwards +------------------------ + +When an update changes a branch (or more in general, a ref) that used to +point at commit A to point at another commit B, it is called a +fast-forward update if and only if B is a descendant of A. + +In a fast-forward update from A to B, the set of commits that the original +commit A built on top of is a subset of the commits the new commit B +builds on top of. Hence, it does not lose any history. + +In contrast, a non-fast-forward update will lose history. For example, +suppose you and somebody else started at the same commit X, and you built +a history leading to commit B while the other person built a history +leading to commit A. The history looks like this: + +---------------- + + B + / + ---X---A + +---------------- + +Further suppose that the other person already pushed changes leading to A +back to the original repository from which you two obtained the original +commit X. + +The push done by the other person updated the branch that used to point at +commit X to point at commit A. It is a fast-forward. + +But if you try to push, you will attempt to update the branch (that +now points at A) with commit B. This does _not_ fast-forward. If you did +so, the changes introduced by commit A will be lost, because everybody +will now start building on top of B. + +The command by default does not allow an update that is not a fast-forward +to prevent such loss of history. + +If you do not want to lose your work (history from X to B) or the work by +the other person (history from X to A), you would need to first fetch the +history from the repository, create a history that contains changes done +by both parties, and push the result back. + +You can perform "git pull", resolve potential conflicts, and "git push" +the result. A "git pull" will create a merge commit C between commits A +and B. + +---------------- + + B---C + / / + ---X---A + +---------------- + +Updating A with the resulting merge commit will fast-forward and your +push will be accepted. + +Alternatively, you can rebase your change between X and B on top of A, +with "git pull --rebase", and push the result back. The rebase will +create a new commit D that builds the change between X and B on top of +A. + +---------------- + + B D + / / + ---X---A + +---------------- + +Again, updating A with this commit will fast-forward and your push will be +accepted. + +There is another common situation where you may encounter non-fast-forward +rejection when you try to push, and it is possible even when you are +pushing into a repository nobody else pushes into. After you push commit +A yourself (in the first picture in this section), replace it with "git +commit --amend" to produce commit B, and you try to push it out, because +forgot that you have pushed A out already. In such a case, and only if +you are certain that nobody in the meantime fetched your earlier commit A +(and started building on top of it), you can run "git push --force" to +overwrite it. In other words, "git push --force" is a method reserved for +a case where you do mean to lose history. + + Examples -------- -git push origin master:: +`git push`:: + Works like `git push <remote>`, where <remote> is the + current branch's remote (or `origin`, if no remote is + configured for the current branch). + +`git push origin`:: + Without additional configuration, pushes the current branch to + the configured upstream (`remote.origin.merge` configuration + variable) if it has the same name as the current branch, and + errors out without pushing otherwise. ++ +The default behavior of this command when no <refspec> is given can be +configured by setting the `push` option of the remote, or the `push.default` +configuration variable. ++ +For example, to default to pushing only the current branch to `origin` +use `git config remote.origin.push HEAD`. Any valid <refspec> (like +the ones in the examples below) can be configured as the default for +`git push origin`. + +`git push origin :`:: + Push "matching" branches to `origin`. See + <refspec> in the <<OPTIONS,OPTIONS>> section above for a + description of "matching" branches. + +`git push origin master`:: Find a ref that matches `master` in the source repository (most likely, it would find `refs/heads/master`), and update the same ref (e.g. `refs/heads/master`) in `origin` repository with it. If `master` did not exist remotely, it would be created. -git push origin HEAD:: +`git push origin HEAD`:: A handy way to push the current branch to the same name on the remote. -git push origin master:satellite/master dev:satellite/dev:: +`git push mothership master:satellite/master dev:satellite/dev`:: Use the source ref that matches `master` (e.g. `refs/heads/master`) to update the ref that matches `satellite/master` (most probably - `refs/remotes/satellite/master`) in the `origin` repository, then + `refs/remotes/satellite/master`) in the `mothership` repository; do the same for `dev` and `satellite/dev`. ++ +This is to emulate `git fetch` run on the `mothership` using `git +push` that is run in the opposite direction in order to integrate +the work done on `satellite`, and is often necessary when you can +only make connection in one way (i.e. satellite can ssh into +mothership but mothership cannot initiate connection to satellite +because the latter is behind a firewall or does not run sshd). ++ +After running this `git push` on the `satellite` machine, you would +ssh into the `mothership` and run `git merge` there to complete the +emulation of `git pull` that were run on `mothership` to pull changes +made on `satellite`. -git push origin HEAD:master:: +`git push origin HEAD:master`:: Push the current branch to the remote ref matching `master` in the `origin` repository. This form is convenient to push the current branch without thinking about its local name. -git push origin master:refs/heads/experimental:: +`git push origin master:refs/heads/experimental`:: Create the branch `experimental` in the `origin` repository by copying the current `master` branch. This form is only needed to create a new branch or tag in the remote repository when the local name and the remote name are different; otherwise, the ref name on its own will work. -git push origin :experimental:: +`git push origin :experimental`:: Find a ref that matches `experimental` in the `origin` repository (e.g. `refs/heads/experimental`), and delete it. +`git push origin +dev:master`:: + Update the origin repository's master branch with the dev branch, + allowing non-fast-forward updates. *This can leave unreferenced + commits dangling in the origin repository.* Consider the + following situation, where a fast-forward is not possible: ++ +---- + o---o---o---A---B origin/master + \ + X---Y---Z dev +---- ++ +The above command would change the origin repository to ++ +---- + A---B (unnamed branch) + / + o---o---o---X---Y---Z master +---- ++ +Commits A and B would no longer belong to a branch with a symbolic name, +and so would be unreachable. As such, these commits would be removed by +a `git gc` command on the origin repository. -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>, later rewritten in C -by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +include::transfer-data-leaks.txt[] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-quiltimport.txt b/Documentation/git-quiltimport.txt index d4037de512..8cf952b4de 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-quiltimport.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-quiltimport.txt @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ git-quiltimport(1) -================ +================== NAME ---- @@ -9,12 +9,13 @@ git-quiltimport - Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git quiltimport' [--dry-run] [--author <author>] [--patches <dir>] +'git quiltimport' [--dry-run | -n] [--author <author>] [--patches <dir>] + [--series <file>] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Applies a quilt patchset onto the current git branch, preserving +Applies a quilt patchset onto the current Git branch, preserving the patch boundaries, patch order, and patch descriptions present in the quilt patchset. @@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ the patch description is displayed and the user is asked to interactively enter the author of the patch. If a subject is not found in the patch description the patch name is -preserved as the 1 line subject in the git description. +preserved as the 1 line subject in the Git description. OPTIONS ------- @@ -42,20 +43,18 @@ OPTIONS information can be found in the patch description. --patches <dir>:: - The directory to find the quilt patches and the - quilt series file. + The directory to find the quilt patches. + The default for the patch directory is patches -or the value of the $QUILT_PATCHES environment +or the value of the `$QUILT_PATCHES` environment variable. -Author ------- -Written by Eric Biederman <ebiederm@lnxi.com> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Eric Biederman <ebiederm@lnxi.com> +--series <file>:: + The quilt series file. ++ +The default for the series file is <patches>/series +or the value of the `$QUILT_SERIES` environment +variable. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt index 7160fa1536..ed9d63ef4a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt @@ -8,7 +8,11 @@ git-read-tree - Reads tree information into the index SYNOPSIS -------- -'git read-tree' (<tree-ish> | [[-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>] [-u | -i]] [--exclude-per-directory=<gitignore>] [--index-output=<file>] <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]]) +[verse] +'git read-tree' [[-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>] + [-u [--exclude-per-directory=<gitignore>] | -i]] + [--index-output=<file>] [--no-sparse-checkout] + (--empty | <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]]) DESCRIPTION @@ -22,8 +26,8 @@ fast-forward (i.e. 2-way) merge, or a 3-way merge, with the `-m` flag. When used with `-m`, the `-u` flag causes it to also update the files in the work tree with the result of the merge. -Trivial merges are done by 'git-read-tree' itself. Only conflicting paths -will be in unmerged state when 'git-read-tree' returns. +Trivial merges are done by 'git read-tree' itself. Only conflicting paths +will be in unmerged state when 'git read-tree' returns. OPTIONS ------- @@ -43,42 +47,46 @@ OPTIONS -i:: Usually a merge requires the index file as well as the - files in the working tree are up to date with the + files in the working tree to be up to date with the current head commit, in order not to lose local changes. This flag disables the check with the working tree and is meant to be used when creating a merge of trees that are not directly related to the current working tree status into a temporary index file. +-n:: +--dry-run:: + Check if the command would error out, without updating the index + or the files in the working tree for real. + -v:: Show the progress of checking files out. --trivial:: - Restrict three-way merge by 'git-read-tree' to happen + Restrict three-way merge by 'git read-tree' to happen only if there is no file-level merging required, instead of resolving merge for trivial cases and leaving conflicting files unresolved in the index. --aggressive:: - Usually a three-way merge by 'git-read-tree' resolves + Usually a three-way merge by 'git read-tree' resolves the merge for really trivial cases and leaves other - cases unresolved in the index, so that Porcelains can + cases unresolved in the index, so that porcelains can implement different merge policies. This flag makes the - command to resolve a few more cases internally: + command resolve a few more cases internally: + * when one side removes a path and the other side leaves the path unmodified. The resolution is to remove that path. * when both sides remove a path. The resolution is to remove that path. -* when both sides adds a path identically. The resolution +* when both sides add a path identically. The resolution is to add that path. --prefix=<prefix>/:: Keep the current index contents, and read the contents - of named tree-ish under directory at `<prefix>`. The - original index file cannot have anything at the path - `<prefix>` itself, and have nothing in `<prefix>/` - directory. Note that the `<prefix>/` value must end - with a slash. + of the named tree-ish under the directory at `<prefix>`. + The command will refuse to overwrite entries that already + existed in the original index file. Note that the `<prefix>/` + value must end with a slash. --exclude-per-directory=<gitignore>:: When running the command with `-u` and `-m` options, the @@ -107,13 +115,27 @@ OPTIONS directories the index file and index output file are located in. +--[no-]recurse-submodules:: + Using --recurse-submodules will update the content of all initialized + submodules according to the commit recorded in the superproject by + calling read-tree recursively, also setting the submodules HEAD to be + detached at that commit. + +--no-sparse-checkout:: + Disable sparse checkout support even if `core.sparseCheckout` + is true. + +--empty:: + Instead of reading tree object(s) into the index, just empty + it. + <tree-ish#>:: The id of the tree object(s) to be read/merged. Merging ------- -If `-m` is specified, 'git-read-tree' can perform 3 kinds of +If `-m` is specified, 'git read-tree' can perform 3 kinds of merge, a single tree merge if only 1 tree is given, a fast-forward merge with 2 trees, or a 3-way merge if 3 trees are provided. @@ -121,18 +143,18 @@ provided. Single Tree Merge ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -If only 1 tree is specified, 'git-read-tree' operates as if the user did not +If only 1 tree is specified, 'git read-tree' operates as if the user did not specify `-m`, except that if the original index has an entry for a -given pathname, and the contents of the path matches with the tree +given pathname, and the contents of the path match with the tree being read, the stat info from the index is used. (In other words, the index's stat()s take precedence over the merged tree's). That means that if you do a `git read-tree -m <newtree>` followed by a -`git checkout-index -f -u -a`, the 'git-checkout-index' only checks out +`git checkout-index -f -u -a`, the 'git checkout-index' only checks out the stuff that really changed. -This is used to avoid unnecessary false hits when 'git-diff-files' is -run after 'git-read-tree'. +This is used to avoid unnecessary false hits when 'git diff-files' is +run after 'git read-tree'. Two Tree Merge @@ -141,46 +163,48 @@ Two Tree Merge Typically, this is invoked as `git read-tree -m $H $M`, where $H is the head commit of the current repository, and $M is the head of a foreign tree, which is simply ahead of $H (i.e. we are in a -fast forward situation). +fast-forward situation). -When two trees are specified, the user is telling 'git-read-tree' +When two trees are specified, the user is telling 'git read-tree' the following: 1. The current index and work tree is derived from $H, but - the user may have local changes in them since $H; + the user may have local changes in them since $H. 2. The user wants to fast-forward to $M. In this case, the `git read-tree -m $H $M` command makes sure that no local change is lost as the result of this "merge". -Here are the "carry forward" rules: +Here are the "carry forward" rules, where "I" denotes the index, +"clean" means that index and work tree coincide, and "exists"/"nothing" +refer to the presence of a path in the specified commit: - I (index) H M Result + I H M Result ------------------------------------------------------- - 0 nothing nothing nothing (does not happen) - 1 nothing nothing exists use M - 2 nothing exists nothing remove path from index - 3 nothing exists exists, use M if "initial checkout" + 0 nothing nothing nothing (does not happen) + 1 nothing nothing exists use M + 2 nothing exists nothing remove path from index + 3 nothing exists exists, use M if "initial checkout", H == M keep index otherwise - exists fail + exists, fail H != M clean I==H I==M ------------------ - 4 yes N/A N/A nothing nothing keep index - 5 no N/A N/A nothing nothing keep index + 4 yes N/A N/A nothing nothing keep index + 5 no N/A N/A nothing nothing keep index - 6 yes N/A yes nothing exists keep index - 7 no N/A yes nothing exists keep index - 8 yes N/A no nothing exists fail - 9 no N/A no nothing exists fail + 6 yes N/A yes nothing exists keep index + 7 no N/A yes nothing exists keep index + 8 yes N/A no nothing exists fail + 9 no N/A no nothing exists fail 10 yes yes N/A exists nothing remove path from index 11 no yes N/A exists nothing fail 12 yes no N/A exists nothing fail 13 no no N/A exists nothing fail - clean (H=M) + clean (H==M) ------ 14 yes exists exists keep index 15 no exists exists keep index @@ -195,26 +219,26 @@ Here are the "carry forward" rules: 21 no yes no exists exists fail In all "keep index" cases, the index entry stays as in the -original index file. If the entry were not up to date, -'git-read-tree' keeps the copy in the work tree intact when +original index file. If the entry is not up to date, +'git read-tree' keeps the copy in the work tree intact when operating under the -u flag. -When this form of 'git-read-tree' returns successfully, you can -see what "local changes" you made are carried forward by running +When this form of 'git read-tree' returns successfully, you can +see which of the "local changes" that you made were carried forward by running `git diff-index --cached $M`. Note that this does not -necessarily match `git diff-index --cached $H` would have +necessarily match what `git diff-index --cached $H` would have produced before such a two tree merge. This is because of cases 18 and 19 --- if you already had the changes in $M (e.g. maybe you picked it up via e-mail in a patch form), `git diff-index --cached $H` would have told you about the change before this merge, but it would not show in `git diff-index --cached $M` -output after two-tree merge. +output after the two-tree merge. -Case #3 is slightly tricky and needs explanation. The result from this +Case 3 is slightly tricky and needs explanation. The result from this rule logically should be to remove the path if the user staged the removal of the path and then switching to a new branch. That however will prevent the initial checkout from happening, so the rule is modified to use M (new -tree) only when the contents of the index is empty. Otherwise the removal +tree) only when the content of the index is empty. Otherwise the removal of the path is kept as long as $H and $M are the same. 3-Way Merge @@ -222,7 +246,7 @@ of the path is kept as long as $H and $M are the same. Each "index" entry has two bits worth of "stage" state. stage 0 is the normal one, and is the only one you'd see in any kind of normal use. -However, when you do 'git-read-tree' with three trees, the "stage" +However, when you do 'git read-tree' with three trees, the "stage" starts out at 1. This means that you can do @@ -238,7 +262,7 @@ branch into the current branch, we use the common ancestor tree as <tree1>, the current branch head as <tree2>, and the other branch head as <tree3>. -Furthermore, 'git-read-tree' has special-case logic that says: if you see +Furthermore, 'git read-tree' has special-case logic that says: if you see a file that matches in all respects in the following states, it "collapses" back to "stage0": @@ -254,7 +278,7 @@ a file that matches in all respects in the following states, it - stage 1 and stage 3 are the same and stage 2 is different take stage 2 (we did something while they did nothing) -The 'git-write-tree' command refuses to write a nonsensical tree, and it +The 'git write-tree' command refuses to write a nonsensical tree, and it will complain about unmerged entries if it sees a single entry that is not stage 0. @@ -265,12 +289,12 @@ merge. The different stages represent the "result tree" (stage 0, aka you are trying to merge (stage 2 and 3 respectively). The order of stages 1, 2 and 3 (hence the order of three -<tree-ish> command line arguments) are significant when you +<tree-ish> command-line arguments) are significant when you start a 3-way merge with an index file that is already populated. Here is an outline of how the algorithm works: - if a file exists in identical format in all three trees, it will - automatically collapse to "merged" state by 'git-read-tree'. + automatically collapse to "merged" state by 'git read-tree'. - a file that has _any_ difference what-so-ever in the three trees will stay as separate entries in the index. It's up to "porcelain @@ -294,8 +318,8 @@ populated. Here is an outline of how the algorithm works: matching "stage1" entry if it exists too. .. all the normal trivial rules .. -You would normally use 'git-merge-index' with supplied -'git-merge-one-file' to do this last step. The script updates +You would normally use 'git merge-index' with supplied +'git merge-one-file' to do this last step. The script updates the files in the working tree as it merges each path and at the end of a successful merge. @@ -317,13 +341,13 @@ $ JC=`git rev-parse --verify "HEAD^0"` $ git checkout-index -f -u -a $JC ---------------- -You do random edits, without running 'git-update-index'. And then +You do random edits, without running 'git update-index'. And then you notice that the tip of your "upstream" tree has advanced since you pulled from him: ---------------- $ git fetch git://.... linus -$ LT=`cat .git/FETCH_HEAD` +$ LT=`git rev-parse FETCH_HEAD` ---------------- Your work tree is still based on your HEAD ($JC), but you have @@ -343,34 +367,71 @@ your work-in-progress changes, and your work tree would be updated to the result of the merge. However, if you have local changes in the working tree that -would be overwritten by this merge, 'git-read-tree' will refuse +would be overwritten by this merge, 'git read-tree' will refuse to run to prevent your changes from being lost. In other words, there is no need to worry about what exists only in the working tree. When you have local changes in a part of the project that is not involved in the merge, your changes do not interfere with the merge, and are kept intact. When they -*do* interfere, the merge does not even start ('git-read-tree' +*do* interfere, the merge does not even start ('git read-tree' complains loudly and fails without modifying anything). In such a case, you can simply continue doing what you were in the middle of doing, and when your working tree is ready (i.e. you have finished your work-in-progress), attempt the merge again. +Sparse checkout +--------------- + +"Sparse checkout" allows populating the working directory sparsely. +It uses the skip-worktree bit (see linkgit:git-update-index[1]) to tell +Git whether a file in the working directory is worth looking at. + +'git read-tree' and other merge-based commands ('git merge', 'git +checkout'...) can help maintaining the skip-worktree bitmap and working +directory update. `$GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout` is used to +define the skip-worktree reference bitmap. When 'git read-tree' needs +to update the working directory, it resets the skip-worktree bit in the index +based on this file, which uses the same syntax as .gitignore files. +If an entry matches a pattern in this file, skip-worktree will not be +set on that entry. Otherwise, skip-worktree will be set. + +Then it compares the new skip-worktree value with the previous one. If +skip-worktree turns from set to unset, it will add the corresponding +file back. If it turns from unset to set, that file will be removed. + +While `$GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout` is usually used to specify what +files are in, you can also specify what files are _not_ in, using +negate patterns. For example, to remove the file `unwanted`: + +---------------- +/* +!unwanted +---------------- + +Another tricky thing is fully repopulating the working directory when you +no longer want sparse checkout. You cannot just disable "sparse +checkout" because skip-worktree bits are still in the index and your working +directory is still sparsely populated. You should re-populate the working +directory with the `$GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout` file content as +follows: + +---------------- +/* +---------------- + +Then you can disable sparse checkout. Sparse checkout support in 'git +read-tree' and similar commands is disabled by default. You need to +turn `core.sparseCheckout` on in order to have sparse checkout +support. + + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-write-tree[1]; linkgit:git-ls-files[1]; linkgit:gitignore[5] - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt index 3d6d429e5e..67d48e6883 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt @@ -3,28 +3,35 @@ git-rebase(1) NAME ---- -git-rebase - Forward-port local commits to the updated upstream head +git-rebase - Reapply commits on top of another base tip SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [options] [--onto <newbase>] - <upstream> [<branch>] -'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [options] --onto <newbase> +'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [options] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] + [<upstream> [<branch>]] +'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [options] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] --root [<branch>] - -'git rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort +'git rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --edit-todo DESCRIPTION ----------- -If <branch> is specified, 'git-rebase' will perform an automatic +If <branch> is specified, 'git rebase' will perform an automatic `git checkout <branch>` before doing anything else. Otherwise it remains on the current branch. +If <upstream> is not specified, the upstream configured in +branch.<name>.remote and branch.<name>.merge options will be used (see +linkgit:git-config[1] for details) and the `--fork-point` option is +assumed. If you are currently not on any branch or if the current +branch does not have a configured upstream, the rebase will abort. + All changes made by commits in the current branch but that are not in <upstream> are saved to a temporary area. This is the same set -of commits that would be shown by `git log <upstream>..HEAD` (or -`git log HEAD`, if --root is specified). +of commits that would be shown by `git log <upstream>..HEAD`; or by +`git log 'fork_point'..HEAD`, if `--fork-point` is active (see the +description on `--fork-point` below); or by `git log HEAD`, if the +`--root` option is specified. The current branch is reset to <upstream>, or <newbase> if the --onto option was supplied. This has the exact same effect as @@ -40,7 +47,7 @@ with a different commit message or timestamp will be skipped). It is possible that a merge failure will prevent this process from being completely automatic. You will have to resolve any such merge failure and run `git rebase --continue`. Another option is to bypass the commit -that caused the merge failure with `git rebase --skip`. To restore the +that caused the merge failure with `git rebase --skip`. To check out the original <branch> and remove the .git/rebase-apply working files, use the command `git rebase --abort` instead. @@ -66,13 +73,14 @@ would be: D---E---F---G master ------------ -The latter form is just a short-hand of `git checkout topic` -followed by `git rebase master`. +*NOTE:* The latter form is just a short-hand of `git checkout topic` +followed by `git rebase master`. When rebase exits `topic` will +remain the checked-out branch. If the upstream branch already contains a change you have made (e.g., because you mailed a patch which was applied upstream), then that commit will be skipped. For example, running `git rebase master` on the -following history (in which A' and A introduce the same set of changes, +following history (in which `A'` and `A` introduce the same set of changes, but have different committer information): ------------ @@ -170,10 +178,10 @@ This is useful if F and G were flawed in some way, or should not be part of topicA. Note that the argument to --onto and the <upstream> parameter can be any valid commit-ish. -In case of conflict, 'git-rebase' will stop at the first problematic commit -and leave conflict markers in the tree. You can use 'git-diff' to locate +In case of conflict, 'git rebase' will stop at the first problematic commit +and leave conflict markers in the tree. You can use 'git diff' to locate the markers (<<<<<<) and make edits to resolve the conflict. For each -file you edit, you need to tell git that the conflict has been resolved, +file you edit, you need to tell Git that the conflict has been resolved, typically this would be done with @@ -187,22 +195,49 @@ desired resolution, you can continue the rebasing process with git rebase --continue -Alternatively, you can undo the 'git-rebase' with +Alternatively, you can undo the 'git rebase' with git rebase --abort +CONFIGURATION +------------- + +rebase.stat:: + Whether to show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last + rebase. False by default. + +rebase.autoSquash:: + If set to true enable `--autosquash` option by default. + +rebase.autoStash:: + If set to true enable `--autostash` option by default. + +rebase.missingCommitsCheck:: + If set to "warn", print warnings about removed commits in + interactive mode. If set to "error", print the warnings and + stop the rebase. If set to "ignore", no checking is + done. "ignore" by default. + +rebase.instructionFormat:: + Custom commit list format to use during an `--interactive` rebase. + OPTIONS ------- -<newbase>:: +--onto <newbase>:: Starting point at which to create the new commits. If the --onto option is not specified, the starting point is <upstream>. May be any valid commit, and not just an existing branch name. ++ +As a special case, you may use "A\...B" as a shortcut for the +merge base of A and B if there is exactly one merge base. You can +leave out at most one of A and B, in which case it defaults to HEAD. <upstream>:: Upstream branch to compare against. May be any valid commit, - not just an existing branch name. + not just an existing branch name. Defaults to the configured + upstream for the current branch. <branch>:: Working branch; defaults to HEAD. @@ -211,67 +246,225 @@ OPTIONS Restart the rebasing process after having resolved a merge conflict. --abort:: - Restore the original branch and abort the rebase operation. + Abort the rebase operation and reset HEAD to the original + branch. If <branch> was provided when the rebase operation was + started, then HEAD will be reset to <branch>. Otherwise HEAD + will be reset to where it was when the rebase operation was + started. + +--quit:: + Abort the rebase operation but HEAD is not reset back to the + original branch. The index and working tree are also left + unchanged as a result. + +--keep-empty:: + Keep the commits that do not change anything from its + parents in the result. --skip:: Restart the rebasing process by skipping the current patch. +--edit-todo:: + Edit the todo list during an interactive rebase. + -m:: --merge:: Use merging strategies to rebase. When the recursive (default) merge strategy is used, this allows rebase to be aware of renames on the upstream side. ++ +Note that a rebase merge works by replaying each commit from the working +branch on top of the <upstream> branch. Because of this, when a merge +conflict happens, the side reported as 'ours' is the so-far rebased +series, starting with <upstream>, and 'theirs' is the working branch. In +other words, the sides are swapped. -s <strategy>:: --strategy=<strategy>:: - Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than - once to specify them in the order they should be tried. - If there is no `-s` option, a built-in list of strategies - is used instead ('git-merge-recursive' when merging a single - head, 'git-merge-octopus' otherwise). This implies --merge. + Use the given merge strategy. + If there is no `-s` option 'git merge-recursive' is used + instead. This implies --merge. ++ +Because 'git rebase' replays each commit from the working branch +on top of the <upstream> branch using the given strategy, using +the 'ours' strategy simply discards all patches from the <branch>, +which makes little sense. + +-X <strategy-option>:: +--strategy-option=<strategy-option>:: + Pass the <strategy-option> through to the merge strategy. + This implies `--merge` and, if no strategy has been + specified, `-s recursive`. Note the reversal of 'ours' and + 'theirs' as noted above for the `-m` option. + +-S[<keyid>]:: +--gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: + GPG-sign commits. The `keyid` argument is optional and + defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be + stuck to the option without a space. + +-q:: +--quiet:: + Be quiet. Implies --no-stat. -v:: --verbose:: - Display a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last rebase. + Be verbose. Implies --stat. + +--stat:: + Show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last rebase. The + diffstat is also controlled by the configuration option rebase.stat. + +-n:: +--no-stat:: + Do not show a diffstat as part of the rebase process. --no-verify:: This option bypasses the pre-rebase hook. See also linkgit:githooks[5]. +--verify:: + Allows the pre-rebase hook to run, which is the default. This option can + be used to override --no-verify. See also linkgit:githooks[5]. + -C<n>:: Ensure at least <n> lines of surrounding context match before and after each change. When fewer lines of surrounding context exist they all must match. By default no context is ever ignored. ---whitespace=<nowarn|warn|error|error-all|strip>:: - This flag is passed to the 'git-apply' program +-f:: +--force-rebase:: + Force a rebase even if the current branch is up-to-date and + the command without `--force` would return without doing anything. ++ +You may find this (or --no-ff with an interactive rebase) helpful after +reverting a topic branch merge, as this option recreates the topic branch with +fresh commits so it can be remerged successfully without needing to "revert +the reversion" (see the +link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for details). + +--fork-point:: +--no-fork-point:: + Use reflog to find a better common ancestor between <upstream> + and <branch> when calculating which commits have been + introduced by <branch>. ++ +When --fork-point is active, 'fork_point' will be used instead of +<upstream> to calculate the set of commits to rebase, where +'fork_point' is the result of `git merge-base --fork-point <upstream> +<branch>` command (see linkgit:git-merge-base[1]). If 'fork_point' +ends up being empty, the <upstream> will be used as a fallback. ++ +If either <upstream> or --root is given on the command line, then the +default is `--no-fork-point`, otherwise the default is `--fork-point`. + +--ignore-whitespace:: +--whitespace=<option>:: + These flag are passed to the 'git apply' program (see linkgit:git-apply[1]) that applies the patch. + Incompatible with the --interactive option. + +--committer-date-is-author-date:: +--ignore-date:: + These flags are passed to 'git am' to easily change the dates + of the rebased commits (see linkgit:git-am[1]). + Incompatible with the --interactive option. -i:: --interactive:: Make a list of the commits which are about to be rebased. Let the user edit that list before rebasing. This mode can also be used to split commits (see SPLITTING COMMITS below). ++ +The commit list format can be changed by setting the configuration option +rebase.instructionFormat. A customized instruction format will automatically +have the long commit hash prepended to the format. -p:: --preserve-merges:: - Instead of ignoring merges, try to recreate them. + Recreate merge commits instead of flattening the history by replaying + commits a merge commit introduces. Merge conflict resolutions or manual + amendments to merge commits are not preserved. ++ +This uses the `--interactive` machinery internally, but combining it +with the `--interactive` option explicitly is generally not a good +idea unless you know what you are doing (see BUGS below). + +-x <cmd>:: +--exec <cmd>:: + Append "exec <cmd>" after each line creating a commit in the + final history. <cmd> will be interpreted as one or more shell + commands. ++ +You may execute several commands by either using one instance of `--exec` +with several commands: ++ + git rebase -i --exec "cmd1 && cmd2 && ..." ++ +or by giving more than one `--exec`: ++ + git rebase -i --exec "cmd1" --exec "cmd2" --exec ... ++ +If `--autosquash` is used, "exec" lines will not be appended for +the intermediate commits, and will only appear at the end of each +squash/fixup series. ++ +This uses the `--interactive` machinery internally, but it can be run +without an explicit `--interactive`. --root:: Rebase all commits reachable from <branch>, instead of limiting them with an <upstream>. This allows you to rebase - the root commit(s) on a branch. Must be used with --onto, and + the root commit(s) on a branch. When used with --onto, it will skip changes already contained in <newbase> (instead of - <upstream>). When used together with --preserve-merges, 'all' - root commits will be rewritten to have <newbase> as parent + <upstream>) whereas without --onto it will operate on every change. + When used together with both --onto and --preserve-merges, + 'all' root commits will be rewritten to have <newbase> as parent instead. +--autosquash:: +--no-autosquash:: + When the commit log message begins with "squash! ..." (or + "fixup! ..."), and there is a commit whose title begins with + the same ..., automatically modify the todo list of rebase -i + so that the commit marked for squashing comes right after the + commit to be modified, and change the action of the moved + commit from `pick` to `squash` (or `fixup`). Ignores subsequent + "fixup! " or "squash! " after the first, in case you referred to an + earlier fixup/squash with `git commit --fixup/--squash`. ++ +This option is only valid when the `--interactive` option is used. ++ +If the `--autosquash` option is enabled by default using the +configuration variable `rebase.autoSquash`, this option can be +used to override and disable this setting. + +--autostash:: +--no-autostash:: + Automatically create a temporary stash before the operation + begins, and apply it after the operation ends. This means + that you can run rebase on a dirty worktree. However, use + with care: the final stash application after a successful + rebase might result in non-trivial conflicts. + +--no-ff:: + With --interactive, cherry-pick all rebased commits instead of + fast-forwarding over the unchanged ones. This ensures that the + entire history of the rebased branch is composed of new commits. ++ +Without --interactive, this is a synonym for --force-rebase. ++ +You may find this helpful after reverting a topic branch merge, as this option +recreates the topic branch with fresh commits so it can be remerged +successfully without needing to "revert the reversion" (see the +link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for details). + include::merge-strategies.txt[] NOTES ----- -You should understand the implications of using 'git-rebase' on a +You should understand the implications of using 'git rebase' on a repository that you share. See also RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE below. @@ -298,10 +491,13 @@ The interactive mode is meant for this type of workflow: where point 2. consists of several instances of -a. regular use +a) regular use + 1. finish something worthy of a commit 2. commit -b. independent fixup + +b) independent fixup + 1. realize that something does not work 2. fix that 3. commit it @@ -327,27 +523,36 @@ pick fa1afe1 The oneline of the next commit ... ------------------------------------------- -The oneline descriptions are purely for your pleasure; 'git-rebase' will +The oneline descriptions are purely for your pleasure; 'git rebase' will not look at them but at the commit names ("deadbee" and "fa1afe1" in this example), so do not delete or edit the names. By replacing the command "pick" with the command "edit", you can tell -'git-rebase' to stop after applying that commit, so that you can edit +'git rebase' to stop after applying that commit, so that you can edit the files and/or the commit message, amend the commit, and continue rebasing. +If you just want to edit the commit message for a commit, replace the +command "pick" with the command "reword". + +To drop a commit, replace the command "pick" with "drop", or just +delete the matching line. + If you want to fold two or more commits into one, replace the command -"pick" with "squash" for the second and subsequent commit. If the -commits had different authors, it will attribute the squashed commit to -the author of the first commit. +"pick" for the second and subsequent commits with "squash" or "fixup". +If the commits had different authors, the folded commit will be +attributed to the author of the first commit. The suggested commit +message for the folded commit is the concatenation of the commit +messages of the first commit and of those with the "squash" command, +but omits the commit messages of commits with the "fixup" command. -In both cases, or when a "pick" does not succeed (because of merge -errors), the loop will stop to let you fix things, and you can continue -the loop with `git rebase --continue`. +'git rebase' will stop when "pick" has been replaced with "edit" or +when a command fails due to merge errors. When you are done editing +and/or resolving conflicts you can continue with `git rebase --continue`. For example, if you want to reorder the last 5 commits, such that what was HEAD~4 becomes the new HEAD. To achieve that, you would call -'git-rebase' like this: +'git rebase' like this: ---------------------- $ git rebase -i HEAD~5 @@ -372,12 +577,54 @@ sure that the current HEAD is "B", and call $ git rebase -i -p --onto Q O ----------------------------- +Reordering and editing commits usually creates untested intermediate +steps. You may want to check that your history editing did not break +anything by running a test, or at least recompiling at intermediate +points in history by using the "exec" command (shortcut "x"). You may +do so by creating a todo list like this one: + +------------------------------------------- +pick deadbee Implement feature XXX +fixup f1a5c00 Fix to feature XXX +exec make +pick c0ffeee The oneline of the next commit +edit deadbab The oneline of the commit after +exec cd subdir; make test +... +------------------------------------------- + +The interactive rebase will stop when a command fails (i.e. exits with +non-0 status) to give you an opportunity to fix the problem. You can +continue with `git rebase --continue`. + +The "exec" command launches the command in a shell (the one specified +in `$SHELL`, or the default shell if `$SHELL` is not set), so you can +use shell features (like "cd", ">", ";" ...). The command is run from +the root of the working tree. + +---------------------------------- +$ git rebase -i --exec "make test" +---------------------------------- + +This command lets you check that intermediate commits are compilable. +The todo list becomes like that: + +-------------------- +pick 5928aea one +exec make test +pick 04d0fda two +exec make test +pick ba46169 three +exec make test +pick f4593f9 four +exec make test +-------------------- SPLITTING COMMITS ----------------- In interactive mode, you can mark commits with the action "edit". However, -this does not necessarily mean that 'git-rebase' expects the result of this +this does not necessarily mean that 'git rebase' expects the result of this edit to be exactly one commit. Indeed, you can undo the commit, or you can add other commits. This can be used to split a commit into two: @@ -393,7 +640,7 @@ add other commits. This can be used to split a commit into two: - Now add the changes to the index that you want to have in the first commit. You can use `git add` (possibly interactively) or - 'git-gui' (or both) to do that. + 'git gui' (or both) to do that. - Commit the now-current index with whatever commit message is appropriate now. @@ -404,7 +651,7 @@ add other commits. This can be used to split a commit into two: If you are not absolutely sure that the intermediate revisions are consistent (they compile, pass the testsuite, etc.) you should use -'git-stash' to stash away the not-yet-committed changes +'git stash' to stash away the not-yet-committed changes after each commit, test, and amend the commit if fixes are necessary. @@ -467,8 +714,8 @@ Easy case: The changes are literally the same.:: Hard case: The changes are not the same.:: This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase had conflicts, or used - `\--interactive` to omit, edit, or squash commits; or if the - upstream used one of `commit \--amend`, `reset`, or + `--interactive` to omit, edit, squash, or fixup commits; or + if the upstream used one of `commit --amend`, `reset`, or `filter-branch`. @@ -479,7 +726,7 @@ Only works if the changes (patch IDs based on the diff contents) on 'subsystem' are literally the same before and after the rebase 'subsystem' did. -In that case, the fix is easy because 'git-rebase' knows to skip +In that case, the fix is easy because 'git rebase' knows to skip changes that are already present in the new upstream. So if you say (assuming you're on 'topic') ------------ @@ -504,15 +751,15 @@ correspond to the ones before the rebase. NOTE: While an "easy case recovery" sometimes appears to be successful even in the hard case, it may have unintended consequences. For example, a commit that was removed via `git rebase - \--interactive` will be **resurrected**! + --interactive` will be **resurrected**! -The idea is to manually tell 'git-rebase' "where the old 'subsystem' +The idea is to manually tell 'git rebase' "where the old 'subsystem' ended and your 'topic' began", that is, what the old merge-base between them was. You will have to find a way to name the last commit of the old 'subsystem', for example: -* With the 'subsystem' reflog: after 'git-fetch', the old tip of - 'subsystem' is at `subsystem@\{1}`. Subsequent fetches will +* With the 'subsystem' reflog: after 'git fetch', the old tip of + 'subsystem' is at `subsystem@{1}`. Subsequent fetches will increase the number. (See linkgit:git-reflog[1].) * Relative to the tip of 'topic': knowing that your 'topic' has three @@ -528,15 +775,27 @@ The ripple effect of a "hard case" recovery is especially bad: 'everyone' downstream from 'topic' will now have to perform a "hard case" recovery too! +BUGS +---- +The todo list presented by `--preserve-merges --interactive` does not +represent the topology of the revision graph. Editing commits and +rewording their commit messages should work fine, but attempts to +reorder commits tend to produce counterintuitive results. -Authors ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and -Johannes E. Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +For example, an attempt to rearrange +------------ +1 --- 2 --- 3 --- 4 --- 5 +------------ +to +------------ +1 --- 2 --- 4 --- 3 --- 5 +------------ +by moving the "pick 4" line will result in the following history: +------------ + 3 + / +1 --- 2 --- 4 --- 5 +------------ GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt index 514f03c979..0ccd5fbc78 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt @@ -8,19 +8,20 @@ git-receive-pack - Receive what is pushed into the repository SYNOPSIS -------- -'git receive-pack' <directory> +[verse] +'git-receive-pack' <directory> DESCRIPTION ----------- -Invoked by 'git-send-pack' and updates the repository with the +Invoked by 'git send-pack' and updates the repository with the information fed from the remote end. This command is usually not invoked directly by the end user. -The UI for the protocol is on the 'git-send-pack' side, and the +The UI for the protocol is on the 'git send-pack' side, and the program pair is meant to be used to push updates to remote repository. For pull operations, see linkgit:git-fetch-pack[1]. -The command allows for creation and fast forwarding of sha1 refs +The command allows for creation and fast-forwarding of sha1 refs (heads/tags) on the remote end (strictly speaking, it is the local end 'git-receive-pack' runs, but to the user who is sitting at the send-pack end, it is updating the remote. Confused?) @@ -32,6 +33,9 @@ post-update hooks found in the Documentation/howto directory. option, which tells it if updates to a ref should be denied if they are not fast-forwards. +A number of other receive.* config options are available to tweak +its behavior, see linkgit:git-config[1]. + OPTIONS ------- <directory>:: @@ -52,6 +56,56 @@ the update. Refs to be created will have sha1-old equal to 0\{40}, while refs to be deleted will have sha1-new equal to 0\{40}, otherwise sha1-old and sha1-new should be valid objects in the repository. +When accepting a signed push (see linkgit:git-push[1]), the signed +push certificate is stored in a blob and an environment variable +`GIT_PUSH_CERT` can be consulted for its object name. See the +description of `post-receive` hook for an example. In addition, the +certificate is verified using GPG and the result is exported with +the following environment variables: + +`GIT_PUSH_CERT_SIGNER`:: + The name and the e-mail address of the owner of the key that + signed the push certificate. + +`GIT_PUSH_CERT_KEY`:: + The GPG key ID of the key that signed the push certificate. + +`GIT_PUSH_CERT_STATUS`:: + The status of GPG verification of the push certificate, + using the same mnemonic as used in `%G?` format of `git log` + family of commands (see linkgit:git-log[1]). + +`GIT_PUSH_CERT_NONCE`:: + The nonce string the process asked the signer to include + in the push certificate. If this does not match the value + recorded on the "nonce" header in the push certificate, it + may indicate that the certificate is a valid one that is + being replayed from a separate "git push" session. + +`GIT_PUSH_CERT_NONCE_STATUS`:: +`UNSOLICITED`;; + "git push --signed" sent a nonce when we did not ask it to + send one. +`MISSING`;; + "git push --signed" did not send any nonce header. +`BAD`;; + "git push --signed" sent a bogus nonce. +`OK`;; + "git push --signed" sent the nonce we asked it to send. +`SLOP`;; + "git push --signed" sent a nonce different from what we + asked it to send now, but in a previous session. See + `GIT_PUSH_CERT_NONCE_SLOP` environment variable. + +`GIT_PUSH_CERT_NONCE_SLOP`:: + "git push --signed" sent a nonce different from what we + asked it to send now, but in a different session whose + starting time is different by this many seconds from the + current session. Only meaningful when + `GIT_PUSH_CERT_NONCE_STATUS` says `SLOP`. + Also read about `receive.certNonceSlop` variable in + linkgit:git-config[1]. + This hook is called before any refname is updated and before any fast-forward checks are performed. @@ -100,9 +154,14 @@ the update. Refs that were created will have sha1-old equal to 0\{40}, otherwise sha1-old and sha1-new should be valid objects in the repository. +The `GIT_PUSH_CERT*` environment variables can be inspected, just as +in `pre-receive` hook, after accepting a signed push. + Using this hook, it is easy to generate mails describing the updates to the repository. This example script sends one mail message per -ref listing the commits pushed to the repository: +ref listing the commits pushed to the repository, and logs the push +certificates of signed pushes with good signatures to a logger +service: #!/bin/sh # mail out commit update information. @@ -118,6 +177,14 @@ ref listing the commits pushed to the repository: fi | mail -s "Changes to ref $ref" commit-list@mydomain done + # log signed push certificate, if any + if test -n "${GIT_PUSH_CERT-}" && test ${GIT_PUSH_CERT_STATUS} = G + then + ( + echo expected nonce is ${GIT_PUSH_NONCE} + git cat-file blob ${GIT_PUSH_CERT} + ) | mail -s "push certificate from $GIT_PUSH_CERT_SIGNER" push-log@mydomain + fi exit 0 The exit code from this hook invocation is ignored, however a @@ -149,16 +216,7 @@ if the repository is packed and is served via a dumb transport. SEE ALSO -------- -linkgit:git-send-pack[1] - - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano. +linkgit:git-send-pack[1], linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-reflog.txt b/Documentation/git-reflog.txt index 7f7a5445c7..44c736f1a8 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-reflog.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-reflog.txt @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ git-reflog - Manage reflog information SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git reflog' <subcommand> <options> DESCRIPTION @@ -16,89 +17,116 @@ The command takes various subcommands, and different options depending on the subcommand: [verse] -'git reflog expire' [--dry-run] [--stale-fix] [--verbose] - [--expire=<time>] [--expire-unreachable=<time>] [--all] <refs>... -+ -'git reflog delete' ref@\{specifier\}... -+ 'git reflog' ['show'] [log-options] [<ref>] +'git reflog expire' [--expire=<time>] [--expire-unreachable=<time>] + [--rewrite] [--updateref] [--stale-fix] + [--dry-run] [--verbose] [--all | <refs>...] +'git reflog delete' [--rewrite] [--updateref] + [--dry-run] [--verbose] ref@\{specifier\}... +'git reflog exists' <ref> + +Reference logs, or "reflogs", record when the tips of branches and +other references were updated in the local repository. Reflogs are +useful in various Git commands, to specify the old value of a +reference. For example, `HEAD@{2}` means "where HEAD used to be two +moves ago", `master@{one.week.ago}` means "where master used to point +to one week ago in this local repository", and so on. See +linkgit:gitrevisions[7] for more details. + +This command manages the information recorded in the reflogs. + +The "show" subcommand (which is also the default, in the absence of +any subcommands) shows the log of the reference provided in the +command-line (or `HEAD`, by default). The reflog covers all recent +actions, and in addition the `HEAD` reflog records branch switching. +`git reflog show` is an alias for `git log -g --abbrev-commit +--pretty=oneline`; see linkgit:git-log[1] for more information. + +The "expire" subcommand prunes older reflog entries. Entries older +than `expire` time, or entries older than `expire-unreachable` time +and not reachable from the current tip, are removed from the reflog. +This is typically not used directly by end users -- instead, see +linkgit:git-gc[1]. + +The "delete" subcommand deletes single entries from the reflog. Its +argument must be an _exact_ entry (e.g. "`git reflog delete +master@{2}`"). This subcommand is also typically not used directly by +end users. + +The "exists" subcommand checks whether a ref has a reflog. It exits +with zero status if the reflog exists, and non-zero status if it does +not. -Reflog is a mechanism to record when the tip of branches are -updated. This command is to manage the information recorded in it. - -The subcommand "expire" is used to prune older reflog entries. -Entries older than `expire` time, or entries older than -`expire-unreachable` time and not reachable from the current -tip, are removed from the reflog. This is typically not used -directly by the end users -- instead, see linkgit:git-gc[1]. - -The subcommand "show" (which is also the default, in the absence of any -subcommands) will take all the normal log options, and show the log of -the reference provided in the command-line (or `HEAD`, by default). -The reflog will cover all recent actions (HEAD reflog records branch switching -as well). It is an alias for `git log -g --abbrev-commit --pretty=oneline`; -see linkgit:git-log[1]. +OPTIONS +------- -The reflog is useful in various git commands, to specify the old value -of a reference. For example, `HEAD@\{2\}` means "where HEAD used to be -two moves ago", `master@\{one.week.ago\}` means "where master used to -point to one week ago", and so on. See linkgit:git-rev-parse[1] for -more details. +Options for `show` +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -To delete single entries from the reflog, use the subcommand "delete" -and specify the _exact_ entry (e.g. "`git reflog delete master@\{2\}`"). +`git reflog show` accepts any of the options accepted by `git log`. -OPTIONS -------- +Options for `expire` +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ---stale-fix:: - This revamps the logic -- the definition of "broken commit" - becomes: a commit that is not reachable from any of the refs and - there is a missing object among the commit, tree, or blob - objects reachable from it that is not reachable from any of the - refs. -+ -This computation involves traversing all the reachable objects, i.e. it -has the same cost as 'git-prune'. Fortunately, once this is run, we -should not have to ever worry about missing objects, because the current -prune and pack-objects know about reflogs and protect objects referred by -them. +--all:: + Process the reflogs of all references. --expire=<time>:: - Entries older than this time are pruned. Without the - option it is taken from configuration `gc.reflogExpire`, - which in turn defaults to 90 days. + Prune entries older than the specified time. If this option is + not specified, the expiration time is taken from the + configuration setting `gc.reflogExpire`, which in turn + defaults to 90 days. `--expire=all` prunes entries regardless + of their age; `--expire=never` turns off pruning of reachable + entries (but see `--expire-unreachable`). --expire-unreachable=<time>:: - Entries older than this time and not reachable from - the current tip of the branch are pruned. Without the - option it is taken from configuration - `gc.reflogExpireUnreachable`, which in turn defaults to - 30 days. - ---all:: - Instead of listing <refs> explicitly, prune all refs. + Prune entries older than `<time>` that are not reachable from + the current tip of the branch. If this option is not + specified, the expiration time is taken from the configuration + setting `gc.reflogExpireUnreachable`, which in turn defaults + to 30 days. `--expire-unreachable=all` prunes unreachable + entries regardless of their age; `--expire-unreachable=never` + turns off early pruning of unreachable entries (but see + `--expire`). --updateref:: - Update the ref with the sha1 of the top reflog entry (i.e. - <ref>@\{0\}) after expiring or deleting. + Update the reference to the value of the top reflog entry (i.e. + <ref>@\{0\}) if the previous top entry was pruned. (This + option is ignored for symbolic references.) --rewrite:: - While expiring or deleting, adjust each reflog entry to ensure - that the `old` sha1 field points to the `new` sha1 field of the - previous entry. + If a reflog entry's predecessor is pruned, adjust its "old" + SHA-1 to be equal to the "new" SHA-1 field of the entry that + now precedes it. + +--stale-fix:: + Prune any reflog entries that point to "broken commits". A + broken commit is a commit that is not reachable from any of + the reference tips and that refers, directly or indirectly, to + a missing commit, tree, or blob object. ++ +This computation involves traversing all the reachable objects, i.e. it +has the same cost as 'git prune'. It is primarily intended to fix +corruption caused by garbage collecting using older versions of Git, +which didn't protect objects referred to by reflogs. + +-n:: +--dry-run:: + Do not actually prune any entries; just show what would have + been pruned. --verbose:: Print extra information on screen. -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +Options for `delete` +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +`git reflog delete` accepts options `--updateref`, `--rewrite`, `-n`, +`--dry-run`, and `--verbose`, with the same meanings as when they are +used with `expire`. + GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-relink.txt b/Documentation/git-relink.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 25ff8f9dcb..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/git-relink.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,37 +0,0 @@ -git-relink(1) -============= - -NAME ----- -git-relink - Hardlink common objects in local repositories - -SYNOPSIS --------- -'git relink' [--safe] <dir> [<dir>]\* <master_dir> - -DESCRIPTION ------------ -This will scan 1 or more object repositories and look for objects in common -with a master repository. Objects not already hardlinked to the master -repository will be replaced with a hardlink to the master repository. - -OPTIONS -------- ---safe:: - Stops if two objects with the same hash exist but have different sizes. - Default is to warn and continue. - -<dir>:: - Directories containing a .git/objects/ subdirectory. - -Author ------- -Written by Ryan Anderson <ryan@michonline.com> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - -GIT ---- -Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-ext.txt b/Documentation/git-remote-ext.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b25d0b5996 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-remote-ext.txt @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +git-remote-ext(1) +================= + +NAME +---- +git-remote-ext - Bridge smart transport to external command. + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +git remote add <nick> "ext::<command>[ <arguments>...]" + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +This remote helper uses the specified '<command>' to connect +to a remote Git server. + +Data written to stdin of the specified '<command>' is assumed +to be sent to a git:// server, git-upload-pack, git-receive-pack +or git-upload-archive (depending on situation), and data read +from stdout of <command> is assumed to be received from +the same service. + +Command and arguments are separated by an unescaped space. + +The following sequences have a special meaning: + +'% ':: + Literal space in command or argument. + +'%%':: + Literal percent sign. + +'%s':: + Replaced with name (receive-pack, upload-pack, or + upload-archive) of the service Git wants to invoke. + +'%S':: + Replaced with long name (git-receive-pack, + git-upload-pack, or git-upload-archive) of the service + Git wants to invoke. + +'%G' (must be the first characters in an argument):: + This argument will not be passed to '<command>'. Instead, it + will cause the helper to start by sending git:// service requests to + the remote side with the service field set to an appropriate value and + the repository field set to rest of the argument. Default is not to send + such a request. ++ +This is useful if remote side is git:// server accessed over +some tunnel. + +'%V' (must be first characters in argument):: + This argument will not be passed to '<command>'. Instead it sets + the vhost field in the git:// service request (to rest of the argument). + Default is not to send vhost in such request (if sent). + +ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES: +---------------------- + +GIT_TRANSLOOP_DEBUG:: + If set, prints debugging information about various reads/writes. + +ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES PASSED TO COMMAND: +---------------------------------------- + +GIT_EXT_SERVICE:: + Set to long name (git-upload-pack, etc...) of service helper needs + to invoke. + +GIT_EXT_SERVICE_NOPREFIX:: + Set to long name (upload-pack, etc...) of service helper needs + to invoke. + + +EXAMPLES: +--------- +This remote helper is transparently used by Git when +you use commands such as "git fetch <URL>", "git clone <URL>", +, "git push <URL>" or "git remote add <nick> <URL>", where <URL> +begins with `ext::`. Examples: + +"ext::ssh -i /home/foo/.ssh/somekey user@host.example %S 'foo/repo'":: + Like host.example:foo/repo, but use /home/foo/.ssh/somekey as + keypair and user as user on remote side. This avoids needing to + edit .ssh/config. + +"ext::socat -t3600 - ABSTRACT-CONNECT:/git-server %G/somerepo":: + Represents repository with path /somerepo accessible over + git protocol at abstract namespace address /git-server. + +"ext::git-server-alias foo %G/repo":: + Represents a repository with path /repo accessed using the + helper program "git-server-alias foo". The path to the + repository and type of request are not passed on the command + line but as part of the protocol stream, as usual with git:// + protocol. + +"ext::git-server-alias foo %G/repo %Vfoo":: + Represents a repository with path /repo accessed using the + helper program "git-server-alias foo". The hostname for the + remote server passed in the protocol stream will be "foo" + (this allows multiple virtual Git servers to share a + link-level address). + +"ext::git-server-alias foo %G/repo% with% spaces %Vfoo":: + Represents a repository with path '/repo with spaces' accessed + using the helper program "git-server-alias foo". The hostname for + the remote server passed in the protocol stream will be "foo" + (this allows multiple virtual Git servers to share a + link-level address). + +"ext::git-ssl foo.example /bar":: + Represents a repository accessed using the helper program + "git-ssl foo.example /bar". The type of request can be + determined by the helper using environment variables (see + above). + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gitremote-helpers[1] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-fd.txt b/Documentation/git-remote-fd.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..80afca866c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-remote-fd.txt @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +git-remote-fd(1) +================ + +NAME +---- +git-remote-fd - Reflect smart transport stream back to caller + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +"fd::<infd>[,<outfd>][/<anything>]" (as URL) + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +This helper uses specified file descriptors to connect to a remote Git server. +This is not meant for end users but for programs and scripts calling git +fetch, push or archive. + +If only <infd> is given, it is assumed to be a bidirectional socket connected +to remote Git server (git-upload-pack, git-receive-pack or +git-upload-archive). If both <infd> and <outfd> are given, they are assumed +to be pipes connected to a remote Git server (<infd> being the inbound pipe +and <outfd> being the outbound pipe. + +It is assumed that any handshaking procedures have already been completed +(such as sending service request for git://) before this helper is started. + +<anything> can be any string. It is ignored. It is meant for providing +information to user in the URL in case that URL is displayed in some +context. + +ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES +--------------------- +GIT_TRANSLOOP_DEBUG:: + If set, prints debugging information about various reads/writes. + +EXAMPLES +-------- +`git fetch fd::17 master`:: + Fetch master, using file descriptor #17 to communicate with + git-upload-pack. + +`git fetch fd::17/foo master`:: + Same as above. + +`git push fd::7,8 master (as URL)`:: + Push master, using file descriptor #7 to read data from + git-receive-pack and file descriptor #8 to write data to + same service. + +`git push fd::7,8/bar master`:: + Same as above. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gitremote-helpers[1] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txto b/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txto new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..49233f5d26 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txto @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +git-remote-helpers +================== + +This document has been moved to linkgit:gitremote-helpers[1]. + +Please let the owners of the referring site know so that they can update the +link you clicked to get here. + +Thanks. diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-testgit.txt b/Documentation/git-remote-testgit.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f791d73c05 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-remote-testgit.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +git-remote-testgit(1) +===================== + +NAME +---- +git-remote-testgit - Example remote-helper + + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +git clone testgit::<source-repo> [<destination>] + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +This command is a simple remote-helper, that is used both as a +testcase for the remote-helper functionality, and as an example to +show remote-helper authors one possible implementation. + +The best way to learn more is to read the comments and source code in +'git-remote-testgit'. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gitremote-helpers[1] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-remote.txt index fad983e297..577b969c1b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-remote.txt @@ -1,21 +1,27 @@ git-remote(1) -============ +============= NAME ---- -git-remote - manage set of tracked repositories +git-remote - Manage set of tracked repositories SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git remote' [-v | --verbose] -'git remote add' [-t <branch>] [-m <master>] [-f] [--mirror] <name> <url> +'git remote add' [-t <branch>] [-m <master>] [-f] [--[no-]tags] [--mirror=<fetch|push>] <name> <url> 'git remote rename' <old> <new> -'git remote rm' <name> -'git remote show' [-n] <name> -'git remote prune' [-n | --dry-run] <name> -'git remote update' [group] +'git remote remove' <name> +'git remote set-head' <name> (-a | --auto | -d | --delete | <branch>) +'git remote set-branches' [--add] <name> <branch>... +'git remote get-url' [--push] [--all] <name> +'git remote set-url' [--push] <name> <newurl> [<oldurl>] +'git remote set-url --add' [--push] <name> <newurl> +'git remote set-url --delete' [--push] <name> <url> +'git remote' [-v | --verbose] 'show' [-n] <name>... +'git remote prune' [-n | --dry-run] <name>... +'git remote' [-v | --verbose] 'update' [-p | --prune] [(<group> | <remote>)...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -29,6 +35,7 @@ OPTIONS -v:: --verbose:: Be a little more verbose and show remote url after name. + NOTE: This must be placed between `remote` and `subcommand`. COMMANDS @@ -46,36 +53,116 @@ update remote-tracking branches <name>/<branch>. With `-f` option, `git fetch <name>` is run immediately after the remote information is set up. + +With `--tags` option, `git fetch <name>` imports every tag from the +remote repository. ++ +With `--no-tags` option, `git fetch <name>` does not import tags from +the remote repository. ++ +By default, only tags on fetched branches are imported +(see linkgit:git-fetch[1]). ++ With `-t <branch>` option, instead of the default glob refspec for the remote to track all branches under -`$GIT_DIR/remotes/<name>/`, a refspec to track only `<branch>` +the `refs/remotes/<name>/` namespace, a refspec to track only `<branch>` is created. You can give more than one `-t <branch>` to track multiple branches without grabbing all branches. + -With `-m <master>` option, `$GIT_DIR/remotes/<name>/HEAD` is set -up to point at remote's `<master>` branch instead of whatever -branch the `HEAD` at the remote repository actually points at. +With `-m <master>` option, a symbolic-ref `refs/remotes/<name>/HEAD` is set +up to point at remote's `<master>` branch. See also the set-head command. ++ +When a fetch mirror is created with `--mirror=fetch`, the refs will not +be stored in the 'refs/remotes/' namespace, but rather everything in +'refs/' on the remote will be directly mirrored into 'refs/' in the +local repository. This option only makes sense in bare repositories, +because a fetch would overwrite any local commits. + -In mirror mode, enabled with `\--mirror`, the refs will not be stored -in the 'refs/remotes/' namespace, but in 'refs/heads/'. This option -only makes sense in bare repositories. If a remote uses mirror -mode, furthermore, `git push` will always behave as if `\--mirror` -was passed. +When a push mirror is created with `--mirror=push`, then `git push` +will always behave as if `--mirror` was passed. 'rename':: -Rename the remote named <old> to <new>. All remote tracking branches and +Rename the remote named <old> to <new>. All remote-tracking branches and configuration settings for the remote are updated. + In case <old> and <new> are the same, and <old> is a file under `$GIT_DIR/remotes` or `$GIT_DIR/branches`, the remote is converted to the configuration file format. +'remove':: 'rm':: -Remove the remote named <name>. All remote tracking branches and +Remove the remote named <name>. All remote-tracking branches and configuration settings for the remote are removed. +'set-head':: + +Sets or deletes the default branch (i.e. the target of the +symbolic-ref `refs/remotes/<name>/HEAD`) for +the named remote. Having a default branch for a remote is not required, +but allows the name of the remote to be specified in lieu of a specific +branch. For example, if the default branch for `origin` is set to +`master`, then `origin` may be specified wherever you would normally +specify `origin/master`. ++ +With `-d` or `--delete`, the symbolic ref `refs/remotes/<name>/HEAD` is deleted. ++ +With `-a` or `--auto`, the remote is queried to determine its `HEAD`, then the +symbolic-ref `refs/remotes/<name>/HEAD` is set to the same branch. e.g., if the remote +`HEAD` is pointed at `next`, "`git remote set-head origin -a`" will set +the symbolic-ref `refs/remotes/origin/HEAD` to `refs/remotes/origin/next`. This will +only work if `refs/remotes/origin/next` already exists; if not it must be +fetched first. ++ +Use `<branch>` to set the symbolic-ref `refs/remotes/<name>/HEAD` explicitly. e.g., "git +remote set-head origin master" will set the symbolic-ref `refs/remotes/origin/HEAD` to +`refs/remotes/origin/master`. This will only work if +`refs/remotes/origin/master` already exists; if not it must be fetched first. ++ + +'set-branches':: + +Changes the list of branches tracked by the named remote. +This can be used to track a subset of the available remote branches +after the initial setup for a remote. ++ +The named branches will be interpreted as if specified with the +`-t` option on the 'git remote add' command line. ++ +With `--add`, instead of replacing the list of currently tracked +branches, adds to that list. + +'get-url':: + +Retrieves the URLs for a remote. Configurations for `insteadOf` and +`pushInsteadOf` are expanded here. By default, only the first URL is listed. ++ +With `--push`, push URLs are queried rather than fetch URLs. ++ +With `--all`, all URLs for the remote will be listed. + +'set-url':: + +Changes URLs for the remote. Sets first URL for remote <name> that matches +regex <oldurl> (first URL if no <oldurl> is given) to <newurl>. If +<oldurl> doesn't match any URL, an error occurs and nothing is changed. ++ +With `--push`, push URLs are manipulated instead of fetch URLs. ++ +With `--add`, instead of changing existing URLs, new URL is added. ++ +With `--delete`, instead of changing existing URLs, all URLs matching +regex <url> are deleted for remote <name>. Trying to delete all +non-push URLs is an error. ++ +Note that the push URL and the fetch URL, even though they can +be set differently, must still refer to the same place. What you +pushed to the push URL should be what you would see if you +immediately fetched from the fetch URL. If you are trying to +fetch from one place (e.g. your upstream) and push to another (e.g. +your publishing repository), use two separate remotes. + + 'show':: Gives some information about the remote <name>. @@ -85,22 +172,24 @@ With `-n` option, the remote heads are not queried first with 'prune':: -Deletes all stale tracking branches under <name>. +Deletes all stale remote-tracking branches under <name>. These stale branches have already been removed from the remote repository referenced by <name>, but are still locally available in "remotes/<name>". + -With `--dry-run` option, report what branches will be pruned, but do no +With `--dry-run` option, report what branches will be pruned, but do not actually prune them. 'update':: Fetch updates for a named set of remotes in the repository as defined by remotes.<group>. If a named group is not specified on the command line, -the configuration parameter remotes.default will get used; if +the configuration parameter remotes.default will be used; if remotes.default is not defined, all remotes which do not have the configuration parameter remote.<name>.skipDefaultUpdate set to true will be updated. (See linkgit:git-config[1]). ++ +With `--prune` option, prune all the remotes that are updated. DISCUSSION @@ -119,22 +208,29 @@ Examples $ git remote origin $ git branch -r -origin/master -$ git remote add linux-nfs git://linux-nfs.org/pub/linux/nfs-2.6.git + origin/HEAD -> origin/master + origin/master +$ git remote add staging git://git.kernel.org/.../gregkh/staging.git $ git remote -linux-nfs origin -$ git fetch -* refs/remotes/linux-nfs/master: storing branch 'master' ... - commit: bf81b46 +staging +$ git fetch staging +... +From git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/staging + * [new branch] master -> staging/master + * [new branch] staging-linus -> staging/staging-linus + * [new branch] staging-next -> staging/staging-next $ git branch -r -origin/master -linux-nfs/master -$ git checkout -b nfs linux-nfs/master + origin/HEAD -> origin/master + origin/master + staging/master + staging/staging-linus + staging/staging-next +$ git checkout -b staging staging/master ... ------------ -* Imitate 'git-clone' but track only selected branches +* Imitate 'git clone' but track only selected branches + ------------ $ mkdir project.git @@ -151,16 +247,6 @@ linkgit:git-fetch[1] linkgit:git-branch[1] linkgit:git-config[1] -Author ------- -Written by Junio Hamano - - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by J. Bruce Fields and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-repack.txt b/Documentation/git-repack.txt index aaa8852629..26afe6ed54 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-repack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-repack.txt @@ -8,12 +8,13 @@ git-repack - Pack unpacked objects in a repository SYNOPSIS -------- -'git repack' [-a] [-A] [-d] [-f] [-l] [-n] [-q] [--window=N] [--depth=N] +[verse] +'git repack' [-a] [-A] [-d] [-f] [-F] [-l] [-n] [-q] [-b] [--window=<n>] [--depth=<n>] DESCRIPTION ----------- -This script is used to combine all objects that do not currently +This command is used to combine all objects that do not currently reside in a "pack", into a pack. It can also be used to re-organize existing packs into a single, more efficient pack. @@ -31,14 +32,17 @@ OPTIONS Instead of incrementally packing the unpacked objects, pack everything referenced into a single pack. Especially useful when packing a repository that is used - for private development and there is no need to worry - about people fetching via dumb protocols from it. Use - with '-d'. This will clean up the objects that `git prune` - leaves behind, but `git fsck --full` shows as + for private development. Use + with `-d`. This will clean up the objects that `git prune` + leaves behind, but `git fsck --full --dangling` shows as dangling. ++ +Note that users fetching over dumb protocols will have to fetch the +whole new pack in order to get any contained object, no matter how many +other objects in that pack they already have locally. -A:: - Same as `-a`, unless '-d' is used. Then any unreachable + Same as `-a`, unless `-d` is used. Then any unreachable objects in a previous pack become loose, unpacked objects, instead of being left in the old pack. Unreachable objects are never intentionally added to a pack, even when repacking. @@ -46,35 +50,39 @@ OPTIONS deleted by way of being left in the old pack and then removed. Instead, the loose unreachable objects will be pruned according to normal expiry rules - with the next 'git-gc' invocation. See linkgit:git-gc[1]. + with the next 'git gc' invocation. See linkgit:git-gc[1]. -d:: After packing, if the newly created packs make some existing packs redundant, remove the redundant packs. - Also run 'git-prune-packed' to remove redundant + Also run 'git prune-packed' to remove redundant loose object files. -l:: - Pass the `--local` option to 'git-pack-objects'. See + Pass the `--local` option to 'git pack-objects'. See linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. -f:: + Pass the `--no-reuse-delta` option to `git-pack-objects`, see + linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. + +-F:: Pass the `--no-reuse-object` option to `git-pack-objects`, see linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. -q:: - Pass the `-q` option to 'git-pack-objects'. See + Pass the `-q` option to 'git pack-objects'. See linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. -n:: Do not update the server information with - 'git-update-server-info'. This option skips + 'git update-server-info'. This option skips updating local catalog files needed to publish this repository (or a direct copy of it) over HTTP or FTP. See linkgit:git-update-server-info[1]. ---window=[N]:: ---depth=[N]:: +--window=<n>:: +--depth=<n>:: These two options affect how the objects contained in the pack are stored using delta compression. The objects are first internally sorted by type, size and optionally names and compared against the @@ -84,44 +92,69 @@ OPTIONS to be applied that many times to get to the necessary object. The default value for --window is 10 and --depth is 50. ---window-memory=[N]:: +--window-memory=<n>:: This option provides an additional limit on top of `--window`; the window size will dynamically scale down so as to not take - up more than N bytes in memory. This is useful in + up more than '<n>' bytes in memory. This is useful in repositories with a mix of large and small objects to not run out of memory with a large window, but still be able to take advantage of the large window for the smaller objects. The size can be suffixed with "k", "m", or "g". - `--window-memory=0` makes memory usage unlimited, which is the - default. + `--window-memory=0` makes memory usage unlimited. The default + is taken from the `pack.windowMemory` configuration variable. + Note that the actual memory usage will be the limit multiplied + by the number of threads used by linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. --max-pack-size=<n>:: - Maximum size of each output packfile, expressed in MiB. - If specified, multiple packfiles may be created. - The default is unlimited. - + Maximum size of each output pack file. The size can be suffixed with + "k", "m", or "g". The minimum size allowed is limited to 1 MiB. + If specified, multiple packfiles may be created, which also + prevents the creation of a bitmap index. + The default is unlimited, unless the config variable + `pack.packSizeLimit` is set. + +-b:: +--write-bitmap-index:: + Write a reachability bitmap index as part of the repack. This + only makes sense when used with `-a` or `-A`, as the bitmaps + must be able to refer to all reachable objects. This option + overrides the setting of `repack.writeBitmaps`. This option + has no effect if multiple packfiles are created. + +--pack-kept-objects:: + Include objects in `.keep` files when repacking. Note that we + still do not delete `.keep` packs after `pack-objects` finishes. + This means that we may duplicate objects, but this makes the + option safe to use when there are concurrent pushes or fetches. + This option is generally only useful if you are writing bitmaps + with `-b` or `repack.writeBitmaps`, as it ensures that the + bitmapped packfile has the necessary objects. + +--unpack-unreachable=<when>:: + When loosening unreachable objects, do not bother loosening any + objects older than `<when>`. This can be used to optimize out + the write of any objects that would be immediately pruned by + a follow-up `git prune`. + +-k:: +--keep-unreachable:: + When used with `-ad`, any unreachable objects from existing + packs will be appended to the end of the packfile instead of + being removed. In addition, any unreachable loose objects will + be packed (and their loose counterparts removed). Configuration ------------- -When configuration variable `repack.UseDeltaBaseOffset` is set -for the repository, the command passes `--delta-base-offset` -option to 'git-pack-objects'; this typically results in slightly -smaller packs, but the generated packs are incompatible with -versions of git older than (and including) v1.4.3; do not set -the variable in a repository that older version of git needs to -be able to read (this includes repositories from which packs can -be copied out over http or rsync, and people who obtained packs -that way can try to use older git with it). - - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Ryan Anderson <ryan@michonline.com> +By default, the command passes `--delta-base-offset` option to +'git pack-objects'; this typically results in slightly smaller packs, +but the generated packs are incompatible with versions of Git older than +version 1.4.4. If you need to share your repository with such ancient Git +versions, either directly or via the dumb http protocol, then you +need to set the configuration variable `repack.UseDeltaBaseOffset` to +"false" and repack. Access from old Git versions over the native protocol +is unaffected by this option as the conversion is performed on the fly +as needed in that case. SEE ALSO -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-replace.txt b/Documentation/git-replace.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e5c57ae6ef --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-replace.txt @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ +git-replace(1) +============== + +NAME +---- +git-replace - Create, list, delete refs to replace objects + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git replace' [-f] <object> <replacement> +'git replace' [-f] --edit <object> +'git replace' [-f] --graft <commit> [<parent>...] +'git replace' -d <object>... +'git replace' [--format=<format>] [-l [<pattern>]] + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +Adds a 'replace' reference in `refs/replace/` namespace. + +The name of the 'replace' reference is the SHA-1 of the object that is +replaced. The content of the 'replace' reference is the SHA-1 of the +replacement object. + +The replaced object and the replacement object must be of the same type. +This restriction can be bypassed using `-f`. + +Unless `-f` is given, the 'replace' reference must not yet exist. + +There is no other restriction on the replaced and replacement objects. +Merge commits can be replaced by non-merge commits and vice versa. + +Replacement references will be used by default by all Git commands +except those doing reachability traversal (prune, pack transfer and +fsck). + +It is possible to disable use of replacement references for any +command using the `--no-replace-objects` option just after 'git'. + +For example if commit 'foo' has been replaced by commit 'bar': + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git --no-replace-objects cat-file commit foo +------------------------------------------------ + +shows information about commit 'foo', while: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git cat-file commit foo +------------------------------------------------ + +shows information about commit 'bar'. + +The `GIT_NO_REPLACE_OBJECTS` environment variable can be set to +achieve the same effect as the `--no-replace-objects` option. + +OPTIONS +------- +-f:: +--force:: + If an existing replace ref for the same object exists, it will + be overwritten (instead of failing). + +-d:: +--delete:: + Delete existing replace refs for the given objects. + +--edit <object>:: + Edit an object's content interactively. The existing content + for <object> is pretty-printed into a temporary file, an + editor is launched on the file, and the result is parsed to + create a new object of the same type as <object>. A + replacement ref is then created to replace <object> with the + newly created object. See linkgit:git-var[1] for details about + how the editor will be chosen. + +--raw:: + When editing, provide the raw object contents rather than + pretty-printed ones. Currently this only affects trees, which + will be shown in their binary form. This is harder to work with, + but can help when repairing a tree that is so corrupted it + cannot be pretty-printed. Note that you may need to configure + your editor to cleanly read and write binary data. + +--graft <commit> [<parent>...]:: + Create a graft commit. A new commit is created with the same + content as <commit> except that its parents will be + [<parent>...] instead of <commit>'s parents. A replacement ref + is then created to replace <commit> with the newly created + commit. See contrib/convert-grafts-to-replace-refs.sh for an + example script based on this option that can convert grafts to + replace refs. + +-l <pattern>:: +--list <pattern>:: + List replace refs for objects that match the given pattern (or + all if no pattern is given). + Typing "git replace" without arguments, also lists all replace + refs. + +--format=<format>:: + When listing, use the specified <format>, which can be one of + 'short', 'medium' and 'long'. When omitted, the format + defaults to 'short'. + +FORMATS +------- + +The following format are available: + +* 'short': + <replaced sha1> +* 'medium': + <replaced sha1> -> <replacement sha1> +* 'long': + <replaced sha1> (<replaced type>) -> <replacement sha1> (<replacement type>) + +CREATING REPLACEMENT OBJECTS +---------------------------- + +linkgit:git-filter-branch[1], linkgit:git-hash-object[1] and +linkgit:git-rebase[1], among other git commands, can be used to create +replacement objects from existing objects. The `--edit` option can +also be used with 'git replace' to create a replacement object by +editing an existing object. + +If you want to replace many blobs, trees or commits that are part of a +string of commits, you may just want to create a replacement string of +commits and then only replace the commit at the tip of the target +string of commits with the commit at the tip of the replacement string +of commits. + +BUGS +---- +Comparing blobs or trees that have been replaced with those that +replace them will not work properly. And using `git reset --hard` to +go back to a replaced commit will move the branch to the replacement +commit instead of the replaced commit. + +There may be other problems when using 'git rev-list' related to +pending objects. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-hash-object[1] +linkgit:git-filter-branch[1] +linkgit:git-rebase[1] +linkgit:git-tag[1] +linkgit:git-branch[1] +linkgit:git-commit[1] +linkgit:git-var[1] +linkgit:git[1] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-repo-config.txt b/Documentation/git-repo-config.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e5bdb5533e..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/git-repo-config.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,18 +0,0 @@ -git-repo-config(1) -================== - -NAME ----- -git-repo-config - Get and set repository or global options - - -SYNOPSIS --------- -'git repo-config' ... - - -DESCRIPTION ------------ - -This is a synonym for linkgit:git-config[1]. Please refer to the -documentation of that command. diff --git a/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt b/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt index 19335fddae..c32cb0bea1 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt @@ -7,32 +7,72 @@ git-request-pull - Generates a summary of pending changes SYNOPSIS -------- -'git request-pull' <start> <url> [<end>] +[verse] +'git request-pull' [-p] <start> <url> [<end>] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Summarizes the changes between two commits to the standard output, and includes -the given URL in the generated summary. +Generate a request asking your upstream project to pull changes into +their tree. The request, printed to the standard output, +begins with the branch description, summarizes +the changes and indicates from where they can be pulled. + +The upstream project is expected to have the commit named by +`<start>` and the output asks it to integrate the changes you made +since that commit, up to the commit named by `<end>`, by visiting +the repository named by `<url>`. + OPTIONS ------- +-p:: + Include patch text in the output. + <start>:: - Commit to start at. + Commit to start at. This names a commit that is already in + the upstream history. <url>:: - URL to include in the summary. + The repository URL to be pulled from. <end>:: - Commit to end at; defaults to HEAD. + Commit to end at (defaults to HEAD). This names the commit + at the tip of the history you are asking to be pulled. ++ +When the repository named by `<url>` has the commit at a tip of a +ref that is different from the ref you have locally, you can use the +`<local>:<remote>` syntax, to have its local name, a colon `:`, and +its remote name. + + +EXAMPLE +------- + +Imagine that you built your work on your `master` branch on top of +the `v1.0` release, and want it to be integrated to the project. +First you push that change to your public repository for others to +see: + + git push https://git.ko.xz/project master + +Then, you run this command: + + git request-pull v1.0 https://git.ko.xz/project master + +which will produce a request to the upstream, summarizing the +changes between the `v1.0` release and your `master`, to pull it +from your public repository. + +If you pushed your change to a branch whose name is different from +the one you have locally, e.g. + + git push https://git.ko.xz/project master:for-linus + +then you can ask that to be pulled with -Author ------- -Written by Ryan Anderson <ryan@michonline.com> and Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> + git request-pull v1.0 https://git.ko.xz/project master:for-linus -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-rerere.txt b/Documentation/git-rerere.txt index 64715c17da..9ee083c415 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rerere.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rerere.txt @@ -7,65 +7,76 @@ git-rerere - Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges SYNOPSIS -------- -'git rerere' ['clear'|'diff'|'status'|'gc'] +[verse] +'git rerere' ['clear'|'forget' <pathspec>|'diff'|'remaining'|'status'|'gc'] DESCRIPTION ----------- -In a workflow that employs relatively long lived topic branches, -the developer sometimes needs to resolve the same conflict over +In a workflow employing relatively long lived topic branches, +the developer sometimes needs to resolve the same conflicts over and over again until the topic branches are done (either merged to the "release" branch, or sent out and accepted upstream). -This command helps this process by recording conflicted -automerge results and corresponding hand-resolve results on the -initial manual merge, and later by noticing the same automerge -results and applying the previously recorded hand resolution. +This command assists the developer in this process by recording +conflicted automerge results and corresponding hand resolve results +on the initial manual merge, and applying previously recorded +hand resolutions to their corresponding automerge results. [NOTE] -You need to set the configuration variable rerere.enabled to +You need to set the configuration variable rerere.enabled in order to enable this command. COMMANDS -------- -Normally, 'git-rerere' is run without arguments or user-intervention. +Normally, 'git rerere' is run without arguments or user-intervention. However, it has several commands that allow it to interact with its working state. 'clear':: -This resets the metadata used by rerere if a merge resolution is to be -aborted. Calling 'git-am [--skip|--abort]' or 'git-rebase [--skip|--abort]' +Reset the metadata used by rerere if a merge resolution is to be +aborted. Calling 'git am [--skip|--abort]' or 'git rebase [--skip|--abort]' will automatically invoke this command. +'forget' <pathspec>:: + +Reset the conflict resolutions which rerere has recorded for the current +conflict in <pathspec>. + 'diff':: -This displays diffs for the current state of the resolution. It is +Display diffs for the current state of the resolution. It is useful for tracking what has changed while the user is resolving conflicts. Additional arguments are passed directly to the system 'diff' command installed in PATH. 'status':: -Like 'diff', but this only prints the filenames that will be tracked -for resolutions. +Print paths with conflicts whose merge resolution rerere will record. + +'remaining':: + +Print paths with conflicts that have not been autoresolved by rerere. +This includes paths whose resolutions cannot be tracked by rerere, +such as conflicting submodules. 'gc':: -This command is used to prune records of conflicted merge that -occurred long time ago. By default, conflicts older than 15 -days that you have not recorded their resolution, and conflicts -older than 60 days, are pruned. These are controlled with -`gc.rerereunresolved` and `gc.rerereresolved` configuration -variables. +Prune records of conflicted merges that +occurred a long time ago. By default, unresolved conflicts older +than 15 days and resolved conflicts older than 60 +days are pruned. These defaults are controlled via the +`gc.rerereUnresolved` and `gc.rerereResolved` configuration +variables respectively. DISCUSSION ---------- -When your topic branch modifies overlapping area that your +When your topic branch modifies an overlapping area that your master branch (or upstream) touched since your topic branch forked from it, you may want to test it with the latest master, even before your topic branch is ready to be pushed upstream: @@ -90,15 +101,15 @@ One way to do it is to pull master into the topic branch: The commits marked with `*` touch the same area in the same file; you need to resolve the conflicts when creating the commit -marked with `{plus}`. Then you can test the result to make sure your +marked with `+`. Then you can test the result to make sure your work-in-progress still works with what is in the latest master. After this test merge, there are two ways to continue your work on the topic. The easiest is to build on top of the test merge -commit `{plus}`, and when your work in the topic branch is finally +commit `+`, and when your work in the topic branch is finally ready, pull the topic branch into master, and/or ask the upstream to pull from you. By that time, however, the master or -the upstream might have been advanced since the test merge `{plus}`, +the upstream might have been advanced since the test merge `+`, in which case the final commit graph would look like this: ------------ @@ -140,46 +151,45 @@ top of the tip before the test merge: This would leave only one merge commit when your topic branch is finally ready and merged into the master branch. This merge would require you to resolve the conflict, introduced by the -commits marked with `*`. However, often this conflict is the +commits marked with `*`. However, this conflict is often the same conflict you resolved when you created the test merge you -blew away. 'git-rerere' command helps you to resolve this final +blew away. 'git rerere' helps you resolve this final conflicted merge using the information from your earlier hand resolve. -Running the 'git-rerere' command immediately after a conflicted +Running the 'git rerere' command immediately after a conflicted automerge records the conflicted working tree files, with the usual conflict markers `<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>` in them. Later, after you are done resolving the conflicts, -running 'git-rerere' again records the resolved state of these +running 'git rerere' again will record the resolved state of these files. Suppose you did this when you created the test merge of master into the topic branch. -Next time, running 'git-rerere' after seeing a conflicted -automerge, if the conflict is the same as the earlier one -recorded, it is noticed and a three-way merge between the +Next time, after seeing the same conflicted automerge, +running 'git rerere' will perform a three-way merge between the earlier conflicted automerge, the earlier manual resolution, and -the current conflicted automerge is performed by the command. +the current conflicted automerge. If this three-way merge resolves cleanly, the result is written -out to your working tree file, so you would not have to manually -resolve it. Note that 'git-rerere' leaves the index file alone, +out to your working tree file, so you do not have to manually +resolve it. Note that 'git rerere' leaves the index file alone, so you still need to do the final sanity checks with `git diff` -(or `git diff -c`) and 'git-add' when you are satisfied. +(or `git diff -c`) and 'git add' when you are satisfied. -As a convenience measure, 'git-merge' automatically invokes -'git-rerere' when it exits with a failed automerge, which -records it if it is a new conflict, or reuses the earlier hand -resolve when it is not. 'git-commit' also invokes 'git-rerere' -when recording a merge result. What this means is that you do -not have to do anything special yourself (Note: you still have -to set the config variable rerere.enabled to enable this command). +As a convenience measure, 'git merge' automatically invokes +'git rerere' upon exiting with a failed automerge and 'git rerere' +records the hand resolve when it is a new conflict, or reuses the earlier hand +resolve when it is not. 'git commit' also invokes 'git rerere' +when committing a merge result. What this means is that you do +not have to do anything special yourself (besides enabling +the rerere.enabled config variable). -In our example, when you did the test merge, the manual +In our example, when you do the test merge, the manual resolution is recorded, and it will be reused when you do the -actual merge later with updated master and topic branch, as long -as the earlier resolution is still applicable. +actual merge later with the updated master and topic branch, as long +as the recorded resolution is still applicable. -The information 'git-rerere' records is also used when running -'git-rebase'. After blowing away the test merge and continuing +The information 'git rerere' records is also used when running +'git rebase'. After blowing away the test merge and continuing development on the topic branch: ------------ @@ -194,18 +204,13 @@ development on the topic branch: o---o---o---*---o---o---o---o master ------------ -you could run `git rebase master topic`, to keep yourself -up-to-date even before your topic is ready to be sent upstream. -This would result in falling back to three-way merge, and it -would conflict the same way the test merge you resolved earlier. -'git-rerere' is run by 'git-rebase' to help you resolve this +you could run `git rebase master topic`, to bring yourself +up-to-date before your topic is ready to be sent upstream. +This would result in falling back to a three-way merge, and it +would conflict the same way as the test merge you resolved earlier. +'git rerere' will be run by 'git rebase' to help you resolve this conflict. - -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-reset.txt b/Documentation/git-reset.txt index abb25d1c00..8a21198d65 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-reset.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-reset.txt @@ -8,57 +8,122 @@ git-reset - Reset current HEAD to the specified state SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git reset' [--mixed | --soft | --hard | --merge] [-q] [<commit>] -'git reset' [-q] [<commit>] [--] <paths>... +'git reset' [-q] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>... +'git reset' (--patch | -p) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<paths>...] +'git reset' [--soft | --mixed [-N] | --hard | --merge | --keep] [-q] [<commit>] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Sets the current head to the specified commit and optionally resets the -index and working tree to match. +In the first and second form, copy entries from <tree-ish> to the index. +In the third form, set the current branch head (HEAD) to <commit>, optionally +modifying index and working tree to match. The <tree-ish>/<commit> defaults +to HEAD in all forms. -This command is useful if you notice some small error in a recent -commit (or set of commits) and want to redo that part without showing -the undo in the history. - -If you want to undo a commit other than the latest on a branch, -linkgit:git-revert[1] is your friend. +'git reset' [-q] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>...:: + This form resets the index entries for all <paths> to their + state at <tree-ish>. (It does not affect the working tree or + the current branch.) ++ +This means that `git reset <paths>` is the opposite of `git add +<paths>`. ++ +After running `git reset <paths>` to update the index entry, you can +use linkgit:git-checkout[1] to check the contents out of the index to +the working tree. +Alternatively, using linkgit:git-checkout[1] and specifying a commit, you +can copy the contents of a path out of a commit to the index and to the +working tree in one go. -The second form with 'paths' is used to revert selected paths in -the index from a given commit, without moving HEAD. +'git reset' (--patch | -p) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<paths>...]:: + Interactively select hunks in the difference between the index + and <tree-ish> (defaults to HEAD). The chosen hunks are applied + in reverse to the index. ++ +This means that `git reset -p` is the opposite of `git add -p`, i.e. +you can use it to selectively reset hunks. See the ``Interactive Mode'' +section of linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode. +'git reset' [<mode>] [<commit>]:: + This form resets the current branch head to <commit> and + possibly updates the index (resetting it to the tree of <commit>) and + the working tree depending on <mode>. If <mode> is omitted, + defaults to "--mixed". The <mode> must be one of the following: ++ +-- +--soft:: + Does not touch the index file or the working tree at all (but + resets the head to <commit>, just like all modes do). This leaves + all your changed files "Changes to be committed", as 'git status' + would put it. -OPTIONS -------- --mixed:: Resets the index but not the working tree (i.e., the changed files are preserved but not marked for commit) and reports what has not been updated. This is the default action. - ---soft:: - Does not touch the index file nor the working tree at all, but - requires them to be in a good order. This leaves all your changed - files "Changes to be committed", as 'git-status' would - put it. ++ +If `-N` is specified, removed paths are marked as intent-to-add (see +linkgit:git-add[1]). --hard:: - Matches the working tree and index to that of the tree being - switched to. Any changes to tracked files in the working tree - since <commit> are lost. + Resets the index and working tree. Any changes to tracked files in the + working tree since <commit> are discarded. --merge:: - Resets the index to match the tree recorded by the named commit, - and updates the files that are different between the named commit - and the current commit in the working tree. + Resets the index and updates the files in the working tree that are + different between <commit> and HEAD, but keeps those which are + different between the index and working tree (i.e. which have changes + which have not been added). + If a file that is different between <commit> and the index has unstaged + changes, reset is aborted. ++ +In other words, --merge does something like a 'git read-tree -u -m <commit>', +but carries forward unmerged index entries. + +--keep:: + Resets index entries and updates files in the working tree that are + different between <commit> and HEAD. + If a file that is different between <commit> and HEAD has local changes, + reset is aborted. +-- + +If you want to undo a commit other than the latest on a branch, +linkgit:git-revert[1] is your friend. + + +OPTIONS +------- -q:: +--quiet:: Be quiet, only report errors. -<commit>:: - Commit to make the current HEAD. If not given defaults to HEAD. -Examples +EXAMPLES -------- +Undo add:: ++ +------------ +$ edit <1> +$ git add frotz.c filfre.c +$ mailx <2> +$ git reset <3> +$ git pull git://info.example.com/ nitfol <4> +------------ ++ +<1> You are happily working on something, and find the changes +in these files are in good order. You do not want to see them +when you run "git diff", because you plan to work on other files +and changes with these files are distracting. +<2> Somebody asks you to pull, and the changes sounds worthy of merging. +<3> However, you already dirtied the index (i.e. your index does +not match the HEAD commit). But you know the pull you are going +to make does not affect frotz.c or filfre.c, so you revert the +index changes for these two files. Your changes in working tree +remain there. +<4> Then you can pull and merge, leaving frotz.c and filfre.c +changes still in the working tree. + Undo a commit and redo:: + ------------ @@ -78,19 +143,6 @@ edit the message further, you can give -C option instead. + See also the --amend option to linkgit:git-commit[1]. -Undo commits permanently:: -+ ------------- -$ git commit ... -$ git reset --hard HEAD~3 <1> ------------- -+ -<1> The last three commits (HEAD, HEAD^, and HEAD~2) were bad -and you do not want to ever see them again. Do *not* do this if -you have already given these commits to somebody else. (See the -"RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1] for -the implications of doing so.) - Undo a commit, making it a topic branch:: + ------------ @@ -106,28 +158,18 @@ current HEAD. <2> Rewind the master branch to get rid of those three commits. <3> Switch to "topic/wip" branch and keep working. -Undo add:: +Undo commits permanently:: + ------------ -$ edit <1> -$ git add frotz.c filfre.c -$ mailx <2> -$ git reset <3> -$ git pull git://info.example.com/ nitfol <4> +$ git commit ... +$ git reset --hard HEAD~3 <1> ------------ + -<1> You are happily working on something, and find the changes -in these files are in good order. You do not want to see them -when you run "git diff", because you plan to work on other files -and changes with these files are distracting. -<2> Somebody asks you to pull, and the changes sounds worthy of merging. -<3> However, you already dirtied the index (i.e. your index does -not match the HEAD commit). But you know the pull you are going -to make does not affect frotz.c nor filfre.c, so you revert the -index changes for these two files. Your changes in working tree -remain there. -<4> Then you can pull and merge, leaving frotz.c and filfre.c -changes still in the working tree. +<1> The last three commits (HEAD, HEAD^, and HEAD~2) were bad +and you do not want to ever see them again. Do *not* do this if +you have already given these commits to somebody else. (See the +"RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1] for +the implications of doing so.) Undo a merge or pull:: + @@ -139,7 +181,7 @@ Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result. $ git reset --hard <2> $ git pull . topic/branch <3> Updating from 41223... to 13134... -Fast forward +Fast-forward $ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD <4> ------------ + @@ -150,14 +192,14 @@ right now, so you decide to do that later. which is a synonym for "git reset --hard HEAD" clears the mess from the index file and the working tree. <3> Merge a topic branch into the current branch, which resulted -in a fast forward. +in a fast-forward. <4> But you decided that the topic branch is not ready for public consumption yet. "pull" or "merge" always leaves the original tip of the current branch in ORIG_HEAD, so resetting hard to it brings your index file and the working tree back to that state, and resets the tip of the branch to that commit. -Undo a merge or pull inside a dirty work tree:: +Undo a merge or pull inside a dirty working tree:: + ------------ $ git pull <1> @@ -224,13 +266,188 @@ $ git add frotz.c <3> <2> This commits all other changes in the index. <3> Adds the file to the index again. -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> +Keep changes in working tree while discarding some previous commits:: ++ +Suppose you are working on something and you commit it, and then you +continue working a bit more, but now you think that what you have in +your working tree should be in another branch that has nothing to do +with what you committed previously. You can start a new branch and +reset it while keeping the changes in your working tree. ++ +------------ +$ git tag start +$ git checkout -b branch1 +$ edit +$ git commit ... <1> +$ edit +$ git checkout -b branch2 <2> +$ git reset --keep start <3> +------------ ++ +<1> This commits your first edits in branch1. +<2> In the ideal world, you could have realized that the earlier + commit did not belong to the new topic when you created and switched + to branch2 (i.e. "git checkout -b branch2 start"), but nobody is + perfect. +<3> But you can use "reset --keep" to remove the unwanted commit after + you switched to "branch2". + +Split a commit apart into a sequence of commits:: ++ +Suppose that you have created lots of logically separate changes and commited +them together. Then, later you decide that it might be better to have each +logical chunk associated with its own commit. You can use git reset to rewind +history without changing the contents of your local files, and then successively +use `git add -p` to interactively select which hunks to include into each commit, +using `git commit -c` to pre-populate the commit message. ++ +------------ +$ git reset -N HEAD^ <1> +$ git add -p <2> +$ git diff --cached <3> +$ git commit -c HEAD@{1} <4> +... <5> +$ git add ... <6> +$ git diff --cached <7> +$ git commit ... <8> +------------ ++ +<1> First, reset the history back one commit so that we remove the original + commit, but leave the working tree with all the changes. The -N ensures + that any new files added with HEAD are still marked so that git add -p + will find them. +<2> Next, we interactively select diff hunks to add using the git add -p + facility. This will ask you about each diff hunk in sequence and you can + use simple commands such as "yes, include this", "No don't include this" + or even the very powerful "edit" facility. +<3> Once satisfied with the hunks you want to include, you should verify what + has been prepared for the first commit by using git diff --cached. This + shows all the changes that have been moved into the index and are about + to be committed. +<4> Next, commit the changes stored in the index. The -c option specifies to + pre-populate the commit message from the original message that you started + with in the first commit. This is helpful to avoid retyping it. The HEAD@{1} + is a special notation for the commit that HEAD used to be at prior to the + original reset commit (1 change ago). See linkgit:git-reflog[1] for more + details. You may also use any other valid commit reference. +<5> You can repeat steps 2-4 multiple times to break the original code into + any number of commits. +<6> Now you've split out many of the changes into their own commits, and might + no longer use the patch mode of git add, in order to select all remaining + uncommitted changes. +<7> Once again, check to verify that you've included what you want to. You may + also wish to verify that git diff doesn't show any remaining changes to be + committed later. +<8> And finally create the final commit. + + +DISCUSSION +---------- + +The tables below show what happens when running: + +---------- +git reset --option target +---------- + +to reset the HEAD to another commit (`target`) with the different +reset options depending on the state of the files. + +In these tables, A, B, C and D are some different states of a +file. For example, the first line of the first table means that if a +file is in state A in the working tree, in state B in the index, in +state C in HEAD and in state D in the target, then "git reset --soft +target" will leave the file in the working tree in state A and in the +index in state B. It resets (i.e. moves) the HEAD (i.e. the tip of +the current branch, if you are on one) to "target" (which has the file +in state D). + + working index HEAD target working index HEAD + ---------------------------------------------------- + A B C D --soft A B D + --mixed A D D + --hard D D D + --merge (disallowed) + --keep (disallowed) + + working index HEAD target working index HEAD + ---------------------------------------------------- + A B C C --soft A B C + --mixed A C C + --hard C C C + --merge (disallowed) + --keep A C C + + working index HEAD target working index HEAD + ---------------------------------------------------- + B B C D --soft B B D + --mixed B D D + --hard D D D + --merge D D D + --keep (disallowed) + + working index HEAD target working index HEAD + ---------------------------------------------------- + B B C C --soft B B C + --mixed B C C + --hard C C C + --merge C C C + --keep B C C + + working index HEAD target working index HEAD + ---------------------------------------------------- + B C C D --soft B C D + --mixed B D D + --hard D D D + --merge (disallowed) + --keep (disallowed) + + working index HEAD target working index HEAD + ---------------------------------------------------- + B C C C --soft B C C + --mixed B C C + --hard C C C + --merge B C C + --keep B C C + +"reset --merge" is meant to be used when resetting out of a conflicted +merge. Any mergy operation guarantees that the working tree file that is +involved in the merge does not have local change wrt the index before +it starts, and that it writes the result out to the working tree. So if +we see some difference between the index and the target and also +between the index and the working tree, then it means that we are not +resetting out from a state that a mergy operation left after failing +with a conflict. That is why we disallow --merge option in this case. + +"reset --keep" is meant to be used when removing some of the last +commits in the current branch while keeping changes in the working +tree. If there could be conflicts between the changes in the commit we +want to remove and the changes in the working tree we want to keep, +the reset is disallowed. That's why it is disallowed if there are both +changes between the working tree and HEAD, and between HEAD and the +target. To be safe, it is also disallowed when there are unmerged +entries. + +The following tables show what happens when there are unmerged +entries: + + working index HEAD target working index HEAD + ---------------------------------------------------- + X U A B --soft (disallowed) + --mixed X B B + --hard B B B + --merge B B B + --keep (disallowed) + + working index HEAD target working index HEAD + ---------------------------------------------------- + X U A A --soft (disallowed) + --mixed X A A + --hard A A A + --merge A A A + --keep (disallowed) -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +X means any state and U means an unmerged index. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt index 1c9cc28895..ef22f1775b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt @@ -9,61 +9,80 @@ git-rev-list - Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-rev-list' [ \--max-count=number ] - [ \--skip=number ] - [ \--max-age=timestamp ] - [ \--min-age=timestamp ] - [ \--sparse ] - [ \--no-merges ] - [ \--first-parent ] - [ \--remove-empty ] - [ \--full-history ] - [ \--not ] - [ \--all ] - [ \--branches ] - [ \--tags ] - [ \--remotes ] - [ \--stdin ] - [ \--quiet ] - [ \--topo-order ] - [ \--parents ] - [ \--timestamp ] - [ \--left-right ] - [ \--cherry-pick ] - [ \--encoding[=<encoding>] ] - [ \--(author|committer|grep)=<pattern> ] - [ \--regexp-ignore-case | -i ] - [ \--extended-regexp | -E ] - [ \--fixed-strings | -F ] - [ \--date={local|relative|default|iso|rfc|short} ] - [ [\--objects | \--objects-edge] [ \--unpacked ] ] - [ \--pretty | \--header ] - [ \--bisect ] - [ \--bisect-vars ] - [ \--bisect-all ] - [ \--merge ] - [ \--reverse ] - [ \--walk-reflogs ] - [ \--no-walk ] [ \--do-walk ] +'git rev-list' [ --max-count=<number> ] + [ --skip=<number> ] + [ --max-age=<timestamp> ] + [ --min-age=<timestamp> ] + [ --sparse ] + [ --merges ] + [ --no-merges ] + [ --min-parents=<number> ] + [ --no-min-parents ] + [ --max-parents=<number> ] + [ --no-max-parents ] + [ --first-parent ] + [ --remove-empty ] + [ --full-history ] + [ --not ] + [ --all ] + [ --branches[=<pattern>] ] + [ --tags[=<pattern>] ] + [ --remotes[=<pattern>] ] + [ --glob=<glob-pattern> ] + [ --ignore-missing ] + [ --stdin ] + [ --quiet ] + [ --topo-order ] + [ --parents ] + [ --timestamp ] + [ --left-right ] + [ --left-only ] + [ --right-only ] + [ --cherry-mark ] + [ --cherry-pick ] + [ --encoding=<encoding> ] + [ --(author|committer|grep)=<pattern> ] + [ --regexp-ignore-case | -i ] + [ --extended-regexp | -E ] + [ --fixed-strings | -F ] + [ --date=<format>] + [ [ --objects | --objects-edge | --objects-edge-aggressive ] + [ --unpacked ] ] + [ --pretty | --header ] + [ --bisect ] + [ --bisect-vars ] + [ --bisect-all ] + [ --merge ] + [ --reverse ] + [ --walk-reflogs ] + [ --no-walk ] [ --do-walk ] + [ --count ] + [ --use-bitmap-index ] <commit>... [ \-- <paths>... ] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order starting at the -given commit(s), taking ancestry relationship into account. This is -useful to produce human-readable log output. +List commits that are reachable by following the `parent` links from the +given commit(s), but exclude commits that are reachable from the one(s) +given with a '{caret}' in front of them. The output is given in reverse +chronological order by default. -Commits which are stated with a preceding '{caret}' cause listing to -stop at that point. Their parents are implied. Thus the following -command: +You can think of this as a set operation. Commits given on the command +line form a set of commits that are reachable from any of them, and then +commits reachable from any of the ones given with '{caret}' in front are +subtracted from that set. The remaining commits are what comes out in the +command's output. Various other options and paths parameters can be used +to further limit the result. + +Thus, the following command: ----------------------------------------------------------------------- $ git rev-list foo bar ^baz ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -means "list all the commits which are included in 'foo' and 'bar', but -not in 'baz'". +means "list all the commits which are reachable from 'foo' or 'bar', but +not from 'baz'". A special notation "'<commit1>'..'<commit2>'" can be used as a short-hand for "{caret}'<commit1>' '<commit2>'". For example, either of @@ -83,11 +102,11 @@ between the two operands. The following two commands are equivalent: $ git rev-list A...B ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -'git-rev-list' is a very essential git program, since it +'rev-list' is a very essential Git command, since it provides the ability to build and traverse commit ancestry graphs. For this reason, it has a lot of different options that enables it to be -used by commands as different as 'git-bisect' and -'git-repack'. +used by commands as different as 'git bisect' and +'git repack'. OPTIONS ------- @@ -97,16 +116,6 @@ include::rev-list-options.txt[] include::pretty-formats.txt[] - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano, Jonas Fonseca -and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt index 3ccef2f2b3..c40c470448 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt @@ -8,35 +8,62 @@ git-rev-parse - Pick out and massage parameters SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git rev-parse' [ --option ] <args>... DESCRIPTION ----------- -Many git porcelainish commands take mixture of flags +Many Git porcelainish commands take mixture of flags (i.e. parameters that begin with a dash '-') and parameters -meant for the underlying 'git-rev-list' command they use internally +meant for the underlying 'git rev-list' command they use internally and flags and parameters for the other commands they use -downstream of 'git-rev-list'. This command is used to +downstream of 'git rev-list'. This command is used to distinguish between them. OPTIONS ------- + +Operation Modes +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Each of these options must appear first on the command line. + --parseopt:: - Use 'git-rev-parse' in option parsing mode (see PARSEOPT section below). + Use 'git rev-parse' in option parsing mode (see PARSEOPT section below). ---keep-dash-dash:: +--sq-quote:: + Use 'git rev-parse' in shell quoting mode (see SQ-QUOTE + section below). In contrast to the `--sq` option below, this + mode does only quoting. Nothing else is done to command input. + +Options for --parseopt +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +--keep-dashdash:: Only meaningful in `--parseopt` mode. Tells the option parser to echo out the first `--` met instead of skipping it. +--stop-at-non-option:: + Only meaningful in `--parseopt` mode. Lets the option parser stop at + the first non-option argument. This can be used to parse sub-commands + that take options themselves. + +--stuck-long:: + Only meaningful in `--parseopt` mode. Output the options in their + long form if available, and with their arguments stuck. + +Options for Filtering +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + --revs-only:: Do not output flags and parameters not meant for - 'git-rev-list' command. + 'git rev-list' command. --no-revs:: Do not output flags and parameters meant for - 'git-rev-list' command. + 'git rev-list' command. --flags:: Do not output non-flag parameters. @@ -44,19 +71,51 @@ OPTIONS --no-flags:: Do not output flag parameters. +Options for Output +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + --default <arg>:: If there is no parameter given by the user, use `<arg>` instead. +--prefix <arg>:: + Behave as if 'git rev-parse' was invoked from the `<arg>` + subdirectory of the working tree. Any relative filenames are + resolved as if they are prefixed by `<arg>` and will be printed + in that form. ++ +This can be used to convert arguments to a command run in a subdirectory +so that they can still be used after moving to the top-level of the +repository. For example: ++ +---- +prefix=$(git rev-parse --show-prefix) +cd "$(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)" +# rev-parse provides the -- needed for 'set' +eval "set $(git rev-parse --sq --prefix "$prefix" -- "$@")" +---- + --verify:: - The parameter given must be usable as a single, valid - object name. Otherwise barf and abort. + Verify that exactly one parameter is provided, and that it + can be turned into a raw 20-byte SHA-1 that can be used to + access the object database. If so, emit it to the standard + output; otherwise, error out. ++ +If you want to make sure that the output actually names an object in +your object database and/or can be used as a specific type of object +you require, you can add the `^{type}` peeling operator to the parameter. +For example, `git rev-parse "$VAR^{commit}"` will make sure `$VAR` +names an existing object that is a commit-ish (i.e. a commit, or an +annotated tag that points at a commit). To make sure that `$VAR` +names an existing object of any type, `git rev-parse "$VAR^{object}"` +can be used. -q:: --quiet:: Only meaningful in `--verify` mode. Do not output an error message if the first argument is not a valid object name; instead exit with non-zero status silently. + SHA-1s for valid object names are printed to stdout on success. --sq:: Usually the output is made one line per flag and @@ -64,50 +123,106 @@ OPTIONS properly quoted for consumption by shell. Useful when you expect your parameter to contain whitespaces and newlines (e.g. when using pickaxe `-S` with - 'git-diff-\*'). + 'git diff-{asterisk}'). In contrast to the `--sq-quote` option, + the command input is still interpreted as usual. --not:: When showing object names, prefix them with '{caret}' and strip '{caret}' prefix from the object names that already have one. +--abbrev-ref[=(strict|loose)]:: + A non-ambiguous short name of the objects name. + The option core.warnAmbiguousRefs is used to select the strict + abbreviation mode. + +--short:: +--short=number:: + Instead of outputting the full SHA-1 values of object names try to + abbreviate them to a shorter unique name. When no length is specified + 7 is used. The minimum length is 4. + --symbolic:: - Usually the object names are output in SHA1 form (with + Usually the object names are output in SHA-1 form (with possible '{caret}' prefix); this option makes them output in a form as close to the original input as possible. --symbolic-full-name:: - This is similar to \--symbolic, but it omits input that + This is similar to --symbolic, but it omits input that are not refs (i.e. branch or tag names; or more explicitly disambiguating "heads/master" form, when you want to name the "master" branch when there is an unfortunately named tag "master"), and show them as full refnames (e.g. "refs/heads/master"). ---all:: - Show all refs found in `$GIT_DIR/refs`. - ---branches:: - Show branch refs found in `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads`. +Options for Objects +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ---tags:: - Show tag refs found in `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags`. +--all:: + Show all refs found in `refs/`. + +--branches[=pattern]:: +--tags[=pattern]:: +--remotes[=pattern]:: + Show all branches, tags, or remote-tracking branches, + respectively (i.e., refs found in `refs/heads`, + `refs/tags`, or `refs/remotes`, respectively). ++ +If a `pattern` is given, only refs matching the given shell glob are +shown. If the pattern does not contain a globbing character (`?`, +`*`, or `[`), it is turned into a prefix match by appending `/*`. + +--glob=pattern:: + Show all refs matching the shell glob pattern `pattern`. If + the pattern does not start with `refs/`, this is automatically + prepended. If the pattern does not contain a globbing + character (`?`, `*`, or `[`), it is turned into a prefix + match by appending `/*`. + +--exclude=<glob-pattern>:: + Do not include refs matching '<glob-pattern>' that the next `--all`, + `--branches`, `--tags`, `--remotes`, or `--glob` would otherwise + consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns + up to the next `--all`, `--branches`, `--tags`, `--remotes`, or + `--glob` option (other options or arguments do not clear + accumulated patterns). ++ +The patterns given should not begin with `refs/heads`, `refs/tags`, or +`refs/remotes` when applied to `--branches`, `--tags`, or `--remotes`, +respectively, and they must begin with `refs/` when applied to `--glob` +or `--all`. If a trailing '/{asterisk}' is intended, it must be given +explicitly. + +--disambiguate=<prefix>:: + Show every object whose name begins with the given prefix. + The <prefix> must be at least 4 hexadecimal digits long to + avoid listing each and every object in the repository by + mistake. + +Options for Files +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +--local-env-vars:: + List the GIT_* environment variables that are local to the + repository (e.g. GIT_DIR or GIT_WORK_TREE, but not GIT_EDITOR). + Only the names of the variables are listed, not their value, + even if they are set. ---remotes:: - Show tag refs found in `$GIT_DIR/refs/remotes`. +--git-dir:: + Show `$GIT_DIR` if defined. Otherwise show the path to + the .git directory. The path shown, when relative, is + relative to the current working directory. ++ +If `$GIT_DIR` is not defined and the current directory +is not detected to lie in a Git repository or work tree +print a message to stderr and exit with nonzero status. ---show-prefix:: - When the command is invoked from a subdirectory, show the - path of the current directory relative to the top-level - directory. +--absolute-git-dir:: + Like `--git-dir`, but its output is always the canonicalized + absolute path. ---show-cdup:: - When the command is invoked from a subdirectory, show the - path of the top-level directory relative to the current - directory (typically a sequence of "../", or an empty string). - ---git-dir:: - Show `$GIT_DIR` if defined else show the path to the .git directory. +--git-common-dir:: + Show `$GIT_COMMON_DIR` if defined, else `$GIT_DIR`. --is-inside-git-dir:: When the current working directory is below the repository @@ -120,253 +235,103 @@ OPTIONS --is-bare-repository:: When the repository is bare print "true", otherwise "false". ---short:: ---short=number:: - Instead of outputting the full SHA1 values of object names try to - abbreviate them to a shorter unique name. When no length is specified - 7 is used. The minimum length is 4. +--resolve-git-dir <path>:: + Check if <path> is a valid repository or a gitfile that + points at a valid repository, and print the location of the + repository. If <path> is a gitfile then the resolved path + to the real repository is printed. + +--git-path <path>:: + Resolve "$GIT_DIR/<path>" and takes other path relocation + variables such as $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY, + $GIT_INDEX_FILE... into account. For example, if + $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY is set to /foo/bar then "git rev-parse + --git-path objects/abc" returns /foo/bar/abc. + +--show-cdup:: + When the command is invoked from a subdirectory, show the + path of the top-level directory relative to the current + directory (typically a sequence of "../", or an empty string). + +--show-prefix:: + When the command is invoked from a subdirectory, show the + path of the current directory relative to the top-level + directory. + +--show-toplevel:: + Show the absolute path of the top-level directory. + +--show-superproject-working-tree + Show the absolute path of the root of the superproject's + working tree (if exists) that uses the current repository as + its submodule. Outputs nothing if the current repository is + not used as a submodule by any project. + +--shared-index-path:: + Show the path to the shared index file in split index mode, or + empty if not in split-index mode. + +Other Options +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ --since=datestring:: --after=datestring:: Parse the date string, and output the corresponding - --max-age= parameter for 'git-rev-list'. + --max-age= parameter for 'git rev-list'. --until=datestring:: --before=datestring:: Parse the date string, and output the corresponding - --min-age= parameter for 'git-rev-list'. + --min-age= parameter for 'git rev-list'. <args>...:: Flags and parameters to be parsed. -SPECIFYING REVISIONS --------------------- - -A revision parameter typically, but not necessarily, names a -commit object. They use what is called an 'extended SHA1' -syntax. Here are various ways to spell object names. The -ones listed near the end of this list are to name trees and -blobs contained in a commit. - -* The full SHA1 object name (40-byte hexadecimal string), or - a substring of such that is unique within the repository. - E.g. dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735 and dae86e both - name the same commit object if there are no other object in - your repository whose object name starts with dae86e. - -* An output from 'git-describe'; i.e. a closest tag, optionally - followed by a dash and a number of commits, followed by a dash, a - `g`, and an abbreviated object name. - -* A symbolic ref name. E.g. 'master' typically means the commit - object referenced by $GIT_DIR/refs/heads/master. If you - happen to have both heads/master and tags/master, you can - explicitly say 'heads/master' to tell git which one you mean. - When ambiguous, a `<name>` is disambiguated by taking the - first match in the following rules: - - . if `$GIT_DIR/<name>` exists, that is what you mean (this is usually - useful only for `HEAD`, `FETCH_HEAD`, `ORIG_HEAD` and `MERGE_HEAD`); - - . otherwise, `$GIT_DIR/refs/<name>` if exists; - - . otherwise, `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<name>` if exists; - - . otherwise, `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<name>` if exists; - - . otherwise, `$GIT_DIR/refs/remotes/<name>` if exists; - - . otherwise, `$GIT_DIR/refs/remotes/<name>/HEAD` if exists. -+ -HEAD names the commit your changes in the working tree is based on. -FETCH_HEAD records the branch you fetched from a remote repository -with your last 'git-fetch' invocation. -ORIG_HEAD is created by commands that moves your HEAD in a drastic -way, to record the position of the HEAD before their operation, so that -you can change the tip of the branch back to the state before you ran -them easily. -MERGE_HEAD records the commit(s) you are merging into your branch -when you run 'git-merge'. - -* A ref followed by the suffix '@' with a date specification - enclosed in a brace - pair (e.g. '\{yesterday\}', '\{1 month 2 weeks 3 days 1 hour 1 - second ago\}' or '\{1979-02-26 18:30:00\}') to specify the value - of the ref at a prior point in time. This suffix may only be - used immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an - existing log ($GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>). Note that this looks up the state - of your *local* ref at a given time; e.g., what was in your local - `master` branch last week. If you want to look at commits made during - certain times, see `--since` and `--until`. - -* A ref followed by the suffix '@' with an ordinal specification - enclosed in a brace pair (e.g. '\{1\}', '\{15\}') to specify - the n-th prior value of that ref. For example 'master@\{1\}' - is the immediate prior value of 'master' while 'master@\{5\}' - is the 5th prior value of 'master'. This suffix may only be used - immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an existing - log ($GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>). - -* You can use the '@' construct with an empty ref part to get at a - reflog of the current branch. For example, if you are on the - branch 'blabla', then '@\{1\}' means the same as 'blabla@\{1\}'. - -* The special construct '@\{-<n>\}' means the <n>th branch checked out - before the current one. - -* A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter means the first parent of - that commit object. '{caret}<n>' means the <n>th parent (i.e. - 'rev{caret}' - is equivalent to 'rev{caret}1'). As a special rule, - 'rev{caret}0' means the commit itself and is used when 'rev' is the - object name of a tag object that refers to a commit object. - -* A suffix '{tilde}<n>' to a revision parameter means the commit - object that is the <n>th generation grand-parent of the named - commit object, following only the first parent. I.e. rev~3 is - equivalent to rev{caret}{caret}{caret} which is equivalent to - rev{caret}1{caret}1{caret}1. See below for a illustration of - the usage of this form. - -* A suffix '{caret}' followed by an object type name enclosed in - brace pair (e.g. `v0.99.8{caret}\{commit\}`) means the object - could be a tag, and dereference the tag recursively until an - object of that type is found or the object cannot be - dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf). `rev{caret}0` - introduced earlier is a short-hand for `rev{caret}\{commit\}`. - -* A suffix '{caret}' followed by an empty brace pair - (e.g. `v0.99.8{caret}\{\}`) means the object could be a tag, - and dereference the tag recursively until a non-tag object is - found. - -* A colon, followed by a slash, followed by a text: this names - a commit whose commit message starts with the specified text. - This name returns the youngest matching commit which is - reachable from any ref. If the commit message starts with a - '!', you have to repeat that; the special sequence ':/!', - followed by something else than '!' is reserved for now. - -* A suffix ':' followed by a path; this names the blob or tree - at the given path in the tree-ish object named by the part - before the colon. - -* A colon, optionally followed by a stage number (0 to 3) and a - colon, followed by a path; this names a blob object in the - index at the given path. Missing stage number (and the colon - that follows it) names a stage 0 entry. During a merge, stage - 1 is the common ancestor, stage 2 is the target branch's version - (typically the current branch), and stage 3 is the version from - the branch being merged. - -Here is an illustration, by Jon Loeliger. Both commit nodes B -and C are parents of commit node A. Parent commits are ordered -left-to-right. - -........................................ -G H I J - \ / \ / - D E F - \ | / \ - \ | / | - \|/ | - B C - \ / - \ / - A -........................................ - - A = = A^0 - B = A^ = A^1 = A~1 - C = A^2 = A^2 - D = A^^ = A^1^1 = A~2 - E = B^2 = A^^2 - F = B^3 = A^^3 - G = A^^^ = A^1^1^1 = A~3 - H = D^2 = B^^2 = A^^^2 = A~2^2 - I = F^ = B^3^ = A^^3^ - J = F^2 = B^3^2 = A^^3^2 - - -SPECIFYING RANGES ------------------ - -History traversing commands such as 'git-log' operate on a set -of commits, not just a single commit. To these commands, -specifying a single revision with the notation described in the -previous section means the set of commits reachable from that -commit, following the commit ancestry chain. - -To exclude commits reachable from a commit, a prefix `{caret}` -notation is used. E.g. "`{caret}r1 r2`" means commits reachable -from `r2` but exclude the ones reachable from `r1`. - -This set operation appears so often that there is a shorthand -for it. When you have two commits `r1` and `r2` (named according -to the syntax explained in SPECIFYING REVISIONS above), you can ask -for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable -from r1 by "`{caret}r1 r2`" and it can be written as "`r1..r2`". - -A similar notation "`r1\...r2`" is called symmetric difference -of `r1` and `r2` and is defined as -"`r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)`". -It is the set of commits that are reachable from either one of -`r1` or `r2` but not from both. - -Two other shorthands for naming a set that is formed by a commit -and its parent commits exist. The `r1{caret}@` notation means all -parents of `r1`. `r1{caret}!` includes commit `r1` but excludes -all of its parents. - -Here are a handful of examples: - - D G H D - D F G H I J D F - ^G D H D - ^D B E I J F B - B...C G H D E B C - ^D B C E I J F B C - C^@ I J F - F^! D G H D F +include::revisions.txt[] PARSEOPT -------- -In `--parseopt` mode, 'git-rev-parse' helps massaging options to bring to shell +In `--parseopt` mode, 'git rev-parse' helps massaging options to bring to shell scripts the same facilities C builtins have. It works as an option normalizer (e.g. splits single switches aggregate values), a bit like `getopt(1)` does. It takes on the standard input the specification of the options to parse and -understand, and echoes on the standard output a line suitable for `sh(1)` `eval` +understand, and echoes on the standard output a string suitable for `sh(1)` `eval` to replace the arguments with normalized ones. In case of error, it outputs usage on the standard error stream, and exits with code 129. +Note: Make sure you quote the result when passing it to `eval`. See +below for an example. + Input Format ~~~~~~~~~~~~ -'git-rev-parse --parseopt' input format is fully text based. It has two parts, +'git rev-parse --parseopt' input format is fully text based. It has two parts, separated by a line that contains only `--`. The lines before the separator -(should be more than one) are used for the usage. +(should be one or more) are used for the usage. The lines after the separator describe the options. Each line of options has this format: ------------ -<opt_spec><flags>* SP+ help LF +<opt-spec><flags>*<arg-hint>? SP+ help LF ------------ -`<opt_spec>`:: +`<opt-spec>`:: its format is the short option character, then the long option name separated by a comma. Both parts are not required, though at least one - is necessary. `h,help`, `dry-run` and `f` are all three correct - `<opt_spec>`. + is necessary. May not contain any of the `<flags>` characters. + `h,help`, `dry-run` and `f` are examples of correct `<opt-spec>`. `<flags>`:: `<flags>` are of `*`, `=`, `?` or `!`. * Use `=` if the option takes an argument. - * Use `?` to mean that the option is optional (though its use is discouraged). + * Use `?` to mean that the option takes an optional argument. You + probably want to use the `--stuck-long` mode to be able to + unambiguously parse the optional argument. * Use `*` to mean that this option should not be listed in the usage generated for the `-h` argument. It's shown for `--help-all` as @@ -374,6 +339,12 @@ Each line of options has this format: * Use `!` to not make the corresponding negated long option available. +`<arg-hint>`:: + `<arg-hint>`, if specified, is used as a name of the argument in the + help output, for options that take arguments. `<arg-hint>` is + terminated by the first whitespace. It is customary to use a + dash to separate words in a multi-word argument hint. + The remainder of the line, after stripping the spaces, is used as the help associated to the option. @@ -394,11 +365,62 @@ h,help show the help foo some nifty option --foo bar= some cool option --bar with an argument +baz=arg another cool option --baz with a named argument +qux?path qux may take a path argument but has meaning by itself An option group Header C? option C with an optional argument" -eval `echo "$OPTS_SPEC" | git rev-parse --parseopt -- "$@" || echo exit $?` +eval "$(echo "$OPTS_SPEC" | git rev-parse --parseopt -- "$@" || echo exit $?)" +------------ + + +Usage text +~~~~~~~~~~ + +When `"$@"` is `-h` or `--help` in the above example, the following +usage text would be shown: + +------------ +usage: some-command [options] <args>... + + some-command does foo and bar! + + -h, --help show the help + --foo some nifty option --foo + --bar ... some cool option --bar with an argument + --baz <arg> another cool option --baz with a named argument + --qux[=<path>] qux may take a path argument but has meaning by itself + +An option group Header + -C[...] option C with an optional argument +------------ + +SQ-QUOTE +-------- + +In `--sq-quote` mode, 'git rev-parse' echoes on the standard output a +single line suitable for `sh(1)` `eval`. This line is made by +normalizing the arguments following `--sq-quote`. Nothing other than +quoting the arguments is done. + +If you want command input to still be interpreted as usual by +'git rev-parse' before the output is shell quoted, see the `--sq` +option. + +Example +~~~~~~~ + +------------ +$ cat >your-git-script.sh <<\EOF +#!/bin/sh +args=$(git rev-parse --sq-quote "$@") # quote user-supplied arguments +command="git frotz -n24 $args" # and use it inside a handcrafted + # command line +eval "$command" +EOF + +$ sh your-git-script.sh "a b'c" ------------ EXAMPLES @@ -413,12 +435,12 @@ $ git rev-parse --verify HEAD * Print the commit object name from the revision in the $REV shell variable: + ------------ -$ git rev-parse --verify $REV +$ git rev-parse --verify $REV^{commit} ------------ + This will error out if $REV is empty or not a valid revision. -* Same as above: +* Similar to above: + ------------ $ git rev-parse --default master --verify $REV @@ -426,16 +448,6 @@ $ git rev-parse --default master --verify $REV + but if $REV is empty, the commit object name from master will be printed. - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> . -Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and Pierre Habouzit <madcoder@debian.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-revert.txt b/Documentation/git-revert.txt index 5e1175800a..837707a8fd 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-revert.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-revert.txt @@ -3,37 +3,46 @@ git-revert(1) NAME ---- -git-revert - Revert an existing commit +git-revert - Revert some existing commits SYNOPSIS -------- -'git revert' [--edit | --no-edit] [-n] [-m parent-number] [-s] <commit> +[verse] +'git revert' [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m parent-number] [-s] [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>... +'git revert' --continue +'git revert' --quit +'git revert' --abort DESCRIPTION ----------- -Given one existing commit, revert the change the patch introduces, and record a -new commit that records it. This requires your working tree to be clean (no -modifications from the HEAD commit). -Note: 'git revert' is used to record a new commit to reverse the -effect of an earlier commit (often a faulty one). If you want to +Given one or more existing commits, revert the changes that the +related patches introduce, and record some new commits that record +them. This requires your working tree to be clean (no modifications +from the HEAD commit). + +Note: 'git revert' is used to record some new commits to reverse the +effect of some earlier commits (often only a faulty one). If you want to throw away all uncommitted changes in your working directory, you -should see linkgit:git-reset[1], particularly the '--hard' option. If +should see linkgit:git-reset[1], particularly the `--hard` option. If you want to extract specific files as they were in another commit, you -should see linkgit:git-checkout[1], specifically the 'git checkout -<commit> -- <filename>' syntax. Take care with these alternatives as +should see linkgit:git-checkout[1], specifically the `git checkout +<commit> -- <filename>` syntax. Take care with these alternatives as both will discard uncommitted changes in your working directory. OPTIONS ------- -<commit>:: - Commit to revert. +<commit>...:: + Commits to revert. For a more complete list of ways to spell commit names, see - "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. + linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. + Sets of commits can also be given but no traversal is done by + default, see linkgit:git-rev-list[1] and its `--no-walk` + option. -e:: --edit:: - With this option, 'git-revert' will let you edit the commit + With this option, 'git revert' will let you edit the commit message prior to committing the revert. This is the default if you run the command from a terminal. @@ -50,20 +59,20 @@ brought in by the merge. As a result, later merges will only bring in tree changes introduced by commits that are not ancestors of the previously reverted merge. This may or may not be what you want. + -See the link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for +See the link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for more details. --no-edit:: - With this option, 'git-revert' will not start the commit + With this option, 'git revert' will not start the commit message editor. -n:: --no-commit:: - Usually the command automatically creates a commit with - a commit log message stating which commit was - reverted. This flag applies the change necessary - to revert the named commit to your working tree - and the index, but does not make the commit. In addition, + Usually the command automatically creates some commits with + commit log messages stating which commits were + reverted. This flag applies the changes necessary + to revert the named commits to your working tree + and the index, but does not make the commits. In addition, when this option is used, your index does not have to match the HEAD commit. The revert is done against the beginning state of your index. @@ -71,18 +80,49 @@ more details. This is useful when reverting more than one commits' effect to your index in a row. +-S[<keyid>]:: +--gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: + GPG-sign commits. The `keyid` argument is optional and + defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be + stuck to the option without a space. + -s:: --signoff:: Add Signed-off-by line at the end of the commit message. + See the signoff option in linkgit:git-commit[1] for more information. + +--strategy=<strategy>:: + Use the given merge strategy. Should only be used once. + See the MERGE STRATEGIES section in linkgit:git-merge[1] + for details. +-X<option>:: +--strategy-option=<option>:: + Pass the merge strategy-specific option through to the + merge strategy. See linkgit:git-merge[1] for details. -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> +SEQUENCER SUBCOMMANDS +--------------------- +include::sequencer.txt[] + +EXAMPLES +-------- +`git revert HEAD~3`:: -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. + Revert the changes specified by the fourth last commit in HEAD + and create a new commit with the reverted changes. + +`git revert -n master~5..master~2`:: + + Revert the changes done by commits from the fifth last commit + in master (included) to the third last commit in master + (included), but do not create any commit with the reverted + changes. The revert only modifies the working tree and the + index. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-cherry-pick[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-rm.txt b/Documentation/git-rm.txt index 5afb1e7428..f1efc116eb 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rm.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rm.txt @@ -7,18 +7,19 @@ git-rm - Remove files from the working tree and from the index SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git rm' [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch] [--quiet] [--] <file>... DESCRIPTION ----------- Remove files from the index, or from the working tree and the index. -'git-rm' will not remove a file from just your working directory. -(There is no option to remove a file only from the work tree +`git rm` will not remove a file from just your working directory. +(There is no option to remove a file only from the working tree and yet keep it in the index; use `/bin/rm` if you want to do that.) The files being removed have to be identical to the tip of the branch, and no updates to their contents can be staged in the index, though that default behavior can be overridden with the `-f` option. -When '--cached' is given, the staged content has to +When `--cached` is given, the staged content has to match either the tip of the branch or the file on disk, allowing the file to be removed from just the index. @@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ OPTIONS ------- <file>...:: Files to remove. Fileglobs (e.g. `*.c`) can be given to - remove all matching files. If you want git to expand + remove all matching files. If you want Git to expand file glob characters, you may need to shell-escape them. A leading directory name (e.g. `dir` to remove `dir/file1` and `dir/file2`) can be @@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ OPTIONS -q:: --quiet:: - 'git-rm' normally outputs one line (in the form of an "rm" command) + `git rm` normally outputs one line (in the form of an `rm` command) for each file removed. This option suppresses that output. @@ -73,41 +74,115 @@ DISCUSSION The <file> list given to the command can be exact pathnames, file glob patterns, or leading directory names. The command -removes only the paths that are known to git. Giving the name of -a file that you have not told git about does not remove that file. +removes only the paths that are known to Git. Giving the name of +a file that you have not told Git about does not remove that file. File globbing matches across directory boundaries. Thus, given two directories `d` and `d2`, there is a difference between -using `git rm \'d\*\'` and `git rm \'d/\*\'`, as the former will +using `git rm 'd*'` and `git rm 'd/*'`, as the former will also remove all of directory `d2`. +REMOVING FILES THAT HAVE DISAPPEARED FROM THE FILESYSTEM +-------------------------------------------------------- +There is no option for `git rm` to remove from the index only +the paths that have disappeared from the filesystem. However, +depending on the use case, there are several ways that can be +done. + +Using ``git commit -a'' +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +If you intend that your next commit should record all modifications +of tracked files in the working tree and record all removals of +files that have been removed from the working tree with `rm` +(as opposed to `git rm`), use `git commit -a`, as it will +automatically notice and record all removals. You can also have a +similar effect without committing by using `git add -u`. + +Using ``git add -A'' +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +When accepting a new code drop for a vendor branch, you probably +want to record both the removal of paths and additions of new paths +as well as modifications of existing paths. + +Typically you would first remove all tracked files from the working +tree using this command: + +---------------- +git ls-files -z | xargs -0 rm -f +---------------- + +and then untar the new code in the working tree. Alternately +you could 'rsync' the changes into the working tree. + +After that, the easiest way to record all removals, additions, and +modifications in the working tree is: + +---------------- +git add -A +---------------- + +See linkgit:git-add[1]. + +Other ways +~~~~~~~~~~ +If all you really want to do is to remove from the index the files +that are no longer present in the working tree (perhaps because +your working tree is dirty so that you cannot use `git commit -a`), +use the following command: + +---------------- +git diff --name-only --diff-filter=D -z | xargs -0 git rm --cached +---------------- + +SUBMODULES +---------- +Only submodules using a gitfile (which means they were cloned +with a Git version 1.7.8 or newer) will be removed from the work +tree, as their repository lives inside the .git directory of the +superproject. If a submodule (or one of those nested inside it) +still uses a .git directory, `git rm` will fail - no matter if forced +or not - to protect the submodule's history. If it exists the +submodule.<name> section in the linkgit:gitmodules[5] file will also +be removed and that file will be staged (unless --cached or -n are used). + +A submodule is considered up-to-date when the HEAD is the same as +recorded in the index, no tracked files are modified and no untracked +files that aren't ignored are present in the submodules work tree. +Ignored files are deemed expendable and won't stop a submodule's work +tree from being removed. + +If you only want to remove the local checkout of a submodule from your +work tree without committing the removal, +use linkgit:git-submodule[1] `deinit` instead. + EXAMPLES -------- -git rm Documentation/\\*.txt:: - Removes all `\*.txt` files from the index that are under the +`git rm Documentation/\*.txt`:: + Removes all `*.txt` files from the index that are under the `Documentation` directory and any of its subdirectories. + -Note that the asterisk `\*` is quoted from the shell in this -example; this lets git, and not the shell, expand the pathnames +Note that the asterisk `*` is quoted from the shell in this +example; this lets Git, and not the shell, expand the pathnames of files and subdirectories under the `Documentation/` directory. -git rm -f git-*.sh:: +`git rm -f git-*.sh`:: Because this example lets the shell expand the asterisk (i.e. you are listing the files explicitly), it does not remove `subdir/git-foo.sh`. +BUGS +---- +Each time a superproject update removes a populated submodule +(e.g. when switching between commits before and after the removal) a +stale submodule checkout will remain in the old location. Removing the +old directory is only safe when it uses a gitfile, as otherwise the +history of the submodule will be deleted too. This step will be +obsolete when recursive submodule update has been implemented. + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-add[1] -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt index ff4aeff4e6..9d66166f69 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt @@ -8,17 +8,36 @@ git-send-email - Send a collection of patches as emails SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git send-email' [options] <file|directory|rev-list options>... +'git send-email' --dump-aliases DESCRIPTION ----------- Takes the patches given on the command line and emails them out. +Patches can be specified as files, directories (which will send all +files in the directory), or directly as a revision list. In the +last case, any format accepted by linkgit:git-format-patch[1] can +be passed to git send-email. -The header of the email is configurable by command line options. If not +The header of the email is configurable via command-line options. If not specified on the command line, the user will be prompted with a ReadLine enabled interface to provide the necessary information. +There are two formats accepted for patch files: + +1. mbox format files ++ +This is what linkgit:git-format-patch[1] generates. Most headers and MIME +formatting are ignored. + +2. The original format used by Greg Kroah-Hartman's 'send_lots_of_email.pl' +script ++ +This format expects the first line of the file to contain the "Cc:" value +and the "Subject:" of the message as the second line. + OPTIONS ------- @@ -26,171 +45,329 @@ OPTIONS Composing ~~~~~~~~~ ---bcc:: +--annotate:: + Review and edit each patch you're about to send. Default is the value + of `sendemail.annotate`. See the CONFIGURATION section for + `sendemail.multiEdit`. + +--bcc=<address>,...:: Specify a "Bcc:" value for each email. Default is the value of - 'sendemail.bcc'. + `sendemail.bcc`. + -The --bcc option must be repeated for each user you want on the bcc list. +This option may be specified multiple times. ---cc:: +--cc=<address>,...:: Specify a starting "Cc:" value for each email. - Default is the value of 'sendemail.cc'. + Default is the value of `sendemail.cc`. + -The --cc option must be repeated for each user you want on the cc list. - ---annotate:: - Review each patch you're about to send in an editor. The setting - 'sendemail.multiedit' defines if this will spawn one editor per patch - or one for all of them at once. +This option may be specified multiple times. --compose:: - Use $GIT_EDITOR, core.editor, $VISUAL, or $EDITOR to edit an - introductory message for the patch series. -+ -When '--compose' is used, git send-email gets less interactive will use the -values of the headers you set there. If the body of the email (what you type -after the headers and a blank line) only contains blank (or GIT: prefixed) -lines, the summary won't be sent, but git-send-email will still use the -Headers values if you don't removed them. -+ -If it wasn't able to see a header in the summary it will ask you about it -interactively after quitting your editor. - ---from:: - Specify the sender of the emails. This will default to - the value GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT, as returned by "git var -l". - The user will still be prompted to confirm this entry. - ---in-reply-to:: - Specify the contents of the first In-Reply-To header. - Subsequent emails will refer to the previous email - instead of this if --chain-reply-to is set (the default) - Only necessary if --compose is also set. If --compose - is not set, this will be prompted for. + Invoke a text editor (see GIT_EDITOR in linkgit:git-var[1]) + to edit an introductory message for the patch series. ++ +When `--compose` is used, git send-email will use the From, Subject, and +In-Reply-To headers specified in the message. If the body of the message +(what you type after the headers and a blank line) only contains blank +(or Git: prefixed) lines, the summary won't be sent, but From, Subject, +and In-Reply-To headers will be used unless they are removed. ++ +Missing From or In-Reply-To headers will be prompted for. ++ +See the CONFIGURATION section for `sendemail.multiEdit`. + +--from=<address>:: + Specify the sender of the emails. If not specified on the command line, + the value of the `sendemail.from` configuration option is used. If + neither the command-line option nor `sendemail.from` are set, then the + user will be prompted for the value. The default for the prompt will be + the value of GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT, or GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT if that is not + set, as returned by "git var -l". + +--in-reply-to=<identifier>:: + Make the first mail (or all the mails with `--no-thread`) appear as a + reply to the given Message-Id, which avoids breaking threads to + provide a new patch series. + The second and subsequent emails will be sent as replies according to + the `--[no-]chain-reply-to` setting. ++ +So for example when `--thread` and `--no-chain-reply-to` are specified, the +second and subsequent patches will be replies to the first one like in the +illustration below where `[PATCH v2 0/3]` is in reply to `[PATCH 0/2]`: ++ + [PATCH 0/2] Here is what I did... + [PATCH 1/2] Clean up and tests + [PATCH 2/2] Implementation + [PATCH v2 0/3] Here is a reroll + [PATCH v2 1/3] Clean up + [PATCH v2 2/3] New tests + [PATCH v2 3/3] Implementation ++ +Only necessary if --compose is also set. If --compose +is not set, this will be prompted for. ---subject:: +--subject=<string>:: Specify the initial subject of the email thread. Only necessary if --compose is also set. If --compose is not set, this will be prompted for. ---to:: +--to=<address>,...:: Specify the primary recipient of the emails generated. Generally, this will be the upstream maintainer of the project involved. Default is the - value of the 'sendemail.to' configuration value; if that is unspecified, - this will be prompted for. + value of the `sendemail.to` configuration value; if that is unspecified, + and --to-cmd is not specified, this will be prompted for. + -The --to option must be repeated for each user you want on the to list. - +This option may be specified multiple times. + +--8bit-encoding=<encoding>:: + When encountering a non-ASCII message or subject that does not + declare its encoding, add headers/quoting to indicate it is + encoded in <encoding>. Default is the value of the + 'sendemail.assume8bitEncoding'; if that is unspecified, this + will be prompted for if any non-ASCII files are encountered. ++ +Note that no attempts whatsoever are made to validate the encoding. + +--compose-encoding=<encoding>:: + Specify encoding of compose message. Default is the value of the + 'sendemail.composeencoding'; if that is unspecified, UTF-8 is assumed. + +--transfer-encoding=(7bit|8bit|quoted-printable|base64):: + Specify the transfer encoding to be used to send the message over SMTP. + 7bit will fail upon encountering a non-ASCII message. quoted-printable + can be useful when the repository contains files that contain carriage + returns, but makes the raw patch email file (as saved from a MUA) much + harder to inspect manually. base64 is even more fool proof, but also + even more opaque. Default is the value of the `sendemail.transferEncoding` + configuration value; if that is unspecified, git will use 8bit and not + add a Content-Transfer-Encoding header. + +--xmailer:: +--no-xmailer:: + Add (or prevent adding) the "X-Mailer:" header. By default, + the header is added, but it can be turned off by setting the + `sendemail.xmailer` configuration variable to `false`. Sending ~~~~~~~ ---envelope-sender:: +--envelope-sender=<address>:: Specify the envelope sender used to send the emails. This is useful if your default address is not the address that is - subscribed to a list. If you use the sendmail binary, you must have - suitable privileges for the -f parameter. Default is the value of - the 'sendemail.envelopesender' configuration variable; if that is + subscribed to a list. In order to use the 'From' address, set the + value to "auto". If you use the sendmail binary, you must have + suitable privileges for the -f parameter. Default is the value of the + `sendemail.envelopeSender` configuration variable; if that is unspecified, choosing the envelope sender is left to your MTA. ---smtp-encryption:: +--smtp-encryption=<encryption>:: Specify the encryption to use, either 'ssl' or 'tls'. Any other value reverts to plain SMTP. Default is the value of - 'sendemail.smtpencryption'. + `sendemail.smtpEncryption`. + +--smtp-domain=<FQDN>:: + Specifies the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) used in the + HELO/EHLO command to the SMTP server. Some servers require the + FQDN to match your IP address. If not set, git send-email attempts + to determine your FQDN automatically. Default is the value of + `sendemail.smtpDomain`. + +--smtp-auth=<mechanisms>:: + Whitespace-separated list of allowed SMTP-AUTH mechanisms. This setting + forces using only the listed mechanisms. Example: ++ +------ +$ git send-email --smtp-auth="PLAIN LOGIN GSSAPI" ... +------ ++ +If at least one of the specified mechanisms matches the ones advertised by the +SMTP server and if it is supported by the utilized SASL library, the mechanism +is used for authentication. If neither 'sendemail.smtpAuth' nor `--smtp-auth` +is specified, all mechanisms supported by the SASL library can be used. ---smtp-pass:: +--smtp-pass[=<password>]:: Password for SMTP-AUTH. The argument is optional: If no argument is specified, then the empty string is used as - the password. Default is the value of 'sendemail.smtppass', - however '--smtp-pass' always overrides this value. + the password. Default is the value of `sendemail.smtpPass`, + however `--smtp-pass` always overrides this value. + Furthermore, passwords need not be specified in configuration files or on the command line. If a username has been specified (with -'--smtp-user' or a 'sendemail.smtpuser'), but no password has been -specified (with '--smtp-pass' or 'sendemail.smtppass'), then the -user is prompted for a password while the input is masked for privacy. +`--smtp-user` or a `sendemail.smtpUser`), but no password has been +specified (with `--smtp-pass` or `sendemail.smtpPass`), then +a password is obtained using 'git-credential'. ---smtp-server:: +--smtp-server=<host>:: If set, specifies the outgoing SMTP server to use (e.g. `smtp.example.com` or a raw IP address). Alternatively it can specify a full pathname of a sendmail-like program instead; the program must support the `-i` option. Default value can - be specified by the 'sendemail.smtpserver' configuration + be specified by the `sendemail.smtpServer` configuration option; the built-in default is `/usr/sbin/sendmail` or `/usr/lib/sendmail` if such program is available, or `localhost` otherwise. ---smtp-server-port:: +--smtp-server-port=<port>:: Specifies a port different from the default port (SMTP - servers typically listen to smtp port 25 and ssmtp port - 465). This can be set with 'sendemail.smtpserverport'. + servers typically listen to smtp port 25, but may also listen to + submission port 587, or the common SSL smtp port 465); + symbolic port names (e.g. "submission" instead of 587) + are also accepted. The port can also be set with the + `sendemail.smtpServerPort` configuration variable. + +--smtp-server-option=<option>:: + If set, specifies the outgoing SMTP server option to use. + Default value can be specified by the `sendemail.smtpServerOption` + configuration option. ++ +The --smtp-server-option option must be repeated for each option you want +to pass to the server. Likewise, different lines in the configuration files +must be used for each option. --smtp-ssl:: Legacy alias for '--smtp-encryption ssl'. ---smtp-user:: - Username for SMTP-AUTH. Default is the value of 'sendemail.smtpuser'; - if a username is not specified (with '--smtp-user' or 'sendemail.smtpuser'), +--smtp-ssl-cert-path:: + Path to a store of trusted CA certificates for SMTP SSL/TLS + certificate validation (either a directory that has been processed + by 'c_rehash', or a single file containing one or more PEM format + certificates concatenated together: see verify(1) -CAfile and + -CApath for more information on these). Set it to an empty string + to disable certificate verification. Defaults to the value of the + `sendemail.smtpsslcertpath` configuration variable, if set, or the + backing SSL library's compiled-in default otherwise (which should + be the best choice on most platforms). + +--smtp-user=<user>:: + Username for SMTP-AUTH. Default is the value of `sendemail.smtpUser`; + if a username is not specified (with `--smtp-user` or `sendemail.smtpUser`), then authentication is not attempted. +--smtp-debug=0|1:: + Enable (1) or disable (0) debug output. If enabled, SMTP + commands and replies will be printed. Useful to debug TLS + connection and authentication problems. Automating ~~~~~~~~~~ ---cc-cmd:: +--to-cmd=<command>:: + Specify a command to execute once per patch file which + should generate patch file specific "To:" entries. + Output of this command must be single email address per line. + Default is the value of 'sendemail.tocmd' configuration value. + +--cc-cmd=<command>:: Specify a command to execute once per patch file which should generate patch file specific "Cc:" entries. Output of this command must be single email address per line. - Default is the value of 'sendemail.cccmd' configuration value. + Default is the value of `sendemail.ccCmd` configuration value. --[no-]chain-reply-to:: If this is set, each email will be sent as a reply to the previous email sent. If disabled with "--no-chain-reply-to", all emails after the first will be sent as replies to the first email sent. When using this, it is recommended that the first file given be an overview of the - entire patch series. Default is the value of the 'sendemail.chainreplyto' - configuration value; if that is unspecified, default to --chain-reply-to. + entire patch series. Disabled by default, but the `sendemail.chainReplyTo` + configuration variable can be used to enable it. ---identity:: +--identity=<identity>:: A configuration identity. When given, causes values in the 'sendemail.<identity>' subsection to take precedence over values in the 'sendemail' section. The default identity is - the value of 'sendemail.identity'. + the value of `sendemail.identity`. --[no-]signed-off-by-cc:: If this is set, add emails found in Signed-off-by: or Cc: lines to the - cc list. Default is the value of 'sendemail.signedoffbycc' configuration + cc list. Default is the value of `sendemail.signedoffbycc` configuration value; if that is unspecified, default to --signed-off-by-cc. ---suppress-cc:: +--[no-]cc-cover:: + If this is set, emails found in Cc: headers in the first patch of + the series (typically the cover letter) are added to the cc list + for each email set. Default is the value of 'sendemail.cccover' + configuration value; if that is unspecified, default to --no-cc-cover. + +--[no-]to-cover:: + If this is set, emails found in To: headers in the first patch of + the series (typically the cover letter) are added to the to list + for each email set. Default is the value of 'sendemail.tocover' + configuration value; if that is unspecified, default to --no-to-cover. + +--suppress-cc=<category>:: Specify an additional category of recipients to suppress the - auto-cc of. 'self' will avoid including the sender, 'author' will - avoid including the patch author, 'cc' will avoid including anyone - mentioned in Cc lines in the patch, 'sob' will avoid including - anyone mentioned in Signed-off-by lines, and 'cccmd' will avoid - running the --cc-cmd. 'all' will suppress all auto cc values. - Default is the value of 'sendemail.suppresscc' configuration value; - if that is unspecified, default to 'self' if --suppress-from is - specified, as well as 'sob' if --no-signed-off-cc is specified. + auto-cc of: ++ +-- +- 'author' will avoid including the patch author +- 'self' will avoid including the sender +- 'cc' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Cc lines in the patch header + except for self (use 'self' for that). +- 'bodycc' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Cc lines in the + patch body (commit message) except for self (use 'self' for that). +- 'sob' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Signed-off-by lines except + for self (use 'self' for that). +- 'cccmd' will avoid running the --cc-cmd. +- 'body' is equivalent to 'sob' + 'bodycc' +- 'all' will suppress all auto cc values. +-- ++ +Default is the value of `sendemail.suppresscc` configuration value; if +that is unspecified, default to 'self' if --suppress-from is +specified, as well as 'body' if --no-signed-off-cc is specified. --[no-]suppress-from:: If this is set, do not add the From: address to the cc: list. - Default is the value of 'sendemail.suppressfrom' configuration + Default is the value of `sendemail.suppressFrom` configuration value; if that is unspecified, default to --no-suppress-from. --[no-]thread:: - If this is set, the In-Reply-To header will be set on each email sent. - If disabled with "--no-thread", no emails will have the In-Reply-To - header set. Default is the value of the 'sendemail.thread' configuration - value; if that is unspecified, default to --thread. + If this is set, the In-Reply-To and References headers will be + added to each email sent. Whether each mail refers to the + previous email (`deep` threading per 'git format-patch' + wording) or to the first email (`shallow` threading) is + governed by "--[no-]chain-reply-to". ++ +If disabled with "--no-thread", those headers will not be added +(unless specified with --in-reply-to). Default is the value of the +`sendemail.thread` configuration value; if that is unspecified, +default to --thread. ++ +It is up to the user to ensure that no In-Reply-To header already +exists when 'git send-email' is asked to add it (especially note that +'git format-patch' can be configured to do the threading itself). +Failure to do so may not produce the expected result in the +recipient's MUA. Administering ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +--confirm=<mode>:: + Confirm just before sending: ++ +-- +- 'always' will always confirm before sending +- 'never' will never confirm before sending +- 'cc' will confirm before sending when send-email has automatically + added addresses from the patch to the Cc list +- 'compose' will confirm before sending the first message when using --compose. +- 'auto' is equivalent to 'cc' + 'compose' +-- ++ +Default is the value of `sendemail.confirm` configuration value; if that +is unspecified, default to 'auto' unless any of the suppress options +have been specified, in which case default to 'compose'. + --dry-run:: Do everything except actually send the emails. +--[no-]format-patch:: + When an argument may be understood either as a reference or as a file name, + choose to understand it as a format-patch argument (`--format-patch`) + or as a file name (`--no-format-patch`). By default, when such a conflict + occurs, git send-email will fail. + --quiet:: Make git-send-email less verbose. One line per email should be all that is output. @@ -204,46 +381,101 @@ Administering is due to SMTP limits as described by http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2821.txt. -- + -Default is the value of 'sendemail.validate'; if this is not set, -default to '--validate'. +Default is the value of `sendemail.validate`; if this is not set, +default to `--validate`. ---[no-]format-patch:: - When an argument may be understood either as a reference or as a file name, - choose to understand it as a format-patch argument ('--format-patch') - or as a file name ('--no-format-patch'). By default, when such a conflict - occurs, git send-email will fail. +--force:: + Send emails even if safety checks would prevent it. + + +Information +~~~~~~~~~~~ + +--dump-aliases:: + Instead of the normal operation, dump the shorthand alias names from + the configured alias file(s), one per line in alphabetical order. Note, + this only includes the alias name and not its expanded email addresses. + See 'sendemail.aliasesfile' for more information about aliases. CONFIGURATION ------------- -sendemail.aliasesfile:: +sendemail.aliasesFile:: To avoid typing long email addresses, point this to one or more - email aliases files. You must also supply 'sendemail.aliasfiletype'. + email aliases files. You must also supply `sendemail.aliasFileType`. -sendemail.aliasfiletype:: - Format of the file(s) specified in sendemail.aliasesfile. Must be - one of 'mutt', 'mailrc', 'pine', or 'gnus'. +sendemail.aliasFileType:: + Format of the file(s) specified in sendemail.aliasesFile. Must be + one of 'mutt', 'mailrc', 'pine', 'elm', or 'gnus', or 'sendmail'. ++ +What an alias file in each format looks like can be found in +the documentation of the email program of the same name. The +differences and limitations from the standard formats are +described below: ++ +-- +sendmail;; +* Quoted aliases and quoted addresses are not supported: lines that + contain a `"` symbol are ignored. +* Redirection to a file (`/path/name`) or pipe (`|command`) is not + supported. +* File inclusion (`:include: /path/name`) is not supported. +* Warnings are printed on the standard error output for any + explicitly unsupported constructs, and any other lines that are not + recognized by the parser. +-- -sendemail.multiedit:: +sendemail.multiEdit:: If true (default), a single editor instance will be spawned to edit - files you have to edit (patches when '--annotate' is used, and the - summary when '--compose' is used). If false, files will be edited one + files you have to edit (patches when `--annotate` is used, and the + summary when `--compose` is used). If false, files will be edited one after the other, spawning a new editor each time. +sendemail.confirm:: + Sets the default for whether to confirm before sending. Must be + one of 'always', 'never', 'cc', 'compose', or 'auto'. See `--confirm` + in the previous section for the meaning of these values. -Author ------- -Written by Ryan Anderson <ryan@michonline.com> +EXAMPLE +------- +Use gmail as the smtp server +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +To use 'git send-email' to send your patches through the GMail SMTP server, +edit ~/.gitconfig to specify your account settings: + + [sendemail] + smtpEncryption = tls + smtpServer = smtp.gmail.com + smtpUser = yourname@gmail.com + smtpServerPort = 587 + +If you have multifactor authentication setup on your gmail account, you will +need to generate an app-specific password for use with 'git send-email'. Visit +https://security.google.com/settings/security/apppasswords to setup an +app-specific password. Once setup, you can store it with the credentials +helper: -git-send-email is originally based upon -send_lots_of_email.pl by Greg Kroah-Hartman. + $ git credential fill + protocol=smtp + host=smtp.gmail.com + username=youname@gmail.com + password=app-password -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Ryan Anderson +Once your commits are ready to be sent to the mailing list, run the +following commands: + $ git format-patch --cover-letter -M origin/master -o outgoing/ + $ edit outgoing/0000-* + $ git send-email outgoing/* + +Note: the following perl modules are required + Net::SMTP::SSL, MIME::Base64 and Authen::SASL + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-format-patch[1], linkgit:git-imap-send[1], mbox(5) GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt index 399821832c..966abb0df8 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt @@ -3,16 +3,20 @@ git-send-pack(1) NAME ---- -git-send-pack - Push objects over git protocol to another repository +git-send-pack - Push objects over Git protocol to another repository SYNOPSIS -------- -'git send-pack' [--all] [--dry-run] [--force] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>] [--verbose] [--thin] [<host>:]<directory> [<ref>...] +[verse] +'git send-pack' [--all] [--dry-run] [--force] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>] + [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic] + [--[no-]signed|--sign=(true|false|if-asked)] + [<host>:]<directory> [<ref>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Usually you would want to use 'git-push', which is a +Usually you would want to use 'git push', which is a higher-level wrapper of this command, instead. See linkgit:git-push[1]. Invokes 'git-receive-pack' on a possibly remote repository, and @@ -28,12 +32,22 @@ OPTIONS a directory on the default $PATH. --exec=<git-receive-pack>:: - Same as \--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>. + Same as --receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>. --all:: Instead of explicitly specifying which refs to update, update all heads that locally exist. +--stdin:: + Take the list of refs from stdin, one per line. If there + are refs specified on the command line in addition to this + option, then the refs from stdin are processed after those + on the command line. ++ +If `--stateless-rpc` is specified together with this option then +the list of refs must be in packet format (pkt-line). Each ref must +be in a separate packet, and the list must end with a flush packet. + --dry-run:: Do everything except actually send the updates. @@ -48,8 +62,30 @@ OPTIONS Run verbosely. --thin:: - Spend extra cycles to minimize the number of objects to be sent. - Use it on slower connection. + Send a "thin" pack, which records objects in deltified form based + on objects not included in the pack to reduce network traffic. + +--atomic:: + Use an atomic transaction for updating the refs. If any of the refs + fails to update then the entire push will fail without changing any + refs. + +--[no-]signed:: +--sign=(true|false|if-asked):: + GPG-sign the push request to update refs on the receiving + side, to allow it to be checked by the hooks and/or be + logged. If `false` or `--no-signed`, no signing will be + attempted. If `true` or `--signed`, the push will fail if the + server does not support signed pushes. If set to `if-asked`, + sign if and only if the server supports signed pushes. The push + will also fail if the actual call to `gpg --sign` fails. See + linkgit:git-receive-pack[1] for the details on the receiving end. + +--push-option=<string>:: + Pass the specified string as a push option for consumption by + hooks on the server side. If the server doesn't support push + options, error out. See linkgit:git-push[1] and + linkgit:githooks[5] for details. <host>:: A remote host to house the repository. When this @@ -69,14 +105,15 @@ Specifying the Refs There are three ways to specify which refs to update on the remote end. -With '--all' flag, all refs that exist locally are transferred to +With `--all` flag, all refs that exist locally are transferred to the remote side. You cannot specify any '<ref>' if you use this flag. -Without '--all' and without any '<ref>', the heads that exist +Without `--all` and without any '<ref>', the heads that exist both on the local side and on the remote side are updated. -When one or more '<ref>' are specified explicitly, it can be either a +When one or more '<ref>' are specified explicitly (whether on the +command line or via `--stdin`), it can be either a single pattern, or a pair of such pattern separated by a colon ":" (this means that a ref name cannot have a colon in it). A single pattern '<name>' is just a shorthand for '<name>:<name>'. @@ -86,7 +123,7 @@ and the destination side (after the colon). The ref to be pushed is determined by finding a match that matches the source side, and where it is pushed is determined by using the destination side. The rules used to match a ref are the same -rules used by 'git-rev-parse' to resolve a symbolic ref +rules used by 'git rev-parse' to resolve a symbolic ref name. See linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. - It is an error if <src> does not match exactly one of the @@ -103,26 +140,17 @@ name. See linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. exist in the set of remote refs; the ref matched <src> locally is used as the name of the destination. -Without '--force', the <src> ref is stored at the remote only if +Without `--force`, the <src> ref is stored at the remote only if <dst> does not exist, or <dst> is a proper subset (i.e. an -ancestor) of <src>. This check, known as "fast forward check", +ancestor) of <src>. This check, known as "fast-forward check", is performed in order to avoid accidentally overwriting the remote ref and lose other peoples' commits from there. -With '--force', the fast forward check is disabled for all refs. +With `--force`, the fast-forward check is disabled for all refs. Optionally, a <ref> parameter can be prefixed with a plus '+' sign to disable the fast-forward check only on that ref. - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-sh-i18n--envsubst.txt b/Documentation/git-sh-i18n--envsubst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2ffaf9392e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-sh-i18n--envsubst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +git-sh-i18n{litdd}envsubst(1) +============================= + +NAME +---- +git-sh-i18n--envsubst - Git's own envsubst(1) for i18n fallbacks + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +eval_gettext () { + printf "%s" "$1" | ( + export PATH $('git sh-i18n{litdd}envsubst' --variables "$1"); + 'git sh-i18n{litdd}envsubst' "$1" + ) +} + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +This is not a command the end user would want to run. Ever. +This documentation is meant for people who are studying the +plumbing scripts and/or are writing new ones. + +'git sh-i18n{litdd}envsubst' is Git's stripped-down copy of the GNU +`envsubst(1)` program that comes with the GNU gettext package. It's +used internally by linkgit:git-sh-i18n[1] to interpolate the variables +passed to the `eval_gettext` function. + +No promises are made about the interface, or that this +program won't disappear without warning in the next version +of Git. Don't use it. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-sh-i18n.txt b/Documentation/git-sh-i18n.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..60cf49cb2a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-sh-i18n.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +git-sh-i18n(1) +============== + +NAME +---- +git-sh-i18n - Git's i18n setup code for shell scripts + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'. "$(git --exec-path)/git-sh-i18n"' + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +This is not a command the end user would want to run. Ever. +This documentation is meant for people who are studying the +Porcelain-ish scripts and/or are writing new ones. + +The 'git sh-i18n scriptlet is designed to be sourced (using +`.`) by Git's porcelain programs implemented in shell +script. It provides wrappers for the GNU `gettext` and +`eval_gettext` functions accessible through the `gettext.sh` +script, and provides pass-through fallbacks on systems +without GNU gettext. + +FUNCTIONS +--------- + +gettext:: + Currently a dummy fall-through function implemented as a wrapper + around `printf(1)`. Will be replaced by a real gettext + implementation in a later version. + +eval_gettext:: + Currently a dummy fall-through function implemented as a wrapper + around `printf(1)` with variables expanded by the + linkgit:git-sh-i18n{litdd}envsubst[1] helper. Will be replaced by a + real gettext implementation in a later version. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt b/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt index 18f14b5be8..8632612c31 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt @@ -3,10 +3,11 @@ git-sh-setup(1) NAME ---- -git-sh-setup - Common git shell script setup code +git-sh-setup - Common Git shell script setup code SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] '. "$(git --exec-path)/git-sh-setup"' DESCRIPTION @@ -16,9 +17,9 @@ This is not a command the end user would want to run. Ever. This documentation is meant for people who are studying the Porcelain-ish scripts and/or are writing new ones. -The 'git-sh-setup' scriptlet is designed to be sourced (using +The 'git sh-setup' scriptlet is designed to be sourced (using `.`) by other shell scripts to set up some variables pointing at -the normal git directories and a few helper shell functions. +the normal Git directories and a few helper shell functions. Before sourcing it, your script should set up a few variables; `USAGE` (and `LONG_USAGE`, if any) is used to define message @@ -40,9 +41,11 @@ usage:: die with the usage message. set_reflog_action:: - set the message that will be recorded to describe the - end-user action in the reflog, when the script updates a - ref. + Set `GIT_REFLOG_ACTION` environment to a given string (typically + the name of the program) unless it is already set. Whenever + the script runs a `git` command that updates refs, a reflog + entry is created using the value of this string to leave the + record of what command updated the ref. git_editor:: runs an editor of user's choice (GIT_EDITOR, core.editor, VISUAL or @@ -58,22 +61,34 @@ cd_to_toplevel:: runs chdir to the toplevel of the working tree. require_work_tree:: - checks if the repository is a bare repository, and dies - if so. Used by scripts that require working tree - (e.g. `checkout`). + checks if the current directory is within the working tree + of the repository, and otherwise dies. + +require_work_tree_exists:: + checks if the working tree associated with the repository + exists, and otherwise dies. Often done before calling + cd_to_toplevel, which is impossible to do if there is no + working tree. + +require_clean_work_tree <action> [<hint>]:: + checks that the working tree and index associated with the + repository have no uncommitted changes to tracked files. + Otherwise it emits an error message of the form `Cannot + <action>: <reason>. <hint>`, and dies. Example: ++ +---------------- +require_clean_work_tree rebase "Please commit or stash them." +---------------- get_author_ident_from_commit:: outputs code for use with eval to set the GIT_AUTHOR_NAME, GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL and GIT_AUTHOR_DATE variables for a given commit. - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +create_virtual_base:: + modifies the first file so only lines in common with the + second file remain. If there is insufficient common material, + then the first file is left empty. The result is suitable + as a virtual base input for a 3-way merge. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-shell.txt b/Documentation/git-shell.txt index 3f8d973af1..2e30a3e42d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-shell.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-shell.txt @@ -3,32 +3,87 @@ git-shell(1) NAME ---- -git-shell - Restricted login shell for GIT-only SSH access +git-shell - Restricted login shell for Git-only SSH access SYNOPSIS -------- -'$(git --exec-path)/git-shell' -c <command> <argument> +[verse] +'chsh' -s $(command -v git-shell) <user> +'git clone' <user>`@localhost:/path/to/repo.git` +'ssh' <user>`@localhost` DESCRIPTION ----------- -This is meant to be used as a login shell for SSH accounts you want -to restrict to GIT pull/push access only. It permits execution only -of server-side GIT commands implementing the pull/push functionality. -The commands can be executed only by the '-c' option; the shell is not -interactive. - -Currently, only three commands are permitted to be called, 'git-receive-pack' -'git-upload-pack' with a single required argument or 'cvs server' (to invoke -'git-cvsserver'). - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Petr Baudis and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. + +This is a login shell for SSH accounts to provide restricted Git access. +It permits execution only of server-side Git commands implementing the +pull/push functionality, plus custom commands present in a subdirectory +named `git-shell-commands` in the user's home directory. + +COMMANDS +-------- + +'git shell' accepts the following commands after the `-c` option: + +'git receive-pack <argument>':: +'git upload-pack <argument>':: +'git upload-archive <argument>':: + Call the corresponding server-side command to support + the client's 'git push', 'git fetch', or 'git archive --remote' + request. +'cvs server':: + Imitate a CVS server. See linkgit:git-cvsserver[1]. + +If a `~/git-shell-commands` directory is present, 'git shell' will +also handle other, custom commands by running +"`git-shell-commands/<command> <arguments>`" from the user's home +directory. + +INTERACTIVE USE +--------------- + +By default, the commands above can be executed only with the `-c` +option; the shell is not interactive. + +If a `~/git-shell-commands` directory is present, 'git shell' +can also be run interactively (with no arguments). If a `help` +command is present in the `git-shell-commands` directory, it is +run to provide the user with an overview of allowed actions. Then a +"git> " prompt is presented at which one can enter any of the +commands from the `git-shell-commands` directory, or `exit` to close +the connection. + +Generally this mode is used as an administrative interface to allow +users to list repositories they have access to, create, delete, or +rename repositories, or change repository descriptions and +permissions. + +If a `no-interactive-login` command exists, then it is run and the +interactive shell is aborted. + +EXAMPLE +------- + +To disable interactive logins, displaying a greeting instead: + +---------------- +$ chsh -s /usr/bin/git-shell +$ mkdir $HOME/git-shell-commands +$ cat >$HOME/git-shell-commands/no-interactive-login <<\EOF +#!/bin/sh +printf '%s\n' "Hi $USER! You've successfully authenticated, but I do not" +printf '%s\n' "provide interactive shell access." +exit 128 +EOF +$ chmod +x $HOME/git-shell-commands/no-interactive-login +---------------- + +SEE ALSO +-------- +ssh(1), +linkgit:git-daemon[1], +contrib/git-shell-commands/README GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt b/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt index 498bd28929..ee6c5476c1 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt @@ -3,29 +3,29 @@ git-shortlog(1) NAME ---- -git-shortlog - Summarize 'git-log' output +git-shortlog - Summarize 'git log' output SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -git log --pretty=short | 'git shortlog' [-h] [-n] [-s] [-e] [-w] -git shortlog [-n|--numbered] [-s|--summary] [-e|--email] [-w[<width>[,<indent1>[,<indent2>]]]] [<committish>...] +git log --pretty=short | 'git shortlog' [<options>] +'git shortlog' [<options>] [<revision range>] [[\--] <path>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Summarizes 'git-log' output in a format suitable for inclusion -in release announcements. Each commit will be grouped by author and -the first line of the commit message will be shown. +Summarizes 'git log' output in a format suitable for inclusion +in release announcements. Each commit will be grouped by author and title. Additionally, "[PATCH]" will be stripped from the commit description. +If no revisions are passed on the command line and either standard input +is not a terminal or there is no current branch, 'git shortlog' will +output a summary of the log read from standard input, without +reference to the current repository. + OPTIONS ------- --h:: ---help:: - Print a short usage message and exit. - -n:: --numbered:: Sort output according to the number of commits per author instead @@ -39,59 +39,51 @@ OPTIONS --email:: Show the email address of each author. +--format[=<format>]:: + Instead of the commit subject, use some other information to + describe each commit. '<format>' can be any string accepted + by the `--format` option of 'git log', such as '* [%h] %s'. + (See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section of linkgit:git-log[1].) + + Each pretty-printed commit will be rewrapped before it is shown. + +-c:: +--committer:: + Collect and show committer identities instead of authors. + -w[<width>[,<indent1>[,<indent2>]]]:: Linewrap the output by wrapping each line at `width`. The first line of each entry is indented by `indent1` spaces, and the second and subsequent lines are indented by `indent2` spaces. `width`, `indent1`, and `indent2` default to 76, 6 and 9 respectively. - -FILES ------ - -If a file `.mailmap` exists at the toplevel of the repository, -it is used to map an author email address to a canonical real name. This -can be used to coalesce together commits by the same person where their -name was spelled differently (whether with the same email address or -not). - -Each line in the file consists, in this order, of the canonical real name -of an author, whitespace, and an email address (enclosed by '<' and '>') -to map to the name. Use hash '#' for comments, either on their own line, -or after the email address. - -A canonical name may appear in more than one line, associated with -different email addresses, but it doesn't make sense for a given address -to appear more than once (if that happens, a later line overrides the -earlier ones). - -So, for example, if your history contains commits by two authors, Jane -and Joe, whose names appear in the repository under several forms: - ------------- -Joe Developer <joe@example.com> -Joe R. Developer <joe@example.com> -Jane Doe <jane@example.com> -Jane Doe <jane@laptop.(none)> -Jane D. <jane@desktop.(none)> ------------- - -Then, supposing Joe wants his middle name initial used, and Jane prefers -her family name fully spelled out, a proper `.mailmap` file would look like: - ------------- -# Note how we don't need an entry for <jane@laptop.(none)>, because the -# real name of that author is correct already, and coalesced directly. -Jane Doe <jane@desktop.(none)> -Joe R. Developer <joe@example.com> ------------- - -Author ------- -Written by Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@pobox.com> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano. ++ +If width is `0` (zero) then indent the lines of the output without wrapping +them. + +<revision range>:: + Show only commits in the specified revision range. When no + <revision range> is specified, it defaults to `HEAD` (i.e. the + whole history leading to the current commit). `origin..HEAD` + specifies all the commits reachable from the current commit + (i.e. `HEAD`), but not from `origin`. For a complete list of + ways to spell <revision range>, see the "Specifying Ranges" + section of linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. + +[\--] <path>...:: + Consider only commits that are enough to explain how the files + that match the specified paths came to be. ++ +Paths may need to be prefixed with "\-- " to separate them from +options or the revision range, when confusion arises. + +MAPPING AUTHORS +--------------- + +The `.mailmap` feature is used to coalesce together commits by the same +person in the shortlog, where their name and/or email address was +spelled differently. + +include::mailmap.txt[] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt index 8277577a6f..7818e0f098 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt @@ -8,34 +8,36 @@ git-show-branch - Show branches and their commits SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git show-branch' [--all] [--remotes] [--topo-order] [--current] +'git show-branch' [-a|--all] [-r|--remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order] + [--current] [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--sparse] [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base] - [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [<rev> | <glob>]... + [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] + [(<rev> | <glob>)...] 'git show-branch' (-g|--reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<ref>] DESCRIPTION ----------- Shows the commit ancestry graph starting from the commits named -with <rev>s or <globs>s (or all refs under $GIT_DIR/refs/heads -and/or $GIT_DIR/refs/tags) semi-visually. +with <rev>s or <globs>s (or all refs under refs/heads +and/or refs/tags) semi-visually. It cannot show more than 29 branches and commits at a time. It uses `showbranch.default` multi-valued configuration items if -no <rev> nor <glob> is given on the command line. +no <rev> or <glob> is given on the command line. OPTIONS ------- <rev>:: - Arbitrary extended SHA1 expression (see linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]) + Arbitrary extended SHA-1 expression (see linkgit:gitrevisions[7]) that typically names a branch head or a tag. <glob>:: A glob pattern that matches branch or tag names under - $GIT_DIR/refs. For example, if you have many topic - branches under $GIT_DIR/refs/heads/topic, giving + refs/. For example, if you have many topic + branches under refs/heads/topic, giving `topic/*` would show all of them. -r:: @@ -57,6 +59,11 @@ OPTIONS appear in topological order (i.e., descendant commits are shown before their parents). +--date-order:: + This option is similar to `--topo-order` in the sense that no + parent comes before all of its children, but otherwise commits + are ordered according to their commit date. + --sparse:: By default, the output omits merges that are reachable from only one tip being shown. This option makes them @@ -74,9 +81,11 @@ OPTIONS Synonym to `--more=-1` --merge-base:: - Instead of showing the commit list, just act like the - 'git-merge-base -a' command, except that it can accept - more than two heads. + Instead of showing the commit list, determine possible + merge bases for the specified commits. All merge bases + will be contained in all specified commits. This is + different from how linkgit:git-merge-base[1] handles + the case of three or more commits. --independent:: Among the <reference>s given, display only the ones that @@ -99,14 +108,24 @@ OPTIONS will show the revisions given by "git rev-list {caret}master topic1 topic2" +-g:: --reflog[=<n>[,<base>]] [<ref>]:: Shows <n> most recent ref-log entries for the given ref. If <base> is given, <n> entries going back from that entry. <base> can be specified as count or date. - `-g` can be used as a short-hand for this option. When - no explicit <ref> parameter is given, it defaults to the + When no explicit <ref> parameter is given, it defaults to the current branch (or `HEAD` if it is detached). +--color[=<when>]:: + Color the status sign (one of these: `*` `!` `+` `-`) of each commit + corresponding to the branch it's in. + The value must be always (the default), never, or auto. + +--no-color:: + Turn off colored output, even when the configuration file gives the + default to color output. + Same as `--color=never`. + Note that --more, --list, --independent and --merge-base options are mutually exclusive. @@ -123,7 +142,7 @@ displayed, indented N places. If a commit is on the I-th branch, the I-th indentation character shows a `+` sign; otherwise it shows a space. Merge commits are denoted by a `-` sign. Each commit shows a short name that -can be used as an extended SHA1 to name that commit. +can be used as an extended SHA-1 to name that commit. The following example shows three branches, "master", "fixes" and "mhf": @@ -148,16 +167,17 @@ $ git show-branch master fixes mhf ------------------------------------------------ These three branches all forked from a common commit, [master], -whose commit message is "Add 'git show-branch'. "fixes" branch -adds one commit 'Introduce "reset type"'. "mhf" branch has many -other commits. The current branch is "master". +whose commit message is "Add {apostrophe}git show-branch{apostrophe}". +The "fixes" branch adds one commit "Introduce "reset type" flag to +"git reset"". The "mhf" branch adds many other commits. +The current branch is "master". EXAMPLE ------- If you keep your primary branches immediately under -`$GIT_DIR/refs/heads`, and topic branches in subdirectories of +`refs/heads`, and topic branches in subdirectories of it, having the following in the configuration file may help: ------------ @@ -179,17 +199,6 @@ shows 10 reflog entries going back from the tip as of 1 hour ago. Without `--list`, the output also shows how these tips are topologically related with each other. - -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano. - - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-show-index.txt b/Documentation/git-show-index.txt index e3285aacfd..a8a9509e0e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-show-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-show-index.txt @@ -8,26 +8,19 @@ git-show-index - Show packed archive index SYNOPSIS -------- -'git show-index' < idx-file +[verse] +'git show-index' DESCRIPTION ----------- -Reads given idx file for packed git archive created with -'git-pack-objects' command, and dumps its contents. +Read the idx file for a Git packfile created with +'git pack-objects' command from the standard input, and +dump its contents. The information it outputs is subset of what you can get from -'git-verify-pack -v'; this command only shows the packfile -offset and SHA1 of each object. - - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano +'git verify-pack -v'; this command only shows the packfile +offset and SHA-1 of each object. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt index 2f173fff35..c0aa871c9e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt @@ -8,9 +8,10 @@ git-show-ref - List references in a local repository SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git show-ref' [-q|--quiet] [--verify] [-h|--head] [-d|--dereference] - [-s|--hash] [--abbrev] [--tags] [--heads] [--] <pattern>... -'git show-ref' --exclude-existing[=pattern] +'git show-ref' [-q|--quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d|--dereference] + [-s|--hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] + [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...] +'git show-ref' --exclude-existing[=<pattern>] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -20,64 +21,64 @@ commit IDs. Results can be filtered using a pattern and tags can be dereferenced into object IDs. Additionally, it can be used to test whether a particular ref exists. -The --exclude-existing form is a filter that does the inverse, it shows the -refs from stdin that don't exist in the local repository. +By default, shows the tags, heads, and remote refs. + +The --exclude-existing form is a filter that does the inverse. It reads +refs from stdin, one ref per line, and shows those that don't exist in +the local repository. Use of this utility is encouraged in favor of directly accessing files under -in the `.git` directory. +the `.git` directory. OPTIONS ------- --h:: --head:: - Show the HEAD reference. + Show the HEAD reference, even if it would normally be filtered out. --tags:: --heads:: - Limit to only "refs/heads" and "refs/tags", respectively. These - options are not mutually exclusive; when given both, references stored - in "refs/heads" and "refs/tags" are displayed. + Limit to "refs/heads" and "refs/tags", respectively. These options + are not mutually exclusive; when given both, references stored in + "refs/heads" and "refs/tags" are displayed. -d:: --dereference:: - Dereference tags into object IDs as well. They will be shown with "^{}" + Dereference tags into object IDs as well. They will be shown with "{caret}{}" appended. -s:: ---hash:: +--hash[=<n>]:: - Only show the SHA1 hash, not the reference name. When also using - --dereference the dereferenced tag will still be shown after the SHA1. + Only show the SHA-1 hash, not the reference name. When combined with + --dereference the dereferenced tag will still be shown after the SHA-1. --verify:: Enable stricter reference checking by requiring an exact ref path. Aside from returning an error code of 1, it will also print an error - message if '--quiet' was not specified. + message if `--quiet` was not specified. ---abbrev:: ---abbrev=len:: +--abbrev[=<n>]:: Abbreviate the object name. When using `--hash`, you do - not have to say `--hash --abbrev`; `--hash=len` would do. + not have to say `--hash --abbrev`; `--hash=n` would do. -q:: --quiet:: - Do not print any results to stdout. When combined with '--verify' this + Do not print any results to stdout. When combined with `--verify` this can be used to silently check if a reference exists. ---exclude-existing:: ---exclude-existing=pattern:: +--exclude-existing[=<pattern>]:: - Make 'git-show-ref' act as a filter that reads refs from stdin of the - form "^(?:<anything>\s)?<refname>(?:\^\{\})?$" and performs the - following actions on each: - (1) strip "^{}" at the end of line if any; + Make 'git show-ref' act as a filter that reads refs from stdin of the + form "`^(?:<anything>\s)?<refname>(?:\^{})?$`" + and performs the following actions on each: + (1) strip "{caret}{}" at the end of line if any; (2) ignore if pattern is provided and does not head-match refname; (3) warn if refname is not a well-formed refname and skip; (4) ignore if refname is a ref that exists in the local repository; @@ -86,7 +87,11 @@ OPTIONS <pattern>...:: - Show references matching one or more patterns. + Show references matching one or more patterns. Patterns are matched from + the end of the full name, and only complete parts are matched, e.g. + 'master' matches 'refs/heads/master', 'refs/remotes/origin/master', + 'refs/tags/jedi/master' but not 'refs/heads/mymaster' or + 'refs/remotes/master/jedi'. OUTPUT ------ @@ -129,7 +134,7 @@ use: This will show "refs/heads/master" but also "refs/remote/other-repo/master", if such references exists. -When using the '--verify' flag, the command requires an exact path: +When using the `--verify` flag, the command requires an exact path: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- git show-ref --verify refs/heads/master @@ -137,7 +142,7 @@ When using the '--verify' flag, the command requires an exact path: will only match the exact branch called "master". -If nothing matches, 'git-show-ref' will return an error code of 1, +If nothing matches, 'git show-ref' will return an error code of 1, and in the case of verification, it will show an error message. For scripting, you can ask it to be quiet with the "--quiet" flag, which @@ -165,14 +170,16 @@ flag, so you can do to get a listing of all tags together with what they dereference. +FILES +----- +`.git/refs/*`, `.git/packed-refs` + SEE ALSO -------- -linkgit:git-ls-remote[1] - -AUTHORS -------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>. -Man page by Jonas Fonseca <fonseca@diku.dk>. +linkgit:git-for-each-ref[1], +linkgit:git-ls-remote[1], +linkgit:git-update-ref[1], +linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-show.txt b/Documentation/git-show.txt index 48b612e2ae..82a4125a2d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-show.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-show.txt @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ git-show - Show various types of objects SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git show' [options] <object>... DESCRIPTION @@ -16,16 +17,16 @@ Shows one or more objects (blobs, trees, tags and commits). For commits it shows the log message and textual diff. It also presents the merge commit in a special format as produced by -'git-diff-tree --cc'. +'git diff-tree --cc'. For tags, it shows the tag message and the referenced objects. -For trees, it shows the names (equivalent to 'git-ls-tree' -with \--name-only). +For trees, it shows the names (equivalent to 'git ls-tree' +with --name-only). For plain blobs, it shows the plain contents. -The command takes options applicable to the 'git-diff-tree' command to +The command takes options applicable to the 'git diff-tree' command to control how the changes the commit introduces are shown. This manual page describes only the most frequently used options. @@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ OPTIONS <object>...:: The names of objects to show. For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see - "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. + "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. include::pretty-options.txt[] @@ -44,22 +45,35 @@ include::pretty-options.txt[] include::pretty-formats.txt[] +COMMON DIFF OPTIONS +------------------- + +:git-log: 1 +include::diff-options.txt[] + +include::diff-generate-patch.txt[] + + EXAMPLES -------- -git show v1.0.0:: +`git show v1.0.0`:: Shows the tag `v1.0.0`, along with the object the tags points at. -git show v1.0.0^\{tree\}:: +`git show v1.0.0^{tree}`:: Shows the tree pointed to by the tag `v1.0.0`. -git show next~10:Documentation/README:: +`git show -s --format=%s v1.0.0^{commit}`:: + Shows the subject of the commit pointed to by the + tag `v1.0.0`. + +`git show next~10:Documentation/README`:: Shows the contents of the file `Documentation/README` as they were current in the 10th last commit of the branch `next`. -git show master:Makefile master:t/Makefile:: +`git show master:Makefile master:t/Makefile`:: Concatenates the contents of said Makefiles in the head of the branch `master`. @@ -68,17 +82,6 @@ Discussion include::i18n.txt[] -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and -Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>. Significantly enhanced by -Johannes Schindelin <Johannes.Schindelin@gmx.de>. - - -Documentation -------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Petr Baudis and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-stage.txt b/Documentation/git-stage.txt index 7f251a5865..25bcda936d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-stage.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-stage.txt @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ git-stage(1) -============== +============ NAME ---- @@ -17,3 +17,7 @@ DESCRIPTION This is a synonym for linkgit:git-add[1]. Please refer to the documentation of that command. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-stash.txt b/Documentation/git-stash.txt index 051f94d26f..70191d06b6 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-stash.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-stash.txt @@ -9,17 +9,23 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git stash' list [<options>] -'git stash' (show | drop | pop ) [<stash>] -'git stash' apply [--index] [<stash>] +'git stash' show [<stash>] +'git stash' drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>] +'git stash' ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>] 'git stash' branch <branchname> [<stash>] -'git stash' [save [--keep-index] [<message>]] +'git stash' save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet] + [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>] +'git stash' [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet] + [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]] + [--] [<pathspec>...]] 'git stash' clear -'git stash' create +'git stash' create [<message>] +'git stash' store [-m|--message <message>] [-q|--quiet] <commit> DESCRIPTION ----------- -Use 'git stash' when you want to record the current state of the +Use `git stash` when you want to record the current state of the working directory and the index, but want to go back to a clean working directory. The command saves your local modifications away and reverts the working directory to match the `HEAD` commit. @@ -32,29 +38,59 @@ A stash is by default listed as "WIP on 'branchname' ...", but you can give a more descriptive message on the command line when you create one. -The latest stash you created is stored in `$GIT_DIR/refs/stash`; older +The latest stash you created is stored in `refs/stash`; older stashes are found in the reflog of this reference and can be named using -the usual reflog syntax (e.g. `stash@\{0}` is the most recently -created stash, `stash@\{1}` is the one before it, `stash@\{2.hours.ago}` -is also possible). +the usual reflog syntax (e.g. `stash@{0}` is the most recently +created stash, `stash@{1}` is the one before it, `stash@{2.hours.ago}` +is also possible). Stashes may also be referenced by specifying just the +stash index (e.g. the integer `n` is equivalent to `stash@{n}`). OPTIONS ------- -save [--keep-index] [<message>]:: +save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [<message>]:: +push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [-m|--message <message>] [--] [<pathspec>...]:: - Save your local modifications to a new 'stash', and run `git reset - --hard` to revert them. This is the default action when no - subcommand is given. The <message> part is optional and gives + Save your local modifications to a new 'stash' and roll them + back to HEAD (in the working tree and in the index). + The <message> part is optional and gives the description along with the stashed state. + +For quickly making a snapshot, you can omit "push". In this mode, +non-option arguments are not allowed to prevent a misspelled +subcommand from making an unwanted stash. The two exceptions to this +are `stash -p` which acts as alias for `stash push -p` and pathspecs, +which are allowed after a double hyphen `--` for disambiguation. ++ +When pathspec is given to 'git stash push', the new stash records the +modified states only for the files that match the pathspec. The index +entries and working tree files are then rolled back to the state in +HEAD only for these files, too, leaving files that do not match the +pathspec intact. ++ If the `--keep-index` option is used, all changes already added to the index are left intact. ++ +If the `--include-untracked` option is used, all untracked files are also +stashed and then cleaned up with `git clean`, leaving the working directory +in a very clean state. If the `--all` option is used instead then the +ignored files are stashed and cleaned in addition to the untracked files. ++ +With `--patch`, you can interactively select hunks from the diff +between HEAD and the working tree to be stashed. The stash entry is +constructed such that its index state is the same as the index state +of your repository, and its worktree contains only the changes you +selected interactively. The selected changes are then rolled back +from your worktree. See the ``Interactive Mode'' section of +linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode. ++ +The `--patch` option implies `--keep-index`. You can use +`--no-keep-index` to override this. list [<options>]:: List the stashes that you currently have. Each 'stash' is listed - with its name (e.g. `stash@\{0}` is the latest stash, `stash@\{1}` is + with its name (e.g. `stash@{0}` is the latest stash, `stash@{1}` is the one before, etc.), the name of the branch that was current when the stash was made, and a short description of the commit the stash was based on. @@ -64,7 +100,7 @@ stash@{0}: WIP on submit: 6ebd0e2... Update git-stash documentation stash@{1}: On master: 9cc0589... Add git-stash ---------------------------------------------------------------- + -The command takes options applicable to the 'git-log' +The command takes options applicable to the 'git log' command to control what is shown and how. See linkgit:git-log[1]. show [<stash>]:: @@ -72,29 +108,43 @@ show [<stash>]:: Show the changes recorded in the stash as a diff between the stashed state and its original parent. When no `<stash>` is given, shows the latest one. By default, the command shows the diffstat, but - it will accept any format known to 'git-diff' (e.g., `git stash show - -p stash@\{1}` to view the second most recent stash in patch form). + it will accept any format known to 'git diff' (e.g., `git stash show + -p stash@{1}` to view the second most recent stash in patch form). + You can use stash.showStat and/or stash.showPatch config variables + to change the default behavior. -apply [--index] [<stash>]:: +pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]:: - Restore the changes recorded in the stash on top of the current - working tree state. When no `<stash>` is given, applies the latest - one. The working directory must match the index. + Remove a single stashed state from the stash list and apply it + on top of the current working tree state, i.e., do the inverse + operation of `git stash save`. The working directory must + match the index. + -This operation can fail with conflicts; you need to resolve them -by hand in the working tree. +Applying the state can fail with conflicts; in this case, it is not +removed from the stash list. You need to resolve the conflicts by hand +and call `git stash drop` manually afterwards. + If the `--index` option is used, then tries to reinstate not only the working tree's changes, but also the index's ones. However, this can fail, when you have conflicts (which are stored in the index, where you therefore can no longer apply the changes as they were originally). ++ +When no `<stash>` is given, `stash@{0}` is assumed, otherwise `<stash>` must +be a reference of the form `stash@{<revision>}`. + +apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]:: + + Like `pop`, but do not remove the state from the stash list. Unlike `pop`, + `<stash>` may be any commit that looks like a commit created by + `stash save` or `stash create`. branch <branchname> [<stash>]:: Creates and checks out a new branch named `<branchname>` starting from the commit at which the `<stash>` was originally created, applies the - changes recorded in `<stash>` to the new working tree and index, then - drops the `<stash>` if that completes successfully. When no `<stash>` + changes recorded in `<stash>` to the new working tree and index. + If that succeeds, and `<stash>` is a reference of the form + `stash@{<revision>}`, it then drops the `<stash>`. When no `<stash>` is given, applies the latest one. + This is useful if the branch on which you ran `git stash save` has @@ -105,24 +155,29 @@ no conflicts. clear:: Remove all the stashed states. Note that those states will then - be subject to pruning, and may be difficult or impossible to recover. + be subject to pruning, and may be impossible to recover (see + 'Examples' below for a possible strategy). -drop [<stash>]:: +drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]:: Remove a single stashed state from the stash list. When no `<stash>` - is given, it removes the latest one. i.e. `stash@\{0}` - -pop [<stash>]:: - - Remove a single stashed state from the stash list and apply on top - of the current working tree state. When no `<stash>` is given, - `stash@\{0}` is assumed. See also `apply`. + is given, it removes the latest one. i.e. `stash@{0}`, otherwise + `<stash>` must be a valid stash log reference of the form + `stash@{<revision>}`. create:: Create a stash (which is a regular commit object) and return its object name, without storing it anywhere in the ref namespace. + This is intended to be useful for scripts. It is probably not + the command you want to use; see "save" above. + +store:: + Store a given stash created via 'git stash create' (which is a + dangling merge commit) in the stash ref, updating the stash + reflog. This is intended to be useful for scripts. It is + probably not the command you want to use; see "save" above. DISCUSSION ---------- @@ -163,7 +218,7 @@ $ git pull file foobar not up to date, cannot merge. $ git stash $ git pull -$ git stash apply +$ git stash pop ---------------------------------------------------------------- Interrupted workflow:: @@ -185,14 +240,14 @@ $ git reset --soft HEAD^ # ... continue hacking ... ---------------------------------------------------------------- + -You can use 'git-stash' to simplify the above, like this: +You can use 'git stash' to simplify the above, like this: + ---------------------------------------------------------------- # ... hack hack hack ... $ git stash $ edit emergency fix $ git commit -a -m "Fix in a hurry" -$ git stash apply +$ git stash pop # ... continue hacking ... ---------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -214,6 +269,20 @@ $ edit/build/test remaining parts $ git commit foo -m 'Remaining parts' ---------------------------------------------------------------- +Recovering stashes that were cleared/dropped erroneously:: + +If you mistakenly drop or clear stashes, they cannot be recovered +through the normal safety mechanisms. However, you can try the +following incantation to get a list of stashes that are still in your +repository, but not reachable any more: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +git fsck --unreachable | +grep commit | cut -d\ -f3 | +xargs git log --merges --no-walk --grep=WIP +---------------------------------------------------------------- + + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-checkout[1], @@ -221,10 +290,6 @@ linkgit:git-commit[1], linkgit:git-reflog[1], linkgit:git-reset[1] -AUTHOR ------- -Written by Nanako Shiraishi <nanako3@bluebottle.com> - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-status.txt b/Documentation/git-status.txt index 84f60f3407..ba873657cf 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-status.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-status.txt @@ -8,37 +8,324 @@ git-status - Show the working tree status SYNOPSIS -------- -'git status' <options>... +[verse] +'git status' [<options>...] [--] [<pathspec>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- Displays paths that have differences between the index file and the current HEAD commit, paths that have differences between the working tree and the index file, and paths in the working tree that are not -tracked by git (and are not ignored by linkgit:gitignore[5]). The first +tracked by Git (and are not ignored by linkgit:gitignore[5]). The first are what you _would_ commit by running `git commit`; the second and -third are what you _could_ commit by running 'git-add' before running +third are what you _could_ commit by running 'git add' before running `git commit`. -The command takes the same set of options as 'git-commit'; it -shows what would be committed if the same options are given to -'git-commit'. +OPTIONS +------- -If there is no path that is different between the index file and -the current HEAD commit (i.e., there is nothing to commit by running -`git commit`), the command exits with non-zero status. +-s:: +--short:: + Give the output in the short-format. + +-b:: +--branch:: + Show the branch and tracking info even in short-format. + +--porcelain[=<version>]:: + Give the output in an easy-to-parse format for scripts. + This is similar to the short output, but will remain stable + across Git versions and regardless of user configuration. See + below for details. ++ +The version parameter is used to specify the format version. +This is optional and defaults to the original version 'v1' format. + +--long:: + Give the output in the long-format. This is the default. + +-v:: +--verbose:: + In addition to the names of files that have been changed, also + show the textual changes that are staged to be committed + (i.e., like the output of `git diff --cached`). If `-v` is specified + twice, then also show the changes in the working tree that + have not yet been staged (i.e., like the output of `git diff`). + +-u[<mode>]:: +--untracked-files[=<mode>]:: + Show untracked files. ++ +The mode parameter is used to specify the handling of untracked files. +It is optional: it defaults to 'all', and if specified, it must be +stuck to the option (e.g. `-uno`, but not `-u no`). ++ +The possible options are: ++ + - 'no' - Show no untracked files. + - 'normal' - Shows untracked files and directories. + - 'all' - Also shows individual files in untracked directories. ++ +When `-u` option is not used, untracked files and directories are +shown (i.e. the same as specifying `normal`), to help you avoid +forgetting to add newly created files. Because it takes extra work +to find untracked files in the filesystem, this mode may take some +time in a large working tree. +Consider enabling untracked cache and split index if supported (see +`git update-index --untracked-cache` and `git update-index +--split-index`), Otherwise you can use `no` to have `git status` +return more quickly without showing untracked files. ++ +The default can be changed using the status.showUntrackedFiles +configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. + +--ignore-submodules[=<when>]:: + Ignore changes to submodules when looking for changes. <when> can be + either "none", "untracked", "dirty" or "all", which is the default. + Using "none" will consider the submodule modified when it either contains + untracked or modified files or its HEAD differs from the commit recorded + in the superproject and can be used to override any settings of the + 'ignore' option in linkgit:git-config[1] or linkgit:gitmodules[5]. When + "untracked" is used submodules are not considered dirty when they only + contain untracked content (but they are still scanned for modified + content). Using "dirty" ignores all changes to the work tree of submodules, + only changes to the commits stored in the superproject are shown (this was + the behavior before 1.7.0). Using "all" hides all changes to submodules + (and suppresses the output of submodule summaries when the config option + `status.submoduleSummary` is set). + +--ignored:: + Show ignored files as well. + +-z:: + Terminate entries with NUL, instead of LF. This implies + the `--porcelain=v1` output format if no other format is given. + +--column[=<options>]:: +--no-column:: + Display untracked files in columns. See configuration variable + column.status for option syntax.`--column` and `--no-column` + without options are equivalent to 'always' and 'never' + respectively. OUTPUT ------ The output from this command is designed to be used as a commit -template comment, and all the output lines are prefixed with '#'. +template comment. +The default, long format, is designed to be human readable, +verbose and descriptive. Its contents and format are subject to change +at any time. -The paths mentioned in the output, unlike many other git commands, are +The paths mentioned in the output, unlike many other Git commands, are made relative to the current directory if you are working in a subdirectory (this is on purpose, to help cutting and pasting). See the status.relativePaths config option below. +Short Format +~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +In the short-format, the status of each path is shown as + + XY PATH1 -> PATH2 + +where `PATH1` is the path in the `HEAD`, and the " `-> PATH2`" part is +shown only when `PATH1` corresponds to a different path in the +index/worktree (i.e. the file is renamed). The `XY` is a two-letter +status code. + +The fields (including the `->`) are separated from each other by a +single space. If a filename contains whitespace or other nonprintable +characters, that field will be quoted in the manner of a C string +literal: surrounded by ASCII double quote (34) characters, and with +interior special characters backslash-escaped. + +For paths with merge conflicts, `X` and `Y` show the modification +states of each side of the merge. For paths that do not have merge +conflicts, `X` shows the status of the index, and `Y` shows the status +of the work tree. For untracked paths, `XY` are `??`. Other status +codes can be interpreted as follows: + +* ' ' = unmodified +* 'M' = modified +* 'A' = added +* 'D' = deleted +* 'R' = renamed +* 'C' = copied +* 'U' = updated but unmerged + +Ignored files are not listed, unless `--ignored` option is in effect, +in which case `XY` are `!!`. + + X Y Meaning + ------------------------------------------------- + [MD] not updated + M [ MD] updated in index + A [ MD] added to index + D [ M] deleted from index + R [ MD] renamed in index + C [ MD] copied in index + [MARC] index and work tree matches + [ MARC] M work tree changed since index + [ MARC] D deleted in work tree + ------------------------------------------------- + D D unmerged, both deleted + A U unmerged, added by us + U D unmerged, deleted by them + U A unmerged, added by them + D U unmerged, deleted by us + A A unmerged, both added + U U unmerged, both modified + ------------------------------------------------- + ? ? untracked + ! ! ignored + ------------------------------------------------- + +If -b is used the short-format status is preceded by a line + + ## branchname tracking info + +Porcelain Format Version 1 +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Version 1 porcelain format is similar to the short format, but is guaranteed +not to change in a backwards-incompatible way between Git versions or +based on user configuration. This makes it ideal for parsing by scripts. +The description of the short format above also describes the porcelain +format, with a few exceptions: + +1. The user's color.status configuration is not respected; color will + always be off. + +2. The user's status.relativePaths configuration is not respected; paths + shown will always be relative to the repository root. + +There is also an alternate -z format recommended for machine parsing. In +that format, the status field is the same, but some other things +change. First, the '\->' is omitted from rename entries and the field +order is reversed (e.g 'from \-> to' becomes 'to from'). Second, a NUL +(ASCII 0) follows each filename, replacing space as a field separator +and the terminating newline (but a space still separates the status +field from the first filename). Third, filenames containing special +characters are not specially formatted; no quoting or +backslash-escaping is performed. + +Porcelain Format Version 2 +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Version 2 format adds more detailed information about the state of +the worktree and changed items. Version 2 also defines an extensible +set of easy to parse optional headers. + +Header lines start with "#" and are added in response to specific +command line arguments. Parsers should ignore headers they +don't recognize. + +### Branch Headers + +If `--branch` is given, a series of header lines are printed with +information about the current branch. + + Line Notes + ------------------------------------------------------------ + # branch.oid <commit> | (initial) Current commit. + # branch.head <branch> | (detached) Current branch. + # branch.upstream <upstream_branch> If upstream is set. + # branch.ab +<ahead> -<behind> If upstream is set and + the commit is present. + ------------------------------------------------------------ + +### Changed Tracked Entries + +Following the headers, a series of lines are printed for tracked +entries. One of three different line formats may be used to describe +an entry depending on the type of change. Tracked entries are printed +in an undefined order; parsers should allow for a mixture of the 3 +line types in any order. + +Ordinary changed entries have the following format: + + 1 <XY> <sub> <mH> <mI> <mW> <hH> <hI> <path> + +Renamed or copied entries have the following format: + + 2 <XY> <sub> <mH> <mI> <mW> <hH> <hI> <X><score> <path><sep><origPath> + + Field Meaning + -------------------------------------------------------- + <XY> A 2 character field containing the staged and + unstaged XY values described in the short format, + with unchanged indicated by a "." rather than + a space. + <sub> A 4 character field describing the submodule state. + "N..." when the entry is not a submodule. + "S<c><m><u>" when the entry is a submodule. + <c> is "C" if the commit changed; otherwise ".". + <m> is "M" if it has tracked changes; otherwise ".". + <u> is "U" if there are untracked changes; otherwise ".". + <mH> The octal file mode in HEAD. + <mI> The octal file mode in the index. + <mW> The octal file mode in the worktree. + <hH> The object name in HEAD. + <hI> The object name in the index. + <X><score> The rename or copy score (denoting the percentage + of similarity between the source and target of the + move or copy). For example "R100" or "C75". + <path> The pathname. In a renamed/copied entry, this + is the path in the index and in the working tree. + <sep> When the `-z` option is used, the 2 pathnames are separated + with a NUL (ASCII 0x00) byte; otherwise, a tab (ASCII 0x09) + byte separates them. + <origPath> The pathname in the commit at HEAD. This is only + present in a renamed/copied entry, and tells + where the renamed/copied contents came from. + -------------------------------------------------------- + +Unmerged entries have the following format; the first character is +a "u" to distinguish from ordinary changed entries. + + u <xy> <sub> <m1> <m2> <m3> <mW> <h1> <h2> <h3> <path> + + Field Meaning + -------------------------------------------------------- + <XY> A 2 character field describing the conflict type + as described in the short format. + <sub> A 4 character field describing the submodule state + as described above. + <m1> The octal file mode in stage 1. + <m2> The octal file mode in stage 2. + <m3> The octal file mode in stage 3. + <mW> The octal file mode in the worktree. + <h1> The object name in stage 1. + <h2> The object name in stage 2. + <h3> The object name in stage 3. + <path> The pathname. + -------------------------------------------------------- + +### Other Items + +Following the tracked entries (and if requested), a series of +lines will be printed for untracked and then ignored items +found in the worktree. + +Untracked items have the following format: + + ? <path> + +Ignored items have the following format: + + ! <path> + +### Pathname Format Notes and -z + +When the `-z` option is given, pathnames are printed as is and +without any quoting and lines are terminated with a NUL (ASCII 0x00) +byte. + +Without the `-z` option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are +quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` +(see linkgit:git-config[1]). + CONFIGURATION ------------- @@ -52,24 +339,21 @@ If the config variable `status.relativePaths` is set to false, then all paths shown are relative to the repository root, not to the current directory. -If `status.submodulesummary` is set to a non zero number or true (identical -to -1 or an unlimited number), the submodule summary will be enabled and a -summary of commits for modified submodules will be shown (see --summary-limit -option of linkgit:git-submodule[1]). +If `status.submoduleSummary` is set to a non zero number or true (identical +to -1 or an unlimited number), the submodule summary will be enabled for +the long format and a summary of commits for modified submodules will be +shown (see --summary-limit option of linkgit:git-submodule[1]). Please note +that the summary output from the status command will be suppressed for all +submodules when `diff.ignoreSubmodules` is set to 'all' or only for those +submodules where `submodule.<name>.ignore=all`. To also view the summary for +ignored submodules you can either use the --ignore-submodules=dirty command +line option or the 'git submodule summary' command, which shows a similar +output but does not honor these settings. SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:gitignore[5] -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and -Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>. - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-stripspace.txt b/Documentation/git-stripspace.txt index 7508c0e42d..2438f76da0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-stripspace.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-stripspace.txt @@ -3,33 +3,91 @@ git-stripspace(1) NAME ---- -git-stripspace - Filter out empty lines +git-stripspace - Remove unnecessary whitespace SYNOPSIS -------- -'git stripspace' [-s | --strip-comments] < <stream> +[verse] +'git stripspace' [-s | --strip-comments] +'git stripspace' [-c | --comment-lines] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Remove multiple empty lines, and empty lines at beginning and end. + +Read text, such as commit messages, notes, tags and branch +descriptions, from the standard input and clean it in the manner +used by Git. + +With no arguments, this will: + +- remove trailing whitespace from all lines +- collapse multiple consecutive empty lines into one empty line +- remove empty lines from the beginning and end of the input +- add a missing '\n' to the last line if necessary. + +In the case where the input consists entirely of whitespace characters, no +output will be produced. + +*NOTE*: This is intended for cleaning metadata, prefer the `--whitespace=fix` +mode of linkgit:git-apply[1] for correcting whitespace of patches or files in +the repository. OPTIONS ------- -s:: --strip-comments:: - In addition to empty lines, also strip lines starting with '#'. + Skip and remove all lines starting with comment character (default '#'). + +-c:: +--comment-lines:: + Prepend comment character and blank to each line. Lines will automatically + be terminated with a newline. On empty lines, only the comment character + will be prepended. + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +Given the following noisy input with '$' indicating the end of a line: + +--------- +|A brief introduction $ +| $ +|$ +|A new paragraph$ +|# with a commented-out line $ +|explaining lots of stuff.$ +|$ +|# An old paragraph, also commented-out. $ +| $ +|The end.$ +| $ +--------- + +Use 'git stripspace' with no arguments to obtain: -<stream>:: - Byte stream to act on. +--------- +|A brief introduction$ +|$ +|A new paragraph$ +|# with a commented-out line$ +|explaining lots of stuff.$ +|$ +|# An old paragraph, also commented-out.$ +|$ +|The end.$ +--------- -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> +Use 'git stripspace --strip-comments' to obtain: -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +--------- +|A brief introduction$ +|$ +|A new paragraph$ +|explaining lots of stuff.$ +|$ +|The end.$ +--------- GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt index 2f207fbbda..74bc6200d5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt @@ -9,23 +9,42 @@ git-submodule - Initialize, update or inspect submodules SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git submodule' [--quiet] add [-b branch] [--] <repository> <path> -'git submodule' [--quiet] status [--cached] [--] [<path>...] +'git submodule' [--quiet] add [<options>] [--] <repository> [<path>] +'git submodule' [--quiet] status [--cached] [--recursive] [--] [<path>...] 'git submodule' [--quiet] init [--] [<path>...] -'git submodule' [--quiet] update [--init] [--] [<path>...] -'git submodule' [--quiet] summary [--summary-limit <n>] [commit] [--] [<path>...] -'git submodule' [--quiet] foreach <command> -'git submodule' [--quiet] sync [--] [<path>...] +'git submodule' [--quiet] deinit [-f|--force] (--all|[--] <path>...) +'git submodule' [--quiet] update [<options>] [--] [<path>...] +'git submodule' [--quiet] summary [<options>] [--] [<path>...] +'git submodule' [--quiet] foreach [--recursive] <command> +'git submodule' [--quiet] sync [--recursive] [--] [<path>...] +'git submodule' [--quiet] absorbgitdirs [--] [<path>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Submodules allow foreign repositories to be embedded within -a dedicated subdirectory of the source tree, always pointed -at a particular commit. +Inspects, updates and manages submodules. -They are not to be confused with remotes, which are meant mainly -for branches of the same project; submodules are meant for +A submodule allows you to keep another Git repository in a subdirectory +of your repository. The other repository has its own history, which does not +interfere with the history of the current repository. This can be used to +have external dependencies such as third party libraries for example. + +When cloning or pulling a repository containing submodules however, +these will not be checked out by default; the 'init' and 'update' +subcommands will maintain submodules checked out and at +appropriate revision in your working tree. + +Submodules are composed from a so-called `gitlink` tree entry +in the main repository that refers to a particular commit object +within the inner repository that is completely separate. +A record in the `.gitmodules` (see linkgit:gitmodules[5]) file at the +root of the source tree assigns a logical name to the submodule and +describes the default URL the submodule shall be cloned from. +The logical name can be used for overriding this URL within your +local repository configuration (see 'submodule init'). + +Submodules are not to be confused with remotes, which are other +repositories of the same project; submodules are meant for different projects you would like to make part of your source tree, while the history of the two projects still stays completely independent and you cannot modify the contents of the submodule @@ -37,47 +56,41 @@ instead of treating the other project as a submodule. Directories that come from both projects can be cloned and checked out as a whole if you choose to go that route. -Submodules are composed from a so-called `gitlink` tree entry -in the main repository that refers to a particular commit object -within the inner repository that is completely separate. -A record in the `.gitmodules` file at the root of the source -tree assigns a logical name to the submodule and describes -the default URL the submodule shall be cloned from. -The logical name can be used for overriding this URL within your -local repository configuration (see 'submodule init'). - -This command will manage the tree entries and contents of the -gitmodules file for you, as well as inspect the status of your -submodules and update them. -When adding a new submodule to the tree, the 'add' subcommand -is to be used. However, when pulling a tree containing submodules, -these will not be checked out by default; -the 'init' and 'update' subcommands will maintain submodules -checked out and at appropriate revision in your working tree. -You can briefly inspect the up-to-date status of your submodules -using the 'status' subcommand and get a detailed overview of the -difference between the index and checkouts using the 'summary' -subcommand. - - COMMANDS -------- -add:: +add [-b <branch>] [-f|--force] [--name <name>] [--reference <repository>] [--depth <depth>] [--] <repository> [<path>]:: Add the given repository as a submodule at the given path to the changeset to be committed next to the current project: the current project is termed the "superproject". + -This requires two arguments: <repository> and <path>. +This requires at least one argument: <repository>. The optional +argument <path> is the relative location for the cloned submodule +to exist in the superproject. If <path> is not given, the +"humanish" part of the source repository is used ("repo" for +"/path/to/repo.git" and "foo" for "host.xz:foo/.git"). +The <path> is also used as the submodule's logical name in its +configuration entries unless `--name` is used to specify a logical name. + <repository> is the URL of the new submodule's origin repository. This may be either an absolute URL, or (if it begins with ./ -or ../), the location relative to the superproject's origin -repository. +or ../), the location relative to the superproject's default remote +repository (Please note that to specify a repository 'foo.git' +which is located right next to a superproject 'bar.git', you'll +have to use '../foo.git' instead of './foo.git' - as one might expect +when following the rules for relative URLs - because the evaluation +of relative URLs in Git is identical to that of relative directories). ++ +The default remote is the remote of the remote tracking branch +of the current branch. If no such remote tracking branch exists or +the HEAD is detached, "origin" is assumed to be the default remote. +If the superproject doesn't have a default remote configured +the superproject is its own authoritative upstream and the current +working directory is used instead. + <path> is the relative location for the cloned submodule to exist in the superproject. If <path> does not exist, then the submodule is created by cloning from the named URL. If <path> does -exist and is already a valid git repository, then this is added +exist and is already a valid Git repository, then this is added to the changeset without cloning. This second form is provided to ease creating a new submodule from scratch, and presumes the user will later push the submodule to the given URL. @@ -90,64 +103,170 @@ together in the same relative location, and only the superproject's URL needs to be provided: git-submodule will correctly locate the submodule using the relative URL in .gitmodules. -status:: +status [--cached] [--recursive] [--] [<path>...]:: Show the status of the submodules. This will print the SHA-1 of the currently checked out commit for each submodule, along with the - submodule path and the output of 'git-describe' for the + submodule path and the output of 'git describe' for the SHA-1. Each SHA-1 will be prefixed with `-` if the submodule is not - initialized and `+` if the currently checked out submodule commit + initialized, `+` if the currently checked out submodule commit does not match the SHA-1 found in the index of the containing - repository. This command is the default command for 'git-submodule'. - -init:: - Initialize the submodules, i.e. register each submodule name - and url found in .gitmodules into .git/config. - The key used in .git/config is `submodule.$name.url`. - This command does not alter existing information in .git/config. - You can then customize the submodule clone URLs in .git/config - for your local setup and proceed to 'git submodule update'; - you can also just use 'git submodule update --init' without - the explicit 'init' step if you do not intend to customize - any submodule locations. - -update:: - Update the registered submodules, i.e. clone missing submodules and - checkout the commit specified in the index of the containing repository. - This will make the submodules HEAD be detached. + repository and `U` if the submodule has merge conflicts. ++ +If `--recursive` is specified, this command will recurse into nested +submodules, and show their status as well. ++ +If you are only interested in changes of the currently initialized +submodules with respect to the commit recorded in the index or the HEAD, +linkgit:git-status[1] and linkgit:git-diff[1] will provide that information +too (and can also report changes to a submodule's work tree). + +init [--] [<path>...]:: + Initialize the submodules recorded in the index (which were + added and committed elsewhere) by setting `submodule.$name.url` + in .git/config. It uses the same setting from .gitmodules as + a template. If the URL is relative, it will be resolved using + the default remote. If there is no default remote, the current + repository will be assumed to be upstream. ++ +Optional <path> arguments limit which submodules will be initialized. +If no path is specified and submodule.active has been configured, submodules +configured to be active will be initialized, otherwise all submodules are +initialized. ++ +When present, it will also copy the value of `submodule.$name.update`. +This command does not alter existing information in .git/config. +You can then customize the submodule clone URLs in .git/config +for your local setup and proceed to `git submodule update`; +you can also just use `git submodule update --init` without +the explicit 'init' step if you do not intend to customize +any submodule locations. ++ +See the add subcommand for the defintion of default remote. + +deinit [-f|--force] (--all|[--] <path>...):: + Unregister the given submodules, i.e. remove the whole + `submodule.$name` section from .git/config together with their work + tree. Further calls to `git submodule update`, `git submodule foreach` + and `git submodule sync` will skip any unregistered submodules until + they are initialized again, so use this command if you don't want to + have a local checkout of the submodule in your working tree anymore. If + you really want to remove a submodule from the repository and commit + that use linkgit:git-rm[1] instead. + +When the command is run without pathspec, it errors out, +instead of deinit-ing everything, to prevent mistakes. ++ +If `--force` is specified, the submodule's working tree will +be removed even if it contains local modifications. + +update [--init] [--remote] [-N|--no-fetch] [--[no-]recommend-shallow] [-f|--force] [--checkout|--rebase|--merge] [--reference <repository>] [--depth <depth>] [--recursive] [--jobs <n>] [--] [<path>...]:: ++ +-- +Update the registered submodules to match what the superproject +expects by cloning missing submodules and updating the working tree of +the submodules. The "updating" can be done in several ways depending +on command line options and the value of `submodule.<name>.update` +configuration variable. The command line option takes precedence over +the configuration variable. if neither is given, a checkout is performed. +update procedures supported both from the command line as well as setting +`submodule.<name>.update`: + + checkout;; the commit recorded in the superproject will be + checked out in the submodule on a detached HEAD. ++ +If `--force` is specified, the submodule will be checked out (using +`git checkout --force` if appropriate), even if the commit specified +in the index of the containing repository already matches the commit +checked out in the submodule. + + rebase;; the current branch of the submodule will be rebased + onto the commit recorded in the superproject. + + merge;; the commit recorded in the superproject will be merged + into the current branch in the submodule. + +The following procedures are only available via the `submodule.<name>.update` +configuration variable: + + custom command;; arbitrary shell command that takes a single + argument (the sha1 of the commit recorded in the + superproject) is executed. When `submodule.<name>.update` + is set to '!command', the remainder after the exclamation mark + is the custom command. + + none;; the submodule is not updated. + If the submodule is not yet initialized, and you just want to use the setting as stored in .gitmodules, you can automatically initialize the -submodule with the --init option. +submodule with the `--init` option. -summary:: +If `--recursive` is specified, this command will recurse into the +registered submodules, and update any nested submodules within. +-- +summary [--cached|--files] [(-n|--summary-limit) <n>] [commit] [--] [<path>...]:: Show commit summary between the given commit (defaults to HEAD) and working tree/index. For a submodule in question, a series of commits in the submodule between the given super project commit and the - index or working tree (switched by --cached) are shown. + index or working tree (switched by `--cached`) are shown. If the option + `--files` is given, show the series of commits in the submodule between + the index of the super project and the working tree of the submodule + (this option doesn't allow to use the `--cached` option or to provide an + explicit commit). ++ +Using the `--submodule=log` option with linkgit:git-diff[1] will provide that +information too. -foreach:: +foreach [--recursive] <command>:: Evaluates an arbitrary shell command in each checked out submodule. - The command has access to the variables $path and $sha1: + The command has access to the variables $name, $path, $sha1 and + $toplevel: + $name is the name of the relevant submodule section in .gitmodules, $path is the name of the submodule directory relative to the - superproject, and $sha1 is the commit as recorded in the superproject. + superproject, $sha1 is the commit as recorded in the superproject, + and $toplevel is the absolute path to the top-level of the superproject. Any submodules defined in the superproject but not checked out are - ignored by this command. Unless given --quiet, foreach prints the name + ignored by this command. Unless given `--quiet`, foreach prints the name of each submodule before evaluating the command. + If `--recursive` is given, submodules are traversed recursively (i.e. + the given shell command is evaluated in nested submodules as well). A non-zero return from the command in any submodule causes the processing to terminate. This can be overridden by adding '|| :' to the end of the command. + -As an example, "git submodule foreach 'echo $path `git rev-parse HEAD`' will -show the path and currently checked out commit for each submodule. +As an example, the command below will show the path and currently +checked out commit for each submodule: ++ +-------------- +git submodule foreach 'echo $path `git rev-parse HEAD`' +-------------- -sync:: +sync [--recursive] [--] [<path>...]:: Synchronizes submodules' remote URL configuration setting - to the value specified in .gitmodules. This is useful when + to the value specified in .gitmodules. It will only affect those + submodules which already have a URL entry in .git/config (that is the + case when they are initialized or freshly added). This is useful when submodule URLs change upstream and you need to update your local repositories accordingly. + "git submodule sync" synchronizes all submodules while -"git submodule sync -- A" synchronizes submodule "A" only. +"git submodule sync \-- A" synchronizes submodule "A" only. ++ +If `--recursive` is specified, this command will recurse into the +registered submodules, and sync any nested submodules within. + +absorbgitdirs:: + If a git directory of a submodule is inside the submodule, + move the git directory of the submodule into its superprojects + `$GIT_DIR/modules` path and then connect the git directory and + its working directory by setting the `core.worktree` and adding + a .git file pointing to the git directory embedded in the + superprojects git directory. ++ +A repository that was cloned independently and later added as a submodule or +old setups have the submodules git directory inside the submodule instead of +embedded into the superprojects git directory. ++ +This command is recursive by default. OPTIONS ------- @@ -155,15 +274,41 @@ OPTIONS --quiet:: Only print error messages. +--all:: + This option is only valid for the deinit command. Unregister all + submodules in the working tree. + -b:: --branch:: Branch of repository to add as submodule. + The name of the branch is recorded as `submodule.<name>.branch` in + `.gitmodules` for `update --remote`. A special value of `.` is used to + indicate that the name of the branch in the submodule should be the + same name as the current branch in the current repository. + +-f:: +--force:: + This option is only valid for add, deinit and update commands. + When running add, allow adding an otherwise ignored submodule path. + When running deinit the submodule working trees will be removed even + if they contain local changes. + When running update (only effective with the checkout procedure), + throw away local changes in submodules when switching to a + different commit; and always run a checkout operation in the + submodule, even if the commit listed in the index of the + containing repository matches the commit checked out in the + submodule. --cached:: This option is only valid for status and summary commands. These commands typically use the commit found in the submodule HEAD, but with this option, the commit stored in the index is used instead. +--files:: + This option is only valid for the summary command. This command + compares the commit in the index with that in the submodule HEAD + when this option is used. + -n:: --summary-limit:: This option is only valid for the summary command. @@ -172,6 +317,111 @@ OPTIONS (the default). This limit only applies to modified submodules. The size is always limited to 1 for added/deleted/typechanged submodules. +--remote:: + This option is only valid for the update command. Instead of using + the superproject's recorded SHA-1 to update the submodule, use the + status of the submodule's remote-tracking branch. The remote used + is branch's remote (`branch.<name>.remote`), defaulting to `origin`. + The remote branch used defaults to `master`, but the branch name may + be overridden by setting the `submodule.<name>.branch` option in + either `.gitmodules` or `.git/config` (with `.git/config` taking + precedence). ++ +This works for any of the supported update procedures (`--checkout`, +`--rebase`, etc.). The only change is the source of the target SHA-1. +For example, `submodule update --remote --merge` will merge upstream +submodule changes into the submodules, while `submodule update +--merge` will merge superproject gitlink changes into the submodules. ++ +In order to ensure a current tracking branch state, `update --remote` +fetches the submodule's remote repository before calculating the +SHA-1. If you don't want to fetch, you should use `submodule update +--remote --no-fetch`. ++ +Use this option to integrate changes from the upstream subproject with +your submodule's current HEAD. Alternatively, you can run `git pull` +from the submodule, which is equivalent except for the remote branch +name: `update --remote` uses the default upstream repository and +`submodule.<name>.branch`, while `git pull` uses the submodule's +`branch.<name>.merge`. Prefer `submodule.<name>.branch` if you want +to distribute the default upstream branch with the superproject and +`branch.<name>.merge` if you want a more native feel while working in +the submodule itself. + +-N:: +--no-fetch:: + This option is only valid for the update command. + Don't fetch new objects from the remote site. + +--checkout:: + This option is only valid for the update command. + Checkout the commit recorded in the superproject on a detached HEAD + in the submodule. This is the default behavior, the main use of + this option is to override `submodule.$name.update` when set to + a value other than `checkout`. + If the key `submodule.$name.update` is either not explicitly set or + set to `checkout`, this option is implicit. + +--merge:: + This option is only valid for the update command. + Merge the commit recorded in the superproject into the current branch + of the submodule. If this option is given, the submodule's HEAD will + not be detached. If a merge failure prevents this process, you will + have to resolve the resulting conflicts within the submodule with the + usual conflict resolution tools. + If the key `submodule.$name.update` is set to `merge`, this option is + implicit. + +--rebase:: + This option is only valid for the update command. + Rebase the current branch onto the commit recorded in the + superproject. If this option is given, the submodule's HEAD will not + be detached. If a merge failure prevents this process, you will have + to resolve these failures with linkgit:git-rebase[1]. + If the key `submodule.$name.update` is set to `rebase`, this option is + implicit. + +--init:: + This option is only valid for the update command. + Initialize all submodules for which "git submodule init" has not been + called so far before updating. + +--name:: + This option is only valid for the add command. It sets the submodule's + name to the given string instead of defaulting to its path. The name + must be valid as a directory name and may not end with a '/'. + +--reference <repository>:: + This option is only valid for add and update commands. These + commands sometimes need to clone a remote repository. In this case, + this option will be passed to the linkgit:git-clone[1] command. ++ +*NOTE*: Do *not* use this option unless you have read the note +for linkgit:git-clone[1]'s `--reference` and `--shared` options carefully. + +--recursive:: + This option is only valid for foreach, update, status and sync commands. + Traverse submodules recursively. The operation is performed not + only in the submodules of the current repo, but also + in any nested submodules inside those submodules (and so on). + +--depth:: + This option is valid for add and update commands. Create a 'shallow' + clone with a history truncated to the specified number of revisions. + See linkgit:git-clone[1] + +--[no-]recommend-shallow:: + This option is only valid for the update command. + The initial clone of a submodule will use the recommended + `submodule.<name>.shallow` as provided by the .gitmodules file + by default. To ignore the suggestions use `--no-recommend-shallow`. + +-j <n>:: +--jobs <n>:: + This option is only valid for the update command. + Clone new submodules in parallel with as many jobs. + Defaults to the `submodule.fetchJobs` option. + <path>...:: Paths to submodule(s). When specified this will restrict the command to only operate on the submodules found at the specified paths. @@ -185,11 +435,6 @@ This file should be formatted in the same way as `$GIT_DIR/config`. The key to each submodule url is "submodule.$name.url". See linkgit:gitmodules[5] for details. - -AUTHOR ------- -Written by Lars Hjemli <hjemli@gmail.com> - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-svn.txt b/Documentation/git-svn.txt index 7b654f7928..9bee9b0c4c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-svn.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-svn.txt @@ -3,35 +3,34 @@ git-svn(1) NAME ---- -git-svn - Bidirectional operation between a single Subversion branch and git +git-svn - Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and Git SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git svn' <command> [options] [arguments] DESCRIPTION ----------- -'git-svn' is a simple conduit for changesets between Subversion and git. -It provides a bidirectional flow of changes between a Subversion and a git +'git svn' is a simple conduit for changesets between Subversion and Git. +It provides a bidirectional flow of changes between a Subversion and a Git repository. -'git-svn' can track a single Subversion branch simply by using a -URL to the branch, follow branches laid out in the Subversion recommended -method (trunk, branches, tags directories) with the --stdlayout option, or -follow branches in any layout with the -T/-t/-b options (see options to -'init' below, and also the 'clone' command). +'git svn' can track a standard Subversion repository, +following the common "trunk/branches/tags" layout, with the --stdlayout option. +It can also follow branches and tags in any layout with the -T/-t/-b options +(see options to 'init' below, and also the 'clone' command). -Once tracking a Subversion branch (with any of the above methods), the git +Once tracking a Subversion repository (with any of the above methods), the Git repository can be updated from Subversion by the 'fetch' command and -Subversion updated from git by the 'dcommit' command. +Subversion updated from Git by the 'dcommit' command. COMMANDS -------- --- 'init':: - Initializes an empty git repository with additional - metadata directories for 'git-svn'. The Subversion URL + Initializes an empty Git repository with additional + metadata directories for 'git svn'. The Subversion URL may be specified as a command-line argument, or as full URL arguments to -T/-t/-b. Optionally, the target directory to operate on can be specified as a second @@ -48,34 +47,31 @@ COMMANDS --stdlayout;; These are optional command-line options for init. Each of these flags can point to a relative repository path - (--tags=project/tags') or a full url - (--tags=https://foo.org/project/tags). The option --stdlayout is + (--tags=project/tags) or a full url + (--tags=https://foo.org/project/tags). + You can specify more than one --tags and/or --branches options, in case + your Subversion repository places tags or branches under multiple paths. + The option --stdlayout is a shorthand way of setting trunk,tags,branches as the relative paths, which is the Subversion default. If any of the other options are given as well, they take precedence. --no-metadata;; Set the 'noMetadata' option in the [svn-remote] config. + This option is not recommended, please read the 'svn.noMetadata' + section of this manpage before using this option. --use-svm-props;; Set the 'useSvmProps' option in the [svn-remote] config. --use-svnsync-props;; Set the 'useSvnsyncProps' option in the [svn-remote] config. --rewrite-root=<URL>;; Set the 'rewriteRoot' option in the [svn-remote] config. ---use-log-author;; - When retrieving svn commits into git (as part of fetch, rebase, or - dcommit operations), look for the first From: or Signed-off-by: line - in the log message and use that as the author string. ---add-author-from;; - When committing to svn from git (as part of commit or dcommit - operations), if the existing log message doesn't already have a - From: or Signed-off-by: line, append a From: line based on the - git commit's author string. If you use this, then --use-log-author - will retrieve a valid author string for all commits. ---username=<USER>;; +--rewrite-uuid=<UUID>;; + Set the 'rewriteUUID' option in the [svn-remote] config. +--username=<user>;; For transports that SVN handles authentication for (http, https, and plain svn), specify the username. For other - transports (eg svn+ssh://), you must include the username in - the URL, eg svn+ssh://foo@svn.bar.com/project + transports (e.g. `svn+ssh://`), you must include the username in + the URL, e.g. `svn+ssh://foo@svn.bar.com/project` --prefix=<prefix>;; This allows one to specify a prefix which is prepended to the names of remotes if trunk/branches/tags are @@ -83,38 +79,111 @@ COMMANDS trailing slash, so be sure you include one in the argument if that is what you want. If --branches/-b is specified, the prefix must include a trailing slash. - Setting a prefix is useful if you wish to track multiple - projects that share a common repository. + Setting a prefix (with a trailing slash) is strongly + encouraged in any case, as your SVN-tracking refs will + then be located at "refs/remotes/$prefix/*", which is + compatible with Git's own remote-tracking ref layout + (refs/remotes/$remote/*). Setting a prefix is also useful + if you wish to track multiple projects that share a common + repository. + By default, the prefix is set to 'origin/'. ++ +NOTE: Before Git v2.0, the default prefix was "" (no prefix). This +meant that SVN-tracking refs were put at "refs/remotes/*", which is +incompatible with how Git's own remote-tracking refs are organized. +If you still want the old default, you can get it by passing +`--prefix ""` on the command line (`--prefix=""` may not work if +your Perl's Getopt::Long is < v2.37). + +--ignore-paths=<regex>;; + When passed to 'init' or 'clone' this regular expression will + be preserved as a config key. See 'fetch' for a description + of `--ignore-paths`. +--include-paths=<regex>;; + When passed to 'init' or 'clone' this regular expression will + be preserved as a config key. See 'fetch' for a description + of `--include-paths`. +--no-minimize-url;; + When tracking multiple directories (using --stdlayout, + --branches, or --tags options), git svn will attempt to connect + to the root (or highest allowed level) of the Subversion + repository. This default allows better tracking of history if + entire projects are moved within a repository, but may cause + issues on repositories where read access restrictions are in + place. Passing `--no-minimize-url` will allow git svn to + accept URLs as-is without attempting to connect to a higher + level directory. This option is off by default when only + one URL/branch is tracked (it would do little good). 'fetch':: Fetch unfetched revisions from the Subversion remote we are tracking. The name of the [svn-remote "..."] section in the - .git/config file may be specified as an optional command-line - argument. + $GIT_DIR/config file may be specified as an optional + command-line argument. ++ +This automatically updates the rev_map if needed (see +'$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*' in the FILES section below for details). --localtime;; - Store Git commit times in the local timezone instead of UTC. This - makes 'git-log' (even without --date=local) show the same times - that `svn log` would in the local timezone. - + Store Git commit times in the local time zone instead of UTC. This + makes 'git log' (even without --date=local) show the same times + that `svn log` would in the local time zone. ++ This doesn't interfere with interoperating with the Subversion repository you cloned from, but if you wish for your local Git repository to be able to interoperate with someone else's local Git repository, either don't use this option or you should both use it in -the same local timezone. +the same local time zone. + +--parent;; + Fetch only from the SVN parent of the current HEAD. --ignore-paths=<regex>;; - This allows one to specify Perl regular expression that will + This allows one to specify a Perl regular expression that will cause skipping of all matching paths from checkout from SVN. - Examples: + The `--ignore-paths` option should match for every 'fetch' + (including automatic fetches due to 'clone', 'dcommit', + 'rebase', etc) on a given repository. ++ +[verse] +config key: svn-remote.<name>.ignore-paths ++ +If the ignore-paths configuration key is set, and the command-line +option is also given, both regular expressions will be used. ++ +Examples: ++ +-- +Skip "doc*" directory for every fetch;; ++ +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +--ignore-paths="^doc" +------------------------------------------------------------------------ - --ignore-paths="^doc" - skip "doc*" directory for every fetch. +Skip "branches" and "tags" of first level directories;; ++ +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +--ignore-paths="^[^/]+/(?:branches|tags)" +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +-- - --ignore-paths="^[^/]+/(?:branches|tags)" - skip "branches" - and "tags" of first level directories. +--include-paths=<regex>;; + This allows one to specify a Perl regular expression that will + cause the inclusion of only matching paths from checkout from SVN. + The `--include-paths` option should match for every 'fetch' + (including automatic fetches due to 'clone', 'dcommit', + 'rebase', etc) on a given repository. `--ignore-paths` takes + precedence over `--include-paths`. ++ +[verse] +config key: svn-remote.<name>.include-paths - Regular expression is not persistent, you should specify - it every time when fetching. +--log-window-size=<n>;; + Fetch <n> log entries per request when scanning Subversion history. + The default is 100. For very large Subversion repositories, larger + values may be needed for 'clone'/'fetch' to complete in reasonable + time. But overly large values may lead to higher memory usage and + request timeouts. 'clone':: Runs 'init' and 'fetch'. It will automatically create a @@ -122,56 +191,100 @@ the same local timezone. or if a second argument is passed; it will create a directory and work within that. It accepts all arguments that the 'init' and 'fetch' commands accept; with the exception of - '--fetch-all'. After a repository is cloned, the 'fetch' - command will be able to update revisions without affecting - the working tree; and the 'rebase' command will be able - to update the working tree with the latest changes. + `--fetch-all` and `--parent`. After a repository is cloned, + the 'fetch' command will be able to update revisions without + affecting the working tree; and the 'rebase' command will be + able to update the working tree with the latest changes. + +--preserve-empty-dirs;; + Create a placeholder file in the local Git repository for each + empty directory fetched from Subversion. This includes directories + that become empty by removing all entries in the Subversion + repository (but not the directory itself). The placeholder files + are also tracked and removed when no longer necessary. + +--placeholder-filename=<filename>;; + Set the name of placeholder files created by --preserve-empty-dirs. + Default: ".gitignore" 'rebase':: This fetches revisions from the SVN parent of the current HEAD and rebases the current (uncommitted to SVN) work against it. - -This works similarly to `svn update` or 'git-pull' except that -it preserves linear history with 'git-rebase' instead of -'git-merge' for ease of dcommitting with 'git-svn'. - -This accepts all options that 'git-svn fetch' and 'git-rebase' -accept. However, '--fetch-all' only fetches from the current ++ +This works similarly to `svn update` or 'git pull' except that +it preserves linear history with 'git rebase' instead of +'git merge' for ease of dcommitting with 'git svn'. ++ +This accepts all options that 'git svn fetch' and 'git rebase' +accept. However, `--fetch-all` only fetches from the current [svn-remote], and not all [svn-remote] definitions. - -Like 'git-rebase'; this requires that the working tree be clean ++ +Like 'git rebase'; this requires that the working tree be clean and have no uncommitted changes. ++ +This automatically updates the rev_map if needed (see +'$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*' in the FILES section below for details). -l;; --local;; - Do not fetch remotely; only run 'git-rebase' against the + Do not fetch remotely; only run 'git rebase' against the last fetched commit from the upstream SVN. 'dcommit':: - Commit each diff from a specified head directly to the SVN + Commit each diff from the current branch directly to the SVN repository, and then rebase or reset (depending on whether or not there is a diff between SVN and head). This will create - a revision in SVN for each commit in git. - It is recommended that you run 'git-svn' fetch and rebase (not - pull or merge) your commits against the latest changes in the - SVN repository. - An optional command-line argument may be specified as an - alternative to HEAD. - This is advantageous over 'set-tree' (below) because it produces - cleaner, more linear history. + a revision in SVN for each commit in Git. ++ +When an optional Git branch name (or a Git commit object name) +is specified as an argument, the subcommand works on the specified +branch, not on the current branch. ++ +Use of 'dcommit' is preferred to 'set-tree' (below). + --no-rebase;; After committing, do not rebase or reset. --commit-url <URL>;; Commit to this SVN URL (the full path). This is intended to - allow existing git-svn repositories created with one transport + allow existing 'git svn' repositories created with one transport method (e.g. `svn://` or `http://` for anonymous read) to be reused if a user is later given access to an alternate transport method (e.g. `svn+ssh://` or `https://`) for commit. - - Using this option for any other purpose (don't ask) - is very strongly discouraged. --- ++ +[verse] +config key: svn-remote.<name>.commiturl +config key: svn.commiturl (overwrites all svn-remote.<name>.commiturl options) ++ +Note that the SVN URL of the commiturl config key includes the SVN branch. +If you rather want to set the commit URL for an entire SVN repository use +svn-remote.<name>.pushurl instead. ++ +Using this option for any other purpose (don't ask) is very strongly +discouraged. + +--mergeinfo=<mergeinfo>;; + Add the given merge information during the dcommit + (e.g. `--mergeinfo="/branches/foo:1-10"`). All svn server versions can + store this information (as a property), and svn clients starting from + version 1.5 can make use of it. To specify merge information from multiple + branches, use a single space character between the branches + (`--mergeinfo="/branches/foo:1-10 /branches/bar:3,5-6,8"`) ++ +[verse] +config key: svn.pushmergeinfo ++ +This option will cause git-svn to attempt to automatically populate the +svn:mergeinfo property in the SVN repository when possible. Currently, this can +only be done when dcommitting non-fast-forward merges where all parents but the +first have already been pushed into SVN. + +--interactive;; + Ask the user to confirm that a patch set should actually be sent to SVN. + For each patch, one may answer "yes" (accept this patch), "no" (discard this + patch), "all" (accept all patches), or "quit". ++ +'git svn dcommit' returns immediately if answer is "no" or "quit", without +committing anything to SVN. 'branch':: Create a branch in the SVN repository. @@ -185,6 +298,40 @@ and have no uncommitted changes. Create a tag by using the tags_subdir instead of the branches_subdir specified during git svn init. +-d<path>;; +--destination=<path>;; + + If more than one --branches (or --tags) option was given to the 'init' + or 'clone' command, you must provide the location of the branch (or + tag) you wish to create in the SVN repository. <path> specifies which + path to use to create the branch or tag and should match the pattern + on the left-hand side of one of the configured branches or tags + refspecs. You can see these refspecs with the commands ++ + git config --get-all svn-remote.<name>.branches + git config --get-all svn-remote.<name>.tags ++ +where <name> is the name of the SVN repository as specified by the -R option to +'init' (or "svn" by default). + +--username;; + Specify the SVN username to perform the commit as. This option overrides + the 'username' configuration property. + +--commit-url;; + Use the specified URL to connect to the destination Subversion + repository. This is useful in cases where the source SVN + repository is read-only. This option overrides configuration + property 'commiturl'. ++ + git config --get-all svn-remote.<name>.commiturl ++ + +--parents;; + Create parent folders. This parameter is equivalent to the parameter + --parents on svn cp commands and is useful for non-standard repository + layouts. + 'tag':: Create a tag in the SVN repository. This is a shorthand for 'branch -t'. @@ -196,10 +343,12 @@ and have no uncommitted changes. The following features from `svn log' are supported: + -- +-r <n>[:<n>];; --revision=<n>[:<n>];; is supported, non-numeric args are not: HEAD, NEXT, BASE, PREV, etc ... --v/--verbose;; +-v;; +--verbose;; it's not completely compatible with the --verbose output in svn log, but reasonably close. --limit=<n>;; @@ -213,7 +362,7 @@ New features: + -- --show-commit;; - shows the git commit sha1, as well + shows the Git commit sha1, as well --oneline;; our version of --pretty=oneline -- @@ -222,28 +371,39 @@ NOTE: SVN itself only stores times in UTC and nothing else. The regular svn client converts the UTC time to the local time (or based on the TZ= environment). This command has the same behaviour. + -Any other arguments are passed directly to 'git-log' +Any other arguments are passed directly to 'git log' 'blame':: - Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file. The - output of this mode is format-compatible with the output of - `svn blame' by default. Like the SVN blame command, - local uncommitted changes in the working copy are ignored; - the version of the file in the HEAD revision is annotated. Unknown - arguments are passed directly to 'git-blame'. + Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file. The + output of this mode is format-compatible with the output of + `svn blame' by default. Like the SVN blame command, + local uncommitted changes in the working tree are ignored; + the version of the file in the HEAD revision is annotated. Unknown + arguments are passed directly to 'git blame'. + --git-format;; - Produce output in the same format as 'git-blame', but with - SVN revision numbers instead of git commit hashes. In this mode, + Produce output in the same format as 'git blame', but with + SVN revision numbers instead of Git commit hashes. In this mode, changes that haven't been committed to SVN (including local working-copy edits) are shown as revision 0. --- 'find-rev':: When given an SVN revision number of the form 'rN', returns the - corresponding git commit hash (this can optionally be followed by a + corresponding Git commit hash (this can optionally be followed by a tree-ish to specify which branch should be searched). When given a tree-ish, returns the corresponding SVN revision number. ++ +-B;; +--before;; + Don't require an exact match if given an SVN revision, instead find + the commit corresponding to the state of the SVN repository (on the + current branch) at the specified revision. ++ +-A;; +--after;; + Don't require an exact match if given an SVN revision; if there is + not an exact match return the closest match searching forward in the + history. 'set-tree':: You should consider using 'dcommit' instead of this command. @@ -252,7 +412,7 @@ Any other arguments are passed directly to 'git-log' absolutely no attempts to do patching when committing to SVN, it simply overwrites files with those specified in the tree or commit. All merging is assumed to have taken place - independently of 'git-svn' functions. + independently of 'git svn' functions. 'create-ignore':: Recursively finds the svn:ignore property on directories and @@ -265,14 +425,23 @@ Any other arguments are passed directly to 'git-log' directories. The output is suitable for appending to the $GIT_DIR/info/exclude file. +'mkdirs':: + Attempts to recreate empty directories that core Git cannot track + based on information in $GIT_DIR/svn/<refname>/unhandled.log files. + Empty directories are automatically recreated when using + "git svn clone" and "git svn rebase", so "mkdirs" is intended + for use after commands like "git checkout" or "git reset". + (See the svn-remote.<name>.automkdirs config file option for + more information.) + 'commit-diff':: Commits the diff of two tree-ish arguments from the - command-line. This command does not rely on being inside an `git-svn + command-line. This command does not rely on being inside an `git svn init`-ed repository. This command takes three arguments, (a) the original tree to diff against, (b) the new tree result, (c) the URL of the target Subversion repository. The final argument - (URL) may be omitted if you are working from a 'git-svn'-aware - repository (that has been `init`-ed with 'git-svn'). + (URL) may be omitted if you are working from a 'git svn'-aware + repository (that has been `init`-ed with 'git svn'). The -r<revision> option is required for this. 'info':: @@ -290,154 +459,234 @@ Any other arguments are passed directly to 'git-log' Gets the Subversion property given as the first argument, for a file. A specific revision can be specified with -r/--revision. +'propset':: + Sets the Subversion property given as the first argument, to the + value given as the second argument for the file given as the + third argument. ++ +Example: ++ +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +git svn propset svn:keywords "FreeBSD=%H" devel/py-tipper/Makefile +------------------------------------------------------------------------ ++ +This will set the property 'svn:keywords' to 'FreeBSD=%H' for the file +'devel/py-tipper/Makefile'. + 'show-externals':: Shows the Subversion externals. Use -r/--revision to specify a specific revision. --- +'gc':: + Compress $GIT_DIR/svn/<refname>/unhandled.log files and remove + $GIT_DIR/svn/<refname>/index files. + +'reset':: + Undoes the effects of 'fetch' back to the specified revision. + This allows you to re-'fetch' an SVN revision. Normally the + contents of an SVN revision should never change and 'reset' + should not be necessary. However, if SVN permissions change, + or if you alter your --ignore-paths option, a 'fetch' may fail + with "not found in commit" (file not previously visible) or + "checksum mismatch" (missed a modification). If the problem + file cannot be ignored forever (with --ignore-paths) the only + way to repair the repo is to use 'reset'. ++ +Only the rev_map and refs/remotes/git-svn are changed (see +'$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*' in the FILES section below for details). +Follow 'reset' with a 'fetch' and then 'git reset' or 'git rebase' to +move local branches onto the new tree. + +-r <n>;; +--revision=<n>;; + Specify the most recent revision to keep. All later revisions + are discarded. +-p;; +--parent;; + Discard the specified revision as well, keeping the nearest + parent instead. +Example:;; +Assume you have local changes in "master", but you need to refetch "r2". ++ +------------ + r1---r2---r3 remotes/git-svn + \ + A---B master +------------ ++ +Fix the ignore-paths or SVN permissions problem that caused "r2" to +be incomplete in the first place. Then: ++ +[verse] +git svn reset -r2 -p +git svn fetch ++ +------------ + r1---r2'--r3' remotes/git-svn + \ + r2---r3---A---B master +------------ ++ +Then fixup "master" with 'git rebase'. +Do NOT use 'git merge' or your history will not be compatible with a +future 'dcommit'! ++ +[verse] +git rebase --onto remotes/git-svn A^ master ++ +------------ + r1---r2'--r3' remotes/git-svn + \ + A'--B' master +------------ OPTIONS ------- --- ---shared[={false|true|umask|group|all|world|everybody}]:: +--shared[=(false|true|umask|group|all|world|everybody)]:: --template=<template_directory>:: Only used with the 'init' command. - These are passed directly to 'git-init'. - --r <ARG>:: ---revision <ARG>:: - -Used with the 'fetch' command. + These are passed directly to 'git init'. +-r <arg>:: +--revision <arg>:: + Used with the 'fetch' command. ++ This allows revision ranges for partial/cauterized history to be supported. $NUMBER, $NUMBER1:$NUMBER2 (numeric ranges), $NUMBER:HEAD, and BASE:$NUMBER are all supported. - ++ This can allow you to make partial mirrors when running fetch; but is generally not recommended because history will be skipped and lost. -:: --stdin:: - -Only used with the 'set-tree' command. - + Only used with the 'set-tree' command. ++ Read a list of commits from stdin and commit them in reverse order. Only the leading sha1 is read from each line, so -'git-rev-list --pretty=oneline' output can be used. +'git rev-list --pretty=oneline' output can be used. --rmdir:: - -Only used with the 'dcommit', 'set-tree' and 'commit-diff' commands. - + Only used with the 'dcommit', 'set-tree' and 'commit-diff' commands. ++ Remove directories from the SVN tree if there are no files left behind. SVN can version empty directories, and they are not -removed by default if there are no files left in them. git +removed by default if there are no files left in them. Git cannot version empty directories. Enabling this flag will make -the commit to SVN act like git. - +the commit to SVN act like Git. ++ +[verse] config key: svn.rmdir -e:: --edit:: - -Only used with the 'dcommit', 'set-tree' and 'commit-diff' commands. - + Only used with the 'dcommit', 'set-tree' and 'commit-diff' commands. ++ Edit the commit message before committing to SVN. This is off by default for objects that are commits, and forced on when committing tree objects. - ++ +[verse] config key: svn.edit -l<num>:: --find-copies-harder:: - -Only used with the 'dcommit', 'set-tree' and 'commit-diff' commands. - -They are both passed directly to 'git-diff-tree'; see + Only used with the 'dcommit', 'set-tree' and 'commit-diff' commands. ++ +They are both passed directly to 'git diff-tree'; see linkgit:git-diff-tree[1] for more information. - ++ [verse] config key: svn.l config key: svn.findcopiesharder -A<filename>:: --authors-file=<filename>:: - -Syntax is compatible with the file used by 'git-cvsimport': - + Syntax is compatible with the file used by 'git cvsimport': ++ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ loginname = Joe User <user@example.com> ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - -If this option is specified and 'git-svn' encounters an SVN -committer name that does not exist in the authors-file, 'git-svn' ++ +If this option is specified and 'git svn' encounters an SVN +committer name that does not exist in the authors-file, 'git svn' will abort operation. The user will then have to add the -appropriate entry. Re-running the previous 'git-svn' command +appropriate entry. Re-running the previous 'git svn' command after the authors-file is modified should continue operation. - ++ +[verse] config key: svn.authorsfile +--authors-prog=<filename>:: + If this option is specified, for each SVN committer name that + does not exist in the authors file, the given file is executed + with the committer name as the first argument. The program is + expected to return a single line of the form "Name <email>", + which will be treated as if included in the authors file. ++ +[verse] +config key: svn.authorsProg + -q:: --quiet:: - Make 'git-svn' less verbose. - ---repack[=<n>]:: ---repack-flags=<flags>:: - -These should help keep disk usage sane for large fetches -with many revisions. - ---repack takes an optional argument for the number of revisions -to fetch before repacking. This defaults to repacking every -1000 commits fetched if no argument is specified. - ---repack-flags are passed directly to 'git-repack'. - -[verse] -config key: svn.repack -config key: svn.repackflags + Make 'git svn' less verbose. Specify a second time to make it + even less verbose. -m:: --merge:: -s<strategy>:: --strategy=<strategy>:: - -These are only used with the 'dcommit' and 'rebase' commands. - -Passed directly to 'git-rebase' when using 'dcommit' if a -'git-reset' cannot be used (see 'dcommit'). +-p:: +--preserve-merges:: + These are only used with the 'dcommit' and 'rebase' commands. ++ +Passed directly to 'git rebase' when using 'dcommit' if a +'git reset' cannot be used (see 'dcommit'). -n:: --dry-run:: - -This can be used with the 'dcommit', 'rebase', 'branch' and 'tag' -commands. - -For 'dcommit', print out the series of git arguments that would show + This can be used with the 'dcommit', 'rebase', 'branch' and + 'tag' commands. ++ +For 'dcommit', print out the series of Git arguments that would show which diffs would be committed to SVN. - ++ For 'rebase', display the local branch associated with the upstream svn repository associated with the current branch and the URL of svn repository that will be fetched from. - ++ For 'branch' and 'tag', display the urls that will be used for copying when creating the branch or tag. --- +--use-log-author:: + When retrieving svn commits into Git (as part of 'fetch', 'rebase', or + 'dcommit' operations), look for the first `From:` or `Signed-off-by:` line + in the log message and use that as the author string. ++ +[verse] +config key: svn.useLogAuthor + +--add-author-from:: + When committing to svn from Git (as part of 'commit-diff', 'set-tree' or 'dcommit' + operations), if the existing log message doesn't already have a + `From:` or `Signed-off-by:` line, append a `From:` line based on the + Git commit's author string. If you use this, then `--use-log-author` + will retrieve a valid author string for all commits. ++ +[verse] +config key: svn.addAuthorFrom ADVANCED OPTIONS ---------------- --- -i<GIT_SVN_ID>:: --id <GIT_SVN_ID>:: - -This sets GIT_SVN_ID (instead of using the environment). This -allows the user to override the default refname to fetch from -when tracking a single URL. The 'log' and 'dcommit' commands -no longer require this switch as an argument. + This sets GIT_SVN_ID (instead of using the environment). This + allows the user to override the default refname to fetch from + when tracking a single URL. The 'log' and 'dcommit' commands + no longer require this switch as an argument. -R<remote name>:: --svn-remote <remote name>:: @@ -446,38 +695,53 @@ no longer require this switch as an argument. Default: "svn" --follow-parent:: + This option is only relevant if we are tracking branches (using + one of the repository layout options --trunk, --tags, + --branches, --stdlayout). For each tracked branch, try to find + out where its revision was copied from, and set + a suitable parent in the first Git commit for the branch. This is especially helpful when we're tracking a directory - that has been moved around within the repository, or if we - started tracking a branch and never tracked the trunk it was - descended from. This feature is enabled by default, use + that has been moved around within the repository. If this + feature is disabled, the branches created by 'git svn' will all + be linear and not share any history, meaning that there will be + no information on where branches were branched off or merged. + However, following long/convoluted histories can take a long + time, so disabling this feature may speed up the cloning + process. This feature is enabled by default, use --no-follow-parent to disable it. - ++ +[verse] config key: svn.followparent --- CONFIG FILE-ONLY OPTIONS ------------------------ --- svn.noMetadata:: svn-remote.<name>.noMetadata:: - -This gets rid of the 'git-svn-id:' lines at the end of every commit. - -If you lose your .git/svn/git-svn/.rev_db file, 'git-svn' will not -be able to rebuild it and you won't be able to fetch again, -either. This is fine for one-shot imports. - -The 'git-svn log' command will not work on repositories using + This gets rid of the 'git-svn-id:' lines at the end of every commit. ++ +This option can only be used for one-shot imports as 'git svn' +will not be able to fetch again without metadata. Additionally, +if you lose your '$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*' files, 'git svn' will not +be able to rebuild them. ++ +The 'git svn log' command will not work on repositories using this, either. Using this conflicts with the 'useSvmProps' option for (hopefully) obvious reasons. ++ +This option is NOT recommended as it makes it difficult to track down +old references to SVN revision numbers in existing documentation, bug +reports and archives. If you plan to eventually migrate from SVN to Git +and are certain about dropping SVN history, consider +linkgit:git-filter-branch[1] instead. filter-branch also allows +reformatting of metadata for ease-of-reading and rewriting authorship +info for non-"svn.authorsFile" users. svn.useSvmProps:: svn-remote.<name>.useSvmProps:: - -This allows 'git-svn' to re-map repository URLs and UUIDs from -mirrors created using SVN::Mirror (or svk) for metadata. - + This allows 'git svn' to re-map repository URLs and UUIDs from + mirrors created using SVN::Mirror (or svk) for metadata. ++ If an SVN revision has a property, "svm:headrev", it is likely that the revision was created by SVN::Mirror (also used by SVK). The property contains a repository UUID and a revision. We want @@ -494,43 +758,82 @@ svn-remote.<name>.useSvnsyncprops:: svn-remote.<name>.rewriteRoot:: This allows users to create repositories from alternate - URLs. For example, an administrator could run 'git-svn' on the + URLs. For example, an administrator could run 'git svn' on the server locally (accessing via file://) but wish to distribute the repository with a public http:// or svn:// URL in the metadata so users of it will see the public URL. --- - -Since the noMetadata, rewriteRoot, useSvnsyncProps and useSvmProps -options all affect the metadata generated and used by 'git-svn'; they +svn-remote.<name>.rewriteUUID:: + Similar to the useSvmProps option; this is for users who need + to remap the UUID manually. This may be useful in situations + where the original UUID is not available via either useSvmProps + or useSvnsyncProps. + +svn-remote.<name>.pushurl:: + + Similar to Git's `remote.<name>.pushurl`, this key is designed + to be used in cases where 'url' points to an SVN repository + via a read-only transport, to provide an alternate read/write + transport. It is assumed that both keys point to the same + repository. Unlike 'commiturl', 'pushurl' is a base path. If + either 'commiturl' or 'pushurl' could be used, 'commiturl' + takes precedence. + +svn.brokenSymlinkWorkaround:: + This disables potentially expensive checks to workaround + broken symlinks checked into SVN by broken clients. Set this + option to "false" if you track a SVN repository with many + empty blobs that are not symlinks. This option may be changed + while 'git svn' is running and take effect on the next + revision fetched. If unset, 'git svn' assumes this option to + be "true". + +svn.pathnameencoding:: + This instructs git svn to recode pathnames to a given encoding. + It can be used by windows users and by those who work in non-utf8 + locales to avoid corrupted file names with non-ASCII characters. + Valid encodings are the ones supported by Perl's Encode module. + +svn-remote.<name>.automkdirs:: + Normally, the "git svn clone" and "git svn rebase" commands + attempt to recreate empty directories that are in the + Subversion repository. If this option is set to "false", then + empty directories will only be created if the "git svn mkdirs" + command is run explicitly. If unset, 'git svn' assumes this + option to be "true". + +Since the noMetadata, rewriteRoot, rewriteUUID, useSvnsyncProps and useSvmProps +options all affect the metadata generated and used by 'git svn'; they *must* be set in the configuration file before any history is imported and these settings should never be changed once they are set. -Additionally, only one of these four options can be used per-svn-remote -section because they affect the 'git-svn-id:' metadata line. +Additionally, only one of these options can be used per svn-remote +section because they affect the 'git-svn-id:' metadata line, except +for rewriteRoot and rewriteUUID which can be used together. BASIC EXAMPLES -------------- -Tracking and contributing to the trunk of a Subversion-managed project: +Tracking and contributing to the trunk of a Subversion-managed project +(ignoring tags and branches): ------------------------------------------------------------------------ # Clone a repo (like git clone): git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project/trunk # Enter the newly cloned directory: cd trunk -# You should be on master branch, double-check with git-branch +# You should be on master branch, double-check with 'git branch' git branch -# Do some work and commit locally to git: +# Do some work and commit locally to Git: git commit ... # Something is committed to SVN, rebase your local changes against the # latest changes in SVN: git svn rebase -# Now commit your changes (that were committed previously using git) to SVN, +# Now commit your changes (that were committed previously using Git) to SVN, # as well as automatically updating your working HEAD: git svn dcommit -# Append svn:ignore settings to the default git exclude file: +# Append svn:ignore settings to the default Git exclude file: git svn show-ignore >> .git/info/exclude ------------------------------------------------------------------------ @@ -538,92 +841,153 @@ Tracking and contributing to an entire Subversion-managed project (complete with a trunk, tags and branches): ------------------------------------------------------------------------ -# Clone a repo (like git clone): - git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project -T trunk -b branches -t tags +# Clone a repo with standard SVN directory layout (like git clone): + git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project --stdlayout --prefix svn/ +# Or, if the repo uses a non-standard directory layout: + git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project -T tr -b branch -t tag --prefix svn/ # View all branches and tags you have cloned: git branch -r # Create a new branch in SVN - git svn branch waldo + git svn branch waldo # Reset your master to trunk (or any other branch, replacing 'trunk' # with the appropriate name): - git reset --hard remotes/trunk + git reset --hard svn/trunk # You may only dcommit to one branch/tag/trunk at a time. The usage # of dcommit/rebase/show-ignore should be the same as above. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ -The initial 'git-svn clone' can be quite time-consuming +The initial 'git svn clone' can be quite time-consuming (especially for large Subversion repositories). If multiple people (or one person with multiple machines) want to use -'git-svn' to interact with the same Subversion repository, you can -do the initial 'git-svn clone' to a repository on a server and -have each person clone that repository with 'git-clone': +'git svn' to interact with the same Subversion repository, you can +do the initial 'git svn clone' to a repository on a server and +have each person clone that repository with 'git clone': ------------------------------------------------------------------------ # Do the initial import on a server - ssh server "cd /pub && git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project + ssh server "cd /pub && git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project [options...]" # Clone locally - make sure the refs/remotes/ space matches the server mkdir project cd project git init git remote add origin server:/pub/project - git config --add remote.origin.fetch '+refs/remotes/*:refs/remotes/*' + git config --replace-all remote.origin.fetch '+refs/remotes/*:refs/remotes/*' git fetch +# Prevent fetch/pull from remote Git server in the future, +# we only want to use git svn for future updates + git config --remove-section remote.origin # Create a local branch from one of the branches just fetched git checkout -b master FETCH_HEAD -# Initialize git-svn locally (be sure to use the same URL and -T/-b/-t options as were used on server) - git svn init http://svn.example.com/project +# Initialize 'git svn' locally (be sure to use the same URL and +# --stdlayout/-T/-b/-t/--prefix options as were used on server) + git svn init http://svn.example.com/project [options...] # Pull the latest changes from Subversion git svn rebase ------------------------------------------------------------------------ REBASE VS. PULL/MERGE --------------------- - -Originally, 'git-svn' recommended that the 'remotes/git-svn' branch be -pulled or merged from. This is because the author favored +Prefer to use 'git svn rebase' or 'git rebase', rather than +'git pull' or 'git merge' to synchronize unintegrated commits with a 'git svn' +branch. Doing so will keep the history of unintegrated commits linear with +respect to the upstream SVN repository and allow the use of the preferred +'git svn dcommit' subcommand to push unintegrated commits back into SVN. + +Originally, 'git svn' recommended that developers pulled or merged from +the 'git svn' branch. This was because the author favored `git svn set-tree B` to commit a single head rather than the -`git svn set-tree A..B` notation to commit multiple commits. - -If you use `git svn set-tree A..B` to commit several diffs and you do -not have the latest remotes/git-svn merged into my-branch, you should -use `git svn rebase` to update your work branch instead of `git pull` or -`git merge`. `pull`/`merge' can cause non-linear history to be flattened -when committing into SVN, which can lead to merge commits reversing -previous commits in SVN. - -DESIGN PHILOSOPHY ------------------ -Merge tracking in Subversion is lacking and doing branched development -with Subversion can be cumbersome as a result. While 'git-svn' can track +`git svn set-tree A..B` notation to commit multiple commits. Use of +'git pull' or 'git merge' with `git svn set-tree A..B` will cause non-linear +history to be flattened when committing into SVN and this can lead to merge +commits unexpectedly reversing previous commits in SVN. + +MERGE TRACKING +-------------- +While 'git svn' can track copy history (including branches and tags) for repositories adopting a standard layout, it cannot yet represent merge history that happened inside git back upstream to SVN users. Therefore it is advised that -users keep history as linear as possible inside git to ease +users keep history as linear as possible inside Git to ease compatibility with SVN (see the CAVEATS section below). +HANDLING OF SVN BRANCHES +------------------------ +If 'git svn' is configured to fetch branches (and --follow-branches +is in effect), it sometimes creates multiple Git branches for one +SVN branch, where the additional branches have names of the form +'branchname@nnn' (with nnn an SVN revision number). These additional +branches are created if 'git svn' cannot find a parent commit for the +first commit in an SVN branch, to connect the branch to the history of +the other branches. + +Normally, the first commit in an SVN branch consists +of a copy operation. 'git svn' will read this commit to get the SVN +revision the branch was created from. It will then try to find the +Git commit that corresponds to this SVN revision, and use that as the +parent of the branch. However, it is possible that there is no suitable +Git commit to serve as parent. This will happen, among other reasons, +if the SVN branch is a copy of a revision that was not fetched by 'git +svn' (e.g. because it is an old revision that was skipped with +`--revision`), or if in SVN a directory was copied that is not tracked +by 'git svn' (such as a branch that is not tracked at all, or a +subdirectory of a tracked branch). In these cases, 'git svn' will still +create a Git branch, but instead of using an existing Git commit as the +parent of the branch, it will read the SVN history of the directory the +branch was copied from and create appropriate Git commits. This is +indicated by the message "Initializing parent: <branchname>". + +Additionally, it will create a special branch named +'<branchname>@<SVN-Revision>', where <SVN-Revision> is the SVN revision +number the branch was copied from. This branch will point to the newly +created parent commit of the branch. If in SVN the branch was deleted +and later recreated from a different version, there will be multiple +such branches with an '@'. + +Note that this may mean that multiple Git commits are created for a +single SVN revision. + +An example: in an SVN repository with a standard +trunk/tags/branches layout, a directory trunk/sub is created in r.100. +In r.200, trunk/sub is branched by copying it to branches/. 'git svn +clone -s' will then create a branch 'sub'. It will also create new Git +commits for r.100 through r.199 and use these as the history of branch +'sub'. Thus there will be two Git commits for each revision from r.100 +to r.199 (one containing trunk/, one containing trunk/sub/). Finally, +it will create a branch 'sub@200' pointing to the new parent commit of +branch 'sub' (i.e. the commit for r.200 and trunk/sub/). + CAVEATS ------- -For the sake of simplicity and interoperating with a less-capable system -(SVN), it is recommended that all 'git-svn' users clone, fetch and dcommit -directly from the SVN server, and avoid all 'git-clone'/'pull'/'merge'/'push' -operations between git repositories and branches. The recommended -method of exchanging code between git branches and users is -'git-format-patch' and 'git-am', or just 'dcommit'ing to the SVN repository. - -Running 'git-merge' or 'git-pull' is NOT recommended on a branch you -plan to 'dcommit' from. Subversion does not represent merges in any -reasonable or useful fashion; so users using Subversion cannot see any -merges you've made. Furthermore, if you merge or pull from a git branch +For the sake of simplicity and interoperating with Subversion, +it is recommended that all 'git svn' users clone, fetch and dcommit +directly from the SVN server, and avoid all 'git clone'/'pull'/'merge'/'push' +operations between Git repositories and branches. The recommended +method of exchanging code between Git branches and users is +'git format-patch' and 'git am', or just 'dcommit'ing to the SVN repository. + +Running 'git merge' or 'git pull' is NOT recommended on a branch you +plan to 'dcommit' from because Subversion users cannot see any +merges you've made. Furthermore, if you merge or pull from a Git branch that is a mirror of an SVN branch, 'dcommit' may commit to the wrong branch. -'git-clone' does not clone branches under the refs/remotes/ hierarchy or -any 'git-svn' metadata, or config. So repositories created and managed with -using 'git-svn' should use 'rsync' for cloning, if cloning is to be done +If you do merge, note the following rule: 'git svn dcommit' will +attempt to commit on top of the SVN commit named in +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +git log --grep=^git-svn-id: --first-parent -1 +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +You 'must' therefore ensure that the most recent commit of the branch +you want to dcommit to is the 'first' parent of the merge. Chaos will +ensue otherwise, especially if the first parent is an older commit on +the same SVN branch. + +'git clone' does not clone branches under the refs/remotes/ hierarchy or +any 'git svn' metadata, or config. So repositories created and managed with +using 'git svn' should use 'rsync' for cloning, if cloning is to be done at all. -Since 'dcommit' uses rebase internally, any git branches you 'git-push' to +Since 'dcommit' uses rebase internally, any Git branches you 'git push' to before 'dcommit' on will require forcing an overwrite of the existing ref on the remote repository. This is generally considered bad practice, see the linkgit:git-push[1] documentation for details. @@ -633,24 +997,55 @@ already dcommitted. It is considered bad practice to --amend commits you've already pushed to a remote repository for other users, and dcommit with SVN is analogous to that. +When cloning an SVN repository, if none of the options for describing +the repository layout is used (--trunk, --tags, --branches, +--stdlayout), 'git svn clone' will create a Git repository with +completely linear history, where branches and tags appear as separate +directories in the working copy. While this is the easiest way to get a +copy of a complete repository, for projects with many branches it will +lead to a working copy many times larger than just the trunk. Thus for +projects using the standard directory structure (trunk/branches/tags), +it is recommended to clone with option `--stdlayout`. If the project +uses a non-standard structure, and/or if branches and tags are not +required, it is easiest to only clone one directory (typically trunk), +without giving any repository layout options. If the full history with +branches and tags is required, the options `--trunk` / `--branches` / +`--tags` must be used. + +When using multiple --branches or --tags, 'git svn' does not automatically +handle name collisions (for example, if two branches from different paths have +the same name, or if a branch and a tag have the same name). In these cases, +use 'init' to set up your Git repository then, before your first 'fetch', edit +the $GIT_DIR/config file so that the branches and tags are associated +with different name spaces. For example: + + branches = stable/*:refs/remotes/svn/stable/* + branches = debug/*:refs/remotes/svn/debug/* + BUGS ---- We ignore all SVN properties except svn:executable. Any unhandled properties are logged to $GIT_DIR/svn/<refname>/unhandled.log -Renamed and copied directories are not detected by git and hence not +Renamed and copied directories are not detected by Git and hence not tracked when committing to SVN. I do not plan on adding support for this as it's quite difficult and time-consuming to get working for all -the possible corner cases (git doesn't do it, either). Committing -renamed and copied files are fully supported if they're similar enough -for git to detect them. +the possible corner cases (Git doesn't do it, either). Committing +renamed and copied files is fully supported if they're similar enough +for Git to detect them. + +In SVN, it is possible (though discouraged) to commit changes to a tag +(because a tag is just a directory copy, thus technically the same as a +branch). When cloning an SVN repository, 'git svn' cannot know if such a +commit to a tag will happen in the future. Thus it acts conservatively +and imports all SVN tags as branches, prefixing the tag name with 'tags/'. CONFIGURATION ------------- -'git-svn' stores [svn-remote] configuration information in the -repository .git/config file. It is similar the core git +'git svn' stores [svn-remote] configuration information in the +repository $GIT_DIR/config file. It is similar the core Git [remote] sections except 'fetch' keys do not accept glob arguments; but they are instead handled by the 'branches' and 'tags' keys. Since some SVN repositories are oddly @@ -660,26 +1055,82 @@ listed below are allowed: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [svn-remote "project-a"] url = http://server.org/svn + fetch = trunk/project-a:refs/remotes/project-a/trunk branches = branches/*/project-a:refs/remotes/project-a/branches/* + branches = branches/release_*:refs/remotes/project-a/branches/release_* + branches = branches/re*se:refs/remotes/project-a/branches/* tags = tags/*/project-a:refs/remotes/project-a/tags/* - trunk = trunk/project-a:refs/remotes/project-a/trunk ------------------------------------------------------------------------ -Keep in mind that the '*' (asterisk) wildcard of the local ref +Keep in mind that the '\*' (asterisk) wildcard of the local ref (right of the ':') *must* be the farthest right path component; -however the remote wildcard may be anywhere as long as it's own +however the remote wildcard may be anywhere as long as it's an independent path component (surrounded by '/' or EOL). This type of configuration is not automatically created by 'init' and -should be manually entered with a text-editor or using 'git-config'. +should be manually entered with a text-editor or using 'git config'. + +Also note that only one asterisk is allowed per word. For example: + + branches = branches/re*se:refs/remotes/project-a/branches/* + +will match branches 'release', 'rese', 're123se', however + + branches = branches/re*s*e:refs/remotes/project-a/branches/* + +will produce an error. + +It is also possible to fetch a subset of branches or tags by using a +comma-separated list of names within braces. For example: + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +[svn-remote "huge-project"] + url = http://server.org/svn + fetch = trunk/src:refs/remotes/trunk + branches = branches/{red,green}/src:refs/remotes/project-a/branches/* + tags = tags/{1.0,2.0}/src:refs/remotes/project-a/tags/* +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +Multiple fetch, branches, and tags keys are supported: + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +[svn-remote "messy-repo"] + url = http://server.org/svn + fetch = trunk/project-a:refs/remotes/project-a/trunk + fetch = branches/demos/june-project-a-demo:refs/remotes/project-a/demos/june-demo + branches = branches/server/*:refs/remotes/project-a/branches/* + branches = branches/demos/2011/*:refs/remotes/project-a/2011-demos/* + tags = tags/server/*:refs/remotes/project-a/tags/* +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +Creating a branch in such a configuration requires disambiguating which +location to use using the -d or --destination flag: + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +$ git svn branch -d branches/server release-2-3-0 +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +Note that git-svn keeps track of the highest revision in which a branch +or tag has appeared. If the subset of branches or tags is changed after +fetching, then $GIT_DIR/svn/.metadata must be manually edited to remove +(or reset) branches-maxRev and/or tags-maxRev as appropriate. + +FILES +----- +$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*:: + Mapping between Subversion revision numbers and Git commit + names. In a repository where the noMetadata option is not set, + this can be rebuilt from the git-svn-id: lines that are at the + end of every commit (see the 'svn.noMetadata' section above for + details). ++ +'git svn fetch' and 'git svn rebase' automatically update the rev_map +if it is missing or not up to date. 'git svn reset' automatically +rewinds it. SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-rebase[1] -Author ------- -Written by Eric Wong <normalperson@yhbt.net>. - -Documentation -------------- -Written by Eric Wong <normalperson@yhbt.net>. +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt index 210fde03a1..ef68ad2b71 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt @@ -3,22 +3,28 @@ git-symbolic-ref(1) NAME ---- -git-symbolic-ref - Read and modify symbolic refs +git-symbolic-ref - Read, modify and delete symbolic refs SYNOPSIS -------- -'git symbolic-ref' [-q] [-m <reason>] <name> [<ref>] +[verse] +'git symbolic-ref' [-m <reason>] <name> <ref> +'git symbolic-ref' [-q] [--short] <name> +'git symbolic-ref' --delete [-q] <name> DESCRIPTION ----------- Given one argument, reads which branch head the given symbolic ref refers to and outputs its path, relative to the `.git/` directory. Typically you would give `HEAD` as the <name> -argument to see on which branch your working tree is on. +argument to see which branch your working tree is on. -Give two arguments, create or update a symbolic ref <name> to +Given two arguments, creates or updates a symbolic ref <name> to point at the given branch <ref>. +Given `--delete` and an additional argument, deletes the given +symbolic ref. + A symbolic ref is a regular file that stores a string that begins with `ref: refs/`. For example, your `.git/HEAD` is a regular file whose contents is `ref: refs/heads/master`. @@ -26,12 +32,20 @@ a regular file whose contents is `ref: refs/heads/master`. OPTIONS ------- +-d:: +--delete:: + Delete the symbolic ref <name>. + -q:: --quiet:: Do not issue an error message if the <name> is not a symbolic ref but a detached HEAD; instead exit with non-zero status silently. +--short:: + When showing the value of <name> as a symbolic ref, try to shorten the + value, e.g. from `refs/heads/master` to `master`. + -m:: Update the reflog for <name> with <reason>. This is valid only when creating or updating a symbolic ref. @@ -42,21 +56,14 @@ In the past, `.git/HEAD` was a symbolic link pointing at `refs/heads/master`. When we wanted to switch to another branch, we did `ln -sf refs/heads/newbranch .git/HEAD`, and when we wanted to find out which branch we are on, we did `readlink .git/HEAD`. -This was fine, and internally that is what still happens by -default, but on platforms that do not have working symlinks, -or that do not have the `readlink(1)` command, this was a bit -cumbersome. On some platforms, `ln -sf` does not even work as -advertised (horrors). Therefore symbolic links are now deprecated -and symbolic refs are used by default. - -'git-symbolic-ref' will exit with status 0 if the contents of the +But symbolic links are not entirely portable, so they are now +deprecated and symbolic refs (as described above) are used by +default. + +'git symbolic-ref' will exit with status 0 if the contents of the symbolic ref were printed correctly, with status 1 if the requested name is not a symbolic ref, or 128 if another error occurs. -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-tag.txt index 533d18bbd5..f8a0b787f4 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-tag.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-tag.txt @@ -9,91 +9,200 @@ git-tag - Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git tag' [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] - <name> [<commit> | <object>] -'git tag' -d <name>... -'git tag' [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <commit>] [<pattern>] -'git tag' -v <name>... +'git tag' [-a | -s | -u <keyid>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] + <tagname> [<commit> | <object>] +'git tag' -d <tagname>... +'git tag' [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <commit>] [--contains <commit>] + [--points-at <object>] [--column[=<options>] | --no-column] + [--create-reflog] [--sort=<key>] [--format=<format>] + [--[no-]merged [<commit>]] [<pattern>...] +'git tag' -v [--format=<format>] <tagname>... DESCRIPTION ----------- -Adds a 'tag' reference in `.git/refs/tags/` -Unless `-f` is given, the tag must not yet exist in -`.git/refs/tags/` directory. +Add a tag reference in `refs/tags/`, unless `-d/-l/-v` is given +to delete, list or verify tags. -If one of `-a`, `-s`, or `-u <key-id>` is passed, the command -creates a 'tag' object, and requires the tag message. Unless +Unless `-f` is given, the named tag must not yet exist. + +If one of `-a`, `-s`, or `-u <keyid>` is passed, the command +creates a 'tag' object, and requires a tag message. Unless `-m <msg>` or `-F <file>` is given, an editor is started for the user to type in the tag message. -If `-m <msg>` or `-F <file>` is given and `-a`, `-s`, and `-u <key-id>` +If `-m <msg>` or `-F <file>` is given and `-a`, `-s`, and `-u <keyid>` are absent, `-a` is implied. -Otherwise just the SHA1 object name of the commit object is -written (i.e. a lightweight tag). +Otherwise just a tag reference for the SHA-1 object name of the commit object is +created (i.e. a lightweight tag). A GnuPG signed tag object will be created when `-s` or `-u -<key-id>` is used. When `-u <key-id>` is not used, the +<keyid>` is used. When `-u <keyid>` is not used, the committer identity for the current user is used to find the -GnuPG key for signing. +GnuPG key for signing. The configuration variable `gpg.program` +is used to specify custom GnuPG binary. + +Tag objects (created with `-a`, `-s`, or `-u`) are called "annotated" +tags; they contain a creation date, the tagger name and e-mail, a +tagging message, and an optional GnuPG signature. Whereas a +"lightweight" tag is simply a name for an object (usually a commit +object). + +Annotated tags are meant for release while lightweight tags are meant +for private or temporary object labels. For this reason, some git +commands for naming objects (like `git describe`) will ignore +lightweight tags by default. + OPTIONS ------- -a:: +--annotate:: Make an unsigned, annotated tag object -s:: - Make a GPG-signed tag, using the default e-mail address's key +--sign:: + Make a GPG-signed tag, using the default e-mail address's key. --u <key-id>:: - Make a GPG-signed tag, using the given key +-u <keyid>:: +--local-user=<keyid>:: + Make a GPG-signed tag, using the given key. -f:: +--force:: Replace an existing tag with the given name (instead of failing) -d:: +--delete:: Delete existing tags with the given names. -v:: - Verify the gpg signature of the given tag names. +--verify:: + Verify the GPG signature of the given tag names. -n<num>:: <num> specifies how many lines from the annotation, if any, - are printed when using -l. - The default is not to print any annotation lines. - If no number is given to `-n`, only the first line is printed. - --l <pattern>:: - List tags with names that match the given pattern (or all if no pattern is given). - Typing "git tag" without arguments, also lists all tags. - ---contains <commit>:: - Only list tags which contain the specified commit. + are printed when using -l. Implies `--list`. ++ +The default is not to print any annotation lines. +If no number is given to `-n`, only the first line is printed. +If the tag is not annotated, the commit message is displayed instead. + +-l:: +--list:: + List tags. With optional `<pattern>...`, e.g. `git tag --list + 'v-*'`, list only the tags that match the pattern(s). ++ +Running "git tag" without arguments also lists all tags. The pattern +is a shell wildcard (i.e., matched using fnmatch(3)). Multiple +patterns may be given; if any of them matches, the tag is shown. ++ +This option is implicitly supplied if any other list-like option such +as `--contains` is provided. See the documentation for each of those +options for details. + +--sort=<key>:: + Sort based on the key given. Prefix `-` to sort in + descending order of the value. You may use the --sort=<key> option + multiple times, in which case the last key becomes the primary + key. Also supports "version:refname" or "v:refname" (tag + names are treated as versions). The "version:refname" sort + order can also be affected by the "versionsort.suffix" + configuration variable. + The keys supported are the same as those in `git for-each-ref`. + Sort order defaults to the value configured for the `tag.sort` + variable if it exists, or lexicographic order otherwise. See + linkgit:git-config[1]. + +-i:: +--ignore-case:: + Sorting and filtering tags are case insensitive. + +--column[=<options>]:: +--no-column:: + Display tag listing in columns. See configuration variable + column.tag for option syntax.`--column` and `--no-column` + without options are equivalent to 'always' and 'never' respectively. ++ +This option is only applicable when listing tags without annotation lines. + +--contains [<commit>]:: + Only list tags which contain the specified commit (HEAD if not + specified). Implies `--list`. + +--no-contains [<commit>]:: + Only list tags which don't contain the specified commit (HEAD if + not specified). Implies `--list`. + +--merged [<commit>]:: + Only list tags whose commits are reachable from the specified + commit (`HEAD` if not specified), incompatible with `--no-merged`. + +--no-merged [<commit>]:: + Only list tags whose commits are not reachable from the specified + commit (`HEAD` if not specified), incompatible with `--merged`. + +--points-at <object>:: + Only list tags of the given object (HEAD if not + specified). Implies `--list`. -m <msg>:: +--message=<msg>:: Use the given tag message (instead of prompting). If multiple `-m` options are given, their values are concatenated as separate paragraphs. - Implies `-a` if none of `-a`, `-s`, or `-u <key-id>` + Implies `-a` if none of `-a`, `-s`, or `-u <keyid>` is given. -F <file>:: +--file=<file>:: Take the tag message from the given file. Use '-' to read the message from the standard input. - Implies `-a` if none of `-a`, `-s`, or `-u <key-id>` + Implies `-a` if none of `-a`, `-s`, or `-u <keyid>` is given. +--cleanup=<mode>:: + This option sets how the tag message is cleaned up. + The '<mode>' can be one of 'verbatim', 'whitespace' and 'strip'. The + 'strip' mode is default. The 'verbatim' mode does not change message at + all, 'whitespace' removes just leading/trailing whitespace lines and + 'strip' removes both whitespace and commentary. + +--create-reflog:: + Create a reflog for the tag. To globally enable reflogs for tags, see + `core.logAllRefUpdates` in linkgit:git-config[1]. + The negated form `--no-create-reflog` only overrides an earlier + `--create-reflog`, but currently does not negate the setting of + `core.logallrefupdates`. + +<tagname>:: + The name of the tag to create, delete, or describe. + The new tag name must pass all checks defined by + linkgit:git-check-ref-format[1]. Some of these checks + may restrict the characters allowed in a tag name. + +<commit>:: +<object>:: + The object that the new tag will refer to, usually a commit. + Defaults to HEAD. + +<format>:: + A string that interpolates `%(fieldname)` from the object + pointed at by a ref being shown. The format is the same as + that of linkgit:git-for-each-ref[1]. When unspecified, + defaults to `%(refname:strip=2)`. + CONFIGURATION ------------- -By default, 'git-tag' in sign-with-default mode (-s) will use your -committer identity (of the form "Your Name <your@email.address>") to +By default, 'git tag' in sign-with-default mode (-s) will use your +committer identity (of the form `Your Name <your@email.address>`) to find a key. If you want to use a different default key, you can specify it in the repository configuration as follows: ------------------------------------- [user] - signingkey = <gpg-key-id> + signingKey = <gpg-keyid> ------------------------------------- @@ -122,12 +231,12 @@ and be done with it. . The insane thing. You really want to call the new version "X" too, 'even though' -others have already seen the old one. So just use 'git-tag -f' +others have already seen the old one. So just use 'git tag -f' again, as if you hadn't already published the old one. However, Git does *not* (and it should not) change tags behind users back. So if somebody already got the old tag, doing a -'git-pull' on your tree shouldn't just make them overwrite the old +'git pull' on your tree shouldn't just make them overwrite the old one. If somebody got a release tag from you, you cannot just change @@ -155,22 +264,20 @@ You can test which tag you have by doing which should return 0123456789abcdef.. if you have the new version. -Sorry for inconvenience. +Sorry for the inconvenience. ------------ Does this seem a bit complicated? It *should* be. There is no -way that it would be correct to just "fix" it behind peoples -backs. People need to know that their tags might have been -changed. +way that it would be correct to just "fix" it automatically. +People need to know that their tags might have been changed. On Automatic following ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ If you are following somebody else's tree, you are most likely -using tracking branches (`refs/heads/origin` in traditional -layout, or `refs/remotes/origin/master` in the separate-remote -layout). You usually want the tags from the other end. +using remote-tracking branches (eg. `refs/remotes/origin/master`). +You usually want the tags from the other end. On the other hand, if you are fetching because you would want a one-shot merge from somebody else, you typically do not want to @@ -179,9 +286,10 @@ the toplevel but not limited to them. Mere mortals when pulling from each other do not necessarily want to automatically get private anchor point tags from the other person. -You would notice "please pull" messages on the mailing list says -repo URL and branch name alone. This is designed to be easily -cut&pasted to a 'git-fetch' command line: +Often, "please pull" messages on the mailing list just provide +two pieces of information: a repo URL and a branch name; this +is designed to be easily cut&pasted at the end of a 'git fetch' +command line: ------------ Linus, please pull from @@ -197,14 +305,14 @@ becomes: $ git pull git://git..../proj.git master ------------ -In such a case, you do not want to automatically follow other's -tags. +In such a case, you do not want to automatically follow the other +person's tags. -One important aspect of git is it is distributed, and being -distributed largely means there is no inherent "upstream" or +One important aspect of Git is its distributed nature, which +largely means there is no inherent "upstream" or "downstream" in the system. On the face of it, the above example might seem to indicate that the tag namespace is owned -by upper echelon of people and tags only flow downwards, but +by the upper echelon of people and that tags only flow downwards, but that is not the case. It only shows that the usage pattern determines who are interested in whose tags. @@ -222,8 +330,8 @@ this case. It may well be that among networking people, they may want to exchange the tags internal to their group, but in that workflow -they are most likely tracking with each other's progress by -having tracking branches. Again, the heuristic to automatically +they are most likely tracking each other's progress by +having remote-tracking branches. Again, the heuristic to automatically follow such tags is a good thing. @@ -232,30 +340,26 @@ On Backdating Tags If you have imported some changes from another VCS and would like to add tags for major releases of your work, it is useful to be able -to specify the date to embed inside of the tag object. The data in +to specify the date to embed inside of the tag object; such data in the tag object affects, for example, the ordering of tags in the gitweb interface. To set the date used in future tag objects, set the environment -variable GIT_COMMITTER_DATE to one or more of the date and time. The -date and time can be specified in a number of ways; the most common -is "YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM". +variable GIT_COMMITTER_DATE (see the later discussion of possible +values; the most common form is "YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM"). -An example follows. +For example: ------------ $ GIT_COMMITTER_DATE="2006-10-02 10:31" git tag -s v1.0.1 ------------ +include::date-formats.txt[] -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>, -Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and Chris Wright <chrisw@osdl.org>. - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-check-ref-format[1]. +linkgit:git-config[1]. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-tar-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-tar-tree.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a5d9558dd1..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/git-tar-tree.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,89 +0,0 @@ -git-tar-tree(1) -=============== - -NAME ----- -git-tar-tree - Create a tar archive of the files in the named tree object - - -SYNOPSIS --------- -'git tar-tree' [--remote=<repo>] <tree-ish> [ <base> ] - -DESCRIPTION ------------ -THIS COMMAND IS DEPRECATED. Use 'git-archive' with `--format=tar` -option instead (and move the <base> argument to `--prefix=base/`). - -Creates a tar archive containing the tree structure for the named tree. -When <base> is specified it is added as a leading path to the files in the -generated tar archive. - -'git-tar-tree' behaves differently when given a tree ID versus when given -a commit ID or tag ID. In the first case the current time is used as -modification time of each file in the archive. In the latter case the -commit time as recorded in the referenced commit object is used instead. -Additionally the commit ID is stored in a global extended pax header. -It can be extracted using 'git-get-tar-commit-id'. - -OPTIONS -------- - -<tree-ish>:: - The tree or commit to produce tar archive for. If it is - the object name of a commit object. - -<base>:: - Leading path to the files in the resulting tar archive. - ---remote=<repo>:: - Instead of making a tar archive from local repository, - retrieve a tar archive from a remote repository. - -CONFIGURATION -------------- - -tar.umask:: - This variable can be used to restrict the permission bits of - tar archive entries. The default is 0002, which turns off the - world write bit. The special value "user" indicates that the - archiving user's umask will be used instead. See umask(2) for - details. - -EXAMPLES --------- -git tar-tree HEAD junk | (cd /var/tmp/ && tar xf -):: - - Create a tar archive that contains the contents of the - latest commit on the current branch, and extracts it in - `/var/tmp/junk` directory. - -git tar-tree v1.4.0 git-1.4.0 | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz:: - - Create a tarball for v1.4.0 release. - -git tar-tree v1.4.0{caret}\{tree\} git-1.4.0 | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz:: - - Create a tarball for v1.4.0 release, but without a - global extended pax header. - -git tar-tree --remote=example.com:git.git v1.4.0 >git-1.4.0.tar:: - - Get a tarball v1.4.0 from example.com. - -git tar-tree HEAD:Documentation/ git-docs > git-1.4.0-docs.tar:: - - Put everything in the current head's Documentation/ directory - into 'git-1.4.0-docs.tar', with the prefix 'git-docs/'. - -Author ------- -Written by Rene Scharfe. - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - -GIT ---- -Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-tools.txt b/Documentation/git-tools.txt index a96403cb8c..2f4ff50156 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-tools.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-tools.txt @@ -1,118 +1,10 @@ -A short git tools survey -======================== +Git Tools +========= +When Git was young, people looking for third-party Git-related tools came +to the Git project itself to find them, thus a list of such tools was +maintained here. These days, however, search engines fill that role much +more efficiently, so this manually-maintained list has been retired. -Introduction ------------- - -Apart from git contrib/ area there are some others third-party tools -you may want to look. - -This document presents a brief summary of each tool and the corresponding -link. - - -Alternative/Augmentative Porcelains ------------------------------------ - - - *Cogito* (http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/cogito/) - - Cogito is a version control system layered on top of the git tree history - storage system. It aims at seamless user interface and ease of use, - providing generally smoother user experience than the "raw" Core GIT - itself and indeed many other version control systems. - - Cogito is no longer maintained as most of its functionality - is now in core GIT. - - - - *pg* (http://www.spearce.org/category/projects/scm/pg/) - - pg is a shell script wrapper around GIT to help the user manage a set of - patches to files. pg is somewhat like quilt or StGIT, but it does have a - slightly different feature set. - - - - *StGit* (http://www.procode.org/stgit/) - - Stacked GIT provides a quilt-like patch management functionality in the - GIT environment. You can easily manage your patches in the scope of GIT - until they get merged upstream. - - -History Viewers ---------------- - - - *gitk* (shipped with git-core) - - gitk is a simple Tk GUI for browsing history of GIT repositories easily. - - - - *gitview* (contrib/) - - gitview is a GTK based repository browser for git - - - - *gitweb* (shipped with git-core) - - GITweb provides full-fledged web interface for GIT repositories. - - - - *qgit* (http://digilander.libero.it/mcostalba/) - - QGit is a git/StGIT GUI viewer built on Qt/C++. QGit could be used - to browse history and directory tree, view annotated files, commit - changes cherry picking single files or applying patches. - Currently it is the fastest and most feature rich among the git - viewers and commit tools. - - - *tig* (http://jonas.nitro.dk/tig/) - - tig by Jonas Fonseca is a simple git repository browser - written using ncurses. Basically, it just acts as a front-end - for git-log and git-show/git-diff. Additionally, you can also - use it as a pager for git commands. - - -Foreign SCM interface ---------------------- - - - *git-svn* (shipped with git-core) - - git-svn is a simple conduit for changesets between a single Subversion - branch and git. - - - - *quilt2git / git2quilt* (http://home-tj.org/wiki/index.php/Misc) - - These utilities convert patch series in a quilt repository and commit - series in git back and forth. - - - - *hg-to-git* (contrib/) - - hg-to-git converts a Mercurial repository into a git one, and - preserves the full branch history in the process. hg-to-git can - also be used in an incremental way to keep the git repository - in sync with the master Mercurial repository. - - -Others ------- - - - *(h)gct* (http://www.cyd.liu.se/users/~freku045/gct/) - - Commit Tool or (h)gct is a GUI enabled commit tool for git and - Mercurial (hg). It allows the user to view diffs, select which files - to committed (or ignored / reverted) write commit messages and - perform the commit itself. - - - *git.el* (contrib/) - - This is an Emacs interface for git. The user interface is modeled on - pcl-cvs. It has been developed on Emacs 21 and will probably need some - tweaking to work on XEmacs. - - -http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/InterfacesFrontendsAndTools has more -comprehensive list. +See also the `contrib/` area, and the Git wiki: +http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/InterfacesFrontendsAndTools diff --git a/Documentation/git-unpack-file.txt b/Documentation/git-unpack-file.txt index 995db9fead..e9f148a00d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-unpack-file.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-unpack-file.txt @@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ git-unpack-file - Creates a temporary file with a blob's contents SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git unpack-file' <blob> DESCRIPTION @@ -22,14 +23,6 @@ OPTIONS <blob>:: Must be a blob id -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-unpack-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-unpack-objects.txt index 36d1038056..b3de50d710 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-unpack-objects.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-unpack-objects.txt @@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ git-unpack-objects - Unpack objects from a packed archive SYNOPSIS -------- -'git unpack-objects' [-n] [-q] [-r] [--strict] <pack-file +[verse] +'git unpack-objects' [-n] [-q] [-r] [--strict] DESCRIPTION @@ -18,8 +19,8 @@ the objects contained within and writing them into the repository in "loose" (one object per file) format. Objects that already exist in the repository will *not* be unpacked -from the pack-file. Therefore, nothing will be unpacked if you use -this command on a pack-file that exists within the target repository. +from the packfile. Therefore, nothing will be unpacked if you use +this command on a packfile that exists within the target repository. See linkgit:git-repack[1] for options to generate new packs and replace existing ones. @@ -43,14 +44,8 @@ OPTIONS --strict:: Don't write objects with broken content or links. - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation -------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano +--max-input-size=<size>:: + Die, if the pack is larger than <size>. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt index 25e0bbea86..1579abf3c3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt @@ -12,15 +12,18 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git update-index' [--add] [--remove | --force-remove] [--replace] [--refresh] [-q] [--unmerged] [--ignore-missing] - [--cacheinfo <mode> <object> <file>]\* + [(--cacheinfo <mode>,<object>,<file>)...] [--chmod=(+|-)x] - [--assume-unchanged | --no-assume-unchanged] + [--[no-]assume-unchanged] + [--[no-]skip-worktree] [--ignore-submodules] + [--[no-]split-index] + [--[no-|test-|force-]untracked-cache] [--really-refresh] [--unresolve] [--again | -g] [--info-only] [--index-info] - [-z] [--stdin] + [-z] [--stdin] [--index-version <n>] [--verbose] - [--] [<file>]\* + [--] [<file>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -31,7 +34,7 @@ cleared. See also linkgit:git-add[1] for a more user-friendly way to do some of the most common operations on the index. -The way 'git-update-index' handles files it is told about can be modified +The way 'git update-index' handles files it is told about can be modified using the various options: OPTIONS @@ -53,7 +56,7 @@ OPTIONS -q:: Quiet. If --refresh finds that the index needs an update, the default behavior is to error out. This option makes - 'git-update-index' continue anyway. + 'git update-index' continue anyway. --ignore-submodules:: Do not try to update submodules. This option is only respected @@ -61,14 +64,18 @@ OPTIONS --unmerged:: If --refresh finds unmerged changes in the index, the default - behavior is to error out. This option makes 'git-update-index' + behavior is to error out. This option makes 'git update-index' continue anyway. --ignore-missing:: Ignores missing files during a --refresh +--cacheinfo <mode>,<object>,<path>:: --cacheinfo <mode> <object> <path>:: - Directly insert the specified info into the index. + Directly insert the specified info into the index. For + backward compatibility, you can also give these three + arguments as three separate parameters, but new users are + encouraged to use a single-parameter form. --index-info:: Read index information from stdin. @@ -76,32 +83,37 @@ OPTIONS --chmod=(+|-)x:: Set the execute permissions on the updated files. ---assume-unchanged:: ---no-assume-unchanged:: - When these flags are specified, the object names recorded - for the paths are not updated. Instead, these options - set and unset the "assume unchanged" bit for the - paths. When the "assume unchanged" bit is on, git stops - checking the working tree files for possible - modifications, so you need to manually unset the bit to - tell git when you change the working tree file. This is +--[no-]assume-unchanged:: + When this flag is specified, the object names recorded + for the paths are not updated. Instead, this option + sets/unsets the "assume unchanged" bit for the + paths. When the "assume unchanged" bit is on, the user + promises not to change the file and allows Git to assume + that the working tree file matches what is recorded in + the index. If you want to change the working tree file, + you need to unset the bit to tell Git. This is sometimes helpful when working with a big project on a filesystem that has very slow lstat(2) system call (e.g. cifs). + -This option can be also used as a coarse file-level mechanism -to ignore uncommitted changes in tracked files (akin to what -`.gitignore` does for untracked files). -You should remember that an explicit 'git add' operation will -still cause the file to be refreshed from the working tree. Git will fail (gracefully) in case it needs to modify this file in the index e.g. when merging in a commit; thus, in case the assumed-untracked file is changed upstream, you will need to handle the situation manually. +--really-refresh:: + Like `--refresh`, but checks stat information unconditionally, + without regard to the "assume unchanged" setting. + +--[no-]skip-worktree:: + When one of these flags is specified, the object name recorded + for the paths are not updated. Instead, these options + set and unset the "skip-worktree" bit for the paths. See + section "Skip-worktree bit" below for more information. + -g:: --again:: - Runs 'git-update-index' itself on the paths whose index + Runs 'git update-index' itself on the paths whose index entries are different from those from the `HEAD` commit. --unresolve:: @@ -119,7 +131,7 @@ you will need to handle the situation manually. --replace:: By default, when a file `path` exists in the index, - 'git-update-index' refuses an attempt to add `path/file`. + 'git update-index' refuses an attempt to add `path/file`. Similarly if a file `path/file` exists, a file `path` cannot be added. With --replace flag, existing entries that conflict with the entry being added are @@ -133,9 +145,61 @@ you will need to handle the situation manually. --verbose:: Report what is being added and removed from index. +--index-version <n>:: + Write the resulting index out in the named on-disk format version. + Supported versions are 2, 3 and 4. The current default version is 2 + or 3, depending on whether extra features are used, such as + `git add -N`. ++ +Version 4 performs a simple pathname compression that reduces index +size by 30%-50% on large repositories, which results in faster load +time. Version 4 is relatively young (first released in in 1.8.0 in +October 2012). Other Git implementations such as JGit and libgit2 +may not support it yet. + -z:: - Only meaningful with `--stdin`; paths are separated with - NUL character instead of LF. + Only meaningful with `--stdin` or `--index-info`; paths are + separated with NUL character instead of LF. + +--split-index:: +--no-split-index:: + Enable or disable split index mode. If split-index mode is + already enabled and `--split-index` is given again, all + changes in $GIT_DIR/index are pushed back to the shared index + file. ++ +These options take effect whatever the value of the `core.splitIndex` +configuration variable (see linkgit:git-config[1]). But a warning is +emitted when the change goes against the configured value, as the +configured value will take effect next time the index is read and this +will remove the intended effect of the option. + +--untracked-cache:: +--no-untracked-cache:: + Enable or disable untracked cache feature. Please use + `--test-untracked-cache` before enabling it. ++ +These options take effect whatever the value of the `core.untrackedCache` +configuration variable (see linkgit:git-config[1]). But a warning is +emitted when the change goes against the configured value, as the +configured value will take effect next time the index is read and this +will remove the intended effect of the option. + +--test-untracked-cache:: + Only perform tests on the working directory to make sure + untracked cache can be used. You have to manually enable + untracked cache using `--untracked-cache` or + `--force-untracked-cache` or the `core.untrackedCache` + configuration variable afterwards if you really want to use + it. If a test fails the exit code is 1 and a message + explains what is not working as needed, otherwise the exit + code is 0 and OK is printed. + +--force-untracked-cache:: + Same as `--untracked-cache`. Provided for backwards + compatibility with older versions of Git where + `--untracked-cache` used to imply `--test-untracked-cache` but + this option would enable the extension unconditionally. \--:: Do not interpret any more arguments as options. @@ -149,33 +213,33 @@ you will need to handle the situation manually. Using --refresh --------------- -'--refresh' does not calculate a new sha1 file or bring the index +`--refresh` does not calculate a new sha1 file or bring the index up-to-date for mode/content changes. But what it *does* do is to "re-match" the stat information of a file with the index, so that you can refresh the index for a file that hasn't been changed but where the stat entry is out of date. -For example, you'd want to do this after doing a 'git-read-tree', to link +For example, you'd want to do this after doing a 'git read-tree', to link up the stat index details with the proper files. Using --cacheinfo or --info-only -------------------------------- -'--cacheinfo' is used to register a file that is not in the +`--cacheinfo` is used to register a file that is not in the current working directory. This is useful for minimum-checkout merging. To pretend you have a file with mode and sha1 at path, say: ---------------- -$ git update-index --cacheinfo mode sha1 path +$ git update-index --cacheinfo <mode>,<sha1>,<path> ---------------- -'--info-only' is used to register files without placing them in the object +`--info-only` is used to register files without placing them in the object database. This is useful for status-only repositories. -Both '--cacheinfo' and '--info-only' behave similarly: the index is updated -but the object database isn't. '--cacheinfo' is useful when the object is -in the database but the file isn't available locally. '--info-only' is +Both `--cacheinfo` and `--info-only` behave similarly: the index is updated +but the object database isn't. `--cacheinfo` is useful when the object is +in the database but the file isn't available locally. `--info-only` is useful when the file is available, but you do not wish to update the object database. @@ -196,13 +260,13 @@ back on 3-way merge. . mode SP type SP sha1 TAB path + -The second format is to stuff 'git-ls-tree' output +The second format is to stuff 'git ls-tree' output into the index file. . mode SP sha1 SP stage TAB path + This format is to put higher order stages into the -index file and matches 'git-ls-files --stage' output. +index file and matches 'git ls-files --stage' output. To place a higher stage entry to the index, the path should first be removed by feeding a mode=0 entry for the path, and @@ -225,7 +289,7 @@ $ git update-index --index-info ------------ The first line of the input feeds 0 as the mode to remove the -path; the SHA1 does not matter as long as it is well formatted. +path; the SHA-1 does not matter as long as it is well formatted. Then the second and third line feeds stage 1 and stage 2 entries for that path. After the above, we would end up with this: @@ -239,28 +303,30 @@ $ git ls-files -s Using ``assume unchanged'' bit ------------------------------ -Many operations in git depend on your filesystem to have an +Many operations in Git depend on your filesystem to have an efficient `lstat(2)` implementation, so that `st_mtime` information for working tree files can be cheaply checked to see if the file contents have changed from the version recorded in the index file. Unfortunately, some filesystems have inefficient `lstat(2)`. If your filesystem is one of them, you can set "assume unchanged" bit to paths you have not changed to -cause git not to do this check. Note that setting this bit on a -path does not mean git will check the contents of the file to -see if it has changed -- it makes git to omit any checking and +cause Git not to do this check. Note that setting this bit on a +path does not mean Git will check the contents of the file to +see if it has changed -- it makes Git to omit any checking and assume it has *not* changed. When you make changes to working -tree files, you have to explicitly tell git about it by dropping +tree files, you have to explicitly tell Git about it by dropping "assume unchanged" bit, either before or after you modify them. In order to set "assume unchanged" bit, use `--assume-unchanged` -option. To unset, use `--no-assume-unchanged`. +option. To unset, use `--no-assume-unchanged`. To see which files +have the "assume unchanged" bit set, use `git ls-files -v` +(see linkgit:git-ls-files[1]). The command looks at `core.ignorestat` configuration variable. When this is true, paths updated with `git update-index paths...` and -paths updated with other git commands that update both index and -working tree (e.g. 'git-apply --index', 'git-checkout-index -u', -and 'git-read-tree -u') are automatically marked as "assume +paths updated with other Git commands that update both index and +working tree (e.g. 'git apply --index', 'git checkout-index -u', +and 'git read-tree -u') are automatically marked as "assume unchanged". Note that "assume unchanged" bit is *not* set if `git update-index --refresh` finds the working tree file matches the index (use `git update-index --really-refresh` if you want @@ -304,16 +370,93 @@ M foo.c <9> now it checks with lstat(2) and finds it has been changed. +Skip-worktree bit +----------------- + +Skip-worktree bit can be defined in one (long) sentence: When reading +an entry, if it is marked as skip-worktree, then Git pretends its +working directory version is up to date and read the index version +instead. + +To elaborate, "reading" means checking for file existence, reading +file attributes or file content. The working directory version may be +present or absent. If present, its content may match against the index +version or not. Writing is not affected by this bit, content safety +is still first priority. Note that Git _can_ update working directory +file, that is marked skip-worktree, if it is safe to do so (i.e. +working directory version matches index version) + +Although this bit looks similar to assume-unchanged bit, its goal is +different from assume-unchanged bit's. Skip-worktree also takes +precedence over assume-unchanged bit when both are set. + +Split index +----------- + +This mode is designed for repositories with very large indexes, and +aims at reducing the time it takes to repeatedly write these indexes. + +In this mode, the index is split into two files, $GIT_DIR/index and +$GIT_DIR/sharedindex.<SHA-1>. Changes are accumulated in +$GIT_DIR/index, the split index, while the shared index file contains +all index entries and stays unchanged. + +All changes in the split index are pushed back to the shared index +file when the number of entries in the split index reaches a level +specified by the splitIndex.maxPercentChange config variable (see +linkgit:git-config[1]). + +Each time a new shared index file is created, the old shared index +files are deleted if their modification time is older than what is +specified by the splitIndex.sharedIndexExpire config variable (see +linkgit:git-config[1]). + +To avoid deleting a shared index file that is still used, its +modification time is updated to the current time everytime a new split +index based on the shared index file is either created or read from. + +Untracked cache +--------------- + +This cache is meant to speed up commands that involve determining +untracked files such as `git status`. + +This feature works by recording the mtime of the working tree +directories and then omitting reading directories and stat calls +against files in those directories whose mtime hasn't changed. For +this to work the underlying operating system and file system must +change the `st_mtime` field of directories if files in the directory +are added, modified or deleted. + +You can test whether the filesystem supports that with the +`--test-untracked-cache` option. The `--untracked-cache` option used +to implicitly perform that test in older versions of Git, but that's +no longer the case. + +If you want to enable (or disable) this feature, it is easier to use +the `core.untrackedCache` configuration variable (see +linkgit:git-config[1]) than using the `--untracked-cache` option to +`git update-index` in each repository, especially if you want to do so +across all repositories you use, because you can set the configuration +variable to `true` (or `false`) in your `$HOME/.gitconfig` just once +and have it affect all repositories you touch. + +When the `core.untrackedCache` configuration variable is changed, the +untracked cache is added to or removed from the index the next time a +command reads the index; while when `--[no-|force-]untracked-cache` +are used, the untracked cache is immediately added to or removed from +the index. + Configuration ------------- The command honors `core.filemode` configuration variable. If -your repository is on an filesystem whose executable bits are +your repository is on a filesystem whose executable bits are unreliable, this should be set to 'false' (see linkgit:git-config[1]). This causes the command to ignore differences in file modes recorded in the index and the file mode on the filesystem if they differ only on executable bit. On such an unfortunate filesystem, you may -need to use 'git-update-index --chmod='. +need to use 'git update-index --chmod='. Quite similarly, if `core.symlinks` configuration variable is set to 'false' (see linkgit:git-config[1]), symbolic links are checked out @@ -328,20 +471,15 @@ It can be useful when the inode change time is regularly modified by something outside Git (file system crawlers and backup systems use ctime for marking files processed) (see linkgit:git-config[1]). +The untracked cache extension can be enabled by the +`core.untrackedCache` configuration variable (see +linkgit:git-config[1]). SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-config[1], -linkgit:git-add[1] - - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +linkgit:git-add[1], +linkgit:git-ls-files[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt index 9639f705af..969bfab2ab 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt @@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ git-update-ref - Update the object name stored in a ref safely SYNOPSIS -------- -'git update-ref' [-m <reason>] (-d <ref> [<oldvalue>] | [--no-deref] <ref> <newvalue> [<oldvalue>]) +[verse] +'git update-ref' [-m <reason>] (-d <ref> [<oldvalue>] | [--no-deref] [--create-reflog] <ref> <newvalue> [<oldvalue>] | --stdin [-z]) DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -57,11 +58,73 @@ archive by creating a symlink tree). With `-d` flag, it deletes the named <ref> after verifying it still contains <oldvalue>. +With `--stdin`, update-ref reads instructions from standard input and +performs all modifications together. Specify commands of the form: + + update SP <ref> SP <newvalue> [SP <oldvalue>] LF + create SP <ref> SP <newvalue> LF + delete SP <ref> [SP <oldvalue>] LF + verify SP <ref> [SP <oldvalue>] LF + option SP <opt> LF + +With `--create-reflog`, update-ref will create a reflog for each ref +even if one would not ordinarily be created. + +Quote fields containing whitespace as if they were strings in C source +code; i.e., surrounded by double-quotes and with backslash escapes. +Use 40 "0" characters or the empty string to specify a zero value. To +specify a missing value, omit the value and its preceding SP entirely. + +Alternatively, use `-z` to specify in NUL-terminated format, without +quoting: + + update SP <ref> NUL <newvalue> NUL [<oldvalue>] NUL + create SP <ref> NUL <newvalue> NUL + delete SP <ref> NUL [<oldvalue>] NUL + verify SP <ref> NUL [<oldvalue>] NUL + option SP <opt> NUL + +In this format, use 40 "0" to specify a zero value, and use the empty +string to specify a missing value. + +In either format, values can be specified in any form that Git +recognizes as an object name. Commands in any other format or a +repeated <ref> produce an error. Command meanings are: + +update:: + Set <ref> to <newvalue> after verifying <oldvalue>, if given. + Specify a zero <newvalue> to ensure the ref does not exist + after the update and/or a zero <oldvalue> to make sure the + ref does not exist before the update. + +create:: + Create <ref> with <newvalue> after verifying it does not + exist. The given <newvalue> may not be zero. + +delete:: + Delete <ref> after verifying it exists with <oldvalue>, if + given. If given, <oldvalue> may not be zero. + +verify:: + Verify <ref> against <oldvalue> but do not change it. If + <oldvalue> zero or missing, the ref must not exist. + +option:: + Modify behavior of the next command naming a <ref>. + The only valid option is `no-deref` to avoid dereferencing + a symbolic ref. + +If all <ref>s can be locked with matching <oldvalue>s +simultaneously, all modifications are performed. Otherwise, no +modifications are performed. Note that while each individual +<ref> is updated or deleted atomically, a concurrent reader may +still see a subset of the modifications. Logging Updates --------------- -If config parameter "core.logAllRefUpdates" is true or the file -"$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>" exists then `git update-ref` will append +If config parameter "core.logAllRefUpdates" is true and the ref is one under +"refs/heads/", "refs/remotes/", "refs/notes/", or the symbolic ref HEAD; or +the file "$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>" exists then `git update-ref` will append a line to the log file "$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>" (dereferencing all symbolic refs before creating the log name) describing the change in ref value. Log lines are formatted as: @@ -71,7 +134,7 @@ in ref value. Log lines are formatted as: Where "oldsha1" is the 40 character hexadecimal value previously stored in <ref>, "newsha1" is the 40 character hexadecimal value of <newvalue> and "committer" is the committer's name, email address -and date in the standard GIT committer ident format. +and date in the standard Git committer ident format. Optionally with -m: @@ -84,10 +147,6 @@ An update will fail (without changing <ref>) if the current user is unable to create a new log file, append to the existing log file or does not have committer information available. -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt b/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt index 35d27b0c7f..bd0e36492f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ git-update-server-info - Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git update-server-info' [--force] DESCRIPTION @@ -38,21 +39,6 @@ what they are for: * info/refs - -BUGS ----- -When you remove an existing ref, the command fails to update -info/refs file unless `--force` flag is given. - - -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt b/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt index bbd7617587..fba0f1c1b2 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ git-upload-archive(1) -==================== +===================== NAME ---- @@ -8,30 +8,55 @@ git-upload-archive - Send archive back to git-archive SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git upload-archive' <directory> DESCRIPTION ----------- -Invoked by 'git-archive --remote' and sends a generated archive to the -other end over the git protocol. +Invoked by 'git archive --remote' and sends a generated archive to the +other end over the Git protocol. This command is usually not invoked directly by the end user. The UI -for the protocol is on the 'git-archive' side, and the program pair +for the protocol is on the 'git archive' side, and the program pair is meant to be used to get an archive from a remote repository. +SECURITY +-------- + +In order to protect the privacy of objects that have been removed from +history but may not yet have been pruned, `git-upload-archive` avoids +serving archives for commits and trees that are not reachable from the +repository's refs. However, because calculating object reachability is +computationally expensive, `git-upload-archive` implements a stricter +but easier-to-check set of rules: + + 1. Clients may request a commit or tree that is pointed to directly by + a ref. E.g., `git archive --remote=origin v1.0`. + + 2. Clients may request a sub-tree within a commit or tree using the + `ref:path` syntax. E.g., `git archive --remote=origin v1.0:Documentation`. + + 3. Clients may _not_ use other sha1 expressions, even if the end + result is reachable. E.g., neither a relative commit like `master^` + nor a literal sha1 like `abcd1234` is allowed, even if the result + is reachable from the refs. + +Note that rule 3 disallows many cases that do not have any privacy +implications. These rules are subject to change in future versions of +git, and the server accessed by `git archive --remote` may or may not +follow these exact rules. + +If the config option `uploadArchive.allowUnreachable` is true, these +rules are ignored, and clients may use arbitrary sha1 expressions. +This is useful if you do not care about the privacy of unreachable +objects, or if your object database is already publicly available for +access via non-smart-http. + OPTIONS ------- <directory>:: The repository to get a tar archive from. -Author ------- -Written by Franck Bui-Huu. - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt index b8e49dce4a..822ad593af 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt @@ -8,38 +8,45 @@ git-upload-pack - Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack SYNOPSIS -------- -'git upload-pack' [--strict] [--timeout=<n>] <directory> - +[verse] +'git-upload-pack' [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=<n>] [--stateless-rpc] + [--advertise-refs] <directory> DESCRIPTION ----------- -Invoked by 'git-fetch-pack', learns what +Invoked by 'git fetch-pack', learns what objects the other side is missing, and sends them after packing. This command is usually not invoked directly by the end user. -The UI for the protocol is on the 'git-fetch-pack' side, and the +The UI for the protocol is on the 'git fetch-pack' side, and the program pair is meant to be used to pull updates from a remote -repository. For push operations, see 'git-send-pack'. +repository. For push operations, see 'git send-pack'. OPTIONS ------- ---strict:: - Do not try <directory>/.git/ if <directory> is no git directory. +--[no-]strict:: + Do not try <directory>/.git/ if <directory> is no Git directory. --timeout=<n>:: Interrupt transfer after <n> seconds of inactivity. +--stateless-rpc:: + Perform only a single read-write cycle with stdin and stdout. + This fits with the HTTP POST request processing model where + a program may read the request, write a response, and must exit. + +--advertise-refs:: + Only the initial ref advertisement is output, and the program exits + immediately. This fits with the HTTP GET request model, where + no request content is received but a response must be produced. + <directory>:: The repository to sync from. -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano. +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-var.txt b/Documentation/git-var.txt index e2f4c0901b..44ff9541df 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-var.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-var.txt @@ -3,24 +3,25 @@ git-var(1) NAME ---- -git-var - Show a git logical variable +git-var - Show a Git logical variable SYNOPSIS -------- -'git var' [ -l | <variable> ] +[verse] +'git var' ( -l | <variable> ) DESCRIPTION ----------- -Prints a git logical variable. +Prints a Git logical variable. OPTIONS ------- -l:: Cause the logical variables to be listed. In addition, all the - variables of the git configuration file .git/config are listed + variables of the Git configuration file .git/config are listed as well. (However, the configuration variables listing functionality - is deprecated in favor of 'git config -l'.) + is deprecated in favor of `git config -l`.) EXAMPLE -------- @@ -34,16 +35,29 @@ GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT:: The author of a piece of code. GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT:: - The person who put a piece of code into git. + The person who put a piece of code into Git. -Diagnostics ------------ -You don't exist. Go away!:: - The passwd(5) gecos field couldn't be read -Your parents must have hated you!:: - The passwd(5) gecos field is longer than a giant static buffer. -Your sysadmin must hate you!:: - The passwd(5) name field is longer than a giant static buffer. +GIT_EDITOR:: + Text editor for use by Git commands. The value is meant to be + interpreted by the shell when it is used. Examples: `~/bin/vi`, + `$SOME_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE`, `"C:\Program Files\Vim\gvim.exe" + --nofork`. The order of preference is the `$GIT_EDITOR` + environment variable, then `core.editor` configuration, then + `$VISUAL`, then `$EDITOR`, and then the default chosen at compile + time, which is usually 'vi'. +ifdef::git-default-editor[] + The build you are using chose '{git-default-editor}' as the default. +endif::git-default-editor[] + +GIT_PAGER:: + Text viewer for use by Git commands (e.g., 'less'). The value + is meant to be interpreted by the shell. The order of preference + is the `$GIT_PAGER` environment variable, then `core.pager` + configuration, then `$PAGER`, and then the default chosen at + compile time (usually 'less'). +ifdef::git-default-pager[] + The build you are using chose '{git-default-pager}' as the default. +endif::git-default-pager[] SEE ALSO -------- @@ -51,14 +65,6 @@ linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] linkgit:git-tag[1] linkgit:git-config[1] -Author ------- -Written by Eric Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Eric Biederman and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-verify-commit.txt b/Documentation/git-verify-commit.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..92097f6673 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-verify-commit.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +git-verify-commit(1) +==================== + +NAME +---- +git-verify-commit - Check the GPG signature of commits + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git verify-commit' <commit>... + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +Validates the GPG signature created by 'git commit -S'. + +OPTIONS +------- +--raw:: + Print the raw gpg status output to standard error instead of the normal + human-readable output. + +-v:: +--verbose:: + Print the contents of the commit object before validating it. + +<commit>...:: + SHA-1 identifiers of Git commit objects. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt index c8611632d1..61ca6d04c2 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt @@ -3,18 +3,19 @@ git-verify-pack(1) NAME ---- -git-verify-pack - Validate packed git archive files +git-verify-pack - Validate packed Git archive files SYNOPSIS -------- -'git verify-pack' [-v] [--] <pack>.idx ... +[verse] +'git verify-pack' [-v|--verbose] [-s|--stat-only] [--] <pack>.idx ... DESCRIPTION ----------- -Reads given idx file for packed git archive created with the -'git-pack-objects' command and verifies idx file and the +Reads given idx file for packed Git archive created with the +'git pack-objects' command and verifies idx file and the corresponding pack file. OPTIONS @@ -23,8 +24,15 @@ OPTIONS The idx files to verify. -v:: +--verbose:: After verifying the pack, show list of objects contained - in the pack. + in the pack and a histogram of delta chain length. + +-s:: +--stat-only:: + Do not verify the pack contents; only show the histogram of delta + chain length. With `--verbose`, list of objects is also shown. + \--:: Do not interpret any more arguments as options. @@ -32,22 +40,14 @@ OUTPUT FORMAT ------------- When specifying the -v option the format used is: - SHA1 type size size-in-pack-file offset-in-packfile + SHA-1 type size size-in-packfile offset-in-packfile for objects that are not deltified in the pack, and - SHA1 type size size-in-packfile offset-in-packfile depth base-SHA1 + SHA-1 type size size-in-packfile offset-in-packfile depth base-SHA-1 for objects that are deltified. -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt index 84e70a0234..0b8075dad9 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt @@ -7,24 +7,25 @@ git-verify-tag - Check the GPG signature of tags SYNOPSIS -------- -'git verify-tag' <tag>... +[verse] +'git verify-tag' [--format=<format>] <tag>... DESCRIPTION ----------- -Validates the gpg signature created by 'git-tag'. +Validates the gpg signature created by 'git tag'. OPTIONS ------- -<tag>...:: - SHA1 identifiers of git tag objects. +--raw:: + Print the raw gpg status output to standard error instead of the normal + human-readable output. -Author ------- -Written by Jan Harkes <jaharkes@cs.cmu.edu> and Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com> +-v:: +--verbose:: + Print the contents of the tag object before validating it. -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +<tag>...:: + SHA-1 identifiers of Git tag objects. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt b/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt index 278cf73527..2d6b09a43c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt @@ -1,13 +1,14 @@ -git-web--browse(1) -================== +git-web{litdd}browse(1) +======================= NAME ---- -git-web--browse - git helper script to launch a web browser +git-web--browse - Git helper script to launch a web browser SYNOPSIS -------- -'git web--browse' [OPTIONS] URL/FILE ... +[verse] +'git web{litdd}browse' [OPTIONS] URL/FILE ... DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -20,31 +21,39 @@ The following browsers (or commands) are currently supported: * firefox (this is the default under X Window when not using KDE) * iceweasel +* seamonkey +* iceape +* chromium (also supported as chromium-browser) +* google-chrome (also supported as chrome) * konqueror (this is the default under KDE, see 'Note about konqueror' below) +* opera * w3m (this is the default outside graphical environments) +* elinks * links * lynx * dillo * open (this is the default under Mac OS X GUI) * start (this is the default under MinGW) +* cygstart (this is the default under Cygwin) +* xdg-open Custom commands may also be specified. OPTIONS ------- --b BROWSER:: ---browser=BROWSER:: - Use the specified BROWSER. It must be in the list of supported +-b <browser>:: +--browser=<browser>:: + Use the specified browser. It must be in the list of supported browsers. --t BROWSER:: ---tool=BROWSER:: +-t <browser>:: +--tool=<browser>:: Same as above. --c CONF.VAR:: ---config=CONF.VAR:: - CONF.VAR is looked up in the git config files. If it's set, - then its value specify the browser that should be used. +-c <conf.var>:: +--config=<conf.var>:: + CONF.VAR is looked up in the Git config files. If it's set, + then its value specifies the browser that should be used. CONFIGURATION VARIABLES ----------------------- @@ -53,16 +62,16 @@ CONF.VAR (from -c option) and web.browser ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The web browser can be specified using a configuration variable passed -with the -c (or --config) command line option, or the 'web.browser' +with the -c (or --config) command-line option, or the `web.browser` configuration variable if the former is not used. browser.<tool>.path ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ You can explicitly provide a full path to your preferred browser by -setting the configuration variable 'browser.<tool>.path'. For example, +setting the configuration variable `browser.<tool>.path`. For example, you can configure the absolute path to firefox by setting -'browser.firefox.path'. Otherwise, 'git-web--browse' assumes the tool +'browser.firefox.path'. Otherwise, 'git web{litdd}browse' assumes the tool is available in PATH. browser.<tool>.cmd @@ -70,15 +79,15 @@ browser.<tool>.cmd When the browser, specified by options or configuration variables, is not among the supported ones, then the corresponding -'browser.<tool>.cmd' configuration variable will be looked up. If this -variable exists then 'git-web--browse' will treat the specified tool +`browser.<tool>.cmd` configuration variable will be looked up. If this +variable exists then 'git web{litdd}browse' will treat the specified tool as a custom command and will use a shell eval to run the command with the URLs passed as arguments. Note about konqueror -------------------- -When 'konqueror' is specified by a command line option or a +When 'konqueror' is specified by a command-line option or a configuration variable, we launch 'kfmclient' to try to open the HTML man page on an already opened konqueror in a new tab if possible. @@ -101,7 +110,7 @@ Note about git-config --global ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Note that these configuration variables should probably be set using -the '--global' flag, for example like this: +the `--global` flag, for example like this: ------------------------------------------------ $ git config --global web.browser firefox @@ -110,16 +119,6 @@ $ git config --global web.browser firefox as they are probably more user specific than repository specific. See linkgit:git-config[1] for more information about this. -Author ------- -Written by Christian Couder <chriscool@tuxfamily.org> and the git-list -<git@vger.kernel.org>, based on 'git-mergetool' by Theodore Y. Ts'o. - -Documentation -------------- -Documentation by Christian Couder <chriscool@tuxfamily.org> and the -git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt b/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt index cadfbd9040..8b63ceb00e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt @@ -8,72 +8,36 @@ git-whatchanged - Show logs with difference each commit introduces SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git whatchanged' <option>... DESCRIPTION ----------- -Shows commit logs and diff output each commit introduces. The -command internally invokes 'git-rev-list' piped to -'git-diff-tree', and takes command line options for both of -these commands. -This manual page describes only the most frequently used options. +Shows commit logs and diff output each commit introduces. +New users are encouraged to use linkgit:git-log[1] instead. The +`whatchanged` command is essentially the same as linkgit:git-log[1] +but defaults to show the raw format diff output and to skip merges. -OPTIONS -------- --p:: - Show textual diffs, instead of the git internal diff - output format that is useful only to tell the changed - paths and their nature of changes. +The command is kept primarily for historical reasons; fingers of +many people who learned Git long before `git log` was invented by +reading Linux kernel mailing list are trained to type it. --<n>:: - Limit output to <n> commits. - -<since>..<until>:: - Limit output to between the two named commits (bottom - exclusive, top inclusive). - --r:: - Show git internal diff output, but for the whole tree, - not just the top level. - --m:: - By default, differences for merge commits are not shown. - With this flag, show differences to that commit from all - of its parents. -+ -However, it is not very useful in general, although it -*is* useful on a file-by-file basis. - -include::pretty-options.txt[] - -include::pretty-formats.txt[] Examples -------- -git whatchanged -p v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi:: +`git whatchanged -p v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi`:: Show as patches the commits since version 'v2.6.12' that changed any file in the include/scsi or drivers/scsi subdirectories -git whatchanged --since="2 weeks ago" \-- gitk:: +`git whatchanged --since="2 weeks ago" -- gitk`:: Show the changes during the last two weeks to the file 'gitk'. The "--" is necessary to avoid confusion with the *branch* named 'gitk' - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and -Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> - - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-worktree.txt b/Documentation/git-worktree.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..553cf8413f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-worktree.txt @@ -0,0 +1,259 @@ +git-worktree(1) +=============== + +NAME +---- +git-worktree - Manage multiple working trees + + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git worktree add' [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<branch>] +'git worktree list' [--porcelain] +'git worktree lock' [--reason <string>] <worktree> +'git worktree prune' [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>] +'git worktree unlock' <worktree> + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +Manage multiple working trees attached to the same repository. + +A git repository can support multiple working trees, allowing you to check +out more than one branch at a time. With `git worktree add` a new working +tree is associated with the repository. This new working tree is called a +"linked working tree" as opposed to the "main working tree" prepared by "git +init" or "git clone". A repository has one main working tree (if it's not a +bare repository) and zero or more linked working trees. + +When you are done with a linked working tree you can simply delete it. +The working tree's administrative files in the repository (see +"DETAILS" below) will eventually be removed automatically (see +`gc.worktreePruneExpire` in linkgit:git-config[1]), or you can run +`git worktree prune` in the main or any linked working tree to +clean up any stale administrative files. + +If you move a linked working tree, you need to manually update the +administrative files so that they do not get pruned automatically. See +section "DETAILS" for more information. + +If a linked working tree is stored on a portable device or network share +which is not always mounted, you can prevent its administrative files from +being pruned by issuing the `git worktree lock` command, optionally +specifying `--reason` to explain why the working tree is locked. + +COMMANDS +-------- +add <path> [<branch>]:: + +Create `<path>` and checkout `<branch>` into it. The new working directory +is linked to the current repository, sharing everything except working +directory specific files such as HEAD, index, etc. `-` may also be +specified as `<branch>`; it is synonymous with `@{-1}`. ++ +If `<branch>` is omitted and neither `-b` nor `-B` nor `--detach` used, +then, as a convenience, a new branch based at HEAD is created automatically, +as if `-b $(basename <path>)` was specified. + +list:: + +List details of each worktree. The main worktree is listed first, followed by +each of the linked worktrees. The output details include if the worktree is +bare, the revision currently checked out, and the branch currently checked out +(or 'detached HEAD' if none). + +lock:: + +If a working tree is on a portable device or network share which +is not always mounted, lock it to prevent its administrative +files from being pruned automatically. This also prevents it from +being moved or deleted. Optionally, specify a reason for the lock +with `--reason`. + +prune:: + +Prune working tree information in $GIT_DIR/worktrees. + +unlock:: + +Unlock a working tree, allowing it to be pruned, moved or deleted. + +OPTIONS +------- + +-f:: +--force:: + By default, `add` refuses to create a new working tree when `<branch>` + is already checked out by another working tree. This option overrides + that safeguard. + +-b <new-branch>:: +-B <new-branch>:: + With `add`, create a new branch named `<new-branch>` starting at + `<branch>`, and check out `<new-branch>` into the new working tree. + If `<branch>` is omitted, it defaults to HEAD. + By default, `-b` refuses to create a new branch if it already + exists. `-B` overrides this safeguard, resetting `<new-branch>` to + `<branch>`. + +--detach:: + With `add`, detach HEAD in the new working tree. See "DETACHED HEAD" + in linkgit:git-checkout[1]. + +--[no-]checkout:: + By default, `add` checks out `<branch>`, however, `--no-checkout` can + be used to suppress checkout in order to make customizations, + such as configuring sparse-checkout. See "Sparse checkout" + in linkgit:git-read-tree[1]. + +-n:: +--dry-run:: + With `prune`, do not remove anything; just report what it would + remove. + +--porcelain:: + With `list`, output in an easy-to-parse format for scripts. + This format will remain stable across Git versions and regardless of user + configuration. See below for details. + +-v:: +--verbose:: + With `prune`, report all removals. + +--expire <time>:: + With `prune`, only expire unused working trees older than <time>. + +--reason <string>:: + With `lock`, an explanation why the working tree is locked. + +<worktree>:: + Working trees can be identified by path, either relative or + absolute. ++ +If the last path components in the working tree's path is unique among +working trees, it can be used to identify worktrees. For example if +you only have two working trees, at "/abc/def/ghi" and "/abc/def/ggg", +then "ghi" or "def/ghi" is enough to point to the former working tree. + +DETAILS +------- +Each linked working tree has a private sub-directory in the repository's +$GIT_DIR/worktrees directory. The private sub-directory's name is usually +the base name of the linked working tree's path, possibly appended with a +number to make it unique. For example, when `$GIT_DIR=/path/main/.git` the +command `git worktree add /path/other/test-next next` creates the linked +working tree in `/path/other/test-next` and also creates a +`$GIT_DIR/worktrees/test-next` directory (or `$GIT_DIR/worktrees/test-next1` +if `test-next` is already taken). + +Within a linked working tree, $GIT_DIR is set to point to this private +directory (e.g. `/path/main/.git/worktrees/test-next` in the example) and +$GIT_COMMON_DIR is set to point back to the main working tree's $GIT_DIR +(e.g. `/path/main/.git`). These settings are made in a `.git` file located at +the top directory of the linked working tree. + +Path resolution via `git rev-parse --git-path` uses either +$GIT_DIR or $GIT_COMMON_DIR depending on the path. For example, in the +linked working tree `git rev-parse --git-path HEAD` returns +`/path/main/.git/worktrees/test-next/HEAD` (not +`/path/other/test-next/.git/HEAD` or `/path/main/.git/HEAD`) while `git +rev-parse --git-path refs/heads/master` uses +$GIT_COMMON_DIR and returns `/path/main/.git/refs/heads/master`, +since refs are shared across all working trees. + +See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] for more information. The rule of +thumb is do not make any assumption about whether a path belongs to +$GIT_DIR or $GIT_COMMON_DIR when you need to directly access something +inside $GIT_DIR. Use `git rev-parse --git-path` to get the final path. + +If you move a linked working tree, you need to update the 'gitdir' file +in the entry's directory. For example, if a linked working tree is moved +to `/newpath/test-next` and its `.git` file points to +`/path/main/.git/worktrees/test-next`, then update +`/path/main/.git/worktrees/test-next/gitdir` to reference `/newpath/test-next` +instead. + +To prevent a $GIT_DIR/worktrees entry from being pruned (which +can be useful in some situations, such as when the +entry's working tree is stored on a portable device), use the +`git worktree lock` command, which adds a file named +'locked' to the entry's directory. The file contains the reason in +plain text. For example, if a linked working tree's `.git` file points +to `/path/main/.git/worktrees/test-next` then a file named +`/path/main/.git/worktrees/test-next/locked` will prevent the +`test-next` entry from being pruned. See +linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] for details. + +LIST OUTPUT FORMAT +------------------ +The worktree list command has two output formats. The default format shows the +details on a single line with columns. For example: + +------------ +S git worktree list +/path/to/bare-source (bare) +/path/to/linked-worktree abcd1234 [master] +/path/to/other-linked-worktree 1234abc (detached HEAD) +------------ + +Porcelain Format +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The porcelain format has a line per attribute. Attributes are listed with a +label and value separated by a single space. Boolean attributes (like 'bare' +and 'detached') are listed as a label only, and are only present if and only +if the value is true. An empty line indicates the end of a worktree. For +example: + +------------ +S git worktree list --porcelain +worktree /path/to/bare-source +bare + +worktree /path/to/linked-worktree +HEAD abcd1234abcd1234abcd1234abcd1234abcd1234 +branch refs/heads/master + +worktree /path/to/other-linked-worktree +HEAD 1234abc1234abc1234abc1234abc1234abc1234a +detached + +------------ + +EXAMPLES +-------- +You are in the middle of a refactoring session and your boss comes in and +demands that you fix something immediately. You might typically use +linkgit:git-stash[1] to store your changes away temporarily, however, your +working tree is in such a state of disarray (with new, moved, and removed +files, and other bits and pieces strewn around) that you don't want to risk +disturbing any of it. Instead, you create a temporary linked working tree to +make the emergency fix, remove it when done, and then resume your earlier +refactoring session. + +------------ +$ git worktree add -b emergency-fix ../temp master +$ pushd ../temp +# ... hack hack hack ... +$ git commit -a -m 'emergency fix for boss' +$ popd +$ rm -rf ../temp +$ git worktree prune +------------ + +BUGS +---- +Multiple checkout in general is still experimental, and the support +for submodules is incomplete. It is NOT recommended to make multiple +checkouts of a superproject. + +git-worktree could provide more automation for tasks currently +performed manually, such as: + +- `remove` to remove a linked working tree and its administrative files (and + warn if the working tree is dirty) +- `mv` to move or rename a working tree and update its administrative files + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-write-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-write-tree.txt index 26d3850e73..f22041a9dc 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-write-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-write-tree.txt @@ -8,25 +8,27 @@ git-write-tree - Create a tree object from the current index SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git write-tree' [--missing-ok] [--prefix=<prefix>/] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Creates a tree object using the current index. +Creates a tree object using the current index. The name of the new +tree object is printed to standard output. The index must be in a fully merged state. -Conceptually, 'git-write-tree' sync()s the current index contents +Conceptually, 'git write-tree' sync()s the current index contents into a set of tree files. In order to have that match what is actually in your directory right -now, you need to have done a 'git-update-index' phase before you did the -'git-write-tree'. +now, you need to have done a 'git update-index' phase before you did the +'git write-tree'. OPTIONS ------- --missing-ok:: - Normally 'git-write-tree' ensures that the objects referenced by the + Normally 'git write-tree' ensures that the objects referenced by the directory exist in the object database. This option disables this check. @@ -35,15 +37,6 @@ OPTIONS `<prefix>`. This can be used to write the tree object for a subproject that is in the named subdirectory. - -Author ------- -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt index cd527c6252..ecc1bb4bd7 100644 --- a/Documentation/git.txt +++ b/Documentation/git.txt @@ -9,10 +9,12 @@ git - the stupid content tracker SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] - [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] - [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--work-tree=GIT_WORK_TREE] - [--help] COMMAND [ARGS] +'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>] + [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path] + [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare] + [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>] + [--super-prefix=<path>] + <command> [<args>] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -21,123 +23,503 @@ unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations and full access to internals. See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see -link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and -"man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may -also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See -the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth -introduction. +linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of +commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more +in-depth introduction. -The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias -as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]). +After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this +page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about +individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7] +manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax. -Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git -documentation can be viewed at -`http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`. +A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation +can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`. ifdef::stalenotes[] [NOTE] ============ You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly -unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master' +unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master' branch of the `git.git` repository. Documentation for older releases are available here: -* link:v1.6.1.1/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.1] +* link:v2.12.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.12.2] * release notes for - link:RelNotes-1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1], - link:RelNotes-1.6.1.txt[1.6.1]. + link:RelNotes/2.12.2.txt[2.12.2]. + link:RelNotes/2.12.1.txt[2.12.1]. + link:RelNotes/2.12.0.txt[2.12]. + +* link:v2.11.1/git.html[documentation for release 2.11.1] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes/2.11.1.txt[2.11.1], + link:RelNotes/2.11.0.txt[2.11]. + +* link:v2.10.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.10.2] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes/2.10.2.txt[2.10.2], + link:RelNotes/2.10.1.txt[2.10.1], + link:RelNotes/2.10.0.txt[2.10]. + +* link:v2.9.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.9.3] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes/2.9.3.txt[2.9.3], + link:RelNotes/2.9.2.txt[2.9.2], + link:RelNotes/2.9.1.txt[2.9.1], + link:RelNotes/2.9.0.txt[2.9]. + +* link:v2.8.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.8.4] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes/2.8.4.txt[2.8.4], + link:RelNotes/2.8.3.txt[2.8.3], + link:RelNotes/2.8.2.txt[2.8.2], + link:RelNotes/2.8.1.txt[2.8.1], + link:RelNotes/2.8.0.txt[2.8]. + +* link:v2.7.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.7.3] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes/2.7.3.txt[2.7.3], + link:RelNotes/2.7.2.txt[2.7.2], + link:RelNotes/2.7.1.txt[2.7.1], + link:RelNotes/2.7.0.txt[2.7]. + +* link:v2.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 2.6.6] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes/2.6.6.txt[2.6.6], + link:RelNotes/2.6.5.txt[2.6.5], + link:RelNotes/2.6.4.txt[2.6.4], + link:RelNotes/2.6.3.txt[2.6.3], + link:RelNotes/2.6.2.txt[2.6.2], + link:RelNotes/2.6.1.txt[2.6.1], + link:RelNotes/2.6.0.txt[2.6]. + +* link:v2.5.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.5.5] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes/2.5.5.txt[2.5.5], + link:RelNotes/2.5.4.txt[2.5.4], + link:RelNotes/2.5.3.txt[2.5.3], + link:RelNotes/2.5.2.txt[2.5.2], + link:RelNotes/2.5.1.txt[2.5.1], + link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5]. + +* link:v2.4.11/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.11] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes/2.4.11.txt[2.4.11], + link:RelNotes/2.4.10.txt[2.4.10], + link:RelNotes/2.4.9.txt[2.4.9], + link:RelNotes/2.4.8.txt[2.4.8], + link:RelNotes/2.4.7.txt[2.4.7], + link:RelNotes/2.4.6.txt[2.4.6], + link:RelNotes/2.4.5.txt[2.4.5], + link:RelNotes/2.4.4.txt[2.4.4], + link:RelNotes/2.4.3.txt[2.4.3], + link:RelNotes/2.4.2.txt[2.4.2], + link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1], + link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4]. + +* link:v2.3.10/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.10] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes/2.3.10.txt[2.3.10], + link:RelNotes/2.3.9.txt[2.3.9], + link:RelNotes/2.3.8.txt[2.3.8], + link:RelNotes/2.3.7.txt[2.3.7], + link:RelNotes/2.3.6.txt[2.3.6], + link:RelNotes/2.3.5.txt[2.3.5], + link:RelNotes/2.3.4.txt[2.3.4], + link:RelNotes/2.3.3.txt[2.3.3], + link:RelNotes/2.3.2.txt[2.3.2], + link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1], + link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3]. + +* 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link:RelNotes-1.5.6.txt[1.5.6]. + link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6], + link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5], + link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4], + link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3], + link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2], + link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1], + link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6]. * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6] * release notes for - link:RelNotes-1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6], - link:RelNotes-1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5], - link:RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4], - link:RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3], - link:RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2], - link:RelNotes-1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1], - link:RelNotes-1.5.5.txt[1.5.5]. + link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6], + link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5], + link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4], + link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3], + link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2], + link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1], + link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5]. * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7] * release notes for - link:RelNotes-1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7], - link:RelNotes-1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6], - link:RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5], - link:RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4], - link:RelNotes-1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3], - link:RelNotes-1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2], - link:RelNotes-1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1], - link:RelNotes-1.5.4.txt[1.5.4]. + link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7], + link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6], + link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5], + link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4], + link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3], + link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2], + link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1], + link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4]. * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8] * release notes for - link:RelNotes-1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8], - link:RelNotes-1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7], - link:RelNotes-1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6], - link:RelNotes-1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5], - link:RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4], - link:RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3], - link:RelNotes-1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2], - link:RelNotes-1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1], - link:RelNotes-1.5.3.txt[1.5.3]. + link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8], + link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7], + link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6], + link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5], + link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4], + link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3], + link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2], + link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1], + link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3]. * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5] * release notes for - link:RelNotes-1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5], - link:RelNotes-1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4], - link:RelNotes-1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3], - link:RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2], - link:RelNotes-1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1], - link:RelNotes-1.5.2.txt[1.5.2]. + link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5], + link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4], + link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3], + link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2], + link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1], + link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2]. * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6] * release notes for - link:RelNotes-1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6], - link:RelNotes-1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5], - link:RelNotes-1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4], - link:RelNotes-1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3], - link:RelNotes-1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2], - link:RelNotes-1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1], - link:RelNotes-1.5.1.txt[1.5.1]. + link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6], + link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5], + link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4], + link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3], + link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2], + link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1], + link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1]. * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7] * release notes for - link:RelNotes-1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7], - link:RelNotes-1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6], - link:RelNotes-1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5], - link:RelNotes-1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3], - link:RelNotes-1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2], - link:RelNotes-1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1], - link:RelNotes-1.5.0.txt[1.5.0]. + link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7], + link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6], + link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5], + link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3], + link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2], + link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1], + link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0]. * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4], link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3], @@ -151,12 +533,12 @@ endif::stalenotes[] OPTIONS ------- --version:: - Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from. + Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from. --help:: Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used - commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all - available commands are printed. If a git command is named this + commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all + available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this option will bring up the manual page for that command. + Other options are available to control how the manual page is @@ -164,63 +546,116 @@ displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information, because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git help ...`. ---exec-path:: - Path to wherever your core git programs are installed. +-C <path>:: + Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working + directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent + non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C + <path>`. ++ +This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and +`--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be +made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For +example the following invocations are equivalent: + + git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status + git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status + +-c <name>=<value>:: + Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value + given will override values from configuration files. + The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by + 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots). ++ +Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets +`foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a +config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c +foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string. + +--exec-path[=<path>]:: + Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed. This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print the current setting and then exit. +--html-path:: + Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML + documentation is installed and exit. + +--man-path:: + Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for + this version of Git and exit. + +--info-path:: + Print the path where the Info files documenting this + version of Git are installed and exit. + -p:: --paginate:: - Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER). + Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard + output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>` + configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section + below). --no-pager:: - Do not pipe git output into a pager. + Do not pipe Git output into a pager. --git-dir=<path>:: Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by - setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute + setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to current working directory. --work-tree=<path>:: - Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be - used in combination with repositories found automatically in - a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set). + Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path + or a path relative to the current working directory. This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE environment variable and the core.worktree configuration - variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to - the directory specified by --git-dir or GIT_DIR. - Note: If --git-dir or GIT_DIR are specified but none of - --work-tree, GIT_WORK_TREE and core.worktree is specified, - the current working directory is regarded as the top directory - of your working tree. + variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a + more detailed discussion). + +--namespace=<path>:: + Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more + details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment + variable. + +--super-prefix=<path>:: + Currently for internal use only. Set a prefix which gives a path from + above a repository down to its root. One use is to give submodules + context about the superproject that invoked it. --bare:: Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR environment is not set, it is set to the current working directory. +--no-replace-objects:: + Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See + linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information. -FURTHER DOCUMENTATION ---------------------- - -See the references above to get started using git. The following is -probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user. +--literal-pathspecs:: + Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic). + This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment + variable to `1`. -The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the -user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide -introductions to the underlying git architecture. +--glob-pathspecs:: + Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting + the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling + globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec + magic ":(literal)" -See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful -examples. +--noglob-pathspecs:: + Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting + the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling + globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec + magic ":(glob)" -The internals are documented in the -link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation]. +--icase-pathspecs:: + Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting + the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. GIT COMMANDS ------------ -We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level +We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level ("plumbing") commands. High-level commands (porcelain) @@ -257,7 +692,7 @@ include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[] Low-level commands (plumbing) ----------------------------- -Although git includes its +Although Git includes its own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and @@ -297,7 +732,7 @@ Synching repositories include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[] -The following are helper programs used by the above; end users +The following are helper commands used by the above; end users typically do not use them directly. include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[] @@ -315,10 +750,9 @@ include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[] Configuration Mechanism ----------------------- -Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file -is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a -simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some -people. Here is an example: +Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per +repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look +like this: ------------ # @@ -333,12 +767,13 @@ people. Here is an example: ; user identity [user] name = "Junio C Hamano" - email = "junkio@twinsun.com" + email = "gitster@pobox.com" ------------ Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust -their operation accordingly. +their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a +list and more details about the configuration mechanism. Identifier Terminology @@ -377,23 +812,22 @@ Identifier Terminology Symbolic Identifiers -------------------- -Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following +Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following symbolic notation: HEAD:: - indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the - contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`). + indicates the head of the current branch. <tag>:: a valid tag 'name' - (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`). + (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference). <head>:: a valid head 'name' - (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`). + (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference). For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see -"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. +"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. File/Directory Structure @@ -414,76 +848,117 @@ Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7]. Environment Variables --------------------- -Various git commands use the following environment variables: +Various Git commands use the following environment variables: -The git Repository +The Git Repository ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it +These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above -git so take care if using Cogito etc. +Git so take care if using a foreign front-end. -'GIT_INDEX_FILE':: +`GIT_INDEX_FILE`:: This environment allows the specification of an alternate index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index` is used. -'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY':: +`GIT_INDEX_VERSION`:: + This environment variable allows the specification of an index + version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index + files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See + linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information. + +`GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`:: If the object storage directory is specified via this environment variable then the sha1 directories are created underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects` directory is used. -'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES':: - Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be +`GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`:: + Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list - of git object directories which can be used to search for git + of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git objects. New objects will not be written to these directories. - -'GIT_DIR':: - If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it ++ + Entries that begin with `"` (double-quote) will be interpreted + as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing + double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value + `"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path` has two paths: + `path-with-"-and-:-in-it` and `vanilla-path`. + +`GIT_DIR`:: + If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git` for the base of the repository. + The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value. -'GIT_WORK_TREE':: - Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be - used in combination with repositories found automatically in - a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set). - This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line +`GIT_WORK_TREE`:: + Set the path to the root of the working tree. + This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line option and the core.worktree configuration variable. -'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES':: - This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. - If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir - up into while looking for a repository directory. - It will not exclude the current working directory or - a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment. - (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.) - -git Commits +`GIT_NAMESPACE`:: + Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details. + The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value. + +`GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`:: + This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If + set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up + into while looking for a repository directory (useful for + excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not + exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the + command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read + the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that + might be present in order to compare them with the current + directory. However, if even this access is slow, you + can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the + subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved; + e.g., + `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`. + +`GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`:: + When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository + directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent + directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it + does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable + can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem + boundaries. Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect + an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the + command line. + +`GIT_COMMON_DIR`:: + If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are + normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path + instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are + taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and + linkgit:git-worktree[1] for + details. This variable has lower precedence than other path + variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY... + +Git Commits ~~~~~~~~~~~ -'GIT_AUTHOR_NAME':: -'GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL':: -'GIT_AUTHOR_DATE':: -'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME':: -'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL':: -'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE':: +`GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`:: +`GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`:: +`GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`:: +`GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`:: +`GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`:: +`GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`:: 'EMAIL':: see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] -git Diffs +Git Diffs ~~~~~~~~~ -'GIT_DIFF_OPTS':: +`GIT_DIFF_OPTS`:: Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created. This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option - value passed on the git diff command line. + value passed on the Git diff command line. -'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF':: - When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the +`GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`:: + When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified, - 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters: + `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters: path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode + @@ -491,80 +966,238 @@ where: <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the contents of <old|new>, - <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes, + <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes, <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes. - + The file parameters can point at the user's working file (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file` when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the -index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the -temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits. +index). `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the +temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits. + -For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1 +For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1 parameter, <path>. ++ +For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables, +`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set. + +`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`:: + A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path. + +`GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`:: + The total number of paths. other ~~~~~ -'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY':: +`GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`:: A number controlling the amount of output shown by the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity. See linkgit:git-merge[1] -'GIT_PAGER':: +`GIT_PAGER`:: This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set - to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch + to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in linkgit:git-config[1]. -'GIT_SSH':: - If this environment variable is set then 'git-fetch' - and 'git-push' will use this command instead - of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system. - The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments: - the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the - shell command to execute on that remote system. +`GIT_EDITOR`:: + This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`. + It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode, + an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1] + and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1]. + +`GIT_SSH`:: +`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`:: + If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch' + and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh' + when they need to connect to a remote system. + The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the + 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell + command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by + `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies + something other than the default SSH port. + -To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH -you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script, -then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script. +`$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted +by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included. +`$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program +(which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are +needed). + Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation for further details. -'GIT_FLUSH':: +`GIT_SSH_VARIANT`:: + If this environment variable is set, it overrides Git's autodetection + whether `GIT_SSH`/`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`/`core.sshCommand` refer to OpenSSH, + plink or tortoiseplink. This variable overrides the config setting + `ssh.variant` that serves the same purpose. + +`GIT_ASKPASS`:: + If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to + acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication) + will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument + and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass` + option in linkgit:git-config[1]. + +`GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`:: + If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt + on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication). + +`GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`:: + Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide + `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can + be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a + predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it + temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while + waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it. + +`GIT_FLUSH`:: If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such - as 'git-blame' (in incremental mode), 'git-rev-list', 'git-log', - and 'git-whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream - after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this + as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log', + 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will + force a flush of the output stream after each record have been + flushed. If this variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is - not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing + not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not. -'GIT_TRACE':: - If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison - is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on - stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command - execution and external command execution. - If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1 - and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this - value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the - trace messages into this file descriptor. - Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path - (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this - as a file path and will try to write the trace messages - into it. +`GIT_TRACE`:: + Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in + command execution and external command execution. ++ +If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison +is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to +stderr. ++ +If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2 +and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this +value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the +trace messages into this file descriptor. ++ +Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path +(starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this +as a file path and will try to write the trace messages +into it. ++ +Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or +"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages. + +`GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`:: + Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each + access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is + recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some + pack-related performance problems. + See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options. + +`GIT_TRACE_PACKET`:: + Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a + given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation + or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet + starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below). + See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options. + +`GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`:: + Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a + given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is + verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost + certainly want to direct into a file (e.g., + `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on + the terminal or mixing it with other trace output. ++ +Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side +of clones and fetches. + +`GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`:: + Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution + time of each Git command. + See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options. + +`GIT_TRACE_SETUP`:: + Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current + working directory after Git has completed its setup phase. + See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options. + +`GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`:: + Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching / + cloning of shallow repositories. + See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options. + +`GIT_TRACE_CURL`:: + Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data, + including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol. + This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line. + This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment + variable. + See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options. + +`GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`:: + Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all + pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example, + running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search + for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the + glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding + literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by + `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc). + +`GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`:: + Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all + pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic). + +`GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`:: + Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all + pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic). + +`GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`:: + Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all + pathspecs as case-insensitive. + +`GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`:: + When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep + track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is + typically the name of the high-level command that updated + the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref. + A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action + helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this + variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the + end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog. + +`GIT_REF_PARANOIA`:: + If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating + over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this + does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and + abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets + this variable automatically when performing destructive + operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set + it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure + an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are + cloning a repository to make a backup). + +`GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`:: + If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if + `protocol.allow` is set to `never`, and each of the listed + protocols has `protocol.<name>.allow` set to `always` + (overriding any existing configuration). In other words, any + protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e., this is a + whitelist, not a blacklist). See the description of + `protocol.allow` in linkgit:git-config[1] for more details. + +`GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER`:: + Set to 0 to prevent protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are + configured to the `user` state. This is useful to restrict recursive + submodule initialization from an untrusted repository or for programs + which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands. See + linkgit:git-config[1] for more details. Discussion[[Discussion]] ------------------------ More detail on the following is available from the -link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the +link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7]. -A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git" +A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git" subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other things, a compressed object database representing the complete history of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current @@ -581,7 +1214,7 @@ The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one parent represent merges of independent lines of development. -All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally +All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique. The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this @@ -591,9 +1224,9 @@ When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files". Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref -may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs -with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most -recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of +may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs +with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most +recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch. @@ -610,25 +1243,54 @@ The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages") for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress. +FURTHER DOCUMENTATION +--------------------- + +See the references in the "description" section to get started +using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary +for a first-time user. + +The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the +user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide +introductions to the underlying Git architecture. + +See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows. + +See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful +examples. + +The internals are documented in the +link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation]. + +Users migrating from CVS may also want to +read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. + + Authors ------- -* git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>. -* The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>. -* The git potty was written by Andreas Ericsson <ae@op5.se>. -* General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio +C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list +<git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary +gives you a more complete list of contributors. -Documentation +If you have a clone of git.git itself, the +output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you +the authors for specific parts of the project. + +Reporting Bugs -------------- -The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves -<david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the -contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. + +Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the +development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be +subscribed to the list to send a message there. SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7], -link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7], +linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7], linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7], -linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual] +linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual], +linkgit:gitworkflows[7] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt index 227934f59a..a53d093ca1 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt @@ -18,12 +18,14 @@ A `gitattributes` file is a simple text file that gives Each line in `gitattributes` file is of form: - glob attr1 attr2 ... + pattern attr1 attr2 ... -That is, a glob pattern followed by an attributes list, -separated by whitespaces. When the glob pattern matches the -path in question, the attributes listed on the line are given to -the path. +That is, a pattern followed by an attributes list, +separated by whitespaces. Leading and trailing whitespaces are +ignored. Lines that begin with '#' are ignored. Patterns +that begin with a double quote are quoted in C style. +When the pattern matches the path in question, the attributes +listed on the line are given to the path. Each attribute can be in one of these states for a given path: @@ -48,37 +50,53 @@ Set to a value:: Unspecified:: - No glob pattern matches the path, and nothing says if + No pattern matches the path, and nothing says if the path has or does not have the attribute, the attribute for the path is said to be Unspecified. -When more than one glob pattern matches the path, a later line +When more than one pattern matches the path, a later line overrides an earlier line. This overriding is done per -attribute. +attribute. The rules how the pattern matches paths are the +same as in `.gitignore` files; see linkgit:gitignore[5]. +Unlike `.gitignore`, negative patterns are forbidden. -When deciding what attributes are assigned to a path, git +When deciding what attributes are assigned to a path, Git consults `$GIT_DIR/info/attributes` file (which has the highest precedence), `.gitattributes` file in the same directory as the -path in question, and its parent directories (the further the -directory that contains `.gitattributes` is from the path in -question, the lower its precedence). +path in question, and its parent directories up to the toplevel of the +work tree (the further the directory that contains `.gitattributes` +is from the path in question, the lower its precedence). Finally +global and system-wide files are considered (they have the lowest +precedence). + +When the `.gitattributes` file is missing from the work tree, the +path in the index is used as a fall-back. During checkout process, +`.gitattributes` in the index is used and then the file in the +working tree is used as a fall-back. If you wish to affect only a single repository (i.e., to assign -attributes to files that are particular to one user's workflow), then +attributes to files that are particular to +one user's workflow for that repository), then attributes should be placed in the `$GIT_DIR/info/attributes` file. Attributes which should be version-controlled and distributed to other repositories (i.e., attributes of interest to all users) should go into -`.gitattributes` files. - -Sometimes you would need to override an setting of an attribute -for a path to `unspecified` state. This can be done by listing +`.gitattributes` files. Attributes that should affect all repositories +for a single user should be placed in a file specified by the +`core.attributesFile` configuration option (see linkgit:git-config[1]). +Its default value is $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/attributes. If $XDG_CONFIG_HOME +is either not set or empty, $HOME/.config/git/attributes is used instead. +Attributes for all users on a system should be placed in the +`$(prefix)/etc/gitattributes` file. + +Sometimes you would need to override a setting of an attribute +for a path to `Unspecified` state. This can be done by listing the name of the attribute prefixed with an exclamation point `!`. EFFECTS ------- -Certain operations by git can be influenced by assigning +Certain operations by Git can be influenced by assigning particular attributes to a path. Currently, the following operations are attributes-aware. @@ -87,83 +105,177 @@ Checking-out and checking-in These attributes affect how the contents stored in the repository are copied to the working tree files when commands -such as 'git-checkout' and 'git-merge' run. They also affect how -git stores the contents you prepare in the working tree in the -repository upon 'git-add' and 'git-commit'. +such as 'git checkout' and 'git merge' run. They also affect how +Git stores the contents you prepare in the working tree in the +repository upon 'git add' and 'git commit'. -`crlf` +`text` ^^^^^^ -This attribute controls the line-ending convention. +This attribute enables and controls end-of-line normalization. When a +text file is normalized, its line endings are converted to LF in the +repository. To control what line ending style is used in the working +directory, use the `eol` attribute for a single file and the +`core.eol` configuration variable for all text files. +Note that `core.autocrlf` overrides `core.eol` Set:: - Setting the `crlf` attribute on a path is meant to mark - the path as a "text" file. 'core.autocrlf' conversion - takes place without guessing the content type by - inspection. + Setting the `text` attribute on a path enables end-of-line + normalization and marks the path as a text file. End-of-line + conversion takes place without guessing the content type. Unset:: - Unsetting the `crlf` attribute on a path tells git not to + Unsetting the `text` attribute on a path tells Git not to attempt any end-of-line conversion upon checkin or checkout. +Set to string value "auto":: + + When `text` is set to "auto", the path is marked for automatic + end-of-line conversion. If Git decides that the content is + text, its line endings are converted to LF on checkin. + When the file has been committed with CRLF, no conversion is done. + Unspecified:: - Unspecified `crlf` attribute tells git to apply the - `core.autocrlf` conversion when the file content looks - like text. + If the `text` attribute is unspecified, Git uses the + `core.autocrlf` configuration variable to determine if the + file should be converted. -Set to string value "input":: +Any other value causes Git to act as if `text` has been left +unspecified. - This is similar to setting the attribute to `true`, but - also forces git to act as if `core.autocrlf` is set to - `input` for the path. +`eol` +^^^^^ -Any other value set to `crlf` attribute is ignored and git acts -as if the attribute is left unspecified. +This attribute sets a specific line-ending style to be used in the +working directory. It enables end-of-line conversion without any +content checks, effectively setting the `text` attribute. +Set to string value "crlf":: -The `core.autocrlf` conversion -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + This setting forces Git to normalize line endings for this + file on checkin and convert them to CRLF when the file is + checked out. + +Set to string value "lf":: + + This setting forces Git to normalize line endings to LF on + checkin and prevents conversion to CRLF when the file is + checked out. + +Backwards compatibility with `crlf` attribute +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +For backwards compatibility, the `crlf` attribute is interpreted as +follows: -If the configuration variable `core.autocrlf` is false, no -conversion is done. +------------------------ +crlf text +-crlf -text +crlf=input eol=lf +------------------------ + +End-of-line conversion +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +While Git normally leaves file contents alone, it can be configured to +normalize line endings to LF in the repository and, optionally, to +convert them to CRLF when files are checked out. + +If you simply want to have CRLF line endings in your working directory +regardless of the repository you are working with, you can set the +config variable "core.autocrlf" without using any attributes. + +------------------------ +[core] + autocrlf = true +------------------------ + +This does not force normalization of text files, but does ensure +that text files that you introduce to the repository have their line +endings normalized to LF when they are added, and that files that are +already normalized in the repository stay normalized. + +If you want to ensure that text files that any contributor introduces to +the repository have their line endings normalized, you can set the +`text` attribute to "auto" for _all_ files. + +------------------------ +* text=auto +------------------------ + +The attributes allow a fine-grained control, how the line endings +are converted. +Here is an example that will make Git normalize .txt, .vcproj and .sh +files, ensure that .vcproj files have CRLF and .sh files have LF in +the working directory, and prevent .jpg files from being normalized +regardless of their content. + +------------------------ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.vcproj text eol=crlf +*.sh text eol=lf +*.jpg -text +------------------------ + +NOTE: When `text=auto` conversion is enabled in a cross-platform +project using push and pull to a central repository the text files +containing CRLFs should be normalized. + +From a clean working directory: + +------------------------------------------------- +$ echo "* text=auto" >.gitattributes +$ rm .git/index # Remove the index to force Git to +$ git reset # re-scan the working directory +$ git status # Show files that will be normalized +$ git add -u +$ git add .gitattributes +$ git commit -m "Introduce end-of-line normalization" +------------------------------------------------- + +If any files that should not be normalized show up in 'git status', +unset their `text` attribute before running 'git add -u'. + +------------------------ +manual.pdf -text +------------------------ -When `core.autocrlf` is true, it means that the platform wants -CRLF line endings for files in the working tree, and you want to -convert them back to the normal LF line endings when checking -in to the repository. +Conversely, text files that Git does not detect can have normalization +enabled manually. -When `core.autocrlf` is set to "input", line endings are -converted to LF upon checkin, but there is no conversion done -upon checkout. +------------------------ +weirdchars.txt text +------------------------ -If `core.safecrlf` is set to "true" or "warn", git verifies if +If `core.safecrlf` is set to "true" or "warn", Git verifies if the conversion is reversible for the current setting of -`core.autocrlf`. For "true", git rejects irreversible -conversions; for "warn", git only prints a warning but accepts +`core.autocrlf`. For "true", Git rejects irreversible +conversions; for "warn", Git only prints a warning but accepts an irreversible conversion. The safety triggers to prevent such a conversion done to the files in the work tree, but there are a few exceptions. Even though... -- 'git-add' itself does not touch the files in the work tree, the +- 'git add' itself does not touch the files in the work tree, the next checkout would, so the safety triggers; -- 'git-apply' to update a text file with a patch does touch the files +- 'git apply' to update a text file with a patch does touch the files in the work tree, but the operation is about text files and CRLF conversion is about fixing the line ending inconsistencies, so the safety does not trigger; -- 'git-diff' itself does not touch the files in the work tree, it is - often run to inspect the changes you intend to next 'git-add'. To +- 'git diff' itself does not touch the files in the work tree, it is + often run to inspect the changes you intend to next 'git add'. To catch potential problems early, safety triggers. `ident` ^^^^^^^ -When the attribute `ident` is set for a path, git replaces +When the attribute `ident` is set for a path, Git replaces `$Id$` in the blob object with `$Id:`, followed by the 40-character hexadecimal blob object name, followed by a dollar sign `$` upon checkout. Any byte sequence that begins with @@ -183,18 +295,241 @@ checkout, when the `smudge` command is specified, the command is fed the blob object from its standard input, and its standard output is used to update the worktree file. Similarly, the `clean` command is used to convert the contents of worktree file -upon checkin. +upon checkin. By default these commands process only a single +blob and terminate. If a long running `process` filter is used +in place of `clean` and/or `smudge` filters, then Git can process +all blobs with a single filter command invocation for the entire +life of a single Git command, for example `git add --all`. If a +long running `process` filter is configured then it always takes +precedence over a configured single blob filter. See section +below for the description of the protocol used to communicate with +a `process` filter. + +One use of the content filtering is to massage the content into a shape +that is more convenient for the platform, filesystem, and the user to use. +For this mode of operation, the key phrase here is "more convenient" and +not "turning something unusable into usable". In other words, the intent +is that if someone unsets the filter driver definition, or does not have +the appropriate filter program, the project should still be usable. + +Another use of the content filtering is to store the content that cannot +be directly used in the repository (e.g. a UUID that refers to the true +content stored outside Git, or an encrypted content) and turn it into a +usable form upon checkout (e.g. download the external content, or decrypt +the encrypted content). + +These two filters behave differently, and by default, a filter is taken as +the former, massaging the contents into more convenient shape. A missing +filter driver definition in the config, or a filter driver that exits with +a non-zero status, is not an error but makes the filter a no-op passthru. + +You can declare that a filter turns a content that by itself is unusable +into a usable content by setting the filter.<driver>.required configuration +variable to `true`. + +For example, in .gitattributes, you would assign the `filter` +attribute for paths. -A missing filter driver definition in the config is not an error -but makes the filter a no-op passthru. +------------------------ +*.c filter=indent +------------------------ + +Then you would define a "filter.indent.clean" and "filter.indent.smudge" +configuration in your .git/config to specify a pair of commands to +modify the contents of C programs when the source files are checked +in ("clean" is run) and checked out (no change is made because the +command is "cat"). + +------------------------ +[filter "indent"] + clean = indent + smudge = cat +------------------------ -The content filtering is done to massage the content into a -shape that is more convenient for the platform, filesystem, and -the user to use. The key phrase here is "more convenient" and not -"turning something unusable into usable". In other words, the -intent is that if someone unsets the filter driver definition, -or does not have the appropriate filter program, the project -should still be usable. +For best results, `clean` should not alter its output further if it is +run twice ("clean->clean" should be equivalent to "clean"), and +multiple `smudge` commands should not alter `clean`'s output +("smudge->smudge->clean" should be equivalent to "clean"). See the +section on merging below. + +The "indent" filter is well-behaved in this regard: it will not modify +input that is already correctly indented. In this case, the lack of a +smudge filter means that the clean filter _must_ accept its own output +without modifying it. + +If a filter _must_ succeed in order to make the stored contents usable, +you can declare that the filter is `required`, in the configuration: + +------------------------ +[filter "crypt"] + clean = openssl enc ... + smudge = openssl enc -d ... + required +------------------------ + +Sequence "%f" on the filter command line is replaced with the name of +the file the filter is working on. A filter might use this in keyword +substitution. For example: + +------------------------ +[filter "p4"] + clean = git-p4-filter --clean %f + smudge = git-p4-filter --smudge %f +------------------------ + +Note that "%f" is the name of the path that is being worked on. Depending +on the version that is being filtered, the corresponding file on disk may +not exist, or may have different contents. So, smudge and clean commands +should not try to access the file on disk, but only act as filters on the +content provided to them on standard input. + +Long Running Filter Process +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +If the filter command (a string value) is defined via +`filter.<driver>.process` then Git can process all blobs with a +single filter invocation for the entire life of a single Git +command. This is achieved by using a packet format (pkt-line, +see technical/protocol-common.txt) based protocol over standard +input and standard output as follows. All packets, except for the +"*CONTENT" packets and the "0000" flush packet, are considered +text and therefore are terminated by a LF. + +Git starts the filter when it encounters the first file +that needs to be cleaned or smudged. After the filter started +Git sends a welcome message ("git-filter-client"), a list of supported +protocol version numbers, and a flush packet. Git expects to read a welcome +response message ("git-filter-server"), exactly one protocol version number +from the previously sent list, and a flush packet. All further +communication will be based on the selected version. The remaining +protocol description below documents "version=2". Please note that +"version=42" in the example below does not exist and is only there +to illustrate how the protocol would look like with more than one +version. + +After the version negotiation Git sends a list of all capabilities that +it supports and a flush packet. Git expects to read a list of desired +capabilities, which must be a subset of the supported capabilities list, +and a flush packet as response: +------------------------ +packet: git> git-filter-client +packet: git> version=2 +packet: git> version=42 +packet: git> 0000 +packet: git< git-filter-server +packet: git< version=2 +packet: git< 0000 +packet: git> capability=clean +packet: git> capability=smudge +packet: git> capability=not-yet-invented +packet: git> 0000 +packet: git< capability=clean +packet: git< capability=smudge +packet: git< 0000 +------------------------ +Supported filter capabilities in version 2 are "clean" and +"smudge". + +Afterwards Git sends a list of "key=value" pairs terminated with +a flush packet. The list will contain at least the filter command +(based on the supported capabilities) and the pathname of the file +to filter relative to the repository root. Right after the flush packet +Git sends the content split in zero or more pkt-line packets and a +flush packet to terminate content. Please note, that the filter +must not send any response before it received the content and the +final flush packet. Also note that the "value" of a "key=value" pair +can contain the "=" character whereas the key would never contain +that character. +------------------------ +packet: git> command=smudge +packet: git> pathname=path/testfile.dat +packet: git> 0000 +packet: git> CONTENT +packet: git> 0000 +------------------------ + +The filter is expected to respond with a list of "key=value" pairs +terminated with a flush packet. If the filter does not experience +problems then the list must contain a "success" status. Right after +these packets the filter is expected to send the content in zero +or more pkt-line packets and a flush packet at the end. Finally, a +second list of "key=value" pairs terminated with a flush packet +is expected. The filter can change the status in the second list +or keep the status as is with an empty list. Please note that the +empty list must be terminated with a flush packet regardless. + +------------------------ +packet: git< status=success +packet: git< 0000 +packet: git< SMUDGED_CONTENT +packet: git< 0000 +packet: git< 0000 # empty list, keep "status=success" unchanged! +------------------------ + +If the result content is empty then the filter is expected to respond +with a "success" status and a flush packet to signal the empty content. +------------------------ +packet: git< status=success +packet: git< 0000 +packet: git< 0000 # empty content! +packet: git< 0000 # empty list, keep "status=success" unchanged! +------------------------ + +In case the filter cannot or does not want to process the content, +it is expected to respond with an "error" status. +------------------------ +packet: git< status=error +packet: git< 0000 +------------------------ + +If the filter experiences an error during processing, then it can +send the status "error" after the content was (partially or +completely) sent. +------------------------ +packet: git< status=success +packet: git< 0000 +packet: git< HALF_WRITTEN_ERRONEOUS_CONTENT +packet: git< 0000 +packet: git< status=error +packet: git< 0000 +------------------------ + +In case the filter cannot or does not want to process the content +as well as any future content for the lifetime of the Git process, +then it is expected to respond with an "abort" status at any point +in the protocol. +------------------------ +packet: git< status=abort +packet: git< 0000 +------------------------ + +Git neither stops nor restarts the filter process in case the +"error"/"abort" status is set. However, Git sets its exit code +according to the `filter.<driver>.required` flag, mimicking the +behavior of the `filter.<driver>.clean` / `filter.<driver>.smudge` +mechanism. + +If the filter dies during the communication or does not adhere to +the protocol then Git will stop the filter process and restart it +with the next file that needs to be processed. Depending on the +`filter.<driver>.required` flag Git will interpret that as error. + +After the filter has processed a blob it is expected to wait for +the next "key=value" list containing a command. Git will close +the command pipe on exit. The filter is expected to detect EOF +and exit gracefully on its own. Git will wait until the filter +process has stopped. + +A long running filter demo implementation can be found in +`contrib/long-running-filter/example.pl` located in the Git +core repository. If you develop your own long running filter +process then the `GIT_TRACE_PACKET` environment variables can be +very helpful for debugging (see linkgit:git[1]). + +Please note that you cannot use an existing `filter.<driver>.clean` +or `filter.<driver>.smudge` command with `filter.<driver>.process` +because the former two use a different inter process communication +protocol than the latter one. Interaction between checkin/checkout attributes @@ -203,11 +538,34 @@ Interaction between checkin/checkout attributes In the check-in codepath, the worktree file is first converted with `filter` driver (if specified and corresponding driver defined), then the result is processed with `ident` (if -specified), and then finally with `crlf` (again, if specified +specified), and then finally with `text` (again, if specified and applicable). In the check-out codepath, the blob content is first converted -with `crlf`, and then `ident` and fed to `filter`. +with `text`, and then `ident` and fed to `filter`. + + +Merging branches with differing checkin/checkout attributes +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +If you have added attributes to a file that cause the canonical +repository format for that file to change, such as adding a +clean/smudge filter or text/eol/ident attributes, merging anything +where the attribute is not in place would normally cause merge +conflicts. + +To prevent these unnecessary merge conflicts, Git can be told to run a +virtual check-out and check-in of all three stages of a file when +resolving a three-way merge by setting the `merge.renormalize` +configuration variable. This prevents changes caused by check-in +conversion from causing spurious merge conflicts when a converted file +is merged with an unconverted file. + +As long as a "smudge->clean" results in the same output as a "clean" +even on files that are already smudged, this strategy will +automatically resolve all filter-related conflicts. Filters that do +not act in this way may cause additional merge conflicts that must be +resolved manually. Generating diff text @@ -216,11 +574,11 @@ Generating diff text `diff` ^^^^^^ -The attribute `diff` affects how 'git' generates diffs for particular -files. It can tell git whether to generate a textual patch for the path +The attribute `diff` affects how Git generates diffs for particular +files. It can tell Git whether to generate a textual patch for the path or to treat the path as a binary file. It can also affect what line is -shown on the hunk header `@@ -k,l +n,m @@` line, tell git to use an -external command to generate the diff, or ask git to convert binary +shown on the hunk header `@@ -k,l +n,m @@` line, tell Git to use an +external command to generate the diff, or ask Git to convert binary files to a text format before generating the diff. Set:: @@ -239,8 +597,8 @@ Unspecified:: A path to which the `diff` attribute is unspecified first gets its contents inspected, and if it looks like - text, it is treated as text. Otherwise it would - generate `Binary files differ`. + text and is smaller than core.bigFileThreshold, it is treated + as text. Otherwise it would generate `Binary files differ`. String:: @@ -248,7 +606,7 @@ String:: specify one or more options, as described in the following section. The options for the diff driver "foo" are defined by the configuration variables in the "diff.foo" section of the - git config file. + Git config file. Defining an external diff driver @@ -266,7 +624,7 @@ To define an external diff driver `jcdiff`, add a section to your command = j-c-diff ---------------------------------------------------------------- -When git needs to show you a diff for the path with `diff` +When Git needs to show you a diff for the path with `diff` attribute set to `jcdiff`, it calls the command you specified with the above configuration, i.e. `j-c-diff`, with 7 parameters, just like `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` program is called. @@ -296,7 +654,8 @@ for paths. Then, you would define a "diff.tex.xfuncname" configuration to specify a regular expression that matches a line that you would -want to appear as the hunk header "TEXT", like this: +want to appear as the hunk header "TEXT". Add a section to your +`$GIT_DIR/config` file (or `$HOME/.gitconfig` file) like this: ------------------------ [diff "tex"] @@ -315,18 +674,32 @@ configuration file (you still need to enable this with the attribute mechanism, via `.gitattributes`). The following built in patterns are available: +- `ada` suitable for source code in the Ada language. + - `bibtex` suitable for files with BibTeX coded references. - `cpp` suitable for source code in the C and C++ languages. +- `csharp` suitable for source code in the C# language. + +- `css` suitable for cascading style sheets. + +- `fortran` suitable for source code in the Fortran language. + +- `fountain` suitable for Fountain documents. + - `html` suitable for HTML/XHTML documents. - `java` suitable for source code in the Java language. +- `matlab` suitable for source code in the MATLAB language. + - `objc` suitable for source code in the Objective-C language. - `pascal` suitable for source code in the Pascal/Delphi language. +- `perl` suitable for source code in the Perl language. + - `php` suitable for source code in the PHP language. - `python` suitable for source code in the Python language. @@ -339,12 +712,13 @@ patterns are available: Customizing word diff ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -You can customize the rules that `git diff --color-words` uses to +You can customize the rules that `git diff --word-diff` uses to split words in a line, by specifying an appropriate regular expression in the "diff.*.wordRegex" configuration variable. For example, in TeX a backslash followed by a sequence of letters forms a command, but several such commands can be run together without intervening -whitespace. To separate them, use a regular expression such as +whitespace. To separate them, use a regular expression in your +`$GIT_DIR/config` file (or `$HOME/.gitconfig` file) like this: ------------------------ [diff "tex"] @@ -372,7 +746,8 @@ resulting text on stdout. For example, to show the diff of the exif information of a file instead of the binary information (assuming you have the -exif tool installed): +exif tool installed), add the following section to your +`$GIT_DIR/config` file (or `$HOME/.gitconfig` file): ------------------------ [diff "jpg"] @@ -391,6 +766,90 @@ because it quickly conveys the changes you have made), you should generate it separately and send it as a comment _in addition to_ the usual binary diff that you might send. +Because text conversion can be slow, especially when doing a +large number of them with `git log -p`, Git provides a mechanism +to cache the output and use it in future diffs. To enable +caching, set the "cachetextconv" variable in your diff driver's +config. For example: + +------------------------ +[diff "jpg"] + textconv = exif + cachetextconv = true +------------------------ + +This will cache the result of running "exif" on each blob +indefinitely. If you change the textconv config variable for a +diff driver, Git will automatically invalidate the cache entries +and re-run the textconv filter. If you want to invalidate the +cache manually (e.g., because your version of "exif" was updated +and now produces better output), you can remove the cache +manually with `git update-ref -d refs/notes/textconv/jpg` (where +"jpg" is the name of the diff driver, as in the example above). + +Choosing textconv versus external diff +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +If you want to show differences between binary or specially-formatted +blobs in your repository, you can choose to use either an external diff +command, or to use textconv to convert them to a diff-able text format. +Which method you choose depends on your exact situation. + +The advantage of using an external diff command is flexibility. You are +not bound to find line-oriented changes, nor is it necessary for the +output to resemble unified diff. You are free to locate and report +changes in the most appropriate way for your data format. + +A textconv, by comparison, is much more limiting. You provide a +transformation of the data into a line-oriented text format, and Git +uses its regular diff tools to generate the output. There are several +advantages to choosing this method: + +1. Ease of use. It is often much simpler to write a binary to text + transformation than it is to perform your own diff. In many cases, + existing programs can be used as textconv filters (e.g., exif, + odt2txt). + +2. Git diff features. By performing only the transformation step + yourself, you can still utilize many of Git's diff features, + including colorization, word-diff, and combined diffs for merges. + +3. Caching. Textconv caching can speed up repeated diffs, such as those + you might trigger by running `git log -p`. + + +Marking files as binary +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Git usually guesses correctly whether a blob contains text or binary +data by examining the beginning of the contents. However, sometimes you +may want to override its decision, either because a blob contains binary +data later in the file, or because the content, while technically +composed of text characters, is opaque to a human reader. For example, +many postscript files contain only ASCII characters, but produce noisy +and meaningless diffs. + +The simplest way to mark a file as binary is to unset the diff +attribute in the `.gitattributes` file: + +------------------------ +*.ps -diff +------------------------ + +This will cause Git to generate `Binary files differ` (or a binary +patch, if binary patches are enabled) instead of a regular diff. + +However, one may also want to specify other diff driver attributes. For +example, you might want to use `textconv` to convert postscript files to +an ASCII representation for human viewing, but otherwise treat them as +binary files. You cannot specify both `-diff` and `diff=ps` attributes. +The solution is to use the `diff.*.binary` config option: + +------------------------ +[diff "ps"] + textconv = ps2ascii + binary = true +------------------------ Performing a three-way merge ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -398,9 +857,9 @@ Performing a three-way merge `merge` ^^^^^^^ -The attribute `merge` affects how three versions of a file is +The attribute `merge` affects how three versions of a file are merged when a file-level merge is necessary during `git merge`, -and other programs such as `git revert` and `git cherry-pick`. +and other commands such as `git revert` and `git cherry-pick`. Set:: @@ -412,15 +871,15 @@ Unset:: Take the version from the current branch as the tentative merge result, and declare that the merge has - conflicts. This is suitable for binary files that does + conflicts. This is suitable for binary files that do not have a well-defined merge semantics. Unspecified:: By default, this uses the same built-in 3-way merge - driver as is the case the `merge` attribute is set. - However, `merge.default` configuration variable can name - different merge driver to be used for paths to which the + driver as is the case when the `merge` attribute is set. + However, the `merge.default` configuration variable can name + different merge driver to be used with paths for which the `merge` attribute is unspecified. String:: @@ -476,7 +935,7 @@ To define a custom merge driver `filfre`, add a section to your ---------------------------------------------------------------- [merge "filfre"] name = feel-free merge driver - driver = filfre %O %A %B + driver = filfre %O %A %B %L %P recursive = binary ---------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -488,7 +947,8 @@ command to run to merge ancestor's version (`%O`), current version (`%A`) and the other branches' version (`%B`). These three tokens are replaced with the names of temporary files that hold the contents of these versions when the command line is -built. +built. Additionally, %L will be replaced with the conflict marker +size (see below). The merge driver is expected to leave the result of the merge in the file named with `%A` by overwriting it, and exit with zero @@ -501,6 +961,26 @@ merge between common ancestors, when there are more than one. When left unspecified, the driver itself is used for both internal merge and the final merge. +The merge driver can learn the pathname in which the merged result +will be stored via placeholder `%P`. + + +`conflict-marker-size` +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +This attribute controls the length of conflict markers left in +the work tree file during a conflicted merge. Only setting to +the value to a positive integer has any meaningful effect. + +For example, this line in `.gitattributes` can be used to tell the merge +machinery to leave much longer (instead of the usual 7-character-long) +conflict markers when merging the file `Documentation/git-merge.txt` +results in a conflict. + +------------------------ +Documentation/git-merge.txt conflict-marker-size=32 +------------------------ + Checking whitespace errors ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -515,7 +995,9 @@ control per path. Set:: - Notice all types of potential whitespace errors known to git. + Notice all types of potential whitespace errors known to Git. + The tab width is taken from the value of the `core.whitespace` + configuration variable. Unset:: @@ -523,13 +1005,13 @@ Unset:: Unspecified:: - Use the value of `core.whitespace` configuration variable to + Use the value of the `core.whitespace` configuration variable to decide what to notice as error. String:: Specify a comma separate list of common whitespace problems to - notice in the same format as `core.whitespace` configuration + notice in the same format as the `core.whitespace` configuration variable. @@ -545,7 +1027,7 @@ archive files. `export-subst` ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -If the attribute `export-subst` is set for a file then git will expand +If the attribute `export-subst` is set for a file then Git will expand several placeholders when adding this file to an archive. The expansion depends on the availability of a commit ID, i.e., if linkgit:git-archive[1] has been given a tree instead of a commit or a @@ -556,6 +1038,16 @@ in the file. E.g. the string `$Format:%H$` will be replaced by the commit hash. +Packing objects +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +`delta` +^^^^^^^ + +Delta compression will not be attempted for blobs for paths with the +attribute `delta` set to false. + + Viewing files in GUI tools ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -573,38 +1065,44 @@ If this attribute is not set or has an invalid value, the value of the (See linkgit:git-config[1]). -USING ATTRIBUTE MACROS +USING MACRO ATTRIBUTES ---------------------- You do not want any end-of-line conversions applied to, nor textual diffs produced for, any binary file you track. You would need to specify e.g. ------------ -*.jpg -crlf -diff +*.jpg -text -diff ------------ but that may become cumbersome, when you have many attributes. Using -attribute macros, you can specify groups of attributes set or unset at -the same time. The system knows a built-in attribute macro, `binary`: +macro attributes, you can define an attribute that, when set, also +sets or unsets a number of other attributes at the same time. The +system knows a built-in macro attribute, `binary`: ------------ *.jpg binary ------------ -which is equivalent to the above. Note that the attribute macros can only -be "Set" (see the above example that sets "binary" macro as if it were an -ordinary attribute --- setting it in turn unsets "crlf" and "diff"). +Setting the "binary" attribute also unsets the "text" and "diff" +attributes as above. Note that macro attributes can only be "Set", +though setting one might have the effect of setting or unsetting other +attributes or even returning other attributes to the "Unspecified" +state. -DEFINING ATTRIBUTE MACROS +DEFINING MACRO ATTRIBUTES ------------------------- -Custom attribute macros can be defined only in the `.gitattributes` file -at the toplevel (i.e. not in any subdirectory). The built-in attribute -macro "binary" is equivalent to: +Custom macro attributes can be defined only in top-level gitattributes +files (`$GIT_DIR/info/attributes`, the `.gitattributes` file at the +top level of the working tree, or the global or system-wide +gitattributes files), not in `.gitattributes` files in working tree +subdirectories. The built-in macro attribute "binary" is equivalent +to: ------------ -[attr]binary -diff -crlf +[attr]binary -diff -merge -text ------------ @@ -630,7 +1128,7 @@ abc -foo -bar the attributes given to path `t/abc` are computed as follows: 1. By examining `t/.gitattributes` (which is in the same - directory as the path in question), git finds that the first + directory as the path in question), Git finds that the first line matches. `merge` attribute is set. It also finds that the second line matches, and attributes `foo` and `bar` are unset. @@ -657,6 +1155,9 @@ frotz unspecified ---------------------------------------------------------------- +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-check-attr[1]. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/gitcli.txt b/Documentation/gitcli.txt index 29e5929db2..dfe7d83727 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitcli.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcli.txt @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ gitcli(7) NAME ---- -gitcli - git command line interface and conventions +gitcli - Git command-line interface and conventions SYNOPSIS -------- @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ gitcli DESCRIPTION ----------- -This manual describes the convention used throughout git CLI. +This manual describes the convention used throughout Git CLI. Many commands take revisions (most often "commits", but sometimes "tree-ish", depending on the context and command) and paths as their @@ -25,91 +25,131 @@ arguments. Here are the rules: are paths. * When an argument can be misunderstood as either a revision or a path, - they can be disambiguated by placing `\--` between them. - E.g. `git diff \-- HEAD` is, "I have a file called HEAD in my work + they can be disambiguated by placing `--` between them. + E.g. `git diff -- HEAD` is, "I have a file called HEAD in my work tree. Please show changes between the version I staged in the index - and what I have in the work tree for that file". not "show difference + and what I have in the work tree for that file", not "show difference between the HEAD commit and the work tree as a whole". You can say - `git diff HEAD \--` to ask for the latter. + `git diff HEAD --` to ask for the latter. - * Without disambiguating `\--`, git makes a reasonable guess, but errors + * Without disambiguating `--`, Git makes a reasonable guess, but errors out and asking you to disambiguate when ambiguous. E.g. if you have a file called HEAD in your work tree, `git diff HEAD` is ambiguous, and - you have to say either `git diff HEAD \--` or `git diff \-- HEAD` to + you have to say either `git diff HEAD --` or `git diff -- HEAD` to disambiguate. - ++ When writing a script that is expected to handle random user-input, it is a good practice to make it explicit which arguments are which by placing -disambiguating `\--` at appropriate places. +disambiguating `--` at appropriate places. + + * Many commands allow wildcards in paths, but you need to protect + them from getting globbed by the shell. These two mean different + things: ++ +-------------------------------- +$ git checkout -- *.c +$ git checkout -- \*.c +-------------------------------- ++ +The former lets your shell expand the fileglob, and you are asking +the dot-C files in your working tree to be overwritten with the version +in the index. The latter passes the `*.c` to Git, and you are asking +the paths in the index that match the pattern to be checked out to your +working tree. After running `git add hello.c; rm hello.c`, you will _not_ +see `hello.c` in your working tree with the former, but with the latter +you will. + + * Just as the filesystem '.' (period) refers to the current directory, + using a '.' as a repository name in Git (a dot-repository) is a relative + path and means your current repository. Here are the rules regarding the "flags" that you should follow when you are -scripting git: +scripting Git: - * it's preferred to use the non dashed form of git commands, which means that - you should prefer `"git foo"` to `"git-foo"`. + * it's preferred to use the non-dashed form of Git commands, which means that + you should prefer `git foo` to `git-foo`. - * splitting short options to separate words (prefer `"git foo -a -b"` - to `"git foo -ab"`, the latter may not even work). + * splitting short options to separate words (prefer `git foo -a -b` + to `git foo -ab`, the latter may not even work). - * when a command line option takes an argument, use the 'sticked' form. In - other words, write `"git foo -oArg"` instead of `"git foo -o Arg"` for short - options, and `"git foo --long-opt=Arg"` instead of `"git foo --long-opt Arg"` + * when a command-line option takes an argument, use the 'stuck' form. In + other words, write `git foo -oArg` instead of `git foo -o Arg` for short + options, and `git foo --long-opt=Arg` instead of `git foo --long-opt Arg` for long options. An option that takes optional option-argument must be - written in the 'sticked' form. + written in the 'stuck' form. * when you give a revision parameter to a command, make sure the parameter is not ambiguous with a name of a file in the work tree. E.g. do not write - `"git log -1 HEAD"` but write `"git log -1 HEAD --"`; the former will not work + `git log -1 HEAD` but write `git log -1 HEAD --`; the former will not work if you happen to have a file called `HEAD` in the work tree. + * many commands allow a long option `--option` to be abbreviated + only to their unique prefix (e.g. if there is no other option + whose name begins with `opt`, you may be able to spell `--opt` to + invoke the `--option` flag), but you should fully spell them out + when writing your scripts; later versions of Git may introduce a + new option whose name shares the same prefix, e.g. `--optimize`, + to make a short prefix that used to be unique no longer unique. + ENHANCED OPTION PARSER ---------------------- -From the git 1.5.4 series and further, many git commands (not all of them at the +From the Git 1.5.4 series and further, many Git commands (not all of them at the time of the writing though) come with an enhanced option parser. -Here is an exhaustive list of the facilities provided by this option parser. +Here is a list of the facilities provided by this option parser. Magic Options ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Commands which have the enhanced option parser activated all understand a -couple of magic command line options: +couple of magic command-line options: -h:: gives a pretty printed usage of the command. + --------------------------------------------- $ git describe -h -usage: git-describe [options] <committish>* +usage: git describe [options] <commit-ish>* + or: git describe [options] --dirty --contains find the tag that comes after the commit --debug debug search strategy on stderr - --all use any ref in .git/refs - --tags use any tag in .git/refs/tags - --abbrev [<n>] use <n> digits to display SHA-1s - --candidates <n> consider <n> most recent tags (default: 10) + --all use any ref + --tags use any tag, even unannotated + --long always use long format + --abbrev[=<n>] use <n> digits to display SHA-1s --------------------------------------------- --help-all:: - Some git commands take options that are only used for plumbing or that + Some Git commands take options that are only used for plumbing or that are deprecated, and such options are hidden from the default usage. This option gives the full list of options. Negating options ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Options with long option names can be negated by prefixing `"--no-"`. For -example, `"git branch"` has the option `"--track"` which is 'on' by default. You -can use `"--no-track"` to override that behaviour. The same goes for `"--color"` -and `"--no-color"`. +Options with long option names can be negated by prefixing `--no-`. For +example, `git branch` has the option `--track` which is 'on' by default. You +can use `--no-track` to override that behaviour. The same goes for `--color` +and `--no-color`. Aggregating short options ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Commands that support the enhanced option parser allow you to aggregate short -options. This means that you can for example use `"git rm -rf"` or -`"git clean -fdx"`. +options. This means that you can for example use `git rm -rf` or +`git clean -fdx`. + + +Abbreviating long options +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Commands that support the enhanced option parser accepts unique +prefix of a long option as if it is fully spelled out, but use this +with a caution. For example, `git commit --amen` behaves as if you +typed `git commit --amend`, but that is true only until a later version +of Git introduces another option that shares the same prefix, +e.g. `git commit --amenity` option. Separating argument from the option @@ -125,7 +165,7 @@ $ git foo -o Arg ---------------------------- However, this is *NOT* allowed for switches with an optional value, where the -'sticked' form must be used: +'stuck' form must be used: ---------------------------- $ git describe --abbrev HEAD # correct $ git describe --abbrev=10 HEAD # correct @@ -169,10 +209,6 @@ See also http://marc.info/?l=git&m=116563135620359 and http://marc.info/?l=git&m=119150393620273 for further information. -Documentation -------------- -Documentation by Pierre Habouzit and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt b/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt index 7ba5e589d7..3a0ec8c53a 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ gitcore-tutorial(7) NAME ---- -gitcore-tutorial - A git core tutorial for developers +gitcore-tutorial - A Git core tutorial for developers SYNOPSIS -------- @@ -12,39 +12,47 @@ git * DESCRIPTION ----------- -This tutorial explains how to use the "core" git programs to set up and -work with a git repository. +This tutorial explains how to use the "core" Git commands to set up and +work with a Git repository. -If you just need to use git as a revision control system you may prefer -to start with "A Tutorial Introduction to GIT" (linkgit:gittutorial[7]) or -link:user-manual.html[the GIT User Manual]. +If you just need to use Git as a revision control system you may prefer +to start with "A Tutorial Introduction to Git" (linkgit:gittutorial[7]) or +link:user-manual.html[the Git User Manual]. However, an understanding of these low-level tools can be helpful if -you want to understand git's internals. +you want to understand Git's internals. -The core git is often called "plumbing", with the prettier user +The core Git is often called "plumbing", with the prettier user interfaces on top of it called "porcelain". You may not want to use the plumbing directly very often, but it can be good to know what the -plumbing does for when the porcelain isn't flushing. +plumbing does when the porcelain isn't flushing. + +Back when this document was originally written, many porcelain +commands were shell scripts. For simplicity, it still uses them as +examples to illustrate how plumbing is fit together to form the +porcelain commands. The source tree includes some of these scripts in +contrib/examples/ for reference. Although these are not implemented as +shell scripts anymore, the description of what the plumbing layer +commands do is still valid. [NOTE] Deeper technical details are often marked as Notes, which you can skip on your first reading. -Creating a git repository +Creating a Git repository ------------------------- -Creating a new git repository couldn't be easier: all git repositories start +Creating a new Git repository couldn't be easier: all Git repositories start out empty, and the only thing you need to do is find yourself a subdirectory that you want to use as a working tree - either an empty one for a totally new project, or an existing working tree that you want -to import into git. +to import into Git. For our first example, we're going to start a totally new repository from scratch, with no pre-existing files, and we'll call it 'git-tutorial'. To start up, create a subdirectory for it, change into that -subdirectory, and initialize the git infrastructure with 'git-init': +subdirectory, and initialize the Git infrastructure with 'git init': ------------------------------------------------ $ mkdir git-tutorial @@ -52,13 +60,13 @@ $ cd git-tutorial $ git init ------------------------------------------------ -to which git will reply +to which Git will reply ---------------- Initialized empty Git repository in .git/ ---------------- -which is just git's way of saying that you haven't been doing anything +which is just Git's way of saying that you haven't been doing anything strange, and that it will have created a local `.git` directory setup for your new project. You will now have a `.git` directory, and you can inspect that with 'ls'. For your new empty project, it should show you @@ -94,15 +102,15 @@ start out expecting to work on the `master` branch. However, this is only a convention, and you can name your branches anything you want, and don't have to ever even 'have' a `master` -branch. A number of the git tools will assume that `.git/HEAD` is +branch. A number of the Git tools will assume that `.git/HEAD` is valid, though. [NOTE] -An 'object' is identified by its 160-bit SHA1 hash, aka 'object name', +An 'object' is identified by its 160-bit SHA-1 hash, aka 'object name', and a reference to an object is always the 40-byte hex -representation of that SHA1 name. The files in the `refs` +representation of that SHA-1 name. The files in the `refs` subdirectory are expected to contain these hex references -(usually with a final `\'\n\'` at the end), and you should thus +(usually with a final `\n` at the end), and you should thus expect to see a number of 41-byte files containing these references in these `refs` subdirectories when you actually start populating your tree. @@ -111,18 +119,18 @@ populating your tree. An advanced user may want to take a look at linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] after finishing this tutorial. -You have now created your first git repository. Of course, since it's +You have now created your first Git repository. Of course, since it's empty, that's not very useful, so let's start populating it with data. -Populating a git repository +Populating a Git repository --------------------------- We'll keep this simple and stupid, so we'll start off with populating a few trivial files just to get a feel for it. Start off with just creating any random files that you want to maintain -in your git repository. We'll start off with a few bad examples, just to +in your Git repository. We'll start off with a few bad examples, just to get a feel for how this works: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -138,13 +146,13 @@ but to actually check in your hard work, you will have to go through two steps: - commit that index file as an object. -The first step is trivial: when you want to tell git about any changes -to your working tree, you use the 'git-update-index' program. That +The first step is trivial: when you want to tell Git about any changes +to your working tree, you use the 'git update-index' program. That program normally just takes a list of filenames you want to update, but to avoid trivial mistakes, it refuses to add new entries to the index (or remove existing ones) unless you explicitly tell it that you're -adding a new entry with the `\--add` flag (or removing an entry with the -`\--remove`) flag. +adding a new entry with the `--add` flag (or removing an entry with the +`--remove`) flag. So to populate the index with the two files you just created, you can do @@ -152,10 +160,10 @@ So to populate the index with the two files you just created, you can do $ git update-index --add hello example ------------------------------------------------ -and you have now told git to track those two files. +and you have now told Git to track those two files. In fact, as you did that, if you now look into your object directory, -you'll notice that git will have added two new objects to the object +you'll notice that Git will have added two new objects to the object database. If you did exactly the steps above, you should now be able to do @@ -173,19 +181,19 @@ and see two files: which correspond with the objects with names of `557db...` and `f24c7...` respectively. -If you want to, you can use 'git-cat-file' to look at those objects, but +If you want to, you can use 'git cat-file' to look at those objects, but you'll have to use the object name, not the filename of the object: ---------------- $ git cat-file -t 557db03de997c86a4a028e1ebd3a1ceb225be238 ---------------- -where the `-t` tells 'git-cat-file' to tell you what the "type" of the -object is. git will tell you that you have a "blob" object (i.e., just a +where the `-t` tells 'git cat-file' to tell you what the "type" of the +object is. Git will tell you that you have a "blob" object (i.e., just a regular file), and you can see the contents with ---------------- -$ git cat-file "blob" 557db03 +$ git cat-file blob 557db03 ---------------- which will print out "Hello World". The object `557db03` is nothing @@ -205,30 +213,30 @@ hexadecimal digits in most places. Anyway, as we mentioned previously, you normally never actually take a look at the objects themselves, and typing long 40-character hex names is not something you'd normally want to do. The above digression -was just to show that 'git-update-index' did something magical, and -actually saved away the contents of your files into the git object +was just to show that 'git update-index' did something magical, and +actually saved away the contents of your files into the Git object database. Updating the index did something else too: it created a `.git/index` file. This is the index that describes your current working tree, and something you should be very aware of. Again, you normally never worry about the index file itself, but you should be aware of the fact that -you have not actually really "checked in" your files into git so far, -you've only *told* git about them. +you have not actually really "checked in" your files into Git so far, +you've only *told* Git about them. -However, since git knows about them, you can now start using some of the -most basic git commands to manipulate the files or look at their status. +However, since Git knows about them, you can now start using some of the +most basic Git commands to manipulate the files or look at their status. -In particular, let's not even check in the two files into git yet, we'll +In particular, let's not even check in the two files into Git yet, we'll start off by adding another line to `hello` first: ------------------------------------------------ $ echo "It's a new day for git" >>hello ------------------------------------------------ -and you can now, since you told git about the previous state of `hello`, ask -git what has changed in the tree compared to your old index, using the -'git-diff-files' command: +and you can now, since you told Git about the previous state of `hello`, ask +Git what has changed in the tree compared to your old index, using the +'git diff-files' command: ------------ $ git diff-files @@ -239,7 +247,7 @@ version of a 'diff', but that internal version really just tells you that it has noticed that "hello" has been modified, and that the old object contents it had have been replaced with something else. -To make it readable, we can tell 'git-diff-files' to output the +To make it readable, we can tell 'git diff-files' to output the differences as a patch, using the `-p` flag: ------------ @@ -251,11 +259,11 @@ index 557db03..263414f 100644 @@ -1 +1,2 @@ Hello World +It's a new day for git ----- +------------ i.e. the diff of the change we caused by adding another line to `hello`. -In other words, 'git-diff-files' always shows us the difference between +In other words, 'git diff-files' always shows us the difference between what is recorded in the index, and what is currently in the working tree. That's very useful. @@ -274,21 +282,21 @@ index 557db03..263414f 100644 ------------ -Committing git state +Committing Git state -------------------- -Now, we want to go to the next stage in git, which is to take the files -that git knows about in the index, and commit them as a real tree. We do +Now, we want to go to the next stage in Git, which is to take the files +that Git knows about in the index, and commit them as a real tree. We do that in two phases: creating a 'tree' object, and committing that 'tree' object as a 'commit' object together with an explanation of what the tree was all about, along with information of how we came to that state. -Creating a tree object is trivial, and is done with 'git-write-tree'. +Creating a tree object is trivial, and is done with 'git write-tree'. There are no options or other input: `git write-tree` will take the current index state, and write an object that describes that whole index. In other words, we're now tying together all the different filenames with their contents (and their permissions), and we're -creating the equivalent of a git "directory" object: +creating the equivalent of a Git "directory" object: ------------------------------------------------ $ git write-tree @@ -302,28 +310,28 @@ and this will just output the name of the resulting tree, in this case ---------------- which is another incomprehensible object name. Again, if you want to, -you can use `git cat-file -t 8988d\...` to see that this time the object +you can use `git cat-file -t 8988d...` to see that this time the object is not a "blob" object, but a "tree" object (you can also use `git cat-file` to actually output the raw object contents, but you'll see mainly a binary mess, so that's less interesting). -However -- normally you'd never use 'git-write-tree' on its own, because +However -- normally you'd never use 'git write-tree' on its own, because normally you always commit a tree into a commit object using the -'git-commit-tree' command. In fact, it's easier to not actually use -'git-write-tree' on its own at all, but to just pass its result in as an -argument to 'git-commit-tree'. +'git commit-tree' command. In fact, it's easier to not actually use +'git write-tree' on its own at all, but to just pass its result in as an +argument to 'git commit-tree'. -'git-commit-tree' normally takes several arguments -- it wants to know +'git commit-tree' normally takes several arguments -- it wants to know what the 'parent' of a commit was, but since this is the first commit ever in this new repository, and it has no parents, we only need to pass in -the object name of the tree. However, 'git-commit-tree' also wants to get a +the object name of the tree. However, 'git commit-tree' also wants to get a commit message on its standard input, and it will write out the resulting object name for the commit to its standard output. And this is where we create the `.git/refs/heads/master` file which is pointed at by `HEAD`. This file is supposed to contain the reference to the top-of-tree of the master branch, and since -that's exactly what 'git-commit-tree' spits out, we can do this +that's exactly what 'git commit-tree' spits out, we can do this all with a sequence of simple shell commands: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -345,11 +353,11 @@ instead, and it would have done the above magic scripting for you. Making a change --------------- -Remember how we did the 'git-update-index' on file `hello` and then we +Remember how we did the 'git update-index' on file `hello` and then we changed `hello` afterward, and could compare the new state of `hello` with the state we saved in the index file? -Further, remember how I said that 'git-write-tree' writes the contents +Further, remember how I said that 'git write-tree' writes the contents of the *index* file to the tree, and thus what we just committed was in fact the *original* contents of the file `hello`, not the new ones. We did that on purpose, to show the difference between the index state, and the @@ -360,12 +368,12 @@ As before, if we do `git diff-files -p` in our git-tutorial project, we'll still see the same difference we saw last time: the index file hasn't changed by the act of committing anything. However, now that we have committed something, we can also learn to use a new command: -'git-diff-index'. +'git diff-index'. -Unlike 'git-diff-files', which showed the difference between the index -file and the working tree, 'git-diff-index' shows the differences +Unlike 'git diff-files', which showed the difference between the index +file and the working tree, 'git diff-index' shows the differences between a committed *tree* and either the index file or the working -tree. In other words, 'git-diff-index' wants a tree to be diffed +tree. In other words, 'git diff-index' wants a tree to be diffed against, and before we did the commit, we couldn't do that, because we didn't have anything to diff against. @@ -375,7 +383,7 @@ But now we can do $ git diff-index -p HEAD ---------------- -(where `-p` has the same meaning as it did in 'git-diff-files'), and it +(where `-p` has the same meaning as it did in 'git diff-files'), and it will show us the same difference, but for a totally different reason. Now we're comparing the working tree not against the index file, but against the tree we just wrote. It just so happens that those two @@ -390,26 +398,26 @@ $ git diff HEAD which ends up doing the above for you. -In other words, 'git-diff-index' normally compares a tree against the -working tree, but when given the `\--cached` flag, it is told to +In other words, 'git diff-index' normally compares a tree against the +working tree, but when given the `--cached` flag, it is told to instead compare against just the index cache contents, and ignore the current working tree state entirely. Since we just wrote the index -file to HEAD, doing `git diff-index \--cached -p HEAD` should thus return +file to HEAD, doing `git diff-index --cached -p HEAD` should thus return an empty set of differences, and that's exactly what it does. [NOTE] ================ -'git-diff-index' really always uses the index for its +'git diff-index' really always uses the index for its comparisons, and saying that it compares a tree against the working tree is thus not strictly accurate. In particular, the list of files to compare (the "meta-data") *always* comes from the index file, -regardless of whether the `\--cached` flag is used or not. The `\--cached` +regardless of whether the `--cached` flag is used or not. The `--cached` flag really only determines whether the file *contents* to be compared come from the working tree or not. -This is not hard to understand, as soon as you realize that git simply +This is not hard to understand, as soon as you realize that Git simply never knows (or cares) about files that it is not told about -explicitly. git will never go *looking* for files to compare, it +explicitly. Git will never go *looking* for files to compare, it expects you to tell it what the files are, and that's what the index is there for. ================ @@ -425,14 +433,14 @@ update the index cache: $ git update-index hello ------------------------------------------------ -(note how we didn't need the `\--add` flag this time, since git knew +(note how we didn't need the `--add` flag this time, since Git knew about the file already). -Note what happens to the different 'git-diff-\*' versions here. After -we've updated `hello` in the index, `git diff-files -p` now shows no +Note what happens to the different 'git diff-{asterisk}' versions here. +After we've updated `hello` in the index, `git diff-files -p` now shows no differences, but `git diff-index -p HEAD` still *does* show that the current state is different from the state we committed. In fact, now -'git-diff-index' shows the same difference whether we use the `--cached` +'git diff-index' shows the same difference whether we use the `--cached` flag or not, since now the index is coherent with the working tree. Now, since we've updated `hello` in the index, we can commit the new @@ -456,11 +464,11 @@ this point (you can continue to edit things and update the index), you can just leave an empty message. Otherwise `git commit` will commit the change for you. -You've now made your first real git commit. And if you're interested in +You've now made your first real Git commit. And if you're interested in looking at what `git commit` really does, feel free to investigate: it's a few very simple shell scripts to generate the helpful (?) commit message headers, and a few one-liners that actually do the -commit itself ('git-commit'). +commit itself ('git commit'). Inspecting Changes @@ -468,9 +476,9 @@ Inspecting Changes While creating changes is useful, it's even more useful if you can tell later what changed. The most useful command for this is another of the -'diff' family, namely 'git-diff-tree'. +'diff' family, namely 'git diff-tree'. -'git-diff-tree' can be given two arbitrary trees, and it will tell you the +'git diff-tree' can be given two arbitrary trees, and it will tell you the differences between them. Perhaps even more commonly, though, you can give it just a single commit object, and it will figure out the parent of that commit itself, and show the difference directly. Thus, to get @@ -486,7 +494,7 @@ and it will show what the last commit (in `HEAD`) actually changed. [NOTE] ============ Here is an ASCII art by Jon Loeliger that illustrates how -various diff-\* commands compare things. +various 'diff-{asterisk}' commands compare things. diff-tree +----+ @@ -518,56 +526,23 @@ various diff-\* commands compare things. +-----------+ ============ -More interestingly, you can also give 'git-diff-tree' the `--pretty` flag, +More interestingly, you can also give 'git diff-tree' the `--pretty` flag, which tells it to also show the commit message and author and date of the commit, and you can tell it to show a whole series of diffs. Alternatively, you can tell it to be "silent", and not show the diffs at all, but just show the actual commit message. -In fact, together with the 'git-rev-list' program (which generates a -list of revisions), 'git-diff-tree' ends up being a veritable fount of -changes. A trivial (but very useful) script called 'git-whatchanged' is -included with git which does exactly this, and shows a log of recent -activities. - -To see the whole history of our pitiful little git-tutorial project, you -can do - ----------------- -$ git log ----------------- - -which shows just the log messages, or if we want to see the log together -with the associated patches use the more complex (and much more -powerful) - ----------------- -$ git whatchanged -p ----------------- - -and you will see exactly what has changed in the repository over its -short history. - -[NOTE] -When using the above two commands, the initial commit will be shown. -If this is a problem because it is huge, you can hide it by setting -the log.showroot configuration variable to false. Having this, you -can still show it for each command just adding the `\--root` option, -which is a flag for 'git-diff-tree' accepted by both commands. - -With that, you should now be having some inkling of what git does, and -can explore on your own. - -[NOTE] -Most likely, you are not directly using the core -git Plumbing commands, but using Porcelain such as 'git-add', `git-rm' -and `git-commit'. +In fact, together with the 'git rev-list' program (which generates a +list of revisions), 'git diff-tree' ends up being a veritable fount of +changes. You can emulate `git log`, `git log -p`, etc. with a trivial +script that pipes the output of `git rev-list` to `git diff-tree --stdin`, +which was exactly how early versions of `git log` were implemented. Tagging a version ----------------- -In git, there are two kinds of tags, a "light" one, and an "annotated tag". +In Git, there are two kinds of tags, a "light" one, and an "annotated tag". A "light" tag is technically nothing more than a branch, except we put it in the `.git/refs/tags/` subdirectory instead of calling it a `head`. @@ -590,19 +565,19 @@ obviously be an empty diff, but if you continue to develop and commit stuff, you can use your tag as an "anchor-point" to see what has changed since you tagged it. -An "annotated tag" is actually a real git object, and contains not only a +An "annotated tag" is actually a real Git object, and contains not only a pointer to the state you want to tag, but also a small tag name and message, along with optionally a PGP signature that says that yes, you really did that tag. You create these annotated tags with either the `-a` or -`-s` flag to 'git-tag': +`-s` flag to 'git tag': ---------------- $ git tag -s <tagname> ---------------- which will sign the current `HEAD` (but you can also give it another -argument that specifies the thing to tag, i.e., you could have tagged the +argument that specifies the thing to tag, e.g., you could have tagged the current `mybranch` point by using `git tag <tagname> mybranch`). You normally only do signed tags for major releases or things @@ -615,17 +590,17 @@ name for the state at that point. Copying repositories -------------------- -git repositories are normally totally self-sufficient and relocatable. +Git repositories are normally totally self-sufficient and relocatable. Unlike CVS, for example, there is no separate notion of -"repository" and "working tree". A git repository normally *is* the -working tree, with the local git information hidden in the `.git` +"repository" and "working tree". A Git repository normally *is* the +working tree, with the local Git information hidden in the `.git` subdirectory. There is nothing else. What you see is what you got. [NOTE] -You can tell git to split the git internal information from +You can tell Git to split the Git internal information from the directory that it tracks, but we'll ignore that for now: it's not how normal projects work, and it's really only meant for special uses. -So the mental model of "the git information is always tied directly to +So the mental model of "the Git information is always tied directly to the working tree that it describes" may not be technically 100% accurate, but it's a good model for all normal use. @@ -641,13 +616,13 @@ $ rm -rf git-tutorial and it will be gone. There's no external repository, and there's no history outside the project you created. - - if you want to move or duplicate a git repository, you can do so. There - is 'git-clone' command, but if all you want to do is just to + - if you want to move or duplicate a Git repository, you can do so. There + is 'git clone' command, but if all you want to do is just to create a copy of your repository (with all the full history that went along with it), you can do so with a regular `cp -a git-tutorial new-git-tutorial`. + -Note that when you've moved or copied a git repository, your git index +Note that when you've moved or copied a Git repository, your Git index file (which caches various information, notably some of the "stat" information for the files involved) will likely need to be refreshed. So after you do a `cp -a` to create a new copy, you'll want to do @@ -659,14 +634,14 @@ $ git update-index --refresh in the new repository to make sure that the index file is up-to-date. Note that the second point is true even across machines. You can -duplicate a remote git repository with *any* regular copy mechanism, be it +duplicate a remote Git repository with *any* regular copy mechanism, be it 'scp', 'rsync' or 'wget'. When copying a remote repository, you'll want to at a minimum update the index cache when you do this, and especially with other peoples' repositories you often want to make sure that the index cache is in some known state (you don't know *what* they've done and not yet checked in), -so usually you'll precede the 'git-update-index' with a +so usually you'll precede the 'git update-index' with a ---------------- $ git read-tree --reset HEAD @@ -674,7 +649,7 @@ $ git update-index --refresh ---------------- which will force a total index re-build from the tree pointed to by `HEAD`. -It resets the index contents to `HEAD`, and then the 'git-update-index' +It resets the index contents to `HEAD`, and then the 'git update-index' makes sure to match up all index entries with the checked-out files. If the original repository had uncommitted changes in its working tree, `git update-index --refresh` notices them and @@ -686,23 +661,23 @@ The above can also be written as simply $ git reset ---------------- -and in fact a lot of the common git command combinations can be scripted +and in fact a lot of the common Git command combinations can be scripted with the `git xyz` interfaces. You can learn things by just looking at what the various git scripts do. For example, `git reset` used to be -the above two lines implemented in 'git-reset', but some things like -'git-status' and 'git-commit' are slightly more complex scripts around -the basic git commands. +the above two lines implemented in 'git reset', but some things like +'git status' and 'git commit' are slightly more complex scripts around +the basic Git commands. Many (most?) public remote repositories will not contain any of the checked out files or even an index file, and will *only* contain the -actual core git files. Such a repository usually doesn't even have the -`.git` subdirectory, but has all the git files directly in the +actual core Git files. Such a repository usually doesn't even have the +`.git` subdirectory, but has all the Git files directly in the repository. -To create your own local live copy of such a "raw" git repository, you'd +To create your own local live copy of such a "raw" Git repository, you'd first create your own subdirectory for the project, and then copy the raw repository contents into the `.git` directory. For example, to -create your own copy of the git repository, you'd do the following +create your own copy of the Git repository, you'd do the following ---------------- $ mkdir my-git @@ -717,7 +692,7 @@ $ git read-tree HEAD ---------------- to populate the index. However, now you have populated the index, and -you have all the git internal files, but you will notice that you don't +you have all the Git internal files, but you will notice that you don't actually have any of the working tree files to work on. To get those, you'd check them out with @@ -729,13 +704,13 @@ where the `-u` flag means that you want the checkout to keep the index up-to-date (so that you don't have to refresh it afterward), and the `-a` flag means "check out all files" (if you have a stale copy or an older version of a checked out tree you may also need to add the `-f` -flag first, to tell 'git-checkout-index' to *force* overwriting of any old +flag first, to tell 'git checkout-index' to *force* overwriting of any old files). Again, this can all be simplified with ---------------- -$ git clone rsync://rsync.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git/ my-git +$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git/ my-git $ cd my-git $ git checkout ---------------- @@ -749,13 +724,13 @@ repository, and checked it out. Creating a new branch --------------------- -Branches in git are really nothing more than pointers into the git +Branches in Git are really nothing more than pointers into the Git object database from within the `.git/refs/` subdirectory, and as we already discussed, the `HEAD` branch is nothing but a symlink to one of these object pointers. You can at any time create a new branch by just picking an arbitrary -point in the project history, and just writing the SHA1 name of that +point in the project history, and just writing the SHA-1 name of that object into a file under `.git/refs/heads/`. You can use any filename you want (and indeed, subdirectories), but the convention is that the "normal" branch is called `master`. That's just a convention, though, @@ -776,7 +751,7 @@ to it. ================================================ If you make the decision to start your new branch at some other point in the history than the current `HEAD`, you can do so by -just telling 'git-checkout' what the base of the checkout would be. +just telling 'git checkout' what the base of the checkout would be. In other words, if you have an earlier tag or branch, you'd just do ------------ @@ -819,7 +794,7 @@ $ git branch <branchname> [startingpoint] which will simply _create_ the branch, but will not do anything further. You can then later -- once you decide that you want to actually develop -on that branch -- switch to that branch with a regular 'git-checkout' +on that branch -- switch to that branch with a regular 'git checkout' with the branchname as the argument. @@ -841,7 +816,7 @@ $ git commit -m "Some work." -i hello Here, we just added another line to `hello`, and we used a shorthand for doing both `git update-index hello` and `git commit` by just giving the filename directly to `git commit`, with an `-i` flag (it tells -git to 'include' that file in addition to what you have done to +Git to 'include' that file in addition to what you have done to the index file so far when making the commit). The `-m` flag is to give the commit log message from the command line. @@ -873,7 +848,7 @@ helps you view what's going on: $ gitk --all ---------------- -will show you graphically both of your branches (that's what the `\--all` +will show you graphically both of your branches (that's what the `--all` means: normally it will just show you your current `HEAD`) and their histories. You can also see exactly how they came to be from a common source. @@ -881,7 +856,7 @@ source. Anyway, let's exit 'gitk' (`^Q` or the File menu), and decide that we want to merge the work we did on the `mybranch` branch into the `master` branch (which is currently our `HEAD` too). To do that, there's a nice -script called 'git-merge', which wants to know which branches you want +script called 'git merge', which wants to know which branches you want to resolve and what the merge is all about: ------------ @@ -892,7 +867,7 @@ where the first argument is going to be used as the commit message if the merge can be resolved automatically. Now, in this case we've intentionally created a situation where the -merge will need to be fixed up by hand, though, so git will do as much +merge will need to be fixed up by hand, though, so Git will do as much of it as it can automatically (which in this case is just merge the `example` file, which had no differences in the `mybranch` branch), and say: @@ -925,13 +900,13 @@ $ git commit -i hello which will very loudly warn you that you're now committing a merge (which is correct, so never mind), and you can write a small merge -message about your adventures in 'git-merge'-land. +message about your adventures in 'git merge'-land. -After you're done, start up `gitk \--all` to see graphically what the +After you're done, start up `gitk --all` to see graphically what the history looks like. Notice that `mybranch` still exists, and you can switch to it, and continue to work with it if you want to. The `mybranch` branch will not contain the merge, but next time you merge it -from the `master` branch, git will know how you merged it, so you'll not +from the `master` branch, Git will know how you merged it, so you'll not have to do _that_ merge again. Another useful tool, especially if you do not always work in X-Window @@ -948,12 +923,11 @@ $ git show-branch --topo-order --more=1 master mybranch ------------------------------------------------ The first two lines indicate that it is showing the two branches -and the first line of the commit log message from their -top-of-the-tree commits, you are currently on `master` branch -(notice the asterisk `\*` character), and the first column for -the later output lines is used to show commits contained in the +with the titles of their top-of-the-tree commits, you are currently on +`master` branch (notice the asterisk `*` character), and the first +column for the later output lines is used to show commits contained in the `master` branch, and the second column for the `mybranch` -branch. Three commits are shown along with their log messages. +branch. Three commits are shown along with their titles. All of them have non blank characters in the first column (`*` shows an ordinary commit on the current branch, `-` is a merge commit), which means they are now part of the `master` branch. Only the "Some @@ -963,25 +937,25 @@ commits from the master branch. The string inside brackets before the commit log message is a short name you can use to name the commit. In the above example, 'master' and 'mybranch' are branch heads. 'master^' is the first parent of 'master' -branch head. Please see linkgit:git-rev-parse[1] if you want to +branch head. Please see linkgit:gitrevisions[7] if you want to see more complex cases. [NOTE] -Without the '--more=1' option, 'git-show-branch' would not output the +Without the '--more=1' option, 'git show-branch' would not output the '[master^]' commit, as '[mybranch]' commit is a common ancestor of both 'master' and 'mybranch' tips. Please see linkgit:git-show-branch[1] for details. [NOTE] If there were more commits on the 'master' branch after the merge, the -merge commit itself would not be shown by 'git-show-branch' by -default. You would need to provide '--sparse' option to make the +merge commit itself would not be shown by 'git show-branch' by +default. You would need to provide `--sparse` option to make the merge commit visible in this case. Now, let's pretend you are the one who did all the work in `mybranch`, and the fruit of your hard work has finally been merged to the `master` branch. Let's go back to `mybranch`, and run -'git-merge' to get the "upstream changes" back to your branch. +'git merge' to get the "upstream changes" back to your branch. ------------ $ git checkout mybranch @@ -993,19 +967,19 @@ would be different) ---------------- Updating from ae3a2da... to a80b4aa.... -Fast forward (no commit created; -m option ignored) - example | 1 + - hello | 1 + - 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) +Fast-forward (no commit created; -m option ignored) + example | 1 + + hello | 1 + + 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+) ---------------- Because your branch did not contain anything more than what had already been merged into the `master` branch, the merge operation did not actually do a merge. Instead, it just updated the top of the tree of your branch to that of the `master` branch. This is -often called 'fast forward' merge. +often called 'fast-forward' merge. -You can run `gitk \--all` again to see how the commit ancestry +You can run `gitk --all` again to see how the commit ancestry looks like, or run 'show-branch', which tells you this. ------------------------------------------------ @@ -1021,14 +995,14 @@ Merging external work --------------------- It's usually much more common that you merge with somebody else than -merging with your own branches, so it's worth pointing out that git +merging with your own branches, so it's worth pointing out that Git makes that very easy too, and in fact, it's not that different from -doing a 'git-merge'. In fact, a remote merge ends up being nothing +doing a 'git merge'. In fact, a remote merge ends up being nothing more than "fetch the work from a remote repository into a temporary tag" -followed by a 'git-merge'. +followed by a 'git merge'. Fetching from a remote repository is done by, unsurprisingly, -'git-fetch': +'git fetch': ---------------- $ git fetch <remote-repository> @@ -1037,20 +1011,6 @@ $ git fetch <remote-repository> One of the following transports can be used to name the repository to download from: -Rsync:: - `rsync://remote.machine/path/to/repo.git/` -+ -Rsync transport is usable for both uploading and downloading, -but is completely unaware of what git does, and can produce -unexpected results when you download from the public repository -while the repository owner is uploading into it via `rsync` -transport. Most notably, it could update the files under -`refs/` which holds the object name of the topmost commits -before uploading the files in `objects/` -- the downloader would -obtain head commit object name while that object itself is still -not available in the repository. For this reason, it is -considered deprecated. - SSH:: `remote.machine:/path/to/repo.git/` or + @@ -1061,7 +1021,7 @@ and requires you to have a log-in privilege over `ssh` to the remote machine. It finds out the set of objects the other side lacks by exchanging the head commits both ends have and transfers (close to) minimum set of objects. It is by far the -most efficient way to exchange git objects between repositories. +most efficient way to exchange Git objects between repositories. Local directory:: `/path/to/repo.git/` @@ -1070,7 +1030,7 @@ This transport is the same as SSH transport but uses 'sh' to run both ends on the local machine instead of running other end on the remote machine via 'ssh'. -git Native:: +Git Native:: `git://remote.machine/path/to/repo.git/` + This transport was designed for anonymous downloading. Like SSH @@ -1084,7 +1044,7 @@ Downloader from http and https URL first obtains the topmost commit object name from the remote site by looking at the specified refname under `repo.git/refs/` directory, and then tries to obtain the -commit object by downloading from `repo.git/objects/xx/xxx\...` +commit object by downloading from `repo.git/objects/xx/xxx...` using the object name of that commit object. Then it reads the commit object to find out its parent commits and the associate tree object; it repeats this process until it gets all the @@ -1092,10 +1052,10 @@ necessary objects. Because of this behavior, they are sometimes also called 'commit walkers'. + The 'commit walkers' are sometimes also called 'dumb -transports', because they do not require any git aware smart -server like git Native transport does. Any stock HTTP server +transports', because they do not require any Git aware smart +server like Git Native transport does. Any stock HTTP server that does not even support directory index would suffice. But -you must prepare your repository with 'git-update-server-info' +you must prepare your repository with 'git update-server-info' to help dumb transport downloaders. Once you fetch from the remote repository, you `merge` that @@ -1115,7 +1075,7 @@ argument. [NOTE] You could do without using any branches at all, by keeping as many local repositories as you would like to have -branches, and merging between them with 'git-pull', just like +branches, and merging between them with 'git pull', just like you merge between branches. The advantage of this approach is that it lets you keep a set of files for each `branch` checked out and you may find it easier to switch back and forth if you @@ -1132,7 +1092,7 @@ like this: $ git config remote.linus.url http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git/ ------------------------------------------------ -and use the "linus" keyword with 'git-pull' instead of the full URL. +and use the "linus" keyword with 'git pull' instead of the full URL. Examples. @@ -1168,7 +1128,7 @@ $ git show-branch --more=2 master mybranch +* [master^] Some fun. ------------ -Remember, before running 'git-merge', our `master` head was at +Remember, before running 'git merge', our `master` head was at "Some fun." commit, while our `mybranch` head was at "Some work." commit. @@ -1186,16 +1146,16 @@ $ git show-branch * [master] Some fun. ! [mybranch] Some work. -- - + [mybranch] Some work. * [master] Some fun. -*+ [mybranch^] New day. + + [mybranch] Some work. +*+ [master^] Initial commit ------------ Now we are ready to experiment with the merge by hand. `git merge` command, when merging two branches, uses 3-way merge algorithm. First, it finds the common ancestor between them. -The command it uses is 'git-merge-base': +The command it uses is 'git merge-base': ------------ $ mb=$(git merge-base HEAD mybranch) @@ -1204,11 +1164,11 @@ $ mb=$(git merge-base HEAD mybranch) The command writes the commit object name of the common ancestor to the standard output, so we captured its output to a variable, because we will be using it in the next step. By the way, the common -ancestor commit is the "New day." commit in this case. You can +ancestor commit is the "Initial commit" commit in this case. You can tell it by: ------------ -$ git name-rev $mb +$ git name-rev --name-only --tags $mb my-first-tag ------------ @@ -1219,14 +1179,14 @@ this: $ git read-tree -m -u $mb HEAD mybranch ------------ -This is the same 'git-read-tree' command we have already seen, +This is the same 'git read-tree' command we have already seen, but it takes three trees, unlike previous examples. This reads the contents of each tree into different 'stage' in the index file (the first tree goes to stage 1, the second to stage 2, etc.). After reading three trees into three stages, the paths that are the same in all three stages are 'collapsed' into stage 0. Also paths that are the same in two of three stages are -collapsed into stage 0, taking the SHA1 from either stage 2 or +collapsed into stage 0, taking the SHA-1 from either stage 2 or stage 3, whichever is different from stage 1 (i.e. only one side changed from the common ancestor). @@ -1237,8 +1197,8 @@ inspect the index file with this command: ------------ $ git ls-files --stage 100644 7f8b141b65fdcee47321e399a2598a235a032422 0 example -100644 263414f423d0e4d70dae8fe53fa34614ff3e2860 1 hello -100644 06fa6a24256dc7e560efa5687fa84b51f0263c3a 2 hello +100644 557db03de997c86a4a028e1ebd3a1ceb225be238 1 hello +100644 ba42a2a96e3027f3333e13ede4ccf4498c3ae942 2 hello 100644 cc44c73eb783565da5831b4d820c962954019b69 3 hello ------------ @@ -1249,19 +1209,19 @@ this 'collapsing' tends to trivially merge most of the paths fairly quickly, leaving only a handful of real changes in non-zero stages. -To look at only non-zero stages, use `\--unmerged` flag: +To look at only non-zero stages, use `--unmerged` flag: ------------ $ git ls-files --unmerged -100644 263414f423d0e4d70dae8fe53fa34614ff3e2860 1 hello -100644 06fa6a24256dc7e560efa5687fa84b51f0263c3a 2 hello +100644 557db03de997c86a4a028e1ebd3a1ceb225be238 1 hello +100644 ba42a2a96e3027f3333e13ede4ccf4498c3ae942 2 hello 100644 cc44c73eb783565da5831b4d820c962954019b69 3 hello ------------ The next step of merging is to merge these three versions of the file, using 3-way merge. This is done by giving -'git-merge-one-file' command as one of the arguments to -'git-merge-index' command: +'git merge-one-file' command as one of the arguments to +'git merge-index' command: ------------ $ git merge-index git-merge-one-file hello @@ -1270,7 +1230,7 @@ ERROR: Merge conflict in hello fatal: merge program failed ------------ -'git-merge-one-file' script is called with parameters to +'git merge-one-file' script is called with parameters to describe those three versions, and is responsible to leave the merge results in the working tree. It is a fairly straightforward shell script, and @@ -1283,15 +1243,15 @@ the working tree.. This can be seen if you run `ls-files ------------ $ git ls-files --stage 100644 7f8b141b65fdcee47321e399a2598a235a032422 0 example -100644 263414f423d0e4d70dae8fe53fa34614ff3e2860 1 hello -100644 06fa6a24256dc7e560efa5687fa84b51f0263c3a 2 hello +100644 557db03de997c86a4a028e1ebd3a1ceb225be238 1 hello +100644 ba42a2a96e3027f3333e13ede4ccf4498c3ae942 2 hello 100644 cc44c73eb783565da5831b4d820c962954019b69 3 hello ------------ This is the state of the index file and the working file after -'git-merge' returns control back to you, leaving the conflicting +'git merge' returns control back to you, leaving the conflicting merge for you to resolve. Notice that the path `hello` is still -unmerged, and what you see with 'git-diff' at this point is +unmerged, and what you see with 'git diff' at this point is differences since stage 2 (i.e. your version). @@ -1314,7 +1274,7 @@ update the public repository from it. This is often called [NOTE] This public repository could further be mirrored, and that is -how git repositories at `kernel.org` are managed. +how Git repositories at `kernel.org` are managed. Publishing the changes from your local (private) repository to your remote (public) repository requires a write privilege on @@ -1328,12 +1288,12 @@ into it later. Obviously, this repository creation needs to be done only once. [NOTE] -'git-push' uses a pair of programs, -'git-send-pack' on your local machine, and 'git-receive-pack' +'git push' uses a pair of commands, +'git send-pack' on your local machine, and 'git-receive-pack' on the remote machine. The communication between the two over the network internally uses an SSH connection. -Your private repository's git directory is usually `.git`, but +Your private repository's Git directory is usually `.git`, but your public repository is often named after the project name, i.e. `<project>.git`. Let's create such a public repository for project `my-git`. After logging into the remote machine, create @@ -1343,8 +1303,8 @@ an empty directory: $ mkdir my-git.git ------------ -Then, make that directory into a git repository by running -'git-init', but this time, since its name is not the usual +Then, make that directory into a Git repository by running +'git init', but this time, since its name is not the usual `.git`, we do things slightly differently: ------------ @@ -1382,7 +1342,7 @@ This synchronizes your public repository to match the named branch head (i.e. `master` in this case) and objects reachable from them in your current repository. -As a real example, this is how I update my public git +As a real example, this is how I update my public Git repository. Kernel.org mirror network takes care of the propagation to other publicly visible machines: @@ -1395,9 +1355,9 @@ Packing your repository ----------------------- Earlier, we saw that one file under `.git/objects/??/` directory -is stored for each git object you create. This representation +is stored for each Git object you create. This representation is efficient to create atomically and safely, but -not so convenient to transport over the network. Since git objects are +not so convenient to transport over the network. Since Git objects are immutable once they are created, there is a way to optimize the storage by "packing them together". The command @@ -1407,12 +1367,12 @@ $ git repack will do it for you. If you followed the tutorial examples, you would have accumulated about 17 objects in `.git/objects/??/` -directories by now. 'git-repack' tells you how many objects it -packed, and stores the packed file in `.git/objects/pack` +directories by now. 'git repack' tells you how many objects it +packed, and stores the packed file in the `.git/objects/pack` directory. [NOTE] -You will see two files, `pack-\*.pack` and `pack-\*.idx`, +You will see two files, `pack-*.pack` and `pack-*.idx`, in `.git/objects/pack` directory. They are closely related to each other, and if you ever copy them by hand to a different repository for whatever reason, you should make sure you copy @@ -1420,7 +1380,7 @@ them together. The former holds all the data from the objects in the pack, and the latter holds the index for random access. -If you are paranoid, running 'git-verify-pack' command would +If you are paranoid, running 'git verify-pack' command would detect if you have a corrupt pack, but do not worry too much. Our programs are always perfect ;-). @@ -1456,7 +1416,7 @@ while, depending on how active your project is. When a repository is synchronized via `git push` and `git pull` objects packed in the source repository are usually stored -unpacked in the destination, unless rsync transport is used. +unpacked in the destination. While this allows you to use different packing strategies on both ends, it also means you may need to repack both repositories every once in a while. @@ -1465,14 +1425,14 @@ repositories every once in a while. Working with Others ------------------- -Although git is a truly distributed system, it is often +Although Git is a truly distributed system, it is often convenient to organize your project with an informal hierarchy of developers. Linux kernel development is run this way. There is a nice illustration (page 17, "Merges to Mainline") in -link:http://www.xenotime.net/linux/mentor/linux-mentoring-2006.pdf[Randy Dunlap's presentation]. +http://www.xenotime.net/linux/mentor/linux-mentoring-2006.pdf[Randy Dunlap's presentation]. It should be stressed that this hierarchy is purely *informal*. -There is nothing fundamental in git that enforces the "chain of +There is nothing fundamental in Git that enforces the "chain of patch flow" this hierarchy implies. You do not have to pull from only one remote repository. @@ -1487,17 +1447,17 @@ If other people are pulling from your repository over dumb transport protocols (HTTP), you need to keep this repository 'dumb transport friendly'. After `git init`, `$GIT_DIR/hooks/post-update.sample` copied from the standard templates -would contain a call to 'git-update-server-info' +would contain a call to 'git update-server-info' but you need to manually enable the hook with `mv post-update.sample post-update`. This makes sure -'git-update-server-info' keeps the necessary files up-to-date. +'git update-server-info' keeps the necessary files up-to-date. 3. Push into the public repository from your primary repository. -4. 'git-repack' the public repository. This establishes a big +4. 'git repack' the public repository. This establishes a big pack that contains the initial set of objects as the - baseline, and possibly 'git-prune' if the transport + baseline, and possibly 'git prune' if the transport used for pulling from your repository supports packed repositories. @@ -1511,14 +1471,14 @@ You can repack this private repository whenever you feel like. 6. Push your changes to the public repository, and announce it to the public. -7. Every once in a while, 'git-repack' the public repository. +7. Every once in a while, 'git repack' the public repository. Go back to step 5. and continue working. A recommended work cycle for a "subsystem maintainer" who works on that project and has an own "public repository" goes like this: -1. Prepare your work repository, by 'git-clone' the public +1. Prepare your work repository, by running 'git clone' on the public repository of the "project lead". The URL used for the initial cloning is stored in the remote.origin.url configuration variable. @@ -1533,7 +1493,7 @@ on that project and has an own "public repository" goes like this: point at the repository you are borrowing from. 4. Push into the public repository from your primary - repository. Run 'git-repack', and possibly 'git-prune' if the + repository. Run 'git repack', and possibly 'git prune' if the transport used for pulling from your repository supports packed repositories. @@ -1550,7 +1510,7 @@ like. "project lead" and possibly your "sub-subsystem maintainers" to pull from it. -7. Every once in a while, 'git-repack' the public repository. +7. Every once in a while, 'git repack' the public repository. Go back to step 5. and continue working. @@ -1558,7 +1518,7 @@ A recommended work cycle for an "individual developer" who does not have a "public" repository is somewhat different. It goes like this: -1. Prepare your work repository, by 'git-clone' the public +1. Prepare your work repository, by 'git clone' the public repository of the "project lead" (or a "subsystem maintainer", if you work on a subsystem). The URL used for the initial cloning is stored in the remote.origin.url @@ -1583,9 +1543,9 @@ like this: Working with Others, Shared Repository Style -------------------------------------------- -If you are coming from CVS background, the style of cooperation +If you are coming from a CVS background, the style of cooperation suggested in the previous section may be new to you. You do not -have to worry. git supports "shared public repository" style of +have to worry. Git supports the "shared public repository" style of cooperation you are probably more familiar with as well. See linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7] for the details. @@ -1595,7 +1555,7 @@ Bundling your work together It is likely that you will be working on more than one thing at a time. It is easy to manage those more-or-less independent tasks -using branches with git. +using branches with Git. We have already seen how branches work previously, with "fun and work" example using two branches. The idea is the @@ -1656,8 +1616,8 @@ $ git reset --hard master~2 ------------ You can make sure `git show-branch` matches the state before -those two 'git-merge' you just did. Then, instead of running -two 'git-merge' commands in a row, you would merge these two +those two 'git merge' you just did. Then, instead of running +two 'git merge' commands in a row, you would merge these two branch heads (this is known as 'making an Octopus'): ------------ @@ -1675,7 +1635,7 @@ $ git show-branch ++* [master~2] Pretty-print messages. ------------ -Note that you should not do Octopus because you can. An octopus +Note that you should not do Octopus just because you can. An octopus is a valid thing to do and often makes it easier to view the commit history if you are merging more than two independent changes at the same time. However, if you have merge conflicts @@ -1693,9 +1653,9 @@ linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7], linkgit:git-help[1], -link:everyday.html[Everyday git], +linkgit:giteveryday[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual] GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite. +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitcredentials.txt b/Documentation/gitcredentials.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f3a75d1ce1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/gitcredentials.txt @@ -0,0 +1,188 @@ +gitcredentials(7) +================= + +NAME +---- +gitcredentials - providing usernames and passwords to Git + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +------------------ +git config credential.https://example.com.username myusername +git config credential.helper "$helper $options" +------------------ + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +Git will sometimes need credentials from the user in order to perform +operations; for example, it may need to ask for a username and password +in order to access a remote repository over HTTP. This manual describes +the mechanisms Git uses to request these credentials, as well as some +features to avoid inputting these credentials repeatedly. + +REQUESTING CREDENTIALS +---------------------- + +Without any credential helpers defined, Git will try the following +strategies to ask the user for usernames and passwords: + +1. If the `GIT_ASKPASS` environment variable is set, the program + specified by the variable is invoked. A suitable prompt is provided + to the program on the command line, and the user's input is read + from its standard output. + +2. Otherwise, if the `core.askPass` configuration variable is set, its + value is used as above. + +3. Otherwise, if the `SSH_ASKPASS` environment variable is set, its + value is used as above. + +4. Otherwise, the user is prompted on the terminal. + +AVOIDING REPETITION +------------------- + +It can be cumbersome to input the same credentials over and over. Git +provides two methods to reduce this annoyance: + +1. Static configuration of usernames for a given authentication context. + +2. Credential helpers to cache or store passwords, or to interact with + a system password wallet or keychain. + +The first is simple and appropriate if you do not have secure storage available +for a password. It is generally configured by adding this to your config: + +--------------------------------------- +[credential "https://example.com"] + username = me +--------------------------------------- + +Credential helpers, on the other hand, are external programs from which Git can +request both usernames and passwords; they typically interface with secure +storage provided by the OS or other programs. + +To use a helper, you must first select one to use. Git currently +includes the following helpers: + +cache:: + + Cache credentials in memory for a short period of time. See + linkgit:git-credential-cache[1] for details. + +store:: + + Store credentials indefinitely on disk. See + linkgit:git-credential-store[1] for details. + +You may also have third-party helpers installed; search for +`credential-*` in the output of `git help -a`, and consult the +documentation of individual helpers. Once you have selected a helper, +you can tell Git to use it by putting its name into the +credential.helper variable. + +1. Find a helper. ++ +------------------------------------------- +$ git help -a | grep credential- +credential-foo +------------------------------------------- + +2. Read its description. ++ +------------------------------------------- +$ git help credential-foo +------------------------------------------- + +3. Tell Git to use it. ++ +------------------------------------------- +$ git config --global credential.helper foo +------------------------------------------- + +If there are multiple instances of the `credential.helper` configuration +variable, each helper will be tried in turn, and may provide a username, +password, or nothing. Once Git has acquired both a username and a +password, no more helpers will be tried. + +If `credential.helper` is configured to the empty string, this resets +the helper list to empty (so you may override a helper set by a +lower-priority config file by configuring the empty-string helper, +followed by whatever set of helpers you would like). + + +CREDENTIAL CONTEXTS +------------------- + +Git considers each credential to have a context defined by a URL. This context +is used to look up context-specific configuration, and is passed to any +helpers, which may use it as an index into secure storage. + +For instance, imagine we are accessing `https://example.com/foo.git`. When Git +looks into a config file to see if a section matches this context, it will +consider the two a match if the context is a more-specific subset of the +pattern in the config file. For example, if you have this in your config file: + +-------------------------------------- +[credential "https://example.com"] + username = foo +-------------------------------------- + +then we will match: both protocols are the same, both hosts are the same, and +the "pattern" URL does not care about the path component at all. However, this +context would not match: + +-------------------------------------- +[credential "https://kernel.org"] + username = foo +-------------------------------------- + +because the hostnames differ. Nor would it match `foo.example.com`; Git +compares hostnames exactly, without considering whether two hosts are part of +the same domain. Likewise, a config entry for `http://example.com` would not +match: Git compares the protocols exactly. + + +CONFIGURATION OPTIONS +--------------------- + +Options for a credential context can be configured either in +`credential.*` (which applies to all credentials), or +`credential.<url>.*`, where <url> matches the context as described +above. + +The following options are available in either location: + +helper:: + + The name of an external credential helper, and any associated options. + If the helper name is not an absolute path, then the string `git + credential-` is prepended. The resulting string is executed by the + shell (so, for example, setting this to `foo --option=bar` will execute + `git credential-foo --option=bar` via the shell. See the manual of + specific helpers for examples of their use. + +username:: + + A default username, if one is not provided in the URL. + +useHttpPath:: + + By default, Git does not consider the "path" component of an http URL + to be worth matching via external helpers. This means that a credential + stored for `https://example.com/foo.git` will also be used for + `https://example.com/bar.git`. If you do want to distinguish these + cases, set this option to `true`. + + +CUSTOM HELPERS +-------------- + +You can write your own custom helpers to interface with any system in +which you keep credentials. See the documentation for Git's +link:technical/api-credentials.html[credentials API] for details. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitcvs-migration.txt b/Documentation/gitcvs-migration.txt index aaa7ef737a..1cd1283d0f 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitcvs-migration.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcvs-migration.txt @@ -3,11 +3,12 @@ gitcvs-migration(7) NAME ---- -gitcvs-migration - git for CVS users +gitcvs-migration - Git for CVS users SYNOPSIS -------- -git cvsimport * +[verse] +'git cvsimport' * DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ important than any other. However, you can emulate the CVS model by designating a single shared repository which people can synchronize with; this document explains how to do that. -Some basic familiarity with git is required. Having gone through +Some basic familiarity with Git is required. Having gone through linkgit:gittutorial[7] and linkgit:gitglossary[7] should be sufficient. @@ -47,25 +48,25 @@ them first before running git pull. [NOTE] ================================ The 'pull' command knows where to get updates from because of certain -configuration variables that were set by the first 'git-clone' +configuration variables that were set by the first 'git clone' command; see `git config -l` and the linkgit:git-config[1] man page for details. ================================ You can update the shared repository with your changes by first committing -your changes, and then using the 'git-push' command: +your changes, and then using the 'git push' command: ------------------------------------------------ $ git push origin master ------------------------------------------------ to "push" those commits to the shared repository. If someone else has -updated the repository more recently, 'git-push', like 'cvs commit', will +updated the repository more recently, 'git push', like 'cvs commit', will complain, in which case you must pull any changes before attempting the push again. -In the 'git-push' command above we specify the name of the remote branch -to update (`master`). If we leave that out, 'git-push' tries to update +In the 'git push' command above we specify the name of the remote branch +to update (`master`). If we leave that out, 'git push' tries to update any branches in the remote repository that have the same name as a branch in the local repository. So the last 'push' can be done with either of: @@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ other than `master`. Setting Up a Shared Repository ------------------------------ -We assume you have already created a git repository for your project, +We assume you have already created a Git repository for your project, possibly created from scratch or from a tarball (see linkgit:gittutorial[7]), or imported from an already existing CVS repository (see the next section). @@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ Next, give every team member read/write access to this repository. One easy way to do this is to give all the team members ssh access to the machine where the repository is hosted. If you don't want to give them a full shell on the machine, there is a restricted shell which only allows -users to do git pushes and pulls; see linkgit:git-shell[1]. +users to do Git pushes and pulls; see linkgit:git-shell[1]. Put all the committers in the same group, and make the repository writable by that group: @@ -115,16 +116,20 @@ they create are writable and searchable by other group members. Importing a CVS archive ----------------------- +NOTE: These instructions use the `git-cvsimport` script which ships with +git, but other importers may provide better results. See the note in +linkgit:git-cvsimport[1] for other options. + First, install version 2.1 or higher of cvsps from -link:http://www.cobite.com/cvsps/[http://www.cobite.com/cvsps/] and make +https://github.com/andreyvit/cvsps[https://github.com/andreyvit/cvsps] and make sure it is in your path. Then cd to a checked out CVS working directory -of the project you are interested in and run 'git-cvsimport': +of the project you are interested in and run linkgit:git-cvsimport[1]: ------------------------------------------- $ git cvsimport -C <destination> <module> ------------------------------------------- -This puts a git archive of the named CVS module in the directory +This puts a Git archive of the named CVS module in the directory <destination>, which will be created if necessary. The import checks out from CVS every revision of every file. Reportedly @@ -132,8 +137,8 @@ cvsimport can average some twenty revisions per second, so for a medium-sized project this should not take more than a couple of minutes. Larger projects or remote repositories may take longer. -The main trunk is stored in the git branch named `origin`, and additional -CVS branches are stored in git branches with the same names. The most +The main trunk is stored in the Git branch named `origin`, and additional +CVS branches are stored in Git branches with the same names. The most recent version of the main trunk is also left checked out on the `master` branch, so you can start adding your own changes right away. @@ -156,13 +161,13 @@ points. You can use these, for example, to send all commits to the shared repository to a mailing list. See linkgit:githooks[5]. You can enforce finer grained permissions using update hooks. See -link:howto/update-hook-example.txt[Controlling access to branches using +link:howto/update-hook-example.html[Controlling access to branches using update hooks]. -Providing CVS Access to a git Repository +Providing CVS Access to a Git Repository ---------------------------------------- -It is also possible to provide true CVS access to a git repository, so +It is also possible to provide true CVS access to a Git repository, so that developers can still use CVS; see linkgit:git-cvsserver[1] for details. @@ -170,8 +175,8 @@ Alternative Development Models ------------------------------ CVS users are accustomed to giving a group of developers commit access to -a common repository. As we've seen, this is also possible with git. -However, the distributed nature of git allows other development models, +a common repository. As we've seen, this is also possible with Git. +However, the distributed nature of Git allows other development models, and you may want to first consider whether one of them might be a better fit for your project. @@ -193,9 +198,9 @@ linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7], linkgit:gitglossary[7], -link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], +linkgit:giteveryday[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual] GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite. +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt b/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt index e8041bc08f..c0a60f3158 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt @@ -3,16 +3,17 @@ gitdiffcore(7) NAME ---- -gitdiffcore - Tweaking diff output (June 2005) +gitdiffcore - Tweaking diff output SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] 'git diff' * DESCRIPTION ----------- -The diff commands 'git-diff-index', 'git-diff-files', and 'git-diff-tree' +The diff commands 'git diff-index', 'git diff-files', and 'git diff-tree' can be told to manipulate differences they find in unconventional ways before showing 'diff' output. The manipulation is collectively called "diffcore transformation". This short note @@ -23,18 +24,18 @@ that is easier to understand than the conventional kind. The chain of operation ---------------------- -The 'git-diff-{asterisk}' family works by first comparing two sets of +The 'git diff-{asterisk}' family works by first comparing two sets of files: - - 'git-diff-index' compares contents of a "tree" object and the - working directory (when '\--cached' flag is not used) or a - "tree" object and the index file (when '\--cached' flag is + - 'git diff-index' compares contents of a "tree" object and the + working directory (when `--cached` flag is not used) or a + "tree" object and the index file (when `--cached` flag is used); - - 'git-diff-files' compares contents of the index file and the + - 'git diff-files' compares contents of the index file and the working directory; - - 'git-diff-tree' compares contents of two "tree" objects; + - 'git diff-tree' compares contents of two "tree" objects; In all of these cases, the commands themselves first optionally limit the two sets of files by any pathspecs given on their command-lines, @@ -74,20 +75,20 @@ into another list. There are currently 5 such transformations: - diffcore-pickaxe - diffcore-order -These are applied in sequence. The set of filepairs 'git-diff-{asterisk}' +These are applied in sequence. The set of filepairs 'git diff-{asterisk}' commands find are used as the input to diffcore-break, and the output from diffcore-break is used as the input to the next transformation. The final result is then passed to the output routine and generates either diff-raw format (see Output -format sections of the manual for 'git-diff-{asterisk}' commands) or +format sections of the manual for 'git diff-{asterisk}' commands) or diff-patch format. -diffcore-break: For Splitting Up "Complete Rewrites" ----------------------------------------------------- +diffcore-break: For Splitting Up Complete Rewrites +-------------------------------------------------- The second transformation in the chain is diffcore-break, and is -controlled by the -B option to the 'git-diff-{asterisk}' commands. This is +controlled by the -B option to the 'git diff-{asterisk}' commands. This is used to detect a filepair that represents "complete rewrite" and break such filepair into two filepairs that represent delete and create. E.g. If the input contained this filepair: @@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ it changes it to: For the purpose of breaking a filepair, diffcore-break examines the extent of changes between the contents of the files before and after modification (i.e. the contents that have "bcd1234..." -and "0123456..." as their SHA1 content ID, in the above +and "0123456..." as their SHA-1 content ID, in the above example). The amount of deletion of original contents and insertion of new material are added together, and if it exceeds the "break score", the filepair is broken into two. The break @@ -118,12 +119,12 @@ the original is used), and can be customized by giving a number after "-B" option (e.g. "-B75" to tell it to use 75%). -diffcore-rename: For Detection Renames and Copies +diffcore-rename: For Detecting Renames and Copies ------------------------------------------------- This transformation is used to detect renames and copies, and is controlled by the -M option (to detect renames) and the -C option -(to detect copies as well) to the 'git-diff-{asterisk}' commands. If the +(to detect copies as well) to the 'git diff-{asterisk}' commands. If the input contained these filepairs: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ merges these filepairs and creates: When the "-C" option is used, the original contents of modified files, and deleted files (and also unmodified files, if the -"\--find-copies-harder" option is used) are considered as candidates +"--find-copies-harder" option is used) are considered as candidates of the source files in rename/copy operation. If the input were like these filepairs, that talk about a modified file fileY and a newly created file file0: @@ -167,17 +168,17 @@ a similarity score different from the default of 50% by giving a number after the "-M" or "-C" option (e.g. "-M8" to tell it to use 8/10 = 80%). -Note. When the "-C" option is used with `\--find-copies-harder` -option, 'git-diff-{asterisk}' commands feed unmodified filepairs to +Note. When the "-C" option is used with `--find-copies-harder` +option, 'git diff-{asterisk}' commands feed unmodified filepairs to diffcore mechanism as well as modified ones. This lets the copy detector consider unmodified files as copy source candidates at -the expense of making it slower. Without `\--find-copies-harder`, -'git-diff-{asterisk}' commands can detect copies only if the file that was +the expense of making it slower. Without `--find-copies-harder`, +'git diff-{asterisk}' commands can detect copies only if the file that was copied happened to have been modified in the same changeset. -diffcore-merge-broken: For Putting "Complete Rewrites" Back Together --------------------------------------------------------------------- +diffcore-merge-broken: For Putting Complete Rewrites Back Together +------------------------------------------------------------------ This transformation is used to merge filepairs broken by diffcore-break, and not transformed into rename/copy by @@ -221,39 +222,48 @@ version prefixed with '+'. diffcore-pickaxe: For Detecting Addition/Deletion of Specified String --------------------------------------------------------------------- -This transformation is used to find filepairs that represent -changes that touch a specified string, and is controlled by the --S option and the `\--pickaxe-all` option to the 'git-diff-{asterisk}' -commands. - -When diffcore-pickaxe is in use, it checks if there are -filepairs whose "original" side has the specified string and -whose "result" side does not. Such a filepair represents "the -string appeared in this changeset". It also checks for the -opposite case that loses the specified string. - -When `\--pickaxe-all` is not in effect, diffcore-pickaxe leaves -only such filepairs that touch the specified string in its -output. When `\--pickaxe-all` is used, diffcore-pickaxe leaves all -filepairs intact if there is such a filepair, or makes the -output empty otherwise. The latter behaviour is designed to -make reviewing of the changes in the context of the whole +This transformation limits the set of filepairs to those that change +specified strings between the preimage and the postimage in a certain +way. -S<block of text> and -G<regular expression> options are used to +specify different ways these strings are sought. + +"-S<block of text>" detects filepairs whose preimage and postimage +have different number of occurrences of the specified block of text. +By definition, it will not detect in-file moves. Also, when a +changeset moves a file wholesale without affecting the interesting +string, diffcore-rename kicks in as usual, and `-S` omits the filepair +(since the number of occurrences of that string didn't change in that +rename-detected filepair). When used with `--pickaxe-regex`, treat +the <block of text> as an extended POSIX regular expression to match, +instead of a literal string. + +"-G<regular expression>" (mnemonic: grep) detects filepairs whose +textual diff has an added or a deleted line that matches the given +regular expression. This means that it will detect in-file (or what +rename-detection considers the same file) moves, which is noise. The +implementation runs diff twice and greps, and this can be quite +expensive. + +When `-S` or `-G` are used without `--pickaxe-all`, only filepairs +that match their respective criterion are kept in the output. When +`--pickaxe-all` is used, if even one filepair matches their respective +criterion in a changeset, the entire changeset is kept. This behavior +is designed to make reviewing changes in the context of the whole changeset easier. - diffcore-order: For Sorting the Output Based on Filenames --------------------------------------------------------- This is used to reorder the filepairs according to the user's (or project's) taste, and is controlled by the -O option to the -'git-diff-{asterisk}' commands. +'git diff-{asterisk}' commands. This takes a text file each of whose lines is a shell glob pattern. Filepairs that match a glob pattern on an earlier line in the file are output before ones that match a later line, and filepairs that do not match any glob pattern are output last. -As an example, a typical orderfile for the core git probably +As an example, a typical orderfile for the core Git probably would look like this: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -278,4 +288,4 @@ link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual] GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite. +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/everyday.txt b/Documentation/giteveryday.txt index e598cdda45..10c8ff93c0 100644 --- a/Documentation/everyday.txt +++ b/Documentation/giteveryday.txt @@ -1,73 +1,43 @@ -Everyday GIT With 20 Commands Or So -=================================== +giteveryday(7) +============== -<<Basic Repository>> commands are needed by people who have a -repository --- that is everybody, because every working tree of -git is a repository. +NAME +---- +giteveryday - A useful minimum set of commands for Everyday Git -In addition, <<Individual Developer (Standalone)>> commands are -essential for anybody who makes a commit, even for somebody who -works alone. +SYNOPSIS +-------- -If you work with other people, you will need commands listed in -the <<Individual Developer (Participant)>> section as well. +Everyday Git With 20 Commands Or So -People who play the <<Integrator>> role need to learn some more -commands in addition to the above. +DESCRIPTION +----------- -<<Repository Administration>> commands are for system -administrators who are responsible for the care and feeding -of git repositories. +Git users can broadly be grouped into four categories for the purposes of +describing here a small set of useful command for everyday Git. +* <<STANDALONE,Individual Developer (Standalone)>> commands are essential + for anybody who makes a commit, even for somebody who works alone. -Basic Repository[[Basic Repository]] ------------------------------------- +* If you work with other people, you will need commands listed in + the <<PARTICIPANT,Individual Developer (Participant)>> section as well. -Everybody uses these commands to maintain git repositories. +* People who play the <<INTEGRATOR,Integrator>> role need to learn some + more commands in addition to the above. - * linkgit:git-init[1] or linkgit:git-clone[1] to create a - new repository. +* <<ADMINISTRATION,Repository Administration>> commands are for system + administrators who are responsible for the care and feeding + of Git repositories. - * linkgit:git-fsck[1] to check the repository for errors. - * linkgit:git-gc[1] to do common housekeeping tasks such as - repack and prune. - -Examples -~~~~~~~~ - -Check health and remove cruft.:: -+ ------------- -$ git fsck <1> -$ git count-objects <2> -$ git gc <3> ------------- -+ -<1> running without `\--full` is usually cheap and assures the -repository health reasonably well. -<2> check how many loose objects there are and how much -disk space is wasted by not repacking. -<3> repacks the local repository and performs other housekeeping tasks. - -Repack a small project into single pack.:: -+ ------------- -$ git gc <1> ------------- -+ -<1> pack all the objects reachable from the refs into one pack, -then remove the other packs. - - -Individual Developer (Standalone)[[Individual Developer (Standalone)]] ----------------------------------------------------------------------- +Individual Developer (Standalone)[[STANDALONE]] +----------------------------------------------- A standalone individual developer does not exchange patches with other people, and works alone in a single repository, using the following commands. - * linkgit:git-show-branch[1] to see where you are. + * linkgit:git-init[1] to create a new repository. * linkgit:git-log[1] to see what happened. @@ -88,7 +58,7 @@ following commands. * linkgit:git-rebase[1] to maintain topic branches. - * linkgit:git-tag[1] to mark known point. + * linkgit:git-tag[1] to mark a known point. Examples ~~~~~~~~ @@ -98,7 +68,7 @@ Use a tarball as a starting point for a new repository.:: ------------ $ tar zxf frotz.tar.gz $ cd frotz -$ git-init +$ git init $ git add . <1> $ git commit -m "import of frotz source tree." $ git tag v2.43 <2> @@ -118,37 +88,34 @@ $ edit/compile/test $ git diff HEAD <4> $ git commit -a -s <5> $ edit/compile/test -$ git reset --soft HEAD^ <6> -$ edit/compile/test -$ git diff ORIG_HEAD <7> -$ git commit -a -c ORIG_HEAD <8> -$ git checkout master <9> -$ git merge alsa-audio <10> -$ git log --since='3 days ago' <11> -$ git log v2.43.. curses/ <12> +$ git diff HEAD^ <6> +$ git commit -a --amend <7> +$ git checkout master <8> +$ git merge alsa-audio <9> +$ git log --since='3 days ago' <10> +$ git log v2.43.. curses/ <11> ------------ + <1> create a new topic branch. <2> revert your botched changes in `curses/ux_audio_oss.c`. -<3> you need to tell git if you added a new file; removal and +<3> you need to tell Git if you added a new file; removal and modification will be caught if you do `git commit -a` later. <4> to see what changes you are committing. -<5> commit everything as you have tested, with your sign-off. -<6> take the last commit back, keeping what is in the working tree. -<7> look at the changes since the premature commit we took back. -<8> redo the commit undone in the previous step, using the message -you originally wrote. -<9> switch to the master branch. -<10> merge a topic branch into your master branch. -<11> review commit logs; other forms to limit output can be -combined and include `\--max-count=10` (show 10 commits), -`\--until=2005-12-10`, etc. -<12> view only the changes that touch what's in `curses/` +<5> commit everything, as you have tested, with your sign-off. +<6> look at all your changes including the previous commit. +<7> amend the previous commit, adding all your new changes, +using your original message. +<8> switch to the master branch. +<9> merge a topic branch into your master branch. +<10> review commit logs; other forms to limit output can be +combined and include `-10` (to show up to 10 commits), +`--until=2005-12-10`, etc. +<11> view only the changes that touch what's in `curses/` directory, since `v2.43` tag. -Individual Developer (Participant)[[Individual Developer (Participant)]] ------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Individual Developer (Participant)[[PARTICIPANT]] +------------------------------------------------- A developer working as a participant in a group project needs to learn how to communicate with others, and uses these commands in @@ -166,6 +133,13 @@ addition to the ones needed by a standalone developer. * linkgit:git-format-patch[1] to prepare e-mail submission, if you adopt Linux kernel-style public forum workflow. + * linkgit:git-send-email[1] to send your e-mail submission without + corruption by your MUA. + + * linkgit:git-request-pull[1] to create a summary of changes + for your upstream to pull. + + Examples ~~~~~~~~ @@ -174,28 +148,34 @@ Clone the upstream and work on it. Feed changes to upstream.:: ------------ $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../torvalds/linux-2.6 my2.6 $ cd my2.6 -$ edit/compile/test; git commit -a -s <1> -$ git format-patch origin <2> -$ git pull <3> -$ git log -p ORIG_HEAD.. arch/i386 include/asm-i386 <4> -$ git pull git://git.kernel.org/pub/.../jgarzik/libata-dev.git ALL <5> -$ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD <6> -$ git gc <7> -$ git fetch --tags <8> +$ git checkout -b mine master <1> +$ edit/compile/test; git commit -a -s <2> +$ git format-patch master <3> +$ git send-email --to="person <email@example.com>" 00*.patch <4> +$ git checkout master <5> +$ git pull <6> +$ git log -p ORIG_HEAD.. arch/i386 include/asm-i386 <7> +$ git ls-remote --heads http://git.kernel.org/.../jgarzik/libata-dev.git <8> +$ git pull git://git.kernel.org/pub/.../jgarzik/libata-dev.git ALL <9> +$ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD <10> +$ git gc <11> ------------ + -<1> repeat as needed. -<2> extract patches from your branch for e-mail submission. -<3> `git pull` fetches from `origin` by default and merges into the +<1> checkout a new branch `mine` from master. +<2> repeat as needed. +<3> extract patches from your branch, relative to master, +<4> and email them. +<5> return to `master`, ready to see what's new +<6> `git pull` fetches from `origin` by default and merges into the current branch. -<4> immediately after pulling, look at the changes done upstream +<7> immediately after pulling, look at the changes done upstream since last time we checked, only in the area we are interested in. -<5> fetch from a specific branch from a specific repository and merge. -<6> revert the pull. -<7> garbage collect leftover objects from reverted pull. -<8> from time to time, obtain official tags from the `origin` -and store them under `.git/refs/tags/`. +<8> check the branch names in an external repository (if not known). +<9> fetch from a specific branch `ALL` from a specific repository +and merge it. +<10> revert the pull. +<11> garbage collect leftover objects from reverted pull. Push into another repository.:: @@ -209,7 +189,7 @@ remote.origin.fetch refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/* branch.master.remote origin branch.master.merge refs/heads/master satellite$ git config remote.origin.push \ - master:refs/remotes/satellite/master <3> + +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/satellite/* <3> satellite$ edit/compile/test/commit satellite$ git push origin <4> @@ -223,12 +203,13 @@ directory; clone from it to start a repository on the satellite machine. <2> clone sets these configuration variables by default. It arranges `git pull` to fetch and store the branches of mothership -machine to local `remotes/origin/*` tracking branches. -<3> arrange `git push` to push local `master` branch to -`remotes/satellite/master` branch of the mothership machine. -<4> push will stash our work away on `remotes/satellite/master` -tracking branch on the mothership machine. You could use this as -a back-up method. +machine to local `remotes/origin/*` remote-tracking branches. +<3> arrange `git push` to push all local branches to +their corresponding branch of the mothership machine. +<4> push will stash all our work away on `remotes/satellite/*` +remote-tracking branches on the mothership machine. You could use this +as a back-up method. Likewise, you can pretend that mothership +"fetched" from you (useful when access is one sided). <5> on mothership machine, merge the work done on the satellite machine into the master branch. @@ -238,17 +219,22 @@ Branch off of a specific tag.:: $ git checkout -b private2.6.14 v2.6.14 <1> $ edit/compile/test; git commit -a $ git checkout master -$ git format-patch -k -m --stdout v2.6.14..private2.6.14 | - git am -3 -k <2> +$ git cherry-pick v2.6.14..private2.6.14 <2> ------------ + <1> create a private branch based on a well known (but somewhat behind) tag. <2> forward port all changes in `private2.6.14` branch to `master` branch -without a formal "merging". +without a formal "merging". Or longhand + +`git format-patch -k -m --stdout v2.6.14..private2.6.14 | + git am -3 -k` +An alternate participant submission mechanism is using the +`git request-pull` or pull-request mechanisms (e.g as used on +GitHub (www.github.com) to notify your upstream of your +contribution. -Integrator[[Integrator]] +Integrator[[INTEGRATOR]] ------------------------ A fairly central person acting as the integrator in a group @@ -256,6 +242,13 @@ project receives changes made by others, reviews and integrates them and publishes the result for others to use, using these commands in addition to the ones needed by participants. +This section can also be used by those who respond to `git +request-pull` or pull-request on GitHub (www.github.com) to +integrate the work of others into their history. An sub-area +lieutenant for a repository will act both as a participant and +as an integrator. + + * linkgit:git-am[1] to apply patches e-mailed in from your contributors. @@ -272,19 +265,19 @@ commands in addition to the ones needed by participants. Examples ~~~~~~~~ -My typical GIT day.:: +A typical integrator's Git day.:: + ------------ $ git status <1> -$ git show-branch <2> +$ git branch --no-merged master <2> $ mailx <3> & s 2 3 4 5 ./+to-apply & s 7 8 ./+hold-linus & q $ git checkout -b topic/one master -$ git am -3 -i -s -u ./+to-apply <4> +$ git am -3 -i -s ./+to-apply <4> $ compile/test -$ git checkout -b hold/linus && git am -3 -i -s -u ./+hold-linus <5> +$ git checkout -b hold/linus && git am -3 -i -s ./+hold-linus <5> $ git checkout topic/one && git rebase master <6> $ git checkout pu && git reset --hard next <7> $ git merge topic/one topic/two && git merge hold/linus <8> @@ -292,51 +285,52 @@ $ git checkout maint $ git cherry-pick master~4 <9> $ compile/test $ git tag -s -m "GIT 0.99.9x" v0.99.9x <10> -$ git fetch ko && git show-branch master maint 'tags/ko-*' <11> -$ git push ko <12> -$ git push ko v0.99.9x <13> +$ git fetch ko && for branch in master maint next pu <11> + do + git show-branch ko/$branch $branch <12> + done +$ git push --follow-tags ko <13> ------------ + -<1> see what I was in the middle of doing, if any. -<2> see what topic branches I have and think about how ready -they are. +<1> see what you were in the middle of doing, if anything. +<2> see which branches haven't been merged into `master` yet. +Likewise for any other integration branches e.g. `maint`, `next` +and `pu` (potential updates). <3> read mails, save ones that are applicable, and save others -that are not quite ready. -<4> apply them, interactively, with my sign-offs. -<5> create topic branch as needed and apply, again with my -sign-offs. +that are not quite ready (other mail readers are available). +<4> apply them, interactively, with your sign-offs. +<5> create topic branch as needed and apply, again with sign-offs. <6> rebase internal topic branch that has not been merged to the -master, nor exposed as a part of a stable branch. +master or exposed as a part of a stable branch. <7> restart `pu` every time from the next. <8> and bundle topic branches still cooking. <9> backport a critical fix. <10> create a signed tag. -<11> make sure I did not accidentally rewind master beyond what I -already pushed out. `ko` shorthand points at the repository I have -at kernel.org, and looks like this: -+ +<11> make sure master was not accidentally rewound beyond that +already pushed out. +<12> In the output from `git show-branch`, `master` should have +everything `ko/master` has, and `next` should have +everything `ko/next` has, etc. +<13> push out the bleeding edge, together with new tags that point +into the pushed history. + +In this example, the `ko` shorthand points at the Git maintainer's +repository at kernel.org, and looks like this: + ------------ -$ cat .git/remotes/ko -URL: kernel.org:/pub/scm/git/git.git -Pull: master:refs/tags/ko-master -Pull: next:refs/tags/ko-next -Pull: maint:refs/tags/ko-maint -Push: master -Push: next -Push: +pu -Push: maint +(in .git/config) +[remote "ko"] + url = kernel.org:/pub/scm/git/git.git + fetch = refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/ko/* + push = refs/heads/master + push = refs/heads/next + push = +refs/heads/pu + push = refs/heads/maint ------------ -+ -In the output from `git show-branch`, `master` should have -everything `ko-master` has, and `next` should have -everything `ko-next` has. - -<12> push out the bleeding edge. -<13> push the tag out, too. -Repository Administration[[Repository Administration]] ------------------------------------------------------- +Repository Administration[[ADMINISTRATION]] +------------------------------------------- A repository administrator uses the following tools to set up and maintain access to the repository by developers. @@ -347,9 +341,19 @@ and maintain access to the repository by developers. * linkgit:git-shell[1] can be used as a 'restricted login shell' for shared central repository users. -link:howto/update-hook-example.txt[update hook howto] has a good + * linkgit:git-http-backend[1] provides a server side implementation + of Git-over-HTTP ("Smart http") allowing both fetch and push services. + + * linkgit:gitweb[1] provides a web front-end to Git repositories, + which can be set-up using the linkgit:git-instaweb[1] script. + +link:howto/update-hook-example.html[update hook howto] has a good example of managing a shared central repository. +In addition there are a number of other widely deployed hosting, browsing +and reviewing solutions such as: + + * gitolite, gerrit code review, cgit and others. Examples ~~~~~~~~ @@ -375,25 +379,28 @@ Run git-daemon to serve /pub/scm from xinetd.:: ------------ $ cat /etc/xinetd.d/git-daemon # default: off -# description: The git server offers access to git repositories +# description: The Git server offers access to Git repositories service git { - disable = no - type = UNLISTED - port = 9418 - socket_type = stream - wait = no - user = nobody - server = /usr/bin/git-daemon - server_args = --inetd --export-all --base-path=/pub/scm - log_on_failure += USERID + disable = no + type = UNLISTED + port = 9418 + socket_type = stream + wait = no + user = nobody + server = /usr/bin/git-daemon + server_args = --inetd --export-all --base-path=/pub/scm + log_on_failure += USERID } ------------ + Check your xinetd(8) documentation and setup, this is from a Fedora system. Others might be different. -Give push/pull only access to developers.:: +Give push/pull only access to developers using git-over-ssh.:: + +e.g. those using: +`$ git push/pull ssh://host.xz/pub/scm/project` + ------------ $ grep git /etc/passwd <1> @@ -406,8 +413,8 @@ $ grep git /etc/shells <2> ------------ + <1> log-in shell is set to /usr/bin/git-shell, which does not -allow anything but `git push` and `git pull`. The users should -get an ssh access to the machine. +allow anything but `git push` and `git pull`. The users require +ssh access to the machine. <2> in many distributions /etc/shells needs to list what is used as the login shell. @@ -444,13 +451,6 @@ for branch policy control. david is the release manager and is the only person who can create and push version tags. -HTTP server to support dumb protocol transfer.:: -+ ------------- -dev$ git update-server-info <1> -dev$ ftp user@isp.example.com <2> -ftp> cp -r .git /home/user/myproject.git ------------- -+ -<1> make sure your info/refs and objects/info/packs are up-to-date -<2> upload to public HTTP server hosted by your ISP. +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitglossary.txt b/Documentation/gitglossary.txt index d77a45aed6..571f640f5c 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitglossary.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitglossary.txt @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ gitglossary(7) NAME ---- -gitglossary - A GIT Glossary +gitglossary - A Git Glossary SYNOPSIS -------- @@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ SEE ALSO linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7], -link:everyday.html[Everyday git], +linkgit:giteveryday[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual] GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite. +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/githooks.txt b/Documentation/githooks.txt index 1fd512bca2..9565dc3fda 100644 --- a/Documentation/githooks.txt +++ b/Documentation/githooks.txt @@ -3,49 +3,63 @@ githooks(5) NAME ---- -githooks - Hooks used by git +githooks - Hooks used by Git SYNOPSIS -------- -$GIT_DIR/hooks/* +$GIT_DIR/hooks/* (or \`git config core.hooksPath`/*) DESCRIPTION ----------- -Hooks are little scripts you can place in `$GIT_DIR/hooks` -directory to trigger action at certain points. When -'git-init' is run, a handful of example hooks are copied into the -`hooks` directory of the new repository, but by default they are -all disabled. To enable a hook, rename it by removing its `.sample` -suffix. +Hooks are programs you can place in a hooks directory to trigger +actions at certain points in git's execution. Hooks that don't have +the executable bit set are ignored. -NOTE: It is also a requirement for a given hook to be executable. -However - in a freshly initialized repository - the `.sample` files are -executable by default. +By default the hooks directory is `$GIT_DIR/hooks`, but that can be +changed via the `core.hooksPath` configuration variable (see +linkgit:git-config[1]). -This document describes the currently defined hooks. +Before Git invokes a hook, it changes its working directory to either +the root of the working tree in a non-bare repository, or to the +$GIT_DIR in a bare repository. + +Hooks can get their arguments via the environment, command-line +arguments, and stdin. See the documentation for each hook below for +details. + +'git init' may copy hooks to the new repository, depending on its +configuration. See the "TEMPLATE DIRECTORY" section in +linkgit:git-init[1] for details. When the rest of this document refers +to "default hooks" it's talking about the default template shipped +with Git. + +The currently supported hooks are described below. + +HOOKS +----- applypatch-msg --------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-am' script. It takes a single +This hook is invoked by 'git am'. It takes a single parameter, the name of the file that holds the proposed commit -log message. Exiting with non-zero status causes -'git-am' to abort before applying the patch. +log message. Exiting with a non-zero status causes 'git am' to abort +before applying the patch. The hook is allowed to edit the message file in place, and can be used to normalize the message into some project standard -format (if the project has one). It can also be used to refuse -the commit after inspecting the message file. +format. It can also be used to refuse the commit after inspecting +the message file. The default 'applypatch-msg' hook, when enabled, runs the 'commit-msg' hook, if the latter is enabled. pre-applypatch --------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-am'. It takes no parameter, and is +This hook is invoked by 'git am'. It takes no parameter, and is invoked after the patch is applied, but before a commit is made. If it exits with non-zero status, then the working tree will not be @@ -58,35 +72,35 @@ The default 'pre-applypatch' hook, when enabled, runs the 'pre-commit' hook, if the latter is enabled. post-applypatch ---------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-am'. It takes no parameter, +This hook is invoked by 'git am'. It takes no parameter, and is invoked after the patch is applied and a commit is made. This hook is meant primarily for notification, and cannot affect -the outcome of 'git-am'. +the outcome of 'git am'. pre-commit ----------- +~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-commit', and can be bypassed -with `\--no-verify` option. It takes no parameter, and is +This hook is invoked by 'git commit', and can be bypassed +with the `--no-verify` option. It takes no parameters, and is invoked before obtaining the proposed commit log message and -making a commit. Exiting with non-zero status from this script -causes the 'git-commit' to abort. +making a commit. Exiting with a non-zero status from this script +causes the 'git commit' command to abort before creating a commit. The default 'pre-commit' hook, when enabled, catches introduction of lines with trailing whitespaces and aborts the commit when such a line is found. -All the 'git-commit' hooks are invoked with the environment +All the 'git commit' hooks are invoked with the environment variable `GIT_EDITOR=:` if the command will not bring up an editor to modify the commit message. prepare-commit-msg ------------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-commit' right after preparing the +This hook is invoked by 'git commit' right after preparing the default log message, and before the editor is started. It takes one to three parameters. The first is the name of the file @@ -96,85 +110,120 @@ given); `template` (if a `-t` option was given or the configuration option `commit.template` is set); `merge` (if the commit is a merge or a `.git/MERGE_MSG` file exists); `squash` (if a `.git/SQUASH_MSG` file exists); or `commit`, followed by -a commit SHA1 (if a `-c`, `-C` or `\--amend` option was given). +a commit SHA-1 (if a `-c`, `-C` or `--amend` option was given). -If the exit status is non-zero, 'git-commit' will abort. +If the exit status is non-zero, 'git commit' will abort. The purpose of the hook is to edit the message file in place, and -it is not suppressed by the `\--no-verify` option. A non-zero exit +it is not suppressed by the `--no-verify` option. A non-zero exit means a failure of the hook and aborts the commit. It should not be used as replacement for pre-commit hook. -The sample `prepare-commit-msg` hook that comes with git comments +The sample `prepare-commit-msg` hook that comes with Git comments out the `Conflicts:` part of a merge's commit message. commit-msg ----------- +~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-commit', and can be bypassed -with `\--no-verify` option. It takes a single parameter, the +This hook is invoked by 'git commit', and can be bypassed +with the `--no-verify` option. It takes a single parameter, the name of the file that holds the proposed commit log message. -Exiting with non-zero status causes the 'git-commit' to +Exiting with a non-zero status causes the 'git commit' to abort. -The hook is allowed to edit the message file in place, and can -be used to normalize the message into some project standard -format (if the project has one). It can also be used to refuse -the commit after inspecting the message file. +The hook is allowed to edit the message file in place, and can be used +to normalize the message into some project standard format. It +can also be used to refuse the commit after inspecting the message +file. The default 'commit-msg' hook, when enabled, detects duplicate "Signed-off-by" lines, and aborts the commit if one is found. post-commit ------------ +~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-commit'. It takes no -parameter, and is invoked after a commit is made. +This hook is invoked by 'git commit'. It takes no parameters, and is +invoked after a commit is made. This hook is meant primarily for notification, and cannot affect -the outcome of 'git-commit'. +the outcome of 'git commit'. pre-rebase ----------- - -This hook is called by 'git-rebase' and can be used to prevent a branch -from getting rebased. +~~~~~~~~~~ +This hook is called by 'git rebase' and can be used to prevent a +branch from getting rebased. The hook may be called with one or +two parameters. The first parameter is the upstream from which +the series was forked. The second parameter is the branch being +rebased, and is not set when rebasing the current branch. post-checkout ------------ +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked when a 'git-checkout' is run after having updated the +This hook is invoked when a 'git checkout' is run after having updated the worktree. The hook is given three parameters: the ref of the previous HEAD, the ref of the new HEAD (which may or may not have changed), and a flag indicating whether the checkout was a branch checkout (changing branches, flag=1) or a file checkout (retrieving a file from the index, flag=0). -This hook cannot affect the outcome of 'git-checkout'. +This hook cannot affect the outcome of 'git checkout'. + +It is also run after 'git clone', unless the --no-checkout (-n) option is +used. The first parameter given to the hook is the null-ref, the second the +ref of the new HEAD and the flag is always 1. This hook can be used to perform repository validity checks, auto-display differences from the previous HEAD if different, or set working dir metadata properties. post-merge ------------ +~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-merge', which happens when a 'git-pull' +This hook is invoked by 'git merge', which happens when a 'git pull' is done on a local repository. The hook takes a single parameter, a status flag specifying whether or not the merge being done was a squash merge. -This hook cannot affect the outcome of 'git-merge' and is not executed, +This hook cannot affect the outcome of 'git merge' and is not executed, if the merge failed due to conflicts. This hook can be used in conjunction with a corresponding pre-commit hook to save and restore any form of metadata associated with the working tree -(eg: permissions/ownership, ACLS, etc). See contrib/hooks/setgitperms.perl +(e.g.: permissions/ownership, ACLS, etc). See contrib/hooks/setgitperms.perl for an example of how to do this. +pre-push +~~~~~~~~ + +This hook is called by 'git push' and can be used to prevent a push from taking +place. The hook is called with two parameters which provide the name and +location of the destination remote, if a named remote is not being used both +values will be the same. + +Information about what is to be pushed is provided on the hook's standard +input with lines of the form: + + <local ref> SP <local sha1> SP <remote ref> SP <remote sha1> LF + +For instance, if the command +git push origin master:foreign+ were run the +hook would receive a line like the following: + + refs/heads/master 67890 refs/heads/foreign 12345 + +although the full, 40-character SHA-1s would be supplied. If the foreign ref +does not yet exist the `<remote SHA-1>` will be 40 `0`. If a ref is to be +deleted, the `<local ref>` will be supplied as `(delete)` and the `<local +SHA-1>` will be 40 `0`. If the local commit was specified by something other +than a name which could be expanded (such as `HEAD~`, or a SHA-1) it will be +supplied as it was originally given. + +If this hook exits with a non-zero status, 'git push' will abort without +pushing anything. Information about why the push is rejected may be sent +to the user by writing to standard error. + [[pre-receive]] pre-receive ------------ +~~~~~~~~~~~ This hook is invoked by 'git-receive-pack' on the remote repository, -which happens when a 'git-push' is done on a local repository. +which happens when a 'git push' is done on a local repository. Just before starting to update refs on the remote repository, the pre-receive hook is invoked. Its exit status determines the success or failure of the update. @@ -195,15 +244,24 @@ updated. If the hook exits with zero, updating of individual refs can still be prevented by the <<update,'update'>> hook. Both standard output and standard error output are forwarded to -'git-send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages +'git send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages for the user. +The number of push options given on the command line of +`git push --push-option=...` can be read from the environment +variable `GIT_PUSH_OPTION_COUNT`, and the options themselves are +found in `GIT_PUSH_OPTION_0`, `GIT_PUSH_OPTION_1`,... +If it is negotiated to not use the push options phase, the +environment variables will not be set. If the client selects +to use push options, but doesn't transmit any, the count variable +will be set to zero, `GIT_PUSH_OPTION_COUNT=0`. + [[update]] update ------- +~~~~~~ This hook is invoked by 'git-receive-pack' on the remote repository, -which happens when a 'git-push' is done on a local repository. +which happens when a 'git push' is done on a local repository. Just before updating the ref on the remote repository, the update hook is invoked. Its exit status determines the success or failure of the ref update. @@ -213,7 +271,7 @@ three parameters: - the name of the ref being updated, - the old object name stored in the ref, - - and the new objectname to be stored in the ref. + - and the new object name to be stored in the ref. A zero exit from the update hook allows the ref to be updated. Exiting with a non-zero status prevents 'git-receive-pack' @@ -222,31 +280,33 @@ from updating that ref. This hook can be used to prevent 'forced' update on certain refs by making sure that the object name is a commit object that is a descendant of the commit object named by the old object name. -That is, to enforce a "fast forward only" policy. +That is, to enforce a "fast-forward only" policy. It could also be used to log the old..new status. However, it does not know the entire set of branches, so it would end up firing one e-mail per ref when used naively, though. The <<post-receive,'post-receive'>> hook is more suited to that. -Another use suggested on the mailing list is to use this hook to -implement access control which is finer grained than the one -based on filesystem group. +In an environment that restricts the users' access only to git +commands over the wire, this hook can be used to implement access +control without relying on filesystem ownership and group +membership. See linkgit:git-shell[1] for how you might use the login +shell to restrict the user's access to only git commands. Both standard output and standard error output are forwarded to -'git-send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages +'git send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages for the user. The default 'update' hook, when enabled--and with -`hooks.allowunannotated` config option turned on--prevents +`hooks.allowunannotated` config option unset or set to false--prevents unannotated tags to be pushed. [[post-receive]] post-receive ------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~ This hook is invoked by 'git-receive-pack' on the remote repository, -which happens when a 'git-push' is done on a local repository. +which happens when a 'git push' is done on a local repository. It executes on the remote repository once after all the refs have been updated. @@ -263,20 +323,29 @@ both old and new values of all the refs in addition to their names. Both standard output and standard error output are forwarded to -'git-send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages +'git send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages for the user. The default 'post-receive' hook is empty, but there is a sample script `post-receive-email` provided in the `contrib/hooks` -directory in git distribution, which implements sending commit +directory in Git distribution, which implements sending commit emails. +The number of push options given on the command line of +`git push --push-option=...` can be read from the environment +variable `GIT_PUSH_OPTION_COUNT`, and the options themselves are +found in `GIT_PUSH_OPTION_0`, `GIT_PUSH_OPTION_1`,... +If it is negotiated to not use the push options phase, the +environment variables will not be set. If the client selects +to use push options, but doesn't transmit any, the count variable +will be set to zero, `GIT_PUSH_OPTION_COUNT=0`. + [[post-update]] post-update ------------ +~~~~~~~~~~~ This hook is invoked by 'git-receive-pack' on the remote repository, -which happens when a 'git-push' is done on a local repository. +which happens when a 'git push' is done on a local repository. It executes on the remote repository once after all the refs have been updated. @@ -294,22 +363,86 @@ updated values of the refs. You might consider it instead if you need them. When enabled, the default 'post-update' hook runs -'git-update-server-info' to keep the information used by dumb +'git update-server-info' to keep the information used by dumb transports (e.g., HTTP) up-to-date. If you are publishing -a git repository that is accessible via HTTP, you should +a Git repository that is accessible via HTTP, you should probably enable this hook. Both standard output and standard error output are forwarded to -'git-send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages +'git send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages for the user. +push-to-checkout +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This hook is invoked by 'git-receive-pack' on the remote repository, +which happens when a 'git push' is done on a local repository, when +the push tries to update the branch that is currently checked out +and the `receive.denyCurrentBranch` configuration variable is set to +`updateInstead`. Such a push by default is refused if the working +tree and the index of the remote repository has any difference from +the currently checked out commit; when both the working tree and the +index match the current commit, they are updated to match the newly +pushed tip of the branch. This hook is to be used to override the +default behaviour. + +The hook receives the commit with which the tip of the current +branch is going to be updated. It can exit with a non-zero status +to refuse the push (when it does so, it must not modify the index or +the working tree). Or it can make any necessary changes to the +working tree and to the index to bring them to the desired state +when the tip of the current branch is updated to the new commit, and +exit with a zero status. + +For example, the hook can simply run `git read-tree -u -m HEAD "$1"` +in order to emulate 'git fetch' that is run in the reverse direction +with `git push`, as the two-tree form of `read-tree -u -m` is +essentially the same as `git checkout` that switches branches while +keeping the local changes in the working tree that do not interfere +with the difference between the branches. + + pre-auto-gc ------------ +~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-gc --auto'. It takes no parameter, and -exiting with non-zero status from this script causes the 'git-gc --auto' +This hook is invoked by 'git gc --auto'. It takes no parameter, and +exiting with non-zero status from this script causes the 'git gc --auto' to abort. +post-rewrite +~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This hook is invoked by commands that rewrite commits (`git commit +--amend`, 'git-rebase'; currently 'git-filter-branch' does 'not' call +it!). Its first argument denotes the command it was invoked by: +currently one of `amend` or `rebase`. Further command-dependent +arguments may be passed in the future. + +The hook receives a list of the rewritten commits on stdin, in the +format + + <old-sha1> SP <new-sha1> [ SP <extra-info> ] LF + +The 'extra-info' is again command-dependent. If it is empty, the +preceding SP is also omitted. Currently, no commands pass any +'extra-info'. + +The hook always runs after the automatic note copying (see +"notes.rewrite.<command>" in linkgit:git-config[1]) has happened, and +thus has access to these notes. + +The following command-specific comments apply: + +rebase:: + For the 'squash' and 'fixup' operation, all commits that were + squashed are listed as being rewritten to the squashed commit. + This means that there will be several lines sharing the same + 'new-sha1'. ++ +The commits are guaranteed to be listed in the order that they were +processed by rebase. + + GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitignore.txt b/Documentation/gitignore.txt index 59321a2e82..63260f0056 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitignore.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitignore.txt @@ -7,21 +7,18 @@ gitignore - Specifies intentionally untracked files to ignore SYNOPSIS -------- -$GIT_DIR/info/exclude, .gitignore +$HOME/.config/git/ignore, $GIT_DIR/info/exclude, .gitignore DESCRIPTION ----------- A `gitignore` file specifies intentionally untracked files that -git should ignore. -Note that all the `gitignore` files really concern only files -that are not already tracked by git; -in order to ignore uncommitted changes in already tracked files, -please refer to the 'git update-index --assume-unchanged' -documentation. +Git should ignore. +Files already tracked by Git are not affected; see the NOTES +below for details. Each line in a `gitignore` file specifies a pattern. -When deciding whether to ignore a path, git normally checks +When deciding whether to ignore a path, Git normally checks `gitignore` patterns from multiple sources, with the following order of precedence, from highest to lowest (within one level of precedence, the last matching pattern decides the outcome): @@ -31,8 +28,8 @@ precedence, the last matching pattern decides the outcome): * Patterns read from a `.gitignore` file in the same directory as the path, or in any parent directory, with patterns in the - higher level files (up to the root) being overridden by those in - lower level files down to the directory containing the file. + higher level files (up to the toplevel of the work tree) being overridden + by those in lower level files down to the directory containing the file. These patterns match relative to the location of the `.gitignore` file. A project normally includes such `.gitignore` files in its repository, containing patterns for @@ -41,60 +38,111 @@ precedence, the last matching pattern decides the outcome): * Patterns read from `$GIT_DIR/info/exclude`. * Patterns read from the file specified by the configuration - variable 'core.excludesfile'. + variable `core.excludesFile`. Which file to place a pattern in depends on how the pattern is meant to -be used. Patterns which should be version-controlled and distributed to -other repositories via clone (i.e., files that all developers will want -to ignore) should go into a `.gitignore` file. Patterns which are -specific to a particular repository but which do not need to be shared -with other related repositories (e.g., auxiliary files that live inside -the repository but are specific to one user's workflow) should go into -the `$GIT_DIR/info/exclude` file. Patterns which a user wants git to -ignore in all situations (e.g., backup or temporary files generated by -the user's editor of choice) generally go into a file specified by -`core.excludesfile` in the user's `~/.gitconfig`. - -The underlying git plumbing tools, such as -'git-ls-files' and 'git-read-tree', read +be used. + + * Patterns which should be version-controlled and distributed to + other repositories via clone (i.e., files that all developers will want + to ignore) should go into a `.gitignore` file. + + * Patterns which are + specific to a particular repository but which do not need to be shared + with other related repositories (e.g., auxiliary files that live inside + the repository but are specific to one user's workflow) should go into + the `$GIT_DIR/info/exclude` file. + + * Patterns which a user wants Git to + ignore in all situations (e.g., backup or temporary files generated by + the user's editor of choice) generally go into a file specified by + `core.excludesFile` in the user's `~/.gitconfig`. Its default value is + $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/ignore. If $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is either not set or + empty, $HOME/.config/git/ignore is used instead. + +The underlying Git plumbing tools, such as +'git ls-files' and 'git read-tree', read `gitignore` patterns specified by command-line options, or from -files specified by command-line options. Higher-level git -tools, such as 'git-status' and 'git-add', +files specified by command-line options. Higher-level Git +tools, such as 'git status' and 'git add', use patterns from the sources specified above. -Patterns have the following format: +PATTERN FORMAT +-------------- - A blank line matches no files, so it can serve as a separator for readability. - A line starting with # serves as a comment. + Put a backslash ("`\`") in front of the first hash for patterns + that begin with a hash. - - An optional prefix '!' which negates the pattern; any + - Trailing spaces are ignored unless they are quoted with backslash + ("`\`"). + + - An optional prefix "`!`" which negates the pattern; any matching file excluded by a previous pattern will become - included again. If a negated pattern matches, this will - override lower precedence patterns sources. + included again. It is not possible to re-include a file if a parent + directory of that file is excluded. Git doesn't list excluded + directories for performance reasons, so any patterns on contained + files have no effect, no matter where they are defined. + Put a backslash ("`\`") in front of the first "`!`" for patterns + that begin with a literal "`!`", for example, "`\!important!.txt`". - If the pattern ends with a slash, it is removed for the purpose of the following description, but it would only find a match with a directory. In other words, `foo/` will match a directory `foo` and paths underneath it, but will not match a regular file or a symbolic link `foo` (this is consistent - with the way how pathspec works in general in git). + with the way how pathspec works in general in Git). - - If the pattern does not contain a slash '/', git treats it as + - If the pattern does not contain a slash '/', Git treats it as a shell glob pattern and checks for a match against the - pathname without leading directories. + pathname relative to the location of the `.gitignore` file + (relative to the toplevel of the work tree if not from a + `.gitignore` file). - - Otherwise, git treats the pattern as a shell glob suitable + - Otherwise, Git treats the pattern as a shell glob suitable for consumption by fnmatch(3) with the FNM_PATHNAME flag: wildcards in the pattern will not match a / in the pathname. - For example, "Documentation/\*.html" matches - "Documentation/git.html" but not - "Documentation/ppc/ppc.html". A leading slash matches the - beginning of the pathname; for example, "/*.c" matches - "cat-file.c" but not "mozilla-sha1/sha1.c". + For example, "Documentation/{asterisk}.html" matches + "Documentation/git.html" but not "Documentation/ppc/ppc.html" + or "tools/perf/Documentation/perf.html". + + - A leading slash matches the beginning of the pathname. + For example, "/{asterisk}.c" matches "cat-file.c" but not + "mozilla-sha1/sha1.c". + +Two consecutive asterisks ("`**`") in patterns matched against +full pathname may have special meaning: + + - A leading "`**`" followed by a slash means match in all + directories. For example, "`**/foo`" matches file or directory + "`foo`" anywhere, the same as pattern "`foo`". "`**/foo/bar`" + matches file or directory "`bar`" anywhere that is directly + under directory "`foo`". + + - A trailing "`/**`" matches everything inside. For example, + "`abc/**`" matches all files inside directory "`abc`", relative + to the location of the `.gitignore` file, with infinite depth. + + - A slash followed by two consecutive asterisks then a slash + matches zero or more directories. For example, "`a/**/b`" + matches "`a/b`", "`a/x/b`", "`a/x/y/b`" and so on. + + - Other consecutive asterisks are considered invalid. + +NOTES +----- + +The purpose of gitignore files is to ensure that certain files +not tracked by Git remain untracked. -An example: +To stop tracking a file that is currently tracked, use +'git rm --cached'. + +EXAMPLES +-------- -------------------------------------------------------------- $ git status @@ -133,13 +181,27 @@ Another example: $ echo '!/vmlinux*' >arch/foo/kernel/.gitignore -------------------------------------------------------------- -The second .gitignore prevents git from ignoring +The second .gitignore prevents Git from ignoring `arch/foo/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S`. -Documentation -------------- -Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano, Josh Triplett, -Frank Lichtenheld, and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +Example to exclude everything except a specific directory `foo/bar` +(note the `/*` - without the slash, the wildcard would also exclude +everything within `foo/bar`): + +-------------------------------------------------------------- + $ cat .gitignore + # exclude everything except directory foo/bar + /* + !/foo + /foo/* + !/foo/bar +-------------------------------------------------------------- + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-rm[1], +linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5], +linkgit:git-check-ignore[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/gitk.txt b/Documentation/gitk.txt index 4673a75a98..ca96c281d1 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitk.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitk.txt @@ -3,11 +3,12 @@ gitk(1) NAME ---- -gitk - The git repository browser +gitk - The Git repository browser SYNOPSIS -------- -'gitk' [<option>...] [<revs>] [--] [<path>...] +[verse] +'gitk' [<options>] [<revision range>] [\--] [<path>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -15,21 +16,38 @@ Displays changes in a repository or a selected set of commits. This includes visualizing the commit graph, showing information related to each commit, and the files in the trees of each revision. -Historically, gitk was the first repository browser. It's written in tcl/tk -and started off in a separate repository but was later merged into the main -git repository. - OPTIONS ------- -To control which revisions to show, the command takes options applicable to -the 'git-rev-list' command (see linkgit:git-rev-list[1]). -This manual page describes only the most -frequently used options. --n <number>:: ---max-count=<number>:: +To control which revisions to show, gitk supports most options +applicable to the 'git rev-list' command. It also supports a few +options applicable to the 'git diff-*' commands to control how the +changes each commit introduces are shown. Finally, it supports some +gitk-specific options. + +gitk generally only understands options with arguments in the +'sticked' form (see linkgit:gitcli[7]) due to limitations in the +command-line parser. + +rev-list options and arguments +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This manual page describes only the most frequently used options. See +linkgit:git-rev-list[1] for a complete list. + +--all:: + + Show all refs (branches, tags, etc.). + +--branches[=<pattern>]:: +--tags[=<pattern>]:: +--remotes[=<pattern>]:: - Limits the number of commits to show. + Pretend as if all the branches (tags, remote branches, resp.) + are listed on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' + is given, limit refs to ones matching given shell glob. If + pattern lacks '?', '{asterisk}', or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the + end is implied. --since=<date>:: @@ -39,43 +57,95 @@ frequently used options. Show commits older than a specific date. ---all:: +--date-order:: - Show all branches. + Sort commits by date when possible. --merge:: After an attempt to merge stops with conflicts, show the commits on the history between two branches (i.e. the HEAD and the MERGE_HEAD) - that modify the conflicted files. + that modify the conflicted files and do not exist on all the heads + being merged. ---argscmd=<command>:: - Command to be run each time gitk has to determine the list of - <revs> to show. The command is expected to print on its standard - output a list of additional revs to be shown, one per line. - Use this instead of explicitly specifying <revs> if the set of - commits to show may vary between refreshes. +--left-right:: ---select-commit=<ref>:: + Mark which side of a symmetric difference a commit is reachable + from. Commits from the left side are prefixed with a `<` + symbol and those from the right with a `>` symbol. - Automatically select the specified commit after loading the graph. - Default behavior is equivalent to specifying '--select-commit=HEAD'. +--full-history:: + + When filtering history with '<path>...', does not prune some + history. (See "History simplification" in linkgit:git-log[1] + for a more detailed explanation.) + +--simplify-merges:: + + Additional option to `--full-history` to remove some needless + merges from the resulting history, as there are no selected + commits contributing to this merge. (See "History + simplification" in linkgit:git-log[1] for a more detailed + explanation.) + +--ancestry-path:: + + When given a range of commits to display + (e.g. 'commit1..commit2' or 'commit2 {caret}commit1'), only + display commits that exist directly on the ancestry chain + between the 'commit1' and 'commit2', i.e. commits that are + both descendants of 'commit1', and ancestors of 'commit2'. + (See "History simplification" in linkgit:git-log[1] for a more + detailed explanation.) + +-L<start>,<end>:<file>:: +-L:<funcname>:<file>:: + + Trace the evolution of the line range given by "<start>,<end>" + (or the function name regex <funcname>) within the <file>. You may + not give any pathspec limiters. This is currently limited to + a walk starting from a single revision, i.e., you may only + give zero or one positive revision arguments. + You can specify this option more than once. ++ +*Note:* gitk (unlike linkgit:git-log[1]) currently only understands +this option if you specify it "glued together" with its argument. Do +*not* put a space after `-L`. ++ +include::line-range-format.txt[] -<revs>:: +<revision range>:: Limit the revisions to show. This can be either a single revision meaning show from the given revision and back, or it can be a range in the form "'<from>'..'<to>'" to show all revisions between '<from>' and back to '<to>'. Note, more advanced revision selection can be applied. For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see - "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. + linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. <path>...:: Limit commits to the ones touching files in the given paths. Note, to - avoid ambiguity wrt. revision names use "--" to separate the paths + avoid ambiguity with respect to revision names use "--" to separate the paths from any preceding options. +gitk-specific options +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +--argscmd=<command>:: + + Command to be run each time gitk has to determine the revision + range to show. The command is expected to print on its + standard output a list of additional revisions to be shown, + one per line. Use this instead of explicitly specifying a + '<revision range>' if the set of commits to show may vary + between refreshes. + +--select-commit=<ref>:: + + Select the specified commit after loading the graph. + Default behavior is equivalent to specifying '--select-commit=HEAD'. + Examples -------- gitk v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi:: @@ -96,31 +166,37 @@ gitk --max-count=100 --all \-- Makefile:: Files ----- -Gitk creates the .gitk file in your $HOME directory to store preferences -such as display options, font, and colors. +User configuration and preferences are stored at: + +* '$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/gitk' if it exists, otherwise +* '$HOME/.gitk' if it exists + +If neither of the above exist then '$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/gitk' is created and +used by default. If '$XDG_CONFIG_HOME' is not set it defaults to +'$HOME/.config' in all cases. + +History +------- +Gitk was the first graphical repository browser. It's written in +tcl/tk. + +'gitk' is actually maintained as an independent project, but stable +versions are distributed as part of the Git suite for the convenience +of end users. + +gitk-git/ comes from Paul Mackerras's gitk project: + + git://ozlabs.org/~paulus/gitk SEE ALSO -------- 'qgit(1)':: A repository browser written in C++ using Qt. -'gitview(1)':: - A repository browser written in Python using Gtk. It's based on - 'bzrk(1)' and distributed in the contrib area of the git repository. - 'tig(1)':: - A minimal repository browser and git tool output highlighter written + A minimal repository browser and Git tool output highlighter written in C using Ncurses. -Author ------- -Written by Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>. - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano, Jonas Fonseca, and the git-list -<git@vger.kernel.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt index d1a17e2625..8f7c50f330 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt @@ -13,22 +13,79 @@ $GIT_WORK_DIR/.gitmodules DESCRIPTION ----------- -The `.gitmodules` file, located in the top-level directory of a git +The `.gitmodules` file, located in the top-level directory of a Git working tree, is a text file with a syntax matching the requirements of linkgit:git-config[1]. The file contains one subsection per submodule, and the subsection value -is the name of the submodule. Each submodule section also contains the +is the name of the submodule. The name is set to the path where the +submodule has been added unless it was customized with the `--name` +option of 'git submodule add'. Each submodule section also contains the following required keys: submodule.<name>.path:: - Defines the path, relative to the top-level directory of the git + Defines the path, relative to the top-level directory of the Git working tree, where the submodule is expected to be checked out. The path name must not end with a `/`. All submodule paths must be unique within the .gitmodules file. submodule.<name>.url:: - Defines an url from where the submodule repository can be cloned. + Defines a URL from which the submodule repository can be cloned. + This may be either an absolute URL ready to be passed to + linkgit:git-clone[1] or (if it begins with ./ or ../) a location + relative to the superproject's origin repository. + +In addition, there are a number of optional keys: + +submodule.<name>.update:: + Defines the default update procedure for the named submodule, + i.e. how the submodule is updated by "git submodule update" + command in the superproject. This is only used by `git + submodule init` to initialize the configuration variable of + the same name. Allowed values here are 'checkout', 'rebase', + 'merge' or 'none'. See description of 'update' command in + linkgit:git-submodule[1] for their meaning. Note that the + '!command' form is intentionally ignored here for security + reasons. + +submodule.<name>.branch:: + A remote branch name for tracking updates in the upstream submodule. + If the option is not specified, it defaults to 'master'. A special + value of `.` is used to indicate that the name of the branch in the + submodule should be the same name as the current branch in the + current repository. See the `--remote` documentation in + linkgit:git-submodule[1] for details. + +submodule.<name>.fetchRecurseSubmodules:: + This option can be used to control recursive fetching of this + submodule. If this option is also present in the submodules entry in + .git/config of the superproject, the setting there will override the + one found in .gitmodules. + Both settings can be overridden on the command line by using the + "--[no-]recurse-submodules" option to "git fetch" and "git pull". + +submodule.<name>.ignore:: + Defines under what circumstances "git status" and the diff family show + a submodule as modified. When set to "all", it will never be considered + modified (but will nonetheless show up in the output of status and + commit when it has been staged), "dirty" will ignore all changes + to the submodules work tree and + takes only differences between the HEAD of the submodule and the commit + recorded in the superproject into account. "untracked" will additionally + let submodules with modified tracked files in their work tree show up. + Using "none" (the default when this option is not set) also shows + submodules that have untracked files in their work tree as changed. + If this option is also present in the submodules entry in .git/config of + the superproject, the setting there will override the one found in + .gitmodules. + Both settings can be overridden on the command line by using the + "--ignore-submodule" option. The 'git submodule' commands are not + affected by this setting. + +submodule.<name>.shallow:: + When set to true, a clone of this submodule will be performed as a + shallow clone unless the user explicitly asks for a non-shallow + clone. EXAMPLES @@ -47,16 +104,12 @@ Consider the following .gitmodules file: This defines two submodules, `libfoo` and `libbar`. These are expected to be checked out in the paths 'include/foo' and 'include/bar', and for both -submodules an url is specified which can be used for cloning the submodules. +submodules a URL is specified which can be used for cloning the submodules. SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-submodule[1] linkgit:git-config[1] -DOCUMENTATION -------------- -Documentation by Lars Hjemli <hjemli@gmail.com> - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitnamespaces.txt b/Documentation/gitnamespaces.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b614969ad2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/gitnamespaces.txt @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +gitnamespaces(7) +================ + +NAME +---- +gitnamespaces - Git namespaces + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +GIT_NAMESPACE=<namespace> 'git upload-pack' +GIT_NAMESPACE=<namespace> 'git receive-pack' + + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +Git supports dividing the refs of a single repository into multiple +namespaces, each of which has its own branches, tags, and HEAD. Git can +expose each namespace as an independent repository to pull from and push +to, while sharing the object store, and exposing all the refs to +operations such as linkgit:git-gc[1]. + +Storing multiple repositories as namespaces of a single repository +avoids storing duplicate copies of the same objects, such as when +storing multiple branches of the same source. The alternates mechanism +provides similar support for avoiding duplicates, but alternates do not +prevent duplication between new objects added to the repositories +without ongoing maintenance, while namespaces do. + +To specify a namespace, set the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment variable to +the namespace. For each ref namespace, Git stores the corresponding +refs in a directory under `refs/namespaces/`. For example, +`GIT_NAMESPACE=foo` will store refs under `refs/namespaces/foo/`. You +can also specify namespaces via the `--namespace` option to +linkgit:git[1]. + +Note that namespaces which include a `/` will expand to a hierarchy of +namespaces; for example, `GIT_NAMESPACE=foo/bar` will store refs under +`refs/namespaces/foo/refs/namespaces/bar/`. This makes paths in +`GIT_NAMESPACE` behave hierarchically, so that cloning with +`GIT_NAMESPACE=foo/bar` produces the same result as cloning with +`GIT_NAMESPACE=foo` and cloning from that repo with `GIT_NAMESPACE=bar`. It +also avoids ambiguity with strange namespace paths such as `foo/refs/heads/`, +which could otherwise generate directory/file conflicts within the `refs` +directory. + +linkgit:git-upload-pack[1] and linkgit:git-receive-pack[1] rewrite the +names of refs as specified by `GIT_NAMESPACE`. git-upload-pack and +git-receive-pack will ignore all references outside the specified +namespace. + +The smart HTTP server, linkgit:git-http-backend[1], will pass +GIT_NAMESPACE through to the backend programs; see +linkgit:git-http-backend[1] for sample configuration to expose +repository namespaces as repositories. + +For a simple local test, you can use linkgit:git-remote-ext[1]: + +---------- +git clone ext::'git --namespace=foo %s /tmp/prefixed.git' +---------- + +include::transfer-data-leaks.txt[] diff --git a/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e4b785eb60 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt @@ -0,0 +1,483 @@ +gitremote-helpers(1) +==================== + +NAME +---- +gitremote-helpers - Helper programs to interact with remote repositories + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git remote-<transport>' <repository> [<URL>] + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +Remote helper programs are normally not used directly by end users, +but they are invoked by Git when it needs to interact with remote +repositories Git does not support natively. A given helper will +implement a subset of the capabilities documented here. When Git +needs to interact with a repository using a remote helper, it spawns +the helper as an independent process, sends commands to the helper's +standard input, and expects results from the helper's standard +output. Because a remote helper runs as an independent process from +Git, there is no need to re-link Git to add a new helper, nor any +need to link the helper with the implementation of Git. + +Every helper must support the "capabilities" command, which Git +uses to determine what other commands the helper will accept. Those +other commands can be used to discover and update remote refs, +transport objects between the object database and the remote repository, +and update the local object store. + +Git comes with a "curl" family of remote helpers, that handle various +transport protocols, such as 'git-remote-http', 'git-remote-https', +'git-remote-ftp' and 'git-remote-ftps'. They implement the capabilities +'fetch', 'option', and 'push'. + +INVOCATION +---------- + +Remote helper programs are invoked with one or (optionally) two +arguments. The first argument specifies a remote repository as in Git; +it is either the name of a configured remote or a URL. The second +argument specifies a URL; it is usually of the form +'<transport>://<address>', but any arbitrary string is possible. +The `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set up for the remote helper +and can be used to determine where to store additional data or from +which directory to invoke auxiliary Git commands. + +When Git encounters a URL of the form '<transport>://<address>', where +'<transport>' is a protocol that it cannot handle natively, it +automatically invokes 'git remote-<transport>' with the full URL as +the second argument. If such a URL is encountered directly on the +command line, the first argument is the same as the second, and if it +is encountered in a configured remote, the first argument is the name +of that remote. + +A URL of the form '<transport>::<address>' explicitly instructs Git to +invoke 'git remote-<transport>' with '<address>' as the second +argument. If such a URL is encountered directly on the command line, +the first argument is '<address>', and if it is encountered in a +configured remote, the first argument is the name of that remote. + +Additionally, when a configured remote has `remote.<name>.vcs` set to +'<transport>', Git explicitly invokes 'git remote-<transport>' with +'<name>' as the first argument. If set, the second argument is +`remote.<name>.url`; otherwise, the second argument is omitted. + +INPUT FORMAT +------------ + +Git sends the remote helper a list of commands on standard input, one +per line. The first command is always the 'capabilities' command, in +response to which the remote helper must print a list of the +capabilities it supports (see below) followed by a blank line. The +response to the capabilities command determines what commands Git uses +in the remainder of the command stream. + +The command stream is terminated by a blank line. In some cases +(indicated in the documentation of the relevant commands), this blank +line is followed by a payload in some other protocol (e.g., the pack +protocol), while in others it indicates the end of input. + +Capabilities +~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Each remote helper is expected to support only a subset of commands. +The operations a helper supports are declared to Git in the response +to the `capabilities` command (see COMMANDS, below). + +In the following, we list all defined capabilities and for +each we list which commands a helper with that capability +must provide. + +Capabilities for Pushing +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +'connect':: + Can attempt to connect to 'git receive-pack' (for pushing), + 'git upload-pack', etc for communication using + git's native packfile protocol. This + requires a bidirectional, full-duplex connection. ++ +Supported commands: 'connect'. + +'push':: + Can discover remote refs and push local commits and the + history leading up to them to new or existing remote refs. ++ +Supported commands: 'list for-push', 'push'. + +'export':: + Can discover remote refs and push specified objects from a + fast-import stream to remote refs. ++ +Supported commands: 'list for-push', 'export'. + +If a helper advertises 'connect', Git will use it if possible and +fall back to another capability if the helper requests so when +connecting (see the 'connect' command under COMMANDS). +When choosing between 'push' and 'export', Git prefers 'push'. +Other frontends may have some other order of preference. + +'no-private-update':: + When using the 'refspec' capability, git normally updates the + private ref on successful push. This update is disabled when + the remote-helper declares the capability 'no-private-update'. + + +Capabilities for Fetching +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +'connect':: + Can try to connect to 'git upload-pack' (for fetching), + 'git receive-pack', etc for communication using the + Git's native packfile protocol. This + requires a bidirectional, full-duplex connection. ++ +Supported commands: 'connect'. + +'fetch':: + Can discover remote refs and transfer objects reachable from + them to the local object store. ++ +Supported commands: 'list', 'fetch'. + +'import':: + Can discover remote refs and output objects reachable from + them as a stream in fast-import format. ++ +Supported commands: 'list', 'import'. + +'check-connectivity':: + Can guarantee that when a clone is requested, the received + pack is self contained and is connected. + +If a helper advertises 'connect', Git will use it if possible and +fall back to another capability if the helper requests so when +connecting (see the 'connect' command under COMMANDS). +When choosing between 'fetch' and 'import', Git prefers 'fetch'. +Other frontends may have some other order of preference. + +Miscellaneous capabilities +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +'option':: + For specifying settings like `verbosity` (how much output to + write to stderr) and `depth` (how much history is wanted in the + case of a shallow clone) that affect how other commands are + carried out. + +'refspec' <refspec>:: + For remote helpers that implement 'import' or 'export', this capability + allows the refs to be constrained to a private namespace, instead of + writing to refs/heads or refs/remotes directly. + It is recommended that all importers providing the 'import' + capability use this. It's mandatory for 'export'. ++ +A helper advertising the capability +`refspec refs/heads/*:refs/svn/origin/branches/*` +is saying that, when it is asked to `import refs/heads/topic`, the +stream it outputs will update the `refs/svn/origin/branches/topic` +ref. ++ +This capability can be advertised multiple times. The first +applicable refspec takes precedence. The left-hand of refspecs +advertised with this capability must cover all refs reported by +the list command. If no 'refspec' capability is advertised, +there is an implied `refspec *:*`. ++ +When writing remote-helpers for decentralized version control +systems, it is advised to keep a local copy of the repository to +interact with, and to let the private namespace refs point to this +local repository, while the refs/remotes namespace is used to track +the remote repository. + +'bidi-import':: + This modifies the 'import' capability. + The fast-import commands 'cat-blob' and 'ls' can be used by remote-helpers + to retrieve information about blobs and trees that already exist in + fast-import's memory. This requires a channel from fast-import to the + remote-helper. + If it is advertised in addition to "import", Git establishes a pipe from + fast-import to the remote-helper's stdin. + It follows that Git and fast-import are both connected to the + remote-helper's stdin. Because Git can send multiple commands to + the remote-helper it is required that helpers that use 'bidi-import' + buffer all 'import' commands of a batch before sending data to fast-import. + This is to prevent mixing commands and fast-import responses on the + helper's stdin. + +'export-marks' <file>:: + This modifies the 'export' capability, instructing Git to dump the + internal marks table to <file> when complete. For details, + read up on `--export-marks=<file>` in linkgit:git-fast-export[1]. + +'import-marks' <file>:: + This modifies the 'export' capability, instructing Git to load the + marks specified in <file> before processing any input. For details, + read up on `--import-marks=<file>` in linkgit:git-fast-export[1]. + +'signed-tags':: + This modifies the 'export' capability, instructing Git to pass + `--signed-tags=verbatim` to linkgit:git-fast-export[1]. In the + absence of this capability, Git will use `--signed-tags=warn-strip`. + + + +COMMANDS +-------- + +Commands are given by the caller on the helper's standard input, one per line. + +'capabilities':: + Lists the capabilities of the helper, one per line, ending + with a blank line. Each capability may be preceded with '*', + which marks them mandatory for Git versions using the remote + helper to understand. Any unknown mandatory capability is a + fatal error. ++ +Support for this command is mandatory. + +'list':: + Lists the refs, one per line, in the format "<value> <name> + [<attr> ...]". The value may be a hex sha1 hash, "@<dest>" for + a symref, or "?" to indicate that the helper could not get the + value of the ref. A space-separated list of attributes follows + the name; unrecognized attributes are ignored. The list ends + with a blank line. ++ +See REF LIST ATTRIBUTES for a list of currently defined attributes. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "fetch" or "import" capability. + +'list for-push':: + Similar to 'list', except that it is used if and only if + the caller wants to the resulting ref list to prepare + push commands. + A helper supporting both push and fetch can use this + to distinguish for which operation the output of 'list' + is going to be used, possibly reducing the amount + of work that needs to be performed. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "push" or "export" capability. + +'option' <name> <value>:: + Sets the transport helper option <name> to <value>. Outputs a + single line containing one of 'ok' (option successfully set), + 'unsupported' (option not recognized) or 'error <msg>' + (option <name> is supported but <value> is not valid + for it). Options should be set before other commands, + and may influence the behavior of those commands. ++ +See OPTIONS for a list of currently defined options. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "option" capability. + +'fetch' <sha1> <name>:: + Fetches the given object, writing the necessary objects + to the database. Fetch commands are sent in a batch, one + per line, terminated with a blank line. + Outputs a single blank line when all fetch commands in the + same batch are complete. Only objects which were reported + in the output of 'list' with a sha1 may be fetched this way. ++ +Optionally may output a 'lock <file>' line indicating a file under +GIT_DIR/objects/pack which is keeping a pack until refs can be +suitably updated. ++ +If option 'check-connectivity' is requested, the helper must output +'connectivity-ok' if the clone is self-contained and connected. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "fetch" capability. + +'push' +<src>:<dst>:: + Pushes the given local <src> commit or branch to the + remote branch described by <dst>. A batch sequence of + one or more 'push' commands is terminated with a blank line + (if there is only one reference to push, a single 'push' command + is followed by a blank line). For example, the following would + be two batches of 'push', the first asking the remote-helper + to push the local ref 'master' to the remote ref 'master' and + the local `HEAD` to the remote 'branch', and the second + asking to push ref 'foo' to ref 'bar' (forced update requested + by the '+'). ++ +------------ +push refs/heads/master:refs/heads/master +push HEAD:refs/heads/branch +\n +push +refs/heads/foo:refs/heads/bar +\n +------------ ++ +Zero or more protocol options may be entered after the last 'push' +command, before the batch's terminating blank line. ++ +When the push is complete, outputs one or more 'ok <dst>' or +'error <dst> <why>?' lines to indicate success or failure of +each pushed ref. The status report output is terminated by +a blank line. The option field <why> may be quoted in a C +style string if it contains an LF. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "push" capability. + +'import' <name>:: + Produces a fast-import stream which imports the current value + of the named ref. It may additionally import other refs as + needed to construct the history efficiently. The script writes + to a helper-specific private namespace. The value of the named + ref should be written to a location in this namespace derived + by applying the refspecs from the "refspec" capability to the + name of the ref. ++ +Especially useful for interoperability with a foreign versioning +system. ++ +Just like 'push', a batch sequence of one or more 'import' is +terminated with a blank line. For each batch of 'import', the remote +helper should produce a fast-import stream terminated by a 'done' +command. ++ +Note that if the 'bidi-import' capability is used the complete batch +sequence has to be buffered before starting to send data to fast-import +to prevent mixing of commands and fast-import responses on the helper's +stdin. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "import" capability. + +'export':: + Instructs the remote helper that any subsequent input is + part of a fast-import stream (generated by 'git fast-export') + containing objects which should be pushed to the remote. ++ +Especially useful for interoperability with a foreign versioning +system. ++ +The 'export-marks' and 'import-marks' capabilities, if specified, +affect this command in so far as they are passed on to 'git +fast-export', which then will load/store a table of marks for +local objects. This can be used to implement for incremental +operations. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "export" capability. + +'connect' <service>:: + Connects to given service. Standard input and standard output + of helper are connected to specified service (git prefix is + included in service name so e.g. fetching uses 'git-upload-pack' + as service) on remote side. Valid replies to this command are + empty line (connection established), 'fallback' (no smart + transport support, fall back to dumb transports) and just + exiting with error message printed (can't connect, don't + bother trying to fall back). After line feed terminating the + positive (empty) response, the output of service starts. After + the connection ends, the remote helper exits. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "connect" capability. + +If a fatal error occurs, the program writes the error message to +stderr and exits. The caller should expect that a suitable error +message has been printed if the child closes the connection without +completing a valid response for the current command. + +Additional commands may be supported, as may be determined from +capabilities reported by the helper. + +REF LIST ATTRIBUTES +------------------- + +The 'list' command produces a list of refs in which each ref +may be followed by a list of attributes. The following ref list +attributes are defined. + +'unchanged':: + This ref is unchanged since the last import or fetch, although + the helper cannot necessarily determine what value that produced. + +OPTIONS +------- + +The following options are defined and (under suitable circumstances) +set by Git if the remote helper has the 'option' capability. + +'option verbosity' <n>:: + Changes the verbosity of messages displayed by the helper. + A value of 0 for <n> means that processes operate + quietly, and the helper produces only error output. + 1 is the default level of verbosity, and higher values + of <n> correspond to the number of -v flags passed on the + command line. + +'option progress' {'true'|'false'}:: + Enables (or disables) progress messages displayed by the + transport helper during a command. + +'option depth' <depth>:: + Deepens the history of a shallow repository. + +'option deepen-since <timestamp>:: + Deepens the history of a shallow repository based on time. + +'option deepen-not <ref>:: + Deepens the history of a shallow repository excluding ref. + Multiple options add up. + +'option deepen-relative {'true'|'false'}:: + Deepens the history of a shallow repository relative to + current boundary. Only valid when used with "option depth". + +'option followtags' {'true'|'false'}:: + If enabled the helper should automatically fetch annotated + tag objects if the object the tag points at was transferred + during the fetch command. If the tag is not fetched by + the helper a second fetch command will usually be sent to + ask for the tag specifically. Some helpers may be able to + use this option to avoid a second network connection. + +'option dry-run' {'true'|'false'}: + If true, pretend the operation completed successfully, + but don't actually change any repository data. For most + helpers this only applies to the 'push', if supported. + +'option servpath <c-style-quoted-path>':: + Sets service path (--upload-pack, --receive-pack etc.) for + next connect. Remote helper may support this option, but + must not rely on this option being set before + connect request occurs. + +'option check-connectivity' {'true'|'false'}:: + Request the helper to check connectivity of a clone. + +'option force' {'true'|'false'}:: + Request the helper to perform a force update. Defaults to + 'false'. + +'option cloning' {'true'|'false'}:: + Notify the helper this is a clone request (i.e. the current + repository is guaranteed empty). + +'option update-shallow' {'true'|'false'}:: + Allow to extend .git/shallow if the new refs require it. + +'option pushcert' {'true'|'false'}:: + GPG sign pushes. + +'option push-option <string>:: + Transmit <string> as a push option. As the a push option + must not contain LF or NUL characters, the string is not encoded. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-remote[1] + +linkgit:git-remote-ext[1] + +linkgit:git-remote-fd[1] + +linkgit:git-remote-testgit[1] + +linkgit:git-fast-import[1] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt index 1befca98d4..f51ed4e37c 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt @@ -12,43 +12,51 @@ $GIT_DIR/* DESCRIPTION ----------- -You may find these things in your git repository (`.git` -directory for a repository associated with your working tree, or -`<project>.git` directory for a public 'bare' repository. It is -also possible to have a working tree where `.git` is a plain -ascii file containing `gitdir: <path>`, i.e. the path to the -real git repository). +A Git repository comes in two different flavours: + + * a `.git` directory at the root of the working tree; + + * a `<project>.git` directory that is a 'bare' repository + (i.e. without its own working tree), that is typically used for + exchanging histories with others by pushing into it and fetching + from it. + +*Note*: Also you can have a plain text file `.git` at the root of +your working tree, containing `gitdir: <path>` to point at the real +directory that has the repository. This mechanism is often used for +a working tree of a submodule checkout, to allow you in the +containing superproject to `git checkout` a branch that does not +have the submodule. The `checkout` has to remove the entire +submodule working tree, without losing the submodule repository. + +These things may exist in a Git repository. objects:: Object store associated with this repository. Usually an object store is self sufficient (i.e. all the objects that are referred to by an object found in it are also - found in it), but there are couple of ways to violate - it. + found in it), but there are a few ways to violate it. + -. You could populate the repository by running a commit walker -without `-a` option. Depending on which options are given, you -could have only commit objects without associated blobs and -trees this way, for example. A repository with this kind of -incomplete object store is not suitable to be published to the -outside world but sometimes useful for private repository. -. You also could have an incomplete but locally usable repository -by cloning shallowly. See linkgit:git-clone[1]. -. You can be using `objects/info/alternates` mechanism, or -`$GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES` mechanism to 'borrow' +. You could have an incomplete but locally usable repository +by creating a shallow clone. See linkgit:git-clone[1]. +. You could be using the `objects/info/alternates` or +`$GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES` mechanisms to 'borrow' objects from other object stores. A repository with this kind of incomplete object store is not suitable to be published for use with dumb transports but otherwise is OK as long as -`objects/info/alternates` points at the right object stores -it borrows from. +`objects/info/alternates` points at the object stores it +borrows from. ++ +This directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and +"$GIT_COMMON_DIR/objects" will be used instead. objects/[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]:: - Traditionally, each object is stored in its own file. - They are split into 256 subdirectories using the first - two letters from its object name to keep the number of - directory entries `objects` directory itself needs to - hold. Objects found here are often called 'unpacked' - (or 'loose') objects. + A newly created object is stored in its own file. + The objects are splayed over 256 subdirectories using + the first two characters of the sha1 object name to + keep the number of directory entries in `objects` + itself to a manageable number. Objects found + here are often called 'unpacked' (or 'loose') objects. objects/pack:: Packs (files that store many object in compressed form, @@ -64,7 +72,7 @@ objects/info/packs:: are available in this object store. Whenever a pack is added or removed, `git update-server-info` should be run to keep this file up-to-date if the repository is - published for dumb transports. 'git-repack' does this + published for dumb transports. 'git repack' does this by default. objects/info/alternates:: @@ -85,9 +93,10 @@ objects/info/http-alternates:: refs:: References are stored in subdirectories of this - directory. The 'git-prune' command knows to keep + directory. The 'git prune' command knows to preserve objects reachable from refs found in this directory and - its subdirectories. + its subdirectories. This directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR + is set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/refs" will be used instead. refs/heads/`name`:: records tip-of-the-tree commit objects of branch `name` @@ -100,16 +109,23 @@ refs/remotes/`name`:: records tip-of-the-tree commit objects of branches copied from a remote repository. +refs/replace/`<obj-sha1>`:: + records the SHA-1 of the object that replaces `<obj-sha1>`. + This is similar to info/grafts and is internally used and + maintained by linkgit:git-replace[1]. Such refs can be exchanged + between repositories while grafts are not. + packed-refs:: records the same information as refs/heads/, refs/tags/, and friends record in a more efficient way. See - linkgit:git-pack-refs[1]. + linkgit:git-pack-refs[1]. This file is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR + is set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/packed-refs" will be used instead. HEAD:: A symref (see glossary) to the `refs/heads/` namespace describing the currently active branch. It does not mean much if the repository is not associated with any working tree - (i.e. a 'bare' repository), but a valid git repository + (i.e. a 'bare' repository), but a valid Git repository *must* have the HEAD file; some porcelains may use it to guess the designated "default" branch of the repository (usually 'master'). It is legal if the named branch @@ -119,42 +135,58 @@ HEAD:: + HEAD can also record a specific commit directly, instead of being a symref to point at the current branch. Such a state -is often called 'detached HEAD', and almost all commands work -identically as normal. See linkgit:git-checkout[1] for -details. +is often called 'detached HEAD.' See linkgit:git-checkout[1] +for details. + +config:: + Repository specific configuration file. This file is ignored + if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/config" will be + used instead. branches:: A slightly deprecated way to store shorthands to be used - to specify URL to 'git-fetch', 'git-pull' and 'git-push' - commands is to store a file in `branches/<name>` and - give 'name' to these commands in place of 'repository' - argument. + to specify a URL to 'git fetch', 'git pull' and 'git push'. + A file can be stored as `branches/<name>` and then + 'name' can be given to these commands in place of + 'repository' argument. See the REMOTES section in + linkgit:git-fetch[1] for details. This mechanism is legacy + and not likely to be found in modern repositories. This + directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and + "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/branches" will be used instead. + hooks:: - Hooks are customization scripts used by various git + Hooks are customization scripts used by various Git commands. A handful of sample hooks are installed when - 'git-init' is run, but all of them are disabled by + 'git init' is run, but all of them are disabled by default. To enable, the `.sample` suffix has to be removed from the filename by renaming. Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about - each hook. + each hook. This directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set + and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/hooks" will be used instead. + index:: The current index file for the repository. It is usually not found in a bare repository. +sharedindex.<SHA-1>:: + The shared index part, to be referenced by $GIT_DIR/index and + other temporary index files. Only valid in split index mode. + info:: Additional information about the repository is recorded - in this directory. + in this directory. This directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR + is set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/info" will be used instead. info/refs:: This file helps dumb transports discover what refs are available in this repository. If the repository is published for dumb transports, this file should be - regenerated by 'git-update-server-info' every time a tag + regenerated by 'git update-server-info' every time a tag or branch is created or modified. This is normally done from the `hooks/update` hook, which is run by the - 'git-receive-pack' command when you 'git-push' into the + 'git-receive-pack' command when you 'git push' into the repository. info/grafts:: @@ -164,23 +196,36 @@ info/grafts:: per line describes a commit and its fake parents by listing their 40-byte hexadecimal object names separated by a space and terminated by a newline. ++ +Note that the grafts mechanism is outdated and can lead to problems +transferring objects between repositories; see linkgit:git-replace[1] +for a more flexible and robust system to do the same thing. info/exclude:: This file, by convention among Porcelains, stores the exclude pattern list. `.gitignore` is the per-directory - ignore file. 'git-status', 'git-add', 'git-rm' and - 'git-clean' look at it but the core git commands do not look + ignore file. 'git status', 'git add', 'git rm' and + 'git clean' look at it but the core Git commands do not look at it. See also: linkgit:gitignore[5]. +info/sparse-checkout:: + This file stores sparse checkout patterns. + See also: linkgit:git-read-tree[1]. + remotes:: - Stores shorthands to be used to give URL and default - refnames to interact with remote repository to - 'git-fetch', 'git-pull' and 'git-push' commands. + Stores shorthands for URL and default refnames for use + when interacting with remote repositories via 'git fetch', + 'git pull' and 'git push' commands. See the REMOTES section + in linkgit:git-fetch[1] for details. This mechanism is legacy + and not likely to be found in modern repositories. This + directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and + "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/remotes" will be used instead. logs:: - Records of changes made to refs are stored in this - directory. See linkgit:git-update-ref[1] - for more information. + Records of changes made to refs are stored in this directory. + See linkgit:git-update-ref[1] for more information. This + directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and + "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/logs" will be used instead. logs/refs/heads/`name`:: Records all changes made to the branch tip named `name`. @@ -191,7 +236,45 @@ logs/refs/tags/`name`:: shallow:: This is similar to `info/grafts` but is internally used and maintained by shallow clone mechanism. See `--depth` - option to linkgit:git-clone[1] and linkgit:git-fetch[1]. + option to linkgit:git-clone[1] and linkgit:git-fetch[1]. This + file is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and + "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/shallow" will be used instead. + +commondir:: + If this file exists, $GIT_COMMON_DIR (see linkgit:git[1]) will + be set to the path specified in this file if it is not + explicitly set. If the specified path is relative, it is + relative to $GIT_DIR. The repository with commondir is + incomplete without the repository pointed by "commondir". + +modules:: + Contains the git-repositories of the submodules. + +worktrees:: + Contains administrative data for linked + working trees. Each subdirectory contains the working tree-related + part of a linked working tree. This directory is ignored if + $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set, in which case + "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/worktrees" will be used instead. + +worktrees/<id>/gitdir:: + A text file containing the absolute path back to the .git file + that points to here. This is used to check if the linked + repository has been manually removed and there is no need to + keep this directory any more. The mtime of this file should be + updated every time the linked repository is accessed. + +worktrees/<id>/locked:: + If this file exists, the linked working tree may be on a + portable device and not available. The presence of this file + prevents `worktrees/<id>` from being pruned either automatically + or manually by `git worktree prune`. The file may contain a string + explaining why the repository is locked. + +worktrees/<id>/link:: + If this file exists, it is a hard link to the linked .git + file. It is used to detect if the linked repository is + manually removed. SEE ALSO -------- @@ -206,4 +289,4 @@ link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual] GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite. +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitrevisions.txt b/Documentation/gitrevisions.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..27dec5b91d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/gitrevisions.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +gitrevisions(7) +=============== + +NAME +---- +gitrevisions - specifying revisions and ranges for Git + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +gitrevisions + + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +Many Git commands take revision parameters as arguments. Depending on +the command, they denote a specific commit or, for commands which +walk the revision graph (such as linkgit:git-log[1]), all commits which are +reachable from that commit. For commands that walk the revision graph one can +also specify a range of revisions explicitly. + +In addition, some Git commands (such as linkgit:git-show[1]) also take +revision parameters which denote other objects than commits, e.g. blobs +("files") or trees ("directories of files"). + +include::revisions.txt[] + + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-rev-parse[1] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt b/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt index dc8fc3a18a..e0976f6017 100644 --- a/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt +++ b/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt @@ -3,10 +3,11 @@ gittutorial-2(7) NAME ---- -gittutorial-2 - A tutorial introduction to git: part two +gittutorial-2 - A tutorial introduction to Git: part two SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] git * DESCRIPTION @@ -15,11 +16,11 @@ DESCRIPTION You should work through linkgit:gittutorial[7] before reading this tutorial. The goal of this tutorial is to introduce two fundamental pieces of -git's architecture--the object database and the index file--and to +Git's architecture--the object database and the index file--and to provide the reader with everything necessary to understand the rest -of the git documentation. +of the Git documentation. -The git object database +The Git object database ----------------------- Let's start a new project and create a small amount of history: @@ -33,33 +34,33 @@ $ echo 'hello world' > file.txt $ git add . $ git commit -a -m "initial commit" [master (root-commit) 54196cc] initial commit - 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) create mode 100644 file.txt $ echo 'hello world!' >file.txt $ git commit -a -m "add emphasis" [master c4d59f3] add emphasis - 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-) + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) ------------------------------------------------ -What are the 7 digits of hex that git responded to the commit with? +What are the 7 digits of hex that Git responded to the commit with? We saw in part one of the tutorial that commits have names like this. -It turns out that every object in the git history is stored under -a 40-digit hex name. That name is the SHA1 hash of the object's -contents; among other things, this ensures that git will never store -the same data twice (since identical data is given an identical SHA1 -name), and that the contents of a git object will never change (since +It turns out that every object in the Git history is stored under +a 40-digit hex name. That name is the SHA-1 hash of the object's +contents; among other things, this ensures that Git will never store +the same data twice (since identical data is given an identical SHA-1 +name), and that the contents of a Git object will never change (since that would change the object's name as well). The 7 char hex strings here are simply the abbreviation of such 40 character long strings. Abbreviations can be used everywhere where the 40 character strings can be used, so long as they are unambiguous. It is expected that the content of the commit object you created while -following the example above generates a different SHA1 hash than +following the example above generates a different SHA-1 hash than the one shown above because the commit object records the time when it was created and the name of the person performing the commit. -We can ask git about this particular object with the `cat-file` +We can ask Git about this particular object with the `cat-file` command. Don't copy the 40 hex digits from this example but use those from your own version. Note that you can shorten it to only a few characters to save yourself typing all 40 hex digits: @@ -79,14 +80,14 @@ A tree can refer to one or more "blob" objects, each corresponding to a file. In addition, a tree can also refer to other tree objects, thus creating a directory hierarchy. You can examine the contents of any tree using ls-tree (remember that a long enough initial portion -of the SHA1 will also work): +of the SHA-1 will also work): ------------------------------------------------ $ git ls-tree 92b8b694 100644 blob 3b18e512dba79e4c8300dd08aeb37f8e728b8dad file.txt ------------------------------------------------ -Thus we see that this tree has one file in it. The SHA1 hash is a +Thus we see that this tree has one file in it. The SHA-1 hash is a reference to that file's data: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -101,11 +102,11 @@ $ git cat-file blob 3b18e512 hello world ------------------------------------------------ -Note that this is the old file data; so the object that git named in +Note that this is the old file data; so the object that Git named in its response to the initial tree was a tree with a snapshot of the directory state that was recorded by the first commit. -All of these objects are stored under their SHA1 names inside the git +All of these objects are stored under their SHA-1 names inside the Git directory: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ ref: refs/heads/master As you can see, this tells us which branch we're currently on, and it tells us this by naming a file under the .git directory, which itself -contains a SHA1 name referring to a commit object, which we can +contains a SHA-1 name referring to a commit object, which we can examine with cat-file: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -190,7 +191,7 @@ Besides blobs, trees, and commits, the only remaining type of object is a "tag", which we won't discuss here; refer to linkgit:git-tag[1] for details. -So now we know how git uses the object database to represent a +So now we know how Git uses the object database to represent a project's history: * "commit" objects refer to "tree" objects representing the @@ -207,7 +208,7 @@ project's history: Note, by the way, that lots of commands take a tree as an argument. But as we can see above, a tree can be referred to in many different -ways--by the SHA1 name for that tree, by the name of a commit that +ways--by the SHA-1 name for that tree, by the name of a commit that refers to the tree, by the name of a branch whose head refers to that tree, etc.--and most such commands can accept any of these names. @@ -260,7 +261,7 @@ index a042389..513feba 100644 +hello world, again ------------------------------------------------ -So 'git-diff' is comparing against something other than the head. +So 'git diff' is comparing against something other than the head. The thing that it's comparing against is actually the index file, which is stored in .git/index in a binary format, but whose contents we can examine with ls-files: @@ -275,9 +276,9 @@ hello world! hello world, again ------------------------------------------------ -So what our 'git-add' did was store a new blob and then put +So what our 'git add' did was store a new blob and then put a reference to it in the index file. If we modify the file again, -we'll see that the new modifications are reflected in the 'git-diff' +we'll see that the new modifications are reflected in the 'git diff' output: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -292,7 +293,7 @@ index 513feba..ba3da7b 100644 +again? ------------------------------------------------ -With the right arguments, 'git-diff' can also show us the difference +With the right arguments, 'git diff' can also show us the difference between the working directory and the last commit, or between the index and the last commit: @@ -316,7 +317,7 @@ index a042389..513feba 100644 +hello world, again ------------------------------------------------ -At any time, we can create a new commit using 'git-commit' (without +At any time, we can create a new commit using 'git commit' (without the "-a" option), and verify that the state committed only includes the changes stored in the index file, not the additional change that is still only in our working tree: @@ -334,11 +335,11 @@ index 513feba..ba3da7b 100644 +again? ------------------------------------------------ -So by default 'git-commit' uses the index to create the commit, not +So by default 'git commit' uses the index to create the commit, not the working tree; the "-a" option to commit tells it to first update the index with all changes in the working tree. -Finally, it's worth looking at the effect of 'git-add' on the index +Finally, it's worth looking at the effect of 'git add' on the index file: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -346,7 +347,7 @@ $ echo "goodbye, world" >closing.txt $ git add closing.txt ------------------------------------------------ -The effect of the 'git-add' was to add one entry to the index file: +The effect of the 'git add' was to add one entry to the index file: ------------------------------------------------ $ git ls-files --stage @@ -367,17 +368,18 @@ situation: ------------------------------------------------ $ git status -# On branch master -# Changes to be committed: -# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) -# -# new file: closing.txt -# -# Changed but not updated: -# (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) -# -# modified: file.txt -# +On branch master +Changes to be committed: + (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) + + new file: closing.txt + +Changes not staged for commit: + (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) + (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) + + modified: file.txt + ------------------------------------------------ Since the current state of closing.txt is cached in the index file, @@ -402,21 +404,21 @@ What next? At this point you should know everything necessary to read the man pages for any of the git commands; one good place to start would be -with the commands mentioned in link:everyday.html[Everyday git]. You +with the commands mentioned in linkgit:giteveryday[7]. You should be able to find any unknown jargon in linkgit:gitglossary[7]. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] provides a more -comprehensive introduction to git. +comprehensive introduction to Git. linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7] explains how to -import a CVS repository into git, and shows how to use git in a +import a CVS repository into Git, and shows how to use Git in a CVS-like way. -For some interesting examples of git use, see the +For some interesting examples of Git use, see the link:howto-index.html[howtos]. -For git developers, linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] goes -into detail on the lower-level git mechanisms involved in, for +For Git developers, linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] goes +into detail on the lower-level Git mechanisms involved in, for example, creating a new commit. SEE ALSO @@ -426,9 +428,9 @@ linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7], linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:git-help[1], -link:everyday.html[Everyday git], +linkgit:giteveryday[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual] GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite. +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gittutorial.txt b/Documentation/gittutorial.txt index c5d5596d89..794b83393e 100644 --- a/Documentation/gittutorial.txt +++ b/Documentation/gittutorial.txt @@ -3,19 +3,20 @@ gittutorial(7) NAME ---- -gittutorial - A tutorial introduction to git (for version 1.5.1 or newer) +gittutorial - A tutorial introduction to Git SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] git * DESCRIPTION ----------- -This tutorial explains how to import a new project into git, make +This tutorial explains how to import a new project into Git, make changes to it, and share changes with other developers. -If you are instead primarily interested in using git to fetch a project, +If you are instead primarily interested in using Git to fetch a project, for example, to test the latest version, you may prefer to start with the first two chapters of link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual]. @@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ $ git help log With the latter, you can use the manual viewer of your choice; see linkgit:git-help[1] for more information. -It is a good idea to introduce yourself to git with your name and +It is a good idea to introduce yourself to Git with your name and public email address before doing any operation. The easiest way to do so is: @@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ Importing a new project ----------------------- Assume you have a tarball project.tar.gz with your initial work. You -can place it under git revision control as follows. +can place it under Git revision control as follows. ------------------------------------------------ $ tar xzf project.tar.gz @@ -66,23 +67,23 @@ Initialized empty Git repository in .git/ You've now initialized the working directory--you may notice a new directory created, named ".git". -Next, tell git to take a snapshot of the contents of all files under the -current directory (note the '.'), with 'git-add': +Next, tell Git to take a snapshot of the contents of all files under the +current directory (note the '.'), with 'git add': ------------------------------------------------ $ git add . ------------------------------------------------ -This snapshot is now stored in a temporary staging area which git calls +This snapshot is now stored in a temporary staging area which Git calls the "index". You can permanently store the contents of the index in the -repository with 'git-commit': +repository with 'git commit': ------------------------------------------------ $ git commit ------------------------------------------------ This will prompt you for a commit message. You've now stored the first -version of your project in git. +version of your project in Git. Making changes -------------- @@ -94,26 +95,27 @@ $ git add file1 file2 file3 ------------------------------------------------ You are now ready to commit. You can see what is about to be committed -using 'git-diff' with the --cached option: +using 'git diff' with the --cached option: ------------------------------------------------ $ git diff --cached ------------------------------------------------ -(Without --cached, 'git-diff' will show you any changes that +(Without --cached, 'git diff' will show you any changes that you've made but not yet added to the index.) You can also get a brief -summary of the situation with 'git-status': +summary of the situation with 'git status': ------------------------------------------------ $ git status -# On branch master -# Changes to be committed: -# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) -# -# modified: file1 -# modified: file2 -# modified: file3 -# +On branch master +Changes to be committed: +Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'. + (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) + + modified: file1 + modified: file2 + modified: file3 + ------------------------------------------------ If you need to make any further adjustments, do so now, and then add any @@ -126,7 +128,7 @@ $ git commit This will again prompt you for a message describing the change, and then record a new version of the project. -Alternatively, instead of running 'git-add' beforehand, you can use +Alternatively, instead of running 'git add' beforehand, you can use ------------------------------------------------ $ git commit -a @@ -138,16 +140,18 @@ them to the index, and commit, all in one step. A note on commit messages: Though not required, it's a good idea to begin the commit message with a single short (less than 50 character) line summarizing the change, followed by a blank line and then a more -thorough description. Tools that turn commits into email, for -example, use the first line on the Subject: line and the rest of the -commit in the body. +thorough description. The text up to the first blank line in a commit +message is treated as the commit title, and that title is used +throughout Git. For example, linkgit:git-format-patch[1] turns a +commit into email, and it uses the title on the Subject line and the +rest of the commit in the body. Git tracks content not files ---------------------------- Many revision control systems provide an `add` command that tells the system to start tracking changes to a new file. Git's `add` command -does something simpler and more powerful: 'git-add' is used both for new +does something simpler and more powerful: 'git add' is used both for new and newly modified files, and in both cases it takes a snapshot of the given files and stages that content in the index, ready for inclusion in the next commit. @@ -177,7 +181,7 @@ $ git log --stat --summary Managing branches ----------------- -A single git repository can maintain multiple branches of +A single Git repository can maintain multiple branches of development. To create a new branch named "experimental", use ------------------------------------------------ @@ -273,10 +277,10 @@ $ git branch -D crazy-idea Branches are cheap and easy, so this is a good way to try something out. -Using git for collaboration +Using Git for collaboration --------------------------- -Suppose that Alice has started a new project with a git repository in +Suppose that Alice has started a new project with a Git repository in /home/alice/project, and that Bob, who has a home directory on the same machine, wants to contribute. @@ -317,7 +321,7 @@ Note that in general, Alice would want her local changes committed before initiating this "pull". If Bob's work conflicts with what Alice did since their histories forked, Alice will use her working tree and the index to resolve conflicts, and existing local changes will interfere with the -conflict resolution process (git will still perform the fetch but will +conflict resolution process (Git will still perform the fetch but will refuse to merge --- Alice will have to get rid of her local changes in some way and pull again when this happens). @@ -332,11 +336,11 @@ alice$ git log -p HEAD..FETCH_HEAD ------------------------------------------------ This operation is safe even if Alice has uncommitted local changes. -The range notation HEAD..FETCH_HEAD" means "show everything that is reachable -from the FETCH_HEAD but exclude anything that is reachable from HEAD. +The range notation "HEAD..FETCH_HEAD" means "show everything that is reachable +from the FETCH_HEAD but exclude anything that is reachable from HEAD". Alice already knows everything that leads to her current state (HEAD), -and reviewing what Bob has in his state (FETCH_HEAD) that she has not -seen with this command +and reviews what Bob has in his state (FETCH_HEAD) that she has not +seen with this command. If Alice wants to visualize what Bob did since their histories forked she can issue the following command: @@ -375,17 +379,17 @@ it easier: alice$ git remote add bob /home/bob/myrepo ------------------------------------------------ -With this, Alice can perform the first part of the "pull" operation alone using the -'git-fetch' command without merging them with her own branch, -using: +With this, Alice can perform the first part of the "pull" operation +alone using the 'git fetch' command without merging them with her own +branch, using: ------------------------------------- alice$ git fetch bob ------------------------------------- Unlike the longhand form, when Alice fetches from Bob using a -remote repository shorthand set up with 'git-remote', what was -fetched is stored in a remote tracking branch, in this case +remote repository shorthand set up with 'git remote', what was +fetched is stored in a remote-tracking branch, in this case `bob/master`. So after this: ------------------------------------- @@ -402,8 +406,8 @@ could merge the changes into her master branch: alice$ git merge bob/master ------------------------------------- -This `merge` can also be done by 'pulling from her own remote -tracking branch', like this: +This `merge` can also be done by 'pulling from her own remote-tracking +branch', like this: ------------------------------------- alice$ git pull . remotes/bob/master @@ -419,7 +423,7 @@ bob$ git pull ------------------------------------- Note that he doesn't need to give the path to Alice's repository; -when Bob cloned Alice's repository, git stored the location of her +when Bob cloned Alice's repository, Git stored the location of her repository in the repository configuration, and that location is used for pulls: @@ -428,7 +432,7 @@ bob$ git config --get remote.origin.url /home/alice/project ------------------------------------- -(The complete configuration created by 'git-clone' is visible using +(The complete configuration created by 'git clone' is visible using `git config -l`, and the linkgit:git-config[1] man page explains the meaning of each option.) @@ -447,7 +451,7 @@ perform clones and pulls using the ssh protocol: bob$ git clone alice.org:/home/alice/project myrepo ------------------------------------- -Alternatively, git has a native protocol, or can use rsync or http; +Alternatively, Git has a native protocol, or can use http; see linkgit:git-pull[1] for details. Git can also be used in a CVS-like mode, with a central repository @@ -458,7 +462,7 @@ Exploring history ----------------- Git history is represented as a series of interrelated commits. We -have already seen that the 'git-log' command can list those commits. +have already seen that the 'git log' command can list those commits. Note that first line of each git log entry also gives a name for the commit: @@ -471,7 +475,7 @@ Date: Tue May 16 17:18:22 2006 -0700 merge-base: Clarify the comments on post processing. ------------------------------------- -We can give this name to 'git-show' to see the details about this +We can give this name to 'git show' to see the details about this commit. ------------------------------------- @@ -515,7 +519,7 @@ share this name with other people (for example, to identify a release version), you should create a "tag" object, and perhaps sign it; see linkgit:git-tag[1] for details. -Any git command that needs to know a commit can take any of these +Any Git command that needs to know a commit can take any of these names. For example: ------------------------------------- @@ -529,13 +533,13 @@ $ git reset --hard HEAD^ # reset your current branch and working Be careful with that last command: in addition to losing any changes in the working directory, it will also remove all later commits from this branch. If this branch is the only branch containing those -commits, they will be lost. Also, don't use 'git-reset' on a +commits, they will be lost. Also, don't use 'git reset' on a publicly-visible branch that other developers pull from, as it will force needless merges on other developers to clean up the history. -If you need to undo changes that you have pushed, use 'git-revert' +If you need to undo changes that you have pushed, use 'git revert' instead. -The 'git-grep' command can search for strings in any version of your +The 'git grep' command can search for strings in any version of your project, so ------------------------------------- @@ -544,17 +548,17 @@ $ git grep "hello" v2.5 searches for all occurrences of "hello" in v2.5. -If you leave out the commit name, 'git-grep' will search any of the +If you leave out the commit name, 'git grep' will search any of the files it manages in your current directory. So ------------------------------------- $ git grep "hello" ------------------------------------- -is a quick way to search just the files that are tracked by git. +is a quick way to search just the files that are tracked by Git. -Many git commands also take sets of commits, which can be specified -in a number of ways. Here are some examples with 'git-log': +Many Git commands also take sets of commits, which can be specified +in a number of ways. Here are some examples with 'git log': ------------------------------------- $ git log v2.5..v2.6 # commits between v2.5 and v2.6 @@ -564,32 +568,32 @@ $ git log v2.5.. Makefile # commits since v2.5 which modify # Makefile ------------------------------------- -You can also give 'git-log' a "range" of commits where the first is not +You can also give 'git log' a "range" of commits where the first is not necessarily an ancestor of the second; for example, if the tips of -the branches "stable-release" and "master" diverged from a common +the branches "stable" and "master" diverged from a common commit some time ago, then ------------------------------------- -$ git log stable..experimental +$ git log stable..master ------------------------------------- -will list commits made in the experimental branch but not in the +will list commits made in the master branch but not in the stable branch, while ------------------------------------- -$ git log experimental..stable +$ git log master..stable ------------------------------------- will show the list of commits made on the stable branch but not -the experimental branch. +the master branch. -The 'git-log' command has a weakness: it must present commits in a +The 'git log' command has a weakness: it must present commits in a list. When the history has lines of development that diverged and -then merged back together, the order in which 'git-log' presents +then merged back together, the order in which 'git log' presents those commits is meaningless. Most projects with multiple contributors (such as the Linux kernel, -or git itself) have frequent merges, and 'gitk' does a better job of +or Git itself) have frequent merges, and 'gitk' does a better job of visualizing their history. For example, ------------------------------------- @@ -609,7 +613,7 @@ of the file: $ git diff v2.5:Makefile HEAD:Makefile.in ------------------------------------- -You can also use 'git-show' to see any such file: +You can also use 'git show' to see any such file: ------------------------------------- $ git show v2.5:Makefile @@ -620,7 +624,7 @@ Next Steps This tutorial should be enough to perform basic distributed revision control for your projects. However, to fully understand the depth -and power of git you need to understand two simple ideas on which it +and power of Git you need to understand two simple ideas on which it is based: * The object database is the rather elegant system used to @@ -633,7 +637,7 @@ is based: Part two of this tutorial explains the object database, the index file, and a few other odds and ends that you'll -need to make the most of git. You can find it at linkgit:gittutorial-2[7]. +need to make the most of Git. You can find it at linkgit:gittutorial-2[7]. If you don't want to continue with that right away, a few other digressions that may be interesting at this point are: @@ -650,7 +654,10 @@ digressions that may be interesting at this point are: smart enough to perform a close-to-optimal search even in the case of complex non-linear history with lots of merged branches. - * link:everyday.html[Everyday GIT with 20 Commands Or So] + * linkgit:gitworkflows[7]: Gives an overview of recommended + workflows. + + * linkgit:giteveryday[7]: Everyday Git with 20 Commands Or So. * linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]: Git for CVS users. @@ -661,9 +668,10 @@ linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7], linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:git-help[1], -link:everyday.html[Everyday git], +linkgit:gitworkflows[7], +linkgit:giteveryday[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual] GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite. +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt b/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e6320891b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt @@ -0,0 +1,965 @@ +gitweb.conf(5) +============== + +NAME +---- +gitweb.conf - Gitweb (Git web interface) configuration file + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +/etc/gitweb.conf, /etc/gitweb-common.conf, $GITWEBDIR/gitweb_config.perl + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +The gitweb CGI script for viewing Git repositories over the web uses a +perl script fragment as its configuration file. You can set variables +using "`our $variable = value`"; text from a "#" character until the +end of a line is ignored. See *perlsyn*(1) for details. + +An example: + + # gitweb configuration file for http://git.example.org + # + our $projectroot = "/srv/git"; # FHS recommendation + our $site_name = 'Example.org >> Repos'; + + +The configuration file is used to override the default settings that +were built into gitweb at the time the 'gitweb.cgi' script was generated. + +While one could just alter the configuration settings in the gitweb +CGI itself, those changes would be lost upon upgrade. Configuration +settings might also be placed into a file in the same directory as the +CGI script with the default name 'gitweb_config.perl' -- allowing +one to have multiple gitweb instances with different configurations by +the use of symlinks. + +Note that some configuration can be controlled on per-repository rather than +gitweb-wide basis: see "Per-repository gitweb configuration" subsection on +linkgit:gitweb[1] manpage. + + +DISCUSSION +---------- +Gitweb reads configuration data from the following sources in the +following order: + + * built-in values (some set during build stage), + + * common system-wide configuration file (defaults to + '/etc/gitweb-common.conf'), + + * either per-instance configuration file (defaults to 'gitweb_config.perl' + in the same directory as the installed gitweb), or if it does not exists + then fallback system-wide configuration file (defaults to '/etc/gitweb.conf'). + +Values obtained in later configuration files override values obtained earlier +in the above sequence. + +Locations of the common system-wide configuration file, the fallback +system-wide configuration file and the per-instance configuration file +are defined at compile time using build-time Makefile configuration +variables, respectively `GITWEB_CONFIG_COMMON`, `GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM` +and `GITWEB_CONFIG`. + +You can also override locations of gitweb configuration files during +runtime by setting the following environment variables: +`GITWEB_CONFIG_COMMON`, `GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM` and `GITWEB_CONFIG` +to a non-empty value. + + +The syntax of the configuration files is that of Perl, since these files are +handled by sourcing them as fragments of Perl code (the language that +gitweb itself is written in). Variables are typically set using the +`our` qualifier (as in "`our $variable = <value>;`") to avoid syntax +errors if a new version of gitweb no longer uses a variable and therefore +stops declaring it. + +You can include other configuration file using read_config_file() +subroutine. For example, one might want to put gitweb configuration +related to access control for viewing repositories via Gitolite (one +of Git repository management tools) in a separate file, e.g. in +'/etc/gitweb-gitolite.conf'. To include it, put + +-------------------------------------------------- +read_config_file("/etc/gitweb-gitolite.conf"); +-------------------------------------------------- + +somewhere in gitweb configuration file used, e.g. in per-installation +gitweb configuration file. Note that read_config_file() checks itself +that the file it reads exists, and does nothing if it is not found. +It also handles errors in included file. + + +The default configuration with no configuration file at all may work +perfectly well for some installations. Still, a configuration file is +useful for customizing or tweaking the behavior of gitweb in many ways, and +some optional features will not be present unless explicitly enabled using +the configurable `%features` variable (see also "Configuring gitweb +features" section below). + + +CONFIGURATION VARIABLES +----------------------- +Some configuration variables have their default values (embedded in the CGI +script) set during building gitweb -- if that is the case, this fact is put +in their description. See gitweb's 'INSTALL' file for instructions on building +and installing gitweb. + + +Location of repositories +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The configuration variables described below control how gitweb finds +Git repositories, and how repositories are displayed and accessed. + +See also "Repositories" and later subsections in linkgit:gitweb[1] manpage. + +$projectroot:: + Absolute filesystem path which will be prepended to project path; + the path to repository is `$projectroot/$project`. Set to + `$GITWEB_PROJECTROOT` during installation. This variable has to be + set correctly for gitweb to find repositories. ++ +For example, if `$projectroot` is set to "/srv/git" by putting the following +in gitweb config file: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +our $projectroot = "/srv/git"; +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +then ++ +------------------------------------------------ +http://git.example.com/gitweb.cgi?p=foo/bar.git +------------------------------------------------ ++ +and its path_info based equivalent ++ +------------------------------------------------ +http://git.example.com/gitweb.cgi/foo/bar.git +------------------------------------------------ ++ +will map to the path '/srv/git/foo/bar.git' on the filesystem. + +$projects_list:: + Name of a plain text file listing projects, or a name of directory + to be scanned for projects. ++ +Project list files should list one project per line, with each line +having the following format ++ +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +<URI-encoded filesystem path to repository> SP <URI-encoded repository owner> +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +The default value of this variable is determined by the `GITWEB_LIST` +makefile variable at installation time. If this variable is empty, gitweb +will fall back to scanning the `$projectroot` directory for repositories. + +$project_maxdepth:: + If `$projects_list` variable is unset, gitweb will recursively + scan filesystem for Git repositories. The `$project_maxdepth` + is used to limit traversing depth, relative to `$projectroot` + (starting point); it means that directories which are further + from `$projectroot` than `$project_maxdepth` will be skipped. ++ +It is purely performance optimization, originally intended for MacOS X, +where recursive directory traversal is slow. Gitweb follows symbolic +links, but it detects cycles, ignoring any duplicate files and directories. ++ +The default value of this variable is determined by the build-time +configuration variable `GITWEB_PROJECT_MAXDEPTH`, which defaults to +2007. + +$export_ok:: + Show repository only if this file exists (in repository). Only + effective if this variable evaluates to true. Can be set when + building gitweb by setting `GITWEB_EXPORT_OK`. This path is + relative to `GIT_DIR`. git-daemon[1] uses 'git-daemon-export-ok', + unless started with `--export-all`. By default this variable is + not set, which means that this feature is turned off. + +$export_auth_hook:: + Function used to determine which repositories should be shown. + This subroutine should take one parameter, the full path to + a project, and if it returns true, that project will be included + in the projects list and can be accessed through gitweb as long + as it fulfills the other requirements described by $export_ok, + $projects_list, and $projects_maxdepth. Example: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +our $export_auth_hook = sub { return -e "$_[0]/git-daemon-export-ok"; }; +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +though the above might be done by using `$export_ok` instead ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +our $export_ok = "git-daemon-export-ok"; +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +If not set (default), it means that this feature is disabled. ++ +See also more involved example in "Controlling access to Git repositories" +subsection on linkgit:gitweb[1] manpage. + +$strict_export:: + Only allow viewing of repositories also shown on the overview page. + This for example makes `$gitweb_export_ok` file decide if repository is + available and not only if it is shown. If `$gitweb_list` points to + file with list of project, only those repositories listed would be + available for gitweb. Can be set during building gitweb via + `GITWEB_STRICT_EXPORT`. By default this variable is not set, which + means that you can directly access those repositories that are hidden + from projects list page (e.g. the are not listed in the $projects_list + file). + + +Finding files +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The following configuration variables tell gitweb where to find files. +The values of these variables are paths on the filesystem. + +$GIT:: + Core git executable to use. By default set to `$GIT_BINDIR/git`, which + in turn is by default set to `$(bindir)/git`. If you use Git installed + from a binary package, you should usually set this to "/usr/bin/git". + This can just be "git" if your web server has a sensible PATH; from + security point of view it is better to use absolute path to git binary. + If you have multiple Git versions installed it can be used to choose + which one to use. Must be (correctly) set for gitweb to be able to + work. + +$mimetypes_file:: + File to use for (filename extension based) guessing of MIME types before + trying '/etc/mime.types'. *NOTE* that this path, if relative, is taken + as relative to the current Git repository, not to CGI script. If unset, + only '/etc/mime.types' is used (if present on filesystem). If no mimetypes + file is found, mimetype guessing based on extension of file is disabled. + Unset by default. + +$highlight_bin:: + Path to the highlight executable to use (it must be the one from + http://www.andre-simon.de[] due to assumptions about parameters and output). + By default set to 'highlight'; set it to full path to highlight + executable if it is not installed on your web server's PATH. + Note that 'highlight' feature must be set for gitweb to actually + use syntax highlighting. ++ +*NOTE*: for a file to be highlighted, its syntax type must be detected +and that syntax must be supported by "highlight". The default syntax +detection is minimal, and there are many supported syntax types with no +detection by default. There are three options for adding syntax +detection. The first and second priority are `%highlight_basename` and +`%highlight_ext`, which detect based on basename (the full filename, for +example "Makefile") and extension (for example "sh"). The keys of these +hashes are the basename and extension, respectively, and the value for a +given key is the name of the syntax to be passed via `--syntax <syntax>` +to "highlight". The last priority is the "highlight" configuration of +`Shebang` regular expressions to detect the language based on the first +line in the file, (for example, matching the line "#!/bin/bash"). See +the highlight documentation and the default config at +/etc/highlight/filetypes.conf for more details. ++ +For example if repositories you are hosting use "phtml" extension for +PHP files, and you want to have correct syntax-highlighting for those +files, you can add the following to gitweb configuration: ++ +--------------------------------------------------------- +our %highlight_ext; +$highlight_ext{'phtml'} = 'php'; +--------------------------------------------------------- + + +Links and their targets +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The configuration variables described below configure some of gitweb links: +their target and their look (text or image), and where to find page +prerequisites (stylesheet, favicon, images, scripts). Usually they are left +at their default values, with the possible exception of `@stylesheets` +variable. + +@stylesheets:: + List of URIs of stylesheets (relative to the base URI of a page). You + might specify more than one stylesheet, for example to use "gitweb.css" + as base with site specific modifications in a separate stylesheet + to make it easier to upgrade gitweb. For example, you can add + a `site` stylesheet by putting ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +push @stylesheets, "gitweb-site.css"; +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +in the gitweb config file. Those values that are relative paths are +relative to base URI of gitweb. ++ +This list should contain the URI of gitweb's standard stylesheet. The default +URI of gitweb stylesheet can be set at build time using the `GITWEB_CSS` +makefile variable. Its default value is 'static/gitweb.css' +(or 'static/gitweb.min.css' if the `CSSMIN` variable is defined, +i.e. if CSS minifier is used during build). ++ +*Note*: there is also a legacy `$stylesheet` configuration variable, which was +used by older gitweb. If `$stylesheet` variable is defined, only CSS stylesheet +given by this variable is used by gitweb. + +$logo:: + Points to the location where you put 'git-logo.png' on your web + server, or to be more the generic URI of logo, 72x27 size). This image + is displayed in the top right corner of each gitweb page and used as + a logo for the Atom feed. Relative to the base URI of gitweb (as a path). + Can be adjusted when building gitweb using `GITWEB_LOGO` variable + By default set to 'static/git-logo.png'. + +$favicon:: + Points to the location where you put 'git-favicon.png' on your web + server, or to be more the generic URI of favicon, which will be served + as "image/png" type. Web browsers that support favicons (website icons) + may display them in the browser's URL bar and next to the site name in + bookmarks. Relative to the base URI of gitweb. Can be adjusted at + build time using `GITWEB_FAVICON` variable. + By default set to 'static/git-favicon.png'. + +$javascript:: + Points to the location where you put 'gitweb.js' on your web server, + or to be more generic the URI of JavaScript code used by gitweb. + Relative to the base URI of gitweb. Can be set at build time using + the `GITWEB_JS` build-time configuration variable. ++ +The default value is either 'static/gitweb.js', or 'static/gitweb.min.js' if +the `JSMIN` build variable was defined, i.e. if JavaScript minifier was used +at build time. *Note* that this single file is generated from multiple +individual JavaScript "modules". + +$home_link:: + Target of the home link on the top of all pages (the first part of view + "breadcrumbs"). By default it is set to the absolute URI of a current page + (to the value of `$my_uri` variable, or to "/" if `$my_uri` is undefined + or is an empty string). + +$home_link_str:: + Label for the "home link" at the top of all pages, leading to `$home_link` + (usually the main gitweb page, which contains the projects list). It is + used as the first component of gitweb's "breadcrumb trail": + `<home link> / <project> / <action>`. Can be set at build time using + the `GITWEB_HOME_LINK_STR` variable. By default it is set to "projects", + as this link leads to the list of projects. Another popular choice is to + set it to the name of site. Note that it is treated as raw HTML so it + should not be set from untrusted sources. + +@extra_breadcrumbs:: + Additional links to be added to the start of the breadcrumb trail before + the home link, to pages that are logically "above" the gitweb projects + list, such as the organization and department which host the gitweb + server. Each element of the list is a reference to an array, in which + element 0 is the link text (equivalent to `$home_link_str`) and element + 1 is the target URL (equivalent to `$home_link`). ++ +For example, the following setting produces a breadcrumb trail like +"home / dev / projects / ..." where "projects" is the home link. +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + our @extra_breadcrumbs = ( + [ 'home' => 'https://www.example.org/' ], + [ 'dev' => 'https://dev.example.org/' ], + ); +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +$logo_url:: +$logo_label:: + URI and label (title) for the Git logo link (or your site logo, + if you chose to use different logo image). By default, these both + refer to Git homepage, http://git-scm.com[]; in the past, they pointed + to Git documentation at http://www.kernel.org[]. + + +Changing gitweb's look +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +You can adjust how pages generated by gitweb look using the variables described +below. You can change the site name, add common headers and footers for all +pages, and add a description of this gitweb installation on its main page +(which is the projects list page), etc. + +$site_name:: + Name of your site or organization, to appear in page titles. Set it + to something descriptive for clearer bookmarks etc. If this variable + is not set or is, then gitweb uses the value of the `SERVER_NAME` + `CGI` environment variable, setting site name to "$SERVER_NAME Git", + or "Untitled Git" if this variable is not set (e.g. if running gitweb + as standalone script). ++ +Can be set using the `GITWEB_SITENAME` at build time. Unset by default. + +$site_html_head_string:: + HTML snippet to be included in the <head> section of each page. + Can be set using `GITWEB_SITE_HTML_HEAD_STRING` at build time. + No default value. + +$site_header:: + Name of a file with HTML to be included at the top of each page. + Relative to the directory containing the 'gitweb.cgi' script. + Can be set using `GITWEB_SITE_HEADER` at build time. No default + value. + +$site_footer:: + Name of a file with HTML to be included at the bottom of each page. + Relative to the directory containing the 'gitweb.cgi' script. + Can be set using `GITWEB_SITE_FOOTER` at build time. No default + value. + +$home_text:: + Name of a HTML file which, if it exists, is included on the + gitweb projects overview page ("projects_list" view). Relative to + the directory containing the gitweb.cgi script. Default value + can be adjusted during build time using `GITWEB_HOMETEXT` variable. + By default set to 'indextext.html'. + +$projects_list_description_width:: + The width (in characters) of the "Description" column of the projects list. + Longer descriptions will be truncated (trying to cut at word boundary); + the full description is available in the 'title' attribute (usually shown on + mouseover). The default is 25, which might be too small if you + use long project descriptions. + +$default_projects_order:: + Default value of ordering of projects on projects list page, which + means the ordering used if you don't explicitly sort projects list + (if there is no "o" CGI query parameter in the URL). Valid values + are "none" (unsorted), "project" (projects are by project name, + i.e. path to repository relative to `$projectroot`), "descr" + (project description), "owner", and "age" (by date of most current + commit). ++ +Default value is "project". Unknown value means unsorted. + + +Changing gitweb's behavior +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +These configuration variables control _internal_ gitweb behavior. + +$default_blob_plain_mimetype:: + Default mimetype for the blob_plain (raw) view, if mimetype checking + doesn't result in some other type; by default "text/plain". + Gitweb guesses mimetype of a file to display based on extension + of its filename, using `$mimetypes_file` (if set and file exists) + and '/etc/mime.types' files (see *mime.types*(5) manpage; only + filename extension rules are supported by gitweb). + +$default_text_plain_charset:: + Default charset for text files. If this is not set, the web server + configuration will be used. Unset by default. + +$fallback_encoding:: + Gitweb assumes this charset when a line contains non-UTF-8 characters. + The fallback decoding is used without error checking, so it can be even + "utf-8". The value must be a valid encoding; see the *Encoding::Supported*(3pm) + man page for a list. The default is "latin1", aka. "iso-8859-1". + +@diff_opts:: + Rename detection options for git-diff and git-diff-tree. The default is + (\'-M'); set it to (\'-C') or (\'-C', \'-C') to also detect copies, + or set it to () i.e. empty list if you don't want to have renames + detection. ++ +*Note* that rename and especially copy detection can be quite +CPU-intensive. Note also that non Git tools can have problems with +patches generated with options mentioned above, especially when they +involve file copies (\'-C') or criss-cross renames (\'-B'). + + +Some optional features and policies +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Most of features are configured via `%feature` hash; however some of extra +gitweb features can be turned on and configured using variables described +below. This list beside configuration variables that control how gitweb +looks does contain variables configuring administrative side of gitweb +(e.g. cross-site scripting prevention; admittedly this as side effect +affects how "summary" pages look like, or load limiting). + +@git_base_url_list:: + List of Git base URLs. These URLs are used to generate URLs + describing from where to fetch a project, which are shown on + project summary page. The full fetch URL is "`$git_base_url/$project`", + for each element of this list. You can set up multiple base URLs + (for example one for `git://` protocol, and one for `http://` + protocol). ++ +Note that per repository configuration can be set in '$GIT_DIR/cloneurl' +file, or as values of multi-value `gitweb.url` configuration variable in +project config. Per-repository configuration takes precedence over value +composed from `@git_base_url_list` elements and project name. ++ +You can setup one single value (single entry/item in this list) at build +time by setting the `GITWEB_BASE_URL` build-time configuration variable. +By default it is set to (), i.e. an empty list. This means that gitweb +would not try to create project URL (to fetch) from project name. + +$projects_list_group_categories:: + Whether to enable the grouping of projects by category on the project + list page. The category of a project is determined by the + `$GIT_DIR/category` file or the `gitweb.category` variable in each + repository's configuration. Disabled by default (set to 0). + +$project_list_default_category:: + Default category for projects for which none is specified. If this is + set to the empty string, such projects will remain uncategorized and + listed at the top, above categorized projects. Used only if project + categories are enabled, which means if `$projects_list_group_categories` + is true. By default set to "" (empty string). + +$prevent_xss:: + If true, some gitweb features are disabled to prevent content in + repositories from launching cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks. Set this + to true if you don't trust the content of your repositories. + False by default (set to 0). + +$maxload:: + Used to set the maximum load that we will still respond to gitweb queries. + If the server load exceeds this value then gitweb will return + "503 Service Unavailable" error. The server load is taken to be 0 + if gitweb cannot determine its value. Currently it works only on Linux, + where it uses '/proc/loadavg'; the load there is the number of active + tasks on the system -- processes that are actually running -- averaged + over the last minute. ++ +Set `$maxload` to undefined value (`undef`) to turn this feature off. +The default value is 300. + +$omit_age_column:: + If true, omit the column with date of the most current commit on the + projects list page. It can save a bit of I/O and a fork per repository. + +$omit_owner:: + If true prevents displaying information about repository owner. + +$per_request_config:: + If this is set to code reference, it will be run once for each request. + You can set parts of configuration that change per session this way. + For example, one might use the following code in a gitweb configuration + file ++ +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +our $per_request_config = sub { + $ENV{GL_USER} = $cgi->remote_user || "gitweb"; +}; +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +If `$per_request_config` is not a code reference, it is interpreted as boolean +value. If it is true gitweb will process config files once per request, +and if it is false gitweb will process config files only once, each time it +is executed. True by default (set to 1). ++ +*NOTE*: `$my_url`, `$my_uri`, and `$base_url` are overwritten with their default +values before every request, so if you want to change them, be sure to set +this variable to true or a code reference effecting the desired changes. ++ +This variable matters only when using persistent web environments that +serve multiple requests using single gitweb instance, like mod_perl, +FastCGI or Plackup. + + +Other variables +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Usually you should not need to change (adjust) any of configuration +variables described below; they should be automatically set by gitweb to +correct value. + + +$version:: + Gitweb version, set automatically when creating gitweb.cgi from + gitweb.perl. You might want to modify it if you are running modified + gitweb, for example ++ +--------------------------------------------------- +our $version .= " with caching"; +--------------------------------------------------- ++ +if you run modified version of gitweb with caching support. This variable +is purely informational, used e.g. in the "generator" meta header in HTML +header. + +$my_url:: +$my_uri:: + Full URL and absolute URL of the gitweb script; + in earlier versions of gitweb you might have need to set those + variables, but now there should be no need to do it. See + `$per_request_config` if you need to set them still. + +$base_url:: + Base URL for relative URLs in pages generated by gitweb, + (e.g. `$logo`, `$favicon`, `@stylesheets` if they are relative URLs), + needed and used '<base href="$base_url">' only for URLs with nonempty + PATH_INFO. Usually gitweb sets its value correctly, + and there is no need to set this variable, e.g. to $my_uri or "/". + See `$per_request_config` if you need to override it anyway. + + +CONFIGURING GITWEB FEATURES +--------------------------- +Many gitweb features can be enabled (or disabled) and configured using the +`%feature` hash. Names of gitweb features are keys of this hash. + +Each `%feature` hash element is a hash reference and has the following +structure: +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +"<feature_name>" => { + "sub" => <feature-sub (subroutine)>, + "override" => <allow-override (boolean)>, + "default" => [ <options>... ] +}, +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Some features cannot be overridden per project. For those +features the structure of appropriate `%feature` hash element has a simpler +form: +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +"<feature_name>" => { + "override" => 0, + "default" => [ <options>... ] +}, +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +As one can see it lacks the \'sub' element. + +The meaning of each part of feature configuration is described +below: + +default:: + List (array reference) of feature parameters (if there are any), + used also to toggle (enable or disable) given feature. ++ +Note that it is currently *always* an array reference, even if +feature doesn't accept any configuration parameters, and \'default' +is used only to turn it on or off. In such case you turn feature on +by setting this element to `[1]`, and torn it off by setting it to +`[0]`. See also the passage about the "blame" feature in the "Examples" +section. ++ +To disable features that accept parameters (are configurable), you +need to set this element to empty list i.e. `[]`. + +override:: + If this field has a true value then the given feature is + overridable, which means that it can be configured + (or enabled/disabled) on a per-repository basis. ++ +Usually given "<feature>" is configurable via the `gitweb.<feature>` +config variable in the per-repository Git configuration file. ++ +*Note* that no feature is overridable by default. + +sub:: + Internal detail of implementation. What is important is that + if this field is not present then per-repository override for + given feature is not supported. ++ +You wouldn't need to ever change it in gitweb config file. + + +Features in `%feature` +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The gitweb features that are configurable via `%feature` hash are listed +below. This should be a complete list, but ultimately the authoritative +and complete list is in gitweb.cgi source code, with features described +in the comments. + +blame:: + Enable the "blame" and "blame_incremental" blob views, showing for + each line the last commit that modified it; see linkgit:git-blame[1]. + This can be very CPU-intensive and is therefore disabled by default. ++ +This feature can be configured on a per-repository basis via +repository's `gitweb.blame` configuration variable (boolean). + +snapshot:: + Enable and configure the "snapshot" action, which allows user to + download a compressed archive of any tree or commit, as produced + by linkgit:git-archive[1] and possibly additionally compressed. + This can potentially generate high traffic if you have large project. ++ +The value of \'default' is a list of names of snapshot formats, +defined in `%known_snapshot_formats` hash, that you wish to offer. +Supported formats include "tgz", "tbz2", "txz" (gzip/bzip2/xz +compressed tar archive) and "zip"; please consult gitweb sources for +a definitive list. By default only "tgz" is offered. ++ +This feature can be configured on a per-repository basis via +repository's `gitweb.blame` configuration variable, which contains +a comma separated list of formats or "none" to disable snapshots. +Unknown values are ignored. + +grep:: + Enable grep search, which lists the files in currently selected + tree (directory) containing the given string; see linkgit:git-grep[1]. + This can be potentially CPU-intensive, of course. Enabled by default. ++ +This feature can be configured on a per-repository basis via +repository's `gitweb.grep` configuration variable (boolean). + +pickaxe:: + Enable the so called pickaxe search, which will list the commits + that introduced or removed a given string in a file. This can be + practical and quite faster alternative to "blame" action, but it is + still potentially CPU-intensive. Enabled by default. ++ +The pickaxe search is described in linkgit:git-log[1] (the +description of `-S<string>` option, which refers to pickaxe entry in +linkgit:gitdiffcore[7] for more details). ++ +This feature can be configured on a per-repository basis by setting +repository's `gitweb.pickaxe` configuration variable (boolean). + +show-sizes:: + Enable showing size of blobs (ordinary files) in a "tree" view, in a + separate column, similar to what `ls -l` does; see description of + `-l` option in linkgit:git-ls-tree[1] manpage. This costs a bit of + I/O. Enabled by default. ++ +This feature can be configured on a per-repository basis via +repository's `gitweb.showSizes` configuration variable (boolean). + +patches:: + Enable and configure "patches" view, which displays list of commits in email + (plain text) output format; see also linkgit:git-format-patch[1]. + The value is the maximum number of patches in a patchset generated + in "patches" view. Set the 'default' field to a list containing single + item of or to an empty list to disable patch view, or to a list + containing a single negative number to remove any limit. + Default value is 16. ++ +This feature can be configured on a per-repository basis via +repository's `gitweb.patches` configuration variable (integer). + +avatar:: + Avatar support. When this feature is enabled, views such as + "shortlog" or "commit" will display an avatar associated with + the email of each committer and author. ++ +Currently available providers are *"gravatar"* and *"picon"*. +Only one provider at a time can be selected ('default' is one element list). +If an unknown provider is specified, the feature is disabled. +*Note* that some providers might require extra Perl packages to be +installed; see 'gitweb/INSTALL' for more details. ++ +This feature can be configured on a per-repository basis via +repository's `gitweb.avatar` configuration variable. ++ +See also `%avatar_size` with pixel sizes for icons and avatars +("default" is used for one-line like "log" and "shortlog", "double" +is used for two-line like "commit", "commitdiff" or "tag"). If the +default font sizes or lineheights are changed (e.g. via adding extra +CSS stylesheet in `@stylesheets`), it may be appropriate to change +these values. + +highlight:: + Server-side syntax highlight support in "blob" view. It requires + `$highlight_bin` program to be available (see the description of + this variable in the "Configuration variables" section above), + and therefore is disabled by default. ++ +This feature can be configured on a per-repository basis via +repository's `gitweb.highlight` configuration variable (boolean). + +remote_heads:: + Enable displaying remote heads (remote-tracking branches) in the "heads" + list. In most cases the list of remote-tracking branches is an + unnecessary internal private detail, and this feature is therefore + disabled by default. linkgit:git-instaweb[1], which is usually used + to browse local repositories, enables and uses this feature. ++ +This feature can be configured on a per-repository basis via +repository's `gitweb.remote_heads` configuration variable (boolean). + + +The remaining features cannot be overridden on a per project basis. + +search:: + Enable text search, which will list the commits which match author, + committer or commit text to a given string; see the description of + `--author`, `--committer` and `--grep` options in linkgit:git-log[1] + manpage. Enabled by default. ++ +Project specific override is not supported. + +forks:: + If this feature is enabled, gitweb considers projects in + subdirectories of project root (basename) to be forks of existing + projects. For each project +$projname.git+, projects in the + +$projname/+ directory and its subdirectories will not be + shown in the main projects list. Instead, a \'\+' mark is shown + next to +$projname+, which links to a "forks" view that lists all + the forks (all projects in +$projname/+ subdirectory). Additionally + a "forks" view for a project is linked from project summary page. ++ +If the project list is taken from a file (+$projects_list+ points to a +file), forks are only recognized if they are listed after the main project +in that file. ++ +Project specific override is not supported. + +actions:: + Insert custom links to the action bar of all project pages. This + allows you to link to third-party scripts integrating into gitweb. ++ +The "default" value consists of a list of triplets in the form +`("<label>", "<link>", "<position>")` where "position" is the label +after which to insert the link, "link" is a format string where `%n` +expands to the project name, `%f` to the project path within the +filesystem (i.e. "$projectroot/$project"), `%h` to the current hash +(\'h' gitweb parameter) and `%b` to the current hash base +(\'hb' gitweb parameter); `%%` expands to \'%'. ++ +For example, at the time this page was written, the http://repo.or.cz[] +Git hosting site set it to the following to enable graphical log +(using the third party tool *git-browser*): ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +$feature{'actions'}{'default'} = + [ ('graphiclog', '/git-browser/by-commit.html?r=%n', 'summary')]; +---------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +This adds a link titled "graphiclog" after the "summary" link, leading to +`git-browser` script, passing `r=<project>` as a query parameter. ++ +Project specific override is not supported. + +timed:: + Enable displaying how much time and how many Git commands it took to + generate and display each page in the page footer (at the bottom of + page). For example the footer might contain: "This page took 6.53325 + seconds and 13 Git commands to generate." Disabled by default. ++ +Project specific override is not supported. + +javascript-timezone:: + Enable and configure the ability to change a common time zone for dates + in gitweb output via JavaScript. Dates in gitweb output include + authordate and committerdate in "commit", "commitdiff" and "log" + views, and taggerdate in "tag" view. Enabled by default. ++ +The value is a list of three values: a default time zone (for if the client +hasn't selected some other time zone and saved it in a cookie), a name of cookie +where to store selected time zone, and a CSS class used to mark up +dates for manipulation. If you want to turn this feature off, set "default" +to empty list: `[]`. ++ +Typical gitweb config files will only change starting (default) time zone, +and leave other elements at their default values: ++ +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +$feature{'javascript-timezone'}{'default'}[0] = "utc"; +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +The example configuration presented here is guaranteed to be backwards +and forward compatible. ++ +Time zone values can be "local" (for local time zone that browser uses), "utc" +(what gitweb uses when JavaScript or this feature is disabled), or numerical +time zones in the form of "+/-HHMM", such as "+0200". ++ +Project specific override is not supported. + +extra-branch-refs:: + List of additional directories under "refs" which are going to + be used as branch refs. For example if you have a gerrit setup + where all branches under refs/heads/ are official, + push-after-review ones and branches under refs/sandbox/, + refs/wip and refs/other are user ones where permissions are + much wider, then you might want to set this variable as + follows: ++ +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +$feature{'extra-branch-refs'}{'default'} = + ['sandbox', 'wip', 'other']; +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +This feature can be configured on per-repository basis after setting +$feature{'extra-branch-refs'}{'override'} to true, via repository's +`gitweb.extraBranchRefs` configuration variable, which contains a +space separated list of refs. An example: ++ +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +[gitweb] + extraBranchRefs = sandbox wip other +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +The gitweb.extraBranchRefs is actually a multi-valued configuration +variable, so following example is also correct and the result is the +same as of the snippet above: ++ +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +[gitweb] + extraBranchRefs = sandbox + extraBranchRefs = wip other +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +It is an error to specify a ref that does not pass "git check-ref-format" +scrutiny. Duplicated values are filtered. + + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +To enable blame, pickaxe search, and snapshot support (allowing "tar.gz" and +"zip" snapshots), while allowing individual projects to turn them off, put +the following in your GITWEB_CONFIG file: + + $feature{'blame'}{'default'} = [1]; + $feature{'blame'}{'override'} = 1; + + $feature{'pickaxe'}{'default'} = [1]; + $feature{'pickaxe'}{'override'} = 1; + + $feature{'snapshot'}{'default'} = ['zip', 'tgz']; + $feature{'snapshot'}{'override'} = 1; + +If you allow overriding for the snapshot feature, you can specify which +snapshot formats are globally disabled. You can also add any command-line +options you want (such as setting the compression level). For instance, you +can disable Zip compressed snapshots and set *gzip*(1) to run at level 6 by +adding the following lines to your gitweb configuration file: + + $known_snapshot_formats{'zip'}{'disabled'} = 1; + $known_snapshot_formats{'tgz'}{'compressor'} = ['gzip','-6']; + +BUGS +---- +Debugging would be easier if the fallback configuration file +(`/etc/gitweb.conf`) and environment variable to override its location +('GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM') had names reflecting their "fallback" role. +The current names are kept to avoid breaking working setups. + +ENVIRONMENT +----------- +The location of per-instance and system-wide configuration files can be +overridden using the following environment variables: + +GITWEB_CONFIG:: + Sets location of per-instance configuration file. +GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM:: + Sets location of fallback system-wide configuration file. + This file is read only if per-instance one does not exist. +GITWEB_CONFIG_COMMON:: + Sets location of common system-wide configuration file. + + +FILES +----- +gitweb_config.perl:: + This is default name of per-instance configuration file. The + format of this file is described above. +/etc/gitweb.conf:: + This is default name of fallback system-wide configuration + file. This file is used only if per-instance configuration + variable is not found. +/etc/gitweb-common.conf:: + This is default name of common system-wide configuration + file. + + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gitweb[1], linkgit:git-instaweb[1] + +'gitweb/README', 'gitweb/INSTALL' + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitweb.txt b/Documentation/gitweb.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..96156e5e1f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/gitweb.txt @@ -0,0 +1,704 @@ +gitweb(1) +========= + +NAME +---- +gitweb - Git web interface (web frontend to Git repositories) + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +To get started with gitweb, run linkgit:git-instaweb[1] from a Git repository. +This would configure and start your web server, and run web browser pointing to +gitweb. + + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +Gitweb provides a web interface to Git repositories. Its features include: + +* Viewing multiple Git repositories with common root. +* Browsing every revision of the repository. +* Viewing the contents of files in the repository at any revision. +* Viewing the revision log of branches, history of files and directories, + see what was changed when, by who. +* Viewing the blame/annotation details of any file (if enabled). +* Generating RSS and Atom feeds of commits, for any branch. + The feeds are auto-discoverable in modern web browsers. +* Viewing everything that was changed in a revision, and step through + revisions one at a time, viewing the history of the repository. +* Finding commits which commit messages matches given search term. + +See http://git.kernel.org/?p=git/git.git;a=tree;f=gitweb[] or +http://repo.or.cz/w/git.git/tree/HEAD:/gitweb/[] for gitweb source code, +browsed using gitweb itself. + + +CONFIGURATION +------------- +Various aspects of gitweb's behavior can be controlled through the configuration +file 'gitweb_config.perl' or '/etc/gitweb.conf'. See the linkgit:gitweb.conf[5] +for details. + +Repositories +~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Gitweb can show information from one or more Git repositories. These +repositories have to be all on local filesystem, and have to share common +repository root, i.e. be all under a single parent repository (but see also +"Advanced web server setup" section, "Webserver configuration with multiple +projects' root" subsection). + +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +our $projectroot = '/path/to/parent/directory'; +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +The default value for `$projectroot` is '/pub/git'. You can change it during +building gitweb via `GITWEB_PROJECTROOT` build configuration variable. + +By default all Git repositories under `$projectroot` are visible and available +to gitweb. The list of projects is generated by default by scanning the +`$projectroot` directory for Git repositories (for object databases to be +more exact; gitweb is not interested in a working area, and is best suited +to showing "bare" repositories). + +The name of the repository in gitweb is the path to its `$GIT_DIR` (its object +database) relative to `$projectroot`. Therefore the repository $repo can be +found at "$projectroot/$repo". + + +Projects list file format +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Instead of having gitweb find repositories by scanning filesystem +starting from $projectroot, you can provide a pre-generated list of +visible projects by setting `$projects_list` to point to a plain text +file with a list of projects (with some additional info). + +This file uses the following format: + +* One record (for project / repository) per line; does not support line +continuation (newline escaping). + +* Leading and trailing whitespace are ignored. + +* Whitespace separated fields; any run of whitespace can be used as field +separator (rules for Perl's "`split(" ", $line)`"). + +* Fields use modified URI encoding, defined in RFC 3986, section 2.1 +(Percent-Encoding), or rather "Query string encoding" (see +http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_string#URL_encoding[]), the difference +being that SP (" ") can be encoded as "{plus}" (and therefore "{plus}" has to be +also percent-encoded). ++ +Reserved characters are: "%" (used for encoding), "{plus}" (can be used to +encode SPACE), all whitespace characters as defined in Perl, including SP, +TAB and LF, (used to separate fields in a record). + +* Currently recognized fields are: +<repository path>:: + path to repository GIT_DIR, relative to `$projectroot` +<repository owner>:: + displayed as repository owner, preferably full name, or email, + or both + +You can generate the projects list index file using the project_index action +(the 'TXT' link on projects list page) directly from gitweb; see also +"Generating projects list using gitweb" section below. + +Example contents: +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +foo.git Joe+R+Hacker+<joe@example.com> +foo/bar.git O+W+Ner+<owner@example.org> +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +By default this file controls only which projects are *visible* on projects +list page (note that entries that do not point to correctly recognized Git +repositories won't be displayed by gitweb). Even if a project is not +visible on projects list page, you can view it nevertheless by hand-crafting +a gitweb URL. By setting `$strict_export` configuration variable (see +linkgit:gitweb.conf[5]) to true value you can allow viewing only of +repositories also shown on the overview page (i.e. only projects explicitly +listed in projects list file will be accessible). + + +Generating projects list using gitweb +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +We assume that GITWEB_CONFIG has its default Makefile value, namely +'gitweb_config.perl'. Put the following in 'gitweb_make_index.perl' file: +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +read_config_file("gitweb_config.perl"); +$projects_list = $projectroot; +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Then create the following script to get list of project in the format +suitable for GITWEB_LIST build configuration variable (or +`$projects_list` variable in gitweb config): + +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +#!/bin/sh + +export GITWEB_CONFIG="gitweb_make_index.perl" +export GATEWAY_INTERFACE="CGI/1.1" +export HTTP_ACCEPT="*/*" +export REQUEST_METHOD="GET" +export QUERY_STRING="a=project_index" + +perl -- /var/www/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Run this script and save its output to a file. This file could then be used +as projects list file, which means that you can set `$projects_list` to its +filename. + + +Controlling access to Git repositories +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +By default all Git repositories under `$projectroot` are visible and +available to gitweb. You can however configure how gitweb controls access +to repositories. + +* As described in "Projects list file format" section, you can control which +projects are *visible* by selectively including repositories in projects +list file, and setting `$projects_list` gitweb configuration variable to +point to it. With `$strict_export` set, projects list file can be used to +control which repositories are *available* as well. + +* You can configure gitweb to only list and allow viewing of the explicitly +exported repositories, via `$export_ok` variable in gitweb config file; see +linkgit:gitweb.conf[5] manpage. If it evaluates to true, gitweb shows +repositories only if this file named by `$export_ok` exists in its object +database (if directory has the magic file named `$export_ok`). ++ +For example linkgit:git-daemon[1] by default (unless `--export-all` option +is used) allows pulling only for those repositories that have +'git-daemon-export-ok' file. Adding ++ +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +our $export_ok = "git-daemon-export-ok"; +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +makes gitweb show and allow access only to those repositories that can be +fetched from via `git://` protocol. + +* Finally, it is possible to specify an arbitrary perl subroutine that will +be called for each repository to determine if it can be exported. The +subroutine receives an absolute path to the project (repository) as its only +parameter (i.e. "$projectroot/$project"). ++ +For example, if you use mod_perl to run the script, and have dumb +HTTP protocol authentication configured for your repositories, you +can use the following hook to allow access only if the user is +authorized to read the files: ++ +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +$export_auth_hook = sub { + use Apache2::SubRequest (); + use Apache2::Const -compile => qw(HTTP_OK); + my $path = "$_[0]/HEAD"; + my $r = Apache2::RequestUtil->request; + my $sub = $r->lookup_file($path); + return $sub->filename eq $path + && $sub->status == Apache2::Const::HTTP_OK; +}; +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +Per-repository gitweb configuration +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +You can configure individual repositories shown in gitweb by creating file +in the `GIT_DIR` of Git repository, or by setting some repo configuration +variable (in `GIT_DIR/config`, see linkgit:git-config[1]). + +You can use the following files in repository: + +README.html:: + A html file (HTML fragment) which is included on the gitweb project + "summary" page inside `<div>` block element. You can use it for longer + description of a project, to provide links (for example to project's + homepage), etc. This is recognized only if XSS prevention is off + (`$prevent_xss` is false, see linkgit:gitweb.conf[5]); a way to include + a README safely when XSS prevention is on may be worked out in the + future. + +description (or `gitweb.description`):: + Short (shortened to `$projects_list_description_width` in the projects + list page, which is 25 characters by default; see + linkgit:gitweb.conf[5]) single line description of a project (of a + repository). Plain text file; HTML will be escaped. By default set to ++ +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Unnamed repository; edit this file to name it for gitweb. +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +from the template during repository creation, usually installed in +'/usr/share/git-core/templates/'. You can use the `gitweb.description` repo +configuration variable, but the file takes precedence. + +category (or `gitweb.category`):: + Singe line category of a project, used to group projects if + `$projects_list_group_categories` is enabled. By default (file and + configuration variable absent), uncategorized projects are put in the + `$project_list_default_category` category. You can use the + `gitweb.category` repo configuration variable, but the file takes + precedence. ++ +The configuration variables `$projects_list_group_categories` and +`$project_list_default_category` are described in linkgit:gitweb.conf[5] + +cloneurl (or multiple-valued `gitweb.url`):: + File with repository URL (used for clone and fetch), one per line. + Displayed in the project summary page. You can use multiple-valued + `gitweb.url` repository configuration variable for that, but the file + takes precedence. ++ +This is per-repository enhancement / version of global prefix-based +`@git_base_url_list` gitweb configuration variable (see +linkgit:gitweb.conf[5]). + +gitweb.owner:: + You can use the `gitweb.owner` repository configuration variable to set + repository's owner. It is displayed in the project list and summary + page. ++ +If it's not set, filesystem directory's owner is used (via GECOS field, +i.e. real name field from *getpwuid*(3)) if `$projects_list` is unset +(gitweb scans `$projectroot` for repositories); if `$projects_list` +points to file with list of repositories, then project owner defaults to +value from this file for given repository. + +various `gitweb.*` config variables (in config):: + Read description of `%feature` hash for detailed list, and descriptions. + See also "Configuring gitweb features" section in linkgit:gitweb.conf[5] + + +ACTIONS, AND URLS +----------------- +Gitweb can use path_info (component) based URLs, or it can pass all necessary +information via query parameters. The typical gitweb URLs are broken down in to +five components: + +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +.../gitweb.cgi/<repo>/<action>/<revision>:/<path>?<arguments> +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +repo:: + The repository the action will be performed on. ++ +All actions except for those that list all available projects, +in whatever form, require this parameter. + +action:: + The action that will be run. Defaults to 'projects_list' if repo + is not set, and to 'summary' otherwise. + +revision:: + Revision shown. Defaults to HEAD. + +path:: + The path within the <repository> that the action is performed on, + for those actions that require it. + +arguments:: + Any arguments that control the behaviour of the action. + +Some actions require or allow to specify two revisions, and sometimes even two +pathnames. In most general form such path_info (component) based gitweb URL +looks like this: + +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +.../gitweb.cgi/<repo>/<action>/<revision_from>:/<path_from>..<revision_to>:/<path_to>?<arguments> +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +Each action is implemented as a subroutine, and must be present in %actions +hash. Some actions are disabled by default, and must be turned on via feature +mechanism. For example to enable 'blame' view add the following to gitweb +configuration file: + +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +$feature{'blame'}{'default'} = [1]; +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +Actions: +~~~~~~~~ +The standard actions are: + +project_list:: + Lists the available Git repositories. This is the default command if no + repository is specified in the URL. + +summary:: + Displays summary about given repository. This is the default command if + no action is specified in URL, and only repository is specified. + +heads:: +remotes:: + Lists all local or all remote-tracking branches in given repository. ++ +The latter is not available by default, unless configured. + +tags:: + List all tags (lightweight and annotated) in given repository. + +blob:: +tree:: + Shows the files and directories in a given repository path, at given + revision. This is default command if no action is specified in the URL, + and path is given. + +blob_plain:: + Returns the raw data for the file in given repository, at given path and + revision. Links to this action are marked 'raw'. + +blobdiff:: + Shows the difference between two revisions of the same file. + +blame:: +blame_incremental:: + Shows the blame (also called annotation) information for a file. On a + per line basis it shows the revision in which that line was last changed + and the user that committed the change. The incremental version (which + if configured is used automatically when JavaScript is enabled) uses + Ajax to incrementally add blame info to the contents of given file. ++ +This action is disabled by default for performance reasons. + +commit:: +commitdiff:: + Shows information about a specific commit in a repository. The 'commit' + view shows information about commit in more detail, the 'commitdiff' + action shows changeset for given commit. + +patch:: + Returns the commit in plain text mail format, suitable for applying with + linkgit:git-am[1]. + +tag:: + Display specific annotated tag (tag object). + +log:: +shortlog:: + Shows log information (commit message or just commit subject) for a + given branch (starting from given revision). ++ +The 'shortlog' view is more compact; it shows one commit per line. + +history:: + Shows history of the file or directory in a given repository path, + starting from given revision (defaults to HEAD, i.e. default branch). ++ +This view is similar to 'shortlog' view. + +rss:: +atom:: + Generates an RSS (or Atom) feed of changes to repository. + + +WEBSERVER CONFIGURATION +----------------------- +This section explains how to configure some common webservers to run gitweb. In +all cases, `/path/to/gitweb` in the examples is the directory you ran installed +gitweb in, and contains `gitweb_config.perl`. + +If you've configured a web server that isn't listed here for gitweb, please send +in the instructions so they can be included in a future release. + +Apache as CGI +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Apache must be configured to support CGI scripts in the directory in +which gitweb is installed. Let's assume that it is '/var/www/cgi-bin' +directory. + +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ "/var/www/cgi-bin/" + +<Directory "/var/www/cgi-bin"> + Options Indexes FollowSymlinks ExecCGI + AllowOverride None + Order allow,deny + Allow from all +</Directory> +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +With that configuration the full path to browse repositories would be: + + http://server/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi + +Apache with mod_perl, via ModPerl::Registry +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +You can use mod_perl with gitweb. You must install Apache::Registry +(for mod_perl 1.x) or ModPerl::Registry (for mod_perl 2.x) to enable +this support. + +Assuming that gitweb is installed to '/var/www/perl', the following +Apache configuration (for mod_perl 2.x) is suitable. + +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +Alias /perl "/var/www/perl" + +<Directory "/var/www/perl"> + SetHandler perl-script + PerlResponseHandler ModPerl::Registry + PerlOptions +ParseHeaders + Options Indexes FollowSymlinks +ExecCGI + AllowOverride None + Order allow,deny + Allow from all +</Directory> +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +With that configuration the full path to browse repositories would be: + + http://server/perl/gitweb.cgi + +Apache with FastCGI +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Gitweb works with Apache and FastCGI. First you need to rename, copy +or symlink gitweb.cgi to gitweb.fcgi. Let's assume that gitweb is +installed in '/usr/share/gitweb' directory. The following Apache +configuration is suitable (UNTESTED!) + +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +FastCgiServer /usr/share/gitweb/gitweb.cgi +ScriptAlias /gitweb /usr/share/gitweb/gitweb.cgi + +Alias /gitweb/static /usr/share/gitweb/static +<Directory /usr/share/gitweb/static> + SetHandler default-handler +</Directory> +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +With that configuration the full path to browse repositories would be: + + http://server/gitweb + + +ADVANCED WEB SERVER SETUP +------------------------- +All of those examples use request rewriting, and need `mod_rewrite` +(or equivalent; examples below are written for Apache). + +Single URL for gitweb and for fetching +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +If you want to have one URL for both gitweb and your `http://` +repositories, you can configure Apache like this: + +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +<VirtualHost *:80> + ServerName git.example.org + DocumentRoot /pub/git + SetEnv GITWEB_CONFIG /etc/gitweb.conf + + # turning on mod rewrite + RewriteEngine on + + # make the front page an internal rewrite to the gitweb script + RewriteRule ^/$ /cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi + + # make access for "dumb clients" work + RewriteRule ^/(.*\.git/(?!/?(HEAD|info|objects|refs)).*)?$ \ + /cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi%{REQUEST_URI} [L,PT] +</VirtualHost> +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +The above configuration expects your public repositories to live under +'/pub/git' and will serve them as `http://git.domain.org/dir-under-pub-git`, +both as clonable Git URL and as browseable gitweb interface. If you then +start your linkgit:git-daemon[1] with `--base-path=/pub/git --export-all` +then you can even use the `git://` URL with exactly the same path. + +Setting the environment variable `GITWEB_CONFIG` will tell gitweb to use the +named file (i.e. in this example '/etc/gitweb.conf') as a configuration for +gitweb. You don't really need it in above example; it is required only if +your configuration file is in different place than built-in (during +compiling gitweb) 'gitweb_config.perl' or '/etc/gitweb.conf'. See +linkgit:gitweb.conf[5] for details, especially information about precedence +rules. + +If you use the rewrite rules from the example you *might* also need +something like the following in your gitweb configuration file +('/etc/gitweb.conf' following example): +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +@stylesheets = ("/some/absolute/path/gitweb.css"); +$my_uri = "/"; +$home_link = "/"; +$per_request_config = 1; +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Nowadays though gitweb should create HTML base tag when needed (to set base +URI for relative links), so it should work automatically. + + +Webserver configuration with multiple projects' root +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +If you want to use gitweb with several project roots you can edit your +Apache virtual host and gitweb configuration files in the following way. + +The virtual host configuration (in Apache configuration file) should look +like this: +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +<VirtualHost *:80> + ServerName git.example.org + DocumentRoot /pub/git + SetEnv GITWEB_CONFIG /etc/gitweb.conf + + # turning on mod rewrite + RewriteEngine on + + # make the front page an internal rewrite to the gitweb script + RewriteRule ^/$ /cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi [QSA,L,PT] + + # look for a public_git folder in unix users' home + # http://git.example.org/~<user>/ + RewriteRule ^/\~([^\/]+)(/|/gitweb.cgi)?$ /cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi \ + [QSA,E=GITWEB_PROJECTROOT:/home/$1/public_git/,L,PT] + + # http://git.example.org/+<user>/ + #RewriteRule ^/\+([^\/]+)(/|/gitweb.cgi)?$ /cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi \ + [QSA,E=GITWEB_PROJECTROOT:/home/$1/public_git/,L,PT] + + # http://git.example.org/user/<user>/ + #RewriteRule ^/user/([^\/]+)/(gitweb.cgi)?$ /cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi \ + [QSA,E=GITWEB_PROJECTROOT:/home/$1/public_git/,L,PT] + + # defined list of project roots + RewriteRule ^/scm(/|/gitweb.cgi)?$ /cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi \ + [QSA,E=GITWEB_PROJECTROOT:/pub/scm/,L,PT] + RewriteRule ^/var(/|/gitweb.cgi)?$ /cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi \ + [QSA,E=GITWEB_PROJECTROOT:/var/git/,L,PT] + + # make access for "dumb clients" work + RewriteRule ^/(.*\.git/(?!/?(HEAD|info|objects|refs)).*)?$ \ + /cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi%{REQUEST_URI} [L,PT] +</VirtualHost> +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Here actual project root is passed to gitweb via `GITWEB_PROJECT_ROOT` +environment variable from a web server, so you need to put the following +line in gitweb configuration file ('/etc/gitweb.conf' in above example): +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +$projectroot = $ENV{'GITWEB_PROJECTROOT'} || "/pub/git"; +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +*Note* that this requires to be set for each request, so either +`$per_request_config` must be false, or the above must be put in code +referenced by `$per_request_config`; + +These configurations enable two things. First, each unix user (`<user>`) of +the server will be able to browse through gitweb Git repositories found in +'~/public_git/' with the following url: + + http://git.example.org/~<user>/ + +If you do not want this feature on your server just remove the second +rewrite rule. + +If you already use `mod_userdir` in your virtual host or you don't want to +use the \'~' as first character, just comment or remove the second rewrite +rule, and uncomment one of the following according to what you want. + +Second, repositories found in '/pub/scm/' and '/var/git/' will be accessible +through `http://git.example.org/scm/` and `http://git.example.org/var/`. +You can add as many project roots as you want by adding rewrite rules like +the third and the fourth. + + +PATH_INFO usage +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +If you enable PATH_INFO usage in gitweb by putting +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +$feature{'pathinfo'}{'default'} = [1]; +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +in your gitweb configuration file, it is possible to set up your server so +that it consumes and produces URLs in the form + + http://git.example.com/project.git/shortlog/sometag + +i.e. without 'gitweb.cgi' part, by using a configuration such as the +following. This configuration assumes that '/var/www/gitweb' is the +DocumentRoot of your webserver, contains the gitweb.cgi script and +complementary static files (stylesheet, favicon, JavaScript): + +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +<VirtualHost *:80> + ServerAlias git.example.com + + DocumentRoot /var/www/gitweb + + <Directory /var/www/gitweb> + Options ExecCGI + AddHandler cgi-script cgi + + DirectoryIndex gitweb.cgi + + RewriteEngine On + RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f + RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d + RewriteRule ^.* /gitweb.cgi/$0 [L,PT] + </Directory> +</VirtualHost> +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +The rewrite rule guarantees that existing static files will be properly +served, whereas any other URL will be passed to gitweb as PATH_INFO +parameter. + +*Notice* that in this case you don't need special settings for +`@stylesheets`, `$my_uri` and `$home_link`, but you lose "dumb client" +access to your project .git dirs (described in "Single URL for gitweb and +for fetching" section). A possible workaround for the latter is the +following: in your project root dir (e.g. '/pub/git') have the projects +named *without* a .git extension (e.g. '/pub/git/project' instead of +'/pub/git/project.git') and configure Apache as follows: +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +<VirtualHost *:80> + ServerAlias git.example.com + + DocumentRoot /var/www/gitweb + + AliasMatch ^(/.*?)(\.git)(/.*)?$ /pub/git$1$3 + <Directory /var/www/gitweb> + Options ExecCGI + AddHandler cgi-script cgi + + DirectoryIndex gitweb.cgi + + RewriteEngine On + RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f + RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d + RewriteRule ^.* /gitweb.cgi/$0 [L,PT] + </Directory> +</VirtualHost> +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +The additional AliasMatch makes it so that + + http://git.example.com/project.git + +will give raw access to the project's Git dir (so that the project can be +cloned), while + + http://git.example.com/project + +will provide human-friendly gitweb access. + +This solution is not 100% bulletproof, in the sense that if some project has +a named ref (branch, tag) starting with 'git/', then paths such as + + http://git.example.com/project/command/abranch..git/abranch + +will fail with a 404 error. + + +BUGS +---- +Please report any bugs or feature requests to git@vger.kernel.org, +putting "gitweb" in the subject of email. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gitweb.conf[5], linkgit:git-instaweb[1] + +'gitweb/README', 'gitweb/INSTALL' + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt b/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt index 2b021e3c15..177610e44e 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt @@ -3,10 +3,11 @@ gitworkflows(7) NAME ---- -gitworkflows - An overview of recommended workflows with git +gitworkflows - An overview of recommended workflows with Git SYNOPSIS -------- +[verse] git * @@ -38,8 +39,8 @@ To achieve this, try to split your work into small steps from the very beginning. It is always easier to squash a few commits together than to split one big commit into several. Don't be afraid of making too small or imperfect steps along the way. You can always go back later -and edit the commits with `git rebase \--interactive` before you -publish them. You can use `git stash save \--keep-index` to run the +and edit the commits with `git rebase --interactive` before you +publish them. You can use `git stash save --keep-index` to run the test suite independent of other uncommitted changes; see the EXAMPLES section of linkgit:git-stash[1]. @@ -209,6 +210,121 @@ chance to see if their in-progress work will be compatible. `git.git` has such an official throw-away integration branch called 'pu'. +Branch management for a release +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Assuming you are using the merge approach discussed above, when you +are releasing your project you will need to do some additional branch +management work. + +A feature release is created from the 'master' branch, since 'master' +tracks the commits that should go into the next feature release. + +The 'master' branch is supposed to be a superset of 'maint'. If this +condition does not hold, then 'maint' contains some commits that +are not included on 'master'. The fixes represented by those commits +will therefore not be included in your feature release. + +To verify that 'master' is indeed a superset of 'maint', use git log: + +.Verify 'master' is a superset of 'maint' +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +`git log master..maint` +===================================== + +This command should not list any commits. Otherwise, check out +'master' and merge 'maint' into it. + +Now you can proceed with the creation of the feature release. Apply a +tag to the tip of 'master' indicating the release version: + +.Release tagging +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +`git tag -s -m "Git X.Y.Z" vX.Y.Z master` +===================================== + +You need to push the new tag to a public Git server (see +"DISTRIBUTED WORKFLOWS" below). This makes the tag available to +others tracking your project. The push could also trigger a +post-update hook to perform release-related items such as building +release tarballs and preformatted documentation pages. + +Similarly, for a maintenance release, 'maint' is tracking the commits +to be released. Therefore, in the steps above simply tag and push +'maint' rather than 'master'. + + +Maintenance branch management after a feature release +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +After a feature release, you need to manage your maintenance branches. + +First, if you wish to continue to release maintenance fixes for the +feature release made before the recent one, then you must create +another branch to track commits for that previous release. + +To do this, the current maintenance branch is copied to another branch +named with the previous release version number (e.g. maint-X.Y.(Z-1) +where X.Y.Z is the current release). + +.Copy maint +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +`git branch maint-X.Y.(Z-1) maint` +===================================== + +The 'maint' branch should now be fast-forwarded to the newly released +code so that maintenance fixes can be tracked for the current release: + +.Update maint to new release +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +* `git checkout maint` +* `git merge --ff-only master` +===================================== + +If the merge fails because it is not a fast-forward, then it is +possible some fixes on 'maint' were missed in the feature release. +This will not happen if the content of the branches was verified as +described in the previous section. + + +Branch management for next and pu after a feature release +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +After a feature release, the integration branch 'next' may optionally be +rewound and rebuilt from the tip of 'master' using the surviving +topics on 'next': + +.Rewind and rebuild next +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +* `git checkout next` +* `git reset --hard master` +* `git merge ai/topic_in_next1` +* `git merge ai/topic_in_next2` +* ... +===================================== + +The advantage of doing this is that the history of 'next' will be +clean. For example, some topics merged into 'next' may have initially +looked promising, but were later found to be undesirable or premature. +In such a case, the topic is reverted out of 'next' but the fact +remains in the history that it was once merged and reverted. By +recreating 'next', you give another incarnation of such topics a clean +slate to retry, and a feature release is a good point in history to do +so. + +If you do this, then you should make a public announcement indicating +that 'next' was rewound and rebuilt. + +The same rewind and rebuild process may be followed for 'pu'. A public +announcement is not necessary since 'pu' is a throw-away branch, as +described above. + + DISTRIBUTED WORKFLOWS --------------------- @@ -245,7 +361,7 @@ There are three main tools that can be used for this: * linkgit:git-pull[1] that does fetch and merge in one go. -Note the last point. Do 'not' use 'git-pull' unless you actually want +Note the last point. Do 'not' use 'git pull' unless you actually want to merge the remote branch. Getting changes out is easy: @@ -282,7 +398,7 @@ Please pull from <url> <branch> ------------------------------------- -In that case, 'git-pull' can do the fetch and merge in one go, as +In that case, 'git pull' can do the fetch and merge in one go, as follows. .Push/pull: Merging remote topics @@ -334,7 +450,7 @@ problem. If you receive such a patch series (as maintainer, or perhaps as a reader of the mailing list it was sent to), save the mails to files, -create a new topic branch and use 'git-am' to import the commits: +create a new topic branch and use 'git am' to import the commits: .format-patch/am: Importing patches [caption="Recipe: "] @@ -361,4 +477,4 @@ linkgit:git-am[1] GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite. +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt index 9afca755ed..6e991c2469 100644 --- a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt +++ b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ [[def_alternate_object_database]]alternate object database:: Via the alternates mechanism, a <<def_repository,repository>> can inherit part of its <<def_object_database,object database>> - from another object database, which is called "alternate". + from another object database, which is called an "alternate". [[def_bare_repository]]bare repository:: A bare repository is normally an appropriately named <<def_directory,directory>> with a `.git` suffix that does not have a locally checked-out copy of any of the files under - revision control. That is, all of the `git` + revision control. That is, all of the Git administrative and control files that would normally be present in the hidden `.git` sub-directory are directly present in the `repository.git` directory instead, @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ <<def_commit,commit>> on a branch is referred to as the tip of that branch. The tip of the branch is referenced by a branch <<def_head,head>>, which moves forward as additional development - is done on the branch. A single git + is done on the branch. A single Git <<def_repository,repository>> can track an arbitrary number of branches, but your <<def_working_tree,working tree>> is associated with just one of them (the "current" or "checked out" @@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ <<def_commit,commit>> could be one of its <<def_parent,parents>>). [[def_changeset]]changeset:: - BitKeeper/cvsps speak for "<<def_commit,commit>>". Since git does not + BitKeeper/cvsps speak for "<<def_commit,commit>>". Since Git does not store changes, but states, it really does not make sense to use the term - "changesets" with git. + "changesets" with Git. [[def_checkout]]checkout:: The action of updating all or part of the @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ [[def_cherry-picking]]cherry-picking:: In <<def_SCM,SCM>> jargon, "cherry pick" means to choose a subset of changes out of a series of changes (typically commits) and record them - as a new series of changes on top of a different codebase. In GIT, this is + as a new series of changes on top of a different codebase. In Git, this is performed by the "git cherry-pick" command to extract the change introduced by an existing <<def_commit,commit>> and to record it based on the tip of the current <<def_branch,branch>> as a new commit. @@ -64,14 +64,14 @@ [[def_commit]]commit:: As a noun: A single point in the - git history; the entire history of a project is represented as a + Git history; the entire history of a project is represented as a set of interrelated commits. The word "commit" is often - used by git in the same places other revision control systems + used by Git in the same places other revision control systems use the words "revision" or "version". Also used as a short hand for <<def_commit_object,commit object>>. + As a verb: The action of storing a new snapshot of the project's -state in the git history, by creating a new commit representing the current +state in the Git history, by creating a new commit representing the current state of the <<def_index,index>> and advancing <<def_HEAD,HEAD>> to point at the new commit. @@ -82,8 +82,20 @@ to point at the new commit. to the top <<def_directory,directory>> of the stored revision. -[[def_core_git]]core git:: - Fundamental data structures and utilities of git. Exposes only limited +[[def_commit-ish]]commit-ish (also committish):: + A <<def_commit_object,commit object>> or an + <<def_object,object>> that can be recursively dereferenced to + a commit object. + The following are all commit-ishes: + a commit object, + a <<def_tag_object,tag object>> that points to a commit + object, + a tag object that points to a tag object that points to a + commit object, + etc. + +[[def_core_git]]core Git:: + Fundamental data structures and utilities of Git. Exposes only limited source code management tools. [[def_DAG]]DAG:: @@ -100,12 +112,22 @@ to point at the new commit. [[def_detached_HEAD]]detached HEAD:: Normally the <<def_HEAD,HEAD>> stores the name of a - <<def_branch,branch>>. However, git also allows you to <<def_checkout,check out>> - an arbitrary <<def_commit,commit>> that isn't necessarily the tip of any - particular branch. In this case HEAD is said to be "detached". - -[[def_dircache]]dircache:: - You are *waaaaay* behind. See <<def_index,index>>. + <<def_branch,branch>>, and commands that operate on the + history HEAD represents operate on the history leading to the + tip of the branch the HEAD points at. However, Git also + allows you to <<def_checkout,check out>> an arbitrary + <<def_commit,commit>> that isn't necessarily the tip of any + particular branch. The HEAD in such a state is called + "detached". ++ +Note that commands that operate on the history of the current branch +(e.g. `git commit` to build a new history on top of it) still work +while the HEAD is detached. They update the HEAD to point at the tip +of the updated history without affecting any branch. Commands that +update or inquire information _about_ the current branch (e.g. `git +branch --set-upstream-to` that sets what remote-tracking branch the +current branch integrates with) obviously do not work, as there is no +(real) current branch to ask about in this state. [[def_directory]]directory:: The list you get with "ls" :-) @@ -115,23 +137,18 @@ to point at the new commit. it contains modifications which have not been <<def_commit,committed>> to the current <<def_branch,branch>>. -[[def_ent]]ent:: - Favorite synonym to "<<def_tree-ish,tree-ish>>" by some total geeks. See - `http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent_(Middle-earth)` for an in-depth - explanation. Avoid this term, not to confuse people. - [[def_evil_merge]]evil merge:: An evil merge is a <<def_merge,merge>> that introduces changes that do not appear in any <<def_parent,parent>>. -[[def_fast_forward]]fast forward:: +[[def_fast_forward]]fast-forward:: A fast-forward is a special type of <<def_merge,merge>> where you have a <<def_revision,revision>> and you are "merging" another <<def_branch,branch>>'s changes that happen to be a descendant of what - you have. In such these cases, you do not make a new <<def_merge,merge>> + you have. In such a case, you do not make a new <<def_merge,merge>> <<def_commit,commit>> but instead just update to his revision. This will happen frequently on a - <<def_tracking_branch,tracking branch>> of a remote + <<def_remote_tracking_branch,remote-tracking branch>> of a remote <<def_repository,repository>>. [[def_fetch]]fetch:: @@ -142,27 +159,35 @@ to point at the new commit. and to get them, too. See also linkgit:git-fetch[1]. [[def_file_system]]file system:: - Linus Torvalds originally designed git to be a user space file system, + Linus Torvalds originally designed Git to be a user space file system, i.e. the infrastructure to hold files and directories. That ensured the - efficiency and speed of git. + efficiency and speed of Git. -[[def_git_archive]]git archive:: +[[def_git_archive]]Git archive:: Synonym for <<def_repository,repository>> (for arch people). +[[def_gitfile]]gitfile:: + A plain file `.git` at the root of a working tree that + points at the directory that is the real repository. + [[def_grafts]]grafts:: Grafts enables two otherwise different lines of development to be joined together by recording fake ancestry information for commits. This way - you can make git pretend the set of <<def_parent,parents>> a <<def_commit,commit>> has + you can make Git pretend the set of <<def_parent,parents>> a <<def_commit,commit>> has is different from what was recorded when the commit was created. Configured via the `.git/info/grafts` file. ++ +Note that the grafts mechanism is outdated and can lead to problems +transferring objects between repositories; see linkgit:git-replace[1] +for a more flexible and robust system to do the same thing. [[def_hash]]hash:: - In git's context, synonym to <<def_object_name,object name>>. + In Git's context, synonym for <<def_object_name,object name>>. [[def_head]]head:: A <<def_ref,named reference>> to the <<def_commit,commit>> at the tip of a - <<def_branch,branch>>. Heads are stored in - `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/`, except when using packed refs. (See + <<def_branch,branch>>. Heads are stored in a file in + `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/` directory, except when using packed refs. (See linkgit:git-pack-refs[1].) [[def_HEAD]]HEAD:: @@ -170,21 +195,21 @@ to point at the new commit. working tree>> is normally derived from the state of the tree referred to by HEAD. HEAD is a reference to one of the <<def_head,heads>> in your repository, except when using a - <<def_detached_HEAD,detached HEAD>>, in which case it may - reference an arbitrary commit. + <<def_detached_HEAD,detached HEAD>>, in which case it directly + references an arbitrary commit. [[def_head_ref]]head ref:: A synonym for <<def_head,head>>. [[def_hook]]hook:: - During the normal execution of several git commands, call-outs are made + During the normal execution of several Git commands, call-outs are made to optional scripts that allow a developer to add functionality or checking. Typically, the hooks allow for a command to be pre-verified and potentially aborted, and allow for a post-notification after the operation is done. The hook scripts are found in the `$GIT_DIR/hooks/` directory, and are enabled by simply removing the `.sample` suffix from the filename. In earlier versions - of git you had to make them executable. + of Git you had to make them executable. [[def_index]]index:: A collection of files with stat information, whose contents are stored @@ -201,7 +226,7 @@ to point at the new commit. [[def_master]]master:: The default development <<def_branch,branch>>. Whenever you - create a git <<def_repository,repository>>, a branch named + create a Git <<def_repository,repository>>, a branch named "master" is created, and becomes the active branch. In most cases, this contains the local development, though that is purely by convention and is not required. @@ -220,7 +245,7 @@ to point at the new commit. conflict, manual intervention may be required to complete the merge. + -As a noun: unless it is a <<def_fast_forward,fast forward>>, a +As a noun: unless it is a <<def_fast_forward,fast-forward>>, a successful merge results in the creation of a new <<def_commit,commit>> representing the result of the merge, and having as <<def_parent,parents>> the tips of the merged <<def_branch,branches>>. @@ -228,8 +253,8 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a "merge". [[def_object]]object:: - The unit of storage in git. It is uniquely identified by the - <<def_SHA1,SHA1>> of its contents. Consequently, an + The unit of storage in Git. It is uniquely identified by the + <<def_SHA1,SHA-1>> of its contents. Consequently, an object can not be changed. [[def_object_database]]object database:: @@ -241,10 +266,9 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a Synonym for <<def_object_name,object name>>. [[def_object_name]]object name:: - The unique identifier of an <<def_object,object>>. The <<def_hash,hash>> - of the object's contents using the Secure Hash Algorithm - 1 and usually represented by the 40 character hexadecimal encoding of - the <<def_hash,hash>> of the object. + The unique identifier of an <<def_object,object>>. The + object name is usually represented by a 40 character + hexadecimal string. Also colloquially called <<def_SHA1,SHA-1>>. [[def_object_type]]object type:: One of the identifiers "<<def_commit_object,commit>>", @@ -253,16 +277,15 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a <<def_object,object>>. [[def_octopus]]octopus:: - To <<def_merge,merge>> more than two <<def_branch,branches>>. Also denotes an - intelligent predator. + To <<def_merge,merge>> more than two <<def_branch,branches>>. [[def_origin]]origin:: The default upstream <<def_repository,repository>>. Most projects have at least one upstream project which they track. By default 'origin' is used for that purpose. New upstream updates - will be fetched into remote <<def_tracking_branch,tracking branches>> named + will be fetched into <<def_remote_tracking_branch,remote-tracking branches>> named origin/name-of-upstream-branch, which you can see using - "`git branch -r`". + `git branch -r`. [[def_pack]]pack:: A set of objects which have been compressed into one file (to save space @@ -273,6 +296,123 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a <<def_pack,pack>>, to assist in efficiently accessing the contents of a pack. +[[def_pathspec]]pathspec:: + Pattern used to limit paths in Git commands. ++ +Pathspecs are used on the command line of "git ls-files", "git +ls-tree", "git add", "git grep", "git diff", "git checkout", +and many other commands to +limit the scope of operations to some subset of the tree or +worktree. See the documentation of each command for whether +paths are relative to the current directory or toplevel. The +pathspec syntax is as follows: ++ +-- + +* any path matches itself +* the pathspec up to the last slash represents a + directory prefix. The scope of that pathspec is + limited to that subtree. +* the rest of the pathspec is a pattern for the remainder + of the pathname. Paths relative to the directory + prefix will be matched against that pattern using fnmatch(3); + in particular, '*' and '?' _can_ match directory separators. + +-- ++ +For example, Documentation/*.jpg will match all .jpg files +in the Documentation subtree, +including Documentation/chapter_1/figure_1.jpg. ++ +A pathspec that begins with a colon `:` has special meaning. In the +short form, the leading colon `:` is followed by zero or more "magic +signature" letters (which optionally is terminated by another colon `:`), +and the remainder is the pattern to match against the path. +The "magic signature" consists of ASCII symbols that are neither +alphanumeric, glob, regex special characters nor colon. +The optional colon that terminates the "magic signature" can be +omitted if the pattern begins with a character that does not belong to +"magic signature" symbol set and is not a colon. ++ +In the long form, the leading colon `:` is followed by a open +parenthesis `(`, a comma-separated list of zero or more "magic words", +and a close parentheses `)`, and the remainder is the pattern to match +against the path. ++ +A pathspec with only a colon means "there is no pathspec". This form +should not be combined with other pathspec. ++ +-- +top;; + The magic word `top` (magic signature: `/`) makes the pattern + match from the root of the working tree, even when you are + running the command from inside a subdirectory. + +literal;; + Wildcards in the pattern such as `*` or `?` are treated + as literal characters. + +icase;; + Case insensitive match. + +glob;; + Git treats the pattern as a shell glob suitable for + consumption by fnmatch(3) with the FNM_PATHNAME flag: + wildcards in the pattern will not match a / in the pathname. + For example, "Documentation/{asterisk}.html" matches + "Documentation/git.html" but not "Documentation/ppc/ppc.html" + or "tools/perf/Documentation/perf.html". ++ +Two consecutive asterisks ("`**`") in patterns matched against +full pathname may have special meaning: + + - A leading "`**`" followed by a slash means match in all + directories. For example, "`**/foo`" matches file or directory + "`foo`" anywhere, the same as pattern "`foo`". "`**/foo/bar`" + matches file or directory "`bar`" anywhere that is directly + under directory "`foo`". + + - A trailing "`/**`" matches everything inside. For example, + "`abc/**`" matches all files inside directory "abc", relative + to the location of the `.gitignore` file, with infinite depth. + + - A slash followed by two consecutive asterisks then a slash + matches zero or more directories. For example, "`a/**/b`" + matches "`a/b`", "`a/x/b`", "`a/x/y/b`" and so on. + + - Other consecutive asterisks are considered invalid. ++ +Glob magic is incompatible with literal magic. + +attr;; +After `attr:` comes a space separated list of "attribute +requirements", all of which must be met in order for the +path to be considered a match; this is in addition to the +usual non-magic pathspec pattern matching. +See linkgit:gitattributes[5]. ++ +Each of the attribute requirements for the path takes one of +these forms: + +- "`ATTR`" requires that the attribute `ATTR` be set. + +- "`-ATTR`" requires that the attribute `ATTR` be unset. + +- "`ATTR=VALUE`" requires that the attribute `ATTR` be + set to the string `VALUE`. + +- "`!ATTR`" requires that the attribute `ATTR` be + unspecified. ++ + +exclude;; + After a path matches any non-exclude pathspec, it will be run + through all exclude pathspec (magic signature: `!` or its + synonym `^`). If it matches, the path is ignored. When there + is no non-exclude pathspec, the exclusion is applied to the + result set as if invoked without any pathspec. +-- + [[def_parent]]parent:: A <<def_commit_object,commit object>> contains a (possibly empty) list of the logical predecessor(s) in the line of development, i.e. its @@ -286,14 +426,36 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a particular line of text. See linkgit:git-diff[1]. [[def_plumbing]]plumbing:: - Cute name for <<def_core_git,core git>>. + Cute name for <<def_core_git,core Git>>. [[def_porcelain]]porcelain:: Cute name for programs and program suites depending on - <<def_core_git,core git>>, presenting a high level access to - core git. Porcelains expose more of a <<def_SCM,SCM>> + <<def_core_git,core Git>>, presenting a high level access to + core Git. Porcelains expose more of a <<def_SCM,SCM>> interface than the <<def_plumbing,plumbing>>. +[[def_per_worktree_ref]]per-worktree ref:: + Refs that are per-<<def_working_tree,worktree>>, rather than + global. This is presently only <<def_HEAD,HEAD>> and any refs + that start with `refs/bisect/`, but might later include other + unusual refs. + +[[def_pseudoref]]pseudoref:: + Pseudorefs are a class of files under `$GIT_DIR` which behave + like refs for the purposes of rev-parse, but which are treated + specially by git. Pseudorefs both have names that are all-caps, + and always start with a line consisting of a + <<def_SHA1,SHA-1>> followed by whitespace. So, HEAD is not a + pseudoref, because it is sometimes a symbolic ref. They might + optionally contain some additional data. `MERGE_HEAD` and + `CHERRY_PICK_HEAD` are examples. Unlike + <<def_per_worktree_ref,per-worktree refs>>, these files cannot + be symbolic refs, and never have reflogs. They also cannot be + updated through the normal ref update machinery. Instead, + they are updated by directly writing to the files. However, + they can be read as if they were refs, so `git rev-parse + MERGE_HEAD` will work. + [[def_pull]]pull:: Pulling a <<def_branch,branch>> means to <<def_fetch,fetch>> it and <<def_merge,merge>> it. See also linkgit:git-pull[1]. @@ -326,9 +488,20 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a to the result. [[def_ref]]ref:: - A 40-byte hex representation of a <<def_SHA1,SHA1>> or a name that - denotes a particular <<def_object,object>>. These may be stored in - `$GIT_DIR/refs/`. + A name that begins with `refs/` (e.g. `refs/heads/master`) + that points to an <<def_object_name,object name>> or another + ref (the latter is called a <<def_symref,symbolic ref>>). + For convenience, a ref can sometimes be abbreviated when used + as an argument to a Git command; see linkgit:gitrevisions[7] + for details. + Refs are stored in the <<def_repository,repository>>. ++ +The ref namespace is hierarchical. +Different subhierarchies are used for different purposes (e.g. the +`refs/heads/` hierarchy is used to represent local branches). ++ +There are a few special-purpose refs that do not begin with `refs/`. +The most notable example is `HEAD`. [[def_reflog]]reflog:: A reflog shows the local "history" of a ref. In other words, @@ -339,15 +512,21 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a [[def_refspec]]refspec:: A "refspec" is used by <<def_fetch,fetch>> and <<def_push,push>> to describe the mapping between remote - <<def_ref,ref>> and local ref. They are combined with a colon in - the format <src>:<dst>, preceded by an optional plus sign, +. - For example: `git fetch $URL - refs/heads/master:refs/heads/origin` means "grab the master - <<def_branch,branch>> <<def_head,head>> from the $URL and store - it as my origin branch head". And `git push - $URL refs/heads/master:refs/heads/to-upstream` means "publish my - master branch head as to-upstream branch at $URL". See also - linkgit:git-push[1]. + <<def_ref,ref>> and local ref. + +[[def_remote]]remote repository:: + A <<def_repository,repository>> which is used to track the same + project but resides somewhere else. To communicate with remotes, + see <<def_fetch,fetch>> or <<def_push,push>>. + +[[def_remote_tracking_branch]]remote-tracking branch:: + A <<def_ref,ref>> that is used to follow changes from another + <<def_repository,repository>>. It typically looks like + 'refs/remotes/foo/bar' (indicating that it tracks a branch named + 'bar' in a remote named 'foo'), and matches the right-hand-side of + a configured fetch <<def_refspec,refspec>>. A remote-tracking + branch should not contain direct modifications or have local + commits made to it. [[def_repository]]repository:: A collection of <<def_ref,refs>> together with an @@ -362,9 +541,7 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a <<def_merge,merge>> left behind. [[def_revision]]revision:: - A particular state of files and directories which was stored in the - <<def_object_database,object database>>. It is referenced by a - <<def_commit_object,commit object>>. + Synonym for <<def_commit,commit>> (the noun). [[def_rewind]]rewind:: To throw away part of the development, i.e. to assign the @@ -373,13 +550,19 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a [[def_SCM]]SCM:: Source code management (tool). -[[def_SHA1]]SHA1:: - Synonym for <<def_object_name,object name>>. +[[def_SHA1]]SHA-1:: + "Secure Hash Algorithm 1"; a cryptographic hash function. + In the context of Git used as a synonym for <<def_object_name,object name>>. + +[[def_shallow_clone]]shallow clone:: + Mostly a synonym to <<def_shallow_repository,shallow repository>> + but the phrase makes it more explicit that it was created by + running `git clone --depth=...` command. [[def_shallow_repository]]shallow repository:: A shallow <<def_repository,repository>> has an incomplete history some of whose <<def_commit,commits>> have <<def_parent,parents>> cauterized away (in other - words, git is told to pretend that these commits do not have the + words, Git is told to pretend that these commits do not have the parents, even though they are recorded in the <<def_commit_object,commit object>>). This is sometimes useful when you are interested only in the recent history of a project even though the real history recorded in the @@ -387,8 +570,19 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a is created by giving the `--depth` option to linkgit:git-clone[1], and its history can be later deepened with linkgit:git-fetch[1]. +[[def_submodule]]submodule:: + A <<def_repository,repository>> that holds the history of a + separate project inside another repository (the latter of + which is called <<def_superproject, superproject>>). + +[[def_superproject]]superproject:: + A <<def_repository,repository>> that references repositories + of other projects in its working tree as <<def_submodule,submodules>>. + The superproject knows about the names of (but does not hold + copies of) commit objects of the contained submodules. + [[def_symref]]symref:: - Symbolic reference: instead of containing the <<def_SHA1,SHA1>> + Symbolic reference: instead of containing the <<def_SHA1,SHA-1>> id itself, it is of the format 'ref: refs/some/thing' and when referenced, it recursively dereferences to this reference. '<<def_HEAD,HEAD>>' is a prime example of a symref. Symbolic @@ -396,14 +590,14 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a command. [[def_tag]]tag:: - A <<def_ref,ref>> pointing to a <<def_tag_object,tag>> or - <<def_commit_object,commit object>>. In contrast to a <<def_head,head>>, - a tag is not changed by a <<def_commit,commit>>. Tags (not - <<def_tag_object,tag objects>>) are stored in `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/`. A - git tag has nothing to do with a Lisp tag (which would be - called an <<def_object_type,object type>> in git's context). A - tag is most typically used to mark a particular point in the - commit ancestry <<def_chain,chain>>. + A <<def_ref,ref>> under `refs/tags/` namespace that points to an + object of an arbitrary type (typically a tag points to either a + <<def_tag_object,tag>> or a <<def_commit_object,commit object>>). + In contrast to a <<def_head,head>>, a tag is not updated by + the `commit` command. A Git tag has nothing to do with a Lisp + tag (which would be called an <<def_object_type,object type>> + in Git's context). A tag is most typically used to mark a particular + point in the commit ancestry <<def_chain,chain>>. [[def_tag_object]]tag object:: An <<def_object,object>> containing a <<def_ref,ref>> pointing to @@ -412,20 +606,12 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a signature, in which case it is called a "signed tag object". [[def_topic_branch]]topic branch:: - A regular git <<def_branch,branch>> that is used by a developer to + A regular Git <<def_branch,branch>> that is used by a developer to identify a conceptual line of development. Since branches are very easy and inexpensive, it is often desirable to have several small branches that each contain very well defined concepts or small incremental yet related changes. -[[def_tracking_branch]]tracking branch:: - A regular git <<def_branch,branch>> that is used to follow changes from - another <<def_repository,repository>>. A tracking - branch should not contain direct modifications or have local commits - made to it. A tracking branch can usually be - identified as the right-hand-side <<def_ref,ref>> in a Pull: - <<def_refspec,refspec>>. - [[def_tree]]tree:: Either a <<def_working_tree,working tree>>, or a <<def_tree_object,tree object>> together with the dependent <<def_blob_object,blob>> and tree objects @@ -436,10 +622,19 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a with refs to the associated blob and/or tree objects. A <<def_tree,tree>> is equivalent to a <<def_directory,directory>>. -[[def_tree-ish]]tree-ish:: - A <<def_ref,ref>> pointing to either a <<def_commit_object,commit - object>>, a <<def_tree_object,tree object>>, or a <<def_tag_object,tag - object>> pointing to a tag or commit or tree object. +[[def_tree-ish]]tree-ish (also treeish):: + A <<def_tree_object,tree object>> or an <<def_object,object>> + that can be recursively dereferenced to a tree object. + Dereferencing a <<def_commit_object,commit object>> yields the + tree object corresponding to the <<def_revision,revision>>'s + top <<def_directory,directory>>. + The following are all tree-ishes: + a <<def_commit-ish,commit-ish>>, + a tree object, + a <<def_tag_object,tag object>> that points to a tree object, + a tag object that points to a tag object that points to a tree + object, + etc. [[def_unmerged_index]]unmerged index:: An <<def_index,index>> which contains unmerged @@ -449,7 +644,13 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a An <<def_object,object>> which is not <<def_reachable,reachable>> from a <<def_branch,branch>>, <<def_tag,tag>>, or any other reference. +[[def_upstream_branch]]upstream branch:: + The default <<def_branch,branch>> that is merged into the branch in + question (or the branch in question is rebased onto). It is configured + via branch.<name>.remote and branch.<name>.merge. If the upstream branch + of 'A' is 'origin/B' sometimes we say "'A' is tracking 'origin/B'". + [[def_working_tree]]working tree:: - The tree of actual checked out files. The working tree is - normally equal to the <<def_HEAD,HEAD>> plus any local changes - that you have made but not yet committed. + The tree of actual checked out files. The working tree normally + contains the contents of the <<def_HEAD,HEAD>> commit's tree, + plus any local changes that you have made but not yet committed. diff --git a/Documentation/howto-index.sh b/Documentation/howto-index.sh index 34aa30c5b9..167b363668 100755 --- a/Documentation/howto-index.sh +++ b/Documentation/howto-index.sh @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ #!/bin/sh cat <<\EOF -GIT Howto Index +Git Howto Index =============== Here is a collection of mailing list postings made by various -people describing how they use git in their workflow. +people describing how they use Git in their workflow. EOF for txt do - title=`expr "$txt" : '.*/\(.*\)\.txt$'` - from=`sed -ne ' + title=$(expr "$txt" : '.*/\(.*\)\.txt$') + from=$(sed -ne ' /^$/q /^From:[ ]/{ s/// @@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ do s/^/by / p } - ' "$txt"` + ' "$txt") - abstract=`sed -ne ' + abstract=$(sed -ne ' /^Abstract:[ ]/{ s/^[^ ]*// x @@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ do x p q - }' "$txt"` + }' "$txt") if grep 'Content-type: text/asciidoc' >/dev/null $txt then - file=`expr "$txt" : '\(.*\)\.txt$'`.html + file=$(expr "$txt" : '\(.*\)\.txt$').html else file="$txt" fi diff --git a/Documentation/howto/keep-canonical-history-correct.txt b/Documentation/howto/keep-canonical-history-correct.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..35d48ef714 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/howto/keep-canonical-history-correct.txt @@ -0,0 +1,216 @@ +From: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> +Date: Wed, 07 May 2014 13:15:39 -0700 +Subject: Beginner question on "Pull is mostly evil" +Abstract: This how-to explains a method for keeping a + project's history correct when using git pull. +Content-type: text/asciidoc + +Keep authoritative canonical history correct with git pull +========================================================== + +Sometimes a new project integrator will end up with project history +that appears to be "backwards" from what other project developers +expect. This howto presents a suggested integration workflow for +maintaining a central repository. + +Suppose that that central repository has this history: + +------------ + ---o---o---A +------------ + +which ends at commit `A` (time flows from left to right and each node +in the graph is a commit, lines between them indicating parent-child +relationship). + +Then you clone it and work on your own commits, which leads you to +have this history in *your* repository: + +------------ + ---o---o---A---B---C +------------ + +Imagine your coworker did the same and built on top of `A` in *his* +repository in the meantime, and then pushed it to the +central repository: + +------------ + ---o---o---A---X---Y---Z +------------ + +Now, if you `git push` at this point, because your history that leads +to `C` lacks `X`, `Y` and `Z`, it will fail. You need to somehow make +the tip of your history a descendant of `Z`. + +One suggested way to solve the problem is "fetch and then merge", aka +`git pull`. When you fetch, your repository will have a history like +this: + +------------ + ---o---o---A---B---C + \ + X---Y---Z +------------ + +Once you run merge after that, while still on *your* branch, i.e. `C`, +you will create a merge `M` and make the history look like this: + +------------ + ---o---o---A---B---C---M + \ / + X---Y---Z +------------ + +`M` is a descendant of `Z`, so you can push to update the central +repository. Such a merge `M` does not lose any commit in both +histories, so in that sense it may not be wrong, but when people want +to talk about "the authoritative canonical history that is shared +among the project participants", i.e. "the trunk", they often view +it as "commits you see by following the first-parent chain", and use +this command to view it: + +------------ + $ git log --first-parent +------------ + +For all other people who observed the central repository after your +coworker pushed `Z` but before you pushed `M`, the commit on the trunk +used to be `o-o-A-X-Y-Z`. But because you made `M` while you were on +`C`, `M`'s first parent is `C`, so by pushing `M` to advance the +central repository, you made `X-Y-Z` a side branch, not on the trunk. + +You would rather want to have a history of this shape: + +------------ + ---o---o---A---X---Y---Z---M' + \ / + B-----------C +------------ + +so that in the first-parent chain, it is clear that the project first +did `X` and then `Y` and then `Z` and merged a change that consists of +two commits `B` and `C` that achieves a single goal. You may have +worked on fixing the bug #12345 with these two patches, and the merge +`M'` with swapped parents can say in its log message "Merge +fix-bug-12345". Having a way to tell `git pull` to create a merge +but record the parents in reverse order may be a way to do so. + +Note that I said "achieves a single goal" above, because this is +important. "Swapping the merge order" only covers a special case +where the project does not care too much about having unrelated +things done on a single merge but cares a lot about first-parent +chain. + +There are multiple schools of thought about the "trunk" management. + + 1. Some projects want to keep a completely linear history without any + merges. Obviously, swapping the merge order would not match their + taste. You would need to flatten your history on top of the + updated upstream to result in a history of this shape instead: ++ +------------ + ---o---o---A---X---Y---Z---B---C +------------ ++ +with `git pull --rebase` or something. + + 2. Some projects tolerate merges in their history, but do not worry + too much about the first-parent order, and allow fast-forward + merges. To them, swapping the merge order does not hurt, but + it is unnecessary. + + 3. Some projects want each commit on the "trunk" to do one single + thing. The output of `git log --first-parent` in such a project + would show either a merge of a side branch that completes a single + theme, or a single commit that completes a single theme by itself. + If your two commits `B` and `C` (or they may even be two groups of + commits) were solving two independent issues, then the merge `M'` + we made in the earlier example by swapping the merge order is + still not up to the project standard. It merges two unrelated + efforts `B` and `C` at the same time. + +For projects in the last category (Git itself is one of them), +individual developers would want to prepare a history more like +this: + +------------ + C0--C1--C2 topic-c + / + ---o---o---A master + \ + B0--B1--B2 topic-b +------------ + +That is, keeping separate topics on separate branches, perhaps like +so: + +------------ + $ git clone $URL work && cd work + $ git checkout -b topic-b master + $ ... work to create B0, B1 and B2 to complete one theme + $ git checkout -b topic-c master + $ ... same for the theme of topic-c +------------ + +And then + +------------ + $ git checkout master + $ git pull --ff-only +------------ + +would grab `X`, `Y` and `Z` from the upstream and advance your master +branch: + +------------ + C0--C1--C2 topic-c + / + ---o---o---A---X---Y---Z master + \ + B0--B1--B2 topic-b +------------ + +And then you would merge these two branches separately: + +------------ + $ git merge topic-b + $ git merge topic-c +------------ + +to result in + +------------ + C0--C1---------C2 + / \ + ---o---o---A---X---Y---Z---M---N + \ / + B0--B1-----B2 +------------ + +and push it back to the central repository. + +It is very much possible that while you are merging topic-b and +topic-c, somebody again advanced the history in the central repository +to put `W` on top of `Z`, and make your `git push` fail. + +In such a case, you would rewind to discard `M` and `N`, update the +tip of your 'master' again and redo the two merges: + +------------ + $ git reset --hard origin/master + $ git pull --ff-only + $ git merge topic-b + $ git merge topic-c +------------ + +The procedure will result in a history that looks like this: + +------------ + C0--C1--------------C2 + / \ + ---o---o---A---X---Y---Z---W---M'--N' + \ / + B0--B1---------B2 +------------ + +See also http://git-blame.blogspot.com/2013/09/fun-with-first-parent-history.html diff --git a/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt b/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt index 4357e26913..ca4378740c 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt @@ -1,53 +1,64 @@ From: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Date: Wed, 21 Nov 2007 16:32:55 -0800 Subject: Addendum to "MaintNotes" -Abstract: Imagine that git development is racing along as usual, when our friendly +Abstract: Imagine that Git development is racing along as usual, when our friendly neighborhood maintainer is struck down by a wayward bus. Out of the hordes of suckers (loyal developers), you have been tricked (chosen) to step up as the new maintainer. This howto will show you "how to" do it. +Content-type: text/asciidoc -The maintainer's git time is spent on three activities. +How to maintain Git +=================== - - Communication (60%) +Activities +---------- + +The maintainer's Git time is spent on three activities. + + - Communication (45%) Mailing list discussions on general design, fielding user questions, diagnosing bug reports; reviewing, commenting on, suggesting alternatives to, and rejecting patches. - - Integration (30%) + - Integration (50%) Applying new patches from the contributors while spotting and correcting minor mistakes, shuffling the integration and testing branches, pushing the results out, cutting the releases, and making announcements. - - Own development (10%) + - Own development (5%) Scratching my own itch and sending proposed patch series out. +The Policy +---------- + The policy on Integration is informally mentioned in "A Note from the maintainer" message, which is periodically posted to this mailing list after each feature release is made. -The policy. - - - Feature releases are numbered as vX.Y.Z and are meant to + - Feature releases are numbered as vX.Y.0 and are meant to contain bugfixes and enhancements in any area, including functionality, performance and usability, without regression. - - Maintenance releases are numbered as vX.Y.Z.W and are meant - to contain only bugfixes for the corresponding vX.Y.Z feature - release and earlier maintenance releases vX.Y.Z.V (V < W). + - One release cycle for a feature release is expected to last for + eight to ten weeks. + + - Maintenance releases are numbered as vX.Y.Z and are meant + to contain only bugfixes for the corresponding vX.Y.0 feature + release and earlier maintenance releases vX.Y.W (W < Z). - 'master' branch is used to prepare for the next feature release. In other words, at some point, the tip of 'master' - branch is tagged with vX.Y.Z. + branch is tagged with vX.Y.0. - 'maint' branch is used to prepare for the next maintenance - release. After the feature release vX.Y.Z is made, the tip + release. After the feature release vX.Y.0 is made, the tip of 'maint' branch is set to that release, and bugfixes will accumulate on the branch, and at some point, the tip of the - branch is tagged with vX.Y.Z.1, vX.Y.Z.2, and so on. + branch is tagged with vX.Y.1, vX.Y.2, and so on. - 'next' branch is used to publish changes (both enhancements and fixes) that (1) have worthwhile goal, (2) are in a fairly @@ -58,12 +69,15 @@ The policy. - 'pu' branch is used to publish other proposed changes that do not yet pass the criteria set for 'next'. - - The tips of 'master', 'maint' and 'next' branches will always - fast forward, to allow people to build their own - customization on top of them. + - The tips of 'master' and 'maint' branches will not be rewound to + allow people to build their own customization on top of them. + Early in a new development cycle, 'next' is rewound to the tip of + 'master' once, but otherwise it will not be rewound until the end + of the cycle. - - Usually 'master' contains all of 'maint', 'next' contains all - of 'master' and 'pu' contains all of 'next'. + - Usually 'master' contains all of 'maint' and 'next' contains all + of 'master'. 'pu' contains all the topics merged to 'next', but + is rebuilt directly on 'master'. - The tip of 'master' is meant to be more stable than any tagged releases, and the users are encouraged to follow it. @@ -72,15 +86,27 @@ The policy. users are encouraged to test it so that regressions and bugs are found before new topics are merged to 'master'. +Note that before v1.9.0 release, the version numbers used to be +structured slightly differently. vX.Y.Z were feature releases while +vX.Y.Z.W were maintenance releases for vX.Y.Z. + -A typical git day for the maintainer implements the above policy +A Typical Git Day +----------------- + +A typical Git day for the maintainer implements the above policy by doing the following: - - Scan mailing list and #git channel log. Respond with review - comments, suggestions etc. Kibitz. Collect potentially - usable patches from the mailing list. Patches about a single - topic go to one mailbox (I read my mail in Gnus, and type - \C-o to save/append messages in files in mbox format). + - Scan mailing list. Respond with review comments, suggestions + etc. Kibitz. Collect potentially usable patches from the + mailing list. Patches about a single topic go to one mailbox (I + read my mail in Gnus, and type \C-o to save/append messages in + files in mbox format). + + - Write his own patches to address issues raised on the list but + nobody has stepped up solving. Send it out just like other + contributors do, and pick them up just like patches from other + contributors (see above). - Review the patches in the saved mailboxes. Edit proposed log message for typofixes and clarifications, and add Acks @@ -96,40 +122,32 @@ by doing the following: - Obviously correct fixes that pertain to the tip of 'master' are directly applied to 'master'. + - Other topics are not handled in this step. + This step is done with "git am". $ git checkout master ;# or "git checkout maint" - $ git am -3 -s mailbox + $ git am -sc3 mailbox $ make test - - Merge downwards (maint->master): - - $ git checkout master - $ git merge maint - $ make test + In practice, almost no patch directly goes to 'master' or + 'maint'. - Review the last issue of "What's cooking" message, review the - topics scheduled for merging upwards (topic->master and - topic->maint), and merge. + topics ready for merging (topic->master and topic->maint). Use + "Meta/cook -w" script (where Meta/ contains a checkout of the + 'todo' branch) to aid this step. + + And perform the merge. Use "Meta/Reintegrate -e" script (see + later) to aid this step. + + $ Meta/cook -w last-issue-of-whats-cooking.mbox $ git checkout master ;# or "git checkout maint" - $ git merge ai/topic ;# or "git merge ai/maint-topic" + $ echo ai/topic | Meta/Reintegrate -e ;# "git merge ai/topic" $ git log -p ORIG_HEAD.. ;# final review $ git diff ORIG_HEAD.. ;# final review $ make test ;# final review - $ git branch -d ai/topic ;# or "git branch -d ai/maint-topic" - - - Merge downwards (maint->master) if needed: - - $ git checkout master - $ git merge maint - $ make test - - - Merge downwards (master->next) if needed: - - $ git checkout next - $ git merge master - $ make test - Handle the remaining patches: @@ -138,9 +156,9 @@ by doing the following: and not in 'master') is applied to a new topic branch that is forked from the tip of 'master'. This includes both enhancements and unobvious fixes to 'master'. A topic - branch is named as ai/topic where "ai" is typically - author's initial and "topic" is a descriptive name of the - topic (in other words, "what's the series is about"). + branch is named as ai/topic where "ai" is two-letter string + named after author's initial and "topic" is a descriptive name + of the topic (in other words, "what's the series is about"). - An unobvious fix meant for 'maint' is applied to a new topic branch that is forked from the tip of 'maint'. The @@ -158,7 +176,8 @@ by doing the following: The above except the "replacement" are all done with: - $ git am -3 -s mailbox + $ git checkout ai/topic ;# or "git checkout -b ai/topic master" + $ git am -sc3 mailbox while patch replacement is often done by: @@ -166,94 +185,170 @@ by doing the following: then replace some parts with the new patch, and reapplying: + $ git checkout ai/topic $ git reset --hard ai/topic~$n - $ git am -3 -s 000*.txt + $ git am -sc3 -s 000*.txt The full test suite is always run for 'maint' and 'master' after patch application; for topic branches the tests are run as time permits. - - Update "What's cooking" message to review the updates to - existing topics, newly added topics and graduated topics. - - This step is helped with Meta/UWC script (where Meta/ contains - a checkout of the 'todo' branch). + - Merge maint to master as needed: - - Merge topics to 'next'. For each branch whose tip is not - merged to 'next', one of three things can happen: + $ git checkout master + $ git merge maint + $ make test - - The commits are all next-worthy; merge the topic to next: + - Merge master to next as needed: $ git checkout next - $ git merge ai/topic ;# or "git merge ai/maint-topic" + $ git merge master $ make test + - Review the last issue of "What's cooking" again and see if topics + that are ready to be merged to 'next' are still in good shape + (e.g. has there any new issue identified on the list with the + series?) + + - Prepare 'jch' branch, which is used to represent somewhere + between 'master' and 'pu' and often is slightly ahead of 'next'. + + $ Meta/Reintegrate master..pu >Meta/redo-jch.sh + + The result is a script that lists topics to be merged in order to + rebuild 'pu' as the input to Meta/Reintegrate script. Remove + later topics that should not be in 'jch' yet. Add a line that + consists of '### match next' before the name of the first topic + in the output that should be in 'jch' but not in 'next' yet. + + - Now we are ready to start merging topics to 'next'. For each + branch whose tip is not merged to 'next', one of three things can + happen: + + - The commits are all next-worthy; merge the topic to next; - The new parts are of mixed quality, but earlier ones are - next-worthy; merge the early parts to next: + next-worthy; merge the early parts to next; + - Nothing is next-worthy; do not do anything. + + This step is aided with Meta/redo-jch.sh script created earlier. + If a topic that was already in 'next' gained a patch, the script + would list it as "ai/topic~1". To include the new patch to the + updated 'next', drop the "~1" part; to keep it excluded, do not + touch the line. If a topic that was not in 'next' should be + merged to 'next', add it at the end of the list. Then: + + $ git checkout -B jch master + $ Meta/redo-jch.sh -c1 + + to rebuild the 'jch' branch from scratch. "-c1" tells the script + to stop merging at the first line that begins with '###' + (i.e. the "### match next" line you added earlier). + + At this point, build-test the result. It may reveal semantic + conflicts (e.g. a topic renamed a variable, another added a new + reference to the variable under its old name), in which case + prepare an appropriate merge-fix first (see appendix), and + rebuild the 'jch' branch from scratch, starting at the tip of + 'master'. + + Then do the same to 'next' $ git checkout next - $ git merge ai/topic~2 ;# the tip two are dubious - $ make test + $ sh Meta/redo-jch.sh -c1 -e - - Nothing is next-worthy; do not do anything. + The "-e" option allows the merge message that comes from the + history of the topic and the comments in the "What's cooking" to + be edited. The resulting tree should match 'jch' as the same set + of topics are merged on 'master'; otherwise there is a mismerge. + Investigate why and do not proceed until the mismerge is found + and rectified. - - Rebase topics that do not have any commit in next yet. This - step is optional but sometimes is worth doing when an old - series that is not in next can take advantage of low-level - framework change that is merged to 'master' already. + $ git diff jch next - $ git rebase master ai/topic + When all is well, clean up the redo-jch.sh script with - This step is helped with Meta/git-topic.perl script to - identify which topic is rebaseable. There also is a - pre-rebase hook to make sure that topics that are already in - 'next' are not rebased beyond the merged commit. + $ sh Meta/redo-jch.sh -u - - Rebuild "pu" to merge the tips of topics not in 'next'. + This removes topics listed in the script that have already been + merged to 'master'. This may lose '### match next' marker; + add it again to the appropriate place when it happens. - $ git checkout pu - $ git reset --hard next - $ git merge ai/topic ;# repeat for all remaining topics - $ make test + - Rebuild 'pu'. - This step is helped with Meta/PU script + $ Meta/Reintegrate master..pu >Meta/redo-pu.sh - - Push four integration branches to a private repository at - k.org and run "make test" on all of them. + Edit the result by adding new topics that are not still in 'pu' + in the script. Then - - Push four integration branches to /pub/scm/git/git.git at - k.org. This triggers its post-update hook which: + $ git checkout -B pu jch + $ sh Meta/redo-pu.sh - (1) runs "git pull" in $HOME/git-doc/ repository to pull - 'master' just pushed out; + When all is well, clean up the redo-pu.sh script with - (2) runs "make doc" in $HOME/git-doc/, install the generated - documentation in staging areas, which are separate - repositories that have html and man branches checked - out. + $ sh Meta/redo-pu.sh -u - (3) runs "git commit" in the staging areas, and run "git - push" back to /pub/scm/git/git.git/ to update the html - and man branches. + Double check by running - (4) installs generated documentation to /pub/software/scm/git/docs/ - to be viewed from http://www.kernel.org/ + $ git branch --no-merged pu - - Fetch html and man branches back from k.org, and push four - integration branches and the two documentation branches to - repo.or.cz + to see there is no unexpected leftover topics. + At this point, build-test the result for semantic conflicts, and + if there are, prepare an appropriate merge-fix first (see + appendix), and rebuild the 'pu' branch from scratch, starting at + the tip of 'jch'. + + - Update "What's cooking" message to review the updates to + existing topics, newly added topics and graduated topics. + + This step is helped with Meta/cook script. + + $ Meta/cook + + This script inspects the history between master..pu, finds tips + of topic branches, compares what it found with the current + contents in Meta/whats-cooking.txt, and updates that file. + Topics not listed in the file but are found in master..pu are + added to the "New topics" section, topics listed in the file that + are no longer found in master..pu are moved to the "Graduated to + master" section, and topics whose commits changed their states + (e.g. used to be only in 'pu', now merged to 'next') are updated + with change markers "<<" and ">>". + + Look for lines enclosed in "<<" and ">>"; they hold contents from + old file that are replaced by this integration round. After + verifying them, remove the old part. Review the description for + each topic and update its doneness and plan as needed. To review + the updated plan, run + + $ Meta/cook -w + + which will pick up comments given to the topics, such as "Will + merge to 'next'", etc. (see Meta/cook script to learn what kind + of phrases are supported). + + - Compile, test and install all four (five) integration branches; + Meta/Dothem script may aid this step. + + - Format documentation if the 'master' branch was updated; + Meta/dodoc.sh script may aid this step. + + - Push the integration branches out to public places; Meta/pushall + script may aid this step. + +Observations +------------ Some observations to be made. - * Each topic is tested individually, and also together with - other topics cooking in 'next'. Until it matures, none part - of it is merged to 'master'. + * Each topic is tested individually, and also together with other + topics cooking first in 'pu', then in 'jch' and then in 'next'. + Until it matures, no part of it is merged to 'master'. * A topic already in 'next' can get fixes while still in 'next'. Such a topic will have many merges to 'next' (in other words, "git log --first-parent next" will show many - "Merge ai/topic to next" for the same topic. + "Merge branch 'ai/topic' to next" for the same topic. * An unobvious fix for 'maint' is cooked in 'next' and then merged to 'master' to make extra sure it is Ok and then @@ -275,3 +370,80 @@ Some observations to be made. * Being in the 'next' branch is not a guarantee for a topic to be included in the next feature release. Being in the 'master' branch typically is. + + +Appendix +-------- + +Preparing a "merge-fix" +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +A merge of two topics may not textually conflict but still have +conflict at the semantic level. A classic example is for one topic +to rename an variable and all its uses, while another topic adds a +new use of the variable under its old name. When these two topics +are merged together, the reference to the variable newly added by +the latter topic will still use the old name in the result. + +The Meta/Reintegrate script that is used by redo-jch and redo-pu +scripts implements a crude but usable way to work this issue around. +When the script merges branch $X, it checks if "refs/merge-fix/$X" +exists, and if so, the effect of it is squashed into the result of +the mechanical merge. In other words, + + $ echo $X | Meta/Reintegrate + +is roughly equivalent to this sequence: + + $ git merge --rerere-autoupdate $X + $ git commit + $ git cherry-pick -n refs/merge-fix/$X + $ git commit --amend + +The goal of this "prepare a merge-fix" step is to come up with a +commit that can be squashed into a result of mechanical merge to +correct semantic conflicts. + +After finding that the result of merging branch "ai/topic" to an +integration branch had such a semantic conflict, say pu~4, check the +problematic merge out on a detached HEAD, edit the working tree to +fix the semantic conflict, and make a separate commit to record the +fix-up: + + $ git checkout pu~4 + $ git show -s --pretty=%s ;# double check + Merge branch 'ai/topic' to pu + $ edit + $ git commit -m 'merge-fix/ai/topic' -a + +Then make a reference "refs/merge-fix/ai/topic" to point at this +result: + + $ git update-ref refs/merge-fix/ai/topic HEAD + +Then double check the result by asking Meta/Reintegrate to redo the +merge: + + $ git checkout pu~5 ;# the parent of the problem merge + $ echo ai/topic | Meta/Reintegrate + $ git diff pu~4 + +This time, because you prepared refs/merge-fix/ai/topic, the +resulting merge should have been tweaked to include the fix for the +semantic conflict. + +Note that this assumes that the order in which conflicting branches +are merged does not change. If the reason why merging ai/topic +branch needs this merge-fix is because another branch merged earlier +to the integration branch changed the underlying assumption ai/topic +branch made (e.g. ai/topic branch added a site to refer to a +variable, while the other branch renamed that variable and adjusted +existing use sites), and if you changed redo-jch (or redo-pu) script +to merge ai/topic branch before the other branch, then the above +merge-fix should not be applied while merging ai/topic, but should +instead be applied while merging the other branch. You would need +to move the fix to apply to the other branch, perhaps like this: + + $ mf=refs/merge-fix + $ git update-ref $mf/$the_other_branch $mf/ai/topic + $ git update-ref -d $mf/ai/topic diff --git a/Documentation/howto/new-command.txt b/Documentation/howto/new-command.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..15a4c8031f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/howto/new-command.txt @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +From: Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com> +Abstract: This is how-to documentation for people who want to add extension + commands to Git. It should be read alongside api-builtin.txt. +Content-type: text/asciidoc + +How to integrate new subcommands +================================ + +This is how-to documentation for people who want to add extension +commands to Git. It should be read alongside api-builtin.txt. + +Runtime environment +------------------- + +Git subcommands are standalone executables that live in the Git exec +path, normally /usr/lib/git-core. The git executable itself is a +thin wrapper that knows where the subcommands live, and runs them by +passing command-line arguments to them. + +(If "git foo" is not found in the Git exec path, the wrapper +will look in the rest of your $PATH for it. Thus, it's possible +to write local Git extensions that don't live in system space.) + +Implementation languages +------------------------ + +Most subcommands are written in C or shell. A few are written in +Perl. + +While we strongly encourage coding in portable C for portability, +these specific scripting languages are also acceptable. We won't +accept more without a very strong technical case, as we don't want +to broaden the Git suite's required dependencies. Import utilities, +surgical tools, remote helpers and other code at the edges of the +Git suite are more lenient and we allow Python (and even Tcl/tk), +but they should not be used for core functions. + +This may change in the future. Especially Python is not allowed in +core because we need better Python integration in the Git Windows +installer before we can be confident people in that environment +won't experience an unacceptably large loss of capability. + +C commands are normally written as single modules, named after the +command, that link a collection of functions called libgit. Thus, +your command 'git-foo' would normally be implemented as a single +"git-foo.c" (or "builtin/foo.c" if it is to be linked to the main +binary); this organization makes it easy for people reading the code +to find things. + +See the CodingGuidelines document for other guidance on what we consider +good practice in C and shell, and api-builtin.txt for the support +functions available to built-in commands written in C. + +What every extension command needs +---------------------------------- + +You must have a man page, written in asciidoc (this is what Git help +followed by your subcommand name will display). Be aware that there is +a local asciidoc configuration and macros which you should use. It's +often helpful to start by cloning an existing page and replacing the +text content. + +You must have a test, written to report in TAP (Test Anything Protocol). +Tests are executables (usually shell scripts) that live in the 't' +subdirectory of the tree. Each test name begins with 't' and a sequence +number that controls where in the test sequence it will be executed; +conventionally the rest of the name stem is that of the command +being tested. + +Read the file t/README to learn more about the conventions to be used +in writing tests, and the test support library. + +Integrating a command +--------------------- + +Here are the things you need to do when you want to merge a new +subcommand into the Git tree. + +1. Don't forget to sign off your patch! + +2. Append your command name to one of the variables BUILTIN_OBJS, +EXTRA_PROGRAMS, SCRIPT_SH, SCRIPT_PERL or SCRIPT_PYTHON. + +3. Drop its test in the t directory. + +4. If your command is implemented in an interpreted language with a +p-code intermediate form, make sure .gitignore in the main directory +includes a pattern entry that ignores such files. Python .pyc and +.pyo files will already be covered. + +5. If your command has any dependency on a particular version of +your language, document it in the INSTALL file. + +6. There is a file command-list.txt in the distribution main directory +that categorizes commands by type, so they can be listed in appropriate +subsections in the documentation's summary command list. Add an entry +for yours. To understand the categories, look at command-list.txt +in the main directory. If the new command is part of the typical Git +workflow and you believe it common enough to be mentioned in 'git help', +map this command to a common group in the column [common]. + +7. Give the maintainer one paragraph to include in the RelNotes file +to describe the new feature; a good place to do so is in the cover +letter [PATCH 0/n]. + +That's all there is to it. diff --git a/Documentation/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.txt b/Documentation/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.txt index 74a1c0c4ba..02cb5f758d 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.txt @@ -4,11 +4,16 @@ Cc: Petr Baudis <pasky@suse.cz>, Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> Subject: Re: sending changesets from the middle of a git tree Date: Sun, 14 Aug 2005 18:37:39 -0700 Abstract: In this article, JC talks about how he rebases the - public "pu" branch using the core GIT tools when he updates + public "pu" branch using the core Git tools when he updates the "master" branch, and how "rebase" works. Also discussed is how this applies to individual developers who sends patches upstream. +Content-type: text/asciidoc +How to rebase from an internal branch +===================================== + +-------------------------------------- Petr Baudis <pasky@suse.cz> writes: > Dear diary, on Sun, Aug 14, 2005 at 09:57:13AM CEST, I got a letter @@ -19,13 +24,14 @@ Petr Baudis <pasky@suse.cz> writes: >> > branch to the real branches. >> > Actually, wouldn't this be also precisely for what StGIT is intended to? +-------------------------------------- Exactly my feeling. I was sort of waiting for Catalin to speak up. With its basing philosophical ancestry on quilt, this is the kind of task StGIT is designed to do. I just have done a simpler one, this time using only the core -GIT tools. +Git tools. I had a handful of commits that were ahead of master in pu, and I wanted to add some documentation bypassing my usual habit of @@ -90,7 +96,7 @@ you ran fsck-cache, which is normal. After testing "pu", you can run "git prune" to get rid of those original three commits. While I am talking about "git rebase", I should talk about how -to do cherrypicking using only the core GIT tools. +to do cherrypicking using only the core Git tools. Let's go back to the earlier picture, with different labels. @@ -133,7 +139,7 @@ You fetch from upstream, but not merge. $ git fetch upstream This leaves the updated upstream head in .git/FETCH_HEAD but -does not touch your .git/HEAD nor .git/refs/heads/master. +does not touch your .git/HEAD or .git/refs/heads/master. You run "git rebase" now. $ git rebase FETCH_HEAD master @@ -156,8 +162,3 @@ you continue on starting from the new "master" head, which is the #1' commit. -jc - -- -To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe git" in -the body of a message to majordomo@vger.kernel.org -More majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.html diff --git a/Documentation/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.txt b/Documentation/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.txt index 48c67568d3..25378f68d3 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.txt @@ -3,19 +3,23 @@ Message-ID: <7vy86o6usx.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net> From: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Date: Fri, 26 Aug 2005 18:19:10 -0700 Abstract: In this how-to article, JC talks about how he - uses the post-update hook to automate git documentation page + uses the post-update hook to automate Git documentation page shown at http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/. +Content-type: text/asciidoc + +How to rebuild from update hook +=============================== The pages under http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/ are built from Documentation/ directory of the git.git project and needed to be kept up-to-date. The www.kernel.org/ servers are mirrored and I was told that the origin of the mirror is on the machine $some.kernel.org, on which I was given an account -when I took over git maintainership from Linus. +when I took over Git maintainership from Linus. The directories relevant to this how-to are these two: - /pub/scm/git/git.git/ The public git repository. + /pub/scm/git/git.git/ The public Git repository. /pub/software/scm/git/docs/ The HTML documentation page. So I made a repository to generate the documentation under my @@ -42,7 +46,7 @@ script: EOF Initially I used to run this by hand whenever I push into the -public git repository. Then I did a cron job that ran twice a +public Git repository. Then I did a cron job that ran twice a day. The current round uses the post-update hook mechanism, like this: diff --git a/Documentation/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.txt b/Documentation/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.txt index 323b513ed0..1b3b188d3c 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.txt @@ -3,18 +3,24 @@ From: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Subject: corrupt object on git-gc Abstract: Some tricks to reconstruct blob objects in order to fix a corrupted repository. +Content-type: text/asciidoc +How to recover a corrupted blob object +====================================== + +----------------------------------------------------------- On Fri, 9 Nov 2007, Yossi Leybovich wrote: > > Did not help still the repository look for this object? > Any one know how can I track this object and understand which file is it +----------------------------------------------------------- -So exactly *because* the SHA1 hash is cryptographically secure, the hash +So exactly *because* the SHA-1 hash is cryptographically secure, the hash itself doesn't actually tell you anything, in order to fix a corrupt object you basically have to find the "original source" for it. The easiest way to do that is almost always to have backups, and find the -same object somewhere else. Backups really are a good idea, and git makes +same object somewhere else. Backups really are a good idea, and Git makes it pretty easy (if nothing else, just clone the repository somewhere else, and make sure that you do *not* use a hard-linked clone, and preferably not the same disk/machine). @@ -31,19 +37,23 @@ original object, so right now the corrupt object is useless, but it's very interesting for the future, in the hope that you can re-create a non-corrupt version. +----------------------------------------------------------- So: > ib]$ mv .git/objects/4b/9458b3786228369c63936db65827de3cc06200 ../ +----------------------------------------------------------- This is the right thing to do, although it's usually best to save it under -it's full SHA1 name (you just dropped the "4b" from the result ;). +it's full SHA-1 name (you just dropped the "4b" from the result ;). Let's see what that tells us: +----------------------------------------------------------- > ib]$ git-fsck --full > broken link from tree 2d9263c6d23595e7cb2a21e5ebbb53655278dff8 > to blob 4b9458b3786228369c63936db65827de3cc06200 > missing blob 4b9458b3786228369c63936db65827de3cc06200 +----------------------------------------------------------- Ok, I removed the "dangling commit" messages, because they are just messages about the fact that you probably have rebased etc, so they're not @@ -79,7 +89,7 @@ working tree, in which case fixing this problem is really simple, just do git hash-object -w my-magic-file -again, and if it outputs the missing SHA1 (4b945..) you're now all done! +again, and if it outputs the missing SHA-1 (4b945..) you're now all done! But that's the really lucky case, so let's assume that it was some older version that was broken. How do you tell which version it was? @@ -124,7 +134,7 @@ and your repository is good again! git log --raw --all and just looked for the sha of the missing object (4b9458b..) in that -whole thing. It's up to you - git does *have* a lot of information, it is +whole thing. It's up to you - Git does *have* a lot of information, it is just missing one particular blob version. Trying to recreate trees and especially commits is *much* harder. So you diff --git a/Documentation/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.txt b/Documentation/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9c4cd0915f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.txt @@ -0,0 +1,479 @@ +Date: Wed, 16 Oct 2013 04:34:01 -0400 +From: Jeff King <peff@peff.net> +Subject: pack corruption post-mortem +Abstract: Recovering a corrupted object when no good copy is available. +Content-type: text/asciidoc + +How to recover an object from scratch +===================================== + +I was recently presented with a repository with a corrupted packfile, +and was asked if the data was recoverable. This post-mortem describes +the steps I took to investigate and fix the problem. I thought others +might find the process interesting, and it might help somebody in the +same situation. + +******************************** +Note: In this case, no good copy of the repository was available. For +the much easier case where you can get the corrupted object from +elsewhere, see link:recover-corrupted-blob-object.html[this howto]. +******************************** + +I started with an fsck, which found a problem with exactly one object +(I've used $pack and $obj below to keep the output readable, and also +because I'll refer to them later): + +----------- + $ git fsck + error: $pack SHA1 checksum mismatch + error: index CRC mismatch for object $obj from $pack at offset 51653873 + error: inflate: data stream error (incorrect data check) + error: cannot unpack $obj from $pack at offset 51653873 +----------- + +The pack checksum failing means a byte is munged somewhere, and it is +presumably in the object mentioned (since both the index checksum and +zlib were failing). + +Reading the zlib source code, I found that "incorrect data check" means +that the adler-32 checksum at the end of the zlib data did not match the +inflated data. So stepping the data through zlib would not help, as it +did not fail until the very end, when we realize the CRC does not match. +The problematic bytes could be anywhere in the object data. + +The first thing I did was pull the broken data out of the packfile. I +needed to know how big the object was, which I found out with: + +------------ + $ git show-index <$idx | cut -d' ' -f1 | sort -n | grep -A1 51653873 + 51653873 + 51664736 +------------ + +Show-index gives us the list of objects and their offsets. We throw away +everything but the offsets, and then sort them so that our interesting +offset (which we got from the fsck output above) is followed immediately +by the offset of the next object. Now we know that the object data is +10863 bytes long, and we can grab it with: + +------------ + dd if=$pack of=object bs=1 skip=51653873 count=10863 +------------ + +I inspected a hexdump of the data, looking for any obvious bogosity +(e.g., a 4K run of zeroes would be a good sign of filesystem +corruption). But everything looked pretty reasonable. + +Note that the "object" file isn't fit for feeding straight to zlib; it +has the git packed object header, which is variable-length. We want to +strip that off so we can start playing with the zlib data directly. You +can either work your way through it manually (the format is described in +link:../technical/pack-format.html[Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt]), +or you can walk through it in a debugger. I did the latter, creating a +valid pack like: + +------------ + # pack magic and version + printf 'PACK\0\0\0\2' >tmp.pack + # pack has one object + printf '\0\0\0\1' >>tmp.pack + # now add our object data + cat object >>tmp.pack + # and then append the pack trailer + /path/to/git.git/test-sha1 -b <tmp.pack >trailer + cat trailer >>tmp.pack +------------ + +and then running "git index-pack tmp.pack" in the debugger (stop at +unpack_raw_entry). Doing this, I found that there were 3 bytes of header +(and the header itself had a sane type and size). So I stripped those +off with: + +------------ + dd if=object of=zlib bs=1 skip=3 +------------ + +I ran the result through zlib's inflate using a custom C program. And +while it did report the error, I did get the right number of output +bytes (i.e., it matched git's size header that we decoded above). But +feeding the result back to "git hash-object" didn't produce the same +sha1. So there were some wrong bytes, but I didn't know which. The file +happened to be C source code, so I hoped I could notice something +obviously wrong with it, but I didn't. I even got it to compile! + +I also tried comparing it to other versions of the same path in the +repository, hoping that there would be some part of the diff that didn't +make sense. Unfortunately, this happened to be the only revision of this +particular file in the repository, so I had nothing to compare against. + +So I took a different approach. Working under the guess that the +corruption was limited to a single byte, I wrote a program to munge each +byte individually, and try inflating the result. Since the object was +only 10K compressed, that worked out to about 2.5M attempts, which took +a few minutes. + +The program I used is here: + +---------------------------------------------- +#include <stdio.h> +#include <unistd.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <signal.h> +#include <zlib.h> + +static int try_zlib(unsigned char *buf, int len) +{ + /* make this absurdly large so we don't have to loop */ + static unsigned char out[1024*1024]; + z_stream z; + int ret; + + memset(&z, 0, sizeof(z)); + inflateInit(&z); + + z.next_in = buf; + z.avail_in = len; + z.next_out = out; + z.avail_out = sizeof(out); + + ret = inflate(&z, 0); + inflateEnd(&z); + return ret >= 0; +} + +/* eye candy */ +static int counter = 0; +static void progress(int sig) +{ + fprintf(stderr, "\r%d", counter); + alarm(1); +} + +int main(void) +{ + /* oversized so we can read the whole buffer in */ + unsigned char buf[1024*1024]; + int len; + unsigned i, j; + + signal(SIGALRM, progress); + alarm(1); + + len = read(0, buf, sizeof(buf)); + for (i = 0; i < len; i++) { + unsigned char c = buf[i]; + for (j = 0; j <= 0xff; j++) { + buf[i] = j; + + counter++; + if (try_zlib(buf, len)) + printf("i=%d, j=%x\n", i, j); + } + buf[i] = c; + } + + alarm(0); + fprintf(stderr, "\n"); + return 0; +} +---------------------------------------------- + +I compiled and ran with: + +------- + gcc -Wall -Werror -O3 munge.c -o munge -lz + ./munge <zlib +------- + + +There were a few false positives early on (if you write "no data" in the +zlib header, zlib thinks it's just fine :) ). But I got a hit about +halfway through: + +------- + i=5642, j=c7 +------- + +I let it run to completion, and got a few more hits at the end (where it +was munging the CRC to match our broken data). So there was a good +chance this middle hit was the source of the problem. + +I confirmed by tweaking the byte in a hex editor, zlib inflating the +result (no errors!), and then piping the output into "git hash-object", +which reported the sha1 of the broken object. Success! + +I fixed the packfile itself with: + +------- + chmod +w $pack + printf '\xc7' | dd of=$pack bs=1 seek=51659518 conv=notrunc + chmod -w $pack +------- + +The `\xc7` comes from the replacement byte our "munge" program found. +The offset 51659518 is derived by taking the original object offset +(51653873), adding the replacement offset found by "munge" (5642), and +then adding back in the 3 bytes of git header we stripped. + +After that, "git fsck" ran clean. + +As for the corruption itself, I was lucky that it was indeed a single +byte. In fact, it turned out to be a single bit. The byte 0xc7 was +corrupted to 0xc5. So presumably it was caused by faulty hardware, or a +cosmic ray. + +And the aborted attempt to look at the inflated output to see what was +wrong? I could have looked forever and never found it. Here's the diff +between what the corrupted data inflates to, versus the real data: + +-------------- + - cp = strtok (arg, "+"); + + cp = strtok (arg, "."); +-------------- + +It tweaked one byte and still ended up as valid, readable C that just +happened to do something totally different! One takeaway is that on a +less unlucky day, looking at the zlib output might have actually been +helpful, as most random changes would actually break the C code. + +But more importantly, git's hashing and checksumming noticed a problem +that easily could have gone undetected in another system. The result +still compiled, but would have caused an interesting bug (that would +have been blamed on some random commit). + + +The adventure continues... +-------------------------- + +I ended up doing this again! Same entity, new hardware. The assumption +at this point is that the old disk corrupted the packfile, and then the +corruption was migrated to the new hardware (because it was done by +rsync or similar, and no fsck was done at the time of migration). + +This time, the affected blob was over 20 megabytes, which was far too +large to do a brute-force on. I followed the instructions above to +create the `zlib` file. I then used the `inflate` program below to pull +the corrupted data from that. Examining that output gave me a hint about +where in the file the corruption was. But now I was working with the +file itself, not the zlib contents. So knowing the sha1 of the object +and the approximate area of the corruption, I used the `sha1-munge` +program below to brute-force the correct byte. + +Here's the inflate program (it's essentially `gunzip` but without the +`.gz` header processing): + +-------------------------- +#include <stdio.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <zlib.h> +#include <stdlib.h> + +int main(int argc, char **argv) +{ + /* + * oversized so we can read the whole buffer in; + * this could actually be switched to streaming + * to avoid any memory limitations + */ + static unsigned char buf[25 * 1024 * 1024]; + static unsigned char out[25 * 1024 * 1024]; + int len; + z_stream z; + int ret; + + len = read(0, buf, sizeof(buf)); + memset(&z, 0, sizeof(z)); + inflateInit(&z); + + z.next_in = buf; + z.avail_in = len; + z.next_out = out; + z.avail_out = sizeof(out); + + ret = inflate(&z, 0); + if (ret != Z_OK && ret != Z_STREAM_END) + fprintf(stderr, "initial inflate failed (%d)\n", ret); + + fprintf(stderr, "outputting %lu bytes", z.total_out); + fwrite(out, 1, z.total_out, stdout); + return 0; +} +-------------------------- + +And here is the `sha1-munge` program: + +-------------------------- +#include <stdio.h> +#include <unistd.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <signal.h> +#include <openssl/sha.h> +#include <stdlib.h> + +/* eye candy */ +static int counter = 0; +static void progress(int sig) +{ + fprintf(stderr, "\r%d", counter); + alarm(1); +} + +static const signed char hexval_table[256] = { + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* 00-07 */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* 08-0f */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* 10-17 */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* 18-1f */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* 20-27 */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* 28-2f */ + 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, /* 30-37 */ + 8, 9, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* 38-3f */ + -1, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, -1, /* 40-47 */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* 48-4f */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* 50-57 */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* 58-5f */ + -1, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, -1, /* 60-67 */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* 68-67 */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* 70-77 */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* 78-7f */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* 80-87 */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* 88-8f */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* 90-97 */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* 98-9f */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* a0-a7 */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* a8-af */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* b0-b7 */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* b8-bf */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* c0-c7 */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* c8-cf */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* d0-d7 */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* d8-df */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* e0-e7 */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* e8-ef */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* f0-f7 */ + -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, /* f8-ff */ +}; + +static inline unsigned int hexval(unsigned char c) +{ +return hexval_table[c]; +} + +static int get_sha1_hex(const char *hex, unsigned char *sha1) +{ + int i; + for (i = 0; i < 20; i++) { + unsigned int val; + /* + * hex[1]=='\0' is caught when val is checked below, + * but if hex[0] is NUL we have to avoid reading + * past the end of the string: + */ + if (!hex[0]) + return -1; + val = (hexval(hex[0]) << 4) | hexval(hex[1]); + if (val & ~0xff) + return -1; + *sha1++ = val; + hex += 2; + } + return 0; +} + +int main(int argc, char **argv) +{ + /* oversized so we can read the whole buffer in */ + static unsigned char buf[25 * 1024 * 1024]; + char header[32]; + int header_len; + unsigned char have[20], want[20]; + int start, len; + SHA_CTX orig; + unsigned i, j; + + if (!argv[1] || get_sha1_hex(argv[1], want)) { + fprintf(stderr, "usage: sha1-munge <sha1> [start] <file.in\n"); + return 1; + } + + if (argv[2]) + start = atoi(argv[2]); + else + start = 0; + + len = read(0, buf, sizeof(buf)); + header_len = sprintf(header, "blob %d", len) + 1; + fprintf(stderr, "using header: %s\n", header); + + /* + * We keep a running sha1 so that if you are munging + * near the end of the file, we do not have to re-sha1 + * the unchanged earlier bytes + */ + SHA1_Init(&orig); + SHA1_Update(&orig, header, header_len); + if (start) + SHA1_Update(&orig, buf, start); + + signal(SIGALRM, progress); + alarm(1); + + for (i = start; i < len; i++) { + unsigned char c; + SHA_CTX x; + +#if 0 + /* + * deletion -- this would not actually work in practice, + * I think, because we've already committed to a + * particular size in the header. Ditto for addition + * below. In those cases, you'd have to do the whole + * sha1 from scratch, or possibly keep three running + * "orig" sha1 computations going. + */ + memcpy(&x, &orig, sizeof(x)); + SHA1_Update(&x, buf + i + 1, len - i - 1); + SHA1_Final(have, &x); + if (!memcmp(have, want, 20)) + printf("i=%d, deletion\n", i); +#endif + + /* + * replacement -- note that this tries each of the 256 + * possible bytes. If you suspect a single-bit flip, + * it would be much shorter to just try the 8 + * bit-flipped variants. + */ + c = buf[i]; + for (j = 0; j <= 0xff; j++) { + buf[i] = j; + + memcpy(&x, &orig, sizeof(x)); + SHA1_Update(&x, buf + i, len - i); + SHA1_Final(have, &x); + if (!memcmp(have, want, 20)) + printf("i=%d, j=%02x\n", i, j); + } + buf[i] = c; + +#if 0 + /* addition */ + for (j = 0; j <= 0xff; j++) { + unsigned char extra = j; + memcpy(&x, &orig, sizeof(x)); + SHA1_Update(&x, &extra, 1); + SHA1_Update(&x, buf + i, len - i); + SHA1_Final(have, &x); + if (!memcmp(have, want, 20)) + printf("i=%d, addition=%02x", i, j); + } +#endif + + SHA1_Update(&orig, buf + i, 1); + counter++; + } + + alarm(0); + fprintf(stderr, "\r%d\n", counter); + return 0; +} +-------------------------- diff --git a/Documentation/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt b/Documentation/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt index 39b1da440a..19f59cc888 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt @@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ Abstract: Sometimes a branch that was already merged to the mainline after the offending branch is fixed. Message-ID: <7vocz8a6zk.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org> References: <alpine.LFD.2.00.0812181949450.14014@localhost.localdomain> +Content-type: text/asciidoc + +How to revert a faulty merge +============================ Alan <alan@clueserver.org> said: @@ -26,31 +30,31 @@ The history immediately after the "revert of the merge" would look like this: ---o---o---o---M---x---x---W - / + / ---A---B where A and B are on the side development that was not so good, M is the merge that brings these premature changes into the mainline, x are changes unrelated to what the side branch did and already made on the mainline, and W is the "revert of the merge M" (doesn't W look M upside down?). -IOW, "diff W^..W" is similar to "diff -R M^..M". +IOW, `"diff W^..W"` is similar to `"diff -R M^..M"`. Such a "revert" of a merge can be made with: $ git revert -m 1 M -After the develpers of the side branch fixes their mistakes, the history +After the developers of the side branch fix their mistakes, the history may look like this: ---o---o---o---M---x---x---W---x - / + / ---A---B-------------------C---D where C and D are to fix what was broken in A and B, and you may already have some other changes on the mainline after W. If you merge the updated side branch (with D at its tip), none of the -changes made in A nor B will be in the result, because they were reverted +changes made in A or B will be in the result, because they were reverted by W. That is what Alan saw. Linus explains the situation: @@ -77,7 +81,7 @@ In such a situation, you would want to first revert the previous revert, which would make the history look like this: ---o---o---o---M---x---x---W---x---Y - / + / ---A---B-------------------C---D where Y is the revert of W. Such a "revert of the revert" can be done @@ -86,17 +90,17 @@ with: $ git revert W This history would (ignoring possible conflicts between what W and W..Y -changed) be equivalent to not having W nor Y at all in the history: +changed) be equivalent to not having W or Y at all in the history: ---o---o---o---M---x---x-------x---- - / + / ---A---B-------------------C---D and merging the side branch again will not have conflict arising from an earlier revert and revert of the revert. ---o---o---o---M---x---x-------x-------* - / / + / / ---A---B-------------------C---D Of course the changes made in C and D still can conflict with what was @@ -107,25 +111,25 @@ faulty A and B, and redone the changes on top of the updated mainline after the revert, the history would have looked like this: ---o---o---o---M---x---x---W---x---x - / \ + / \ ---A---B A'--B'--C' If you reverted the revert in such a case as in the previous example: ---o---o---o---M---x---x---W---x---x---Y---* - / \ / + / \ / ---A---B A'--B'--C' -where Y is the revert of W, A' and B'are rerolled A and B, and there may -also be a further fix-up C' on the side branch. "diff Y^..Y" is similar -to "diff -R W^..W" (which in turn means it is similar to "diff M^..M"), -and "diff A'^..C'" by definition would be similar but different from that, +where Y is the revert of W, A' and B' are rerolled A and B, and there may +also be a further fix-up C' on the side branch. `"diff Y^..Y"` is similar +to `"diff -R W^..W"` (which in turn means it is similar to `"diff M^..M"`), +and `"diff A'^..C'"` by definition would be similar but different from that, because it is a rerolled series of the earlier change. There will be a lot of overlapping changes that result in conflicts. So do not do "revert of revert" blindly without thinking.. ---o---o---o---M---x---x---W---x---x - / \ + / \ ---A---B A'--B'--C' In the history with rebased side branch, W (and M) are behind the merge @@ -142,6 +146,8 @@ different resolution strategies: revert of a merge was rebuilt from scratch (i.e. rebasing and fixing, as you seem to have interpreted), then re-merging the result without doing anything else fancy would be the right thing to do. + (See the ADDENDUM below for how to rebuild a branch from scratch + without changing its original branching-off point.) However, there are things to keep in mind when reverting a merge (and reverting such a revert). @@ -158,7 +164,7 @@ merged. So it's debugging hell, because now you don't have lots of small changes that you can try to pinpoint which _part_ of it changes. But does it all work? Sure it does. You can revert a merge, and from a -purely technical angle, git did it very naturally and had no real +purely technical angle, Git did it very naturally and had no real troubles. It just considered it a change from "state before merge" to "state after merge", and that was it. Nothing complicated, nothing odd, nothing really dangerous. Git will do it without even thinking about it. @@ -177,3 +183,91 @@ the answer is: "oops, I really shouldn't have merged it, because it wasn't ready yet, and I really need to undo _all_ of the merge"). So then you really should revert the merge, but when you want to re-do the merge, you now need to do it by reverting the revert. + +ADDENDUM + +Sometimes you have to rewrite one of a topic branch's commits *and* you can't +change the topic's branching-off point. Consider the following situation: + + P---o---o---M---x---x---W---x + \ / + A---B---C + +where commit W reverted commit M because it turned out that commit B was wrong +and needs to be rewritten, but you need the rewritten topic to still branch +from commit P (perhaps P is a branching-off point for yet another branch, and +you want be able to merge the topic into both branches). + +The natural thing to do in this case is to checkout the A-B-C branch and use +"rebase -i P" to change commit B. However this does not rewrite commit A, +because "rebase -i" by default fast-forwards over any initial commits selected +with the "pick" command. So you end up with this: + + P---o---o---M---x---x---W---x + \ / + A---B---C <-- old branch + \ + B'---C' <-- naively rewritten branch + +To merge A-B'-C' into the mainline branch you would still have to first revert +commit W in order to pick up the changes in A, but then it's likely that the +changes in B' will conflict with the original B changes re-introduced by the +reversion of W. + +However, you can avoid these problems if you recreate the entire branch, +including commit A: + + A'---B'---C' <-- completely rewritten branch + / + P---o---o---M---x---x---W---x + \ / + A---B---C + +You can merge A'-B'-C' into the mainline branch without worrying about first +reverting W. Mainline's history would look like this: + + A'---B'---C'------------------ + / \ + P---o---o---M---x---x---W---x---M2 + \ / + A---B---C + +But if you don't actually need to change commit A, then you need some way to +recreate it as a new commit with the same changes in it. The rebase command's +--no-ff option provides a way to do this: + + $ git rebase [-i] --no-ff P + +The --no-ff option creates a new branch A'-B'-C' with all-new commits (all the +SHA IDs will be different) even if in the interactive case you only actually +modify commit B. You can then merge this new branch directly into the mainline +branch and be sure you'll get all of the branch's changes. + +You can also use --no-ff in cases where you just add extra commits to the topic +to fix it up. Let's revisit the situation discussed at the start of this howto: + + P---o---o---M---x---x---W---x + \ / + A---B---C----------------D---E <-- fixed-up topic branch + +At this point, you can use --no-ff to recreate the topic branch: + + $ git checkout E + $ git rebase --no-ff P + +yielding + + A'---B'---C'------------D'---E' <-- recreated topic branch + / + P---o---o---M---x---x---W---x + \ / + A---B---C----------------D---E + +You can merge the recreated branch into the mainline without reverting commit W, +and mainline's history will look like this: + + A'---B'---C'------------D'---E' + / \ + P---o---o---M---x---x---W---x---M2 + \ / + A---B---C diff --git a/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt b/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt index e70d8a31e7..149508e13b 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt @@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2005 21:39:02 -0700 Content-type: text/asciidoc Message-ID: <7voe7g3uop.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net> -Reverting an existing commit -============================ +How to revert an existing commit +================================ One of the changes I pulled into the 'master' branch turns out to -break building GIT with GCC 2.95. While they were well intentioned +break building Git with GCC 2.95. While they were well-intentioned portability fixes, keeping things working with gcc-2.95 was also important. Here is what I did to revert the change in the 'master' -branch and to adjust the 'pu' branch, using core GIT tools and +branch and to adjust the 'pu' branch, using core Git tools and barebone Porcelain. First, prepare a throw-away branch in case I screw things up. @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ Fortunately I did not have to; what I have in the current branch ------------------------------------------------ $ git checkout master -$ git merge revert-c99 ;# this should be a fast forward +$ git merge revert-c99 ;# this should be a fast-forward Updating from 10d781b9caa4f71495c7b34963bef137216f86a8 to e3a693c... cache.h | 8 ++++---- commit.c | 2 +- @@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ Updating from 10d781b9caa4f71495c7b34963bef137216f86a8 to e3a693c... 5 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) ------------------------------------------------ -There is no need to redo the test at this point. We fast forwarded +There is no need to redo the test at this point. We fast-forwarded and we know 'master' matches 'revert-c99' exactly. In fact: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -112,25 +112,19 @@ $ git tag pu-anchor pu $ git rebase master * Applying: Redo "revert" using three-way merge machinery. First trying simple merge strategy to cherry-pick. -Finished one cherry-pick. * Applying: Remove git-apply-patch-script. First trying simple merge strategy to cherry-pick. Simple cherry-pick fails; trying Automatic cherry-pick. Removing Documentation/git-apply-patch-script.txt Removing git-apply-patch-script -Finished one cherry-pick. * Applying: Document "git cherry-pick" and "git revert" First trying simple merge strategy to cherry-pick. -Finished one cherry-pick. * Applying: mailinfo and applymbox updates First trying simple merge strategy to cherry-pick. -Finished one cherry-pick. * Applying: Show commits in topo order and name all commits. First trying simple merge strategy to cherry-pick. -Finished one cherry-pick. * Applying: More documentation updates. First trying simple merge strategy to cherry-pick. -Finished one cherry-pick. ------------------------------------------------ The temporary tag 'pu-anchor' is me just being careful, in case 'git @@ -143,7 +137,7 @@ $ make clean test ;# make sure it did not cause other breakage. ------------------------------------------------ Everything is in the good order. I do not need the temporary branch -nor tag anymore, so remove them: +or tag anymore, so remove them: ------------------------------------------------ $ rm -f .git/refs/tags/pu-anchor @@ -160,7 +154,7 @@ $ git pull . master Packing 0 objects Unpacking 0 objects -* committish: e3a693c... refs/heads/master from . +* commit-ish: e3a693c... refs/heads/master from . Trying to merge e3a693c... into 8c1f5f0... using 10d781b... Committed merge 7fb9b7262a1d1e0a47bbfdcbbcf50ce0635d3f8f cache.h | 8 ++++---- diff --git a/Documentation/howto/separating-topic-branches.txt b/Documentation/howto/separating-topic-branches.txt index 6d3eb8ed00..bd1027433b 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/separating-topic-branches.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/separating-topic-branches.txt @@ -1,6 +1,10 @@ From: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Subject: Separating topic branches Abstract: In this article, JC describes how to separate topic branches. +Content-type: text/asciidoc + +How to separate topic branches +============================== This text was originally a footnote to a discussion about the behaviour of the git diff commands. diff --git a/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt b/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt index 4032748608..f44e5e9458 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt @@ -1,6 +1,14 @@ From: Rutger Nijlunsing <rutger@nospam.com> -Subject: Setting up a git repository which can be pushed into and pulled from over HTTP(S). +Subject: Setting up a Git repository which can be pushed into and pulled from over HTTP(S). Date: Thu, 10 Aug 2006 22:00:26 +0200 +Content-type: text/asciidoc + +How to setup Git server over http +================================= + +NOTE: This document is from 2006. A lot has happened since then, and this +document is now relevant mainly if your web host is not CGI capable. +Almost everyone else should instead look at linkgit:git-http-backend[1]. Since Apache is one of those packages people like to compile themselves while others prefer the bureaucrat's dream Debian, it is @@ -40,20 +48,20 @@ What's needed: - have permissions to chown a directory -- have git installed on the client, and +- have Git installed on the client, and -- either have git installed on the server or have a webdav client on +- either have Git installed on the server or have a webdav client on the client. In effect, this means you're going to be root, or that you're using a preconfigured WebDAV server. -Step 1: setup a bare GIT repository +Step 1: setup a bare Git repository ----------------------------------- -At the time of writing, git-http-push cannot remotely create a GIT -repository. So we have to do that at the server side with git. Another +At the time of writing, git-http-push cannot remotely create a Git +repository. So we have to do that at the server side with Git. Another option is to generate an empty bare repository at the client and copy it to the server with a WebDAV client (which is the only option if Git is not installed on the server). @@ -77,8 +85,8 @@ Initialize a bare repository $ git --bare init -Change the ownership to your web-server's credentials. Use "grep ^User -httpd.conf" and "grep ^Group httpd.conf" to find out: +Change the ownership to your web-server's credentials. Use `"grep ^User +httpd.conf"` and `"grep ^Group httpd.conf"` to find out: $ chown -R www.www . @@ -143,7 +151,7 @@ Then, add something like this to your httpd.conf Require valid-user </Location> - Debian automatically reads all files under /etc/apach2/conf.d. + Debian automatically reads all files under /etc/apache2/conf.d. The password file can be somewhere else, but it has to be readable by Apache and preferably not readable by the world. @@ -173,7 +181,7 @@ On Debian: Most tests should pass. -A command line tool to test WebDAV is cadaver. If you prefer GUIs, for +A command-line tool to test WebDAV is cadaver. If you prefer GUIs, for example, konqueror can open WebDAV URLs as "webdav://..." or "webdavs://...". @@ -185,7 +193,7 @@ http://<servername>/my-new-repo.git [x] Open as webfolder -> login . Step 3: setup the client ------------------------ -Make sure that you have HTTP support, i.e. your git was built with +Make sure that you have HTTP support, i.e. your Git was built with libcurl (version more recent than 7.10). The command 'git http-push' with no argument should display a usage message. @@ -264,7 +272,7 @@ Reading /usr/local/apache2/logs/error_log is often helpful. On Debian: Read /var/log/apache2/error.log instead. -If you access HTTPS locations, git may fail verifying the SSL +If you access HTTPS locations, Git may fail verifying the SSL certificate (this is return code 60). Setting http.sslVerify=false can help diagnosing the problem, but removes security checks. diff --git a/Documentation/howto/update-hook-example.txt b/Documentation/howto/update-hook-example.txt index 697d918885..a5193b1e5c 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/update-hook-example.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/update-hook-example.txt @@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ Message-ID: <7vfypumlu3.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net> Abstract: An example hooks/update script is presented to implement repository maintenance policies, such as who can push into which branch and who can make a tag. +Content-type: text/asciidoc + +How to use the update hook +========================== When your developer runs git-push into the repository, git-receive-pack is run (either locally or over ssh) as that @@ -32,8 +36,7 @@ like this as your hooks/update script. [jc: editorial note. This is a much improved version by Carl since I posted the original outline] --- >8 -- beginning of script -- >8 -- - +---------------------------------------------------- #!/bin/bash umask 002 @@ -76,7 +79,7 @@ case "$1" in if expr "$2" : '0*$' >/dev/null; then info "The branch '$1' is new..." else - # updating -- make sure it is a fast forward + # updating -- make sure it is a fast-forward mb=$(git-merge-base "$2" "$3") case "$mb,$2" in "$2,$mb") info "Update is fast-forward" ;; @@ -111,12 +114,12 @@ then info "Found matching head pattern: '$head_pattern'" for user_pattern in $user_patterns; do - info "Checking user: '$username' against pattern: '$user_pattern'" - matchlen=$(expr "$username" : "$user_pattern") - if test "$matchlen" = "${#username}" - then - grant "Allowing user: '$username' with pattern: '$user_pattern'" - fi + info "Checking user: '$username' against pattern: '$user_pattern'" + matchlen=$(expr "$username" : "$user_pattern") + if test "$matchlen" = "${#username}" + then + grant "Allowing user: '$username' with pattern: '$user_pattern'" + fi done deny "The user is not in the access list for this branch" done @@ -149,13 +152,13 @@ then info "Found matching head pattern: '$head_pattern'" for group_pattern in $group_patterns; do - for groupname in $groups; do - info "Checking group: '$groupname' against pattern: '$group_pattern'" - matchlen=$(expr "$groupname" : "$group_pattern") - if test "$matchlen" = "${#groupname}" - then - grant "Allowing group: '$groupname' with pattern: '$group_pattern'" - fi + for groupname in $groups; do + info "Checking group: '$groupname' against pattern: '$group_pattern'" + matchlen=$(expr "$groupname" : "$group_pattern") + if test "$matchlen" = "${#groupname}" + then + grant "Allowing group: '$groupname' with pattern: '$group_pattern'" + fi done done deny "None of the user's groups are in the access list for this branch" @@ -169,24 +172,21 @@ then fi deny >/dev/null "There are no more rules to check. Denying access" - --- >8 -- end of script -- >8 -- +---------------------------------------------------- This uses two files, $GIT_DIR/info/allowed-users and allowed-groups, to describe which heads can be pushed into by whom. The format of each file would look like this: - refs/heads/master junio - +refs/heads/pu junio - refs/heads/cogito$ pasky - refs/heads/bw/.* linus - refs/heads/tmp/.* .* - refs/tags/v[0-9].* junio + refs/heads/master junio + +refs/heads/pu junio + refs/heads/cogito$ pasky + refs/heads/bw/.* linus + refs/heads/tmp/.* .* + refs/tags/v[0-9].* junio With this, Linus can push or create "bw/penguin" or "bw/zebra" or "bw/panda" branches, Pasky can do only "cogito", and JC can do master and pu branches and make versioned tags. And anybody can do tmp/blah branches. The '+' sign at the pu record means that JC can make non-fast-forward pushes on it. - ------------- diff --git a/Documentation/howto/use-git-daemon.txt b/Documentation/howto/use-git-daemon.txt index 4e2f75cb61..7af2e52cf3 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/use-git-daemon.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/use-git-daemon.txt @@ -1,7 +1,10 @@ +Content-type: text/asciidoc + How to use git-daemon +===================== Git can be run in inetd mode and in stand alone mode. But all you want is -let a coworker pull from you, and therefore need to set up a git server +let a coworker pull from you, and therefore need to set up a Git server real quick, right? Note that git-daemon is not really chatty at the moment, especially when diff --git a/Documentation/howto/using-merge-subtree.txt b/Documentation/howto/using-merge-subtree.txt index 0953a50b69..1ae8d1214e 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/using-merge-subtree.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/using-merge-subtree.txt @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ What you want is the 'subtree' merge strategy, which helps you in such a situation. In this example, let's say you have the repository at `/path/to/B` (but -it can be an URL as well, if you want). You want to merge the 'master' +it can be a URL as well, if you want). You want to merge the 'master' branch of that repository to the `dir-B` subdirectory in your current branch. @@ -71,5 +71,5 @@ Additional tips relevant parts of your tree. - Please note that if the other project merges from you, then it will - connects its history to yours, which can be something they don't want + connect its history to yours, which can be something they don't want to. diff --git a/Documentation/howto/using-signed-tag-in-pull-request.txt b/Documentation/howto/using-signed-tag-in-pull-request.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bbf040eda8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/howto/using-signed-tag-in-pull-request.txt @@ -0,0 +1,217 @@ +From: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> +Date: Tue, 17 Jan 2011 13:00:00 -0800 +Subject: Using signed tag in pull requests +Abstract: Beginning v1.7.9, a contributor can push a signed tag to her + publishing repository and ask her integrator to pull it. This assures the + integrator that the pulled history is authentic and allows others to + later validate it. +Content-type: text/asciidoc + +How to use a signed tag in pull requests +======================================== + +A typical distributed workflow using Git is for a contributor to fork a +project, build on it, publish the result to her public repository, and ask +the "upstream" person (often the owner of the project where she forked +from) to pull from her public repository. Requesting such a "pull" is made +easy by the `git request-pull` command. + +Earlier, a typical pull request may have started like this: + +------------ + The following changes since commit 406da78032179...: + + Froboz 3.2 (2011-09-30 14:20:57 -0700) + + are available in the Git repository at: + + example.com:/git/froboz.git for-xyzzy +------------ + +followed by a shortlog of the changes and a diffstat. + +The request was for a branch name (e.g. `for-xyzzy`) in the public +repository of the contributor, and even though it stated where the +contributor forked her work from, the message did not say anything about +the commit to expect at the tip of the for-xyzzy branch. If the site that +hosts the public repository of the contributor cannot be fully trusted, it +was unnecessarily hard to make sure what was pulled by the integrator was +genuinely what the contributor had produced for the project. Also there +was no easy way for third-party auditors to later verify the resulting +history. + +Starting from Git release v1.7.9, a contributor can add a signed tag to +the commit at the tip of the history and ask the integrator to pull that +signed tag. When the integrator runs `git pull`, the signed tag is +automatically verified to assure that the history is not tampered with. +In addition, the resulting merge commit records the content of the signed +tag, so that other people can verify that the branch merged by the +integrator was signed by the contributor, without fetching the signed tag +used to validate the pull request separately and keeping it in the refs +namespace. + +This document describes the workflow between the contributor and the +integrator, using Git v1.7.9 or later. + + +A contributor or a lieutenant +----------------------------- + +After preparing her work to be pulled, the contributor uses `git tag -s` +to create a signed tag: + +------------ + $ git checkout work + $ ... "git pull" from sublieutenants, "git commit" your own work ... + $ git tag -s -m "Completed frotz feature" frotz-for-xyzzy work +------------ + +Note that this example uses the `-m` option to create a signed tag with +just a one-liner message, but this is for illustration purposes only. It +is advisable to compose a well-written explanation of what the topic does +to justify why it is worthwhile for the integrator to pull it, as this +message will eventually become part of the final history after the +integrator responds to the pull request (as we will see later). + +Then she pushes the tag out to her public repository: + +------------ + $ git push example.com:/git/froboz.git/ +frotz-for-xyzzy +------------ + +There is no need to push the `work` branch or anything else. + +Note that the above command line used a plus sign at the beginning of +`+frotz-for-xyzzy` to allow forcing the update of a tag, as the same +contributor may want to reuse a signed tag with the same name after the +previous pull request has already been responded to. + +The contributor then prepares a message to request a "pull": + +------------ + $ git request-pull v3.2 example.com:/git/froboz.git/ frotz-for-xyzzy >msg.txt +------------ + +The arguments are: + +. the version of the integrator's commit the contributor based her work on; +. the URL of the repository, to which the contributor has pushed what she + wants to get pulled; and +. the name of the tag the contributor wants to get pulled (earlier, she could + write only a branch name here). + +The resulting msg.txt file begins like so: + +------------ + The following changes since commit 406da78032179...: + + Froboz 3.2 (2011-09-30 14:20:57 -0700) + + are available in the Git repository at: + + example.com:/git/froboz.git tags/frotz-for-xyzzy + + for you to fetch changes up to 703f05ad5835c...: + + Add tests and documentation for frotz (2011-12-02 10:02:52 -0800) + + ----------------------------------------------- + Completed frotz feature + ----------------------------------------------- +------------ + +followed by a shortlog of the changes and a diffstat. Comparing this with +the earlier illustration of the output from the traditional `git request-pull` +command, the reader should notice that: + +. The tip commit to expect is shown to the integrator; and +. The signed tag message is shown prominently between the dashed lines + before the shortlog. + +The latter is why the contributor would want to justify why pulling her +work is worthwhile when creating the signed tag. The contributor then +opens her favorite MUA, reads msg.txt, edits and sends it to her upstream +integrator. + + +Integrator +---------- + +After receiving such a pull request message, the integrator fetches and +integrates the tag named in the request, with: + +------------ + $ git pull example.com:/git/froboz.git/ tags/frotz-for-xyzzy +------------ + +This operation will always open an editor to allow the integrator to fine +tune the commit log message when merging a signed tag. Also, pulling a +signed tag will always create a merge commit even when the integrator does +not have any new commit since the contributor's work forked (i.e. 'fast +forward'), so that the integrator can properly explain what the merge is +about and why it was made. + +In the editor, the integrator will see something like this: + +------------ + Merge tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy' of example.com:/git/froboz.git/ + + Completed frotz feature + # gpg: Signature made Fri 02 Dec 2011 10:03:01 AM PST using RSA key ID 96AFE6CB + # gpg: Good signature from "Con Tributor <nitfol@example.com>" +------------ + +Notice that the message recorded in the signed tag "Completed frotz +feature" appears here, and again that is why it is important for the +contributor to explain her work well when creating the signed tag. + +As usual, the lines commented with `#` are stripped out. The resulting +commit records the signed tag used for this validation in a hidden field +so that it can later be used by others to audit the history. There is no +need for the integrator to keep a separate copy of the tag in his +repository (i.e. `git tag -l` won't list the `frotz-for-xyzzy` tag in the +above example), and there is no need to publish the tag to his public +repository, either. + +After the integrator responds to the pull request and her work becomes +part of the permanent history, the contributor can remove the tag from +her public repository, if she chooses, in order to keep the tag namespace +of her public repository clean, with: + +------------ + $ git push example.com:/git/froboz.git :frotz-for-xyzzy +------------ + + +Auditors +-------- + +The `--show-signature` option can be given to `git log` or `git show` and +shows the verification status of the embedded signed tag in merge commits +created when the integrator responded to a pull request of a signed tag. + +A typical output from `git show --show-signature` may look like this: + +------------ + $ git show --show-signature + commit 02306ef6a3498a39118aef9df7975bdb50091585 + merged tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy' + gpg: Signature made Fri 06 Jan 2012 12:41:49 PM PST using RSA key ID 96AFE6CB + gpg: Good signature from "Con Tributor <nitfol@example.com>" + Merge: 406da78 703f05a + Author: Inte Grator <xyzzy@example.com> + Date: Tue Jan 17 13:49:41 2012 -0800 + + Merge tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy' of example.com:/git/froboz.git/ + + Completed frotz feature + + * tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy' (100 commits) + Add tests and documentation for frotz + ... +------------ + +There is no need for the auditor to explicitly fetch the contributor's +signature, or to even be aware of what tag(s) the contributor and integrator +used to communicate the signature. All the required information is recorded +as part of the merge commit. diff --git a/Documentation/i18n.txt b/Documentation/i18n.txt index 708da6ca31..2dd79db5cb 100644 --- a/Documentation/i18n.txt +++ b/Documentation/i18n.txt @@ -1,27 +1,40 @@ -At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic. - - - The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects - are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes. - What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared - with the data git keeps track of, which in turn are expected - to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such - thing as pathname encoding translation. +Git is to some extent character encoding agnostic. - The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core level. - - The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL - bytes. + - Path names are encoded in UTF-8 normalization form C. This + applies to tree objects, the index file, ref names, as well as + path names in command line arguments, environment variables + and config files (`.git/config` (see linkgit:git-config[1]), + linkgit:gitignore[5], linkgit:gitattributes[5] and + linkgit:gitmodules[5]). ++ +Note that Git at the core level treats path names simply as +sequences of non-NUL bytes, there are no path name encoding +conversions (except on Mac and Windows). Therefore, using +non-ASCII path names will mostly work even on platforms and file +systems that use legacy extended ASCII encodings. However, +repositories created on such systems will not work properly on +UTF-8-based systems (e.g. Linux, Mac, Windows) and vice versa. +Additionally, many Git-based tools simply assume path names to +be UTF-8 and will fail to display other encodings correctly. + + - Commit log messages are typically encoded in UTF-8, but other + extended ASCII encodings are also supported. This includes + ISO-8859-x, CP125x and many others, but _not_ UTF-16/32, + EBCDIC and CJK multi-byte encodings (GBK, Shift-JIS, Big5, + EUC-x, CP9xx etc.). Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded -in UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to +in UTF-8, both the core and Git Porcelain are designed not to force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular -project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, git +project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, Git does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in mind. -. 'git-commit' and 'git-commit-tree' issues +. 'git commit' and 'git commit-tree' issues a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to @@ -37,7 +50,7 @@ of `i18n.commitencoding` in its `encoding` header. This is to help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8. -. 'git-log', 'git-show', 'git-blame' and friends look at the +. 'git log', 'git show', 'git blame' and friends look at the `encoding` header of a commit object, and try to re-code the log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can specify the desired output encoding with diff --git a/Documentation/install-doc-quick.sh b/Documentation/install-doc-quick.sh index 35f440876e..327f69bcf5 100755 --- a/Documentation/install-doc-quick.sh +++ b/Documentation/install-doc-quick.sh @@ -1,31 +1,39 @@ #!/bin/sh -# This requires a branch named in $head -# (usually 'man' or 'html', provided by the git.git repository) -set -e -head="$1" -mandir="$2" -SUBDIRECTORY_OK=t -USAGE='<refname> <target directory>' -. "$(git --exec-path)"/git-sh-setup -cd_to_toplevel +# This requires git-manpages and/or git-htmldocs repositories -test -z "$mandir" && usage -if ! git rev-parse --verify "$head^0" >/dev/null; then - echo >&2 "head: $head does not exist in the current repository" - usage +repository=${1?repository} +destdir=${2?destination} + +head=master GIT_DIR= +for d in "$repository/.git" "$repository" +do + if GIT_DIR="$d" git rev-parse refs/heads/master >/dev/null 2>&1 + then + GIT_DIR="$d" + export GIT_DIR + break + fi +done + +if test -z "$GIT_DIR" +then + echo >&2 "Neither $repository nor $repository/.git is a repository" + exit 1 fi -GIT_INDEX_FILE=`pwd`/.quick-doc.index -export GIT_INDEX_FILE +GIT_WORK_TREE=$(pwd) +GIT_INDEX_FILE=$(pwd)/.quick-doc.$$ +export GIT_INDEX_FILE GIT_WORK_TREE rm -f "$GIT_INDEX_FILE" trap 'rm -f "$GIT_INDEX_FILE"' 0 git read-tree $head -git checkout-index -a -f --prefix="$mandir"/ +git checkout-index -a -f --prefix="$destdir"/ -if test -n "$GZ"; then +if test -n "$GZ" +then git ls-tree -r --name-only $head | - xargs printf "$mandir/%s\n" | + xargs printf "$destdir/%s\n" | xargs gzip -f fi rm -f "$GIT_INDEX_FILE" diff --git a/Documentation/install-webdoc.sh b/Documentation/install-webdoc.sh index 2135a8ee1f..ed8b4ff3e5 100755 --- a/Documentation/install-webdoc.sh +++ b/Documentation/install-webdoc.sh @@ -6,31 +6,31 @@ for h in \ *.txt *.html \ howto/*.txt howto/*.html \ technical/*.txt technical/*.html \ - RelNotes-*.txt *.css + RelNotes/*.txt *.css do if test ! -f "$h" then : did not match elif test -f "$T/$h" && - diff -u -I'Last updated [0-9][0-9]-[A-Z][a-z][a-z]-' "$T/$h" "$h" + $DIFF -u -I'^Last updated ' "$T/$h" "$h" then :; # up to date else echo >&2 "# install $h $T/$h" rm -f "$T/$h" - mkdir -p `dirname "$T/$h"` + mkdir -p $(dirname "$T/$h") cp "$h" "$T/$h" fi done -strip_leading=`echo "$T/" | sed -e 's|.|.|g'` +strip_leading=$(echo "$T/" | sed -e 's|.|.|g') for th in \ "$T"/*.html "$T"/*.txt \ "$T"/howto/*.txt "$T"/howto/*.html \ "$T"/technical/*.txt "$T"/technical/*.html do - h=`expr "$th" : "$strip_leading"'\(.*\)'` + h=$(expr "$th" : "$strip_leading"'\(.*\)') case "$h" in - index.html) continue ;; + RelNotes-*.txt | index.html) continue ;; esac test -f "$h" && continue echo >&2 "# rm -f $th" diff --git a/Documentation/line-range-format.txt b/Documentation/line-range-format.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..829676ff98 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/line-range-format.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +<start> and <end> can take one of these forms: + +- number ++ +If <start> or <end> is a number, it specifies an +absolute line number (lines count from 1). ++ + +- /regex/ ++ +This form will use the first line matching the given +POSIX regex. If <start> is a regex, it will search from the end of +the previous `-L` range, if any, otherwise from the start of file. +If <start> is ``^/regex/'', it will search from the start of file. +If <end> is a regex, it will search +starting at the line given by <start>. ++ + +- +offset or -offset ++ +This is only valid for <end> and will specify a number +of lines before or after the line given by <start>. + ++ +If ``:<funcname>'' is given in place of <start> and <end>, it is a +regular expression that denotes the range from the first funcname line +that matches <funcname>, up to the next funcname line. ``:<funcname>'' +searches from the end of the previous `-L` range, if any, otherwise +from the start of file. ``^:<funcname>'' searches from the start of +file. diff --git a/Documentation/lint-gitlink.perl b/Documentation/lint-gitlink.perl new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..476cc30b83 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/lint-gitlink.perl @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +#!/usr/bin/perl + +use File::Find; +use Getopt::Long; + +my $basedir = "."; +GetOptions("basedir=s" => \$basedir) + or die("Cannot parse command line arguments\n"); + +my $found_errors = 0; + +sub report { + my ($where, $what, $error) = @_; + print "$where: $error: $what\n"; + $found_errors = 1; +} + +sub grab_section { + my ($page) = @_; + open my $fh, "<", "$basedir/$page.txt"; + my $firstline = <$fh>; + chomp $firstline; + close $fh; + my ($section) = ($firstline =~ /.*\((\d)\)$/); + return $section; +} + +sub lint { + my ($file) = @_; + open my $fh, "<", $file + or return; + while (<$fh>) { + my $where = "$file:$."; + while (s/linkgit:((.*?)\[(\d)\])//) { + my ($target, $page, $section) = ($1, $2, $3); + + # De-AsciiDoc + $page =~ s/{litdd}/--/g; + + if ($page !~ /^git/) { + report($where, $target, "nongit link"); + next; + } + if (! -f "$basedir/$page.txt") { + report($where, $target, "no such source"); + next; + } + $real_section = grab_section($page); + if ($real_section != $section) { + report($where, $target, + "wrong section (should be $real_section)"); + next; + } + } + } + close $fh; +} + +sub lint_it { + lint($File::Find::name) if -f && /\.txt$/; +} + +if (!@ARGV) { + find({ wanted => \&lint_it, no_chdir => 1 }, $basedir); +} else { + for (@ARGV) { + lint($_); + } +} + +exit $found_errors; diff --git a/Documentation/mailmap.txt b/Documentation/mailmap.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4a8c276529 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/mailmap.txt @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +If the file `.mailmap` exists at the toplevel of the repository, or at +the location pointed to by the mailmap.file or mailmap.blob +configuration options, it +is used to map author and committer names and email addresses to +canonical real names and email addresses. + +In the simple form, each line in the file consists of the canonical +real name of an author, whitespace, and an email address used in the +commit (enclosed by '<' and '>') to map to the name. For example: +-- + Proper Name <commit@email.xx> +-- + +The more complex forms are: +-- + <proper@email.xx> <commit@email.xx> +-- +which allows mailmap to replace only the email part of a commit, and: +-- + Proper Name <proper@email.xx> <commit@email.xx> +-- +which allows mailmap to replace both the name and the email of a +commit matching the specified commit email address, and: +-- + Proper Name <proper@email.xx> Commit Name <commit@email.xx> +-- +which allows mailmap to replace both the name and the email of a +commit matching both the specified commit name and email address. + +Example 1: Your history contains commits by two authors, Jane +and Joe, whose names appear in the repository under several forms: + +------------ +Joe Developer <joe@example.com> +Joe R. Developer <joe@example.com> +Jane Doe <jane@example.com> +Jane Doe <jane@laptop.(none)> +Jane D. <jane@desktop.(none)> +------------ + +Now suppose that Joe wants his middle name initial used, and Jane +prefers her family name fully spelled out. A proper `.mailmap` file +would look like: + +------------ +Jane Doe <jane@desktop.(none)> +Joe R. Developer <joe@example.com> +------------ + +Note how there is no need for an entry for `<jane@laptop.(none)>`, because the +real name of that author is already correct. + +Example 2: Your repository contains commits from the following +authors: + +------------ +nick1 <bugs@company.xx> +nick2 <bugs@company.xx> +nick2 <nick2@company.xx> +santa <me@company.xx> +claus <me@company.xx> +CTO <cto@coompany.xx> +------------ + +Then you might want a `.mailmap` file that looks like: +------------ +<cto@company.xx> <cto@coompany.xx> +Some Dude <some@dude.xx> nick1 <bugs@company.xx> +Other Author <other@author.xx> nick2 <bugs@company.xx> +Other Author <other@author.xx> <nick2@company.xx> +Santa Claus <santa.claus@northpole.xx> <me@company.xx> +------------ + +Use hash '#' for comments that are either on their own line, or after +the email address. diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-1.72.xsl b/Documentation/manpage-1.72.xsl index 4065a3a27a..b4d315cb8c 100644 --- a/Documentation/manpage-1.72.xsl +++ b/Documentation/manpage-1.72.xsl @@ -1,21 +1,14 @@ -<!-- Based on callouts.xsl. Fixes man page callouts for DocBook 1.72 XSL --> -<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" version="1.0"> +<!-- manpage-1.72.xsl: + special settings for manpages rendered from asciidoc+docbook + handles peculiarities in docbook-xsl 1.72.0 --> +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" + version="1.0"> -<xsl:param name="man.output.quietly" select="1"/> -<xsl:param name="refentry.meta.get.quietly" select="1"/> +<xsl:import href="manpage-base.xsl"/> -<xsl:template match="co"> - <xsl:value-of select="concat('▓fB(',substring-after(@id,'-'),')▓fR')"/> -</xsl:template> -<xsl:template match="calloutlist"> - <xsl:text>⌂sp </xsl:text> - <xsl:apply-templates/> - <xsl:text> </xsl:text> -</xsl:template> -<xsl:template match="callout"> - <xsl:value-of select="concat('▓fB',substring-after(@arearefs,'-'),'. ▓fR')"/> - <xsl:apply-templates/> - <xsl:text>⌂br </xsl:text> -</xsl:template> +<!-- these are the special values for the roff control characters + needed for docbook-xsl 1.72.0 --> +<xsl:param name="git.docbook.backslash">▓</xsl:param> +<xsl:param name="git.docbook.dot" >⌂</xsl:param> </xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-base-url.xsl.in b/Documentation/manpage-base-url.xsl.in new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e800904df3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/manpage-base-url.xsl.in @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +<!-- manpage-base-url.xsl: + special settings for manpages rendered from newer docbook --> +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" + version="1.0"> + +<!-- set a base URL for relative links --> +<xsl:param name="man.base.url.for.relative.links" + >@@MAN_BASE_URL@@</xsl:param> + +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-base.xsl b/Documentation/manpage-base.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a264fa6160 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/manpage-base.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +<!-- manpage-base.xsl: + special formatting for manpages rendered from asciidoc+docbook --> +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" + version="1.0"> + +<!-- these params silence some output from xmlto --> +<xsl:param name="man.output.quietly" select="1"/> +<xsl:param name="refentry.meta.get.quietly" select="1"/> + +<!-- convert asciidoc callouts to man page format; + git.docbook.backslash and git.docbook.dot params + must be supplied by another XSL file or other means --> +<xsl:template match="co"> + <xsl:value-of select="concat( + $git.docbook.backslash,'fB(', + substring-after(@id,'-'),')', + $git.docbook.backslash,'fR')"/> +</xsl:template> +<xsl:template match="calloutlist"> + <xsl:value-of select="$git.docbook.dot"/> + <xsl:text>sp </xsl:text> + <xsl:apply-templates/> + <xsl:text> </xsl:text> +</xsl:template> +<xsl:template match="callout"> + <xsl:value-of select="concat( + $git.docbook.backslash,'fB', + substring-after(@arearefs,'-'), + '. ',$git.docbook.backslash,'fR')"/> + <xsl:apply-templates/> + <xsl:value-of select="$git.docbook.dot"/> + <xsl:text>br </xsl:text> +</xsl:template> + +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-bold-literal.xsl b/Documentation/manpage-bold-literal.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..608eb5df62 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/manpage-bold-literal.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +<!-- manpage-bold-literal.xsl: + special formatting for manpages rendered from asciidoc+docbook --> +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" + version="1.0"> + +<!-- render literal text as bold (instead of plain or monospace); + this makes literal text easier to distinguish in manpages + viewed on a tty --> +<xsl:template match="literal"> + <xsl:value-of select="$git.docbook.backslash"/> + <xsl:text>fB</xsl:text> + <xsl:apply-templates/> + <xsl:value-of select="$git.docbook.backslash"/> + <xsl:text>fR</xsl:text> +</xsl:template> + +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-normal.xsl b/Documentation/manpage-normal.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a48f5b11f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/manpage-normal.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +<!-- manpage-normal.xsl: + special settings for manpages rendered from asciidoc+docbook + handles anything we want to keep away from docbook-xsl 1.72.0 --> +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" + version="1.0"> + +<xsl:import href="manpage-base.xsl"/> + +<!-- these are the normal values for the roff control characters --> +<xsl:param name="git.docbook.backslash">\</xsl:param> +<xsl:param name="git.docbook.dot" >.</xsl:param> + +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-quote-apos.xsl b/Documentation/manpage-quote-apos.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..aeb8839f33 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/manpage-quote-apos.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" + version="1.0"> + +<!-- work around newer groff/man setups using a prettier apostrophe + that unfortunately does not quote anything when cut&pasting + examples to the shell --> +<xsl:template name="escape.apostrophe"> + <xsl:param name="content"/> + <xsl:call-template name="string.subst"> + <xsl:with-param name="string" select="$content"/> + <xsl:with-param name="target">'</xsl:with-param> + <xsl:with-param name="replacement">\(aq</xsl:with-param> + </xsl:call-template> +</xsl:template> + +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-suppress-sp.xsl b/Documentation/manpage-suppress-sp.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a63c7632a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/manpage-suppress-sp.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +<!-- manpage-suppress-sp.xsl: + special settings for manpages rendered from asciidoc+docbook + handles erroneous, inline .sp in manpage output of some + versions of docbook-xsl --> +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" + version="1.0"> + +<!-- attempt to work around spurious .sp at the tail of the line + that some versions of docbook stylesheets seem to add --> +<xsl:template match="simpara"> + <xsl:variable name="content"> + <xsl:apply-templates/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:value-of select="normalize-space($content)"/> + <xsl:if test="not(ancestor::authorblurb) and + not(ancestor::personblurb)"> + <xsl:text> </xsl:text> + </xsl:if> +</xsl:template> + +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/merge-config.txt b/Documentation/merge-config.txt index 1ff08ff2cc..df3ea3779b 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-config.txt @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -merge.conflictstyle:: +merge.conflictStyle:: Specify the style in which conflicted hunks are written out to working tree files upon merge. The default is "merge", which shows a `<<<<<<<` conflict marker, changes made by one side, @@ -6,25 +6,54 @@ merge.conflictstyle:: a `>>>>>>>` marker. An alternate style, "diff3", adds a `|||||||` marker and the original text before the `=======` marker. -merge.log:: - Whether to include summaries of merged commits in newly created - merge commit messages. False by default. +merge.defaultToUpstream:: + If merge is called without any commit argument, merge the upstream + branches configured for the current branch by using their last + observed values stored in their remote-tracking branches. + The values of the `branch.<current branch>.merge` that name the + branches at the remote named by `branch.<current branch>.remote` + are consulted, and then they are mapped via `remote.<remote>.fetch` + to their corresponding remote-tracking branches, and the tips of + these tracking branches are merged. + +merge.ff:: + By default, Git does not create an extra merge commit when merging + a commit that is a descendant of the current commit. Instead, the + tip of the current branch is fast-forwarded. When set to `false`, + this variable tells Git to create an extra merge commit in such + a case (equivalent to giving the `--no-ff` option from the command + line). When set to `only`, only such fast-forward merges are + allowed (equivalent to giving the `--ff-only` option from the + command line). + +include::fmt-merge-msg-config.txt[] merge.renameLimit:: The number of files to consider when performing rename detection during a merge; if not specified, defaults to the value of diff.renameLimit. +merge.renormalize:: + Tell Git that canonical representation of files in the + repository has changed over time (e.g. earlier commits record + text files with CRLF line endings, but recent ones use LF line + endings). In such a repository, Git can convert the data + recorded in commits to a canonical form before performing a + merge to reduce unnecessary conflicts. For more information, + see section "Merging branches with differing checkin/checkout + attributes" in linkgit:gitattributes[5]. + merge.stat:: Whether to print the diffstat between ORIG_HEAD and the merge result at the end of the merge. True by default. merge.tool:: - Controls which merge resolution program is used by - linkgit:git-mergetool[1]. Valid built-in values are: "kdiff3", - "tkdiff", "meld", "xxdiff", "emerge", "vimdiff", "gvimdiff", and - "opendiff". Any other value is treated is custom merge tool - and there must be a corresponding mergetool.<tool>.cmd option. + Controls which merge tool is used by linkgit:git-mergetool[1]. + The list below shows the valid built-in values. + Any other value is treated as a custom merge tool and requires + that a corresponding mergetool.<tool>.cmd variable is defined. + +include::mergetools-merge.txt[] merge.verbosity:: Controls the amount of output shown by the recursive merge @@ -32,7 +61,7 @@ merge.verbosity:: message if conflicts were detected. Level 1 outputs only conflicts, 2 outputs conflicts and file changes. Level 5 and above outputs debugging information. The default is level 2. - Can be overridden by the 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY' environment variable. + Can be overridden by the `GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY` environment variable. merge.<driver>.name:: Defines a human-readable name for a custom low-level diff --git a/Documentation/merge-options.txt b/Documentation/merge-options.txt index 637b53f898..5b4a62e936 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-options.txt @@ -1,68 +1,127 @@ --q:: ---quiet:: - Operate quietly. - --v:: ---verbose:: - Be verbose. +--commit:: +--no-commit:: + Perform the merge and commit the result. This option can + be used to override --no-commit. ++ +With --no-commit perform the merge but pretend the merge +failed and do not autocommit, to give the user a chance to +inspect and further tweak the merge result before committing. ---stat:: - Show a diffstat at the end of the merge. The diffstat is also - controlled by the configuration option merge.stat. +--edit:: +-e:: +--no-edit:: + Invoke an editor before committing successful mechanical merge to + further edit the auto-generated merge message, so that the user + can explain and justify the merge. The `--no-edit` option can be + used to accept the auto-generated message (this is generally + discouraged). +ifndef::git-pull[] +The `--edit` (or `-e`) option is still useful if you are +giving a draft message with the `-m` option from the command line +and want to edit it in the editor. +endif::git-pull[] ++ +Older scripts may depend on the historical behaviour of not allowing the +user to edit the merge log message. They will see an editor opened when +they run `git merge`. To make it easier to adjust such scripts to the +updated behaviour, the environment variable `GIT_MERGE_AUTOEDIT` can be +set to `no` at the beginning of them. --n:: ---no-stat:: - Do not show a diffstat at the end of the merge. +--ff:: + When the merge resolves as a fast-forward, only update the branch + pointer, without creating a merge commit. This is the default + behavior. ---summary:: ---no-summary:: - Synonyms to --stat and --no-stat; these are deprecated and will be - removed in the future. +--no-ff:: + Create a merge commit even when the merge resolves as a + fast-forward. This is the default behaviour when merging an + annotated (and possibly signed) tag. ---log:: - In addition to branch names, populate the log message with - one-line descriptions from the actual commits that are being - merged. +--ff-only:: + Refuse to merge and exit with a non-zero status unless the + current `HEAD` is already up-to-date or the merge can be + resolved as a fast-forward. +--log[=<n>]:: --no-log:: - Do not list one-line descriptions from the actual commits being - merged. + In addition to branch names, populate the log message with + one-line descriptions from at most <n> actual commits that are being + merged. See also linkgit:git-fmt-merge-msg[1]. ++ +With --no-log do not list one-line descriptions from the +actual commits being merged. ---no-commit:: - Perform the merge but pretend the merge failed and do - not autocommit, to give the user a chance to inspect and - further tweak the merge result before committing. ---commit:: - Perform the merge and commit the result. This option can - be used to override --no-commit. +--stat:: +-n:: +--no-stat:: + Show a diffstat at the end of the merge. The diffstat is also + controlled by the configuration option merge.stat. ++ +With -n or --no-stat do not show a diffstat at the end of the +merge. --squash:: - Produce the working tree and index state as if a real - merge happened, but do not actually make a commit or - move the `HEAD`, nor record `$GIT_DIR/MERGE_HEAD` to - cause the next `git commit` command to create a merge - commit. This allows you to create a single commit on - top of the current branch whose effect is the same as - merging another branch (or more in case of an octopus). - --no-squash:: - Perform the merge and commit the result. This option can - be used to override --squash. - ---no-ff:: - Generate a merge commit even if the merge resolved as a - fast-forward. - ---ff:: - Do not generate a merge commit if the merge resolved as - a fast-forward, only update the branch pointer. This is - the default behavior of git-merge. + Produce the working tree and index state as if a real merge + happened (except for the merge information), but do not actually + make a commit, move the `HEAD`, or record `$GIT_DIR/MERGE_HEAD` + (to cause the next `git commit` command to create a merge + commit). This allows you to create a single commit on top of + the current branch whose effect is the same as merging another + branch (or more in case of an octopus). ++ +With --no-squash perform the merge and commit the result. This +option can be used to override --squash. -s <strategy>:: --strategy=<strategy>:: Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than once to specify them in the order they should be tried. If there is no `-s` option, a built-in list of strategies - is used instead ('git-merge-recursive' when merging a single - head, 'git-merge-octopus' otherwise). + is used instead ('git merge-recursive' when merging a single + head, 'git merge-octopus' otherwise). + +-X <option>:: +--strategy-option=<option>:: + Pass merge strategy specific option through to the merge + strategy. + +--verify-signatures:: +--no-verify-signatures:: + Verify that the tip commit of the side branch being merged is + signed with a valid key, i.e. a key that has a valid uid: in the + default trust model, this means the signing key has been signed by + a trusted key. If the tip commit of the side branch is not signed + with a valid key, the merge is aborted. + +--summary:: +--no-summary:: + Synonyms to --stat and --no-stat; these are deprecated and will be + removed in the future. + +ifndef::git-pull[] +-q:: +--quiet:: + Operate quietly. Implies --no-progress. + +-v:: +--verbose:: + Be verbose. + +--progress:: +--no-progress:: + Turn progress on/off explicitly. If neither is specified, + progress is shown if standard error is connected to a terminal. + Note that not all merge strategies may support progress + reporting. + +endif::git-pull[] + +--allow-unrelated-histories:: + By default, `git merge` command refuses to merge histories + that do not share a common ancestor. This option can be + used to override this safety when merging histories of two + projects that started their lives independently. As that is + a very rare occasion, no configuration variable to enable + this by default exists and will not be added. diff --git a/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt b/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt index 1276f858ad..2eb92b9327 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt @@ -1,38 +1,119 @@ MERGE STRATEGIES ---------------- +The merge mechanism (`git merge` and `git pull` commands) allows the +backend 'merge strategies' to be chosen with `-s` option. Some strategies +can also take their own options, which can be passed by giving `-X<option>` +arguments to `git merge` and/or `git pull`. + resolve:: This can only resolve two heads (i.e. the current branch - and another branch you pulled from) using 3-way merge + and another branch you pulled from) using a 3-way merge algorithm. It tries to carefully detect criss-cross merge ambiguities and is considered generally safe and fast. recursive:: - This can only resolve two heads using 3-way merge - algorithm. When there are more than one common - ancestors that can be used for 3-way merge, it creates a + This can only resolve two heads using a 3-way merge + algorithm. When there is more than one common + ancestor that can be used for 3-way merge, it creates a merged tree of the common ancestors and uses that as the reference tree for the 3-way merge. This has been reported to result in fewer merge conflicts without - causing mis-merges by tests done on actual merge commits + causing mismerges by tests done on actual merge commits taken from Linux 2.6 kernel development history. Additionally this can detect and handle merges involving renames. This is the default merge strategy when pulling or merging one branch. ++ +The 'recursive' strategy can take the following options: + +ours;; + This option forces conflicting hunks to be auto-resolved cleanly by + favoring 'our' version. Changes from the other tree that do not + conflict with our side are reflected to the merge result. + For a binary file, the entire contents are taken from our side. ++ +This should not be confused with the 'ours' merge strategy, which does not +even look at what the other tree contains at all. It discards everything +the other tree did, declaring 'our' history contains all that happened in it. + +theirs;; + This is the opposite of 'ours'. + +patience;; + With this option, 'merge-recursive' spends a little extra time + to avoid mismerges that sometimes occur due to unimportant + matching lines (e.g., braces from distinct functions). Use + this when the branches to be merged have diverged wildly. + See also linkgit:git-diff[1] `--patience`. + +diff-algorithm=[patience|minimal|histogram|myers];; + Tells 'merge-recursive' to use a different diff algorithm, which + can help avoid mismerges that occur due to unimportant matching + lines (such as braces from distinct functions). See also + linkgit:git-diff[1] `--diff-algorithm`. + +ignore-space-change;; +ignore-all-space;; +ignore-space-at-eol;; + Treats lines with the indicated type of whitespace change as + unchanged for the sake of a three-way merge. Whitespace + changes mixed with other changes to a line are not ignored. + See also linkgit:git-diff[1] `-b`, `-w`, and + `--ignore-space-at-eol`. ++ +* If 'their' version only introduces whitespace changes to a line, + 'our' version is used; +* If 'our' version introduces whitespace changes but 'their' + version includes a substantial change, 'their' version is used; +* Otherwise, the merge proceeds in the usual way. + +renormalize;; + This runs a virtual check-out and check-in of all three stages + of a file when resolving a three-way merge. This option is + meant to be used when merging branches with different clean + filters or end-of-line normalization rules. See "Merging + branches with differing checkin/checkout attributes" in + linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. + +no-renormalize;; + Disables the `renormalize` option. This overrides the + `merge.renormalize` configuration variable. + +no-renames;; + Turn off rename detection. + See also linkgit:git-diff[1] `--no-renames`. + +find-renames[=<n>];; + Turn on rename detection, optionally setting the similarity + threshold. This is the default. + See also linkgit:git-diff[1] `--find-renames`. + +rename-threshold=<n>;; + Deprecated synonym for `find-renames=<n>`. + +subtree[=<path>];; + This option is a more advanced form of 'subtree' strategy, where + the strategy makes a guess on how two trees must be shifted to + match with each other when merging. Instead, the specified path + is prefixed (or stripped from the beginning) to make the shape of + two trees to match. octopus:: - This resolves more than two-head case, but refuses to do - complex merge that needs manual resolution. It is + This resolves cases with more than two heads, but refuses to do + a complex merge that needs manual resolution. It is primarily meant to be used for bundling topic branch heads together. This is the default merge strategy when - pulling or merging more than one branches. + pulling or merging more than one branch. ours:: - This resolves any number of heads, but the result of the - merge is always the current branch head. It is meant to + This resolves any number of heads, but the resulting tree of the + merge is always that of the current branch head, effectively + ignoring all changes from all other branches. It is meant to be used to supersede old development history of side - branches. + branches. Note that this is different from the -Xours option to + the 'recursive' merge strategy. subtree:: This is a modified recursive strategy. When merging trees A and @@ -40,3 +121,11 @@ subtree:: match the tree structure of A, instead of reading the trees at the same level. This adjustment is also done to the common ancestor tree. + +With the strategies that use 3-way merge (including the default, 'recursive'), +if a change is made on both branches, but later reverted on one of the +branches, that change will be present in the merged result; some people find +this behavior confusing. It occurs because only the heads and the merge base +are considered when performing a merge, not the individual commits. The merge +algorithm therefore considers the reverted change as no change at all, and +substitutes the changed version instead. diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt index 3d87d3edd5..47b286b33e 100644 --- a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt +++ b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt @@ -11,7 +11,12 @@ have limited your view of history: for example, if you are only interested in changes related to a certain directory or file. -Here are some additional details for each format: +There are several built-in formats, and you can define +additional formats by setting a pretty.<name> +config option to either another format name, or a +'format:' string, as described below (see +linkgit:git-config[1]). Here are the details of the +built-in formats: * 'oneline' @@ -70,15 +75,18 @@ This is designed to be as compact as possible. * 'raw' + The 'raw' format shows the entire commit exactly as -stored in the commit object. Notably, the SHA1s are +stored in the commit object. Notably, the SHA-1s are displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or --no-abbrev are used, and 'parents' information show the -true parent commits, without taking grafts nor history -simplification into account. +true parent commits, without taking grafts or history +simplification into account. Note that this format affects the way +commits are displayed, but not the way the diff is shown e.g. with +`git log --raw`. To get full object names in a raw diff format, +use `--no-abbrev`. -* 'format:' +* 'format:<string>' + -The 'format:' format allows you to specify which information +The 'format:<string>' format allows you to specify which information you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format, with the notable exception that you get a newline with '%n' instead of '\n'. @@ -90,7 +98,7 @@ would show something like this: The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<< --------- +------- + The placeholders are: @@ -101,33 +109,117 @@ The placeholders are: - '%P': parent hashes - '%p': abbreviated parent hashes - '%an': author name -- '%aN': author name (respecting .mailmap) +- '%aN': author name (respecting .mailmap, see linkgit:git-shortlog[1] + or linkgit:git-blame[1]) - '%ae': author email +- '%aE': author email (respecting .mailmap, see + linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1]) - '%ad': author date (format respects --date= option) - '%aD': author date, RFC2822 style - '%ar': author date, relative - '%at': author date, UNIX timestamp -- '%ai': author date, ISO 8601 format +- '%ai': author date, ISO 8601-like format +- '%aI': author date, strict ISO 8601 format - '%cn': committer name -- '%cN': committer name (respecting .mailmap) +- '%cN': committer name (respecting .mailmap, see + linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1]) - '%ce': committer email -- '%cd': committer date +- '%cE': committer email (respecting .mailmap, see + linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1]) +- '%cd': committer date (format respects --date= option) - '%cD': committer date, RFC2822 style - '%cr': committer date, relative - '%ct': committer date, UNIX timestamp -- '%ci': committer date, ISO 8601 format +- '%ci': committer date, ISO 8601-like format +- '%cI': committer date, strict ISO 8601 format - '%d': ref names, like the --decorate option of linkgit:git-log[1] +- '%D': ref names without the " (", ")" wrapping. - '%e': encoding - '%s': subject +- '%f': sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename - '%b': body +- '%B': raw body (unwrapped subject and body) +ifndef::git-rev-list[] +- '%N': commit notes +endif::git-rev-list[] +- '%GG': raw verification message from GPG for a signed commit +- '%G?': show "G" for a good (valid) signature, + "B" for a bad signature, + "U" for a good signature with unknown validity, + "X" for a good signature that has expired, + "Y" for a good signature made by an expired key, + "R" for a good signature made by a revoked key, + "E" if the signature cannot be checked (e.g. missing key) + and "N" for no signature +- '%GS': show the name of the signer for a signed commit +- '%GK': show the key used to sign a signed commit +- '%gD': reflog selector, e.g., `refs/stash@{1}` or + `refs/stash@{2 minutes ago`}; the format follows the rules described + for the `-g` option. The portion before the `@` is the refname as + given on the command line (so `git log -g refs/heads/master` would + yield `refs/heads/master@{0}`). +- '%gd': shortened reflog selector; same as `%gD`, but the refname + portion is shortened for human readability (so `refs/heads/master` + becomes just `master`). +- '%gn': reflog identity name +- '%gN': reflog identity name (respecting .mailmap, see + linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1]) +- '%ge': reflog identity email +- '%gE': reflog identity email (respecting .mailmap, see + linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1]) +- '%gs': reflog subject - '%Cred': switch color to red - '%Cgreen': switch color to green - '%Cblue': switch color to blue - '%Creset': reset color -- '%C(...)': color specification, as described in color.branch.* config option -- '%m': left, right or boundary mark +- '%C(...)': color specification, as described under Values in the + "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of linkgit:git-config[1]; + adding `auto,` at the beginning will emit color only when colors are + enabled for log output (by `color.diff`, `color.ui`, or `--color`, and + respecting the `auto` settings of the former if we are going to a + terminal). `auto` alone (i.e. `%C(auto)`) will turn on auto coloring + on the next placeholders until the color is switched again. +- '%m': left (`<`), right (`>`) or boundary (`-`) mark - '%n': newline +- '%%': a raw '%' - '%x00': print a byte from a hex code +- '%w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]])': switch line wrapping, like the -w option of + linkgit:git-shortlog[1]. +- '%<(<N>[,trunc|ltrunc|mtrunc])': make the next placeholder take at + least N columns, padding spaces on the right if necessary. + Optionally truncate at the beginning (ltrunc), the middle (mtrunc) + or the end (trunc) if the output is longer than N columns. + Note that truncating only works correctly with N >= 2. +- '%<|(<N>)': make the next placeholder take at least until Nth + columns, padding spaces on the right if necessary +- '%>(<N>)', '%>|(<N>)': similar to '%<(<N>)', '%<|(<N>)' + respectively, but padding spaces on the left +- '%>>(<N>)', '%>>|(<N>)': similar to '%>(<N>)', '%>|(<N>)' + respectively, except that if the next placeholder takes more spaces + than given and there are spaces on its left, use those spaces +- '%><(<N>)', '%><|(<N>)': similar to '% <(<N>)', '%<|(<N>)' + respectively, but padding both sides (i.e. the text is centered) +-%(trailers): display the trailers of the body as interpreted by + linkgit:git-interpret-trailers[1] + +NOTE: Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the +revision traversal engine. For example, the `%g*` reflog options will +insert an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by +`git log -g`). The `%d` and `%D` placeholders will use the "short" +decoration format if `--decorate` was not already provided on the command +line. + +If you add a `+` (plus sign) after '%' of a placeholder, a line-feed +is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the +placeholder expands to a non-empty string. + +If you add a `-` (minus sign) after '%' of a placeholder, line-feeds that +immediately precede the expansion are deleted if and only if the +placeholder expands to an empty string. + +If you add a ` ` (space) after '%' of a placeholder, a space +is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the +placeholder expands to a non-empty string. * 'tformat:' + @@ -150,3 +242,12 @@ $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \ 4da45be 7134973 --------------------- ++ +In addition, any unrecognized string that has a `%` in it is interpreted +as if it has `tformat:` in front of it. For example, these two are +equivalent: ++ +--------------------- +$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef +$ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef +--------------------- diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-options.txt b/Documentation/pretty-options.txt index 5f21efe407..e44fc8f738 100644 --- a/Documentation/pretty-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/pretty-options.txt @@ -1,9 +1,15 @@ ---pretty[='<format>']:: +--pretty[=<format>]:: +--format=<format>:: Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format, where '<format>' can be one of 'oneline', 'short', 'medium', - 'full', 'fuller', 'email', 'raw' and 'format:<string>'. - When omitted, the format defaults to 'medium'. + 'full', 'fuller', 'email', 'raw', 'format:<string>' + and 'tformat:<string>'. When '<format>' is none of the above, + and has '%placeholder' in it, it acts as if + '--pretty=tformat:<format>' were given. ++ +See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section for some additional details for each +format. When '=<format>' part is omitted, it defaults to 'medium'. + Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository configuration (see linkgit:git-config[1]). @@ -17,9 +23,74 @@ configuration (see linkgit:git-config[1]). This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for people using 80-column terminals. ---encoding[=<encoding>]:: +--no-abbrev-commit:: + Show the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name. This negates + `--abbrev-commit` and those options which imply it such as + "--oneline". It also overrides the `log.abbrevCommit` variable. + +--oneline:: + This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit" + used together. + +--encoding=<encoding>:: The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this - defaults to UTF-8. + defaults to UTF-8. Note that if an object claims to be encoded + in `X` and we are outputting in `X`, we will output the object + verbatim; this means that invalid sequences in the original + commit may be copied to the output. + +--expand-tabs=<n>:: +--expand-tabs:: +--no-expand-tabs:: + Perform a tab expansion (replace each tab with enough spaces + to fill to the next display column that is multiple of '<n>') + in the log message before showing it in the output. + `--expand-tabs` is a short-hand for `--expand-tabs=8`, and + `--no-expand-tabs` is a short-hand for `--expand-tabs=0`, + which disables tab expansion. ++ +By default, tabs are expanded in pretty formats that indent the log +message by 4 spaces (i.e. 'medium', which is the default, 'full', +and 'fuller'). + +ifndef::git-rev-list[] +--notes[=<treeish>]:: + Show the notes (see linkgit:git-notes[1]) that annotate the + commit, when showing the commit log message. This is the default + for `git log`, `git show` and `git whatchanged` commands when + there is no `--pretty`, `--format`, or `--oneline` option given + on the command line. ++ +By default, the notes shown are from the notes refs listed in the +`core.notesRef` and `notes.displayRef` variables (or corresponding +environment overrides). See linkgit:git-config[1] for more details. ++ +With an optional '<treeish>' argument, use the treeish to find the notes +to display. The treeish can specify the full refname when it begins +with `refs/notes/`; when it begins with `notes/`, `refs/` and otherwise +`refs/notes/` is prefixed to form a full name of the ref. ++ +Multiple --notes options can be combined to control which notes are +being displayed. Examples: "--notes=foo" will show only notes from +"refs/notes/foo"; "--notes=foo --notes" will show both notes from +"refs/notes/foo" and from the default notes ref(s). + +--no-notes:: + Do not show notes. This negates the above `--notes` option, by + resetting the list of notes refs from which notes are shown. + Options are parsed in the order given on the command line, so e.g. + "--notes --notes=foo --no-notes --notes=bar" will only show notes + from "refs/notes/bar". + +--show-notes[=<treeish>]:: +--[no-]standard-notes:: + These options are deprecated. Use the above --notes/--no-notes + options instead. +endif::git-rev-list[] + +--show-signature:: + Check the validity of a signed commit object by passing the signature + to `gpg --verify` and show the output. diff --git a/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt b/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt index f9811f2473..1ebbf1d738 100644 --- a/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt +++ b/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt @@ -4,63 +4,68 @@ (see the section <<URLS,GIT URLS>> below) or the name of a remote (see the section <<REMOTES,REMOTES>> below). +ifndef::git-pull[] +<group>:: + A name referring to a list of repositories as the value + of remotes.<group> in the configuration file. + (See linkgit:git-config[1]). +endif::git-pull[] + <refspec>:: - The format of a <refspec> parameter is an optional plus - `{plus}`, followed by the source ref <src>, followed - by a colon `:`, followed by the destination ref <dst>. + Specifies which refs to fetch and which local refs to update. + When no <refspec>s appear on the command line, the refs to fetch + are read from `remote.<repository>.fetch` variables instead +ifndef::git-pull[] + (see <<CRTB,CONFIGURED REMOTE-TRACKING BRANCHES>> below). +endif::git-pull[] +ifdef::git-pull[] + (see linkgit:git-fetch[1]). +endif::git-pull[] ++ +The format of a <refspec> parameter is an optional plus +`+`, followed by the source ref <src>, followed +by a colon `:`, followed by the destination ref <dst>. +The colon can be omitted when <dst> is empty. ++ +`tag <tag>` means the same as `refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag>`; +it requests fetching everything up to the given tag. + The remote ref that matches <src> is fetched, and if <dst> is not empty string, the local -ref that matches it is fast forwarded using <src>. +ref that matches it is fast-forwarded using <src>. If the optional plus `+` is used, the local ref -is updated even if it does not result in a fast forward +is updated even if it does not result in a fast-forward update. + [NOTE] -If the remote branch from which you want to pull is -modified in non-linear ways such as being rewound and -rebased frequently, then a pull will attempt a merge with -an older version of itself, likely conflict, and fail. -It is under these conditions that you would want to use -the `+` sign to indicate non-fast-forward updates will -be needed. There is currently no easy way to determine -or declare that a branch will be made available in a -repository with this behavior; the pulling user simply +When the remote branch you want to fetch is known to +be rewound and rebased regularly, it is expected that +its new tip will not be descendant of its previous tip +(as stored in your remote-tracking branch the last time +you fetched). You would want +to use the `+` sign to indicate non-fast-forward updates +will be needed for such branches. There is no way to +determine or declare that a branch will be made available +in a repository with this behavior; the pulling user simply must know this is the expected usage pattern for a branch. -+ -[NOTE] -You never do your own development on branches that appear -on the right hand side of a <refspec> colon on `Pull:` lines; -they are to be updated by 'git-fetch'. If you intend to do -development derived from a remote branch `B`, have a `Pull:` -line to track it (i.e. `Pull: B:remote-B`), and have a separate -branch `my-B` to do your development on top of it. The latter -is created by `git branch my-B remote-B` (or its equivalent `git -checkout -b my-B remote-B`). Run `git fetch` to keep track of -the progress of the remote side, and when you see something new -on the remote branch, merge it into your development branch with -`git pull . remote-B`, while you are on `my-B` branch. +ifdef::git-pull[] + [NOTE] There is a difference between listing multiple <refspec> -directly on 'git-pull' command line and having multiple -`Pull:` <refspec> lines for a <repository> and running -'git-pull' command without any explicit <refspec> parameters. -<refspec> listed explicitly on the command line are always +directly on 'git pull' command line and having multiple +`remote.<repository>.fetch` entries in your configuration +for a <repository> and running a +'git pull' command without any explicit <refspec> parameters. +<refspec>s listed explicitly on the command line are always merged into the current branch after fetching. In other words, -if you list more than one remote refs, you would be making -an Octopus. While 'git-pull' run without any explicit <refspec> -parameter takes default <refspec>s from `Pull:` lines, it -merges only the first <refspec> found into the current branch, -after fetching all the remote refs. This is because making an +if you list more than one remote ref, 'git pull' will create +an Octopus merge. On the other hand, if you do not list any +explicit <refspec> parameter on the command line, 'git pull' +will fetch all the <refspec>s it finds in the +`remote.<repository>.fetch` configuration and merge +only the first <refspec> found into the current branch. +This is because making an Octopus from remote refs is rarely done, while keeping track of multiple remote heads in one-go by fetching more than one is often useful. -+ -Some short-cut notations are also supported. -+ -* `tag <tag>` means the same as `refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag>`; - it requests fetching everything up to the given tag. -* A parameter <ref> without a colon is equivalent to - <ref>: when pulling/fetching, so it merges <ref> into the current - branch without storing the remote branch anywhere locally +endif::git-pull[] diff --git a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt index b9f6e4d1b7..a02f7324c0 100644 --- a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt @@ -1,133 +1,3 @@ -Commit Formatting -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -ifdef::git-rev-list[] -Using these options, linkgit:git-rev-list[1] will act similar to the -more specialized family of commit log tools: linkgit:git-log[1], -linkgit:git-show[1], and linkgit:git-whatchanged[1] -endif::git-rev-list[] - -include::pretty-options.txt[] - ---relative-date:: - - Synonym for `--date=relative`. - ---date={relative,local,default,iso,rfc,short}:: - - Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such - as when using "--pretty". `log.date` config variable sets a default - value for log command's --date option. -+ -`--date=relative` shows dates relative to the current time, -e.g. "2 hours ago". -+ -`--date=local` shows timestamps in user's local timezone. -+ -`--date=iso` (or `--date=iso8601`) shows timestamps in ISO 8601 format. -+ -`--date=rfc` (or `--date=rfc2822`) shows timestamps in RFC 2822 -format, often found in E-mail messages. -+ -`--date=short` shows only date but not time, in `YYYY-MM-DD` format. -+ -`--date=default` shows timestamps in the original timezone -(either committer's or author's). - -ifdef::git-rev-list[] ---header:: - - Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is - separated with a NUL character. -endif::git-rev-list[] - ---parents:: - - Print the parents of the commit. Also enables parent - rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below. - ---children:: - - Print the children of the commit. Also enables parent - rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below. - -ifdef::git-rev-list[] ---timestamp:: - Print the raw commit timestamp. -endif::git-rev-list[] - ---left-right:: - - Mark which side of a symmetric diff a commit is reachable from. - Commits from the left side are prefixed with `<` and those from - the right with `>`. If combined with `--boundary`, those - commits are prefixed with `-`. -+ -For example, if you have this topology: -+ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - y---b---b branch B - / \ / - / . - / / \ - o---x---a---a branch A ------------------------------------------------------------------------ -+ -you would get an output like this: -+ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - $ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B - - >bbbbbbb... 3rd on b - >bbbbbbb... 2nd on b - <aaaaaaa... 3rd on a - <aaaaaaa... 2nd on a - -yyyyyyy... 1st on b - -xxxxxxx... 1st on a ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - ---graph:: - - Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history - on the left hand side of the output. This may cause extra lines - to be printed in between commits, in order for the graph history - to be drawn properly. -+ -This implies the '--topo-order' option by default, but the -'--date-order' option may also be specified. - -ifndef::git-rev-list[] -Diff Formatting -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Below are listed options that control the formatting of diff output. -Some of them are specific to linkgit:git-rev-list[1], however other diff -options may be given. See linkgit:git-diff-files[1] for more options. - --c:: - - This flag changes the way a merge commit is displayed. It shows - the differences from each of the parents to the merge result - simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between a parent - and the result one at a time. Furthermore, it lists only files - which were modified from all parents. - ---cc:: - - This flag implies the '-c' options and further compresses the - patch output by omitting uninteresting hunks whose contents in - the parents have only two variants and the merge result picks - one of them without modification. - --r:: - - Show recursive diffs. - --t:: - - Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies '-r'. -endif::git-rev-list[] - Commit Limiting ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -135,73 +5,118 @@ Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the special notations explained in the description, additional commit limiting may be applied. --- +Using more options generally further limits the output (e.g. +`--since=<date1>` limits to commits newer than `<date1>`, and using it +with `--grep=<pattern>` further limits to commits whose log message +has a line that matches `<pattern>`), unless otherwise noted. --n 'number':: ---max-count='number':: +Note that these are applied before commit +ordering and formatting options, such as `--reverse`. - Limit the number of commits output. +-- ---skip='number':: +-<number>:: +-n <number>:: +--max-count=<number>:: + Limit the number of commits to output. +--skip=<number>:: Skip 'number' commits before starting to show the commit output. ---since='date':: ---after='date':: - +--since=<date>:: +--after=<date>:: Show commits more recent than a specific date. ---until='date':: ---before='date':: - +--until=<date>:: +--before=<date>:: Show commits older than a specific date. ifdef::git-rev-list[] ---max-age='timestamp':: ---min-age='timestamp':: - +--max-age=<timestamp>:: +--min-age=<timestamp>:: Limit the commits output to specified time range. endif::git-rev-list[] ---author='pattern':: ---committer='pattern':: - +--author=<pattern>:: +--committer=<pattern>:: Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer - header lines that match the specified pattern (regular expression). - ---grep='pattern':: - + header lines that match the specified pattern (regular + expression). With more than one `--author=<pattern>`, + commits whose author matches any of the given patterns are + chosen (similarly for multiple `--committer=<pattern>`). + +--grep-reflog=<pattern>:: + Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that + match the specified pattern (regular expression). With + more than one `--grep-reflog`, commits whose reflog message + matches any of the given patterns are chosen. It is an + error to use this option unless `--walk-reflogs` is in use. + +--grep=<pattern>:: Limit the commits output to ones with log message that - matches the specified pattern (regular expression). + matches the specified pattern (regular expression). With + more than one `--grep=<pattern>`, commits whose message + matches any of the given patterns are chosen (but see + `--all-match`). +ifndef::git-rev-list[] ++ +When `--show-notes` is in effect, the message from the notes is +matched as if it were part of the log message. +endif::git-rev-list[] --all-match:: - Limit the commits output to ones that match all given --grep, - --author and --committer instead of ones that match at least one. + Limit the commits output to ones that match all given `--grep`, + instead of ones that match at least one. + +--invert-grep:: + Limit the commits output to ones with log message that do not + match the pattern specified with `--grep=<pattern>`. -i:: --regexp-ignore-case:: + Match the regular expression limiting patterns without regard to letter + case. - Match the regexp limiting patterns without regard to letters case. +--basic-regexp:: + Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions; + this is the default. -E:: --extended-regexp:: - Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions instead of the default basic regular expressions. -F:: --fixed-strings:: - Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don't interpret pattern as a regular expression). ---remove-empty:: +--perl-regexp:: + Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular expressions. + Requires libpcre to be compiled in. +--remove-empty:: Stop when a given path disappears from the tree. ---no-merges:: +--merges:: + Print only merge commits. This is exactly the same as `--min-parents=2`. - Do not print commits with more than one parent. +--no-merges:: + Do not print commits with more than one parent. This is + exactly the same as `--max-parents=1`. + +--min-parents=<number>:: +--max-parents=<number>:: +--no-min-parents:: +--no-max-parents:: + Show only commits which have at least (or at most) that many parent + commits. In particular, `--max-parents=1` is the same as `--no-merges`, + `--min-parents=2` is the same as `--merges`. `--max-parents=0` + gives all root commits and `--min-parents=3` all octopus merges. ++ +`--no-min-parents` and `--no-max-parents` reset these limits (to no limit) +again. Equivalent forms are `--min-parents=0` (any commit has 0 or more +parents) and `--max-parents=-1` (negative numbers denote no upper limit). --first-parent:: Follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge @@ -210,90 +125,175 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] because merges into a topic branch tend to be only about adjusting to updated upstream from time to time, and this option allows you to ignore the individual commits - brought in to your history by such a merge. + brought in to your history by such a merge. Cannot be + combined with --bisect. --not:: - Reverses the meaning of the '{caret}' prefix (or lack thereof) - for all following revision specifiers, up to the next '--not'. + for all following revision specifiers, up to the next `--not`. --all:: + Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/`, along with `HEAD`, are + listed on the command line as '<commit>'. + +--branches[=<pattern>]:: + Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/heads` are listed + on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' is given, limit + branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks '?', + '{asterisk}', or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied. + +--tags[=<pattern>]:: + Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/tags` are listed + on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' is given, limit + tags to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks '?', '{asterisk}', + or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied. + +--remotes[=<pattern>]:: + Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/remotes` are listed + on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' is given, limit + remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob. + If pattern lacks '?', '{asterisk}', or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied. + +--glob=<glob-pattern>:: + Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob '<glob-pattern>' + are listed on the command line as '<commit>'. Leading 'refs/', + is automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks '?', '{asterisk}', + or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied. + +--exclude=<glob-pattern>:: + + Do not include refs matching '<glob-pattern>' that the next `--all`, + `--branches`, `--tags`, `--remotes`, or `--glob` would otherwise + consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns + up to the next `--all`, `--branches`, `--tags`, `--remotes`, or + `--glob` option (other options or arguments do not clear + accumulated patterns). ++ +The patterns given should not begin with `refs/heads`, `refs/tags`, or +`refs/remotes` when applied to `--branches`, `--tags`, or `--remotes`, +respectively, and they must begin with `refs/` when applied to `--glob` +or `--all`. If a trailing '/{asterisk}' is intended, it must be given +explicitly. + +--reflog:: + Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the + command line as `<commit>`. + +--ignore-missing:: + Upon seeing an invalid object name in the input, pretend as if + the bad input was not given. - Pretend as if all the refs in `$GIT_DIR/refs/` are listed on the - command line as '<commit>'. - ---branches:: - - Pretend as if all the refs in `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads` are listed - on the command line as '<commit>'. - ---tags:: - - Pretend as if all the refs in `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags` are listed - on the command line as '<commit>'. - ---remotes:: - - Pretend as if all the refs in `$GIT_DIR/refs/remotes` are listed - on the command line as '<commit>'. +ifndef::git-rev-list[] +--bisect:: + Pretend as if the bad bisection ref `refs/bisect/bad` + was listed and as if it was followed by `--not` and the good + bisection refs `refs/bisect/good-*` on the command + line. Cannot be combined with --first-parent. +endif::git-rev-list[] -ifdef::git-rev-list[] --stdin:: - In addition to the '<commit>' listed on the command - line, read them from the standard input. + line, read them from the standard input. If a `--` separator is + seen, stop reading commits and start reading paths to limit the + result. +ifdef::git-rev-list[] --quiet:: - Don't print anything to standard output. This form is primarily meant to allow the caller to test the exit status to see if a range of objects is fully connected (or not). It is faster than redirecting stdout - to /dev/null as the output does not have to be formatted. + to `/dev/null` as the output does not have to be formatted. endif::git-rev-list[] ---cherry-pick:: +--cherry-mark:: + Like `--cherry-pick` (see below) but mark equivalent commits + with `=` rather than omitting them, and inequivalent ones with `+`. +--cherry-pick:: Omit any commit that introduces the same change as - another commit on the "other side" when the set of + another commit on the ``other side'' when the set of commits are limited with symmetric difference. + For example, if you have two branches, `A` and `B`, a usual way to list all commits on only one side of them is with -`--left-right`, like the example above in the description of -that option. It however shows the commits that were cherry-picked -from the other branch (for example, "3rd on b" may be cherry-picked -from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are +`--left-right` (see the example below in the description of +the `--left-right` option). However, it shows the commits that were +cherry-picked from the other branch (for example, ``3rd on b'' may be +cherry-picked from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are excluded from the output. +--left-only:: +--right-only:: + List only commits on the respective side of a symmetric difference, + i.e. only those which would be marked `<` resp. `>` by + `--left-right`. ++ +For example, `--cherry-pick --right-only A...B` omits those +commits from `B` which are in `A` or are patch-equivalent to a commit in +`A`. In other words, this lists the `+` commits from `git cherry A B`. +More precisely, `--cherry-pick --right-only --no-merges` gives the exact +list. + +--cherry:: + A synonym for `--right-only --cherry-mark --no-merges`; useful to + limit the output to the commits on our side and mark those that + have been applied to the other side of a forked history with + `git log --cherry upstream...mybranch`, similar to + `git cherry upstream mybranch`. + -g:: --walk-reflogs:: - Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones. When this option is used you cannot specify commits to exclude (that is, '{caret}commit', 'commit1..commit2', - nor 'commit1...commit2' notations cannot be used). + and 'commit1\...commit2' notations cannot be used). + -With '\--pretty' format other than oneline (for obvious reasons), +With `--pretty` format other than `oneline` (for obvious reasons), this causes the output to have two extra lines of information -taken from the reflog. By default, 'commit@\{Nth}' notation is -used in the output. When the starting commit is specified as -'commit@\{now}', output also uses 'commit@\{timestamp}' notation -instead. Under '\--pretty=oneline', the commit message is +taken from the reflog. The reflog designator in the output may be shown +as `ref@{Nth}` (where `Nth` is the reverse-chronological index in the +reflog) or as `ref@{timestamp}` (with the timestamp for that entry), +depending on a few rules: ++ +-- +1. If the starting point is specified as `ref@{Nth}`, show the index +format. ++ +2. If the starting point was specified as `ref@{now}`, show the +timestamp format. ++ +3. If neither was used, but `--date` was given on the command line, show +the timestamp in the format requested by `--date`. ++ +4. Otherwise, show the index format. +-- ++ +Under `--pretty=oneline`, the commit message is prefixed with this information on the same line. -This option cannot be combined with '\--reverse'. +This option cannot be combined with `--reverse`. See also linkgit:git-reflog[1]. --merge:: - After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a conflict and don't exist on all heads to merge. --boundary:: + Output excluded boundary commits. Boundary commits are + prefixed with `-`. + +ifdef::git-rev-list[] +--use-bitmap-index:: + + Try to speed up the traversal using the pack bitmap index (if + one is available). Note that when traversing with `--objects`, + trees and blobs will not have their associated path printed. - Output uninteresting commits at the boundary, which are usually - not shown. +--progress=<header>:: + Show progress reports on stderr as objects are considered. The + `<header>` text will be printed with each progress update. +endif::git-rev-list[] -- @@ -308,11 +308,9 @@ is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the history. The following options select the commits to be shown: <paths>:: - Commits modifying the given <paths> are selected. --simplify-by-decoration:: - Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected. Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history. @@ -320,31 +318,33 @@ Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history. The following options affect the way the simplification is performed: Default mode:: - Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the final state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side branches if the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches with the same content) --full-history:: - - As the default mode but does not prune some history. + Same as the default mode, but does not prune some history. --dense:: - Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a meaningful history. --sparse:: - All commits in the simplified history are shown. --simplify-merges:: - - Additional option to '--full-history' to remove some needless + Additional option to `--full-history` to remove some needless merges from the resulting history, as there are no selected commits contributing to this merge. +--ancestry-path:: + When given a range of commits to display (e.g. 'commit1..commit2' + or 'commit2 {caret}commit1'), only display commits that exist + directly on the ancestry chain between the 'commit1' and + 'commit2', i.e. commits that are both descendants of 'commit1', + and ancestors of 'commit2'. + A more detailed explanation follows. Suppose you specified `foo` as the <paths>. We shall call commits @@ -355,43 +355,45 @@ In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to illustrate the differences between simplification settings. We assume that you are filtering for a file `foo` in this commit graph: ----------------------------------------------------------------------- - .-A---M---N---O---P - / / / / / - I B C D E - \ / / / / - `-------------' + .-A---M---N---O---P---Q + / / / / / / + I B C D E Y + \ / / / / / + `-------------' X ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -The horizontal line of history A--P is taken to be the first parent of +The horizontal line of history A---Q is taken to be the first parent of each merge. The commits are: * `I` is the initial commit, in which `foo` exists with contents - "asdf", and a file `quux` exists with contents "quux". Initial + ``asdf'', and a file `quux` exists with contents ``quux''. Initial commits are compared to an empty tree, so `I` is !TREESAME. -* In `A`, `foo` contains just "foo". +* In `A`, `foo` contains just ``foo''. * `B` contains the same change as `A`. Its merge `M` is trivial and hence TREESAME to all parents. -* `C` does not change `foo`, but its merge `N` changes it to "foobar", +* `C` does not change `foo`, but its merge `N` changes it to ``foobar'', so it is not TREESAME to any parent. -* `D` sets `foo` to "baz". Its merge `O` combines the strings from - `N` and `D` to "foobarbaz"; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent. +* `D` sets `foo` to ``baz''. Its merge `O` combines the strings from + `N` and `D` to ``foobarbaz''; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent. + +* `E` changes `quux` to ``xyzzy'', and its merge `P` combines the + strings to ``quux xyzzy''. `P` is TREESAME to `O`, but not to `E`. -* `E` changes `quux` to "xyzzy", and its merge `P` combines the - strings to "quux xyzzy". Despite appearing interesting, `P` is - TREESAME to all parents. +* `X` is an independent root commit that added a new file `side`, and `Y` + modified it. `Y` is TREESAME to `X`. Its merge `Q` added `side` to `P`, and + `Q` is TREESAME to `P`, but not to `Y`. -'rev-list' walks backwards through history, including or excluding -commits based on whether '\--full-history' and/or parent rewriting -(via '\--parents' or '\--children') are used. The following settings +`rev-list` walks backwards through history, including or excluding +commits based on whether `--full-history` and/or parent rewriting +(via `--parents` or `--children`) are used. The following settings are available. Default mode:: - Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent - (though this can be changed, see '\--sparse' below). If the + (though this can be changed, see `--sparse` below). If the commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow only that parent. (Even if there are several TREESAME parents, follow only one of them.) Otherwise, follow all @@ -401,7 +403,7 @@ This results in: + ----------------------------------------------------------------------- .-A---N---O - / / + / / / I---------D ----------------------------------------------------------------------- + @@ -410,12 +412,11 @@ available, removed `B` from consideration entirely. `C` was considered via `N`, but is TREESAME. Root commits are compared to an empty tree, so `I` is !TREESAME. + -Parent/child relations are only visible with --parents, but that does +Parent/child relations are only visible with `--parents`, but that does not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the parent lines. --full-history without parent rewriting:: - This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow all parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them. Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are @@ -423,10 +424,10 @@ parent lines. the example, we get + ----------------------------------------------------------------------- - I A B N D O + I A B N D O P Q ----------------------------------------------------------------------- + -`P` and `M` were excluded because they are TREESAME to a parent. `E`, +`M` was excluded because it is TREESAME to both parents. `E`, `C` and `B` were all walked, but only `B` was !TREESAME, so the others do not appear. + @@ -435,49 +436,43 @@ about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so we show them disconnected. --full-history with parent rewriting:: - Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME - (though this can be changed, see '\--sparse' below). + (though this can be changed, see `--sparse` below). + Merges are always included. However, their parent list is rewritten: Along each parent, prune away commits that are not included themselves. This results in + ----------------------------------------------------------------------- - .-A---M---N---O---P + .-A---M---N---O---P---Q / / / / / I B / D / \ / / / / `-------------' ----------------------------------------------------------------------- + -Compare to '\--full-history' without rewriting above. Note that `E` +Compare to `--full-history` without rewriting above. Note that `E` was pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was rewritten to contain `E`'s parent `I`. The same happened for `C` and -`N`. Note also that `P` was included despite being TREESAME. +`N`, and `X`, `Y` and `Q`. In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME affects inclusion: --dense:: - Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent. --sparse:: - All commits that are walked are included. + -Note that without '\--full-history', this still simplifies merges: if +Note that without `--full-history`, this still simplifies merges: if one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other sides of the merge are never walked. -Finally, there is a fourth simplification mode available: - --simplify-merges:: - First, build a history graph in the same way that - '\--full-history' with parent rewriting does (see above). + `--full-history` with parent rewriting does (see above). + Then simplify each commit `C` to its replacement `C'` in the final history according to the following rules: @@ -486,8 +481,9 @@ history according to the following rules: * Set `C'` to `C`. + * Replace each parent `P` of `C'` with its simplification `P'`. In - the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents, and - remove duplicates. + the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents or that are + root commits TREESAME to an empty tree, and remove duplicates, but take care + to never drop all parents that we are TREESAME to. + * If after this parent rewriting, `C'` is a root or merge commit (has zero or >1 parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it remains. @@ -495,7 +491,7 @@ history according to the following rules: -- + The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to -'\--full-history' with parent rewriting. The example turns into: +`--full-history` with parent rewriting. The example turns into: + ----------------------------------------------------------------------- .-A---M---N---O @@ -505,7 +501,7 @@ The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to `---------' ----------------------------------------------------------------------- + -Note the major differences in `N` and `P` over '\--full-history': +Note the major differences in `N`, `P`, and `Q` over `--full-history`: + -- * `N`'s parent list had `I` removed, because it is an ancestor of the @@ -513,9 +509,52 @@ Note the major differences in `N` and `P` over '\--full-history': + * `P`'s parent list similarly had `I` removed. `P` was then removed completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME. ++ +* `Q`'s parent list had `Y` simplified to `X`. `X` was then removed, because it + was a TREESAME root. `Q` was then removed completely, because it had one + parent and is TREESAME. -- -The '\--simplify-by-decoration' option allows you to view only the +Finally, there is a fifth simplification mode available: + +--ancestry-path:: + Limit the displayed commits to those directly on the ancestry + chain between the ``from'' and ``to'' commits in the given commit + range. I.e. only display commits that are ancestor of the ``to'' + commit and descendants of the ``from'' commit. ++ +As an example use case, consider the following commit history: ++ +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + D---E-------F + / \ \ + B---C---G---H---I---J + / \ + A-------K---------------L--M +----------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +A regular 'D..M' computes the set of commits that are ancestors of `M`, +but excludes the ones that are ancestors of `D`. This is useful to see +what happened to the history leading to `M` since `D`, in the sense +that ``what does `M` have that did not exist in `D`''. The result in this +example would be all the commits, except `A` and `B` (and `D` itself, +of course). ++ +When we want to find out what commits in `M` are contaminated with the +bug introduced by `D` and need fixing, however, we might want to view +only the subset of 'D..M' that are actually descendants of `D`, i.e. +excluding `C` and `K`. This is exactly what the `--ancestry-path` +option does. Applied to the 'D..M' range, it results in: ++ +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + E-------F + \ \ + G---H---I---J + \ + L--M +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +The `--simplify-by-decoration` option allows you to view only the big picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits that are not referenced by tags. Commits are marked as !TREESAME (in other words, kept after history simplification rules described @@ -528,49 +567,52 @@ Bisection Helpers ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ --bisect:: - -Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between -the included and excluded commits. Thus, if - + Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between + included and excluded commits. Note that the bad bisection ref + `refs/bisect/bad` is added to the included commits (if it + exists) and the good bisection refs `refs/bisect/good-*` are + added to the excluded commits (if they exist). Thus, supposing there + are no refs in `refs/bisect/`, if ++ ----------------------------------------------------------------------- $ git rev-list --bisect foo ^bar ^baz ----------------------------------------------------------------------- - ++ outputs 'midpoint', the output of the two commands - ++ ----------------------------------------------------------------------- $ git rev-list foo ^midpoint $ git rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz ----------------------------------------------------------------------- - ++ would be of roughly the same length. Finding the change which introduces a regression is thus reduced to a binary search: repeatedly generate and test new 'midpoint's until the commit chain is of length -one. +one. Cannot be combined with --first-parent. --bisect-vars:: - -This calculates the same as `--bisect`, but outputs text ready -to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the name of -the midpoint revision to the variable `bisect_rev`, and the -expected number of commits to be tested after `bisect_rev` is -tested to `bisect_nr`, the expected number of commits to be -tested if `bisect_rev` turns out to be good to `bisect_good`, -the expected number of commits to be tested if `bisect_rev` -turns out to be bad to `bisect_bad`, and the number of commits -we are bisecting right now to `bisect_all`. + This calculates the same as `--bisect`, except that refs in + `refs/bisect/` are not used, and except that this outputs + text ready to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the + name of the midpoint revision to the variable `bisect_rev`, and the + expected number of commits to be tested after `bisect_rev` is tested + to `bisect_nr`, the expected number of commits to be tested if + `bisect_rev` turns out to be good to `bisect_good`, the expected + number of commits to be tested if `bisect_rev` turns out to be bad to + `bisect_bad`, and the number of commits we are bisecting right now to + `bisect_all`. --bisect-all:: - -This outputs all the commit objects between the included and excluded -commits, ordered by their distance to the included and excluded -commits. The farthest from them is displayed first. (This is the only -one displayed by `--bisect`.) - + This outputs all the commit objects between the included and excluded + commits, ordered by their distance to the included and excluded + commits. Refs in `refs/bisect/` are not used. The farthest + from them is displayed first. (This is the only one displayed by + `--bisect`.) ++ This is useful because it makes it easy to choose a good commit to test when you want to avoid to test some of them for some reason (they may not compile for example). - ++ This option can be used along with `--bisect-vars`, in this case, after all the sorted commit objects, there will be the same text as if `--bisect-vars` had been used alone. @@ -582,51 +624,269 @@ Commit Ordering By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order. ---topo-order:: +--date-order:: + Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but + otherwise show commits in the commit timestamp order. - This option makes them appear in topological order (i.e. - descendant commits are shown before their parents). +--author-date-order:: + Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but + otherwise show commits in the author timestamp order. ---date-order:: +--topo-order:: + Show no parents before all of its children are shown, and + avoid showing commits on multiple lines of history + intermixed. ++ +For example, in a commit history like this: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- - This option is similar to '--topo-order' in the sense that no - parent comes before all of its children, but otherwise things - are still ordered in the commit timestamp order. + ---1----2----4----7 + \ \ + 3----5----6----8--- ---reverse:: +---------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +where the numbers denote the order of commit timestamps, `git +rev-list` and friends with `--date-order` show the commits in the +timestamp order: 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1. ++ +With `--topo-order`, they would show 8 6 5 3 7 4 2 1 (or 8 7 4 2 6 5 +3 1); some older commits are shown before newer ones in order to +avoid showing the commits from two parallel development track mixed +together. - Output the commits in reverse order. - Cannot be combined with '\--walk-reflogs'. +--reverse:: + Output the commits chosen to be shown (see Commit Limiting + section above) in reverse order. Cannot be combined with + `--walk-reflogs`. Object Traversal ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -These options are mostly targeted for packing of git repositories. +These options are mostly targeted for packing of Git repositories. +ifdef::git-rev-list[] --objects:: - Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed - commits. '--objects foo ^bar' thus means "send me + commits. `--objects foo ^bar` thus means ``send me all object IDs which I need to download if I have the commit - object 'bar', but not 'foo'". + object _bar_ but not _foo_''. --objects-edge:: - - Similar to '--objects', but also print the IDs of excluded - commits prefixed with a "-" character. This is used by - linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] to build "thin" pack, which records + Similar to `--objects`, but also print the IDs of excluded + commits prefixed with a ``-'' character. This is used by + linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] to build a ``thin'' pack, which records objects in deltified form based on objects contained in these excluded commits to reduce network traffic. ---unpacked:: +--objects-edge-aggressive:: + Similar to `--objects-edge`, but it tries harder to find excluded + commits at the cost of increased time. This is used instead of + `--objects-edge` to build ``thin'' packs for shallow repositories. - Only useful with '--objects'; print the object IDs that are not - in packs. +--indexed-objects:: + Pretend as if all trees and blobs used by the index are listed + on the command line. Note that you probably want to use + `--objects`, too. ---no-walk:: +--unpacked:: + Only useful with `--objects`; print the object IDs that are not + in packs. +endif::git-rev-list[] - Only show the given revs, but do not traverse their ancestors. +--no-walk[=(sorted|unsorted)]:: + Only show the given commits, but do not traverse their ancestors. + This has no effect if a range is specified. If the argument + `unsorted` is given, the commits are shown in the order they were + given on the command line. Otherwise (if `sorted` or no argument + was given), the commits are shown in reverse chronological order + by commit time. + Cannot be combined with `--graph`. --do-walk:: + Overrides a previous `--no-walk`. + +Commit Formatting +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +ifdef::git-rev-list[] +Using these options, linkgit:git-rev-list[1] will act similar to the +more specialized family of commit log tools: linkgit:git-log[1], +linkgit:git-show[1], and linkgit:git-whatchanged[1] +endif::git-rev-list[] + +include::pretty-options.txt[] + +--relative-date:: + Synonym for `--date=relative`. + +--date=<format>:: + Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such + as when using `--pretty`. `log.date` config variable sets a default + value for the log command's `--date` option. By default, dates + are shown in the original time zone (either committer's or + author's). If `-local` is appended to the format (e.g., + `iso-local`), the user's local time zone is used instead. ++ +`--date=relative` shows dates relative to the current time, +e.g. ``2 hours ago''. The `-local` option has no effect for +`--date=relative`. ++ +`--date=local` is an alias for `--date=default-local`. ++ +`--date=iso` (or `--date=iso8601`) shows timestamps in a ISO 8601-like format. +The differences to the strict ISO 8601 format are: + + - a space instead of the `T` date/time delimiter + - a space between time and time zone + - no colon between hours and minutes of the time zone + ++ +`--date=iso-strict` (or `--date=iso8601-strict`) shows timestamps in strict +ISO 8601 format. ++ +`--date=rfc` (or `--date=rfc2822`) shows timestamps in RFC 2822 +format, often found in email messages. ++ +`--date=short` shows only the date, but not the time, in `YYYY-MM-DD` format. ++ +`--date=raw` shows the date as seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01 +00:00:00 UTC), followed by a space, and then the timezone as an offset +from UTC (a `+` or `-` with four digits; the first two are hours, and +the second two are minutes). I.e., as if the timestamp were formatted +with `strftime("%s %z")`). +Note that the `-local` option does not affect the seconds-since-epoch +value (which is always measured in UTC), but does switch the accompanying +timezone value. ++ +`--date=unix` shows the date as a Unix epoch timestamp (seconds since +1970). As with `--raw`, this is always in UTC and therefore `-local` +has no effect. ++ +`--date=format:...` feeds the format `...` to your system `strftime`. +Use `--date=format:%c` to show the date in your system locale's +preferred format. See the `strftime` manual for a complete list of +format placeholders. When using `-local`, the correct syntax is +`--date=format-local:...`. ++ +`--date=default` is the default format, and is similar to +`--date=rfc2822`, with a few exceptions: + + - there is no comma after the day-of-week + + - the time zone is omitted when the local time zone is used + +ifdef::git-rev-list[] +--header:: + Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is + separated with a NUL character. +endif::git-rev-list[] + +--parents:: + Print also the parents of the commit (in the form "commit parent..."). + Also enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below. + +--children:: + Print also the children of the commit (in the form "commit child..."). + Also enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below. + +ifdef::git-rev-list[] +--timestamp:: + Print the raw commit timestamp. +endif::git-rev-list[] + +--left-right:: + Mark which side of a symmetric difference a commit is reachable from. + Commits from the left side are prefixed with `<` and those from + the right with `>`. If combined with `--boundary`, those + commits are prefixed with `-`. ++ +For example, if you have this topology: ++ +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + y---b---b branch B + / \ / + / . + / / \ + o---x---a---a branch A +----------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +you would get an output like this: ++ +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + $ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B + + >bbbbbbb... 3rd on b + >bbbbbbb... 2nd on b + <aaaaaaa... 3rd on a + <aaaaaaa... 2nd on a + -yyyyyyy... 1st on b + -xxxxxxx... 1st on a +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +--graph:: + Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history + on the left hand side of the output. This may cause extra lines + to be printed in between commits, in order for the graph history + to be drawn properly. + Cannot be combined with `--no-walk`. ++ +This enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below. ++ +This implies the `--topo-order` option by default, but the +`--date-order` option may also be specified. + +--show-linear-break[=<barrier>]:: + When --graph is not used, all history branches are flattened + which can make it hard to see that the two consecutive commits + do not belong to a linear branch. This option puts a barrier + in between them in that case. If `<barrier>` is specified, it + is the string that will be shown instead of the default one. + +ifdef::git-rev-list[] +--count:: + Print a number stating how many commits would have been + listed, and suppress all other output. When used together + with `--left-right`, instead print the counts for left and + right commits, separated by a tab. When used together with + `--cherry-mark`, omit patch equivalent commits from these + counts and print the count for equivalent commits separated + by a tab. +endif::git-rev-list[] + +ifndef::git-rev-list[] +Diff Formatting +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Listed below are options that control the formatting of diff output. +Some of them are specific to linkgit:git-rev-list[1], however other diff +options may be given. See linkgit:git-diff-files[1] for more options. + +-c:: + With this option, diff output for a merge commit + shows the differences from each of the parents to the merge result + simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between a parent + and the result one at a time. Furthermore, it lists only files + which were modified from all parents. + +--cc:: + This flag implies the `-c` option and further compresses the + patch output by omitting uninteresting hunks whose contents in + the parents have only two variants and the merge result picks + one of them without modification. + +-m:: + This flag makes the merge commits show the full diff like + regular commits; for each merge parent, a separate log entry + and diff is generated. An exception is that only diff against + the first parent is shown when `--first-parent` option is given; + in that case, the output represents the changes the merge + brought _into_ the then-current branch. - Overrides a previous --no-walk. +-r:: + Show recursive diffs. + +-t:: + Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies `-r`. +endif::git-rev-list[] diff --git a/Documentation/revisions.txt b/Documentation/revisions.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..75d211f1a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/revisions.txt @@ -0,0 +1,369 @@ +SPECIFYING REVISIONS +-------------------- + +A revision parameter '<rev>' typically, but not necessarily, names a +commit object. It uses what is called an 'extended SHA-1' +syntax. Here are various ways to spell object names. The +ones listed near the end of this list name trees and +blobs contained in a commit. + +'<sha1>', e.g. 'dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735', 'dae86e':: + The full SHA-1 object name (40-byte hexadecimal string), or + a leading substring that is unique within the repository. + E.g. dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735 and dae86e both + name the same commit object if there is no other object in + your repository whose object name starts with dae86e. + +'<describeOutput>', e.g. 'v1.7.4.2-679-g3bee7fb':: + Output from `git describe`; i.e. a closest tag, optionally + followed by a dash and a number of commits, followed by a dash, a + 'g', and an abbreviated object name. + +'<refname>', e.g. 'master', 'heads/master', 'refs/heads/master':: + A symbolic ref name. E.g. 'master' typically means the commit + object referenced by 'refs/heads/master'. If you + happen to have both 'heads/master' and 'tags/master', you can + explicitly say 'heads/master' to tell Git which one you mean. + When ambiguous, a '<refname>' is disambiguated by taking the + first match in the following rules: + + . If '$GIT_DIR/<refname>' exists, that is what you mean (this is usually + useful only for `HEAD`, `FETCH_HEAD`, `ORIG_HEAD`, `MERGE_HEAD` + and `CHERRY_PICK_HEAD`); + + . otherwise, 'refs/<refname>' if it exists; + + . otherwise, 'refs/tags/<refname>' if it exists; + + . otherwise, 'refs/heads/<refname>' if it exists; + + . otherwise, 'refs/remotes/<refname>' if it exists; + + . otherwise, 'refs/remotes/<refname>/HEAD' if it exists. ++ +`HEAD` names the commit on which you based the changes in the working tree. +`FETCH_HEAD` records the branch which you fetched from a remote repository +with your last `git fetch` invocation. +`ORIG_HEAD` is created by commands that move your `HEAD` in a drastic +way, to record the position of the `HEAD` before their operation, so that +you can easily change the tip of the branch back to the state before you ran +them. +`MERGE_HEAD` records the commit(s) which you are merging into your branch +when you run `git merge`. +`CHERRY_PICK_HEAD` records the commit which you are cherry-picking +when you run `git cherry-pick`. ++ +Note that any of the 'refs/*' cases above may come either from +the '$GIT_DIR/refs' directory or from the '$GIT_DIR/packed-refs' file. +While the ref name encoding is unspecified, UTF-8 is preferred as +some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8. + +'@':: + '@' alone is a shortcut for `HEAD`. + +'<refname>@{<date>}', e.g. 'master@\{yesterday\}', 'HEAD@{5 minutes ago}':: + A ref followed by the suffix '@' with a date specification + enclosed in a brace + pair (e.g. '\{yesterday\}', '{1 month 2 weeks 3 days 1 hour 1 + second ago}' or '{1979-02-26 18:30:00}') specifies the value + of the ref at a prior point in time. This suffix may only be + used immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an + existing log ('$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>'). Note that this looks up the state + of your *local* ref at a given time; e.g., what was in your local + 'master' branch last week. If you want to look at commits made during + certain times, see `--since` and `--until`. + +'<refname>@{<n>}', e.g. 'master@\{1\}':: + A ref followed by the suffix '@' with an ordinal specification + enclosed in a brace pair (e.g. '\{1\}', '\{15\}') specifies + the n-th prior value of that ref. For example 'master@\{1\}' + is the immediate prior value of 'master' while 'master@\{5\}' + is the 5th prior value of 'master'. This suffix may only be used + immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an existing + log ('$GIT_DIR/logs/<refname>'). + +'@{<n>}', e.g. '@\{1\}':: + You can use the '@' construct with an empty ref part to get at a + reflog entry of the current branch. For example, if you are on + branch 'blabla' then '@\{1\}' means the same as 'blabla@\{1\}'. + +'@{-<n>}', e.g. '@{-1}':: + The construct '@{-<n>}' means the <n>th branch/commit checked out + before the current one. + +'<branchname>@\{upstream\}', e.g. 'master@\{upstream\}', '@\{u\}':: + The suffix '@\{upstream\}' to a branchname (short form '<branchname>@\{u\}') + refers to the branch that the branch specified by branchname is set to build on + top of (configured with `branch.<name>.remote` and + `branch.<name>.merge`). A missing branchname defaults to the + current one. These suffixes are also accepted when spelled in uppercase, and + they mean the same thing no matter the case. + +'<branchname>@\{push\}', e.g. 'master@\{push\}', '@\{push\}':: + The suffix '@\{push}' reports the branch "where we would push to" if + `git push` were run while `branchname` was checked out (or the current + `HEAD` if no branchname is specified). Since our push destination is + in a remote repository, of course, we report the local tracking branch + that corresponds to that branch (i.e., something in 'refs/remotes/'). ++ +Here's an example to make it more clear: ++ +------------------------------ +$ git config push.default current +$ git config remote.pushdefault myfork +$ git checkout -b mybranch origin/master + +$ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{upstream} +refs/remotes/origin/master + +$ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{push} +refs/remotes/myfork/mybranch +------------------------------ ++ +Note in the example that we set up a triangular workflow, where we pull +from one location and push to another. In a non-triangular workflow, +'@\{push}' is the same as '@\{upstream}', and there is no need for it. ++ +This suffix is also accepted when spelled in uppercase, and means the same +thing no matter the case. + +'<rev>{caret}', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}, v1.5.1{caret}0':: + A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter means the first parent of + that commit object. '{caret}<n>' means the <n>th parent (i.e. + '<rev>{caret}' + is equivalent to '<rev>{caret}1'). As a special rule, + '<rev>{caret}0' means the commit itself and is used when '<rev>' is the + object name of a tag object that refers to a commit object. + +'<rev>{tilde}<n>', e.g. 'master{tilde}3':: + A suffix '{tilde}<n>' to a revision parameter means the commit + object that is the <n>th generation ancestor of the named + commit object, following only the first parents. I.e. '<rev>{tilde}3' is + equivalent to '<rev>{caret}{caret}{caret}' which is equivalent to + '<rev>{caret}1{caret}1{caret}1'. See below for an illustration of + the usage of this form. + +'<rev>{caret}{<type>}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}\{commit\}':: + A suffix '{caret}' followed by an object type name enclosed in + brace pair means dereference the object at '<rev>' recursively until + an object of type '<type>' is found or the object cannot be + dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf). + For example, if '<rev>' is a commit-ish, '<rev>{caret}\{commit\}' + describes the corresponding commit object. + Similarly, if '<rev>' is a tree-ish, '<rev>{caret}\{tree\}' + describes the corresponding tree object. + '<rev>{caret}0' + is a short-hand for '<rev>{caret}\{commit\}'. ++ +'rev{caret}\{object\}' can be used to make sure 'rev' names an +object that exists, without requiring 'rev' to be a tag, and +without dereferencing 'rev'; because a tag is already an object, +it does not have to be dereferenced even once to get to an object. ++ +'rev{caret}\{tag\}' can be used to ensure that 'rev' identifies an +existing tag object. + +'<rev>{caret}{}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}{}':: + A suffix '{caret}' followed by an empty brace pair + means the object could be a tag, + and dereference the tag recursively until a non-tag object is + found. + +'<rev>{caret}{/<text>}', e.g. 'HEAD^{/fix nasty bug}':: + A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter, followed by a brace + pair that contains a text led by a slash, + is the same as the ':/fix nasty bug' syntax below except that + it returns the youngest matching commit which is reachable from + the '<rev>' before '{caret}'. + +':/<text>', e.g. ':/fix nasty bug':: + A colon, followed by a slash, followed by a text, names + a commit whose commit message matches the specified regular expression. + This name returns the youngest matching commit which is + reachable from any ref. The regular expression can match any part of the + commit message. To match messages starting with a string, one can use + e.g. ':/^foo'. The special sequence ':/!' is reserved for modifiers to what + is matched. ':/!-foo' performs a negative match, while ':/!!foo' matches a + literal '!' character, followed by 'foo'. Any other sequence beginning with + ':/!' is reserved for now. + +'<rev>:<path>', e.g. 'HEAD:README', ':README', 'master:./README':: + A suffix ':' followed by a path names the blob or tree + at the given path in the tree-ish object named by the part + before the colon. + ':path' (with an empty part before the colon) + is a special case of the syntax described next: content + recorded in the index at the given path. + A path starting with './' or '../' is relative to the current working directory. + The given path will be converted to be relative to the working tree's root directory. + This is most useful to address a blob or tree from a commit or tree that has + the same tree structure as the working tree. + +':<n>:<path>', e.g. ':0:README', ':README':: + A colon, optionally followed by a stage number (0 to 3) and a + colon, followed by a path, names a blob object in the + index at the given path. A missing stage number (and the colon + that follows it) names a stage 0 entry. During a merge, stage + 1 is the common ancestor, stage 2 is the target branch's version + (typically the current branch), and stage 3 is the version from + the branch which is being merged. + +Here is an illustration, by Jon Loeliger. Both commit nodes B +and C are parents of commit node A. Parent commits are ordered +left-to-right. + +........................................ +G H I J + \ / \ / + D E F + \ | / \ + \ | / | + \|/ | + B C + \ / + \ / + A +........................................ + + A = = A^0 + B = A^ = A^1 = A~1 + C = A^2 = A^2 + D = A^^ = A^1^1 = A~2 + E = B^2 = A^^2 + F = B^3 = A^^3 + G = A^^^ = A^1^1^1 = A~3 + H = D^2 = B^^2 = A^^^2 = A~2^2 + I = F^ = B^3^ = A^^3^ + J = F^2 = B^3^2 = A^^3^2 + + +SPECIFYING RANGES +----------------- + +History traversing commands such as `git log` operate on a set +of commits, not just a single commit. + +For these commands, +specifying a single revision, using the notation described in the +previous section, means the set of commits `reachable` from the given +commit. + +A commit's reachable set is the commit itself and the commits in +its ancestry chain. + + +Commit Exclusions +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +'{caret}<rev>' (caret) Notation:: + To exclude commits reachable from a commit, a prefix '{caret}' + notation is used. E.g. '{caret}r1 r2' means commits reachable + from 'r2' but exclude the ones reachable from 'r1' (i.e. 'r1' and + its ancestors). + +Dotted Range Notations +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The '..' (two-dot) Range Notation:: + The '{caret}r1 r2' set operation appears so often that there is a shorthand + for it. When you have two commits 'r1' and 'r2' (named according + to the syntax explained in SPECIFYING REVISIONS above), you can ask + for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable + from r1 by '{caret}r1 r2' and it can be written as 'r1..r2'. + +The '...' (three dot) Symmetric Difference Notation:: + A similar notation 'r1\...r2' is called symmetric difference + of 'r1' and 'r2' and is defined as + 'r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)'. + It is the set of commits that are reachable from either one of + 'r1' (left side) or 'r2' (right side) but not from both. + +In these two shorthand notations, you can omit one end and let it default to HEAD. +For example, 'origin..' is a shorthand for 'origin..HEAD' and asks "What +did I do since I forked from the origin branch?" Similarly, '..origin' +is a shorthand for 'HEAD..origin' and asks "What did the origin do since +I forked from them?" Note that '..' would mean 'HEAD..HEAD' which is an +empty range that is both reachable and unreachable from HEAD. + +Other <rev>{caret} Parent Shorthand Notations +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Three other shorthands exist, particularly useful for merge commits, +for naming a set that is formed by a commit and its parent commits. + +The 'r1{caret}@' notation means all parents of 'r1'. + +The 'r1{caret}!' notation includes commit 'r1' but excludes all of its parents. +By itself, this notation denotes the single commit 'r1'. + +The '<rev>{caret}-{<n>}' notation includes '<rev>' but excludes the <n>th +parent (i.e. a shorthand for '<rev>{caret}<n>..<rev>'), with '<n>' = 1 if +not given. This is typically useful for merge commits where you +can just pass '<commit>{caret}-' to get all the commits in the branch +that was merged in merge commit '<commit>' (including '<commit>' +itself). + +While '<rev>{caret}<n>' was about specifying a single commit parent, these +three notations also consider its parents. For example you can say +'HEAD{caret}2{caret}@', however you cannot say 'HEAD{caret}@{caret}2'. + +Revision Range Summary +---------------------- + +'<rev>':: + Include commits that are reachable from <rev> (i.e. <rev> and its + ancestors). + +'{caret}<rev>':: + Exclude commits that are reachable from <rev> (i.e. <rev> and its + ancestors). + +'<rev1>..<rev2>':: + Include commits that are reachable from <rev2> but exclude + those that are reachable from <rev1>. When either <rev1> or + <rev2> is omitted, it defaults to `HEAD`. + +'<rev1>\...<rev2>':: + Include commits that are reachable from either <rev1> or + <rev2> but exclude those that are reachable from both. When + either <rev1> or <rev2> is omitted, it defaults to `HEAD`. + +'<rev>{caret}@', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}@':: + A suffix '{caret}' followed by an at sign is the same as listing + all parents of '<rev>' (meaning, include anything reachable from + its parents, but not the commit itself). + +'<rev>{caret}!', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}!':: + A suffix '{caret}' followed by an exclamation mark is the same + as giving commit '<rev>' and then all its parents prefixed with + '{caret}' to exclude them (and their ancestors). + +'<rev>{caret}-{<n>}', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}-, HEAD{caret}-2':: + Equivalent to '<rev>{caret}<n>..<rev>', with '<n>' = 1 if not + given. + +Here are a handful of examples using the Loeliger illustration above, +with each step in the notation's expansion and selection carefully +spelt out: + + Args Expanded arguments Selected commits + D G H D + D F G H I J D F + ^G D H D + ^D B E I J F B + ^D B C E I J F B C + C I J F C + B..C = ^B C C + B...C = B ^F C G H D E B C + B^- = B^..B + = ^B^1 B E I J F B + C^@ = C^1 + = F I J F + B^@ = B^1 B^2 B^3 + = D E F D G H E F I J + C^! = C ^C^@ + = C ^C^1 + = C ^F C + B^! = B ^B^@ + = B ^B^1 ^B^2 ^B^3 + = B ^D ^E ^F B + F^! D = F ^I ^J D G H D F diff --git a/Documentation/sequencer.txt b/Documentation/sequencer.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5747f442f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/sequencer.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--continue:: + Continue the operation in progress using the information in + '.git/sequencer'. Can be used to continue after resolving + conflicts in a failed cherry-pick or revert. + +--quit:: + Forget about the current operation in progress. Can be used + to clear the sequencer state after a failed cherry-pick or + revert. + +--abort:: + Cancel the operation and return to the pre-sequence state. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-allocation-growing.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-allocation-growing.txt index 43dbe09f73..5a59b54844 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-allocation-growing.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-allocation-growing.txt @@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ Dynamically growing an array using realloc() is error prone and boring. Define your array with: -* a pointer (`ary`) that points at the array, initialized to `NULL`; +* a pointer (`item`) that points at the array, initialized to `NULL` + (although please name the variable based on its contents, not on its + type); * an integer variable (`alloc`) that keeps track of how big the current allocation is, initialized to `0`; @@ -13,22 +15,25 @@ Define your array with: * another integer variable (`nr`) to keep track of how many elements the array currently has, initialized to `0`. -Then before adding `n`th element to the array, call `ALLOC_GROW(ary, n, +Then before adding `n`th element to the item, call `ALLOC_GROW(item, n, alloc)`. This ensures that the array can hold at least `n` elements by calling `realloc(3)` and adjusting `alloc` variable. ------------ -sometype *ary; +sometype *item; size_t nr; size_t alloc for (i = 0; i < nr; i++) - if (we like ary[i] already) + if (we like item[i] already) return; /* we did not like any existing one, so add one */ -ALLOC_GROW(ary, nr + 1, alloc); -ary[nr++] = value you like; +ALLOC_GROW(item, nr + 1, alloc); +item[nr++] = value you like; ------------ You are responsible for updating the `nr` variable. + +If you need to specify the number of elements to allocate explicitly +then use the macro `REALLOC_ARRAY(item, alloc)` instead of `ALLOC_GROW`. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-argv-array.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-argv-array.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cfc063018c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-argv-array.txt @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +argv-array API +============== + +The argv-array API allows one to dynamically build and store +NULL-terminated lists. An argv-array maintains the invariant that the +`argv` member always points to a non-NULL array, and that the array is +always NULL-terminated at the element pointed to by `argv[argc]`. This +makes the result suitable for passing to functions expecting to receive +argv from main(), or the link:api-run-command.html[run-command API]. + +The link:api-string-list.html[string-list API] is similar, but cannot be +used for these purposes; instead of storing a straight string pointer, +it contains an item structure with a `util` field that is not compatible +with the traditional argv interface. + +Each `argv_array` manages its own memory. Any strings pushed into the +array are duplicated, and all memory is freed by argv_array_clear(). + +Data Structures +--------------- + +`struct argv_array`:: + + A single array. This should be initialized by assignment from + `ARGV_ARRAY_INIT`, or by calling `argv_array_init`. The `argv` + member contains the actual array; the `argc` member contains the + number of elements in the array, not including the terminating + NULL. + +Functions +--------- + +`argv_array_init`:: + Initialize an array. This is no different than assigning from + `ARGV_ARRAY_INIT`. + +`argv_array_push`:: + Push a copy of a string onto the end of the array. + +`argv_array_pushl`:: + Push a list of strings onto the end of the array. The arguments + should be a list of `const char *` strings, terminated by a NULL + argument. + +`argv_array_pushf`:: + Format a string and push it onto the end of the array. This is a + convenience wrapper combining `strbuf_addf` and `argv_array_push`. + +`argv_array_pushv`:: + Push a null-terminated array of strings onto the end of the array. + +`argv_array_pop`:: + Remove the final element from the array. If there are no + elements in the array, do nothing. + +`argv_array_clear`:: + Free all memory associated with the array and return it to the + initial, empty state. + +`argv_array_detach`:: + Disconnect the `argv` member from the `argv_array` struct and + return it. The caller is responsible for freeing the memory used + by the array, and by the strings it references. After detaching, + the `argv_array` is in a reinitialized state and can be pushed + into again. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-builtin.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-builtin.txt index 7ede1e64e5..22a39b9299 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-builtin.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-builtin.txt @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Adding a new built-in --------------------- There are 4 things to do to add a built-in command implementation to -git: +Git: . Define the implementation of the built-in command `foo` with signature: @@ -14,19 +14,22 @@ git: . Add the external declaration for the function to `builtin.h`. -. Add the command to `commands[]` table in `handle_internal_command()`, - defined in `git.c`. The entry should look like: +. Add the command to the `commands[]` table defined in `git.c`. + The entry should look like: { "foo", cmd_foo, <options> }, + where options is the bitwise-or of: `RUN_SETUP`:: + If there is not a Git directory to work on, abort. If there + is a work tree, chdir to the top of it if the command was + invoked in a subdirectory. If there is no work tree, no + chdir() is done. - Make sure there is a git directory to work on, and if there is a - work tree, chdir to the top of it if the command was invoked - in a subdirectory. If there is no work tree, no chdir() is - done. +`RUN_SETUP_GENTLY`:: + If there is a Git directory, chdir as per RUN_SETUP, otherwise, + don't chdir anywhere. `USE_PAGER`:: @@ -37,9 +40,9 @@ where options is the bitwise-or of: Make sure there is a work tree, i.e. the command cannot act on bare repositories. - This makes only sense when `RUN_SETUP` is also set. + This only makes sense when `RUN_SETUP` is also set. -. Add `builtin-foo.o` to `BUILTIN_OBJS` in `Makefile`. +. Add `builtin/foo.o` to `BUILTIN_OBJS` in `Makefile`. Additionally, if `foo` is a new command, there are 3 more things to do: @@ -49,6 +52,8 @@ Additionally, if `foo` is a new command, there are 3 more things to do: . Add an entry for `git-foo` to `command-list.txt`. +. Add an entry for `/git-foo` to `.gitignore`. + How a built-in is called ------------------------ diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-config.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-config.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..20741f345e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-config.txt @@ -0,0 +1,317 @@ +config API +========== + +The config API gives callers a way to access Git configuration files +(and files which have the same syntax). See linkgit:git-config[1] for a +discussion of the config file syntax. + +General Usage +------------- + +Config files are parsed linearly, and each variable found is passed to a +caller-provided callback function. The callback function is responsible +for any actions to be taken on the config option, and is free to ignore +some options. It is not uncommon for the configuration to be parsed +several times during the run of a Git program, with different callbacks +picking out different variables useful to themselves. + +A config callback function takes three parameters: + +- the name of the parsed variable. This is in canonical "flat" form: the + section, subsection, and variable segments will be separated by dots, + and the section and variable segments will be all lowercase. E.g., + `core.ignorecase`, `diff.SomeType.textconv`. + +- the value of the found variable, as a string. If the variable had no + value specified, the value will be NULL (typically this means it + should be interpreted as boolean true). + +- a void pointer passed in by the caller of the config API; this can + contain callback-specific data + +A config callback should return 0 for success, or -1 if the variable +could not be parsed properly. + +Basic Config Querying +--------------------- + +Most programs will simply want to look up variables in all config files +that Git knows about, using the normal precedence rules. To do this, +call `git_config` with a callback function and void data pointer. + +`git_config` will read all config sources in order of increasing +priority. Thus a callback should typically overwrite previously-seen +entries with new ones (e.g., if both the user-wide `~/.gitconfig` and +repo-specific `.git/config` contain `color.ui`, the config machinery +will first feed the user-wide one to the callback, and then the +repo-specific one; by overwriting, the higher-priority repo-specific +value is left at the end). + +The `git_config_with_options` function lets the caller examine config +while adjusting some of the default behavior of `git_config`. It should +almost never be used by "regular" Git code that is looking up +configuration variables. It is intended for advanced callers like +`git-config`, which are intentionally tweaking the normal config-lookup +process. It takes two extra parameters: + +`filename`:: +If this parameter is non-NULL, it specifies the name of a file to +parse for configuration, rather than looking in the usual files. Regular +`git_config` defaults to `NULL`. + +`respect_includes`:: +Specify whether include directives should be followed in parsed files. +Regular `git_config` defaults to `1`. + +Reading Specific Files +---------------------- + +To read a specific file in git-config format, use +`git_config_from_file`. This takes the same callback and data parameters +as `git_config`. + +Querying For Specific Variables +------------------------------- + +For programs wanting to query for specific variables in a non-callback +manner, the config API provides two functions `git_config_get_value` +and `git_config_get_value_multi`. They both read values from an internal +cache generated previously from reading the config files. + +`int git_config_get_value(const char *key, const char **value)`:: + + Finds the highest-priority value for the configuration variable `key`, + stores the pointer to it in `value` and returns 0. When the + configuration variable `key` is not found, returns 1 without touching + `value`. The caller should not free or modify `value`, as it is owned + by the cache. + +`const struct string_list *git_config_get_value_multi(const char *key)`:: + + Finds and returns the value list, sorted in order of increasing priority + for the configuration variable `key`. When the configuration variable + `key` is not found, returns NULL. The caller should not free or modify + the returned pointer, as it is owned by the cache. + +`void git_config_clear(void)`:: + + Resets and invalidates the config cache. + +The config API also provides type specific API functions which do conversion +as well as retrieval for the queried variable, including: + +`int git_config_get_int(const char *key, int *dest)`:: + + Finds and parses the value to an integer for the configuration variable + `key`. Dies on error; otherwise, stores the value of the parsed integer in + `dest` and returns 0. When the configuration variable `key` is not found, + returns 1 without touching `dest`. + +`int git_config_get_ulong(const char *key, unsigned long *dest)`:: + + Similar to `git_config_get_int` but for unsigned longs. + +`int git_config_get_bool(const char *key, int *dest)`:: + + Finds and parses the value into a boolean value, for the configuration + variable `key` respecting keywords like "true" and "false". Integer + values are converted into true/false values (when they are non-zero or + zero, respectively). Other values cause a die(). If parsing is successful, + stores the value of the parsed result in `dest` and returns 0. When the + configuration variable `key` is not found, returns 1 without touching + `dest`. + +`int git_config_get_bool_or_int(const char *key, int *is_bool, int *dest)`:: + + Similar to `git_config_get_bool`, except that integers are copied as-is, + and `is_bool` flag is unset. + +`int git_config_get_maybe_bool(const char *key, int *dest)`:: + + Similar to `git_config_get_bool`, except that it returns -1 on error + rather than dying. + +`int git_config_get_string_const(const char *key, const char **dest)`:: + + Allocates and copies the retrieved string into the `dest` parameter for + the configuration variable `key`; if NULL string is given, prints an + error message and returns -1. When the configuration variable `key` is + not found, returns 1 without touching `dest`. + +`int git_config_get_string(const char *key, char **dest)`:: + + Similar to `git_config_get_string_const`, except that retrieved value + copied into the `dest` parameter is a mutable string. + +`int git_config_get_pathname(const char *key, const char **dest)`:: + + Similar to `git_config_get_string`, but expands `~` or `~user` into + the user's home directory when found at the beginning of the path. + +`git_die_config(const char *key, const char *err, ...)`:: + + First prints the error message specified by the caller in `err` and then + dies printing the line number and the file name of the highest priority + value for the configuration variable `key`. + +`void git_die_config_linenr(const char *key, const char *filename, int linenr)`:: + + Helper function which formats the die error message according to the + parameters entered. Used by `git_die_config()`. It can be used by callers + handling `git_config_get_value_multi()` to print the correct error message + for the desired value. + +See test-config.c for usage examples. + +Value Parsing Helpers +--------------------- + +To aid in parsing string values, the config API provides callbacks with +a number of helper functions, including: + +`git_config_int`:: +Parse the string to an integer, including unit factors. Dies on error; +otherwise, returns the parsed result. + +`git_config_ulong`:: +Identical to `git_config_int`, but for unsigned longs. + +`git_config_bool`:: +Parse a string into a boolean value, respecting keywords like "true" and +"false". Integer values are converted into true/false values (when they +are non-zero or zero, respectively). Other values cause a die(). If +parsing is successful, the return value is the result. + +`git_config_bool_or_int`:: +Same as `git_config_bool`, except that integers are returned as-is, and +an `is_bool` flag is unset. + +`git_config_maybe_bool`:: +Same as `git_config_bool`, except that it returns -1 on error rather +than dying. + +`git_config_string`:: +Allocates and copies the value string into the `dest` parameter; if no +string is given, prints an error message and returns -1. + +`git_config_pathname`:: +Similar to `git_config_string`, but expands `~` or `~user` into the +user's home directory when found at the beginning of the path. + +Include Directives +------------------ + +By default, the config parser does not respect include directives. +However, a caller can use the special `git_config_include` wrapper +callback to support them. To do so, you simply wrap your "real" callback +function and data pointer in a `struct config_include_data`, and pass +the wrapper to the regular config-reading functions. For example: + +------------------------------------------- +int read_file_with_include(const char *file, config_fn_t fn, void *data) +{ + struct config_include_data inc = CONFIG_INCLUDE_INIT; + inc.fn = fn; + inc.data = data; + return git_config_from_file(git_config_include, file, &inc); +} +------------------------------------------- + +`git_config` respects includes automatically. The lower-level +`git_config_from_file` does not. + +Custom Configsets +----------------- + +A `config_set` can be used to construct an in-memory cache for +config-like files that the caller specifies (i.e., files like `.gitmodules`, +`~/.gitconfig` etc.). For example, + +--------------------------------------- +struct config_set gm_config; +git_configset_init(&gm_config); +int b; +/* we add config files to the config_set */ +git_configset_add_file(&gm_config, ".gitmodules"); +git_configset_add_file(&gm_config, ".gitmodules_alt"); + +if (!git_configset_get_bool(gm_config, "submodule.frotz.ignore", &b)) { + /* hack hack hack */ +} + +/* when we are done with the configset */ +git_configset_clear(&gm_config); +---------------------------------------- + +Configset API provides functions for the above mentioned work flow, including: + +`void git_configset_init(struct config_set *cs)`:: + + Initializes the config_set `cs`. + +`int git_configset_add_file(struct config_set *cs, const char *filename)`:: + + Parses the file and adds the variable-value pairs to the `config_set`, + dies if there is an error in parsing the file. Returns 0 on success, or + -1 if the file does not exist or is inaccessible. The user has to decide + if he wants to free the incomplete configset or continue using it when + the function returns -1. + +`int git_configset_get_value(struct config_set *cs, const char *key, const char **value)`:: + + Finds the highest-priority value for the configuration variable `key` + and config set `cs`, stores the pointer to it in `value` and returns 0. + When the configuration variable `key` is not found, returns 1 without + touching `value`. The caller should not free or modify `value`, as it + is owned by the cache. + +`const struct string_list *git_configset_get_value_multi(struct config_set *cs, const char *key)`:: + + Finds and returns the value list, sorted in order of increasing priority + for the configuration variable `key` and config set `cs`. When the + configuration variable `key` is not found, returns NULL. The caller + should not free or modify the returned pointer, as it is owned by the cache. + +`void git_configset_clear(struct config_set *cs)`:: + + Clears `config_set` structure, removes all saved variable-value pairs. + +In addition to above functions, the `config_set` API provides type specific +functions in the vein of `git_config_get_int` and family but with an extra +parameter, pointer to struct `config_set`. +They all behave similarly to the `git_config_get*()` family described in +"Querying For Specific Variables" above. + +Writing Config Files +-------------------- + +Git gives multiple entry points in the Config API to write config values to +files namely `git_config_set_in_file` and `git_config_set`, which write to +a specific config file or to `.git/config` respectively. They both take a +key/value pair as parameter. +In the end they both call `git_config_set_multivar_in_file` which takes four +parameters: + +- the name of the file, as a string, to which key/value pairs will be written. + +- the name of key, as a string. This is in canonical "flat" form: the section, + subsection, and variable segments will be separated by dots, and the section + and variable segments will be all lowercase. + E.g., `core.ignorecase`, `diff.SomeType.textconv`. + +- the value of the variable, as a string. If value is equal to NULL, it will + remove the matching key from the config file. + +- the value regex, as a string. It will disregard key/value pairs where value + does not match. + +- a multi_replace value, as an int. If value is equal to zero, nothing or only + one matching key/value is replaced, else all matching key/values (regardless + how many) are removed, before the new pair is written. + +It returns 0 on success. + +Also, there are functions `git_config_rename_section` and +`git_config_rename_section_in_file` with parameters `old_name` and `new_name` +for renaming or removing sections in the config files. If NULL is passed +through `new_name` parameter, the section will be removed from the config file. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-credentials.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-credentials.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..75368f26ca --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-credentials.txt @@ -0,0 +1,271 @@ +credentials API +=============== + +The credentials API provides an abstracted way of gathering username and +password credentials from the user (even though credentials in the wider +world can take many forms, in this document the word "credential" always +refers to a username and password pair). + +This document describes two interfaces: the C API that the credential +subsystem provides to the rest of Git, and the protocol that Git uses to +communicate with system-specific "credential helpers". If you are +writing Git code that wants to look up or prompt for credentials, see +the section "C API" below. If you want to write your own helper, see +the section on "Credential Helpers" below. + +Typical setup +------------- + +------------ ++-----------------------+ +| Git code (C) |--- to server requiring ---> +| | authentication +|.......................| +| C credential API |--- prompt ---> User ++-----------------------+ + ^ | + | pipe | + | v ++-----------------------+ +| Git credential helper | ++-----------------------+ +------------ + +The Git code (typically a remote-helper) will call the C API to obtain +credential data like a login/password pair (credential_fill). The +API will itself call a remote helper (e.g. "git credential-cache" or +"git credential-store") that may retrieve credential data from a +store. If the credential helper cannot find the information, the C API +will prompt the user. Then, the caller of the API takes care of +contacting the server, and does the actual authentication. + +C API +----- + +The credential C API is meant to be called by Git code which needs to +acquire or store a credential. It is centered around an object +representing a single credential and provides three basic operations: +fill (acquire credentials by calling helpers and/or prompting the user), +approve (mark a credential as successfully used so that it can be stored +for later use), and reject (mark a credential as unsuccessful so that it +can be erased from any persistent storage). + +Data Structures +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +`struct credential`:: + + This struct represents a single username/password combination + along with any associated context. All string fields should be + heap-allocated (or NULL if they are not known or not applicable). + The meaning of the individual context fields is the same as + their counterparts in the helper protocol; see the section below + for a description of each field. ++ +The `helpers` member of the struct is a `string_list` of helpers. Each +string specifies an external helper which will be run, in order, to +either acquire or store credentials. See the section on credential +helpers below. This list is filled-in by the API functions +according to the corresponding configuration variables before +consulting helpers, so there usually is no need for a caller to +modify the helpers field at all. ++ +This struct should always be initialized with `CREDENTIAL_INIT` or +`credential_init`. + + +Functions +~~~~~~~~~ + +`credential_init`:: + + Initialize a credential structure, setting all fields to empty. + +`credential_clear`:: + + Free any resources associated with the credential structure, + returning it to a pristine initialized state. + +`credential_fill`:: + + Instruct the credential subsystem to fill the username and + password fields of the passed credential struct by first + consulting helpers, then asking the user. After this function + returns, the username and password fields of the credential are + guaranteed to be non-NULL. If an error occurs, the function will + die(). + +`credential_reject`:: + + Inform the credential subsystem that the provided credentials + have been rejected. This will cause the credential subsystem to + notify any helpers of the rejection (which allows them, for + example, to purge the invalid credentials from storage). It + will also free() the username and password fields of the + credential and set them to NULL (readying the credential for + another call to `credential_fill`). Any errors from helpers are + ignored. + +`credential_approve`:: + + Inform the credential subsystem that the provided credentials + were successfully used for authentication. This will cause the + credential subsystem to notify any helpers of the approval, so + that they may store the result to be used again. Any errors + from helpers are ignored. + +`credential_from_url`:: + + Parse a URL into broken-down credential fields. + +Example +~~~~~~~ + +The example below shows how the functions of the credential API could be +used to login to a fictitious "foo" service on a remote host: + +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +int foo_login(struct foo_connection *f) +{ + int status; + /* + * Create a credential with some context; we don't yet know the + * username or password. + */ + + struct credential c = CREDENTIAL_INIT; + c.protocol = xstrdup("foo"); + c.host = xstrdup(f->hostname); + + /* + * Fill in the username and password fields by contacting + * helpers and/or asking the user. The function will die if it + * fails. + */ + credential_fill(&c); + + /* + * Otherwise, we have a username and password. Try to use it. + */ + status = send_foo_login(f, c.username, c.password); + switch (status) { + case FOO_OK: + /* It worked. Store the credential for later use. */ + credential_accept(&c); + break; + case FOO_BAD_LOGIN: + /* Erase the credential from storage so we don't try it + * again. */ + credential_reject(&c); + break; + default: + /* + * Some other error occurred. We don't know if the + * credential is good or bad, so report nothing to the + * credential subsystem. + */ + } + + /* Free any associated resources. */ + credential_clear(&c); + + return status; +} +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +Credential Helpers +------------------ + +Credential helpers are programs executed by Git to fetch or save +credentials from and to long-term storage (where "long-term" is simply +longer than a single Git process; e.g., credentials may be stored +in-memory for a few minutes, or indefinitely on disk). + +Each helper is specified by a single string in the configuration +variable `credential.helper` (and others, see linkgit:git-config[1]). +The string is transformed by Git into a command to be executed using +these rules: + + 1. If the helper string begins with "!", it is considered a shell + snippet, and everything after the "!" becomes the command. + + 2. Otherwise, if the helper string begins with an absolute path, the + verbatim helper string becomes the command. + + 3. Otherwise, the string "git credential-" is prepended to the helper + string, and the result becomes the command. + +The resulting command then has an "operation" argument appended to it +(see below for details), and the result is executed by the shell. + +Here are some example specifications: + +---------------------------------------------------- +# run "git credential-foo" +foo + +# same as above, but pass an argument to the helper +foo --bar=baz + +# the arguments are parsed by the shell, so use shell +# quoting if necessary +foo --bar="whitespace arg" + +# you can also use an absolute path, which will not use the git wrapper +/path/to/my/helper --with-arguments + +# or you can specify your own shell snippet +!f() { echo "password=`cat $HOME/.secret`"; }; f +---------------------------------------------------- + +Generally speaking, rule (3) above is the simplest for users to specify. +Authors of credential helpers should make an effort to assist their +users by naming their program "git-credential-$NAME", and putting it in +the $PATH or $GIT_EXEC_PATH during installation, which will allow a user +to enable it with `git config credential.helper $NAME`. + +When a helper is executed, it will have one "operation" argument +appended to its command line, which is one of: + +`get`:: + + Return a matching credential, if any exists. + +`store`:: + + Store the credential, if applicable to the helper. + +`erase`:: + + Remove a matching credential, if any, from the helper's storage. + +The details of the credential will be provided on the helper's stdin +stream. The exact format is the same as the input/output format of the +`git credential` plumbing command (see the section `INPUT/OUTPUT +FORMAT` in linkgit:git-credential[1] for a detailed specification). + +For a `get` operation, the helper should produce a list of attributes +on stdout in the same format. A helper is free to produce a subset, or +even no values at all if it has nothing useful to provide. Any provided +attributes will overwrite those already known about by Git. If a helper +outputs a `quit` attribute with a value of `true` or `1`, no further +helpers will be consulted, nor will the user be prompted (if no +credential has been provided, the operation will then fail). + +For a `store` or `erase` operation, the helper's output is ignored. +If it fails to perform the requested operation, it may complain to +stderr to inform the user. If it does not support the requested +operation (e.g., a read-only store), it should silently ignore the +request. + +If a helper receives any other operation, it should silently ignore the +request. This leaves room for future operations to be added (older +helpers will just ignore the new requests). + +See also +-------- + +linkgit:gitcredentials[7] + +linkgit:git-config[1] (See configuration variables `credential.*`) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-diff.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-diff.txt index 20b0241d30..8b001de0db 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-diff.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-diff.txt @@ -28,11 +28,12 @@ Calling sequence * Call `diff_setup_done()`; this inspects the options set up so far for internal consistency and make necessary tweaking to it (e.g. if - textual patch output was asked, recursive behaviour is turned on). + textual patch output was asked, recursive behaviour is turned on); + the callback set_default in diff_options can be used to tweak this more. * As you find different pairs of files, call `diff_change()` to feed modified files, `diff_addremove()` to feed created or deleted files, - or `diff_unmerged()` to feed a file whose state is 'unmerged' to the + or `diff_unmerge()` to feed a file whose state is 'unmerged' to the API. These are thin wrappers to a lower-level `diff_queue()` function that is flexible enough to record any of these kinds of changes. @@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ Data structures This is the internal representation for a single file (blob). It records the blob object name (if known -- for a work tree file it typically is a NUL SHA-1), filemode and pathname. This is what the -`diff_addremove()`, `diff_change()` and `diff_unmerged()` synthesize and +`diff_addremove()`, `diff_change()` and `diff_unmerge()` synthesize and feed `diff_queue()` function with. * `struct diff_filepair` @@ -115,6 +116,13 @@ Notable members are: operation, but some do not have anything to do with the diffcore library. +`touched_flags`:: + Records whether a flag has been changed due to user request + (rather than just set/unset by default). + +`set_default`:: + Callback which allows tweaking the options in diff_setup_done(). + BINARY, TEXT;; Affects the way how a file that is seemingly binary is treated. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt index 5bbd18f020..7f8e78d916 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt @@ -9,37 +9,51 @@ Data structure -------------- `struct dir_struct` structure is used to pass directory traversal -options to the library and to record the paths discovered. The notable -options are: +options to the library and to record the paths discovered. A single +`struct dir_struct` is used regardless of whether or not the traversal +recursively descends into subdirectories. + +The notable options are: `exclude_per_dir`:: The name of the file to be read in each directory for excluded files (typically `.gitignore`). -`collect_ignored`:: +`flags`:: + + A bit-field of options (the `*IGNORED*` flags are mutually exclusive): + +`DIR_SHOW_IGNORED`::: - Include paths that are to be excluded in the result. + Return just ignored files in `entries[]`, not untracked files. -`show_ignored`:: +`DIR_SHOW_IGNORED_TOO`::: - The traversal is for finding just ignored files, not unignored - files. + Similar to `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED`, but return ignored files in `ignored[]` + in addition to untracked files in `entries[]`. -`show_other_directories`:: +`DIR_COLLECT_IGNORED`::: + + Special mode for git-add. Return ignored files in `ignored[]` and + untracked files in `entries[]`. Only returns ignored files that match + pathspec exactly (no wildcards). Does not recurse into ignored + directories. + +`DIR_SHOW_OTHER_DIRECTORIES`::: Include a directory that is not tracked. -`hide_empty_directories`:: +`DIR_HIDE_EMPTY_DIRECTORIES`::: Do not include a directory that is not tracked and is empty. -`no_gitlinks`:: +`DIR_NO_GITLINKS`::: - If set, recurse into a directory that looks like a git + If set, recurse into a directory that looks like a Git directory. Otherwise it is shown as a directory. -The result of the enumeration is left in these fields:: +The result of the enumeration is left in these fields: `entries[]`:: @@ -54,18 +68,31 @@ The result of the enumeration is left in these fields:: Internal use; keeps track of allocation of `entries[]` array. +`ignored[]`:: + + An array of `struct dir_entry`, used for ignored paths with the + `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED_TOO` and `DIR_COLLECT_IGNORED` flags. + +`ignored_nr`:: + + The number of members in `ignored[]` array. Calling sequence ---------------- +Note: index may be looked at for .gitignore files that are CE_SKIP_WORKTREE +marked. If you to exclude files, make sure you have loaded index first. + * Prepare `struct dir_struct dir` and clear it with `memset(&dir, 0, sizeof(dir))`. -* Call `add_exclude()` to add single exclude pattern, - `add_excludes_from_file()` to add patterns from a file - (e.g. `.git/info/exclude`), and/or set `dir.exclude_per_dir`. A - short-hand function `setup_standard_excludes()` can be used to set up - the standard set of exclude settings. +* To add single exclude pattern, call `add_exclude_list()` and then + `add_exclude()`. + +* To add patterns from a file (e.g. `.git/info/exclude`), call + `add_excludes_from_file()` , and/or set `dir.exclude_per_dir`. A + short-hand function `setup_standard_excludes()` can be used to set + up the standard set of exclude settings. * Set options described in the Data Structure section above. @@ -73,4 +100,6 @@ Calling sequence * Use `dir.entries[]`. +* Call `clear_directory()` when none of the contained elements are no longer in use. + (JC) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-error-handling.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-error-handling.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ceeedd485c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-error-handling.txt @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +Error reporting in git +====================== + +`die`, `usage`, `error`, and `warning` report errors of various +kinds. + +- `die` is for fatal application errors. It prints a message to + the user and exits with status 128. + +- `usage` is for errors in command line usage. After printing its + message, it exits with status 129. (See also `usage_with_options` + in the link:api-parse-options.html[parse-options API].) + +- `error` is for non-fatal library errors. It prints a message + to the user and returns -1 for convenience in signaling the error + to the caller. + +- `warning` is for reporting situations that probably should not + occur but which the user (and Git) can continue to work around + without running into too many problems. Like `error`, it + returns -1 after reporting the situation to the caller. + +Customizable error handlers +--------------------------- + +The default behavior of `die` and `error` is to write a message to +stderr and then exit or return as appropriate. This behavior can be +overridden using `set_die_routine` and `set_error_routine`. For +example, "git daemon" uses set_die_routine to write the reason `die` +was called to syslog before exiting. + +Library errors +-------------- + +Functions return a negative integer on error. Details beyond that +vary from function to function: + +- Some functions return -1 for all errors. Others return a more + specific value depending on how the caller might want to react + to the error. + +- Some functions report the error to stderr with `error`, + while others leave that for the caller to do. + +- errno is not meaningful on return from most functions (except + for thin wrappers for system calls). + +Check the function's API documentation to be sure. + +Caller-handled errors +--------------------- + +An increasing number of functions take a parameter 'struct strbuf *err'. +On error, such functions append a message about what went wrong to the +'err' strbuf. The message is meant to be complete enough to be passed +to `die` or `error` as-is. For example: + + if (ref_transaction_commit(transaction, &err)) + die("%s", err.buf); + +The 'err' parameter will be untouched if no error occurred, so multiple +function calls can be chained: + + t = ref_transaction_begin(&err); + if (!t || + ref_transaction_update(t, "HEAD", ..., &err) || + ret_transaction_commit(t, &err)) + die("%s", err.buf); + +The 'err' parameter must be a pointer to a valid strbuf. To silence +a message, pass a strbuf that is explicitly ignored: + + if (thing_that_can_fail_in_an_ignorable_way(..., &err)) + /* This failure is okay. */ + strbuf_reset(&err); diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt index 9d97eaa9de..e7cbb7c13a 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt @@ -11,27 +11,20 @@ Data Structure `struct git_attr`:: An attribute is an opaque object that is identified by its name. - Pass the name and its length to `git_attr()` function to obtain - the object of this type. The internal representation of this - structure is of no interest to the calling programs. + Pass the name to `git_attr()` function to obtain the object of + this type. The internal representation of this structure is + of no interest to the calling programs. The name of the + attribute can be retrieved by calling `git_attr_name()`. -`struct git_attr_check`:: +`struct attr_check_item`:: - This structure represents a set of attributes to check in a call - to `git_checkattr()` function, and receives the results. + This structure represents one attribute and its value. +`struct attr_check`:: -Calling Sequence ----------------- - -* Prepare an array of `struct git_attr_check` to define the list of - attributes you would want to check. To populate this array, you would - need to define necessary attributes by calling `git_attr()` function. - -* Call git_checkattr() to check the attributes for the path. - -* Inspect `git_attr_check` structure to see how each of the attribute in - the array is defined for the path. + This structure represents a collection of `attr_check_item`. + It is passed to `git_check_attr()` function, specifying the + attributes to check, and receives their values. Attribute Values @@ -39,7 +32,7 @@ Attribute Values An attribute for a path can be in one of four states: Set, Unset, Unspecified or set to a string, and `.value` member of `struct -git_attr_check` records it. There are three macros to check these: +attr_check_item` records it. There are three macros to check these: `ATTR_TRUE()`:: @@ -57,39 +50,54 @@ If none of the above returns true, `.value` member points at a string value of the attribute for the path. +Querying Specific Attributes +---------------------------- + +* Prepare `struct attr_check` using attr_check_initl() + function, enumerating the names of attributes whose values you are + interested in, terminated with a NULL pointer. Alternatively, an + empty `struct attr_check` can be prepared by calling + `attr_check_alloc()` function and then attributes you want to + ask about can be added to it with `attr_check_append()` + function. + +* Call `git_check_attr()` to check the attributes for the path. + +* Inspect `attr_check` structure to see how each of the + attribute in the array is defined for the path. + + Example ------- -To see how attributes "crlf" and "indent" are set for different paths. +To see how attributes "crlf" and "ident" are set for different paths. -. Prepare an array of `struct git_attr_check` with two elements (because - we are checking two attributes). Initialize their `attr` member with - pointers to `struct git_attr` obtained by calling `git_attr()`: +. Prepare a `struct attr_check` with two elements (because + we are checking two attributes): ------------ -static struct git_attr_check check[2]; +static struct attr_check *check; static void setup_check(void) { - if (check[0].attr) + if (check) return; /* already done */ - check[0].attr = git_attr("crlf", 4); - check[1].attr = git_attr("ident", 5); + check = attr_check_initl("crlf", "ident", NULL); } ------------ -. Call `git_checkattr()` with the prepared array of `struct git_attr_check`: +. Call `git_check_attr()` with the prepared `struct attr_check`: ------------ const char *path; setup_check(); - git_checkattr(path, ARRAY_SIZE(check), check); + git_check_attr(path, check); ------------ -. Act on `.value` member of the result, left in `check[]`: +. Act on `.value` member of the result, left in `check->items[]`: ------------ - const char *value = check[0].value; + const char *value = check->items[0].value; if (ATTR_TRUE(value)) { The attribute is Set, by listing only the name of the @@ -98,7 +106,7 @@ static void setup_check(void) The attribute is Unset, by listing the name of the attribute prefixed with a dash - for the path. } else if (ATTR_UNSET(value)) { - The attribute is not set nor unset for the path. + The attribute is neither set nor unset for the path. } else if (!strcmp(value, "input")) { If none of ATTR_TRUE(), ATTR_FALSE(), or ATTR_UNSET() is true, the value is a string set in the gitattributes @@ -108,4 +116,39 @@ static void setup_check(void) } ------------ -(JC) +To see how attributes in argv[] are set for different paths, only +the first step in the above would be different. + +------------ +static struct attr_check *check; +static void setup_check(const char **argv) +{ + check = attr_check_alloc(); + while (*argv) { + struct git_attr *attr = git_attr(*argv); + attr_check_append(check, attr); + argv++; + } +} +------------ + + +Querying All Attributes +----------------------- + +To get the values of all attributes associated with a file: + +* Prepare an empty `attr_check` structure by calling + `attr_check_alloc()`. + +* Call `git_all_attrs()`, which populates the `attr_check` + with the attributes attached to the path. + +* Iterate over the `attr_check.items[]` array to examine + the attribute names and values. The name of the attribute + described by a `attr_check.items[]` object can be retrieved via + `git_attr_name(check->items[i].attr)`. (Please note that no items + will be returned for unset attributes, so `ATTR_UNSET()` will return + false for all returned `attr_check.items[]` objects.) + +* Free the `attr_check` struct by calling `attr_check_free()`. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-hash.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-hash.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c784d3edcb..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-hash.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6 +0,0 @@ -hash API -======== - -Talk about <hash.h> - -(Linus) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-hashmap.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-hashmap.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ccc634bbd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-hashmap.txt @@ -0,0 +1,309 @@ +hashmap API +=========== + +The hashmap API is a generic implementation of hash-based key-value mappings. + +Data Structures +--------------- + +`struct hashmap`:: + + The hash table structure. Members can be used as follows, but should + not be modified directly: ++ +The `size` member keeps track of the total number of entries (0 means the +hashmap is empty). ++ +`tablesize` is the allocated size of the hash table. A non-0 value indicates +that the hashmap is initialized. It may also be useful for statistical purposes +(i.e. `size / tablesize` is the current load factor). ++ +`cmpfn` stores the comparison function specified in `hashmap_init()`. In +advanced scenarios, it may be useful to change this, e.g. to switch between +case-sensitive and case-insensitive lookup. ++ +When `disallow_rehash` is set, automatic rehashes are prevented during inserts +and deletes. + +`struct hashmap_entry`:: + + An opaque structure representing an entry in the hash table, which must + be used as first member of user data structures. Ideally it should be + followed by an int-sized member to prevent unused memory on 64-bit + systems due to alignment. ++ +The `hash` member is the entry's hash code and the `next` member points to the +next entry in case of collisions (i.e. if multiple entries map to the same +bucket). + +`struct hashmap_iter`:: + + An iterator structure, to be used with hashmap_iter_* functions. + +Types +----- + +`int (*hashmap_cmp_fn)(const void *entry, const void *entry_or_key, const void *keydata)`:: + + User-supplied function to test two hashmap entries for equality. Shall + return 0 if the entries are equal. ++ +This function is always called with non-NULL `entry` / `entry_or_key` +parameters that have the same hash code. When looking up an entry, the `key` +and `keydata` parameters to hashmap_get and hashmap_remove are always passed +as second and third argument, respectively. Otherwise, `keydata` is NULL. + +Functions +--------- + +`unsigned int strhash(const char *buf)`:: +`unsigned int strihash(const char *buf)`:: +`unsigned int memhash(const void *buf, size_t len)`:: +`unsigned int memihash(const void *buf, size_t len)`:: +`unsigned int memihash_cont(unsigned int hash_seed, const void *buf, size_t len)`:: + + Ready-to-use hash functions for strings, using the FNV-1 algorithm (see + http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/fnv). ++ +`strhash` and `strihash` take 0-terminated strings, while `memhash` and +`memihash` operate on arbitrary-length memory. ++ +`strihash` and `memihash` are case insensitive versions. ++ +`memihash_cont` is a variant of `memihash` that allows a computation to be +continued with another chunk of data. + +`unsigned int sha1hash(const unsigned char *sha1)`:: + + Converts a cryptographic hash (e.g. SHA-1) into an int-sized hash code + for use in hash tables. Cryptographic hashes are supposed to have + uniform distribution, so in contrast to `memhash()`, this just copies + the first `sizeof(int)` bytes without shuffling any bits. Note that + the results will be different on big-endian and little-endian + platforms, so they should not be stored or transferred over the net. + +`void hashmap_init(struct hashmap *map, hashmap_cmp_fn equals_function, size_t initial_size)`:: + + Initializes a hashmap structure. ++ +`map` is the hashmap to initialize. ++ +The `equals_function` can be specified to compare two entries for equality. +If NULL, entries are considered equal if their hash codes are equal. ++ +If the total number of entries is known in advance, the `initial_size` +parameter may be used to preallocate a sufficiently large table and thus +prevent expensive resizing. If 0, the table is dynamically resized. + +`void hashmap_free(struct hashmap *map, int free_entries)`:: + + Frees a hashmap structure and allocated memory. ++ +`map` is the hashmap to free. ++ +If `free_entries` is true, each hashmap_entry in the map is freed as well +(using stdlib's free()). + +`void hashmap_entry_init(void *entry, unsigned int hash)`:: + + Initializes a hashmap_entry structure. ++ +`entry` points to the entry to initialize. ++ +`hash` is the hash code of the entry. ++ +The hashmap_entry structure does not hold references to external resources, +and it is safe to just discard it once you are done with it (i.e. if +your structure was allocated with xmalloc(), you can just free(3) it, +and if it is on stack, you can just let it go out of scope). + +`void *hashmap_get(const struct hashmap *map, const void *key, const void *keydata)`:: + + Returns the hashmap entry for the specified key, or NULL if not found. ++ +`map` is the hashmap structure. ++ +`key` is a hashmap_entry structure (or user data structure that starts with +hashmap_entry) that has at least been initialized with the proper hash code +(via `hashmap_entry_init`). ++ +If an entry with matching hash code is found, `key` and `keydata` are passed +to `hashmap_cmp_fn` to decide whether the entry matches the key. + +`void *hashmap_get_from_hash(const struct hashmap *map, unsigned int hash, const void *keydata)`:: + + Returns the hashmap entry for the specified hash code and key data, + or NULL if not found. ++ +`map` is the hashmap structure. ++ +`hash` is the hash code of the entry to look up. ++ +If an entry with matching hash code is found, `keydata` is passed to +`hashmap_cmp_fn` to decide whether the entry matches the key. The +`entry_or_key` parameter points to a bogus hashmap_entry structure that +should not be used in the comparison. + +`void *hashmap_get_next(const struct hashmap *map, const void *entry)`:: + + Returns the next equal hashmap entry, or NULL if not found. This can be + used to iterate over duplicate entries (see `hashmap_add`). ++ +`map` is the hashmap structure. ++ +`entry` is the hashmap_entry to start the search from, obtained via a previous +call to `hashmap_get` or `hashmap_get_next`. + +`void hashmap_add(struct hashmap *map, void *entry)`:: + + Adds a hashmap entry. This allows to add duplicate entries (i.e. + separate values with the same key according to hashmap_cmp_fn). ++ +`map` is the hashmap structure. ++ +`entry` is the entry to add. + +`void *hashmap_put(struct hashmap *map, void *entry)`:: + + Adds or replaces a hashmap entry. If the hashmap contains duplicate + entries equal to the specified entry, only one of them will be replaced. ++ +`map` is the hashmap structure. ++ +`entry` is the entry to add or replace. ++ +Returns the replaced entry, or NULL if not found (i.e. the entry was added). + +`void *hashmap_remove(struct hashmap *map, const void *key, const void *keydata)`:: + + Removes a hashmap entry matching the specified key. If the hashmap + contains duplicate entries equal to the specified key, only one of + them will be removed. ++ +`map` is the hashmap structure. ++ +`key` is a hashmap_entry structure (or user data structure that starts with +hashmap_entry) that has at least been initialized with the proper hash code +(via `hashmap_entry_init`). ++ +If an entry with matching hash code is found, `key` and `keydata` are +passed to `hashmap_cmp_fn` to decide whether the entry matches the key. ++ +Returns the removed entry, or NULL if not found. + +`void hashmap_disallow_rehash(struct hashmap *map, unsigned value)`:: + + Disallow/allow automatic rehashing of the hashmap during inserts + and deletes. ++ +This is useful if the caller knows that the hashmap will be accessed +by multiple threads. ++ +The caller is still responsible for any necessary locking; this simply +prevents unexpected rehashing. The caller is also responsible for properly +sizing the initial hashmap to ensure good performance. ++ +A call to allow rehashing does not force a rehash; that might happen +with the next insert or delete. + +`void hashmap_iter_init(struct hashmap *map, struct hashmap_iter *iter)`:: +`void *hashmap_iter_next(struct hashmap_iter *iter)`:: +`void *hashmap_iter_first(struct hashmap *map, struct hashmap_iter *iter)`:: + + Used to iterate over all entries of a hashmap. Note that it is + not safe to add or remove entries to the hashmap while + iterating. ++ +`hashmap_iter_init` initializes a `hashmap_iter` structure. ++ +`hashmap_iter_next` returns the next hashmap_entry, or NULL if there are no +more entries. ++ +`hashmap_iter_first` is a combination of both (i.e. initializes the iterator +and returns the first entry, if any). + +`const char *strintern(const char *string)`:: +`const void *memintern(const void *data, size_t len)`:: + + Returns the unique, interned version of the specified string or data, + similar to the `String.intern` API in Java and .NET, respectively. + Interned strings remain valid for the entire lifetime of the process. ++ +Can be used as `[x]strdup()` or `xmemdupz` replacement, except that interned +strings / data must not be modified or freed. ++ +Interned strings are best used for short strings with high probability of +duplicates. ++ +Uses a hashmap to store the pool of interned strings. + +Usage example +------------- + +Here's a simple usage example that maps long keys to double values. +------------ +struct hashmap map; + +struct long2double { + struct hashmap_entry ent; /* must be the first member! */ + long key; + double value; +}; + +static int long2double_cmp(const struct long2double *e1, const struct long2double *e2, const void *unused) +{ + return !(e1->key == e2->key); +} + +void long2double_init(void) +{ + hashmap_init(&map, (hashmap_cmp_fn) long2double_cmp, 0); +} + +void long2double_free(void) +{ + hashmap_free(&map, 1); +} + +static struct long2double *find_entry(long key) +{ + struct long2double k; + hashmap_entry_init(&k, memhash(&key, sizeof(long))); + k.key = key; + return hashmap_get(&map, &k, NULL); +} + +double get_value(long key) +{ + struct long2double *e = find_entry(key); + return e ? e->value : 0; +} + +void set_value(long key, double value) +{ + struct long2double *e = find_entry(key); + if (!e) { + e = malloc(sizeof(struct long2double)); + hashmap_entry_init(e, memhash(&key, sizeof(long))); + e->key = key; + hashmap_add(&map, e); + } + e->value = value; +} +------------ + +Using variable-sized keys +------------------------- + +The `hashmap_entry_get` and `hashmap_entry_remove` functions expect an ordinary +`hashmap_entry` structure as key to find the correct entry. If the key data is +variable-sized (e.g. a FLEX_ARRAY string) or quite large, it is undesirable +to create a full-fledged entry structure on the heap and copy all the key data +into the structure. + +In this case, the `keydata` parameter can be used to pass +variable-sized key data directly to the comparison function, and the `key` +parameter can be a stripped-down, fixed size entry structure allocated on the +stack. + +See test-hashmap.c for an example using arbitrary-length strings as keys. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-history-graph.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-history-graph.txt index e9559790a3..18142b6d29 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-history-graph.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-history-graph.txt @@ -11,9 +11,6 @@ Core functions: * `graph_init()` creates a new `struct git_graph` -* `graph_release()` destroys a `struct git_graph`, and frees the memory - associated with it. - * `graph_update()` moves the graph to a new commit. * `graph_next_line()` outputs the next line of the graph into a strbuf. It @@ -36,11 +33,11 @@ The following utility functions are wrappers around `graph_next_line()` and They can all be called with a NULL graph argument, in which case no graph output will be printed. -* `graph_show_commit()` calls `graph_next_line()` until it returns non-zero. - This prints all graph lines up to, and including, the line containing this - commit. Output is printed to stdout. The last line printed does not contain - a terminating newline. This should not be called if the commit line has - already been printed, or it will loop forever. +* `graph_show_commit()` calls `graph_next_line()` and + `graph_is_commit_finished()` until one of them return non-zero. This prints + all graph lines up to, and including, the line containing this commit. + Output is printed to stdout. The last line printed does not contain a + terminating newline. * `graph_show_oneline()` calls `graph_next_line()` and prints the result to stdout. The line printed does not contain a terminating newline. @@ -134,8 +131,6 @@ while ((commit = get_revision(opts)) != NULL) { putchar(opts->diffopt.line_termination); } } - -graph_release(graph); ------------ Sample output @@ -148,22 +143,22 @@ outputting that information, if desired. ------------ * * -M +* |\ * | | | * | \ \ | \ \ -M-. \ \ +*-. \ \ |\ \ \ \ | | * | | | | | | | * | | | | | * -| | | | | M +| | | | | * | | | | | |\ | | | | | | * | * | | | | | -| | | | | M \ +| | | | | * \ | | | | | |\ | | | | | * | | | | | | | * | | | diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-in-core-index.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-in-core-index.txt deleted file mode 100644 index adbdbf5d75..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-in-core-index.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,21 +0,0 @@ -in-core index API -================= - -Talk about <read-cache.c> and <cache-tree.c>, things like: - -* cache -> the_index macros -* read_index() -* write_index() -* ie_match_stat() and ie_modified(); how they are different and when to - use which. -* index_name_pos() -* remove_index_entry_at() -* remove_file_from_index() -* add_file_to_index() -* add_index_entry() -* refresh_index() -* discard_index() -* cache_tree_invalidate_path() -* cache_tree_update() - -(JC, Linus) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-index-skel.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-index-skel.txt index af7cc2e395..eda8c195c1 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-index-skel.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-index-skel.txt @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ -GIT API Documents +Git API Documents ================= -GIT has grown a set of internal API over time. This collection +Git has grown a set of internal API over time. This collection documents them. //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// @@ -11,5 +11,3 @@ documents them. //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // table of contents end //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// - -2007-11-24 diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-lockfile.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-lockfile.txt deleted file mode 100644 index dd894043ae..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-lockfile.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,74 +0,0 @@ -lockfile API -============ - -The lockfile API serves two purposes: - -* Mutual exclusion. When we write out a new index file, first - we create a new file `$GIT_DIR/index.lock`, write the new - contents into it, and rename it to the final destination - `$GIT_DIR/index`. We try to create the `$GIT_DIR/index.lock` - file with O_EXCL so that we can notice and fail when somebody - else is already trying to update the index file. - -* Automatic cruft removal. After we create the "lock" file, we - may decide to `die()`, and we would want to make sure that we - remove the file that has not been committed to its final - destination. This is done by remembering the lockfiles we - created in a linked list and cleaning them up from an - `atexit(3)` handler. Outstanding lockfiles are also removed - when the program dies on a signal. - - -The functions -------------- - -hold_lock_file_for_update:: - - Take a pointer to `struct lock_file`, the filename of - the final destination (e.g. `$GIT_DIR/index`) and a flag - `die_on_error`. Attempt to create a lockfile for the - destination and return the file descriptor for writing - to the file. If `die_on_error` flag is true, it dies if - a lock is already taken for the file; otherwise it - returns a negative integer to the caller on failure. - -commit_lock_file:: - - Take a pointer to the `struct lock_file` initialized - with an earlier call to `hold_lock_file_for_update()`, - close the file descriptor and rename the lockfile to its - final destination. Returns 0 upon success, a negative - value on failure to close(2) or rename(2). - -rollback_lock_file:: - - Take a pointer to the `struct lock_file` initialized - with an earlier call to `hold_lock_file_for_update()`, - close the file descriptor and remove the lockfile. - -close_lock_file:: - Take a pointer to the `struct lock_file` initialized - with an earlier call to `hold_lock_file_for_update()`, - and close the file descriptor. Returns 0 upon success, - a negative value on failure to close(2). - -Because the structure is used in an `atexit(3)` handler, its -storage has to stay throughout the life of the program. It -cannot be an auto variable allocated on the stack. - -Call `commit_lock_file()` or `rollback_lock_file()` when you are -done writing to the file descriptor. If you do not call either -and simply `exit(3)` from the program, an `atexit(3)` handler -will close and remove the lockfile. - -If you need to close the file descriptor you obtained from -`hold_lock_file_for_update` function yourself, do so by calling -`close_lock_file()`. You should never call `close(2)` yourself! -Otherwise the `struct -lock_file` structure still remembers that the file descriptor -needs to be closed, and a later call to `commit_lock_file()` or -`rollback_lock_file()` will result in duplicate calls to -`close(2)`. Worse yet, if you `close(2)`, open another file -descriptor for completely different purpose, and then call -`commit_lock_file()` or `rollback_lock_file()`, they may close -that unrelated file descriptor. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-merge.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-merge.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9dc1bed768 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-merge.txt @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +merge API +========= + +The merge API helps a program to reconcile two competing sets of +improvements to some files (e.g., unregistered changes from the work +tree versus changes involved in switching to a new branch), reporting +conflicts if found. The library called through this API is +responsible for a few things. + + * determining which trees to merge (recursive ancestor consolidation); + + * lining up corresponding files in the trees to be merged (rename + detection, subtree shifting), reporting edge cases like add/add + and rename/rename conflicts to the user; + + * performing a three-way merge of corresponding files, taking + path-specific merge drivers (specified in `.gitattributes`) + into account. + +Data structures +--------------- + +* `mmbuffer_t`, `mmfile_t` + +These store data usable for use by the xdiff backend, for writing and +for reading, respectively. See `xdiff/xdiff.h` for the definitions +and `diff.c` for examples. + +* `struct ll_merge_options` + +This describes the set of options the calling program wants to affect +the operation of a low-level (single file) merge. Some options: + +`virtual_ancestor`:: + Behave as though this were part of a merge between common + ancestors in a recursive merge. + If a helper program is specified by the + `[merge "<driver>"] recursive` configuration, it will + be used (see linkgit:gitattributes[5]). + +`variant`:: + Resolve local conflicts automatically in favor + of one side or the other (as in 'git merge-file' + `--ours`/`--theirs`/`--union`). Can be `0`, + `XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_OURS`, `XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_THEIRS`, or + `XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_UNION`. + +`renormalize`:: + Resmudge and clean the "base", "theirs" and "ours" files + before merging. Use this when the merge is likely to have + overlapped with a change in smudge/clean or end-of-line + normalization rules. + +Low-level (single file) merge +----------------------------- + +`ll_merge`:: + + Perform a three-way single-file merge in core. This is + a thin wrapper around `xdl_merge` that takes the path and + any merge backend specified in `.gitattributes` or + `.git/info/attributes` into account. Returns 0 for a + clean merge. + +Calling sequence: + +* Prepare a `struct ll_merge_options` to record options. + If you have no special requests, skip this and pass `NULL` + as the `opts` parameter to use the default options. + +* Allocate an mmbuffer_t variable for the result. + +* Allocate and fill variables with the file's original content + and two modified versions (using `read_mmfile`, for example). + +* Call `ll_merge()`. + +* Read the merged content from `result_buf.ptr` and `result_buf.size`. + +* Release buffers when finished. A simple + `free(ancestor.ptr); free(ours.ptr); free(theirs.ptr); + free(result_buf.ptr);` will do. + +If the modifications do not merge cleanly, `ll_merge` will return a +nonzero value and `result_buf` will generally include a description of +the conflict bracketed by markers such as the traditional `<<<<<<<` +and `>>>>>>>`. + +The `ancestor_label`, `our_label`, and `their_label` parameters are +used to label the different sides of a conflict if the merge driver +supports this. + +Everything else +--------------- + +Talk about <merge-recursive.h> and merge_file(): + + - merge_trees() to merge with rename detection + - merge_recursive() for ancestor consolidation + - try_merge_command() for other strategies + - conflict format + - merge options + +(Daniel, Miklos, Stephan, JC) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt index 539863b1f9..36768b479e 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ parse-options API ================= -The parse-options API is used to parse and massage options in git +The parse-options API is used to parse and massage options in Git and to provide a usage help with consistent look. Basics @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ that allow to change the behavior of a command. * There are basically two forms of options: 'Short options' consist of one dash (`-`) and one alphanumeric character. - 'Long options' begin with two dashes (`\--`) and some + 'Long options' begin with two dashes (`--`) and some alphanumeric characters. * Options are case-sensitive. @@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ that allow to change the behavior of a command. The parse-options API allows: -* 'sticked' and 'separate form' of options with arguments. - `-oArg` is sticked, `-o Arg` is separate form. - `\--option=Arg` is sticked, `\--option Arg` is separate form. +* 'stuck' and 'separate form' of options with arguments. + `-oArg` is stuck, `-o Arg` is separate form. + `--option=Arg` is stuck, `--option Arg` is separate form. * Long options may be 'abbreviated', as long as the abbreviation is unambiguous. @@ -39,11 +39,14 @@ The parse-options API allows: * Short options may be bundled, e.g. `-a -b` can be specified as `-ab`. * Boolean long options can be 'negated' (or 'unset') by prepending - `no-`, e.g. `\--no-abbrev` instead of `\--abbrev`. + `no-`, e.g. `--no-abbrev` instead of `--abbrev`. Conversely, + options that begin with `no-` can be 'negated' by removing it. + Other long options can be unset (e.g., set string to NULL, set + integer to 0) by prepending `no-`. -* Options and non-option arguments can clearly be separated using the `\--` - option, e.g. `-a -b \--option \-- \--this-is-a-file` indicates that - `\--this-is-a-file` must not be processed as an option. +* Options and non-option arguments can clearly be separated using the `--` + option, e.g. `-a -b --option -- --this-is-a-file` indicates that + `--this-is-a-file` must not be processed as an option. Steps to parse options ---------------------- @@ -60,16 +63,22 @@ Steps to parse options . in `cmd_foo(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)` call - argc = parse_options(argc, argv, builtin_foo_options, builtin_foo_usage, flags); + argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, builtin_foo_options, builtin_foo_usage, flags); + `parse_options()` will filter out the processed options of `argv[]` and leave the non-option arguments in `argv[]`. `argc` is updated appropriately because of the assignment. + +You can also pass NULL instead of a usage array as the fifth parameter of +parse_options(), to avoid displaying a help screen with usage info and +option list. This should only be done if necessary, e.g. to implement +a limited parser for only a subset of the options that needs to be run +before the full parser, which in turn shows the full help message. ++ Flags are the bitwise-or of: `PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH`:: - Keep the `\--` that usually separates options from + Keep the `--` that usually separates options from non-option arguments. `PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION`:: @@ -77,6 +86,28 @@ Flags are the bitwise-or of: Using this flag, processing is stopped at the first non-option argument. +`PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0`:: + Keep the first argument, which contains the program name. It's + removed from argv[] by default. + +`PARSE_OPT_KEEP_UNKNOWN`:: + Keep unknown arguments instead of erroring out. This doesn't + work for all combinations of arguments as users might expect + it to do. E.g. if the first argument in `--unknown --known` + takes a value (which we can't know), the second one is + mistakenly interpreted as a known option. Similarly, if + `PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION` is set, the second argument in + `--unknown value` will be mistakenly interpreted as a + non-option, not as a value belonging to the unknown option, + the parser early. That's why parse_options() errors out if + both options are set. + +`PARSE_OPT_NO_INTERNAL_HELP`:: + By default, parse_options() handles `-h`, `--help` and + `--help-all` internally, by showing a help screen. This option + turns it off and allows one to add custom handlers for these + options, or to just leave them unknown. + Data Structure -------------- @@ -85,69 +116,147 @@ say `static struct option builtin_add_options[]`. There are some macros to easily define options: `OPT__ABBREV(&int_var)`:: - Add `\--abbrev[=<n>]`. + Add `--abbrev[=<n>]`. + +`OPT__COLOR(&int_var, description)`:: + Add `--color[=<when>]` and `--no-color`. + +`OPT__DRY_RUN(&int_var, description)`:: + Add `-n, --dry-run`. -`OPT__DRY_RUN(&int_var)`:: - Add `-n, \--dry-run`. +`OPT__FORCE(&int_var, description)`:: + Add `-f, --force`. -`OPT__QUIET(&int_var)`:: - Add `-q, \--quiet`. +`OPT__QUIET(&int_var, description)`:: + Add `-q, --quiet`. -`OPT__VERBOSE(&int_var)`:: - Add `-v, \--verbose`. +`OPT__VERBOSE(&int_var, description)`:: + Add `-v, --verbose`. `OPT_GROUP(description)`:: Start an option group. `description` is a short string that describes the group or an empty string. Start the description with an upper-case letter. -`OPT_BOOLEAN(short, long, &int_var, description)`:: - Introduce a boolean option. - `int_var` is incremented on each use. +`OPT_BOOL(short, long, &int_var, description)`:: + Introduce a boolean option. `int_var` is set to one with + `--option` and set to zero with `--no-option`. + +`OPT_COUNTUP(short, long, &int_var, description)`:: + Introduce a count-up option. + Each use of `--option` increments `int_var`, starting from zero + (even if initially negative), and `--no-option` resets it to + zero. To determine if `--option` or `--no-option` was encountered at + all, initialize `int_var` to a negative value, and if it is still + negative after parse_options(), then neither `--option` nor + `--no-option` was seen. `OPT_BIT(short, long, &int_var, description, mask)`:: Introduce a boolean option. If used, `int_var` is bitwise-ored with `mask`. -`OPT_SET_INT(short, long, &int_var, description, integer)`:: +`OPT_NEGBIT(short, long, &int_var, description, mask)`:: Introduce a boolean option. - If used, set `int_var` to `integer`. + If used, `int_var` is bitwise-anded with the inverted `mask`. -`OPT_SET_PTR(short, long, &ptr_var, description, ptr)`:: - Introduce a boolean option. - If used, set `ptr_var` to `ptr`. +`OPT_SET_INT(short, long, &int_var, description, integer)`:: + Introduce an integer option. + `int_var` is set to `integer` with `--option`, and + reset to zero with `--no-option`. `OPT_STRING(short, long, &str_var, arg_str, description)`:: Introduce an option with string argument. The string argument is put into `str_var`. +`OPT_STRING_LIST(short, long, &struct string_list, arg_str, description)`:: + Introduce an option with string argument. + The string argument is stored as an element in `string_list`. + Use of `--no-option` will clear the list of preceding values. + `OPT_INTEGER(short, long, &int_var, description)`:: Introduce an option with integer argument. The integer is put into `int_var`. +`OPT_MAGNITUDE(short, long, &unsigned_long_var, description)`:: + Introduce an option with a size argument. The argument must be a + non-negative integer and may include a suffix of 'k', 'm' or 'g' to + scale the provided value by 1024, 1024^2 or 1024^3 respectively. + The scaled value is put into `unsigned_long_var`. + `OPT_DATE(short, long, &int_var, description)`:: Introduce an option with date argument, see `approxidate()`. The timestamp is put into `int_var`. +`OPT_EXPIRY_DATE(short, long, &int_var, description)`:: + Introduce an option with expiry date argument, see `parse_expiry_date()`. + The timestamp is put into `int_var`. + `OPT_CALLBACK(short, long, &var, arg_str, description, func_ptr)`:: Introduce an option with argument. The argument will be fed into the function given by `func_ptr` and the result will be put into `var`. See 'Option Callbacks' below for a more elaborate description. +`OPT_FILENAME(short, long, &var, description)`:: + Introduce an option with a filename argument. + The filename will be prefixed by passing the filename along with + the prefix argument of `parse_options()` to `prefix_filename()`. + `OPT_ARGUMENT(long, description)`:: Introduce a long-option argument that will be kept in `argv[]`. +`OPT_NUMBER_CALLBACK(&var, description, func_ptr)`:: + Recognize numerical options like -123 and feed the integer as + if it was an argument to the function given by `func_ptr`. + The result will be put into `var`. There can be only one such + option definition. It cannot be negated and it takes no + arguments. Short options that happen to be digits take + precedence over it. + +`OPT_COLOR_FLAG(short, long, &int_var, description)`:: + Introduce an option that takes an optional argument that can + have one of three values: "always", "never", or "auto". If the + argument is not given, it defaults to "always". The `--no-` form + works like `--long=never`; it cannot take an argument. If + "always", set `int_var` to 1; if "never", set `int_var` to 0; if + "auto", set `int_var` to 1 if stdout is a tty or a pager, + 0 otherwise. + +`OPT_NOOP_NOARG(short, long)`:: + Introduce an option that has no effect and takes no arguments. + Use it to hide deprecated options that are still to be recognized + and ignored silently. + +`OPT_PASSTHRU(short, long, &char_var, arg_str, description, flags)`:: + Introduce an option that will be reconstructed into a char* string, + which must be initialized to NULL. This is useful when you need to + pass the command-line option to another command. Any previous value + will be overwritten, so this should only be used for options where + the last one specified on the command line wins. + +`OPT_PASSTHRU_ARGV(short, long, &argv_array_var, arg_str, description, flags)`:: + Introduce an option where all instances of it on the command-line will + be reconstructed into an argv_array. This is useful when you need to + pass the command-line option, which can be specified multiple times, + to another command. + +`OPT_CMDMODE(short, long, &int_var, description, enum_val)`:: + Define an "operation mode" option, only one of which in the same + group of "operating mode" options that share the same `int_var` + can be given by the user. `enum_val` is set to `int_var` when the + option is used, but an error is reported if other "operating mode" + option has already set its value to the same `int_var`. + The last element of the array must be `OPT_END()`. If not stated otherwise, interpret the arguments as follows: * `short` is a character for the short option - (e.g. `\'e\'` for `-e`, use `0` to omit), + (e.g. `'e'` for `-e`, use `0` to omit), * `long` is a string for the long option - (e.g. `"example"` for `\--example`, use `NULL` to omit), + (e.g. `"example"` for `--example`, use `NULL` to omit), * `int_var` is an integer variable, @@ -170,9 +279,9 @@ The function must be defined in this form: The callback mechanism is as follows: -* Inside `funct`, the only interesting member of the structure +* Inside `func`, the only interesting member of the structure given by `opt` is the void pointer `opt->value`. - `\*opt->value` will be the value that is saved into `var`, if you + `*opt->value` will be the value that is saved into `var`, if you use `OPT_CALLBACK()`. For example, do `*(unsigned long *)opt->value = 42;` to get 42 into an `unsigned long` variable. @@ -197,10 +306,10 @@ Examples -------- See `test-parse-options.c` and -`builtin-add.c`, -`builtin-clone.c`, -`builtin-commit.c`, -`builtin-fetch.c`, -`builtin-fsck.c`, -`builtin-rm.c` +`builtin/add.c`, +`builtin/clone.c`, +`builtin/commit.c`, +`builtin/fetch.c`, +`builtin/fsck.c`, +`builtin/rm.c` for real-world examples. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..37379d8337 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +ref iteration API +================= + + +Iteration of refs is done by using an iterate function which will call a +callback function for every ref. The callback function has this +signature: + + int handle_one_ref(const char *refname, const struct object_id *oid, + int flags, void *cb_data); + +There are different kinds of iterate functions which all take a +callback of this type. The callback is then called for each found ref +until the callback returns nonzero. The returned value is then also +returned by the iterate function. + +Iteration functions +------------------- + +* `head_ref()` just iterates the head ref. + +* `for_each_ref()` iterates all refs. + +* `for_each_ref_in()` iterates all refs which have a defined prefix and + strips that prefix from the passed variable refname. + +* `for_each_tag_ref()`, `for_each_branch_ref()`, `for_each_remote_ref()`, + `for_each_replace_ref()` iterate refs from the respective area. + +* `for_each_glob_ref()` iterates all refs that match the specified glob + pattern. + +* `for_each_glob_ref_in()` the previous and `for_each_ref_in()` combined. + +* `head_ref_submodule()`, `for_each_ref_submodule()`, + `for_each_ref_in_submodule()`, `for_each_tag_ref_submodule()`, + `for_each_branch_ref_submodule()`, `for_each_remote_ref_submodule()` + do the same as the functions described above but for a specified + submodule. + +* `for_each_rawref()` can be used to learn about broken ref and symref. + +* `for_each_reflog()` iterates each reflog file. + +Submodules +---------- + +If you want to iterate the refs of a submodule you first need to add the +submodules object database. You can do this by a code-snippet like +this: + + const char *path = "path/to/submodule" + if (add_submodule_odb(path)) + die("Error submodule '%s' not populated.", path); + +`add_submodule_odb()` will return zero on success. If you +do not do this you will get an error for each ref that it does not point +to a valid object. + +Note: As a side-effect of this you can not safely assume that all +objects you lookup are available in superproject. All submodule objects +will be available the same way as the superprojects objects. + +Example: +-------- + +---- +static int handle_remote_ref(const char *refname, + const unsigned char *sha1, int flags, void *cb_data) +{ + struct strbuf *output = cb_data; + strbuf_addf(output, "%s\n", refname); + return 0; +} + +... + + struct strbuf output = STRBUF_INIT; + for_each_remote_ref(handle_remote_ref, &output); + printf("%s", output.buf); +---- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-remote.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-remote.txt index 073b22bd83..f10941b2e8 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-remote.txt @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Remotes configuration API The API in remote.h gives access to the configuration related to remotes. It handles all three configuration mechanisms historically -and currently used by git, and presents the information in a uniform +and currently used by Git, and presents the information in a uniform fashion. Note that the code also handles plain URLs without any configuration, giving them just the default information. @@ -18,6 +18,10 @@ struct remote An array of all of the url_nr URLs configured for the remote +`pushurl`:: + + An array of all of the pushurl_nr push URLs configured for the remote + `push`:: An array of refspecs configured for pushing, with @@ -41,12 +45,16 @@ struct remote `receivepack`, `uploadpack`:: The configured helper programs to run on the remote side, for - git-native protocols. + Git-native protocols. `http_proxy`:: The proxy to use for curl (http, https, ftp, etc.) URLs. +`http_proxy_authmethod`:: + + The method used for authenticating against `http_proxy`. + struct remotes can be found by name with remote_get(), and iterated through with for_each_remote(). remote_get(NULL) will return the default remote, given the current branch and configuration. @@ -54,16 +62,16 @@ default remote, given the current branch and configuration. struct refspec -------------- -A struct refspec holds the parsed interpretation of a refspec. If it -will force updates (starts with a '+'), force is true. If it is a -pattern (sides end with '*') pattern is true. src and dest are the two -sides (if a pattern, only the part outside of the wildcards); if there -is only one side, it is src, and dst is NULL; if sides exist but are -empty (i.e., the refspec either starts or ends with ':'), the -corresponding side is "". +A struct refspec holds the parsed interpretation of a refspec. If it +will force updates (starts with a '+'), force is true. If it is a +pattern (sides end with '*') pattern is true. src and dest are the +two sides (including '*' characters if present); if there is only one +side, it is src, and dst is NULL; if sides exist but are empty (i.e., +the refspec either starts or ends with ':'), the corresponding side is +"". -This parsing can be done to an array of strings to give an array of -struct refpsecs with parse_ref_spec(). +An array of strings can be parsed into an array of struct refspecs +using parse_fetch_refspec() or parse_push_refspec(). remote_find_tracking(), given a remote and a struct refspec with either src or dst filled out, will fill out the other such that the @@ -93,10 +101,6 @@ It contains: The name of the remote listed in the configuration. -`remote`:: - - The struct remote for that remote. - `merge_name`:: An array of the "merge" lines in the configuration. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-revision-walking.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-revision-walking.txt index 996da0503a..55b878ade8 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-revision-walking.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-revision-walking.txt @@ -56,6 +56,11 @@ function. returning a `struct commit *` each time you call it. The end of the revision list is indicated by returning a NULL pointer. +`reset_revision_walk`:: + + Reset the flags used by the revision walking api. You can use + this to do multiple sequential revision walks. + Data structures --------------- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-run-command.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-run-command.txt index 2efe7a40be..8bf3e37f53 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-run-command.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-run-command.txt @@ -13,6 +13,10 @@ produces in the caller in order to process it. Functions --------- +`child_process_init`:: + + Initialize a struct child_process variable. + `start_command`:: Start a sub-process. Takes a pointer to a `struct child_process` @@ -35,17 +39,42 @@ Functions Convenience functions that encapsulate a sequence of start_command() followed by finish_command(). The argument argv specifies the program and its arguments. The argument opt is zero - or more of the flags `RUN_COMMAND_NO_STDIN`, `RUN_GIT_CMD`, or - `RUN_COMMAND_STDOUT_TO_STDERR` that correspond to the members - .no_stdin, .git_cmd, .stdout_to_stderr of `struct child_process`. + or more of the flags `RUN_COMMAND_NO_STDIN`, `RUN_GIT_CMD`, + `RUN_COMMAND_STDOUT_TO_STDERR`, or `RUN_SILENT_EXEC_FAILURE` + that correspond to the members .no_stdin, .git_cmd, + .stdout_to_stderr, .silent_exec_failure of `struct child_process`. The argument dir corresponds the member .dir. The argument env corresponds to the member .env. +`child_process_clear`:: + + Release the memory associated with the struct child_process. + Most users of the run-command API don't need to call this + function explicitly because `start_command` invokes it on + failure and `finish_command` calls it automatically already. + +The functions above do the following: + +. If a system call failed, errno is set and -1 is returned. A diagnostic + is printed. + +. If the program was not found, then -1 is returned and errno is set to + ENOENT; a diagnostic is printed only if .silent_exec_failure is 0. + +. Otherwise, the program is run. If it terminates regularly, its exit + code is returned. No diagnostic is printed, even if the exit code is + non-zero. + +. If the program terminated due to a signal, then the return value is the + signal number + 128, ie. the same value that a POSIX shell's $? would + report. A diagnostic is printed. + + `start_async`:: Run a function asynchronously. Takes a pointer to a `struct - async` that specifies the details and returns a pipe FD - from which the caller reads. See below for details. + async` that specifies the details and returns a set of pipe FDs + for communication with the function. See below for details. `finish_async`:: @@ -78,8 +107,8 @@ command to run in a sub-process. The caller: -1. allocates and clears (memset(&chld, 0, sizeof(chld));) a - struct child_process variable; +1. allocates and clears (using child_process_init() or + CHILD_PROCESS_INIT) a struct child_process variable; 2. initializes the members; 3. calls start_command(); 4. processes the data; @@ -91,6 +120,13 @@ terminated), of which .argv[0] is the program name to run (usually without a path). If the command to run is a git command, set argv[0] to the command name without the 'git-' prefix and set .git_cmd = 1. +Note that the ownership of the memory pointed to by .argv stays with the +caller, but it should survive until `finish_command` completes. If the +.argv member is NULL, `start_command` will point it at the .args +`argv_array` (so you may use one or the other, but you must use exactly +one). The memory in .args will be cleaned up automatically during +`finish_command` (or during `start_command` when it is unsuccessful). + The members .in, .out, .err are used to redirect stdin, stdout, stderr as follows: @@ -115,7 +151,7 @@ stderr as follows: .in: The FD must be readable; it becomes child's stdin. .out: The FD must be writable; it becomes child's stdout. - .err > 0 is not supported. + .err: The FD must be writable; it becomes child's stderr. The specified FD is closed by start_command(), even if it fails to run the sub-process! @@ -140,9 +176,19 @@ string pointers (NULL terminated) in .env: . If the string does not contain '=', it names an environment variable that will be removed from the child process's environment. +If the .env member is NULL, `start_command` will point it at the +.env_array `argv_array` (so you may use one or the other, but not both). +The memory in .env_array will be cleaned up automatically during +`finish_command` (or during `start_command` when it is unsuccessful). + To specify a new initial working directory for the sub-process, specify it in the .dir member. +If the program cannot be found, the functions return -1 and set +errno to ENOENT. Normally, an error message is printed, but if +.silent_exec_failure is set to 1, no message is printed for this +special error condition. + * `struct async` @@ -155,17 +201,47 @@ The caller: struct async variable; 2. initializes .proc and .data; 3. calls start_async(); -4. processes the data by reading from the fd in .out; -5. closes .out; +4. processes communicates with proc through .in and .out; +5. closes .in and .out; 6. calls finish_async(). +The members .in, .out are used to provide a set of fd's for +communication between the caller and the callee as follows: + +. Specify 0 to have no file descriptor passed. The callee will + receive -1 in the corresponding argument. + +. Specify < 0 to have a pipe allocated; start_async() replaces + with the pipe FD in the following way: + + .in: Returns the writable pipe end into which the caller + writes; the readable end of the pipe becomes the function's + in argument. + + .out: Returns the readable pipe end from which the caller + reads; the writable end of the pipe becomes the function's + out argument. + + The caller of start_async() must close the returned FDs after it + has completed reading from/writing from them. + +. Specify a file descriptor > 0 to be used by the function: + + .in: The FD must be readable; it becomes the function's in. + .out: The FD must be writable; it becomes the function's out. + + The specified FD is closed by start_async(), even if it fails to + run the function. + The function pointer in .proc has the following signature: - int proc(int fd, void *data); + int proc(int in, int out, void *data); -. fd specifies a writable file descriptor to which the function must - write the data that it produces. The function *must* close this - descriptor before it returns. +. in, out specifies a set of file descriptors to which the function + must read/write the data that it needs/produces. The function + *must* close these descriptors before it returns. A descriptor + may be -1 if the caller did not configure a descriptor for that + direction. . data is the value that the caller has specified in the .data member of struct async. @@ -176,12 +252,13 @@ The function pointer in .proc has the following signature: There are serious restrictions on what the asynchronous function can do -because this facility is implemented by a pipe to a forked process on -UNIX, but by a thread in the same address space on Windows: +because this facility is implemented by a thread in the same address +space on most platforms (when pthreads is available), but by a pipe to +a forked process otherwise: . It cannot change the program's state (global variables, environment, - etc.) in a way that the caller notices; in other words, .out is the - only communication channel to the caller. + etc.) in a way that the caller notices; in other words, .in and .out + are the only communication channels to the caller. . It must not change the program's state that the caller of the facility also uses. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-setup.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-setup.txt index 4f63a04d7d..eb1fa9853e 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-setup.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-setup.txt @@ -8,6 +8,40 @@ Talk about * is_inside_git_dir() * is_inside_work_tree() * setup_work_tree() -* get_pathspec() (Dscho) + +Pathspec +-------- + +See glossary-context.txt for the syntax of pathspec. In memory, a +pathspec set is represented by "struct pathspec" and is prepared by +parse_pathspec(). This function takes several arguments: + +- magic_mask specifies what features that are NOT supported by the + following code. If a user attempts to use such a feature, + parse_pathspec() can reject it early. + +- flags specifies other things that the caller wants parse_pathspec to + perform. + +- prefix and args come from cmd_* functions + +parse_pathspec() helps catch unsupported features and reject them +politely. At a lower level, different pathspec-related functions may +not support the same set of features. Such pathspec-sensitive +functions are guarded with GUARD_PATHSPEC(), which will die in an +unfriendly way when an unsupported feature is requested. + +The command designers are supposed to make sure that GUARD_PATHSPEC() +never dies. They have to make sure all unsupported features are caught +by parse_pathspec(), not by GUARD_PATHSPEC. grepping GUARD_PATHSPEC() +should give the designers all pathspec-sensitive codepaths and what +features they support. + +A similar process is applied when a new pathspec magic is added. The +designer lifts the GUARD_PATHSPEC restriction in the functions that +support the new magic. At the same time (s)he has to make sure this +new feature will be caught at parse_pathspec() in commands that cannot +handle the new magic in some cases. grepping parse_pathspec() should +help. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-sha1-array.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-sha1-array.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dcc52943a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-sha1-array.txt @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +sha1-array API +============== + +The sha1-array API provides storage and manipulation of sets of SHA-1 +identifiers. The emphasis is on storage and processing efficiency, +making them suitable for large lists. Note that the ordering of items is +not preserved over some operations. + +Data Structures +--------------- + +`struct sha1_array`:: + + A single array of SHA-1 hashes. This should be initialized by + assignment from `SHA1_ARRAY_INIT`. The `sha1` member contains + the actual data. The `nr` member contains the number of items in + the set. The `alloc` and `sorted` members are used internally, + and should not be needed by API callers. + +Functions +--------- + +`sha1_array_append`:: + Add an item to the set. The sha1 will be placed at the end of + the array (but note that some operations below may lose this + ordering). + +`sha1_array_lookup`:: + Perform a binary search of the array for a specific sha1. + If found, returns the offset (in number of elements) of the + sha1. If not found, returns a negative integer. If the array is + not sorted, this function has the side effect of sorting it. + +`sha1_array_clear`:: + Free all memory associated with the array and return it to the + initial, empty state. + +`sha1_array_for_each_unique`:: + Efficiently iterate over each unique element of the list, + executing the callback function for each one. If the array is + not sorted, this function has the side effect of sorting it. If + the callback returns a non-zero value, the iteration ends + immediately and the callback's return is propagated; otherwise, + 0 is returned. + +Examples +-------- + +----------------------------------------- +int print_callback(const unsigned char sha1[20], + void *data) +{ + printf("%s\n", sha1_to_hex(sha1)); + return 0; /* always continue */ +} + +void some_func(void) +{ + struct sha1_array hashes = SHA1_ARRAY_INIT; + unsigned char sha1[20]; + + /* Read objects into our set */ + while (read_object_from_stdin(sha1)) + sha1_array_append(&hashes, sha1); + + /* Check if some objects are in our set */ + while (read_object_from_stdin(sha1)) { + if (sha1_array_lookup(&hashes, sha1) >= 0) + printf("it's in there!\n"); + + /* + * Print the unique set of objects. We could also have + * avoided adding duplicate objects in the first place, + * but we would end up re-sorting the array repeatedly. + * Instead, this will sort once and then skip duplicates + * in linear time. + */ + sha1_array_for_each_unique(&hashes, print_callback, NULL); +} +----------------------------------------- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-sigchain.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-sigchain.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9e1189ef01 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-sigchain.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +sigchain API +============ + +Code often wants to set a signal handler to clean up temporary files or +other work-in-progress when we die unexpectedly. For multiple pieces of +code to do this without conflicting, each piece of code must remember +the old value of the handler and restore it either when: + + 1. The work-in-progress is finished, and the handler is no longer + necessary. The handler should revert to the original behavior + (either another handler, SIG_DFL, or SIG_IGN). + + 2. The signal is received. We should then do our cleanup, then chain + to the next handler (or die if it is SIG_DFL). + +Sigchain is a tiny library for keeping a stack of handlers. Your handler +and installation code should look something like: + +------------------------------------------ + void clean_foo_on_signal(int sig) + { + clean_foo(); + sigchain_pop(sig); + raise(sig); + } + + void other_func() + { + sigchain_push_common(clean_foo_on_signal); + mess_up_foo(); + clean_foo(); + } +------------------------------------------ + +Handlers are given the typedef of sigchain_fun. This is the same type +that is given to signal() or sigaction(). It is perfectly reasonable to +push SIG_DFL or SIG_IGN onto the stack. + +You can sigchain_push and sigchain_pop individual signals. For +convenience, sigchain_push_common will push the handler onto the stack +for many common signals. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt deleted file mode 100644 index ac56d1c477..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,255 +0,0 @@ -strbuf API -========== - -strbuf's are meant to be used with all the usual C string and memory -APIs. Given that the length of the buffer is known, it's often better to -use the mem* functions than a str* one (memchr vs. strchr e.g.). -Though, one has to be careful about the fact that str* functions often -stop on NULs and that strbufs may have embedded NULs. - -An strbuf is NUL terminated for convenience, but no function in the -strbuf API actually relies on the string being free of NULs. - -strbufs has some invariants that are very important to keep in mind: - -. The `buf` member is never NULL, so you it can be used in any usual C -string operations safely. strbuf's _have_ to be initialized either by -`strbuf_init()` or by `= STRBUF_INIT` before the invariants, though. -+ -Do *not* assume anything on what `buf` really is (e.g. if it is -allocated memory or not), use `strbuf_detach()` to unwrap a memory -buffer from its strbuf shell in a safe way. That is the sole supported -way. This will give you a malloced buffer that you can later `free()`. -+ -However, it is totally safe to modify anything in the string pointed by -the `buf` member, between the indices `0` and `len-1` (inclusive). - -. The `buf` member is a byte array that has at least `len + 1` bytes - allocated. The extra byte is used to store a `'\0'`, allowing the - `buf` member to be a valid C-string. Every strbuf function ensure this - invariant is preserved. -+ -NOTE: It is OK to "play" with the buffer directly if you work it this - way: -+ ----- -strbuf_grow(sb, SOME_SIZE); <1> -strbuf_setlen(sb, sb->len + SOME_OTHER_SIZE); ----- -<1> Here, the memory array starting at `sb->buf`, and of length -`strbuf_avail(sb)` is all yours, and you can be sure that -`strbuf_avail(sb)` is at least `SOME_SIZE`. -+ -NOTE: `SOME_OTHER_SIZE` must be smaller or equal to `strbuf_avail(sb)`. -+ -Doing so is safe, though if it has to be done in many places, adding the -missing API to the strbuf module is the way to go. -+ -WARNING: Do _not_ assume that the area that is yours is of size `alloc -- 1` even if it's true in the current implementation. Alloc is somehow a -"private" member that should not be messed with. Use `strbuf_avail()` -instead. - -Data structures ---------------- - -* `struct strbuf` - -This is string buffer structure. The `len` member can be used to -determine the current length of the string, and `buf` member provides access to -the string itself. - -Functions ---------- - -* Life cycle - -`strbuf_init`:: - - Initialize the structure. The second parameter can be zero or a bigger - number to allocate memory, in case you want to prevent further reallocs. - -`strbuf_release`:: - - Release a string buffer and the memory it used. You should not use the - string buffer after using this function, unless you initialize it again. - -`strbuf_detach`:: - - Detach the string from the strbuf and returns it; you now own the - storage the string occupies and it is your responsibility from then on - to release it with `free(3)` when you are done with it. - -`strbuf_attach`:: - - Attach a string to a buffer. You should specify the string to attach, - the current length of the string and the amount of allocated memory. - The amount must be larger than the string length, because the string you - pass is supposed to be a NUL-terminated string. This string _must_ be - malloc()ed, and after attaching, the pointer cannot be relied upon - anymore, and neither be free()d directly. - -`strbuf_swap`:: - - Swap the contents of two string buffers. - -* Related to the size of the buffer - -`strbuf_avail`:: - - Determine the amount of allocated but unused memory. - -`strbuf_grow`:: - - Ensure that at least this amount of unused memory is available after - `len`. This is used when you know a typical size for what you will add - and want to avoid repetitive automatic resizing of the underlying buffer. - This is never a needed operation, but can be critical for performance in - some cases. - -`strbuf_setlen`:: - - Set the length of the buffer to a given value. This function does *not* - allocate new memory, so you should not perform a `strbuf_setlen()` to a - length that is larger than `len + strbuf_avail()`. `strbuf_setlen()` is - just meant as a 'please fix invariants from this strbuf I just messed - with'. - -`strbuf_reset`:: - - Empty the buffer by setting the size of it to zero. - -* Related to the contents of the buffer - -`strbuf_rtrim`:: - - Strip whitespace from the end of a string. - -`strbuf_cmp`:: - - Compare two buffers. Returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater - than zero if the first buffer is found, respectively, to be less than, - to match, or be greater than the second buffer. - -* Adding data to the buffer - -NOTE: All of the functions in this section will grow the buffer as necessary. -If they fail for some reason other than memory shortage and the buffer hadn't -been allocated before (i.e. the `struct strbuf` was set to `STRBUF_INIT`), -then they will free() it. - -`strbuf_addch`:: - - Add a single character to the buffer. - -`strbuf_insert`:: - - Insert data to the given position of the buffer. The remaining contents - will be shifted, not overwritten. - -`strbuf_remove`:: - - Remove given amount of data from a given position of the buffer. - -`strbuf_splice`:: - - Remove the bytes between `pos..pos+len` and replace it with the given - data. - -`strbuf_add`:: - - Add data of given length to the buffer. - -`strbuf_addstr`:: - -Add a NUL-terminated string to the buffer. -+ -NOTE: This function will *always* be implemented as an inline or a macro -that expands to: -+ ----- -strbuf_add(..., s, strlen(s)); ----- -+ -Meaning that this is efficient to write things like: -+ ----- -strbuf_addstr(sb, "immediate string"); ----- - -`strbuf_addbuf`:: - - Copy the contents of an other buffer at the end of the current one. - -`strbuf_adddup`:: - - Copy part of the buffer from a given position till a given length to the - end of the buffer. - -`strbuf_expand`:: - - This function can be used to expand a format string containing - placeholders. To that end, it parses the string and calls the specified - function for every percent sign found. -+ -The callback function is given a pointer to the character after the `%` -and a pointer to the struct strbuf. It is expected to add the expanded -version of the placeholder to the strbuf, e.g. to add a newline -character if the letter `n` appears after a `%`. The function returns -the length of the placeholder recognized and `strbuf_expand()` skips -over it. -+ -All other characters (non-percent and not skipped ones) are copied -verbatim to the strbuf. If the callback returned zero, meaning that the -placeholder is unknown, then the percent sign is copied, too. -+ -In order to facilitate caching and to make it possible to give -parameters to the callback, `strbuf_expand()` passes a context pointer, -which can be used by the programmer of the callback as she sees fit. - -`strbuf_expand_dict_cb`:: - - Used as callback for `strbuf_expand()`, expects an array of - struct strbuf_expand_dict_entry as context, i.e. pairs of - placeholder and replacement string. The array needs to be - terminated by an entry with placeholder set to NULL. - -`strbuf_addf`:: - - Add a formatted string to the buffer. - -`strbuf_fread`:: - - Read a given size of data from a FILE* pointer to the buffer. -+ -NOTE: The buffer is rewinded if the read fails. If -1 is returned, -`errno` must be consulted, like you would do for `read(3)`. -`strbuf_read()`, `strbuf_read_file()` and `strbuf_getline()` has the -same behaviour as well. - -`strbuf_read`:: - - Read the contents of a given file descriptor. The third argument can be - used to give a hint about the file size, to avoid reallocs. - -`strbuf_read_file`:: - - Read the contents of a file, specified by its path. The third argument - can be used to give a hint about the file size, to avoid reallocs. - -`strbuf_readlink`:: - - Read the target of a symbolic link, specified by its path. The third - argument can be used to give a hint about the size, to avoid reallocs. - -`strbuf_getline`:: - - Read a line from a FILE* pointer. The second argument specifies the line - terminator character, typically `'\n'`. - -`stripspace`:: - - Strip whitespace from a buffer. The second parameter controls if - comments are considered contents to be removed or not. - -`launch_editor`:: diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-string-list.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-string-list.txt index 293bb15d20..c08402b12e 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-string-list.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-string-list.txt @@ -1,8 +1,9 @@ string-list API =============== -The string_list API offers a data structure and functions to handle sorted -and unsorted string lists. +The string_list API offers a data structure and functions to handle +sorted and unsorted string lists. A "sorted" list is one whose +entries are sorted by string value in `strcmp()` order. The 'string_list' struct used to be called 'path_list', but was renamed because it is not specific to paths. @@ -20,26 +21,36 @@ If you need something advanced, you can manually malloc() the `items` member (you need this if you add things later) and you should set the `nr` and `alloc` members in that case, too. -. Adds new items to the list, using `string_list_append` or - `string_list_insert`. +. Adds new items to the list, using `string_list_append`, + `string_list_append_nodup`, `string_list_insert`, + `string_list_split`, and/or `string_list_split_in_place`. . Can check if a string is in the list using `string_list_has_string` or `unsorted_string_list_has_string` and get it from the list using `string_list_lookup` for sorted lists. -. Can sort an unsorted list using `sort_string_list`. +. Can sort an unsorted list using `string_list_sort`. + +. Can remove duplicate items from a sorted list using + `string_list_remove_duplicates`. + +. Can remove individual items of an unsorted list using + `unsorted_string_list_delete_item`. + +. Can remove items not matching a criterion from a sorted or unsorted + list using `filter_string_list`, or remove empty strings using + `string_list_remove_empty_items`. . Finally it should free the list using `string_list_clear`. Example: ---- -struct string_list list; +struct string_list list = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP; int i; -memset(&list, 0, sizeof(struct string_list)); -string_list_append("foo", &list); -string_list_append("bar", &list); +string_list_append(&list, "foo"); +string_list_append(&list, "bar"); for (i = 0; i < list.nr; i++) printf("%s\n", list.items[i].string) ---- @@ -57,6 +68,25 @@ Functions * General ones (works with sorted and unsorted lists as well) +`string_list_init`:: + + Initialize the members of the string_list, set `strdup_strings` + member according to the value of the second parameter. + +`filter_string_list`:: + + Apply a function to each item in a list, retaining only the + items for which the function returns true. If free_util is + true, call free() on the util members of any items that have + to be deleted. Preserve the order of the items that are + retained. + +`string_list_remove_empty_items`:: + + Remove any empty strings from the list. If free_util is true, + call free() on the util members of any items that have to be + deleted. Preserve the order of the items that are retained. + `print_string_list`:: Dump a string_list to stdout, useful mainly for debugging purposes. It @@ -80,7 +110,9 @@ Functions Insert a new element to the string_list. The returned pointer can be handy if you want to write something to the `util` pointer of the - string_list_item containing the just added string. + string_list_item containing the just added string. If the given + string already exists the insertion will be skipped and the + pointer to the existing item returned. + Since this function uses xrealloc() (which die()s if it fails) if the list needs to grow, it is safe not to check the pointer. I.e. you may @@ -91,23 +123,70 @@ write `string_list_insert(...)->util = ...;`. Look up a given string in the string_list, returning the containing string_list_item. If the string is not found, NULL is returned. +`string_list_remove_duplicates`:: + + Remove all but the first of consecutive entries that have the + same string value. If free_util is true, call free() on the + util members of any items that have to be deleted. + * Functions for unsorted lists only `string_list_append`:: - Append a new string to the end of the string_list. + Append a new string to the end of the string_list. If + `strdup_string` is set, then the string argument is copied; + otherwise the new `string_list_entry` refers to the input + string. -`sort_string_list`:: +`string_list_append_nodup`:: - Make an unsorted list sorted. + Append a new string to the end of the string_list. The new + `string_list_entry` always refers to the input string, even if + `strdup_string` is set. This function can be used to hand + ownership of a malloc()ed string to a `string_list` that has + `strdup_string` set. + +`string_list_sort`:: + + Sort the list's entries by string value in `strcmp()` order. `unsorted_string_list_has_string`:: It's like `string_list_has_string()` but for unsorted lists. + +`unsorted_string_list_lookup`:: + + It's like `string_list_lookup()` but for unsorted lists. + -This function needs to look through all items, as opposed to its +The above two functions need to look through all items, as opposed to their counterpart for sorted lists, which performs a binary search. +`unsorted_string_list_delete_item`:: + + Remove an item from a string_list. The `string` pointer of the items + will be freed in case the `strdup_strings` member of the string_list + is set. The third parameter controls if the `util` pointer of the + items should be freed or not. + +`string_list_split`:: +`string_list_split_in_place`:: + + Split a string into substrings on a delimiter character and + append the substrings to a `string_list`. If `maxsplit` is + non-negative, then split at most `maxsplit` times. Return the + number of substrings appended to the list. ++ +`string_list_split` requires a `string_list` that has `strdup_strings` +set to true; it leaves the input string untouched and makes copies of +the substrings in newly-allocated memory. +`string_list_split_in_place` requires a `string_list` that has +`strdup_strings` set to false; it splits the input string in place, +overwriting the delimiter characters with NULs and creating new +string_list_items that point into the original string (the original +string must therefore not be modified or freed while the `string_list` +is in use). + + Data structures --------------- @@ -126,3 +205,5 @@ Represents the list itself. You should not tamper with it. . Setting the `strdup_strings` member to 1 will strdup() the strings before adding them, see above. +. The `compare_strings_fn` member is used to specify a custom compare + function, otherwise `strcmp()` is used as the default function. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-submodule-config.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-submodule-config.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3dce003fda --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-submodule-config.txt @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +submodule config cache API +========================== + +The submodule config cache API allows to read submodule +configurations/information from specified revisions. Internally +information is lazily read into a cache that is used to avoid +unnecessary parsing of the same .gitmodule files. Lookups can be done by +submodule path or name. + +Usage +----- + +To initialize the cache with configurations from the worktree the caller +typically first calls `gitmodules_config()` to read values from the +worktree .gitmodules and then to overlay the local git config values +`parse_submodule_config_option()` from the config parsing +infrastructure. + +The caller can look up information about submodules by using the +`submodule_from_path()` or `submodule_from_name()` functions. They return +a `struct submodule` which contains the values. The API automatically +initializes and allocates the needed infrastructure on-demand. If the +caller does only want to lookup values from revisions the initialization +can be skipped. + +If the internal cache might grow too big or when the caller is done with +the API, all internally cached values can be freed with submodule_free(). + +Data Structures +--------------- + +`struct submodule`:: + + This structure is used to return the information about one + submodule for a certain revision. It is returned by the lookup + functions. + +Functions +--------- + +`void submodule_free()`:: + + Use these to free the internally cached values. + +`int parse_submodule_config_option(const char *var, const char *value)`:: + + Can be passed to the config parsing infrastructure to parse + local (worktree) submodule configurations. + +`const struct submodule *submodule_from_path(const unsigned char *treeish_name, const char *path)`:: + + Given a tree-ish in the superproject and a path, return the + submodule that is bound at the path in the named tree. + +`const struct submodule *submodule_from_name(const unsigned char *treeish_name, const char *name)`:: + + The same as above but lookup by name. + +Whenever a submodule configuration is parsed in `parse_submodule_config_option` +via e.g. `gitmodules_config()`, it will overwrite the null_sha1 entry. +So in the normal case, when HEAD:.gitmodules is parsed first and then overlayed +with the repository configuration, the null_sha1 entry contains the local +configuration of a submodule (e.g. consolidated values from local git +configuration and the .gitmodules file in the worktree). + +For an example usage see test-submodule-config.c. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-trace.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-trace.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fadb5979c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-trace.txt @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ +trace API +========= + +The trace API can be used to print debug messages to stderr or a file. Trace +code is inactive unless explicitly enabled by setting `GIT_TRACE*` environment +variables. + +The trace implementation automatically adds `timestamp file:line ... \n` to +all trace messages. E.g.: + +------------ +23:59:59.123456 git.c:312 trace: built-in: git 'foo' +00:00:00.000001 builtin/foo.c:99 foo: some message +------------ + +Data Structures +--------------- + +`struct trace_key`:: + + Defines a trace key (or category). The default (for API functions that + don't take a key) is `GIT_TRACE`. ++ +E.g. to define a trace key controlled by environment variable `GIT_TRACE_FOO`: ++ +------------ +static struct trace_key trace_foo = TRACE_KEY_INIT(FOO); + +static void trace_print_foo(const char *message) +{ + trace_printf_key(&trace_foo, "%s", message); +} +------------ ++ +Note: don't use `const` as the trace implementation stores internal state in +the `trace_key` structure. + +Functions +--------- + +`int trace_want(struct trace_key *key)`:: + + Checks whether the trace key is enabled. Used to prevent expensive + string formatting before calling one of the printing APIs. + +`void trace_disable(struct trace_key *key)`:: + + Disables tracing for the specified key, even if the environment + variable was set. + +`void trace_printf(const char *format, ...)`:: +`void trace_printf_key(struct trace_key *key, const char *format, ...)`:: + + Prints a formatted message, similar to printf. + +`void trace_argv_printf(const char **argv, const char *format, ...)``:: + + Prints a formatted message, followed by a quoted list of arguments. + +`void trace_strbuf(struct trace_key *key, const struct strbuf *data)`:: + + Prints the strbuf, without additional formatting (i.e. doesn't + choke on `%` or even `\0`). + +`uint64_t getnanotime(void)`:: + + Returns nanoseconds since the epoch (01/01/1970), typically used + for performance measurements. ++ +Currently there are high precision timer implementations for Linux (using +`clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC)`) and Windows (`QueryPerformanceCounter`). +Other platforms use `gettimeofday` as time source. + +`void trace_performance(uint64_t nanos, const char *format, ...)`:: +`void trace_performance_since(uint64_t start, const char *format, ...)`:: + + Prints the elapsed time (in nanoseconds), or elapsed time since + `start`, followed by a formatted message. Enabled via environment + variable `GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`. Used for manual profiling, e.g.: ++ +------------ +uint64_t start = getnanotime(); +/* code section to measure */ +trace_performance_since(start, "foobar"); +------------ ++ +------------ +uint64_t t = 0; +for (;;) { + /* ignore */ + t -= getnanotime(); + /* code section to measure */ + t += getnanotime(); + /* ignore */ +} +trace_performance(t, "frotz"); +------------ + +Bugs & Caveats +-------------- + +GIT_TRACE_* environment variables can be used to tell Git to show +trace output to its standard error stream. Git can often spawn a pager +internally to run its subcommand and send its standard output and +standard error to it. + +Because GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE trace is generated only at the very end +of the program with atexit(), which happens after the pager exits, it +would not work well if you send its log to the standard error output +and let Git spawn the pager at the same time. + +As a work around, you can for example use '--no-pager', or set +GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE to another file descriptor which is redirected +to stderr, or set GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE to a file specified by its +absolute path. + +For example instead of the following command which by default may not +print any performance information: + +------------ +GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE=2 git log -1 +------------ + +you may want to use: + +------------ +GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE=2 git --no-pager log -1 +------------ + +or: + +------------ +GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE=3 3>&2 git log -1 +------------ + +or: + +------------ +GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE=/path/to/log/file git log -1 +------------ diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt index e3ddf91284..14af37c3f1 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt @@ -1,12 +1,147 @@ tree walking API ================ -Talk about <tree-walk.h>, things like +The tree walking API is used to traverse and inspect trees. -* struct tree_desc -* init_tree_desc -* tree_entry_extract -* update_tree_entry -* get_tree_entry +Data Structures +--------------- -(JC, Linus) +`struct name_entry`:: + + An entry in a tree. Each entry has a sha1 identifier, pathname, and + mode. + +`struct tree_desc`:: + + A semi-opaque data structure used to maintain the current state of the + walk. ++ +* `buffer` is a pointer into the memory representation of the tree. It always +points at the current entry being visited. + +* `size` counts the number of bytes left in the `buffer`. + +* `entry` points to the current entry being visited. + +`struct traverse_info`:: + + A structure used to maintain the state of a traversal. ++ +* `prev` points to the traverse_info which was used to descend into the +current tree. If this is the top-level tree `prev` will point to +a dummy traverse_info. + +* `name` is the entry for the current tree (if the tree is a subtree). + +* `pathlen` is the length of the full path for the current tree. + +* `conflicts` can be used by callbacks to maintain directory-file conflicts. + +* `fn` is a callback called for each entry in the tree. See Traversing for more +information. + +* `data` can be anything the `fn` callback would want to use. + +* `show_all_errors` tells whether to stop at the first error or not. + +Initializing +------------ + +`init_tree_desc`:: + + Initialize a `tree_desc` and decode its first entry. The buffer and + size parameters are assumed to be the same as the buffer and size + members of `struct tree`. + +`fill_tree_descriptor`:: + + Initialize a `tree_desc` and decode its first entry given the sha1 of + a tree. Returns the `buffer` member if the sha1 is a valid tree + identifier and NULL otherwise. + +`setup_traverse_info`:: + + Initialize a `traverse_info` given the pathname of the tree to start + traversing from. The `base` argument is assumed to be the `path` + member of the `name_entry` being recursed into unless the tree is a + top-level tree in which case the empty string ("") is used. + +Walking +------- + +`tree_entry`:: + + Visit the next entry in a tree. Returns 1 when there are more entries + left to visit and 0 when all entries have been visited. This is + commonly used in the test of a while loop. + +`tree_entry_len`:: + + Calculate the length of a tree entry's pathname. This utilizes the + memory structure of a tree entry to avoid the overhead of using a + generic strlen(). + +`update_tree_entry`:: + + Walk to the next entry in a tree. This is commonly used in conjunction + with `tree_entry_extract` to inspect the current entry. + +`tree_entry_extract`:: + + Decode the entry currently being visited (the one pointed to by + `tree_desc's` `entry` member) and return the sha1 of the entry. The + `pathp` and `modep` arguments are set to the entry's pathname and mode + respectively. + +`get_tree_entry`:: + + Find an entry in a tree given a pathname and the sha1 of a tree to + search. Returns 0 if the entry is found and -1 otherwise. The third + and fourth parameters are set to the entry's sha1 and mode + respectively. + +Traversing +---------- + +`traverse_trees`:: + + Traverse `n` number of trees in parallel. The `fn` callback member of + `traverse_info` is called once for each tree entry. + +`traverse_callback_t`:: + The arguments passed to the traverse callback are as follows: ++ +* `n` counts the number of trees being traversed. + +* `mask` has its nth bit set if something exists in the nth entry. + +* `dirmask` has its nth bit set if the nth tree's entry is a directory. + +* `entry` is an array of size `n` where the nth entry is from the nth tree. + +* `info` maintains the state of the traversal. + ++ +Returning a negative value will terminate the traversal. Otherwise the +return value is treated as an update mask. If the nth bit is set the nth tree +will be updated and if the bit is not set the nth tree entry will be the +same in the next callback invocation. + +`make_traverse_path`:: + + Generate the full pathname of a tree entry based from the root of the + traversal. For example, if the traversal has recursed into another + tree named "bar" the pathname of an entry "baz" in the "bar" + tree would be "bar/baz". + +`traverse_path_len`:: + + Calculate the length of a pathname returned by `make_traverse_path`. + This utilizes the memory structure of a tree entry to avoid the + overhead of using a generic strlen(). + +Authors +------- + +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and Linus Torvalds +<torvalds@linux-foundation.org> diff --git a/Documentation/technical/bitmap-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/bitmap-format.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f8c18a0f7a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/bitmap-format.txt @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +GIT bitmap v1 format +==================== + + - A header appears at the beginning: + + 4-byte signature: {'B', 'I', 'T', 'M'} + + 2-byte version number (network byte order) + The current implementation only supports version 1 + of the bitmap index (the same one as JGit). + + 2-byte flags (network byte order) + + The following flags are supported: + + - BITMAP_OPT_FULL_DAG (0x1) REQUIRED + This flag must always be present. It implies that the bitmap + index has been generated for a packfile with full closure + (i.e. where every single object in the packfile can find + its parent links inside the same packfile). This is a + requirement for the bitmap index format, also present in JGit, + that greatly reduces the complexity of the implementation. + + - BITMAP_OPT_HASH_CACHE (0x4) + If present, the end of the bitmap file contains + `N` 32-bit name-hash values, one per object in the + pack. The format and meaning of the name-hash is + described below. + + 4-byte entry count (network byte order) + + The total count of entries (bitmapped commits) in this bitmap index. + + 20-byte checksum + + The SHA1 checksum of the pack this bitmap index belongs to. + + - 4 EWAH bitmaps that act as type indexes + + Type indexes are serialized after the hash cache in the shape + of four EWAH bitmaps stored consecutively (see Appendix A for + the serialization format of an EWAH bitmap). + + There is a bitmap for each Git object type, stored in the following + order: + + - Commits + - Trees + - Blobs + - Tags + + In each bitmap, the `n`th bit is set to true if the `n`th object + in the packfile is of that type. + + The obvious consequence is that the OR of all 4 bitmaps will result + in a full set (all bits set), and the AND of all 4 bitmaps will + result in an empty bitmap (no bits set). + + - N entries with compressed bitmaps, one for each indexed commit + + Where `N` is the total amount of entries in this bitmap index. + Each entry contains the following: + + - 4-byte object position (network byte order) + The position **in the index for the packfile** where the + bitmap for this commit is found. + + - 1-byte XOR-offset + The xor offset used to compress this bitmap. For an entry + in position `x`, a XOR offset of `y` means that the actual + bitmap representing this commit is composed by XORing the + bitmap for this entry with the bitmap in entry `x-y` (i.e. + the bitmap `y` entries before this one). + + Note that this compression can be recursive. In order to + XOR this entry with a previous one, the previous entry needs + to be decompressed first, and so on. + + The hard-limit for this offset is 160 (an entry can only be + xor'ed against one of the 160 entries preceding it). This + number is always positive, and hence entries are always xor'ed + with **previous** bitmaps, not bitmaps that will come afterwards + in the index. + + - 1-byte flags for this bitmap + At the moment the only available flag is `0x1`, which hints + that this bitmap can be re-used when rebuilding bitmap indexes + for the repository. + + - The compressed bitmap itself, see Appendix A. + +== Appendix A: Serialization format for an EWAH bitmap + +Ewah bitmaps are serialized in the same protocol as the JAVAEWAH +library, making them backwards compatible with the JGit +implementation: + + - 4-byte number of bits of the resulting UNCOMPRESSED bitmap + + - 4-byte number of words of the COMPRESSED bitmap, when stored + + - N x 8-byte words, as specified by the previous field + + This is the actual content of the compressed bitmap. + + - 4-byte position of the current RLW for the compressed + bitmap + +All words are stored in network byte order for their corresponding +sizes. + +The compressed bitmap is stored in a form of run-length encoding, as +follows. It consists of a concatenation of an arbitrary number of +chunks. Each chunk consists of one or more 64-bit words + + H L_1 L_2 L_3 .... L_M + +H is called RLW (run length word). It consists of (from lower to higher +order bits): + + - 1 bit: the repeated bit B + + - 32 bits: repetition count K (unsigned) + + - 31 bits: literal word count M (unsigned) + +The bitstream represented by the above chunk is then: + + - K repetitions of B + + - The bits stored in `L_1` through `L_M`. Within a word, bits at + lower order come earlier in the stream than those at higher + order. + +The next word after `L_M` (if any) must again be a RLW, for the next +chunk. For efficient appending to the bitstream, the EWAH stores a +pointer to the last RLW in the stream. + + +== Appendix B: Optional Bitmap Sections + +These sections may or may not be present in the `.bitmap` file; their +presence is indicated by the header flags section described above. + +Name-hash cache +--------------- + +If the BITMAP_OPT_HASH_CACHE flag is set, the end of the bitmap contains +a cache of 32-bit values, one per object in the pack. The value at +position `i` is the hash of the pathname at which the `i`th object +(counting in index order) in the pack can be found. This can be fed +into the delta heuristics to compare objects with similar pathnames. + +The hash algorithm used is: + + hash = 0; + while ((c = *name++)) + if (!isspace(c)) + hash = (hash >> 2) + (c << 24); + +Note that this hashing scheme is tied to the BITMAP_OPT_HASH_CACHE flag. +If implementations want to choose a different hashing scheme, they are +free to do so, but MUST allocate a new header flag (because comparing +hashes made under two different schemes would be pointless). diff --git a/Documentation/technical/http-protocol.txt b/Documentation/technical/http-protocol.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1c561bdd92 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/http-protocol.txt @@ -0,0 +1,507 @@ +HTTP transfer protocols +======================= + +Git supports two HTTP based transfer protocols. A "dumb" protocol +which requires only a standard HTTP server on the server end of the +connection, and a "smart" protocol which requires a Git aware CGI +(or server module). This document describes both protocols. + +As a design feature smart clients can automatically upgrade "dumb" +protocol URLs to smart URLs. This permits all users to have the +same published URL, and the peers automatically select the most +efficient transport available to them. + + +URL Format +---------- + +URLs for Git repositories accessed by HTTP use the standard HTTP +URL syntax documented by RFC 1738, so they are of the form: + + http://<host>:<port>/<path>?<searchpart> + +Within this documentation the placeholder `$GIT_URL` will stand for +the http:// repository URL entered by the end-user. + +Servers SHOULD handle all requests to locations matching `$GIT_URL`, as +both the "smart" and "dumb" HTTP protocols used by Git operate +by appending additional path components onto the end of the user +supplied `$GIT_URL` string. + +An example of a dumb client requesting for a loose object: + + $GIT_URL: http://example.com:8080/git/repo.git + URL request: http://example.com:8080/git/repo.git/objects/d0/49f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355 + +An example of a smart request to a catch-all gateway: + + $GIT_URL: http://example.com/daemon.cgi?svc=git&q= + URL request: http://example.com/daemon.cgi?svc=git&q=/info/refs&service=git-receive-pack + +An example of a request to a submodule: + + $GIT_URL: http://example.com/git/repo.git/path/submodule.git + URL request: http://example.com/git/repo.git/path/submodule.git/info/refs + +Clients MUST strip a trailing `/`, if present, from the user supplied +`$GIT_URL` string to prevent empty path tokens (`//`) from appearing +in any URL sent to a server. Compatible clients MUST expand +`$GIT_URL/info/refs` as `foo/info/refs` and not `foo//info/refs`. + + +Authentication +-------------- + +Standard HTTP authentication is used if authentication is required +to access a repository, and MAY be configured and enforced by the +HTTP server software. + +Because Git repositories are accessed by standard path components +server administrators MAY use directory based permissions within +their HTTP server to control repository access. + +Clients SHOULD support Basic authentication as described by RFC 2617. +Servers SHOULD support Basic authentication by relying upon the +HTTP server placed in front of the Git server software. + +Servers SHOULD NOT require HTTP cookies for the purposes of +authentication or access control. + +Clients and servers MAY support other common forms of HTTP based +authentication, such as Digest authentication. + + +SSL +--- + +Clients and servers SHOULD support SSL, particularly to protect +passwords when relying on Basic HTTP authentication. + + +Session State +------------- + +The Git over HTTP protocol (much like HTTP itself) is stateless +from the perspective of the HTTP server side. All state MUST be +retained and managed by the client process. This permits simple +round-robin load-balancing on the server side, without needing to +worry about state management. + +Clients MUST NOT require state management on the server side in +order to function correctly. + +Servers MUST NOT require HTTP cookies in order to function correctly. +Clients MAY store and forward HTTP cookies during request processing +as described by RFC 2616 (HTTP/1.1). Servers SHOULD ignore any +cookies sent by a client. + + +General Request Processing +-------------------------- + +Except where noted, all standard HTTP behavior SHOULD be assumed +by both client and server. This includes (but is not necessarily +limited to): + +If there is no repository at `$GIT_URL`, or the resource pointed to by a +location matching `$GIT_URL` does not exist, the server MUST NOT respond +with `200 OK` response. A server SHOULD respond with +`404 Not Found`, `410 Gone`, or any other suitable HTTP status code +which does not imply the resource exists as requested. + +If there is a repository at `$GIT_URL`, but access is not currently +permitted, the server MUST respond with the `403 Forbidden` HTTP +status code. + +Servers SHOULD support both HTTP 1.0 and HTTP 1.1. +Servers SHOULD support chunked encoding for both request and response +bodies. + +Clients SHOULD support both HTTP 1.0 and HTTP 1.1. +Clients SHOULD support chunked encoding for both request and response +bodies. + +Servers MAY return ETag and/or Last-Modified headers. + +Clients MAY revalidate cached entities by including If-Modified-Since +and/or If-None-Match request headers. + +Servers MAY return `304 Not Modified` if the relevant headers appear +in the request and the entity has not changed. Clients MUST treat +`304 Not Modified` identical to `200 OK` by reusing the cached entity. + +Clients MAY reuse a cached entity without revalidation if the +Cache-Control and/or Expires header permits caching. Clients and +servers MUST follow RFC 2616 for cache controls. + + +Discovering References +---------------------- + +All HTTP clients MUST begin either a fetch or a push exchange by +discovering the references available on the remote repository. + +Dumb Clients +~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +HTTP clients that only support the "dumb" protocol MUST discover +references by making a request for the special info/refs file of +the repository. + +Dumb HTTP clients MUST make a `GET` request to `$GIT_URL/info/refs`, +without any search/query parameters. + + C: GET $GIT_URL/info/refs HTTP/1.0 + + S: 200 OK + S: + S: 95dcfa3633004da0049d3d0fa03f80589cbcaf31 refs/heads/maint + S: d049f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355 refs/heads/master + S: 2cb58b79488a98d2721cea644875a8dd0026b115 refs/tags/v1.0 + S: a3c2e2402b99163d1d59756e5f207ae21cccba4c refs/tags/v1.0^{} + +The Content-Type of the returned info/refs entity SHOULD be +`text/plain; charset=utf-8`, but MAY be any content type. +Clients MUST NOT attempt to validate the returned Content-Type. +Dumb servers MUST NOT return a return type starting with +`application/x-git-`. + +Cache-Control headers MAY be returned to disable caching of the +returned entity. + +When examining the response clients SHOULD only examine the HTTP +status code. Valid responses are `200 OK`, or `304 Not Modified`. + +The returned content is a UNIX formatted text file describing +each ref and its known value. The file SHOULD be sorted by name +according to the C locale ordering. The file SHOULD NOT include +the default ref named `HEAD`. + + info_refs = *( ref_record ) + ref_record = any_ref / peeled_ref + + any_ref = obj-id HTAB refname LF + peeled_ref = obj-id HTAB refname LF + obj-id HTAB refname "^{}" LF + +Smart Clients +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +HTTP clients that support the "smart" protocol (or both the +"smart" and "dumb" protocols) MUST discover references by making +a parameterized request for the info/refs file of the repository. + +The request MUST contain exactly one query parameter, +`service=$servicename`, where `$servicename` MUST be the service +name the client wishes to contact to complete the operation. +The request MUST NOT contain additional query parameters. + + C: GET $GIT_URL/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack HTTP/1.0 + +dumb server reply: + + S: 200 OK + S: + S: 95dcfa3633004da0049d3d0fa03f80589cbcaf31 refs/heads/maint + S: d049f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355 refs/heads/master + S: 2cb58b79488a98d2721cea644875a8dd0026b115 refs/tags/v1.0 + S: a3c2e2402b99163d1d59756e5f207ae21cccba4c refs/tags/v1.0^{} + +smart server reply: + + S: 200 OK + S: Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-advertisement + S: Cache-Control: no-cache + S: + S: 001e# service=git-upload-pack\n + S: 004895dcfa3633004da0049d3d0fa03f80589cbcaf31 refs/heads/maint\0multi_ack\n + S: 0042d049f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355 refs/heads/master\n + S: 003c2cb58b79488a98d2721cea644875a8dd0026b115 refs/tags/v1.0\n + S: 003fa3c2e2402b99163d1d59756e5f207ae21cccba4c refs/tags/v1.0^{}\n + +Dumb Server Response +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +Dumb servers MUST respond with the dumb server reply format. + +See the prior section under dumb clients for a more detailed +description of the dumb server response. + +Smart Server Response +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +If the server does not recognize the requested service name, or the +requested service name has been disabled by the server administrator, +the server MUST respond with the `403 Forbidden` HTTP status code. + +Otherwise, smart servers MUST respond with the smart server reply +format for the requested service name. + +Cache-Control headers SHOULD be used to disable caching of the +returned entity. + +The Content-Type MUST be `application/x-$servicename-advertisement`. +Clients SHOULD fall back to the dumb protocol if another content +type is returned. When falling back to the dumb protocol clients +SHOULD NOT make an additional request to `$GIT_URL/info/refs`, but +instead SHOULD use the response already in hand. Clients MUST NOT +continue if they do not support the dumb protocol. + +Clients MUST validate the status code is either `200 OK` or +`304 Not Modified`. + +Clients MUST validate the first five bytes of the response entity +matches the regex `^[0-9a-f]{4}#`. If this test fails, clients +MUST NOT continue. + +Clients MUST parse the entire response as a sequence of pkt-line +records. + +Clients MUST verify the first pkt-line is `# service=$servicename`. +Servers MUST set $servicename to be the request parameter value. +Servers SHOULD include an LF at the end of this line. +Clients MUST ignore an LF at the end of the line. + +Servers MUST terminate the response with the magic `0000` end +pkt-line marker. + +The returned response is a pkt-line stream describing each ref and +its known value. The stream SHOULD be sorted by name according to +the C locale ordering. The stream SHOULD include the default ref +named `HEAD` as the first ref. The stream MUST include capability +declarations behind a NUL on the first ref. + + smart_reply = PKT-LINE("# service=$servicename" LF) + ref_list + "0000" + ref_list = empty_list / non_empty_list + + empty_list = PKT-LINE(zero-id SP "capabilities^{}" NUL cap-list LF) + + non_empty_list = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name NUL cap_list LF) + *ref_record + + cap-list = capability *(SP capability) + capability = 1*(LC_ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "_") + LC_ALPHA = %x61-7A + + ref_record = any_ref / peeled_ref + any_ref = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name LF) + peeled_ref = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name LF) + PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name "^{}" LF + + +Smart Service git-upload-pack +------------------------------ +This service reads from the repository pointed to by `$GIT_URL`. + +Clients MUST first perform ref discovery with +`$GIT_URL/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack`. + + C: POST $GIT_URL/git-upload-pack HTTP/1.0 + C: Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-request + C: + C: 0032want 0a53e9ddeaddad63ad106860237bbf53411d11a7\n + C: 0032have 441b40d833fdfa93eb2908e52742248faf0ee993\n + C: 0000 + + S: 200 OK + S: Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-result + S: Cache-Control: no-cache + S: + S: ....ACK %s, continue + S: ....NAK + +Clients MUST NOT reuse or revalidate a cached response. +Servers MUST include sufficient Cache-Control headers +to prevent caching of the response. + +Servers SHOULD support all capabilities defined here. + +Clients MUST send at least one "want" command in the request body. +Clients MUST NOT reference an id in a "want" command which did not +appear in the response obtained through ref discovery unless the +server advertises capability `allow-tip-sha1-in-want` or +`allow-reachable-sha1-in-want`. + + compute_request = want_list + have_list + request_end + request_end = "0000" / "done" + + want_list = PKT-LINE(want NUL cap_list LF) + *(want_pkt) + want_pkt = PKT-LINE(want LF) + want = "want" SP id + cap_list = *(SP capability) SP + + have_list = *PKT-LINE("have" SP id LF) + +TODO: Document this further. + +The Negotiation Algorithm +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The computation to select the minimal pack proceeds as follows +(C = client, S = server): + +'init step:' + +C: Use ref discovery to obtain the advertised refs. + +C: Place any object seen into set `advertised`. + +C: Build an empty set, `common`, to hold the objects that are later + determined to be on both ends. + +C: Build a set, `want`, of the objects from `advertised` the client + wants to fetch, based on what it saw during ref discovery. + +C: Start a queue, `c_pending`, ordered by commit time (popping newest + first). Add all client refs. When a commit is popped from + the queue its parents SHOULD be automatically inserted back. + Commits MUST only enter the queue once. + +'one compute step:' + +C: Send one `$GIT_URL/git-upload-pack` request: + + C: 0032want <want #1>............................... + C: 0032want <want #2>............................... + .... + C: 0032have <common #1>............................. + C: 0032have <common #2>............................. + .... + C: 0032have <have #1>............................... + C: 0032have <have #2>............................... + .... + C: 0000 + +The stream is organized into "commands", with each command +appearing by itself in a pkt-line. Within a command line, +the text leading up to the first space is the command name, +and the remainder of the line to the first LF is the value. +Command lines are terminated with an LF as the last byte of +the pkt-line value. + +Commands MUST appear in the following order, if they appear +at all in the request stream: + +* "want" +* "have" + +The stream is terminated by a pkt-line flush (`0000`). + +A single "want" or "have" command MUST have one hex formatted +SHA-1 as its value. Multiple SHA-1s MUST be sent by sending +multiple commands. + +The `have` list is created by popping the first 32 commits +from `c_pending`. Less can be supplied if `c_pending` empties. + +If the client has sent 256 "have" commits and has not yet +received one of those back from `s_common`, or the client has +emptied `c_pending` it SHOULD include a "done" command to let +the server know it won't proceed: + + C: 0009done + +S: Parse the git-upload-pack request: + +Verify all objects in `want` are directly reachable from refs. + +The server MAY walk backwards through history or through +the reflog to permit slightly stale requests. + +If no "want" objects are received, send an error: +TODO: Define error if no "want" lines are requested. + +If any "want" object is not reachable, send an error: +TODO: Define error if an invalid "want" is requested. + +Create an empty list, `s_common`. + +If "have" was sent: + +Loop through the objects in the order supplied by the client. + +For each object, if the server has the object reachable from +a ref, add it to `s_common`. If a commit is added to `s_common`, +do not add any ancestors, even if they also appear in `have`. + +S: Send the git-upload-pack response: + +If the server has found a closed set of objects to pack or the +request ends with "done", it replies with the pack. +TODO: Document the pack based response + + S: PACK... + +The returned stream is the side-band-64k protocol supported +by the git-upload-pack service, and the pack is embedded into +stream 1. Progress messages from the server side MAY appear +in stream 2. + +Here a "closed set of objects" is defined to have at least +one path from every "want" to at least one "common" object. + +If the server needs more information, it replies with a +status continue response: +TODO: Document the non-pack response + +C: Parse the upload-pack response: + TODO: Document parsing response + +'Do another compute step.' + + +Smart Service git-receive-pack +------------------------------ +This service reads from the repository pointed to by `$GIT_URL`. + +Clients MUST first perform ref discovery with +`$GIT_URL/info/refs?service=git-receive-pack`. + + C: POST $GIT_URL/git-receive-pack HTTP/1.0 + C: Content-Type: application/x-git-receive-pack-request + C: + C: ....0a53e9ddeaddad63ad106860237bbf53411d11a7 441b40d833fdfa93eb2908e52742248faf0ee993 refs/heads/maint\0 report-status + C: 0000 + C: PACK.... + + S: 200 OK + S: Content-Type: application/x-git-receive-pack-result + S: Cache-Control: no-cache + S: + S: .... + +Clients MUST NOT reuse or revalidate a cached response. +Servers MUST include sufficient Cache-Control headers +to prevent caching of the response. + +Servers SHOULD support all capabilities defined here. + +Clients MUST send at least one command in the request body. +Within the command portion of the request body clients SHOULD send +the id obtained through ref discovery as old_id. + + update_request = command_list + "PACK" <binary data> + + command_list = PKT-LINE(command NUL cap_list LF) + *(command_pkt) + command_pkt = PKT-LINE(command LF) + cap_list = *(SP capability) SP + + command = create / delete / update + create = zero-id SP new_id SP name + delete = old_id SP zero-id SP name + update = old_id SP new_id SP name + +TODO: Document this further. + + +References +---------- + +http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1738.txt[RFC 1738: Uniform Resource Locators (URL)] +http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt[RFC 2616: Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1] +link:technical/pack-protocol.html +link:technical/protocol-capabilities.html diff --git a/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ade0b0c445 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt @@ -0,0 +1,297 @@ +Git index format +================ + +== The Git index file has the following format + + All binary numbers are in network byte order. Version 2 is described + here unless stated otherwise. + + - A 12-byte header consisting of + + 4-byte signature: + The signature is { 'D', 'I', 'R', 'C' } (stands for "dircache") + + 4-byte version number: + The current supported versions are 2, 3 and 4. + + 32-bit number of index entries. + + - A number of sorted index entries (see below). + + - Extensions + + Extensions are identified by signature. Optional extensions can + be ignored if Git does not understand them. + + Git currently supports cached tree and resolve undo extensions. + + 4-byte extension signature. If the first byte is 'A'..'Z' the + extension is optional and can be ignored. + + 32-bit size of the extension + + Extension data + + - 160-bit SHA-1 over the content of the index file before this + checksum. + +== Index entry + + Index entries are sorted in ascending order on the name field, + interpreted as a string of unsigned bytes (i.e. memcmp() order, no + localization, no special casing of directory separator '/'). Entries + with the same name are sorted by their stage field. + + 32-bit ctime seconds, the last time a file's metadata changed + this is stat(2) data + + 32-bit ctime nanosecond fractions + this is stat(2) data + + 32-bit mtime seconds, the last time a file's data changed + this is stat(2) data + + 32-bit mtime nanosecond fractions + this is stat(2) data + + 32-bit dev + this is stat(2) data + + 32-bit ino + this is stat(2) data + + 32-bit mode, split into (high to low bits) + + 4-bit object type + valid values in binary are 1000 (regular file), 1010 (symbolic link) + and 1110 (gitlink) + + 3-bit unused + + 9-bit unix permission. Only 0755 and 0644 are valid for regular files. + Symbolic links and gitlinks have value 0 in this field. + + 32-bit uid + this is stat(2) data + + 32-bit gid + this is stat(2) data + + 32-bit file size + This is the on-disk size from stat(2), truncated to 32-bit. + + 160-bit SHA-1 for the represented object + + A 16-bit 'flags' field split into (high to low bits) + + 1-bit assume-valid flag + + 1-bit extended flag (must be zero in version 2) + + 2-bit stage (during merge) + + 12-bit name length if the length is less than 0xFFF; otherwise 0xFFF + is stored in this field. + + (Version 3 or later) A 16-bit field, only applicable if the + "extended flag" above is 1, split into (high to low bits). + + 1-bit reserved for future + + 1-bit skip-worktree flag (used by sparse checkout) + + 1-bit intent-to-add flag (used by "git add -N") + + 13-bit unused, must be zero + + Entry path name (variable length) relative to top level directory + (without leading slash). '/' is used as path separator. The special + path components ".", ".." and ".git" (without quotes) are disallowed. + Trailing slash is also disallowed. + + The exact encoding is undefined, but the '.' and '/' characters + are encoded in 7-bit ASCII and the encoding cannot contain a NUL + byte (iow, this is a UNIX pathname). + + (Version 4) In version 4, the entry path name is prefix-compressed + relative to the path name for the previous entry (the very first + entry is encoded as if the path name for the previous entry is an + empty string). At the beginning of an entry, an integer N in the + variable width encoding (the same encoding as the offset is encoded + for OFS_DELTA pack entries; see pack-format.txt) is stored, followed + by a NUL-terminated string S. Removing N bytes from the end of the + path name for the previous entry, and replacing it with the string S + yields the path name for this entry. + + 1-8 nul bytes as necessary to pad the entry to a multiple of eight bytes + while keeping the name NUL-terminated. + + (Version 4) In version 4, the padding after the pathname does not + exist. + + Interpretation of index entries in split index mode is completely + different. See below for details. + +== Extensions + +=== Cached tree + + Cached tree extension contains pre-computed hashes for trees that can + be derived from the index. It helps speed up tree object generation + from index for a new commit. + + When a path is updated in index, the path must be invalidated and + removed from tree cache. + + The signature for this extension is { 'T', 'R', 'E', 'E' }. + + A series of entries fill the entire extension; each of which + consists of: + + - NUL-terminated path component (relative to its parent directory); + + - ASCII decimal number of entries in the index that is covered by the + tree this entry represents (entry_count); + + - A space (ASCII 32); + + - ASCII decimal number that represents the number of subtrees this + tree has; + + - A newline (ASCII 10); and + + - 160-bit object name for the object that would result from writing + this span of index as a tree. + + An entry can be in an invalidated state and is represented by having + a negative number in the entry_count field. In this case, there is no + object name and the next entry starts immediately after the newline. + When writing an invalid entry, -1 should always be used as entry_count. + + The entries are written out in the top-down, depth-first order. The + first entry represents the root level of the repository, followed by the + first subtree--let's call this A--of the root level (with its name + relative to the root level), followed by the first subtree of A (with + its name relative to A), ... + +=== Resolve undo + + A conflict is represented in the index as a set of higher stage entries. + When a conflict is resolved (e.g. with "git add path"), these higher + stage entries will be removed and a stage-0 entry with proper resolution + is added. + + When these higher stage entries are removed, they are saved in the + resolve undo extension, so that conflicts can be recreated (e.g. with + "git checkout -m"), in case users want to redo a conflict resolution + from scratch. + + The signature for this extension is { 'R', 'E', 'U', 'C' }. + + A series of entries fill the entire extension; each of which + consists of: + + - NUL-terminated pathname the entry describes (relative to the root of + the repository, i.e. full pathname); + + - Three NUL-terminated ASCII octal numbers, entry mode of entries in + stage 1 to 3 (a missing stage is represented by "0" in this field); + and + + - At most three 160-bit object names of the entry in stages from 1 to 3 + (nothing is written for a missing stage). + +=== Split index + + In split index mode, the majority of index entries could be stored + in a separate file. This extension records the changes to be made on + top of that to produce the final index. + + The signature for this extension is { 'l', 'i', 'n', 'k' }. + + The extension consists of: + + - 160-bit SHA-1 of the shared index file. The shared index file path + is $GIT_DIR/sharedindex.<SHA-1>. If all 160 bits are zero, the + index does not require a shared index file. + + - An ewah-encoded delete bitmap, each bit represents an entry in the + shared index. If a bit is set, its corresponding entry in the + shared index will be removed from the final index. Note, because + a delete operation changes index entry positions, but we do need + original positions in replace phase, it's best to just mark + entries for removal, then do a mass deletion after replacement. + + - An ewah-encoded replace bitmap, each bit represents an entry in + the shared index. If a bit is set, its corresponding entry in the + shared index will be replaced with an entry in this index + file. All replaced entries are stored in sorted order in this + index. The first "1" bit in the replace bitmap corresponds to the + first index entry, the second "1" bit to the second entry and so + on. Replaced entries may have empty path names to save space. + + The remaining index entries after replaced ones will be added to the + final index. These added entries are also sorted by entry name then + stage. + +== Untracked cache + + Untracked cache saves the untracked file list and necessary data to + verify the cache. The signature for this extension is { 'U', 'N', + 'T', 'R' }. + + The extension starts with + + - A sequence of NUL-terminated strings, preceded by the size of the + sequence in variable width encoding. Each string describes the + environment where the cache can be used. + + - Stat data of $GIT_DIR/info/exclude. See "Index entry" section from + ctime field until "file size". + + - Stat data of core.excludesfile + + - 32-bit dir_flags (see struct dir_struct) + + - 160-bit SHA-1 of $GIT_DIR/info/exclude. Null SHA-1 means the file + does not exist. + + - 160-bit SHA-1 of core.excludesfile. Null SHA-1 means the file does + not exist. + + - NUL-terminated string of per-dir exclude file name. This usually + is ".gitignore". + + - The number of following directory blocks, variable width + encoding. If this number is zero, the extension ends here with a + following NUL. + + - A number of directory blocks in depth-first-search order, each + consists of + + - The number of untracked entries, variable width encoding. + + - The number of sub-directory blocks, variable width encoding. + + - The directory name terminated by NUL. + + - A number of untracked file/dir names terminated by NUL. + +The remaining data of each directory block is grouped by type: + + - An ewah bitmap, the n-th bit marks whether the n-th directory has + valid untracked cache entries. + + - An ewah bitmap, the n-th bit records "check-only" bit of + read_directory_recursive() for the n-th directory. + + - An ewah bitmap, the n-th bit indicates whether SHA-1 and stat data + is valid for the n-th directory and exists in the next data. + + - An array of stat data. The n-th data corresponds with the n-th + "one" bit in the previous ewah bitmap. + + - An array of SHA-1. The n-th SHA-1 corresponds with the n-th "one" bit + in the previous ewah bitmap. + + - One NUL. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt index 1803e64e46..8e5bf60be3 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ -GIT pack format +Git pack format =============== -= pack-*.pack files have the following format: +== pack-*.pack files have the following format: - A header appears at the beginning and consists of the following: @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ GIT pack format The signature is: {'P', 'A', 'C', 'K'} 4-byte version number (network byte order): - GIT currently accepts version number 2 or 3 but + Git currently accepts version number 2 or 3 but generates version 2 only. 4-byte number of objects contained in the pack (network byte order) @@ -26,15 +26,17 @@ GIT pack format (deltified representation) n-byte type and length (3-bit type, (n-1)*7+4-bit length) - 20-byte base object name + 20-byte base object name if OBJ_REF_DELTA or a negative relative + offset from the delta object's position in the pack if this + is an OBJ_OFS_DELTA object compressed delta data Observation: length of each object is encoded in a variable length format and is not constrained to 32-bit or anything. - - The trailer records 20-byte SHA1 checksum of all of the above. + - The trailer records 20-byte SHA-1 checksum of all of the above. -= Original (version 1) pack-*.idx files have the following format: +== Original (version 1) pack-*.idx files have the following format: - The header consists of 256 4-byte network byte order integers. N-th entry of this table records the number of @@ -53,10 +55,10 @@ GIT pack format - The file is concluded with a trailer: - A copy of the 20-byte SHA1 checksum at the end of + A copy of the 20-byte SHA-1 checksum at the end of corresponding packfile. - 20-byte SHA1-checksum of all of the above. + 20-byte SHA-1-checksum of all of the above. Pack Idx file: @@ -104,7 +106,7 @@ Pack file entry: <+ If it is not DELTA, then deflated bytes (the size above is the size before compression). If it is REF_DELTA, then - 20-byte base object name SHA1 (the size above is the + 20-byte base object name SHA-1 (the size above is the size of the delta data that follows). delta data, deflated. If it is OFS_DELTA, then @@ -123,8 +125,8 @@ Pack file entry: <+ -= Version 2 pack-*.idx files support packs larger than 4 GiB, and - have some other reorganizations. They have the format: +== Version 2 pack-*.idx files support packs larger than 4 GiB, and + have some other reorganizations. They have the format: - A 4-byte magic number '\377tOc' which is an unreasonable fanout[0] value. @@ -133,7 +135,7 @@ Pack file entry: <+ - A 256-entry fan-out table just like v1. - - A table of sorted 20-byte SHA1 object names. These are + - A table of sorted 20-byte SHA-1 object names. These are packed together without offset values to reduce the cache footprint of the binary search for a specific object name. @@ -154,7 +156,7 @@ Pack file entry: <+ - The same trailer as a v1 pack file: - A copy of the 20-byte SHA1 checksum at the end of + A copy of the 20-byte SHA-1 checksum at the end of corresponding packfile. - 20-byte SHA1-checksum of all of the above. + 20-byte SHA-1-checksum of all of the above. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-heuristics.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-heuristics.txt index 103eb5d989..95a07db6e8 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/pack-heuristics.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-heuristics.txt @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ - Concerning Git's Packing Heuristics - =================================== +Concerning Git's Packing Heuristics +=================================== Oh, here's a really stupid question: Where do I go to learn the details - of git's packing heuristics? + of Git's packing heuristics? Be careful what you ask! -Followers of the git, please open the git IRC Log and turn to +Followers of the Git, please open the Git IRC Log and turn to February 10, 2006. It's a rare occasion, and we are joined by the King Git Himself, @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ and seeks enlightenment. Others are present, but silent. Let's listen in! <njs`> Oh, here's a really stupid question -- where do I go to - learn the details of git's packing heuristics? google avails + learn the details of Git's packing heuristics? google avails me not, reading the source didn't help a lot, and wading through the whole mailing list seems less efficient than any of that. @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Ah! Modesty after all. <linus> njs, I don't think the docs exist. That's something where I don't think anybody else than me even really got involved. - Most of the rest of git others have been busy with (especially + Most of the rest of Git others have been busy with (especially Junio), but packing nobody touched after I did it. It's cryptic, yet vague. Linus in style for sure. Wise men @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ Bait... And switch. That ought to do it! - <linus> Remember: git really doesn't follow files. So what it does is + <linus> Remember: Git really doesn't follow files. So what it does is - generate a list of all objects - sort the list according to magic heuristics - walk the list, using a sliding window, seeing if an object @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ Ah, grasshopper! And thus the enlightenment begins anew. <linus> The "magic" is actually in theory totally arbitrary. ANY order will give you a working pack, but no, it's not - ordered by SHA1. + ordered by SHA-1. Before talking about the ordering for the sliding delta window, let's talk about the recency order. That's more @@ -366,12 +366,6 @@ been detailed! <linus> Yes, we always write out most recent first -For the other record: - - <pasky> njs`: http://pastebin.com/547965 - -The 'net never forgets, so that should be good until the end of time. - <njs`> And, yeah, I got the part about deeper-in-history stuff having worse IO characteristics, one sort of doesn't care. @@ -382,7 +376,7 @@ The 'net never forgets, so that should be good until the end of time. <njs`> (if only it happened more...) <linus> Anyway, the pack-file could easily be denser still, but - because it's used both for streaming (the git protocol) and + because it's used both for streaming (the Git protocol) and for on-disk, it has a few pessimizations. Actually, it is a made-up word. But it is a made-up word being @@ -432,12 +426,12 @@ Gasp! OK, saved. That's a fair Engineering trade off. Close call! In fact, Linus reflects on some Basic Engineering Fundamentals, design options, etc. - <linus> More importantly, they allow git to still _conceptually_ + <linus> More importantly, they allow Git to still _conceptually_ never deal with deltas at all, and be a "whole object" store. Which has some problems (we discussed bad huge-file - behaviour on the git lists the other day), but it does mean - that the basic git concepts are really really simple and + behaviour on the Git lists the other day), but it does mean + that the basic Git concepts are really really simple and straightforward. It's all been quite stable. @@ -461,6 +455,6 @@ Nuff said. <njs`> :-) <njs`> appreciate the infodump, I really was failing to find the - details on git packs :-) + details on Git packs :-) And now you know the rest of the story. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt index 9cd48b4859..c59ac9936a 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt @@ -1,41 +1,607 @@ -Pack transfer protocols -======================= - -There are two Pack push-pull protocols. - -upload-pack (S) | fetch/clone-pack (C) protocol: - - # Tell the puller what commits we have and what their names are - S: SHA1 name - S: ... - S: SHA1 name - S: # flush -- it's your turn - # Tell the pusher what commits we want, and what we have - C: want name - C: .. - C: want name - C: have SHA1 - C: have SHA1 - C: ... - C: # flush -- occasionally ask "had enough?" - S: NAK - C: have SHA1 - C: ... - C: have SHA1 - S: ACK - C: done - S: XXXXXXX -- packfile contents. - -send-pack | receive-pack protocol. - - # Tell the pusher what commits we have and what their names are - C: SHA1 name - C: ... - C: SHA1 name - C: # flush -- it's your turn - # Tell the puller what the pusher has - S: old-SHA1 new-SHA1 name - S: old-SHA1 new-SHA1 name - S: ... - S: # flush -- done with the list - S: XXXXXXX --- packfile contents. +Packfile transfer protocols +=========================== + +Git supports transferring data in packfiles over the ssh://, git://, http:// and +file:// transports. There exist two sets of protocols, one for pushing +data from a client to a server and another for fetching data from a +server to a client. The three transports (ssh, git, file) use the same +protocol to transfer data. http is documented in http-protocol.txt. + +The processes invoked in the canonical Git implementation are 'upload-pack' +on the server side and 'fetch-pack' on the client side for fetching data; +then 'receive-pack' on the server and 'send-pack' on the client for pushing +data. The protocol functions to have a server tell a client what is +currently on the server, then for the two to negotiate the smallest amount +of data to send in order to fully update one or the other. + +pkt-line Format +--------------- + +The descriptions below build on the pkt-line format described in +protocol-common.txt. When the grammar indicate `PKT-LINE(...)`, unless +otherwise noted the usual pkt-line LF rules apply: the sender SHOULD +include a LF, but the receiver MUST NOT complain if it is not present. + +Transports +---------- +There are three transports over which the packfile protocol is +initiated. The Git transport is a simple, unauthenticated server that +takes the command (almost always 'upload-pack', though Git +servers can be configured to be globally writable, in which 'receive- +pack' initiation is also allowed) with which the client wishes to +communicate and executes it and connects it to the requesting +process. + +In the SSH transport, the client just runs the 'upload-pack' +or 'receive-pack' process on the server over the SSH protocol and then +communicates with that invoked process over the SSH connection. + +The file:// transport runs the 'upload-pack' or 'receive-pack' +process locally and communicates with it over a pipe. + +Git Transport +------------- + +The Git transport starts off by sending the command and repository +on the wire using the pkt-line format, followed by a NUL byte and a +hostname parameter, terminated by a NUL byte. + + 0032git-upload-pack /project.git\0host=myserver.com\0 + +-- + git-proto-request = request-command SP pathname NUL [ host-parameter NUL ] + request-command = "git-upload-pack" / "git-receive-pack" / + "git-upload-archive" ; case sensitive + pathname = *( %x01-ff ) ; exclude NUL + host-parameter = "host=" hostname [ ":" port ] +-- + +Only host-parameter is allowed in the git-proto-request. Clients +MUST NOT attempt to send additional parameters. It is used for the +git-daemon name based virtual hosting. See --interpolated-path +option to git daemon, with the %H/%CH format characters. + +Basically what the Git client is doing to connect to an 'upload-pack' +process on the server side over the Git protocol is this: + + $ echo -e -n \ + "0039git-upload-pack /schacon/gitbook.git\0host=example.com\0" | + nc -v example.com 9418 + +If the server refuses the request for some reasons, it could abort +gracefully with an error message. + +---- + error-line = PKT-LINE("ERR" SP explanation-text) +---- + + +SSH Transport +------------- + +Initiating the upload-pack or receive-pack processes over SSH is +executing the binary on the server via SSH remote execution. +It is basically equivalent to running this: + + $ ssh git.example.com "git-upload-pack '/project.git'" + +For a server to support Git pushing and pulling for a given user over +SSH, that user needs to be able to execute one or both of those +commands via the SSH shell that they are provided on login. On some +systems, that shell access is limited to only being able to run those +two commands, or even just one of them. + +In an ssh:// format URI, it's absolute in the URI, so the '/' after +the host name (or port number) is sent as an argument, which is then +read by the remote git-upload-pack exactly as is, so it's effectively +an absolute path in the remote filesystem. + + git clone ssh://user@example.com/project.git + | + v + ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack '/project.git'" + +In a "user@host:path" format URI, its relative to the user's home +directory, because the Git client will run: + + git clone user@example.com:project.git + | + v + ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack 'project.git'" + +The exception is if a '~' is used, in which case +we execute it without the leading '/'. + + ssh://user@example.com/~alice/project.git, + | + v + ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack '~alice/project.git'" + +A few things to remember here: + +- The "command name" is spelled with dash (e.g. git-upload-pack), but + this can be overridden by the client; + +- The repository path is always quoted with single quotes. + +Fetching Data From a Server +--------------------------- + +When one Git repository wants to get data that a second repository +has, the first can 'fetch' from the second. This operation determines +what data the server has that the client does not then streams that +data down to the client in packfile format. + + +Reference Discovery +------------------- + +When the client initially connects the server will immediately respond +with a listing of each reference it has (all branches and tags) along +with the object name that each reference currently points to. + + $ echo -e -n "0039git-upload-pack /schacon/gitbook.git\0host=example.com\0" | + nc -v example.com 9418 + 00887217a7c7e582c46cec22a130adf4b9d7d950fba0 HEAD\0multi_ack thin-pack + side-band side-band-64k ofs-delta shallow no-progress include-tag + 00441d3fcd5ced445d1abc402225c0b8a1299641f497 refs/heads/integration + 003f7217a7c7e582c46cec22a130adf4b9d7d950fba0 refs/heads/master + 003cb88d2441cac0977faf98efc80305012112238d9d refs/tags/v0.9 + 003c525128480b96c89e6418b1e40909bf6c5b2d580f refs/tags/v1.0 + 003fe92df48743b7bc7d26bcaabfddde0a1e20cae47c refs/tags/v1.0^{} + 0000 + +The returned response is a pkt-line stream describing each ref and +its current value. The stream MUST be sorted by name according to +the C locale ordering. + +If HEAD is a valid ref, HEAD MUST appear as the first advertised +ref. If HEAD is not a valid ref, HEAD MUST NOT appear in the +advertisement list at all, but other refs may still appear. + +The stream MUST include capability declarations behind a NUL on the +first ref. The peeled value of a ref (that is "ref^{}") MUST be +immediately after the ref itself, if presented. A conforming server +MUST peel the ref if it's an annotated tag. + +---- + advertised-refs = (no-refs / list-of-refs) + *shallow + flush-pkt + + no-refs = PKT-LINE(zero-id SP "capabilities^{}" + NUL capability-list) + + list-of-refs = first-ref *other-ref + first-ref = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP refname + NUL capability-list) + + other-ref = PKT-LINE(other-tip / other-peeled) + other-tip = obj-id SP refname + other-peeled = obj-id SP refname "^{}" + + shallow = PKT-LINE("shallow" SP obj-id) + + capability-list = capability *(SP capability) + capability = 1*(LC_ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "_") + LC_ALPHA = %x61-7A +---- + +Server and client MUST use lowercase for obj-id, both MUST treat obj-id +as case-insensitive. + +See protocol-capabilities.txt for a list of allowed server capabilities +and descriptions. + +Packfile Negotiation +-------------------- +After reference and capabilities discovery, the client can decide to +terminate the connection by sending a flush-pkt, telling the server it can +now gracefully terminate, and disconnect, when it does not need any pack +data. This can happen with the ls-remote command, and also can happen when +the client already is up-to-date. + +Otherwise, it enters the negotiation phase, where the client and +server determine what the minimal packfile necessary for transport is, +by telling the server what objects it wants, its shallow objects +(if any), and the maximum commit depth it wants (if any). The client +will also send a list of the capabilities it wants to be in effect, +out of what the server said it could do with the first 'want' line. + +---- + upload-request = want-list + *shallow-line + *1depth-request + flush-pkt + + want-list = first-want + *additional-want + + shallow-line = PKT-LINE("shallow" SP obj-id) + + depth-request = PKT-LINE("deepen" SP depth) / + PKT-LINE("deepen-since" SP timestamp) / + PKT-LINE("deepen-not" SP ref) + + first-want = PKT-LINE("want" SP obj-id SP capability-list) + additional-want = PKT-LINE("want" SP obj-id) + + depth = 1*DIGIT +---- + +Clients MUST send all the obj-ids it wants from the reference +discovery phase as 'want' lines. Clients MUST send at least one +'want' command in the request body. Clients MUST NOT mention an +obj-id in a 'want' command which did not appear in the response +obtained through ref discovery. + +The client MUST write all obj-ids which it only has shallow copies +of (meaning that it does not have the parents of a commit) as +'shallow' lines so that the server is aware of the limitations of +the client's history. + +The client now sends the maximum commit history depth it wants for +this transaction, which is the number of commits it wants from the +tip of the history, if any, as a 'deepen' line. A depth of 0 is the +same as not making a depth request. The client does not want to receive +any commits beyond this depth, nor does it want objects needed only to +complete those commits. Commits whose parents are not received as a +result are defined as shallow and marked as such in the server. This +information is sent back to the client in the next step. + +Once all the 'want's and 'shallow's (and optional 'deepen') are +transferred, clients MUST send a flush-pkt, to tell the server side +that it is done sending the list. + +Otherwise, if the client sent a positive depth request, the server +will determine which commits will and will not be shallow and +send this information to the client. If the client did not request +a positive depth, this step is skipped. + +---- + shallow-update = *shallow-line + *unshallow-line + flush-pkt + + shallow-line = PKT-LINE("shallow" SP obj-id) + + unshallow-line = PKT-LINE("unshallow" SP obj-id) +---- + +If the client has requested a positive depth, the server will compute +the set of commits which are no deeper than the desired depth. The set +of commits start at the client's wants. + +The server writes 'shallow' lines for each +commit whose parents will not be sent as a result. The server writes +an 'unshallow' line for each commit which the client has indicated is +shallow, but is no longer shallow at the currently requested depth +(that is, its parents will now be sent). The server MUST NOT mark +as unshallow anything which the client has not indicated was shallow. + +Now the client will send a list of the obj-ids it has using 'have' +lines, so the server can make a packfile that only contains the objects +that the client needs. In multi_ack mode, the canonical implementation +will send up to 32 of these at a time, then will send a flush-pkt. The +canonical implementation will skip ahead and send the next 32 immediately, +so that there is always a block of 32 "in-flight on the wire" at a time. + +---- + upload-haves = have-list + compute-end + + have-list = *have-line + have-line = PKT-LINE("have" SP obj-id) + compute-end = flush-pkt / PKT-LINE("done") +---- + +If the server reads 'have' lines, it then will respond by ACKing any +of the obj-ids the client said it had that the server also has. The +server will ACK obj-ids differently depending on which ack mode is +chosen by the client. + +In multi_ack mode: + + * the server will respond with 'ACK obj-id continue' for any common + commits. + + * once the server has found an acceptable common base commit and is + ready to make a packfile, it will blindly ACK all 'have' obj-ids + back to the client. + + * the server will then send a 'NAK' and then wait for another response + from the client - either a 'done' or another list of 'have' lines. + +In multi_ack_detailed mode: + + * the server will differentiate the ACKs where it is signaling + that it is ready to send data with 'ACK obj-id ready' lines, and + signals the identified common commits with 'ACK obj-id common' lines. + +Without either multi_ack or multi_ack_detailed: + + * upload-pack sends "ACK obj-id" on the first common object it finds. + After that it says nothing until the client gives it a "done". + + * upload-pack sends "NAK" on a flush-pkt if no common object + has been found yet. If one has been found, and thus an ACK + was already sent, it's silent on the flush-pkt. + +After the client has gotten enough ACK responses that it can determine +that the server has enough information to send an efficient packfile +(in the canonical implementation, this is determined when it has received +enough ACKs that it can color everything left in the --date-order queue +as common with the server, or the --date-order queue is empty), or the +client determines that it wants to give up (in the canonical implementation, +this is determined when the client sends 256 'have' lines without getting +any of them ACKed by the server - meaning there is nothing in common and +the server should just send all of its objects), then the client will send +a 'done' command. The 'done' command signals to the server that the client +is ready to receive its packfile data. + +However, the 256 limit *only* turns on in the canonical client +implementation if we have received at least one "ACK %s continue" +during a prior round. This helps to ensure that at least one common +ancestor is found before we give up entirely. + +Once the 'done' line is read from the client, the server will either +send a final 'ACK obj-id' or it will send a 'NAK'. 'obj-id' is the object +name of the last commit determined to be common. The server only sends +ACK after 'done' if there is at least one common base and multi_ack or +multi_ack_detailed is enabled. The server always sends NAK after 'done' +if there is no common base found. + +Then the server will start sending its packfile data. + +---- + server-response = *ack_multi ack / nak + ack_multi = PKT-LINE("ACK" SP obj-id ack_status) + ack_status = "continue" / "common" / "ready" + ack = PKT-LINE("ACK" SP obj-id) + nak = PKT-LINE("NAK") +---- + +A simple clone may look like this (with no 'have' lines): + +---- + C: 0054want 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d multi_ack \ + side-band-64k ofs-delta\n + C: 0032want 7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe\n + C: 0032want 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a\n + C: 0032want 7e47fe2bd8d01d481f44d7af0531bd93d3b21c01\n + C: 0032want 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\n + C: 0000 + C: 0009done\n + + S: 0008NAK\n + S: [PACKFILE] +---- + +An incremental update (fetch) response might look like this: + +---- + C: 0054want 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d multi_ack \ + side-band-64k ofs-delta\n + C: 0032want 7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe\n + C: 0032want 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a\n + C: 0000 + C: 0032have 7e47fe2bd8d01d481f44d7af0531bd93d3b21c01\n + C: [30 more have lines] + C: 0032have 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\n + C: 0000 + + S: 003aACK 7e47fe2bd8d01d481f44d7af0531bd93d3b21c01 continue\n + S: 003aACK 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d continue\n + S: 0008NAK\n + + C: 0009done\n + + S: 0031ACK 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\n + S: [PACKFILE] +---- + + +Packfile Data +------------- + +Now that the client and server have finished negotiation about what +the minimal amount of data that needs to be sent to the client is, the server +will construct and send the required data in packfile format. + +See pack-format.txt for what the packfile itself actually looks like. + +If 'side-band' or 'side-band-64k' capabilities have been specified by +the client, the server will send the packfile data multiplexed. + +Each packet starting with the packet-line length of the amount of data +that follows, followed by a single byte specifying the sideband the +following data is coming in on. + +In 'side-band' mode, it will send up to 999 data bytes plus 1 control +code, for a total of up to 1000 bytes in a pkt-line. In 'side-band-64k' +mode it will send up to 65519 data bytes plus 1 control code, for a +total of up to 65520 bytes in a pkt-line. + +The sideband byte will be a '1', '2' or a '3'. Sideband '1' will contain +packfile data, sideband '2' will be used for progress information that the +client will generally print to stderr and sideband '3' is used for error +information. + +If no 'side-band' capability was specified, the server will stream the +entire packfile without multiplexing. + + +Pushing Data To a Server +------------------------ + +Pushing data to a server will invoke the 'receive-pack' process on the +server, which will allow the client to tell it which references it should +update and then send all the data the server will need for those new +references to be complete. Once all the data is received and validated, +the server will then update its references to what the client specified. + +Authentication +-------------- + +The protocol itself contains no authentication mechanisms. That is to be +handled by the transport, such as SSH, before the 'receive-pack' process is +invoked. If 'receive-pack' is configured over the Git transport, those +repositories will be writable by anyone who can access that port (9418) as +that transport is unauthenticated. + +Reference Discovery +------------------- + +The reference discovery phase is done nearly the same way as it is in the +fetching protocol. Each reference obj-id and name on the server is sent +in packet-line format to the client, followed by a flush-pkt. The only +real difference is that the capability listing is different - the only +possible values are 'report-status', 'delete-refs', 'ofs-delta' and +'push-options'. + +Reference Update Request and Packfile Transfer +---------------------------------------------- + +Once the client knows what references the server is at, it can send a +list of reference update requests. For each reference on the server +that it wants to update, it sends a line listing the obj-id currently on +the server, the obj-id the client would like to update it to and the name +of the reference. + +This list is followed by a flush-pkt. Then the push options are transmitted +one per packet followed by another flush-pkt. After that the packfile that +should contain all the objects that the server will need to complete the new +references will be sent. + +---- + update-request = *shallow ( command-list | push-cert ) [packfile] + + shallow = PKT-LINE("shallow" SP obj-id) + + command-list = PKT-LINE(command NUL capability-list) + *PKT-LINE(command) + flush-pkt + + command = create / delete / update + create = zero-id SP new-id SP name + delete = old-id SP zero-id SP name + update = old-id SP new-id SP name + + old-id = obj-id + new-id = obj-id + + push-cert = PKT-LINE("push-cert" NUL capability-list LF) + PKT-LINE("certificate version 0.1" LF) + PKT-LINE("pusher" SP ident LF) + PKT-LINE("pushee" SP url LF) + PKT-LINE("nonce" SP nonce LF) + PKT-LINE(LF) + *PKT-LINE(command LF) + *PKT-LINE(gpg-signature-lines LF) + PKT-LINE("push-cert-end" LF) + + packfile = "PACK" 28*(OCTET) +---- + +If the receiving end does not support delete-refs, the sending end MUST +NOT ask for delete command. + +If the receiving end does not support push-cert, the sending end +MUST NOT send a push-cert command. When a push-cert command is +sent, command-list MUST NOT be sent; the commands recorded in the +push certificate is used instead. + +The packfile MUST NOT be sent if the only command used is 'delete'. + +A packfile MUST be sent if either create or update command is used, +even if the server already has all the necessary objects. In this +case the client MUST send an empty packfile. The only time this +is likely to happen is if the client is creating +a new branch or a tag that points to an existing obj-id. + +The server will receive the packfile, unpack it, then validate each +reference that is being updated that it hasn't changed while the request +was being processed (the obj-id is still the same as the old-id), and +it will run any update hooks to make sure that the update is acceptable. +If all of that is fine, the server will then update the references. + +Push Certificate +---------------- + +A push certificate begins with a set of header lines. After the +header and an empty line, the protocol commands follow, one per +line. Note that the trailing LF in push-cert PKT-LINEs is _not_ +optional; it must be present. + +Currently, the following header fields are defined: + +`pusher` ident:: + Identify the GPG key in "Human Readable Name <email@address>" + format. + +`pushee` url:: + The repository URL (anonymized, if the URL contains + authentication material) the user who ran `git push` + intended to push into. + +`nonce` nonce:: + The 'nonce' string the receiving repository asked the + pushing user to include in the certificate, to prevent + replay attacks. + +The GPG signature lines are a detached signature for the contents +recorded in the push certificate before the signature block begins. +The detached signature is used to certify that the commands were +given by the pusher, who must be the signer. + +Report Status +------------- + +After receiving the pack data from the sender, the receiver sends a +report if 'report-status' capability is in effect. +It is a short listing of what happened in that update. It will first +list the status of the packfile unpacking as either 'unpack ok' or +'unpack [error]'. Then it will list the status for each of the references +that it tried to update. Each line is either 'ok [refname]' if the +update was successful, or 'ng [refname] [error]' if the update was not. + +---- + report-status = unpack-status + 1*(command-status) + flush-pkt + + unpack-status = PKT-LINE("unpack" SP unpack-result) + unpack-result = "ok" / error-msg + + command-status = command-ok / command-fail + command-ok = PKT-LINE("ok" SP refname) + command-fail = PKT-LINE("ng" SP refname SP error-msg) + + error-msg = 1*(OCTECT) ; where not "ok" +---- + +Updates can be unsuccessful for a number of reasons. The reference can have +changed since the reference discovery phase was originally sent, meaning +someone pushed in the meantime. The reference being pushed could be a +non-fast-forward reference and the update hooks or configuration could be +set to not allow that, etc. Also, some references can be updated while others +can be rejected. + +An example client/server communication might look like this: + +---- + S: 007c74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/local\0report-status delete-refs ofs-delta\n + S: 003e7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe refs/heads/debug\n + S: 003f74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/master\n + S: 003f74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/team\n + S: 0000 + + C: 003e7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/debug\n + C: 003e74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a refs/heads/master\n + C: 0000 + C: [PACKDATA] + + S: 000eunpack ok\n + S: 0018ok refs/heads/debug\n + S: 002ang refs/heads/master non-fast-forward\n +---- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/protocol-capabilities.txt b/Documentation/technical/protocol-capabilities.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..26dcc6f502 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/protocol-capabilities.txt @@ -0,0 +1,311 @@ +Git Protocol Capabilities +========================= + +Servers SHOULD support all capabilities defined in this document. + +On the very first line of the initial server response of either +receive-pack and upload-pack the first reference is followed by +a NUL byte and then a list of space delimited server capabilities. +These allow the server to declare what it can and cannot support +to the client. + +Client will then send a space separated list of capabilities it wants +to be in effect. The client MUST NOT ask for capabilities the server +did not say it supports. + +Server MUST diagnose and abort if capabilities it does not understand +was sent. Server MUST NOT ignore capabilities that client requested +and server advertised. As a consequence of these rules, server MUST +NOT advertise capabilities it does not understand. + +The 'atomic', 'report-status', 'delete-refs', 'quiet', and 'push-cert' +capabilities are sent and recognized by the receive-pack (push to server) +process. + +The 'ofs-delta' and 'side-band-64k' capabilities are sent and recognized +by both upload-pack and receive-pack protocols. The 'agent' capability +may optionally be sent in both protocols. + +All other capabilities are only recognized by the upload-pack (fetch +from server) process. + +multi_ack +--------- + +The 'multi_ack' capability allows the server to return "ACK obj-id +continue" as soon as it finds a commit that it can use as a common +base, between the client's wants and the client's have set. + +By sending this early, the server can potentially head off the client +from walking any further down that particular branch of the client's +repository history. The client may still need to walk down other +branches, sending have lines for those, until the server has a +complete cut across the DAG, or the client has said "done". + +Without multi_ack, a client sends have lines in --date-order until +the server has found a common base. That means the client will send +have lines that are already known by the server to be common, because +they overlap in time with another branch that the server hasn't found +a common base on yet. + +For example suppose the client has commits in caps that the server +doesn't and the server has commits in lower case that the client +doesn't, as in the following diagram: + + +---- u ---------------------- x + / +----- y + / / + a -- b -- c -- d -- E -- F + \ + +--- Q -- R -- S + +If the client wants x,y and starts out by saying have F,S, the server +doesn't know what F,S is. Eventually the client says "have d" and +the server sends "ACK d continue" to let the client know to stop +walking down that line (so don't send c-b-a), but it's not done yet, +it needs a base for x. The client keeps going with S-R-Q, until a +gets reached, at which point the server has a clear base and it all +ends. + +Without multi_ack the client would have sent that c-b-a chain anyway, +interleaved with S-R-Q. + +multi_ack_detailed +------------------ +This is an extension of multi_ack that permits client to better +understand the server's in-memory state. See pack-protocol.txt, +section "Packfile Negotiation" for more information. + +no-done +------- +This capability should only be used with the smart HTTP protocol. If +multi_ack_detailed and no-done are both present, then the sender is +free to immediately send a pack following its first "ACK obj-id ready" +message. + +Without no-done in the smart HTTP protocol, the server session would +end and the client has to make another trip to send "done" before +the server can send the pack. no-done removes the last round and +thus slightly reduces latency. + +thin-pack +--------- + +A thin pack is one with deltas which reference base objects not +contained within the pack (but are known to exist at the receiving +end). This can reduce the network traffic significantly, but it +requires the receiving end to know how to "thicken" these packs by +adding the missing bases to the pack. + +The upload-pack server advertises 'thin-pack' when it can generate +and send a thin pack. A client requests the 'thin-pack' capability +when it understands how to "thicken" it, notifying the server that +it can receive such a pack. A client MUST NOT request the +'thin-pack' capability if it cannot turn a thin pack into a +self-contained pack. + +Receive-pack, on the other hand, is assumed by default to be able to +handle thin packs, but can ask the client not to use the feature by +advertising the 'no-thin' capability. A client MUST NOT send a thin +pack if the server advertises the 'no-thin' capability. + +The reasons for this asymmetry are historical. The receive-pack +program did not exist until after the invention of thin packs, so +historically the reference implementation of receive-pack always +understood thin packs. Adding 'no-thin' later allowed receive-pack +to disable the feature in a backwards-compatible manner. + + +side-band, side-band-64k +------------------------ + +This capability means that server can send, and client understand multiplexed +progress reports and error info interleaved with the packfile itself. + +These two options are mutually exclusive. A modern client always +favors 'side-band-64k'. + +Either mode indicates that the packfile data will be streamed broken +up into packets of up to either 1000 bytes in the case of 'side_band', +or 65520 bytes in the case of 'side_band_64k'. Each packet is made up +of a leading 4-byte pkt-line length of how much data is in the packet, +followed by a 1-byte stream code, followed by the actual data. + +The stream code can be one of: + + 1 - pack data + 2 - progress messages + 3 - fatal error message just before stream aborts + +The "side-band-64k" capability came about as a way for newer clients +that can handle much larger packets to request packets that are +actually crammed nearly full, while maintaining backward compatibility +for the older clients. + +Further, with side-band and its up to 1000-byte messages, it's actually +999 bytes of payload and 1 byte for the stream code. With side-band-64k, +same deal, you have up to 65519 bytes of data and 1 byte for the stream +code. + +The client MUST send only maximum of one of "side-band" and "side- +band-64k". Server MUST diagnose it as an error if client requests +both. + +ofs-delta +--------- + +Server can send, and client understand PACKv2 with delta referring to +its base by position in pack rather than by an obj-id. That is, they can +send/read OBJ_OFS_DELTA (aka type 6) in a packfile. + +agent +----- + +The server may optionally send a capability of the form `agent=X` to +notify the client that the server is running version `X`. The client may +optionally return its own agent string by responding with an `agent=Y` +capability (but it MUST NOT do so if the server did not mention the +agent capability). The `X` and `Y` strings may contain any printable +ASCII characters except space (i.e., the byte range 32 < x < 127), and +are typically of the form "package/version" (e.g., "git/1.8.3.1"). The +agent strings are purely informative for statistics and debugging +purposes, and MUST NOT be used to programmatically assume the presence +or absence of particular features. + +shallow +------- + +This capability adds "deepen", "shallow" and "unshallow" commands to +the fetch-pack/upload-pack protocol so clients can request shallow +clones. + +deepen-since +------------ + +This capability adds "deepen-since" command to fetch-pack/upload-pack +protocol so the client can request shallow clones that are cut at a +specific time, instead of depth. Internally it's equivalent of doing +"rev-list --max-age=<timestamp>" on the server side. "deepen-since" +cannot be used with "deepen". + +deepen-not +---------- + +This capability adds "deepen-not" command to fetch-pack/upload-pack +protocol so the client can request shallow clones that are cut at a +specific revision, instead of depth. Internally it's equivalent of +doing "rev-list --not <rev>" on the server side. "deepen-not" +cannot be used with "deepen", but can be used with "deepen-since". + +deepen-relative +--------------- + +If this capability is requested by the client, the semantics of +"deepen" command is changed. The "depth" argument is the depth from +the current shallow boundary, instead of the depth from remote refs. + +no-progress +----------- + +The client was started with "git clone -q" or something, and doesn't +want that side band 2. Basically the client just says "I do not +wish to receive stream 2 on sideband, so do not send it to me, and if +you did, I will drop it on the floor anyway". However, the sideband +channel 3 is still used for error responses. + +include-tag +----------- + +The 'include-tag' capability is about sending annotated tags if we are +sending objects they point to. If we pack an object to the client, and +a tag object points exactly at that object, we pack the tag object too. +In general this allows a client to get all new annotated tags when it +fetches a branch, in a single network connection. + +Clients MAY always send include-tag, hardcoding it into a request when +the server advertises this capability. The decision for a client to +request include-tag only has to do with the client's desires for tag +data, whether or not a server had advertised objects in the +refs/tags/* namespace. + +Servers MUST pack the tags if their referrant is packed and the client +has requested include-tags. + +Clients MUST be prepared for the case where a server has ignored +include-tag and has not actually sent tags in the pack. In such +cases the client SHOULD issue a subsequent fetch to acquire the tags +that include-tag would have otherwise given the client. + +The server SHOULD send include-tag, if it supports it, regardless +of whether or not there are tags available. + +report-status +------------- + +The receive-pack process can receive a 'report-status' capability, +which tells it that the client wants a report of what happened after +a packfile upload and reference update. If the pushing client requests +this capability, after unpacking and updating references the server +will respond with whether the packfile unpacked successfully and if +each reference was updated successfully. If any of those were not +successful, it will send back an error message. See pack-protocol.txt +for example messages. + +delete-refs +----------- + +If the server sends back the 'delete-refs' capability, it means that +it is capable of accepting a zero-id value as the target +value of a reference update. It is not sent back by the client, it +simply informs the client that it can be sent zero-id values +to delete references. + +quiet +----- + +If the receive-pack server advertises the 'quiet' capability, it is +capable of silencing human-readable progress output which otherwise may +be shown when processing the received pack. A send-pack client should +respond with the 'quiet' capability to suppress server-side progress +reporting if the local progress reporting is also being suppressed +(e.g., via `push -q`, or if stderr does not go to a tty). + +atomic +------ + +If the server sends the 'atomic' capability it is capable of accepting +atomic pushes. If the pushing client requests this capability, the server +will update the refs in one atomic transaction. Either all refs are +updated or none. + +push-options +------------ + +If the server sends the 'push-options' capability it is able to accept +push options after the update commands have been sent, but before the +packfile is streamed. If the pushing client requests this capability, +the server will pass the options to the pre- and post- receive hooks +that process this push request. + +allow-tip-sha1-in-want +---------------------- + +If the upload-pack server advertises this capability, fetch-pack may +send "want" lines with SHA-1s that exist at the server but are not +advertised by upload-pack. + +allow-reachable-sha1-in-want +---------------------------- + +If the upload-pack server advertises this capability, fetch-pack may +send "want" lines with SHA-1s that exist at the server but are not +advertised by upload-pack. + +push-cert=<nonce> +----------------- + +The receive-pack server that advertises this capability is willing +to accept a signed push certificate, and asks the <nonce> to be +included in the push certificate. A send-pack client MUST NOT +send a push-cert packet unless the receive-pack server advertises +this capability. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/protocol-common.txt b/Documentation/technical/protocol-common.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ecedb34bba --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/protocol-common.txt @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +Documentation Common to Pack and Http Protocols +=============================================== + +ABNF Notation +------------- + +ABNF notation as described by RFC 5234 is used within the protocol documents, +except the following replacement core rules are used: +---- + HEXDIG = DIGIT / "a" / "b" / "c" / "d" / "e" / "f" +---- + +We also define the following common rules: +---- + NUL = %x00 + zero-id = 40*"0" + obj-id = 40*(HEXDIGIT) + + refname = "HEAD" + refname /= "refs/" <see discussion below> +---- + +A refname is a hierarchical octet string beginning with "refs/" and +not violating the 'git-check-ref-format' command's validation rules. +More specifically, they: + +. They can include slash `/` for hierarchical (directory) + grouping, but no slash-separated component can begin with a + dot `.`. + +. They must contain at least one `/`. This enforces the presence of a + category like `heads/`, `tags/` etc. but the actual names are not + restricted. + +. They cannot have two consecutive dots `..` anywhere. + +. They cannot have ASCII control characters (i.e. bytes whose + values are lower than \040, or \177 `DEL`), space, tilde `~`, + caret `^`, colon `:`, question-mark `?`, asterisk `*`, + or open bracket `[` anywhere. + +. They cannot end with a slash `/` or a dot `.`. + +. They cannot end with the sequence `.lock`. + +. They cannot contain a sequence `@{`. + +. They cannot contain a `\\`. + + +pkt-line Format +--------------- + +Much (but not all) of the payload is described around pkt-lines. + +A pkt-line is a variable length binary string. The first four bytes +of the line, the pkt-len, indicates the total length of the line, +in hexadecimal. The pkt-len includes the 4 bytes used to contain +the length's hexadecimal representation. + +A pkt-line MAY contain binary data, so implementors MUST ensure +pkt-line parsing/formatting routines are 8-bit clean. + +A non-binary line SHOULD BE terminated by an LF, which if present +MUST be included in the total length. Receivers MUST treat pkt-lines +with non-binary data the same whether or not they contain the trailing +LF (stripping the LF if present, and not complaining when it is +missing). + +The maximum length of a pkt-line's data component is 65516 bytes. +Implementations MUST NOT send pkt-line whose length exceeds 65520 +(65516 bytes of payload + 4 bytes of length data). + +Implementations SHOULD NOT send an empty pkt-line ("0004"). + +A pkt-line with a length field of 0 ("0000"), called a flush-pkt, +is a special case and MUST be handled differently than an empty +pkt-line ("0004"). + +---- + pkt-line = data-pkt / flush-pkt + + data-pkt = pkt-len pkt-payload + pkt-len = 4*(HEXDIG) + pkt-payload = (pkt-len - 4)*(OCTET) + + flush-pkt = "0000" +---- + +Examples (as C-style strings): + +---- + pkt-line actual value + --------------------------------- + "0006a\n" "a\n" + "0005a" "a" + "000bfoobar\n" "foobar\n" + "0004" "" +---- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt b/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt index 48bb97f0b1..4a8be4d144 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -Use of index and Racy git problem +Use of index and Racy Git problem ================================= Background ---------- -The index is one of the most important data structures in git. +The index is one of the most important data structures in Git. It represents a virtual working tree state by recording list of paths and their object names and serves as a staging area to write out the next tree object to be committed. The state is "virtual" in the sense that it does not necessarily have to, and often does not, match the files in the working tree. -There are cases git needs to examine the differences between the +There are cases Git needs to examine the differences between the virtual working tree state in the index and the files in the working tree. The most obvious case is when the user asks `git diff` (or its low level implementation, `git diff-files`) or -`git-ls-files --modified`. In addition, git internally checks +`git-ls-files --modified`. In addition, Git internally checks if the files in the working tree are different from what are recorded in the index to avoid stomping on local changes in them during patch application, switching branches, and merging. @@ -24,16 +24,16 @@ In order to speed up this comparison between the files in the working tree and the index entries, the index entries record the information obtained from the filesystem via `lstat(2)` system call when they were last updated. When checking if they differ, -git first runs `lstat(2)` on the files and compares the result +Git first runs `lstat(2)` on the files and compares the result with this information (this is what was originally done by the `ce_match_stat()` function, but the current code does it in `ce_match_stat_basic()` function). If some of these "cached -stat information" fields do not match, git can tell that the +stat information" fields do not match, Git can tell that the files are modified without even looking at their contents. Note: not all members in `struct stat` obtained via `lstat(2)` are used for this comparison. For example, `st_atime` obviously -is not useful. Currently, git compares the file type (regular +is not useful. Currently, Git compares the file type (regular files vs symbolic links) and executable bits (only for regular files) from `st_mode` member, `st_mtime` and `st_ctime` timestamps, `st_uid`, `st_gid`, `st_ino`, and `st_size` members. @@ -41,13 +41,19 @@ With a `USE_STDEV` compile-time option, `st_dev` is also compared, but this is not enabled by default because this member is not stable on network filesystems. With `USE_NSEC` compile-time option, `st_mtim.tv_nsec` and `st_ctim.tv_nsec` -members are also compared, but this is not enabled by default -because the value of this member becomes meaningless once the -inode is evicted from the inode cache on filesystems that do not -store it on disk. - - -Racy git +members are also compared. On Linux, this is not enabled by default +because in-core timestamps can have finer granularity than +on-disk timestamps, resulting in meaningless changes when an +inode is evicted from the inode cache. See commit 8ce13b0 +of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tglx/history.git +([PATCH] Sync in core time granularity with filesystems, +2005-01-04). This patch is included in kernel 2.6.11 and newer, but +only fixes the issue for file systems with exactly 1 ns or 1 s +resolution. Other file systems are still broken in current Linux +kernels (e.g. CEPH, CIFS, NTFS, UDF), see +https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/6/9/714 + +Racy Git -------- There is one slight problem with the optimization based on the @@ -65,13 +71,13 @@ timestamp does not change, after this sequence, the cached stat information the index entry records still exactly match what you would see in the filesystem, even though the file `foo` is now different. -This way, git can incorrectly think files in the working tree +This way, Git can incorrectly think files in the working tree are unmodified even though they actually are. This is called -the "racy git" problem (discovered by Pasky), and the entries +the "racy Git" problem (discovered by Pasky), and the entries that appear clean when they may not be because of this problem are called "racily clean". -To avoid this problem, git does two things: +To avoid this problem, Git does two things: . When the cached stat information says the file has not been modified, and the `st_mtime` is the same as (or newer than) @@ -114,7 +120,7 @@ timestamp comparison check done with the former logic anymore. The latter makes sure that the cached stat information for `foo` would never match with the file in the working tree, so later checks by `ce_match_stat_basic()` would report that the index entry -does not match the file and git does not have to fall back on more +does not match the file and Git does not have to fall back on more expensive `ce_modified_check_fs()`. @@ -133,9 +139,9 @@ them, and give the same timestamp to the index file: $ git ls-files | git update-index --stdin $ touch -r .datestamp .git/index -This will make all index entries racily clean. The linux-2.6 -project, for example, there are over 20,000 files in the working -tree. On my Athlon 64 X2 3800+, after the above: +This will make all index entries racily clean. The linux project, for +example, there are over 20,000 files in the working tree. On my +Athlon 64 X2 3800+, after the above: $ /usr/bin/time git diff-files 1.68user 0.54system 0:02.22elapsed 100%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 0maxresident)k @@ -157,7 +163,7 @@ of the cached stat information. Avoiding runtime penalty ------------------------ -In order to avoid the above runtime penalty, post 1.4.2 git used +In order to avoid the above runtime penalty, post 1.4.2 Git used to have a code that made sure the index file got timestamp newer than the youngest files in the index when there are many young files with the same timestamp as the diff --git a/Documentation/technical/repository-version.txt b/Documentation/technical/repository-version.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..00ad37986e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/repository-version.txt @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +Git Repository Format Versions +============================== + +Every git repository is marked with a numeric version in the +`core.repositoryformatversion` key of its `config` file. This version +specifies the rules for operating on the on-disk repository data. An +implementation of git which does not understand a particular version +advertised by an on-disk repository MUST NOT operate on that repository; +doing so risks not only producing wrong results, but actually losing +data. + +Because of this rule, version bumps should be kept to an absolute +minimum. Instead, we generally prefer these strategies: + + - bumping format version numbers of individual data files (e.g., + index, packfiles, etc). This restricts the incompatibilities only to + those files. + + - introducing new data that gracefully degrades when used by older + clients (e.g., pack bitmap files are ignored by older clients, which + simply do not take advantage of the optimization they provide). + +A whole-repository format version bump should only be part of a change +that cannot be independently versioned. For instance, if one were to +change the reachability rules for objects, or the rules for locking +refs, that would require a bump of the repository format version. + +Note that this applies only to accessing the repository's disk contents +directly. An older client which understands only format `0` may still +connect via `git://` to a repository using format `1`, as long as the +server process understands format `1`. + +The preferred strategy for rolling out a version bump (whether whole +repository or for a single file) is to teach git to read the new format, +and allow writing the new format with a config switch or command line +option (for experimentation or for those who do not care about backwards +compatibility with older gits). Then after a long period to allow the +reading capability to become common, we may switch to writing the new +format by default. + +The currently defined format versions are: + +Version `0` +----------- + +This is the format defined by the initial version of git, including but +not limited to the format of the repository directory, the repository +configuration file, and the object and ref storage. Specifying the +complete behavior of git is beyond the scope of this document. + +Version `1` +----------- + +This format is identical to version `0`, with the following exceptions: + + 1. When reading the `core.repositoryformatversion` variable, a git + implementation which supports version 1 MUST also read any + configuration keys found in the `extensions` section of the + configuration file. + + 2. If a version-1 repository specifies any `extensions.*` keys that + the running git has not implemented, the operation MUST NOT + proceed. Similarly, if the value of any known key is not understood + by the implementation, the operation MUST NOT proceed. + +Note that if no extensions are specified in the config file, then +`core.repositoryformatversion` SHOULD be set to `0` (setting it to `1` +provides no benefit, and makes the repository incompatible with older +implementations of git). + +This document will serve as the master list for extensions. Any +implementation wishing to define a new extension should make a note of +it here, in order to claim the name. + +The defined extensions are: + +`noop` +~~~~~~ + +This extension does not change git's behavior at all. It is useful only +for testing format-1 compatibility. + +`preciousObjects` +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When the config key `extensions.preciousObjects` is set to `true`, +objects in the repository MUST NOT be deleted (e.g., by `git-prune` or +`git repack -d`). diff --git a/Documentation/technical/send-pack-pipeline.txt b/Documentation/technical/send-pack-pipeline.txt index 681efe4219..9b5a0bc186 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/send-pack-pipeline.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/send-pack-pipeline.txt @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -git-send-pack -============= +Git-send-pack internals +======================= Overall operation ----------------- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/shallow.txt b/Documentation/technical/shallow.txt index 559263af48..5183b15422 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/shallow.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/shallow.txt @@ -1,8 +1,14 @@ -Def.: Shallow commits do have parents, but not in the shallow +Shallow commits +=============== + +.Definition +********************************************************* +Shallow commits do have parents, but not in the shallow repo, and therefore grafts are introduced pretending that these commits have no parents. +********************************************************* -The basic idea is to write the SHA1s of shallow commits into +The basic idea is to write the SHA-1s of shallow commits into $GIT_DIR/shallow, and handle its contents like the contents of $GIT_DIR/info/grafts (with the difference that shallow cannot contain parent information). @@ -12,7 +18,7 @@ even the config, since the user should not touch that file at all (even throughout development of the shallow clone, it was never manually edited!). -Each line contains exactly one SHA1. When read, a commit_graft +Each line contains exactly one SHA-1. When read, a commit_graft will be constructed, which has nr_parent < 0 to make it easier to discern from user provided grafts. @@ -47,3 +53,6 @@ It also writes an appropriate $GIT_DIR/shallow. You can deepen a shallow repository with "git-fetch --depth 20 repo branch", which will fetch branch from repo, but stop at depth 20, updating $GIT_DIR/shallow. + +The special depth 2147483647 (or 0x7fffffff, the largest positive +number a signed 32-bit integer can contain) means infinite depth. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/signature-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/signature-format.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2c9406a56a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/signature-format.txt @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ +Git signature format +==================== + +== Overview + +Git uses cryptographic signatures in various places, currently objects (tags, +commits, mergetags) and transactions (pushes). In every case, the command which +is about to create an object or transaction determines a payload from that, +calls gpg to obtain a detached signature for the payload (`gpg -bsa`) and +embeds the signature into the object or transaction. + +Signatures always begin with `-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----` +and end with `-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----`, unless gpg is told to +produce RFC1991 signatures which use `MESSAGE` instead of `SIGNATURE`. + +The signed payload and the way the signature is embedded depends +on the type of the object resp. transaction. + +== Tag signatures + +- created by: `git tag -s` +- payload: annotated tag object +- embedding: append the signature to the unsigned tag object +- example: tag `signedtag` with subject `signed tag` + +---- +object 04b871796dc0420f8e7561a895b52484b701d51a +type commit +tag signedtag +tagger C O Mitter <committer@example.com> 1465981006 +0000 + +signed tag + +signed tag message body +-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- +Version: GnuPG v1 + +iQEcBAABAgAGBQJXYRhOAAoJEGEJLoW3InGJklkIAIcnhL7RwEb/+QeX9enkXhxn +rxfdqrvWd1K80sl2TOt8Bg/NYwrUBw/RWJ+sg/hhHp4WtvE1HDGHlkEz3y11Lkuh +8tSxS3qKTxXUGozyPGuE90sJfExhZlW4knIQ1wt/yWqM+33E9pN4hzPqLwyrdods +q8FWEqPPUbSJXoMbRPw04S5jrLtZSsUWbRYjmJCHzlhSfFWW4eFd37uquIaLUBS0 +rkC3Jrx7420jkIpgFcTI2s60uhSQLzgcCwdA2ukSYIRnjg/zDkj8+3h/GaROJ72x +lZyI6HWixKJkWw8lE9aAOD9TmTW9sFJwcVAzmAuFX2kUreDUKMZduGcoRYGpD7E= +=jpXa +-----END PGP SIGNATURE----- +---- + +- verify with: `git verify-tag [-v]` or `git tag -v` + +---- +gpg: Signature made Wed Jun 15 10:56:46 2016 CEST using RSA key ID B7227189 +gpg: Good signature from "Eris Discordia <discord@example.net>" +gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature! +gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner. +Primary key fingerprint: D4BE 2231 1AD3 131E 5EDA 29A4 6109 2E85 B722 7189 +object 04b871796dc0420f8e7561a895b52484b701d51a +type commit +tag signedtag +tagger C O Mitter <committer@example.com> 1465981006 +0000 + +signed tag + +signed tag message body +---- + +== Commit signatures + +- created by: `git commit -S` +- payload: commit object +- embedding: header entry `gpgsig` + (content is preceded by a space) +- example: commit with subject `signed commit` + +---- +tree eebfed94e75e7760540d1485c740902590a00332 +parent 04b871796dc0420f8e7561a895b52484b701d51a +author A U Thor <author@example.com> 1465981137 +0000 +committer C O Mitter <committer@example.com> 1465981137 +0000 +gpgsig -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- + Version: GnuPG v1 + + iQEcBAABAgAGBQJXYRjRAAoJEGEJLoW3InGJ3IwIAIY4SA6GxY3BjL60YyvsJPh/ + HRCJwH+w7wt3Yc/9/bW2F+gF72kdHOOs2jfv+OZhq0q4OAN6fvVSczISY/82LpS7 + DVdMQj2/YcHDT4xrDNBnXnviDO9G7am/9OE77kEbXrp7QPxvhjkicHNwy2rEflAA + zn075rtEERDHr8nRYiDh8eVrefSO7D+bdQ7gv+7GsYMsd2auJWi1dHOSfTr9HIF4 + HJhWXT9d2f8W+diRYXGh4X0wYiGg6na/soXc+vdtDYBzIxanRqjg8jCAeo1eOTk1 + EdTwhcTZlI0x5pvJ3H0+4hA2jtldVtmPM4OTB0cTrEWBad7XV6YgiyuII73Ve3I= + =jKHM + -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- + +signed commit + +signed commit message body +---- + +- verify with: `git verify-commit [-v]` (or `git show --show-signature`) + +---- +gpg: Signature made Wed Jun 15 10:58:57 2016 CEST using RSA key ID B7227189 +gpg: Good signature from "Eris Discordia <discord@example.net>" +gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature! +gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner. +Primary key fingerprint: D4BE 2231 1AD3 131E 5EDA 29A4 6109 2E85 B722 7189 +tree eebfed94e75e7760540d1485c740902590a00332 +parent 04b871796dc0420f8e7561a895b52484b701d51a +author A U Thor <author@example.com> 1465981137 +0000 +committer C O Mitter <committer@example.com> 1465981137 +0000 + +signed commit + +signed commit message body +---- + +== Mergetag signatures + +- created by: `git merge` on signed tag +- payload/embedding: the whole signed tag object is embedded into + the (merge) commit object as header entry `mergetag` +- example: merge of the signed tag `signedtag` as above + +---- +tree c7b1cff039a93f3600a1d18b82d26688668c7dea +parent c33429be94b5f2d3ee9b0adad223f877f174b05d +parent 04b871796dc0420f8e7561a895b52484b701d51a +author A U Thor <author@example.com> 1465982009 +0000 +committer C O Mitter <committer@example.com> 1465982009 +0000 +mergetag object 04b871796dc0420f8e7561a895b52484b701d51a + type commit + tag signedtag + tagger C O Mitter <committer@example.com> 1465981006 +0000 + + signed tag + + signed tag message body + -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- + Version: GnuPG v1 + + iQEcBAABAgAGBQJXYRhOAAoJEGEJLoW3InGJklkIAIcnhL7RwEb/+QeX9enkXhxn + rxfdqrvWd1K80sl2TOt8Bg/NYwrUBw/RWJ+sg/hhHp4WtvE1HDGHlkEz3y11Lkuh + 8tSxS3qKTxXUGozyPGuE90sJfExhZlW4knIQ1wt/yWqM+33E9pN4hzPqLwyrdods + q8FWEqPPUbSJXoMbRPw04S5jrLtZSsUWbRYjmJCHzlhSfFWW4eFd37uquIaLUBS0 + rkC3Jrx7420jkIpgFcTI2s60uhSQLzgcCwdA2ukSYIRnjg/zDkj8+3h/GaROJ72x + lZyI6HWixKJkWw8lE9aAOD9TmTW9sFJwcVAzmAuFX2kUreDUKMZduGcoRYGpD7E= + =jpXa + -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- + +Merge tag 'signedtag' into downstream + +signed tag + +signed tag message body + +# gpg: Signature made Wed Jun 15 08:56:46 2016 UTC using RSA key ID B7227189 +# gpg: Good signature from "Eris Discordia <discord@example.net>" +# gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature! +# gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner. +# Primary key fingerprint: D4BE 2231 1AD3 131E 5EDA 29A4 6109 2E85 B722 7189 +---- + +- verify with: verification is embedded in merge commit message by default, + alternatively with `git show --show-signature`: + +---- +commit 9863f0c76ff78712b6800e199a46aa56afbcbd49 +merged tag 'signedtag' +gpg: Signature made Wed Jun 15 10:56:46 2016 CEST using RSA key ID B7227189 +gpg: Good signature from "Eris Discordia <discord@example.net>" +gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature! +gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner. +Primary key fingerprint: D4BE 2231 1AD3 131E 5EDA 29A4 6109 2E85 B722 7189 +Merge: c33429b 04b8717 +Author: A U Thor <author@example.com> +Date: Wed Jun 15 09:13:29 2016 +0000 + + Merge tag 'signedtag' into downstream + + signed tag + + signed tag message body + + # gpg: Signature made Wed Jun 15 08:56:46 2016 UTC using RSA key ID B7227189 + # gpg: Good signature from "Eris Discordia <discord@example.net>" + # gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature! + # gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner. + # Primary key fingerprint: D4BE 2231 1AD3 131E 5EDA 29A4 6109 2E85 B722 7189 +---- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/trivial-merge.txt b/Documentation/technical/trivial-merge.txt index 24c84100b0..c79d4a7c47 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/trivial-merge.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/trivial-merge.txt @@ -74,24 +74,24 @@ For multiple ancestors, a '+' means that this case applies even if only one ancestor or remote fits; a '^' means all of the ancestors must be the same. -case ancest head remote result ----------------------------------------- -1 (empty)+ (empty) (empty) (empty) -2ALT (empty)+ *empty* remote remote -2 (empty)^ (empty) remote no merge -3ALT (empty)+ head *empty* head -3 (empty)^ head (empty) no merge -4 (empty)^ head remote no merge -5ALT * head head head -6 ancest+ (empty) (empty) no merge -8 ancest^ (empty) ancest no merge -7 ancest+ (empty) remote no merge -10 ancest^ ancest (empty) no merge -9 ancest+ head (empty) no merge -16 anc1/anc2 anc1 anc2 no merge -13 ancest+ head ancest head -14 ancest+ ancest remote remote -11 ancest+ head remote no merge + case ancest head remote result + ---------------------------------------- + 1 (empty)+ (empty) (empty) (empty) + 2ALT (empty)+ *empty* remote remote + 2 (empty)^ (empty) remote no merge + 3ALT (empty)+ head *empty* head + 3 (empty)^ head (empty) no merge + 4 (empty)^ head remote no merge + 5ALT * head head head + 6 ancest+ (empty) (empty) no merge + 8 ancest^ (empty) ancest no merge + 7 ancest+ (empty) remote no merge + 10 ancest^ ancest (empty) no merge + 9 ancest+ head (empty) no merge + 16 anc1/anc2 anc1 anc2 no merge + 13 ancest+ head ancest head + 14 ancest+ ancest remote remote + 11 ancest+ head remote no merge Only #2ALT and #3ALT use *empty*, because these are the only cases where there can be conflicts that didn't exist before. Note that we diff --git a/Documentation/texi.xsl b/Documentation/texi.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0f8ff07eca --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/texi.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +<!-- texi.xsl: + convert refsection elements into refsect elements that docbook2texi can + understand --> +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" + version="1.0"> + +<xsl:output method="xml" + encoding="UTF-8" + doctype-public="-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN" + doctype-system="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" /> + +<xsl:template match="//refsection"> + <xsl:variable name="element">refsect<xsl:value-of select="count(ancestor-or-self::refsection)" /></xsl:variable> + <xsl:element name="{$element}"> + <xsl:apply-templates select="@*|node()" /> + </xsl:element> +</xsl:template> + +<!-- Copy all other nodes through. --> +<xsl:template match="node()|@*"> + <xsl:copy> + <xsl:apply-templates select="@*|node()" /> + </xsl:copy> +</xsl:template> + +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/transfer-data-leaks.txt b/Documentation/transfer-data-leaks.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..914bacc39e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/transfer-data-leaks.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +SECURITY +-------- +The fetch and push protocols are not designed to prevent one side from +stealing data from the other repository that was not intended to be +shared. If you have private data that you need to protect from a malicious +peer, your best option is to store it in another repository. This applies +to both clients and servers. In particular, namespaces on a server are not +effective for read access control; you should only grant read access to a +namespace to clients that you would trust with read access to the entire +repository. + +The known attack vectors are as follows: + +. The victim sends "have" lines advertising the IDs of objects it has that + are not explicitly intended to be shared but can be used to optimize the + transfer if the peer also has them. The attacker chooses an object ID X + to steal and sends a ref to X, but isn't required to send the content of + X because the victim already has it. Now the victim believes that the + attacker has X, and it sends the content of X back to the attacker + later. (This attack is most straightforward for a client to perform on a + server, by creating a ref to X in the namespace the client has access + to and then fetching it. The most likely way for a server to perform it + on a client is to "merge" X into a public branch and hope that the user + does additional work on this branch and pushes it back to the server + without noticing the merge.) + +. As in #1, the attacker chooses an object ID X to steal. The victim sends + an object Y that the attacker already has, and the attacker falsely + claims to have X and not Y, so the victim sends Y as a delta against X. + The delta reveals regions of X that are similar to Y to the attacker. diff --git a/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt b/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt index 41ec7774f4..bd184cd653 100644 --- a/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt +++ b/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ REMOTES[[REMOTES]] The name of one of the following can be used instead of a URL as `<repository>` argument: -* a remote in the git configuration file: `$GIT_DIR/config`, +* a remote in the Git configuration file: `$GIT_DIR/config`, * a file in the `$GIT_DIR/remotes` directory, or * a file in the `$GIT_DIR/branches` directory. @@ -27,13 +27,16 @@ config file would appear like this: ------------ [remote "<name>"] url = <url> + pushurl = <pushurl> push = <refspec> fetch = <refspec> ------------ +The `<pushurl>` is used for pushes only. It is optional and defaults +to `<url>`. Named file in `$GIT_DIR/remotes` -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ You can choose to provide the name of a file in `$GIT_DIR/remotes`. The URL @@ -49,8 +52,8 @@ following format: ------------ -`Push:` lines are used by 'git-push' and -`Pull:` lines are used by 'git-pull' and 'git-fetch'. +`Push:` lines are used by 'git push' and +`Pull:` lines are used by 'git pull' and 'git fetch'. Multiple `Push:` and `Pull:` lines may be specified for additional branch mappings. diff --git a/Documentation/urls.txt b/Documentation/urls.txt index 5355ebc0f3..b05da95788 100644 --- a/Documentation/urls.txt +++ b/Documentation/urls.txt @@ -1,50 +1,68 @@ GIT URLS[[URLS]] ---------------- -One of the following notations can be used -to name the remote repository: +In general, URLs contain information about the transport protocol, the +address of the remote server, and the path to the repository. +Depending on the transport protocol, some of this information may be +absent. + +Git supports ssh, git, http, and https protocols (in addition, ftp, +and ftps can be used for fetching, but this is inefficient and +deprecated; do not use it). + +The native transport (i.e. git:// URL) does no authentication and +should be used with caution on unsecured networks. + +The following syntaxes may be used with them: -=============================================================== -- rsync://host.xz/path/to/repo.git/ -- http://host.xz{startsb}:port{endsb}/path/to/repo.git/ -- https://host.xz{startsb}:port{endsb}/path/to/repo.git/ -- git://host.xz{startsb}:port{endsb}/path/to/repo.git/ -- git://host.xz{startsb}:port{endsb}/~user/path/to/repo.git/ - ssh://{startsb}user@{endsb}host.xz{startsb}:port{endsb}/path/to/repo.git/ -- ssh://{startsb}user@{endsb}host.xz/path/to/repo.git/ -- ssh://{startsb}user@{endsb}host.xz/~user/path/to/repo.git/ -- ssh://{startsb}user@{endsb}host.xz/~/path/to/repo.git -=============================================================== - -SSH is the default transport protocol over the network. You can -optionally specify which user to log-in as, and an alternate, -scp-like syntax is also supported. Both syntaxes support -username expansion, as does the native git protocol, but -only the former supports port specification. The following -three are identical to the last three above, respectively: - -=============================================================== -- {startsb}user@{endsb}host.xz:/path/to/repo.git/ -- {startsb}user@{endsb}host.xz:~user/path/to/repo.git/ -- {startsb}user@{endsb}host.xz:path/to/repo.git -=============================================================== - -To sync with a local directory, you can use: - -=============================================================== +- git://host.xz{startsb}:port{endsb}/path/to/repo.git/ +- http{startsb}s{endsb}://host.xz{startsb}:port{endsb}/path/to/repo.git/ +- ftp{startsb}s{endsb}://host.xz{startsb}:port{endsb}/path/to/repo.git/ + +An alternative scp-like syntax may also be used with the ssh protocol: + +- {startsb}user@{endsb}host.xz:path/to/repo.git/ + +This syntax is only recognized if there are no slashes before the +first colon. This helps differentiate a local path that contains a +colon. For example the local path `foo:bar` could be specified as an +absolute path or `./foo:bar` to avoid being misinterpreted as an ssh +url. + +The ssh and git protocols additionally support ~username expansion: + +- ssh://{startsb}user@{endsb}host.xz{startsb}:port{endsb}/~{startsb}user{endsb}/path/to/repo.git/ +- git://host.xz{startsb}:port{endsb}/~{startsb}user{endsb}/path/to/repo.git/ +- {startsb}user@{endsb}host.xz:/~{startsb}user{endsb}/path/to/repo.git/ + +For local repositories, also supported by Git natively, the following +syntaxes may be used: + - /path/to/repo.git/ -- file:///path/to/repo.git/ -=============================================================== +- \file:///path/to/repo.git/ ifndef::git-clone[] -They are mostly equivalent, except when cloning. See -linkgit:git-clone[1] for details. +These two syntaxes are mostly equivalent, except when cloning, when +the former implies --local option. See linkgit:git-clone[1] for +details. endif::git-clone[] ifdef::git-clone[] -They are equivalent, except the former implies --local option. +These two syntaxes are mostly equivalent, except the former implies +--local option. endif::git-clone[] +When Git doesn't know how to handle a certain transport protocol, it +attempts to use the 'remote-<transport>' remote helper, if one +exists. To explicitly request a remote helper, the following syntax +may be used: + +- <transport>::<address> + +where <address> may be a path, a server and path, or an arbitrary +URL-like string recognized by the specific remote helper being +invoked. See linkgit:gitremote-helpers[1] for details. If there are a large number of similarly-named remote repositories and you want to use a different format for them (such that the URLs you @@ -67,3 +85,21 @@ For example, with this: a URL like "work:repo.git" or like "host.xz:/path/to/repo.git" will be rewritten in any context that takes a URL to be "git://git.host.xz/repo.git". +If you want to rewrite URLs for push only, you can create a +configuration section of the form: + +------------ + [url "<actual url base>"] + pushInsteadOf = <other url base> +------------ + +For example, with this: + +------------ + [url "ssh://example.org/"] + pushInsteadOf = git://example.org/ +------------ + +a URL like "git://example.org/path/to/repo.git" will be rewritten to +"ssh://example.org/path/to/repo.git" for pushes, but pulls will still +use the original URL. diff --git a/Documentation/user-manual.conf b/Documentation/user-manual.conf index 339b30919e..d87294de2f 100644 --- a/Documentation/user-manual.conf +++ b/Documentation/user-manual.conf @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ ifdef::backend-docbook[] # "unbreak" docbook-xsl v1.68 for manpages. v1.69 works with or without this. [listingblock] <example><title>{title}</title> -<literallayout> +<literallayout class="monospaced"> | </literallayout> {title#}</example> diff --git a/Documentation/user-manual.txt b/Documentation/user-manual.txt index 96af8977f6..bc29298678 100644 --- a/Documentation/user-manual.txt +++ b/Documentation/user-manual.txt @@ -1,11 +1,10 @@ -Git User's Manual (for version 1.5.3 or newer) -______________________________________________ - +Git User Manual +=============== Git is a fast distributed revision control system. This manual is designed to be readable by someone with basic UNIX -command-line skills, but no previous knowledge of git. +command-line skills, but no previous knowledge of Git. <<repositories-and-branches>> and <<exploring-git-history>> explain how to fetch and study a project using git--read these chapters to learn how @@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ Further chapters cover more specialized topics. Comprehensive reference documentation is available through the man pages, or linkgit:git-help[1] command. For example, for the command -"git clone <repo>", you can either use: +`git clone <repo>`, you can either use: ------------------------------------------------ $ man git-clone @@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ $ git help clone With the latter, you can use the manual viewer of your choice; see linkgit:git-help[1] for more information. -See also <<git-quick-start>> for a brief overview of git commands, +See also <<git-quick-start>> for a brief overview of Git commands, without any explanation. Finally, see <<todo>> for ways that you can help make this manual more @@ -46,10 +45,10 @@ Repositories and Branches ========================= [[how-to-get-a-git-repository]] -How to get a git repository +How to get a Git repository --------------------------- -It will be useful to have a git repository to experiment with as you +It will be useful to have a Git repository to experiment with as you read this manual. The best way to get one is by using the linkgit:git-clone[1] command to @@ -57,20 +56,20 @@ download a copy of an existing repository. If you don't already have a project in mind, here are some interesting examples: ------------------------------------------------ - # git itself (approx. 10MB download): + # Git itself (approx. 40MB download): $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git - # the Linux kernel (approx. 150MB download): -$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git + # the Linux kernel (approx. 640MB download): +$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git ------------------------------------------------ The initial clone may be time-consuming for a large project, but you will only need to clone once. -The clone command creates a new directory named after the project ("git" -or "linux-2.6" in the examples above). After you cd into this +The clone command creates a new directory named after the project +(`git` or `linux` in the examples above). After you cd into this directory, you will see that it contains a copy of the project files, called the <<def_working_tree,working tree>>, together with a special -top-level directory named ".git", which contains all the information +top-level directory named `.git`, which contains all the information about the history of the project. [[how-to-check-out]] @@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ How to check out a different version of a project Git is best thought of as a tool for storing the history of a collection of files. It stores the history as a compressed collection of -interrelated snapshots of the project's contents. In git each such +interrelated snapshots of the project's contents. In Git each such version is called a <<def_commit,commit>>. Those snapshots aren't necessarily all arranged in a single line from @@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ oldest to newest; instead, work may simultaneously proceed along parallel lines of development, called <<def_branch,branches>>, which may merge and diverge. -A single git repository can track development on multiple branches. It +A single Git repository can track development on multiple branches. It does this by keeping a list of <<def_head,heads>> which reference the latest commit on each branch; the linkgit:git-branch[1] command shows you the list of branch heads: @@ -188,7 +187,7 @@ As you can see, a commit shows who made the latest change, what they did, and why. Every commit has a 40-hexdigit id, sometimes called the "object name" or the -"SHA1 id", shown on the first line of the "git-show" output. You can usually +"SHA-1 id", shown on the first line of the `git show` output. You can usually refer to a commit by a shorter name, such as a tag or a branch name, but this longer name can also be useful. Most importantly, it is a globally unique name for this commit: so if you tell somebody else the object name (for @@ -198,7 +197,7 @@ has that commit at all). Since the object name is computed as a hash over the contents of the commit, you are guaranteed that the commit can never change without its name also changing. -In fact, in <<git-concepts>> we shall see that everything stored in git +In fact, in <<git-concepts>> we shall see that everything stored in Git history, including file data and directory contents, is stored in an object with a name that is a hash of its contents. @@ -211,7 +210,7 @@ parent commit which shows what happened before this commit. Following the chain of parents will eventually take you back to the beginning of the project. -However, the commits do not form a simple list; git allows lines of +However, the commits do not form a simple list; Git allows lines of development to diverge and then reconverge, and the point where two lines of development reconverge is called a "merge". The commit representing a merge can therefore have more than one parent, with @@ -219,8 +218,8 @@ each parent representing the most recent commit on one of the lines of development leading to that point. The best way to see how this works is using the linkgit:gitk[1] -command; running gitk now on a git repository and looking for merge -commits will help understand how the git organizes history. +command; running gitk now on a Git repository and looking for merge +commits will help understand how Git organizes history. In the following, we say that commit X is "reachable" from commit Y if commit X is an ancestor of commit Y. Equivalently, you could say @@ -231,7 +230,7 @@ leading from commit Y to commit X. Understanding history: History diagrams ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -We will sometimes represent git history using diagrams like the one +We will sometimes represent Git history using diagrams like the one below. Commits are shown as "o", and the links between them with lines drawn with - / and \. Time goes left to right: @@ -268,35 +267,31 @@ Manipulating branches Creating, deleting, and modifying branches is quick and easy; here's a summary of the commands: -git branch:: - list all branches -git branch <branch>:: - create a new branch named <branch>, referencing the same - point in history as the current branch -git branch <branch> <start-point>:: - create a new branch named <branch>, referencing - <start-point>, which may be specified any way you like, - including using a branch name or a tag name -git branch -d <branch>:: - delete the branch <branch>; if the branch you are deleting - points to a commit which is not reachable from the current - branch, this command will fail with a warning. -git branch -D <branch>:: - even if the branch points to a commit not reachable - from the current branch, you may know that that commit - is still reachable from some other branch or tag. In that - case it is safe to use this command to force git to delete - the branch. -git checkout <branch>:: - make the current branch <branch>, updating the working - directory to reflect the version referenced by <branch> -git checkout -b <new> <start-point>:: - create a new branch <new> referencing <start-point>, and +`git branch`:: + list all branches. +`git branch <branch>`:: + create a new branch named `<branch>`, referencing the same + point in history as the current branch. +`git branch <branch> <start-point>`:: + create a new branch named `<branch>`, referencing + `<start-point>`, which may be specified any way you like, + including using a branch name or a tag name. +`git branch -d <branch>`:: + delete the branch `<branch>`; if the branch is not fully + merged in its upstream branch or contained in the current branch, + this command will fail with a warning. +`git branch -D <branch>`:: + delete the branch `<branch>` irrespective of its merged status. +`git checkout <branch>`:: + make the current branch `<branch>`, updating the working + directory to reflect the version referenced by `<branch>`. +`git checkout -b <new> <start-point>`:: + create a new branch `<new>` referencing `<start-point>`, and check it out. The special symbol "HEAD" can always be used to refer to the current -branch. In fact, git uses a file named "HEAD" in the .git directory to -remember which branch is current: +branch. In fact, Git uses a file named `HEAD` in the `.git` directory +to remember which branch is current: ------------------------------------------------ $ cat .git/HEAD @@ -307,27 +302,34 @@ ref: refs/heads/master Examining an old version without creating a new branch ------------------------------------------------------ -The git-checkout command normally expects a branch head, but will also +The `git checkout` command normally expects a branch head, but will also accept an arbitrary commit; for example, you can check out the commit referenced by a tag: ------------------------------------------------ $ git checkout v2.6.17 -Note: moving to "v2.6.17" which isn't a local branch -If you want to create a new branch from this checkout, you may do so -(now or later) by using -b with the checkout command again. Example: - git checkout -b <new_branch_name> +Note: checking out 'v2.6.17'. + +You are in 'detached HEAD' state. You can look around, make experimental +changes and commit them, and you can discard any commits you make in this +state without impacting any branches by performing another checkout. + +If you want to create a new branch to retain commits you create, you may +do so (now or later) by using -b with the checkout command again. Example: + + git checkout -b new_branch_name + HEAD is now at 427abfa... Linux v2.6.17 ------------------------------------------------ -The HEAD then refers to the SHA1 of the commit instead of to a branch, +The HEAD then refers to the SHA-1 of the commit instead of to a branch, and git branch shows that you are no longer on a branch: ------------------------------------------------ $ cat .git/HEAD 427abfa28afedffadfca9dd8b067eb6d36bac53f $ git branch -* (no branch) +* (detached from v2.6.17) master ------------------------------------------------ @@ -344,8 +346,9 @@ Examining branches from a remote repository The "master" branch that was created at the time you cloned is a copy of the HEAD in the repository that you cloned from. That repository may also have had other branches, though, and your local repository -keeps branches which track each of those remote branches, which you -can view using the "-r" option to linkgit:git-branch[1]: +keeps branches which track each of those remote branches, called +remote-tracking branches, which you +can view using the `-r` option to linkgit:git-branch[1]: ------------------------------------------------ $ git branch -r @@ -359,14 +362,24 @@ $ git branch -r origin/todo ------------------------------------------------ -You cannot check out these remote-tracking branches, but you can -examine them on a branch of your own, just as you would a tag: +In this example, "origin" is called a remote repository, or "remote" +for short. The branches of this repository are called "remote +branches" from our point of view. The remote-tracking branches listed +above were created based on the remote branches at clone time and will +be updated by `git fetch` (hence `git pull`) and `git push`. See +<<Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch>> for details. + +You might want to build on one of these remote-tracking branches +on a branch of your own, just as you would for a tag: ------------------------------------------------ $ git checkout -b my-todo-copy origin/todo ------------------------------------------------ -Note that the name "origin" is just the name that git uses by default +You can also check out `origin/todo` directly to examine it or +write a one-off patch. See <<detached-head,detached head>>. + +Note that the name "origin" is just the name that Git uses by default to refer to the repository that you cloned from. [[how-git-stores-references]] @@ -375,17 +388,17 @@ Naming branches, tags, and other references Branches, remote-tracking branches, and tags are all references to commits. All references are named with a slash-separated path name -starting with "refs"; the names we've been using so far are actually +starting with `refs`; the names we've been using so far are actually shorthand: - - The branch "test" is short for "refs/heads/test". - - The tag "v2.6.18" is short for "refs/tags/v2.6.18". - - "origin/master" is short for "refs/remotes/origin/master". + - The branch `test` is short for `refs/heads/test`. + - The tag `v2.6.18` is short for `refs/tags/v2.6.18`. + - `origin/master` is short for `refs/remotes/origin/master`. The full name is occasionally useful if, for example, there ever exists a tag and a branch with the same name. -(Newly created refs are actually stored in the .git/refs directory, +(Newly created refs are actually stored in the `.git/refs` directory, under the path given by their name. However, for efficiency reasons they may also be packed together in a single file; see linkgit:git-pack-refs[1]). @@ -394,21 +407,20 @@ As another useful shortcut, the "HEAD" of a repository can be referred to just using the name of that repository. So, for example, "origin" is usually a shortcut for the HEAD branch in the repository "origin". -For the complete list of paths which git checks for references, and +For the complete list of paths which Git checks for references, and the order it uses to decide which to choose when there are multiple references with the same shorthand name, see the "SPECIFYING -REVISIONS" section of linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. +REVISIONS" section of linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. [[Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch]] -Updating a repository with git-fetch +Updating a repository with git fetch ------------------------------------ -Eventually the developer cloned from will do additional work in her -repository, creating new commits and advancing the branches to point -at the new commits. +After you clone a repository and commit a few changes of your own, you +may wish to check the original repository for updates. -The command "git fetch", with no arguments, will update all of the -remote-tracking branches to the latest version found in her +The `git-fetch` command, with no arguments, will update all of the +remote-tracking branches to the latest version found in the original repository. It will not touch any of your own branches--not even the "master" branch that was created for you on clone. @@ -420,43 +432,49 @@ You can also track branches from repositories other than the one you cloned from, using linkgit:git-remote[1]: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git remote add linux-nfs git://linux-nfs.org/pub/nfs-2.6.git -$ git fetch linux-nfs -* refs/remotes/linux-nfs/master: storing branch 'master' ... - commit: bf81b46 +$ git remote add staging git://git.kernel.org/.../gregkh/staging.git +$ git fetch staging +... +From git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/staging + * [new branch] master -> staging/master + * [new branch] staging-linus -> staging/staging-linus + * [new branch] staging-next -> staging/staging-next ------------------------------------------------- New remote-tracking branches will be stored under the shorthand name -that you gave "git-remote add", in this case linux-nfs: +that you gave `git remote add`, in this case `staging`: ------------------------------------------------- $ git branch -r -linux-nfs/master -origin/master + origin/HEAD -> origin/master + origin/master + staging/master + staging/staging-linus + staging/staging-next ------------------------------------------------- -If you run "git fetch <remote>" later, the tracking branches for the -named <remote> will be updated. +If you run `git fetch <remote>` later, the remote-tracking branches +for the named `<remote>` will be updated. -If you examine the file .git/config, you will see that git has added +If you examine the file `.git/config`, you will see that Git has added a new stanza: ------------------------------------------------- $ cat .git/config ... -[remote "linux-nfs"] - url = git://linux-nfs.org/pub/nfs-2.6.git - fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/linux-nfs/* +[remote "staging"] + url = git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/staging.git + fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/staging/* ... ------------------------------------------------- -This is what causes git to track the remote's branches; you may modify -or delete these configuration options by editing .git/config with a +This is what causes Git to track the remote's branches; you may modify +or delete these configuration options by editing `.git/config` with a text editor. (See the "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of linkgit:git-config[1] for details.) [[exploring-git-history]] -Exploring git history +Exploring Git history ===================== Git is best thought of as a tool for storing the history of a @@ -488,7 +506,7 @@ Bisecting: 3537 revisions left to test after this [65934a9a028b88e83e2b0f8b36618fe503349f8e] BLOCK: Make USB storage depend on SCSI rather than selecting it [try #6] ------------------------------------------------- -If you run "git branch" at this point, you'll see that git has +If you run `git branch` at this point, you'll see that Git has temporarily moved you in "(no branch)". HEAD is now detached from any branch and points directly to a commit (with commit id 65934...) that is reachable from "master" but not from v2.6.18. Compile and test it, @@ -500,7 +518,7 @@ Bisecting: 1769 revisions left to test after this [7eff82c8b1511017ae605f0c99ac275a7e21b867] i2c-core: Drop useless bitmaskings ------------------------------------------------- -checks out an older version. Continue like this, telling git at each +checks out an older version. Continue like this, telling Git at each stage whether the version it gives you is good or bad, and notice that the number of revisions left to test is cut approximately in half each time. @@ -516,7 +534,7 @@ $ git bisect reset to return you to the branch you were on before. -Note that the version which git-bisect checks out for you at each +Note that the version which `git bisect` checks out for you at each point is just a suggestion, and you're free to try a different version if you think it would be a good idea. For example, occasionally you may land on a commit that broke something unrelated; @@ -534,24 +552,24 @@ id, and check it out with: $ git reset --hard fb47ddb2db... ------------------------------------------------- -then test, run "bisect good" or "bisect bad" as appropriate, and +then test, run `bisect good` or `bisect bad` as appropriate, and continue. -Instead of "git bisect visualize" and then "git reset --hard -fb47ddb2db...", you might just want to tell git that you want to skip +Instead of `git bisect visualize` and then `git reset --hard +fb47ddb2db...`, you might just want to tell Git that you want to skip the current commit: ------------------------------------------------- $ git bisect skip ------------------------------------------------- -In this case, though, git may not eventually be able to tell the first +In this case, though, Git may not eventually be able to tell the first bad one between some first skipped commits and a later bad commit. There are also ways to automate the bisecting process if you have a test script that can tell a good from a bad commit. See -linkgit:git-bisect[1] for more information about this and other "git -bisect" features. +linkgit:git-bisect[1] for more information about this and other `git +bisect` features. [[naming-commits]] Naming commits @@ -568,7 +586,7 @@ We have seen several ways of naming commits already: - HEAD: refers to the head of the current branch There are many more; see the "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section of the -linkgit:git-rev-parse[1] man page for the complete list of ways to +linkgit:gitrevisions[7] man page for the complete list of ways to name revisions. Some examples: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -580,7 +598,7 @@ $ git show HEAD~4 # the great-great-grandparent ------------------------------------------------- Recall that merge commits may have more than one parent; by default, -^ and ~ follow the first parent listed in the commit, but you can +`^` and `~` follow the first parent listed in the commit, but you can also choose: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -592,11 +610,11 @@ In addition to HEAD, there are several other special names for commits: Merges (to be discussed later), as well as operations such as -git-reset, which change the currently checked-out commit, generally +`git reset`, which change the currently checked-out commit, generally set ORIG_HEAD to the value HEAD had before the current operation. -The git-fetch operation always stores the head of the last fetched -branch in FETCH_HEAD. For example, if you run git fetch without +The `git fetch` operation always stores the head of the last fetched +branch in FETCH_HEAD. For example, if you run `git fetch` without specifying a local branch as the target of the operation ------------------------------------------------- @@ -629,7 +647,7 @@ running $ git tag stable-1 1b2e1d63ff ------------------------------------------------- -You can use stable-1 to refer to the commit 1b2e1d63ff. +You can use `stable-1` to refer to the commit 1b2e1d63ff. This creates a "lightweight" tag. If you would also like to include a comment with the tag, and possibly sign it cryptographically, then you @@ -658,7 +676,7 @@ $ git log -S'foo()' # commits which add or remove any file data ------------------------------------------------- And of course you can combine all of these; the following finds -commits since v2.5 which touch the Makefile or any file under fs: +commits since v2.5 which touch the `Makefile` or any file under `fs`: ------------------------------------------------- $ git log v2.5.. Makefile fs/ @@ -670,11 +688,11 @@ You can also ask git log to show patches: $ git log -p ------------------------------------------------- -See the "--pretty" option in the linkgit:git-log[1] man page for more +See the `--pretty` option in the linkgit:git-log[1] man page for more display options. Note that git log starts with the most recent commit and works -backwards through the parents; however, since git history can contain +backwards through the parents; however, since Git history can contain multiple independent lines of development, the particular order that commits are listed in may be somewhat arbitrary. @@ -721,7 +739,7 @@ $ git show v2.5:fs/locks.c ------------------------------------------------- Before the colon may be anything that names a commit, and after it -may be any path to a file tracked by git. +may be any path to a file tracked by Git. [[history-examples]] Examples @@ -731,15 +749,15 @@ Examples Counting the number of commits on a branch ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Suppose you want to know how many commits you've made on "mybranch" -since it diverged from "origin": +Suppose you want to know how many commits you've made on `mybranch` +since it diverged from `origin`: ------------------------------------------------- $ git log --pretty=oneline origin..mybranch | wc -l ------------------------------------------------- Alternatively, you may often see this sort of thing done with the -lower-level command linkgit:git-rev-list[1], which just lists the SHA1's +lower-level command linkgit:git-rev-list[1], which just lists the SHA-1's of all the given commits: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -769,9 +787,9 @@ $ git rev-list master e05db0fd4f31dde7005f075a84f96b360d05984b ------------------------------------------------- -Or you could recall that the ... operator selects all commits -contained reachable from either one reference or the other but not -both: so +Or you could recall that the `...` operator selects all commits +reachable from either one reference or the other but not +both; so ------------------------------------------------- $ git log origin...master @@ -797,7 +815,7 @@ You could just visually inspect the commits since e05db0fd: $ gitk e05db0fd.. ------------------------------------------------- -Or you can use linkgit:git-name-rev[1], which will give the commit a +or you can use linkgit:git-name-rev[1], which will give the commit a name based on any tag it finds pointing to one of the commit's descendants: @@ -841,8 +859,8 @@ because it outputs only commits that are not reachable from v1.5.0-rc1. As yet another alternative, the linkgit:git-show-branch[1] command lists the commits reachable from its arguments with a display on the left-hand -side that indicates which arguments that commit is reachable from. So, -you can run something like +side that indicates which arguments that commit is reachable from. +So, if you run something like ------------------------------------------------- $ git show-branch e05db0fd v1.5.0-rc0 v1.5.0-rc1 v1.5.0-rc2 @@ -854,22 +872,22 @@ available ... ------------------------------------------------- -then search for a line that looks like +then a line like ------------------------------------------------- + ++ [e05db0fd] Fix warnings in sha1_file.c - use C99 printf format if available ------------------------------------------------- -Which shows that e05db0fd is reachable from itself, from v1.5.0-rc1, and -from v1.5.0-rc2, but not from v1.5.0-rc0. +shows that e05db0fd is reachable from itself, from v1.5.0-rc1, +and from v1.5.0-rc2, and not from v1.5.0-rc0. [[showing-commits-unique-to-a-branch]] Showing commits unique to a given branch ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Suppose you would like to see all the commits reachable from the branch -head named "master" but not from any other head in your repository. +head named `master` but not from any other head in your repository. We can list all the heads in this repository with linkgit:git-show-ref[1]: @@ -883,7 +901,7 @@ a07157ac624b2524a059a3414e99f6f44bebc1e7 refs/heads/master 1e87486ae06626c2f31eaa63d26fc0fd646c8af2 refs/heads/tutorial-fixes ------------------------------------------------- -We can get just the branch-head names, and remove "master", with +We can get just the branch-head names, and remove `master`, with the help of the standard utilities cut and grep: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -909,7 +927,7 @@ commits reachable from some head but not from any tag in the repository: $ gitk $( git show-ref --heads ) --not $( git show-ref --tags ) ------------------------------------------------- -(See linkgit:git-rev-parse[1] for explanations of commit-selecting +(See linkgit:gitrevisions[7] for explanations of commit-selecting syntax such as `--not`.) [[making-a-release]] @@ -920,11 +938,20 @@ The linkgit:git-archive[1] command can create a tar or zip archive from any version of a project; for example: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git archive --format=tar --prefix=project/ HEAD | gzip >latest.tar.gz +$ git archive -o latest.tar.gz --prefix=project/ HEAD ------------------------------------------------- -will use HEAD to produce a tar archive in which each filename is -preceded by "project/". +will use HEAD to produce a gzipped tar archive in which each filename +is preceded by `project/`. The output file format is inferred from +the output file extension if possible, see linkgit:git-archive[1] for +details. + +Versions of Git older than 1.7.7 don't know about the `tar.gz` format, +you'll need to use gzip explicitly: + +------------------------------------------------- +$ git archive --format=tar --prefix=project/ HEAD | gzip >latest.tar.gz +------------------------------------------------- If you're releasing a new version of a software project, you may want to simultaneously make a changelog to include in the release @@ -955,7 +982,7 @@ echo "git diff --stat --summary -M v$last v$new > ../diffstat-$new" and then he just cut-and-pastes the output commands after verifying that they look OK. -[[Finding-comments-With-given-Content]] +[[Finding-commits-With-given-Content]] Finding commits referencing a file with given content ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -973,16 +1000,23 @@ student. The linkgit:git-log[1], linkgit:git-diff-tree[1], and linkgit:git-hash-object[1] man pages may prove helpful. [[Developing-With-git]] -Developing with git +Developing with Git =================== [[telling-git-your-name]] -Telling git your name +Telling Git your name --------------------- -Before creating any commits, you should introduce yourself to git. The -easiest way to do so is to make sure the following lines appear in a -file named .gitconfig in your home directory: +Before creating any commits, you should introduce yourself to Git. +The easiest way to do so is to use linkgit:git-config[1]: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git config --global user.name 'Your Name Comes Here' +$ git config --global user.email 'you@yourdomain.example.com' +------------------------------------------------ + +Which will add the following to a file named `.gitconfig` in your +home directory: ------------------------------------------------ [user] @@ -990,8 +1024,9 @@ file named .gitconfig in your home directory: email = you@yourdomain.example.com ------------------------------------------------ -(See the "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of linkgit:git-config[1] for -details on the configuration file.) +See the "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of linkgit:git-config[1] for +details on the configuration file. The file is plain text, so you can +also edit it with your favorite editor. [[creating-a-new-repository]] @@ -1024,35 +1059,29 @@ Creating a new commit takes three steps: 1. Making some changes to the working directory using your favorite editor. - 2. Telling git about your changes. - 3. Creating the commit using the content you told git about + 2. Telling Git about your changes. + 3. Creating the commit using the content you told Git about in step 2. In practice, you can interleave and repeat steps 1 and 2 as many times as you want: in order to keep track of what you want committed -at step 3, git maintains a snapshot of the tree's contents in a +at step 3, Git maintains a snapshot of the tree's contents in a special staging area called "the index." At the beginning, the content of the index will be identical to -that of the HEAD. The command "git diff --cached", which shows +that of the HEAD. The command `git diff --cached`, which shows the difference between the HEAD and the index, should therefore produce no output at that point. Modifying the index is easy: -To update the index with the new contents of a modified file, use +To update the index with the contents of a new or modified file, use ------------------------------------------------- $ git add path/to/file ------------------------------------------------- -To add the contents of a new file to the index, use - -------------------------------------------------- -$ git add path/to/file -------------------------------------------------- - -To remove a file from the index and from the working tree, +To remove a file from the index and from the working tree, use ------------------------------------------------- $ git rm path/to/file @@ -1073,9 +1102,9 @@ $ git diff shows the difference between the working tree and the index file. -Note that "git-add" always adds just the current contents of a file +Note that `git add` always adds just the current contents of a file to the index; further changes to the same file will be ignored unless -you run git-add on the file again. +you run `git add` on the file again. When you're ready, just run @@ -1083,7 +1112,7 @@ When you're ready, just run $ git commit ------------------------------------------------- -and git will prompt you for a commit message and then create the new +and Git will prompt you for a commit message and then create the new commit. Check to make sure it looks like what you expected with ------------------------------------------------- @@ -1125,24 +1154,28 @@ Creating good commit messages Though not required, it's a good idea to begin the commit message with a single short (less than 50 character) line summarizing the change, followed by a blank line and then a more thorough -description. Tools that turn commits into email, for example, use -the first line on the Subject line and the rest of the commit in the -body. +description. The text up to the first blank line in a commit +message is treated as the commit title, and that title is used +throughout Git. For example, linkgit:git-format-patch[1] turns a +commit into email, and it uses the title on the Subject line and the +rest of the commit in the body. + [[ignoring-files]] Ignoring files -------------- -A project will often generate files that you do 'not' want to track with git. +A project will often generate files that you do 'not' want to track with Git. This typically includes files generated by a build process or temporary -backup files made by your editor. Of course, 'not' tracking files with git -is just a matter of 'not' calling "`git-add`" on them. But it quickly becomes +backup files made by your editor. Of course, 'not' tracking files with Git +is just a matter of 'not' calling `git add` on them. But it quickly becomes annoying to have these untracked files lying around; e.g. they make -"`git add .`" practically useless, and they keep showing up in the output of -"`git status`". +`git add .` practically useless, and they keep showing up in the output of +`git status`. -You can tell git to ignore certain files by creating a file called .gitignore -in the top level of your working directory, with contents such as: +You can tell Git to ignore certain files by creating a file called +`.gitignore` in the top level of your working directory, with contents +such as: ------------------------------------------------- # Lines starting with '#' are considered comments. @@ -1166,10 +1199,10 @@ for other users who clone your repository. If you wish the exclude patterns to affect only certain repositories (instead of every repository for a given project), you may instead put -them in a file in your repository named .git/info/exclude, or in any file -specified by the `core.excludesfile` configuration variable. Some git -commands can also take exclude patterns directly on the command line. -See linkgit:gitignore[5] for the details. +them in a file in your repository named `.git/info/exclude`, or in any +file specified by the `core.excludesFile` configuration variable. +Some Git commands can also take exclude patterns directly on the +command line. See linkgit:gitignore[5] for the details. [[how-to-merge]] How to merge @@ -1182,8 +1215,24 @@ linkgit:git-merge[1]: $ git merge branchname ------------------------------------------------- -merges the development in the branch "branchname" into the current -branch. If there are conflicts--for example, if the same file is +merges the development in the branch `branchname` into the current +branch. + +A merge is made by combining the changes made in `branchname` and the +changes made up to the latest commit in your current branch since +their histories forked. The work tree is overwritten by the result of +the merge when this combining is done cleanly, or overwritten by a +half-merged results when this combining results in conflicts. +Therefore, if you have uncommitted changes touching the same files as +the ones impacted by the merge, Git will refuse to proceed. Most of +the time, you will want to commit your changes before you can merge, +and if you don't, then linkgit:git-stash[1] can take these changes +away while you're doing the merge, and reapply them afterwards. + +If the changes are independent enough, Git will automatically complete +the merge and commit the result (or reuse an existing commit in case +of <<fast-forwards,fast-forward>>, see below). On the other hand, +if there are conflicts--for example, if the same file is modified in two different ways in the remote branch and the local branch--then you are warned; the output may look something like this: @@ -1197,7 +1246,7 @@ Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result. Conflict markers are left in the problematic files, and after you resolve the conflicts manually, you can update the index -with the contents and run git commit, as you normally would when +with the contents and run Git commit, as you normally would when creating a new file. If you examine the resulting commit using gitk, you will see that it @@ -1208,7 +1257,7 @@ one to the top of the other branch. Resolving a merge ----------------- -When a merge isn't resolved automatically, git leaves the index and +When a merge isn't resolved automatically, Git leaves the index and the working tree in a special state that gives you all the information you need to help resolve the merge. @@ -1244,14 +1293,14 @@ some information about the merge. Normally you can just use this default message unchanged, but you may add additional commentary of your own if desired. -The above is all you need to know to resolve a simple merge. But git +The above is all you need to know to resolve a simple merge. But Git also provides more information to help resolve conflicts: [[conflict-resolution]] Getting conflict-resolution help during a merge ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -All of the changes that git was able to merge automatically are +All of the changes that Git was able to merge automatically are already added to the index file, so linkgit:git-diff[1] shows only the conflicts. It uses an unusual syntax: @@ -1291,7 +1340,7 @@ that part is not conflicting and is not shown. Same for stage 3). The diff above shows the differences between the working-tree version of file.txt and the stage 2 and stage 3 versions. So instead of preceding -each line by a single "+" or "-", it now uses two columns: the first +each line by a single `+` or `-`, it now uses two columns: the first column is used for differences between the first parent and the working directory copy, and the second for differences between the second parent and the working directory copy. (See the "COMBINED DIFF FORMAT" section @@ -1349,7 +1398,7 @@ $ git add file.txt ------------------------------------------------- the different stages of that file will be "collapsed", after which -git-diff will (by default) no longer show diffs for that file. +`git diff` will (by default) no longer show diffs for that file. [[undoing-a-merge]] Undoing a merge @@ -1382,11 +1431,11 @@ differently. Normally, a merge results in a merge commit, with two parents, one pointing at each of the two lines of development that were merged. -However, if the current branch is a descendant of the other--so every -commit present in the one is already contained in the other--then git -just performs a "fast forward"; the head of the current branch is moved -forward to point at the head of the merged-in branch, without any new -commits being created. +However, if the current branch is an ancestor of the other--so every commit +present in the current branch is already contained in the other branch--then Git +just performs a "fast-forward"; the head of the current branch is moved forward +to point at the head of the merged-in branch, without any new commits being +created. [[fixing-mistakes]] Fixing mistakes @@ -1409,7 +1458,7 @@ fundamentally different ways to fix the problem: 2. You can go back and modify the old commit. You should never do this if you have already made the history public; - git does not normally expect the "history" of a project to + Git does not normally expect the "history" of a project to change, and cannot correctly perform repeated merges from a branch that has had its history changed. @@ -1434,7 +1483,7 @@ You can also revert an earlier change, for example, the next-to-last: $ git revert HEAD^ ------------------------------------------------- -In this case git will attempt to undo the old change while leaving +In this case Git will attempt to undo the old change while leaving intact any changes made since then. If more recent changes overlap with the changes to be reverted, then you will be asked to fix conflicts manually, just as in the case of <<resolving-a-merge, @@ -1442,11 +1491,11 @@ resolving a merge>>. [[fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history]] Fixing a mistake by rewriting history -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ If the problematic commit is the most recent commit, and you have not yet made that commit public, then you may just -<<undoing-a-merge,destroy it using git-reset>>. +<<undoing-a-merge,destroy it using `git reset`>>. Alternatively, you can edit the working directory and update the index to fix your @@ -1474,7 +1523,7 @@ Checking out an old version of a file In the process of undoing a previous bad change, you may find it useful to check out an older version of a particular file using -linkgit:git-checkout[1]. We've used git-checkout before to switch +linkgit:git-checkout[1]. We've used `git checkout` before to switch branches, but it has quite different behavior if it is given a path name: the command @@ -1520,10 +1569,10 @@ $ git commit -a -m "blorpl: typofix" ------------------------------------------------ After that, you can go back to what you were working on with -`git stash apply`: +`git stash pop`: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git stash apply +$ git stash pop ------------------------------------------------ @@ -1531,18 +1580,12 @@ $ git stash apply Ensuring good performance ------------------------- -On large repositories, git depends on compression to keep the history -information from taking up too much space on disk or in memory. - -This compression is not performed automatically. Therefore you -should occasionally run linkgit:git-gc[1]: - -------------------------------------------------- -$ git gc -------------------------------------------------- - -to recompress the archive. This can be very time-consuming, so -you may prefer to run git-gc when you are not doing other work. +On large repositories, Git depends on compression to keep the history +information from taking up too much space on disk or in memory. Some +Git commands may automatically run linkgit:git-gc[1], so you don't +have to worry about running it manually. However, compressing a large +repository may take a while, so you may want to call `gc` explicitly +to avoid automatic compression kicking in when it is not convenient. [[ensuring-reliability]] @@ -1555,7 +1598,7 @@ Checking the repository for corruption The linkgit:git-fsck[1] command runs a number of self-consistency checks on the repository, and reports on any problems. This may take some -time. The most common warning by far is about "dangling" objects: +time. ------------------------------------------------- $ git fsck @@ -1570,9 +1613,11 @@ dangling tree b24c2473f1fd3d91352a624795be026d64c8841f ... ------------------------------------------------- -Dangling objects are not a problem. At worst they may take up a little -extra disk space. They can sometimes provide a last-resort method for -recovering lost work--see <<dangling-objects>> for details. +You will see informational messages on dangling objects. They are objects +that still exist in the repository but are no longer referenced by any of +your branches, and can (and will) be removed after a while with `gc`. +You can run `git fsck --no-dangling` to suppress these messages, and still +view real errors. [[recovering-lost-changes]] Recovering lost changes @@ -1582,11 +1627,11 @@ Recovering lost changes Reflogs ^^^^^^^ -Say you modify a branch with `linkgit:git-reset[1] --hard`, and then -realize that the branch was the only reference you had to that point in -history. +Say you modify a branch with <<fixing-mistakes,`git reset --hard`>>, +and then realize that the branch was the only reference you had to +that point in history. -Fortunately, git also keeps a log, called a "reflog", of all the +Fortunately, Git also keeps a log, called a "reflog", of all the previous values of each branch. So in this case you can still find the old history using, for example, @@ -1595,8 +1640,8 @@ $ git log master@{1} ------------------------------------------------- This lists the commits reachable from the previous version of the -"master" branch head. This syntax can be used with any git command -that accepts a commit, not just with git log. Some other examples: +`master` branch head. This syntax can be used with any Git command +that accepts a commit, not just with `git log`. Some other examples: ------------------------------------------------- $ git show master@{2} # See where the branch pointed 2, @@ -1619,9 +1664,9 @@ you've checked out. The reflogs are kept by default for 30 days, after which they may be pruned. See linkgit:git-reflog[1] and linkgit:git-gc[1] to learn how to control this pruning, and see the "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" -section of linkgit:git-rev-parse[1] for details. +section of linkgit:gitrevisions[7] for details. -Note that the reflog history is very different from normal git history. +Note that the reflog history is very different from normal Git history. While normal history is shared by every repository that works on the same project, the reflog history is not shared: it tells you only about how the branches in your local repository have changed over time. @@ -1634,7 +1679,7 @@ In some situations the reflog may not be able to save you. For example, suppose you delete a branch, then realize you need the history it contained. The reflog is also deleted; however, if you have not yet pruned the repository, then you may still be able to find the lost -commits in the dangling objects that git-fsck reports. See +commits in the dangling objects that `git fsck` reports. See <<dangling-objects>> for the details. ------------------------------------------------- @@ -1676,15 +1721,15 @@ Sharing development with others =============================== [[getting-updates-With-git-pull]] -Getting updates with git-pull +Getting updates with git pull ----------------------------- -After you clone a repository and make a few changes of your own, you +After you clone a repository and commit a few changes of your own, you may wish to check the original repository for updates and merge them into your own work. We have already seen <<Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch,how to -keep remote tracking branches up to date>> with linkgit:git-fetch[1], +keep remote-tracking branches up to date>> with linkgit:git-fetch[1], and how to merge two branches. So you can merge in changes from the original repository's master branch with: @@ -1700,29 +1745,35 @@ one step: $ git pull origin master ------------------------------------------------- -In fact, if you have "master" checked out, then by default "git pull" -merges from the HEAD branch of the origin repository. So often you can +In fact, if you have `master` checked out, then this branch has been +configured by `git clone` to get changes from the HEAD branch of the +origin repository. So often you can accomplish the above with just a simple ------------------------------------------------- $ git pull ------------------------------------------------- -More generally, a branch that is created from a remote branch will pull +This command will fetch changes from the remote branches to your +remote-tracking branches `origin/*`, and merge the default branch into +the current branch. + +More generally, a branch that is created from a remote-tracking branch +will pull by default from that branch. See the descriptions of the -branch.<name>.remote and branch.<name>.merge options in +`branch.<name>.remote` and `branch.<name>.merge` options in linkgit:git-config[1], and the discussion of the `--track` option in linkgit:git-checkout[1], to learn how to control these defaults. -In addition to saving you keystrokes, "git pull" also helps you by +In addition to saving you keystrokes, `git pull` also helps you by producing a default commit message documenting the branch and repository that you pulled from. (But note that no such commit will be created in the case of a -<<fast-forwards,fast forward>>; instead, your branch will just be +<<fast-forwards,fast-forward>>; instead, your branch will just be updated to point to the latest commit from the upstream branch.) -The git-pull command can also be given "." as the "remote" repository, +The `git pull` command can also be given `.` as the "remote" repository, in which case it just merges in a branch from the current repository; so the commands @@ -1731,7 +1782,7 @@ $ git pull . branch $ git merge branch ------------------------------------------------- -are roughly equivalent. The former is actually very commonly used. +are roughly equivalent. [[submitting-patches]] Submitting patches to a project @@ -1747,13 +1798,20 @@ $ git format-patch origin ------------------------------------------------- will produce a numbered series of files in the current directory, one -for each patch in the current branch but not in origin/HEAD. +for each patch in the current branch but not in `origin/HEAD`. + +`git format-patch` can include an initial "cover letter". You can insert +commentary on individual patches after the three dash line which +`format-patch` places after the commit message but before the patch +itself. If you use `git notes` to track your cover letter material, +`git format-patch --notes` will include the commit's notes in a similar +manner. You can then import these into your mail client and send them by hand. However, if you have a lot to send at once, you may prefer to use the linkgit:git-send-email[1] script to automate the process. -Consult the mailing list for your project first to determine how they -prefer such patches be handled. +Consult the mailing list for your project first to determine +their requirements for submitting patches. [[importing-patches]] Importing patches to a project @@ -1762,7 +1820,7 @@ Importing patches to a project Git also provides a tool called linkgit:git-am[1] (am stands for "apply mailbox"), for importing such an emailed series of patches. Just save all of the patch-containing messages, in order, into a -single mailbox file, say "patches.mbox", then run +single mailbox file, say `patches.mbox`, then run ------------------------------------------------- $ git am -3 patches.mbox @@ -1770,18 +1828,18 @@ $ git am -3 patches.mbox Git will apply each patch in order; if any conflicts are found, it will stop, and you can fix the conflicts as described in -"<<resolving-a-merge,Resolving a merge>>". (The "-3" option tells -git to perform a merge; if you would prefer it just to abort and +"<<resolving-a-merge,Resolving a merge>>". (The `-3` option tells +Git to perform a merge; if you would prefer it just to abort and leave your tree and index untouched, you may omit that option.) Once the index is updated with the results of the conflict resolution, instead of creating a new commit, just run ------------------------------------------------- -$ git am --resolved +$ git am --continue ------------------------------------------------- -and git will create the commit for you and continue applying the +and Git will create the commit for you and continue applying the remaining patches from the mailbox. The final result will be a series of commits, one for each patch in @@ -1789,13 +1847,13 @@ the original mailbox, with authorship and commit log message each taken from the message containing each patch. [[public-repositories]] -Public git repositories +Public Git repositories ----------------------- Another way to submit changes to a project is to tell the maintainer of that project to pull the changes from your repository using linkgit:git-pull[1]. In the section "<<getting-updates-With-git-pull, -Getting updates with git-pull>>" we described this as a way to get +Getting updates with `git pull`>>" we described this as a way to get updates from the "main" repository, but it works just as well in the other direction. @@ -1846,8 +1904,8 @@ We explain how to do this in the following sections. Setting up a public repository ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Assume your personal repository is in the directory ~/proj. We -first create a new clone of the repository and tell git-daemon that it +Assume your personal repository is in the directory `~/proj`. We +first create a new clone of the repository and tell `git daemon` that it is meant to be public: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -1856,43 +1914,43 @@ $ touch proj.git/git-daemon-export-ok ------------------------------------------------- The resulting directory proj.git contains a "bare" git repository--it is -just the contents of the ".git" directory, without any files checked out +just the contents of the `.git` directory, without any files checked out around it. -Next, copy proj.git to the server where you plan to host the +Next, copy `proj.git` to the server where you plan to host the public repository. You can use scp, rsync, or whatever is most convenient. [[exporting-via-git]] -Exporting a git repository via the git protocol +Exporting a Git repository via the Git protocol ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This is the preferred method. If someone else administers the server, they should tell you what -directory to put the repository in, and what git:// URL it will appear -at. You can then skip to the section +directory to put the repository in, and what `git://` URL it will +appear at. You can then skip to the section "<<pushing-changes-to-a-public-repository,Pushing changes to a public repository>>", below. Otherwise, all you need to do is start linkgit:git-daemon[1]; it will listen on port 9418. By default, it will allow access to any directory -that looks like a git directory and contains the magic file -git-daemon-export-ok. Passing some directory paths as git-daemon +that looks like a Git directory and contains the magic file +git-daemon-export-ok. Passing some directory paths as `git daemon` arguments will further restrict the exports to those paths. -You can also run git-daemon as an inetd service; see the +You can also run `git daemon` as an inetd service; see the linkgit:git-daemon[1] man page for details. (See especially the examples section.) [[exporting-via-http]] -Exporting a git repository via http +Exporting a git repository via HTTP ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The git protocol gives better performance and reliability, but on a -host with a web server set up, http exports may be simpler to set up. +The Git protocol gives better performance and reliability, but on a +host with a web server set up, HTTP exports may be simpler to set up. -All you need to do is place the newly created bare git repository in +All you need to do is place the newly created bare Git repository in a directory that is exported by the web server, and make some adjustments to give web clients some extra information they need: @@ -1906,7 +1964,7 @@ $ mv hooks/post-update.sample hooks/post-update (For an explanation of the last two lines, see linkgit:git-update-server-info[1] and linkgit:githooks[5].) -Advertise the URL of proj.git. Anybody else should then be able to +Advertise the URL of `proj.git`. Anybody else should then be able to clone or pull from that URL, for example with a command line like: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -1914,9 +1972,9 @@ $ git clone http://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git ------------------------------------------------- (See also -link:howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt[setup-git-server-over-http] +link:howto/setup-git-server-over-http.html[setup-git-server-over-http] for a slightly more sophisticated setup using WebDAV which also -allows pushing over http.) +allows pushing over HTTP.) [[pushing-changes-to-a-public-repository]] Pushing changes to a public repository @@ -1929,8 +1987,8 @@ access, which you will need to update the public repository with the latest changes created in your private repository. The simplest way to do this is using linkgit:git-push[1] and ssh; to -update the remote branch named "master" with the latest state of your -branch named "master", run +update the remote branch named `master` with the latest state of your +branch named `master`, run ------------------------------------------------- $ git push ssh://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git master:master @@ -1942,41 +2000,47 @@ or just $ git push ssh://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git master ------------------------------------------------- -As with git-fetch, git-push will complain if this does not result in a -<<fast-forwards,fast forward>>; see the following section for details on +As with `git fetch`, `git push` will complain if this does not result in a +<<fast-forwards,fast-forward>>; see the following section for details on handling this case. -Note that the target of a "push" is normally a +Note that the target of a `push` is normally a <<def_bare_repository,bare>> repository. You can also push to a -repository that has a checked-out working tree, but the working tree -will not be updated by the push. This may lead to unexpected results if -the branch you push to is the currently checked-out branch! +repository that has a checked-out working tree, but a push to update the +currently checked-out branch is denied by default to prevent confusion. +See the description of the receive.denyCurrentBranch option +in linkgit:git-config[1] for details. -As with git-fetch, you may also set up configuration options to -save typing; so, for example, after +As with `git fetch`, you may also set up configuration options to +save typing; so, for example: + +------------------------------------------------- +$ git remote add public-repo ssh://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git +------------------------------------------------- + +adds the following to `.git/config`: ------------------------------------------------- -$ cat >>.git/config <<EOF [remote "public-repo"] - url = ssh://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git -EOF + url = yourserver.com:proj.git + fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/example/* ------------------------------------------------- -you should be able to perform the above push with just +which lets you do the same push with just ------------------------------------------------- $ git push public-repo master ------------------------------------------------- -See the explanations of the remote.<name>.url, branch.<name>.remote, -and remote.<name>.push options in linkgit:git-config[1] for -details. +See the explanations of the `remote.<name>.url`, +`branch.<name>.remote`, and `remote.<name>.push` options in +linkgit:git-config[1] for details. [[forcing-push]] What to do when a push fails ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -If a push would not result in a <<fast-forwards,fast forward>> of the +If a push would not result in a <<fast-forwards,fast-forward>> of the remote branch, then it will fail with an error like: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -1988,19 +2052,26 @@ error: failed to push to 'ssh://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git' This can happen, for example, if you: - - use `git-reset --hard` to remove already-published commits, or - - use `git-commit --amend` to replace already-published commits + - use `git reset --hard` to remove already-published commits, or + - use `git commit --amend` to replace already-published commits (as in <<fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history>>), or - - use `git-rebase` to rebase any already-published commits (as + - use `git rebase` to rebase any already-published commits (as in <<using-git-rebase>>). -You may force git-push to perform the update anyway by preceding the +You may force `git push` to perform the update anyway by preceding the branch name with a plus sign: ------------------------------------------------- $ git push ssh://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git +master ------------------------------------------------- +Note the addition of the `+` sign. Alternatively, you can use the +`-f` flag to force the remote update, as in: + +------------------------------------------------- +$ git push -f ssh://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git master +------------------------------------------------- + Normally whenever a branch head in a public repository is modified, it is modified to point to a descendant of the commit that it pointed to before. By forcing a push in this situation, you break that convention. @@ -2028,15 +2099,15 @@ all push to and pull from a single shared repository. See linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7] for instructions on how to set this up. -However, while there is nothing wrong with git's support for shared +However, while there is nothing wrong with Git's support for shared repositories, this mode of operation is not generally recommended, -simply because the mode of collaboration that git supports--by +simply because the mode of collaboration that Git supports--by exchanging patches and pulling from public repositories--has so many advantages over the central shared repository: - Git's ability to quickly import and merge patches allows a single maintainer to process incoming changes even at very - high rates. And when that becomes too much, git-pull provides + high rates. And when that becomes too much, `git pull` provides an easy way for that maintainer to delegate this job to other maintainers while still allowing optional review of incoming changes. @@ -2054,8 +2125,37 @@ Allowing web browsing of a repository ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The gitweb cgi script provides users an easy way to browse your -project's files and history without having to install git; see the file -gitweb/INSTALL in the git source tree for instructions on setting it up. +project's revisions, file contents and logs without having to install +Git. Features like RSS/Atom feeds and blame/annotation details may +optionally be enabled. + +The linkgit:git-instaweb[1] command provides a simple way to start +browsing the repository using gitweb. The default server when using +instaweb is lighttpd. + +See the file gitweb/INSTALL in the Git source tree and +linkgit:gitweb[1] for instructions on details setting up a permanent +installation with a CGI or Perl capable server. + +[[how-to-get-a-git-repository-with-minimal-history]] +How to get a Git repository with minimal history +------------------------------------------------ + +A <<def_shallow_clone,shallow clone>>, with its truncated +history, is useful when one is interested only in recent history +of a project and getting full history from the upstream is +expensive. + +A <<def_shallow_clone,shallow clone>> is created by specifying +the linkgit:git-clone[1] `--depth` switch. The depth can later be +changed with the linkgit:git-fetch[1] `--depth` switch, or full +history restored with `--unshallow`. + +Merging inside a <<def_shallow_clone,shallow clone>> will work as long +as a merge base is in the recent history. +Otherwise, it will be like merging unrelated histories and may +have to result in huge conflicts. This limitation may make such +a repository unsuitable to be used in merge based workflows. [[sharing-development-examples]] Examples @@ -2065,7 +2165,7 @@ Examples Maintaining topic branches for a Linux subsystem maintainer ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This describes how Tony Luck uses git in his role as maintainer of the +This describes how Tony Luck uses Git in his role as maintainer of the IA64 architecture for the Linux kernel. He uses two public branches: @@ -2086,11 +2186,11 @@ To set this up, first create your work tree by cloning Linus's public tree: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git work +$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git work $ cd work ------------------------------------------------- -Linus's tree will be stored in the remote branch named origin/master, +Linus's tree will be stored in the remote-tracking branch named origin/master, and can be updated using linkgit:git-fetch[1]; you can track other public trees using linkgit:git-remote[1] to set up a "remote" and linkgit:git-fetch[1] to keep them up-to-date; see @@ -2098,7 +2198,7 @@ linkgit:git-fetch[1] to keep them up-to-date; see Now create the branches in which you are going to work; these start out at the current tip of origin/master branch, and should be set up (using -the --track option to linkgit:git-branch[1]) to merge changes in from +the `--track` option to linkgit:git-branch[1]) to merge changes in from Linus by default. ------------------------------------------------- @@ -2115,9 +2215,9 @@ $ git checkout release && git pull Important note! If you have any local changes in these branches, then this merge will create a commit object in the history (with no local -changes git will simply do a "Fast forward" merge). Many people dislike +changes Git will simply do a "fast-forward" merge). Many people dislike the "noise" that this creates in the Linux history, so you should avoid -doing this capriciously in the "release" branch, as these noisy commits +doing this capriciously in the `release` branch, as these noisy commits will become part of the permanent history when you ask Linus to pull from the release branch. @@ -2128,7 +2228,7 @@ make it easy to push both branches to your public tree. (See ------------------------------------------------- $ cat >> .git/config <<EOF [remote "mytree"] - url = master.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/aegl/linux-2.6.git + url = master.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/aegl/linux.git push = release push = test EOF @@ -2155,11 +2255,14 @@ $ git push mytree release Now to apply some patches from the community. Think of a short snappy name for a branch to hold this patch (or related group of -patches), and create a new branch from the current tip of Linus's -branch: +patches), and create a new branch from a recent stable tag of +Linus's branch. Picking a stable base for your branch will: +1) help you: by avoiding inclusion of unrelated and perhaps lightly +tested changes +2) help future bug hunters that use `git bisect` to find problems ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout -b speed-up-spinlocks origin +$ git checkout -b speed-up-spinlocks v2.6.35 ------------------------------------------------- Now you apply the patch(es), run some tests, and commit the change(s). If @@ -2170,23 +2273,23 @@ commit to this branch. $ ... patch ... test ... commit [ ... patch ... test ... commit ]* ------------------------------------------------- -When you are happy with the state of this change, you can pull it into the +When you are happy with the state of this change, you can merge it into the "test" branch in preparation to make it public: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout test && git pull . speed-up-spinlocks +$ git checkout test && git merge speed-up-spinlocks ------------------------------------------------- It is unlikely that you would have any conflicts here ... but you might if you spent a while on this step and had also pulled new versions from upstream. -Some time later when enough time has passed and testing done, you can pull the -same branch into the "release" tree ready to go upstream. This is where you +Sometime later when enough time has passed and testing done, you can pull the +same branch into the `release` tree ready to go upstream. This is where you see the value of keeping each patch (or patch series) in its own branch. It -means that the patches can be moved into the "release" tree in any order. +means that the patches can be moved into the `release` tree in any order. ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout release && git pull . speed-up-spinlocks +$ git checkout release && git merge speed-up-spinlocks ------------------------------------------------- After a while, you will have a number of branches, and despite the @@ -2216,7 +2319,7 @@ If it has been merged, then there will be no output.) Once a patch completes the great cycle (moving from test to release, then pulled by Linus, and finally coming back into your local -"origin/master" branch), the branch for this change is no longer needed. +`origin/master` branch), the branch for this change is no longer needed. You detect this when the output from: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -2231,27 +2334,23 @@ $ git branch -d branchname Some changes are so trivial that it is not necessary to create a separate branch and then merge into each of the test and release branches. For -these changes, just apply directly to the "release" branch, and then -merge that into the "test" branch. +these changes, just apply directly to the `release` branch, and then +merge that into the `test` branch. -To create diffstat and shortlog summaries of changes to include in a "please -pull" request to Linus you can use: +After pushing your work to `mytree`, you can use +linkgit:git-request-pull[1] to prepare a "please pull" request message +to send to Linus: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git diff --stat origin..release -------------------------------------------------- - -and - -------------------------------------------------- -$ git log -p origin..release | git shortlog +$ git push mytree +$ git request-pull origin mytree release ------------------------------------------------- Here are some of the scripts that simplify all this even further. ------------------------------------------------- ==== update script ==== -# Update a branch in my GIT tree. If the branch to be updated +# Update a branch in my Git tree. If the branch to be updated # is origin, then pull from kernel.org. Otherwise merge # origin/master branch into test|release branch @@ -2269,7 +2368,7 @@ origin) fi ;; *) - echo "Usage: $0 origin|test|release" 1>&2 + echo "usage: $0 origin|test|release" 1>&2 exit 1 ;; esac @@ -2283,7 +2382,7 @@ pname=$0 usage() { - echo "Usage: $pname branch test|release" 1>&2 + echo "usage: $pname branch test|release" 1>&2 exit 1 } @@ -2309,7 +2408,7 @@ esac ------------------------------------------------- ==== status script ==== -# report on status of my ia64 GIT tree +# report on status of my ia64 Git tree gb=$(tput setab 2) rb=$(tput setab 1) @@ -2365,7 +2464,7 @@ Rewriting history and maintaining patch series Normally commits are only added to a project, never taken away or replaced. Git is designed with this assumption, and violating it will -cause git's merge machinery (for example) to do the wrong thing. +cause Git's merge machinery (for example) to do the wrong thing. However, there is a situation in which it can be useful to violate this assumption. @@ -2404,11 +2503,11 @@ use them, and then explain some of the problems that can arise because you are rewriting history. [[using-git-rebase]] -Keeping a patch series up to date using git-rebase +Keeping a patch series up to date using git rebase -------------------------------------------------- -Suppose that you create a branch "mywork" on a remote-tracking branch -"origin", and create some commits on top of it: +Suppose that you create a branch `mywork` on a remote-tracking branch +`origin`, and create some commits on top of it: ------------------------------------------------- $ git checkout -b mywork origin @@ -2420,16 +2519,16 @@ $ git commit ------------------------------------------------- You have performed no merges into mywork, so it is just a simple linear -sequence of patches on top of "origin": +sequence of patches on top of `origin`: ................................................ - o--o--o <-- origin + o--o--O <-- origin \ - o--o--o <-- mywork + a--b--c <-- mywork ................................................ Some more interesting work has been done in the upstream project, and -"origin" has advanced: +`origin` has advanced: ................................................ o--o--O--o--o--o <-- origin @@ -2437,7 +2536,7 @@ Some more interesting work has been done in the upstream project, and a--b--c <-- mywork ................................................ -At this point, you could use "pull" to merge your changes back in; +At this point, you could use `pull` to merge your changes back in; the result would create a new merge commit, like this: ................................................ @@ -2456,7 +2555,7 @@ $ git rebase origin ------------------------------------------------- This will remove each of your commits from mywork, temporarily saving -them as patches (in a directory named ".git/rebase-apply"), update mywork to +them as patches (in a directory named `.git/rebase-apply`), update mywork to point at the latest version of origin, then apply each of the saved patches to the new mywork. The result will look like: @@ -2468,15 +2567,15 @@ patches to the new mywork. The result will look like: ................................................ In the process, it may discover conflicts. In that case it will stop -and allow you to fix the conflicts; after fixing conflicts, use "git-add" +and allow you to fix the conflicts; after fixing conflicts, use `git add` to update the index with those contents, and then, instead of -running git-commit, just run +running `git commit`, just run ------------------------------------------------- $ git rebase --continue ------------------------------------------------- -and git will continue applying the rest of the patches. +and Git will continue applying the rest of the patches. At any point you may use the `--abort` option to abort this process and return mywork to the state it had before you started the rebase: @@ -2485,6 +2584,12 @@ return mywork to the state it had before you started the rebase: $ git rebase --abort ------------------------------------------------- +If you need to reorder or edit a number of commits in a branch, it may +be easier to use `git rebase -i`, which allows you to reorder and +squash commits, as well as marking them for individual editing during +the rebase. See <<interactive-rebase>> for details, and +<<reordering-patch-series>> for alternatives. + [[rewriting-one-commit]] Rewriting a single commit ------------------------- @@ -2498,78 +2603,95 @@ $ git commit --amend which will replace the old commit by a new commit incorporating your changes, giving you a chance to edit the old commit message first. +This is useful for fixing typos in your last commit, or for adjusting +the patch contents of a poorly staged commit. -You can also use a combination of this and linkgit:git-rebase[1] to -replace a commit further back in your history and recreate the -intervening changes on top of it. First, tag the problematic commit -with +If you need to amend commits from deeper in your history, you can +use <<interactive-rebase,interactive rebase's `edit` instruction>>. -------------------------------------------------- -$ git tag bad mywork~5 -------------------------------------------------- - -(Either gitk or git-log may be useful for finding the commit.) +[[reordering-patch-series]] +Reordering or selecting from a patch series +------------------------------------------- -Then check out that commit, edit it, and rebase the rest of the series -on top of it (note that we could check out the commit on a temporary -branch, but instead we're using a <<detached-head,detached head>>): +Sometimes you want to edit a commit deeper in your history. One +approach is to use `git format-patch` to create a series of patches +and then reset the state to before the patches: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout bad -$ # make changes here and update the index -$ git commit --amend -$ git rebase --onto HEAD bad mywork +$ git format-patch origin +$ git reset --hard origin ------------------------------------------------- -When you're done, you'll be left with mywork checked out, with the top -patches on mywork reapplied on top of your modified commit. You can -then clean up with +Then modify, reorder, or eliminate patches as needed before applying +them again with linkgit:git-am[1]: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git tag -d bad +$ git am *.patch ------------------------------------------------- -Note that the immutable nature of git history means that you haven't really -"modified" existing commits; instead, you have replaced the old commits with -new commits having new object names. +[[interactive-rebase]] +Using interactive rebases +------------------------- -[[reordering-patch-series]] -Reordering or selecting from a patch series -------------------------------------------- +You can also edit a patch series with an interactive rebase. This is +the same as <<reordering-patch-series,reordering a patch series using +`format-patch`>>, so use whichever interface you like best. -Given one existing commit, the linkgit:git-cherry-pick[1] command -allows you to apply the change introduced by that commit and create a -new commit that records it. So, for example, if "mywork" points to a -series of patches on top of "origin", you might do something like: +Rebase your current HEAD on the last commit you want to retain as-is. +For example, if you want to reorder the last 5 commits, use: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout -b mywork-new origin -$ gitk origin..mywork & +$ git rebase -i HEAD~5 ------------------------------------------------- -and browse through the list of patches in the mywork branch using gitk, -applying them (possibly in a different order) to mywork-new using -cherry-pick, and possibly modifying them as you go using `commit --amend`. -The linkgit:git-gui[1] command may also help as it allows you to -individually select diff hunks for inclusion in the index (by -right-clicking on the diff hunk and choosing "Stage Hunk for Commit"). - -Another technique is to use git-format-patch to create a series of -patches, then reset the state to before the patches: +This will open your editor with a list of steps to be taken to perform +your rebase. ------------------------------------------------- -$ git format-patch origin -$ git reset --hard origin -------------------------------------------------- +pick deadbee The oneline of this commit +pick fa1afe1 The oneline of the next commit +... -Then modify, reorder, or eliminate patches as preferred before applying -them again with linkgit:git-am[1]. +# Rebase c0ffeee..deadbee onto c0ffeee +# +# Commands: +# p, pick = use commit +# r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message +# e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending +# s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit +# f, fixup = like "squash", but discard this commit's log message +# x, exec = run command (the rest of the line) using shell +# +# These lines can be re-ordered; they are executed from top to bottom. +# +# If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST. +# +# However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted. +# +# Note that empty commits are commented out +------------------------------------------------- + +As explained in the comments, you can reorder commits, squash them +together, edit commit messages, etc. by editing the list. Once you +are satisfied, save the list and close your editor, and the rebase +will begin. + +The rebase will stop where `pick` has been replaced with `edit` or +when a step in the list fails to mechanically resolve conflicts and +needs your help. When you are done editing and/or resolving conflicts +you can continue with `git rebase --continue`. If you decide that +things are getting too hairy, you can always bail out with `git rebase +--abort`. Even after the rebase is complete, you can still recover +the original branch by using the <<reflogs,reflog>>. + +For a more detailed discussion of the procedure and additional tips, +see the "INTERACTIVE MODE" section of linkgit:git-rebase[1]. [[patch-series-tools]] Other tools ----------- -There are numerous other tools, such as StGIT, which exist for the +There are numerous other tools, such as StGit, which exist for the purpose of maintaining a patch series. These are outside of the scope of this manual. @@ -2610,7 +2732,7 @@ Git has no way of knowing that the new head is an updated version of the old head; it treats this situation exactly the same as it would if two developers had independently done the work on the old and new heads in parallel. At this point, if someone attempts to merge the new head -in to their branch, git will attempt to merge together the two (old and +in to their branch, Git will attempt to merge together the two (old and new) lines of development, instead of trying to replace the old by the new. The results are likely to be unexpected. @@ -2662,7 +2784,7 @@ you know is that D is bad, that Z is good, and that linkgit:git-bisect[1] identifies C as the culprit, how will you figure out that the problem is due to this change in semantics? -When the result of a git-bisect is a non-merge commit, you should +When the result of a `git bisect` is a non-merge commit, you should normally be able to discover the problem by examining just that commit. Developers can make this easy by breaking their changes into small self-contained commits. That won't help in the case above, however, @@ -2683,7 +2805,7 @@ linear history: Bisecting between Z and D* would hit a single culprit commit Y*, and understanding why Y* was broken would probably be easier. -Partly for this reason, many experienced git users, even when +Partly for this reason, many experienced Git users, even when working on an otherwise merge-heavy project, keep the history linear by rebasing against the latest upstream version before publishing. @@ -2704,10 +2826,10 @@ arbitrary name: $ git fetch origin todo:my-todo-work ------------------------------------------------- -The first argument, "origin", just tells git to fetch from the -repository you originally cloned from. The second argument tells git -to fetch the branch named "todo" from the remote repository, and to -store it locally under the name refs/heads/my-todo-work. +The first argument, `origin`, just tells Git to fetch from the +repository you originally cloned from. The second argument tells Git +to fetch the branch named `todo` from the remote repository, and to +store it locally under the name `refs/heads/my-todo-work`. You can also fetch branches from other repositories; so @@ -2715,8 +2837,8 @@ You can also fetch branches from other repositories; so $ git fetch git://example.com/proj.git master:example-master ------------------------------------------------- -will create a new branch named "example-master" and store in it the -branch named "master" from the repository at the given URL. If you +will create a new branch named `example-master` and store in it the +branch named `master` from the repository at the given URL. If you already have a branch named example-master, it will attempt to <<fast-forwards,fast-forward>> to the commit given by example.com's master branch. In more detail: @@ -2725,13 +2847,13 @@ master branch. In more detail: git fetch and fast-forwards --------------------------- -In the previous example, when updating an existing branch, "git-fetch" +In the previous example, when updating an existing branch, `git fetch` checks to make sure that the most recent commit on the remote branch is a descendant of the most recent commit on your copy of the branch before updating your copy of the branch to point at the new -commit. Git calls this process a <<fast-forwards,fast forward>>. +commit. Git calls this process a <<fast-forwards,fast-forward>>. -A fast forward looks something like this: +A fast-forward looks something like this: ................................................ o--o--o--o <-- old head of the branch @@ -2751,16 +2873,16 @@ resulting in a situation like: o--o--o <-- new head of the branch ................................................ -In this case, "git-fetch" will fail, and print out a warning. +In this case, `git fetch` will fail, and print out a warning. -In that case, you can still force git to update to the new head, as +In that case, you can still force Git to update to the new head, as described in the following section. However, note that in the -situation above this may mean losing the commits labeled "a" and "b", +situation above this may mean losing the commits labeled `a` and `b`, unless you've already created a reference of your own pointing to them. [[forcing-fetch]] -Forcing git-fetch to do non-fast-forward updates +Forcing git fetch to do non-fast-forward updates ------------------------------------------------ If git fetch fails because the new head of a branch is not a @@ -2770,7 +2892,7 @@ descendant of the old head, you may force the update with: $ git fetch git://example.com/proj.git +master:refs/remotes/example/master ------------------------------------------------- -Note the addition of the "+" sign. Alternatively, you can use the "-f" +Note the addition of the `+` sign. Alternatively, you can use the `-f` flag to force updates of all the fetched branches, as in: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -2781,12 +2903,12 @@ Be aware that commits that the old version of example/master pointed at may be lost, as we saw in the previous section. [[remote-branch-configuration]] -Configuring remote branches ---------------------------- +Configuring remote-tracking branches +------------------------------------ -We saw above that "origin" is just a shortcut to refer to the +We saw above that `origin` is just a shortcut to refer to the repository that you originally cloned from. This information is -stored in git configuration variables, which you can see using +stored in Git configuration variables, which you can see using linkgit:git-config[1]: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -2802,48 +2924,34 @@ branch.master.merge=refs/heads/master If there are other repositories that you also use frequently, you can create similar configuration options to save typing; for example, -after ------------------------------------------------- -$ git config remote.example.url git://example.com/proj.git +$ git remote add example git://example.com/proj.git ------------------------------------------------- -then the following two commands will do the same thing: +adds the following to `.git/config`: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git fetch git://example.com/proj.git master:refs/remotes/example/master -$ git fetch example master:refs/remotes/example/master +[remote "example"] + url = git://example.com/proj.git + fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/example/* ------------------------------------------------- -Even better, if you add one more option: +Also note that the above configuration can be performed by directly +editing the file `.git/config` instead of using linkgit:git-remote[1]. -------------------------------------------------- -$ git config remote.example.fetch master:refs/remotes/example/master -------------------------------------------------- - -then the following commands will all do the same thing: +After configuring the remote, the following three commands will do the +same thing: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git fetch git://example.com/proj.git master:refs/remotes/example/master -$ git fetch example master:refs/remotes/example/master +$ git fetch git://example.com/proj.git +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/example/* +$ git fetch example +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/example/* $ git fetch example ------------------------------------------------- -You can also add a "+" to force the update each time: - -------------------------------------------------- -$ git config remote.example.fetch +master:ref/remotes/example/master -------------------------------------------------- - -Don't do this unless you're sure you won't mind "git fetch" possibly -throwing away commits on 'example/master'. - -Also note that all of the above configuration can be performed by -directly editing the file .git/config instead of using -linkgit:git-config[1]. - See linkgit:git-config[1] for more details on the configuration -options mentioned above. +options mentioned above and linkgit:git-fetch[1] for more details on +the refspec syntax. [[git-concepts]] @@ -2852,7 +2960,7 @@ Git concepts Git is built on a small number of simple but powerful ideas. While it is possible to get things done without understanding them, you will find -git much more intuitive if you do. +Git much more intuitive if you do. We start with the most important, the <<def_object_database,object database>> and the <<def_index,index>>. @@ -2865,8 +2973,8 @@ The Object Database We already saw in <<understanding-commits>> that all commits are stored under a 40-digit "object name". In fact, all the information needed to represent the history of a project is stored in objects with such names. -In each case the name is calculated by taking the SHA1 hash of the -contents of the object. The SHA1 hash is a cryptographic hash function. +In each case the name is calculated by taking the SHA-1 hash of the +contents of the object. The SHA-1 hash is a cryptographic hash function. What that means to us is that it is impossible to find two different objects with the same name. This has a number of advantages; among others: @@ -2877,10 +2985,10 @@ others: same content stored in two repositories will always be stored under the same name. - Git can detect errors when it reads an object, by checking that the - object's name is still the SHA1 hash of its contents. + object's name is still the SHA-1 hash of its contents. (See <<object-details>> for the details of the object formatting and -SHA1 calculation.) +SHA-1 calculation.) There are four different types of objects: "blob", "tree", "commit", and "tag". @@ -2907,7 +3015,7 @@ Commit Object ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The "commit" object links a physical state of a tree with a description -of how we got there and why. Use the --pretty=raw option to +of how we got there and why. Use the `--pretty=raw` option to linkgit:git-show[1] or linkgit:git-log[1] to examine your favorite commit: @@ -2926,9 +3034,9 @@ committer Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> 1187591163 -0700 As you can see, a commit is defined by: -- a tree: The SHA1 name of a tree object (as defined below), representing +- a tree: The SHA-1 name of a tree object (as defined below), representing the contents of a directory at a certain point in time. -- parent(s): The SHA1 name of some number of commits which represent the +- parent(s): The SHA-1 name(s) of some number of commits which represent the immediately previous step(s) in the history of the project. The example above has one parent; merge commits may have more than one. A commit with no parents is called a "root" commit, and @@ -2946,10 +3054,10 @@ As you can see, a commit is defined by: Note that a commit does not itself contain any information about what actually changed; all changes are calculated by comparing the contents of the tree referred to by this commit with the trees associated with -its parents. In particular, git does not attempt to record file renames +its parents. In particular, Git does not attempt to record file renames explicitly, though it can identify cases where the existence of the same file data at changing paths suggests a rename. (See, for example, the --M option to linkgit:git-diff[1]). +`-M` option to linkgit:git-diff[1]). A commit is usually created by linkgit:git-commit[1], which creates a commit whose parent is normally the current HEAD, and whose tree is @@ -2977,22 +3085,22 @@ $ git ls-tree fb3a8bdd0ce ------------------------------------------------ As you can see, a tree object contains a list of entries, each with a -mode, object type, SHA1 name, and name, sorted by name. It represents +mode, object type, SHA-1 name, and name, sorted by name. It represents the contents of a single directory tree. The object type may be a blob, representing the contents of a file, or another tree, representing the contents of a subdirectory. Since trees -and blobs, like all other objects, are named by the SHA1 hash of their -contents, two trees have the same SHA1 name if and only if their +and blobs, like all other objects, are named by the SHA-1 hash of their +contents, two trees have the same SHA-1 name if and only if their contents (including, recursively, the contents of all subdirectories) -are identical. This allows git to quickly determine the differences +are identical. This allows Git to quickly determine the differences between two related tree objects, since it can ignore any entries with identical object names. (Note: in the presence of submodules, trees may also have commits as entries. See <<submodules>> for documentation.) -Note that the files all have mode 644 or 755: git actually only pays +Note that the files all have mode 644 or 755: Git actually only pays attention to the executable bit. [[blob-object]] @@ -3000,7 +3108,7 @@ Blob Object ~~~~~~~~~~~ You can use linkgit:git-show[1] to examine the contents of a blob; take, -for example, the blob in the entry for "COPYING" from the tree above: +for example, the blob in the entry for `COPYING` from the tree above: ------------------------------------------------ $ git show 6ff87c4664 @@ -3029,15 +3137,15 @@ currently checked out. Trust ~~~~~ -If you receive the SHA1 name of a blob from one source, and its contents +If you receive the SHA-1 name of a blob from one source, and its contents from another (possibly untrusted) source, you can still trust that those -contents are correct as long as the SHA1 name agrees. This is because -the SHA1 is designed so that it is infeasible to find different contents +contents are correct as long as the SHA-1 name agrees. This is because +the SHA-1 is designed so that it is infeasible to find different contents that produce the same hash. -Similarly, you need only trust the SHA1 name of a top-level tree object +Similarly, you need only trust the SHA-1 name of a top-level tree object to trust the contents of the entire directory that it refers to, and if -you receive the SHA1 name of a commit from a trusted source, then you +you receive the SHA-1 name of a commit from a trusted source, then you can easily verify the entire history of commits reachable through parents of that commit, and all of those contents of the trees referred to by those commits. @@ -3049,11 +3157,11 @@ that you trust that commit, and the immutability of the history of commits tells others that they can trust the whole history. In other words, you can easily validate a whole archive by just -sending out a single email that tells the people the name (SHA1 hash) +sending out a single email that tells the people the name (SHA-1 hash) of the top commit, and digitally sign that email using something like GPG/PGP. -To assist in this, git also provides the tag object... +To assist in this, Git also provides the tag object... [[tag-object]] Tag Object @@ -3083,14 +3191,14 @@ nLE/L9aUXdWeTFPron96DLA= See the linkgit:git-tag[1] command to learn how to create and verify tag objects. (Note that linkgit:git-tag[1] can also be used to create "lightweight tags", which are not tag objects at all, but just simple -references whose names begin with "refs/tags/"). +references whose names begin with `refs/tags/`). [[pack-files]] -How git stores objects efficiently: pack files +How Git stores objects efficiently: pack files ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Newly created objects are initially created in a file named after the -object's SHA1 hash (stored in .git/objects). +object's SHA-1 hash (stored in `.git/objects`). Unfortunately this system becomes inefficient once a project has a lot of objects. Try this on an old project: @@ -3104,26 +3212,24 @@ The first number is the number of objects which are kept in individual files. The second is the amount of space taken up by those "loose" objects. -You can save space and make git faster by moving these loose objects in +You can save space and make Git faster by moving these loose objects in to a "pack file", which stores a group of objects in an efficient compressed format; the details of how pack files are formatted can be -found in link:technical/pack-format.txt[technical/pack-format.txt]. +found in link:technical/pack-format.html[pack format]. To put the loose objects into a pack, just run git repack: ------------------------------------------------ $ git repack -Generating pack... -Done counting 6020 objects. -Deltifying 6020 objects. - 100% (6020/6020) done -Writing 6020 objects. - 100% (6020/6020) done -Total 6020, written 6020 (delta 4070), reused 0 (delta 0) -Pack pack-3e54ad29d5b2e05838c75df582c65257b8d08e1c created. +Counting objects: 6020, done. +Delta compression using up to 4 threads. +Compressing objects: 100% (6020/6020), done. +Writing objects: 100% (6020/6020), done. +Total 6020 (delta 4070), reused 0 (delta 0) ------------------------------------------------ -You can then run +This creates a single "pack file" in .git/objects/pack/ +containing all currently unpacked objects. You can then run ------------------------------------------------ $ git prune @@ -3131,9 +3237,9 @@ $ git prune to remove any of the "loose" objects that are now contained in the pack. This will also remove any unreferenced objects (which may be -created when, for example, you use "git-reset" to remove a commit). +created when, for example, you use `git reset` to remove a commit). You can verify that the loose objects are gone by looking at the -.git/objects directory or by running +`.git/objects` directory or by running ------------------------------------------------ $ git count-objects @@ -3160,7 +3266,7 @@ branch still exists, as does everything it pointed to. The branch pointer itself just doesn't, since you replaced it with another one. There are also other situations that cause dangling objects. For -example, a "dangling blob" may arise because you did a "git-add" of a +example, a "dangling blob" may arise because you did a `git add` of a file, but then, before you actually committed it and made it part of the bigger picture, you changed something else in that file and committed that *updated* thing--the old state that you added originally ends up @@ -3203,14 +3309,14 @@ $ git show <dangling-blob/tree-sha-goes-here> ------------------------------------------------ to show what the contents of the blob were (or, for a tree, basically -what the "ls" for that directory was), and that may give you some idea +what the `ls` for that directory was), and that may give you some idea of what the operation was that left that dangling object. Usually, dangling blobs and trees aren't very interesting. They're almost always the result of either being a half-way mergebase (the blob will often even have the conflict markers from a merge in it, if you have had conflicting merges that you fixed up by hand), or simply -because you interrupted a "git-fetch" with ^C or something like that, +because you interrupted a `git fetch` with ^C or something like that, leaving _some_ of the new objects in the object database, but just dangling and useless. @@ -3221,28 +3327,22 @@ state, you can just prune all unreachable objects: $ git prune ------------------------------------------------ -and they'll be gone. But you should only run "git prune" on a quiescent +and they'll be gone. (You should only run `git prune` on a quiescent repository--it's kind of like doing a filesystem fsck recovery: you don't want to do that while the filesystem is mounted. - -(The same is true of "git-fsck" itself, btw, but since -git-fsck never actually *changes* the repository, it just reports -on what it found, git-fsck itself is never "dangerous" to run. -Running it while somebody is actually changing the repository can cause -confusing and scary messages, but it won't actually do anything bad. In -contrast, running "git prune" while somebody is actively changing the -repository is a *BAD* idea). +`git prune` is designed not to cause any harm in such cases of concurrent +accesses to a repository but you might receive confusing or scary messages.) [[recovering-from-repository-corruption]] Recovering from repository corruption ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -By design, git treats data trusted to it with caution. However, even in -the absence of bugs in git itself, it is still possible that hardware or +By design, Git treats data trusted to it with caution. However, even in +the absence of bugs in Git itself, it is still possible that hardware or operating system errors could corrupt data. The first defense against such problems is backups. You can back up a -git directory using clone, or just using cp, tar, or any other backup +Git directory using clone, or just using cp, tar, or any other backup mechanism. As a last resort, you can search for the corrupted objects and attempt @@ -3259,19 +3359,16 @@ it is with linkgit:git-fsck[1]; this may be time-consuming. Assume the output looks like this: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git fsck --full +$ git fsck --full --no-dangling broken link from tree 2d9263c6d23595e7cb2a21e5ebbb53655278dff8 to blob 4b9458b3786228369c63936db65827de3cc06200 missing blob 4b9458b3786228369c63936db65827de3cc06200 ------------------------------------------------ -(Typically there will be some "dangling object" messages too, but they -aren't interesting.) - Now you know that blob 4b9458b3 is missing, and that the tree 2d9263c6 points to it. If you could find just one copy of that missing blob object, possibly in some other repository, you could move it into -.git/objects/4b/9458b3... and be done. Suppose you can't. You can +`.git/objects/4b/9458b3...` and be done. Suppose you can't. You can still examine the tree that pointed to it with linkgit:git-ls-tree[1], which might output something like: @@ -3286,10 +3383,10 @@ $ git ls-tree 2d9263c6d23595e7cb2a21e5ebbb53655278dff8 ------------------------------------------------ So now you know that the missing blob was the data for a file named -"myfile". And chances are you can also identify the directory--let's -say it's in "somedirectory". If you're lucky the missing copy might be +`myfile`. And chances are you can also identify the directory--let's +say it's in `somedirectory`. If you're lucky the missing copy might be the same as the copy you have checked out in your working tree at -"somedirectory/myfile"; you can test whether that's right with +`somedirectory/myfile`; you can test whether that's right with linkgit:git-hash-object[1]: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -3297,7 +3394,7 @@ $ git hash-object -w somedirectory/myfile ------------------------------------------------ which will create and store a blob object with the contents of -somedirectory/myfile, and output the sha1 of that object. if you're +somedirectory/myfile, and output the SHA-1 of that object. if you're extremely lucky it might be 4b9458b3786228369c63936db65827de3cc06200, in which case you've guessed right, and the corruption is fixed! @@ -3328,8 +3425,8 @@ Date: :100644 100644 oldsha... 4b9458b... M somedirectory/myfile ------------------------------------------------ -This tells you that the immediately preceding version of the file was -"newsha", and that the immediately following version was "oldsha". +This tells you that the immediately following version of the file was +"newsha", and that the immediately preceding version was "oldsha". You also know the commit messages that went with the change from oldsha to 4b9458b and with the change from 4b9458b to newsha. @@ -3344,22 +3441,22 @@ $ git hash-object -w <recreated-file> and your repository is good again! -(Btw, you could have ignored the fsck, and started with doing a +(Btw, you could have ignored the `fsck`, and started with doing a ------------------------------------------------ $ git log --raw --all ------------------------------------------------ and just looked for the sha of the missing object (4b9458b..) in that -whole thing. It's up to you - git does *have* a lot of information, it is +whole thing. It's up to you--Git does *have* a lot of information, it is just missing one particular blob version. [[the-index]] The index ------------ +--------- -The index is a binary file (generally kept in .git/index) containing a -sorted list of path names, each with permissions and the SHA1 of a blob +The index is a binary file (generally kept in `.git/index`) containing a +sorted list of path names, each with permissions and the SHA-1 of a blob object; linkgit:git-ls-files[1] can show you the contents of the index: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -3393,7 +3490,7 @@ It does this by storing some additional data for each entry (such as the last modified time). This data is not displayed above, and is not stored in the created tree object, but it can be used to determine quickly which files in the working directory differ from what was -stored in the index, and thus save git from having to read all of the +stored in the index, and thus save Git from having to read all of the data from such files to look for changes. 3. It can efficiently represent information about merge conflicts @@ -3457,7 +3554,7 @@ with Git 1.5.2 can look up the submodule commits in the repository and manually check them out; earlier versions won't recognize the submodules at all. -To see how submodule support works, create (for example) four example +To see how submodule support works, create four example repositories that can be used later as a submodule: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -3489,16 +3586,16 @@ done NOTE: Do not use local URLs here if you plan to publish your superproject! -See what files `git-submodule` created: +See what files `git submodule` created: ------------------------------------------------- $ ls -a . .. .git .gitmodules a b c d ------------------------------------------------- -The `git-submodule add <repo> <path>` command does a couple of things: +The `git submodule add <repo> <path>` command does a couple of things: -- It clones the submodule from <repo> to the given <path> under the +- It clones the submodule from `<repo>` to the given `<path>` under the current directory and by default checks out the master branch. - It adds the submodule's clone path to the linkgit:gitmodules[5] file and adds this file to the index, ready to be committed. @@ -3542,7 +3639,7 @@ init` to add the submodule repository URLs to `.git/config`: $ git submodule init ------------------------------------------------- -Now use `git-submodule update` to clone the repositories and check out the +Now use `git submodule update` to clone the repositories and check out the commits specified in the superproject: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -3552,14 +3649,14 @@ $ ls -a . .. .git a.txt ------------------------------------------------- -One major difference between `git-submodule update` and `git-submodule add` is -that `git-submodule update` checks out a specific commit, rather than the tip +One major difference between `git submodule update` and `git submodule add` is +that `git submodule update` checks out a specific commit, rather than the tip of a branch. It's like checking out a tag: the head is detached, so you're not working on a branch. ------------------------------------------------- $ git branch -* (no branch) +* (detached from d266b98) master ------------------------------------------------- @@ -3624,6 +3721,26 @@ Did you forget to 'git add'? Unable to checkout '261dfac35cb99d380eb966e102c1197139f7fa24' in submodule path 'a' ------------------------------------------------- +In older Git versions it could be easily forgotten to commit new or modified +files in a submodule, which silently leads to similar problems as not pushing +the submodule changes. Starting with Git 1.7.0 both `git status` and `git diff` +in the superproject show submodules as modified when they contain new or +modified files to protect against accidentally committing such a state. `git +diff` will also add a `-dirty` to the work tree side when generating patch +output or used with the `--submodule` option: + +------------------------------------------------- +$ git diff +diff --git a/sub b/sub +--- a/sub ++++ b/sub +@@ -1 +1 @@ +-Subproject commit 3f356705649b5d566d97ff843cf193359229a453 ++Subproject commit 3f356705649b5d566d97ff843cf193359229a453-dirty +$ git diff --submodule +Submodule sub 3f35670..3f35670-dirty: +------------------------------------------------- + You also should not rewind branches in a submodule beyond commits that were ever recorded in any superproject. @@ -3646,15 +3763,17 @@ module a NOTE: The changes are still visible in the submodule's reflog. -This is not the case if you did not commit your changes. +If you have uncommitted changes in your submodule working tree, `git +submodule update` will not overwrite them. Instead, you get the usual +warning about not being able switch from a dirty branch. [[low-level-operations]] -Low-level git operations +Low-level Git operations ======================== Many of the higher-level commands were originally implemented as shell -scripts using a smaller core of low-level git commands. These can still -be useful when doing unusual things with git, or just as a way to +scripts using a smaller core of low-level Git commands. These can still +be useful when doing unusual things with Git, or just as a way to understand its inner workings. [[object-manipulation]] @@ -3685,7 +3804,7 @@ between the working tree, the index, and the object database. Git provides low-level operations which perform each of these steps individually. -Generally, all "git" operations work on the index file. Some operations +Generally, all Git operations work on the index file. Some operations work *purely* on the index file (showing the current state of the index), but most operations move data between the index file and either the database or the working directory. Thus there are four main @@ -3704,11 +3823,11 @@ like so: $ git update-index filename ------------------------------------------------- -but to avoid common mistakes with filename globbing etc, the command +but to avoid common mistakes with filename globbing etc., the command will not normally add totally new entries or remove old entries, i.e. it will normally just update existing cache entries. -To tell git that yes, you really do realize that certain files no +To tell Git that yes, you really do realize that certain files no longer exist, or that new files should be added, you should use the `--remove` and `--add` flags respectively. @@ -3754,7 +3873,7 @@ unsaved state that you might want to restore later!) your current index. Normal operation is just ------------------------------------------------- -$ git read-tree <sha1 of tree> +$ git read-tree <SHA-1 of tree> ------------------------------------------------- and your index file will now be equivalent to the tree that you saved @@ -3769,7 +3888,7 @@ You update your working directory from the index by "checking out" files. This is not a very common operation, since normally you'd just keep your files updated, and rather than write to your working directory, you'd tell the index files about the changes in your -working directory (i.e. `git-update-index`). +working directory (i.e. `git update-index`). However, if you decide to jump to a new version, or check out somebody else's version, or just restore a previous tree, you'd populate your @@ -3782,9 +3901,9 @@ $ git checkout-index filename or, if you want to check out all of the index, use `-a`. -NOTE! git-checkout-index normally refuses to overwrite old files, so +NOTE! `git checkout-index` normally refuses to overwrite old files, so if you have an old version of the tree already checked out, you will -need to use the "-f" flag ('before' the "-a" flag or the filename) to +need to use the `-f` flag ('before' the `-a` flag or the filename) to 'force' the checkout. @@ -3795,7 +3914,7 @@ from one representation to the other: Tying it all together ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -To commit a tree you have instantiated with "git write-tree", you'd +To commit a tree you have instantiated with `git write-tree`, you'd create a "commit" object that refers to that tree and the history behind it--most notably the "parent" commits that preceded it in history. @@ -3807,28 +3926,27 @@ fact that such a commit brings together ("merges") two or more previous states represented by other commits. In other words, while a "tree" represents a particular directory state -of a working directory, a "commit" represents that state in "time", +of a working directory, a "commit" represents that state in time, and explains how we got there. You create a commit object by giving it the tree that describes the state at the time of the commit, and a list of parents: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git commit-tree <tree> -p <parent> [-p <parent2> ..] +$ git commit-tree <tree> -p <parent> [(-p <parent2>)...] ------------------------------------------------- and then giving the reason for the commit on stdin (either through redirection from a pipe or file, or by just typing it at the tty). -git-commit-tree will return the name of the object that represents +`git commit-tree` will return the name of the object that represents that commit, and you should save it away for later use. Normally, -you'd commit a new `HEAD` state, and while git doesn't care where you +you'd commit a new `HEAD` state, and while Git doesn't care where you save the note about that state, in practice we tend to just write the result to the file pointed at by `.git/HEAD`, so that we can always see what the last committed state was. -Here is an ASCII art by Jon Loeliger that illustrates how -various pieces fit together. +Here is a picture that illustrates how various pieces fit together: ------------ @@ -3889,7 +4007,7 @@ $ git cat-file blob|tree|commit|tag <objectname> to show its contents. NOTE! Trees have binary content, and as a result there is a special helper for showing that content, called -`git-ls-tree`, which turns the binary content into a more easily +`git ls-tree`, which turns the binary content into a more easily readable form. It's especially instructive to look at "commit" objects, since those @@ -3907,27 +4025,26 @@ to see what the top commit was. Merging multiple trees ---------------------- -Git helps you do a three-way merge, which you can expand to n-way by -repeating the merge procedure arbitrary times until you finally -"commit" the state. The normal situation is that you'd only do one -three-way merge (two parents), and commit it, but if you like to, you -can do multiple parents in one go. +Git can help you perform a three-way merge, which can in turn be +used for a many-way merge by repeating the merge procedure several +times. The usual situation is that you only do one three-way merge +(reconciling two lines of history) and commit the result, but if +you like to, you can merge several branches in one go. -To do a three-way merge, you need the two sets of "commit" objects -that you want to merge, use those to find the closest common parent (a -third "commit" object), and then use those commit objects to find the -state of the directory ("tree" object) at these points. +To perform a three-way merge, you start with the two commits you +want to merge, find their closest common parent (a third commit), +and compare the trees corresponding to these three commits. -To get the "base" for the merge, you first look up the common parent -of two commits with +To get the "base" for the merge, look up the common parent of two +commits: ------------------------------------------------- $ git merge-base <commit1> <commit2> ------------------------------------------------- -which will return you the commit they are both based on. You should -now look up the "tree" objects of those commits, which you can easily -do with (for example) +This prints the name of a commit they are both based on. You should +now look up the tree objects of those commits, which you can easily +do with ------------------------------------------------- $ git cat-file commit <commitname> | head -1 @@ -3978,20 +4095,20 @@ $ git ls-files --unmerged ------------------------------------------------ Each line of the `git ls-files --unmerged` output begins with -the blob mode bits, blob SHA1, 'stage number', and the -filename. The 'stage number' is git's way to say which tree it -came from: stage 1 corresponds to `$orig` tree, stage 2 `HEAD` -tree, and stage3 `$target` tree. +the blob mode bits, blob SHA-1, 'stage number', and the +filename. The 'stage number' is Git's way to say which tree it +came from: stage 1 corresponds to the `$orig` tree, stage 2 to +the `HEAD` tree, and stage 3 to the `$target` tree. Earlier we said that trivial merges are done inside -`git-read-tree -m`. For example, if the file did not change -from `$orig` to `HEAD` nor `$target`, or if the file changed +`git read-tree -m`. For example, if the file did not change +from `$orig` to `HEAD` or `$target`, or if the file changed from `$orig` to `HEAD` and `$orig` to `$target` the same way, obviously the final outcome is what is in `HEAD`. What the above example shows is that file `hello.c` was changed from `$orig` to `HEAD` and `$orig` to `$target` in a different way. You could resolve this by running your favorite 3-way merge -program, e.g. `diff3`, `merge`, or git's own merge-file, on +program, e.g. `diff3`, `merge`, or Git's own merge-file, on the blob objects from these three stages yourself, like this: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -4003,7 +4120,7 @@ $ git merge-file hello.c~2 hello.c~1 hello.c~3 This would leave the merge result in `hello.c~2` file, along with conflict markers if there are conflicts. After verifying -the merge result makes sense, you can tell git what the final +the merge result makes sense, you can tell Git what the final merge result for this file is by: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -4011,27 +4128,27 @@ $ mv -f hello.c~2 hello.c $ git update-index hello.c ------------------------------------------------- -When a path is in the "unmerged" state, running `git-update-index` for -that path tells git to mark the path resolved. +When a path is in the "unmerged" state, running `git update-index` for +that path tells Git to mark the path resolved. -The above is the description of a git merge at the lowest level, +The above is the description of a Git merge at the lowest level, to help you understand what conceptually happens under the hood. -In practice, nobody, not even git itself, runs `git-cat-file` three times -for this. There is a `git-merge-index` program that extracts the +In practice, nobody, not even Git itself, runs `git cat-file` three times +for this. There is a `git merge-index` program that extracts the stages to temporary files and calls a "merge" script on it: ------------------------------------------------- $ git merge-index git-merge-one-file hello.c ------------------------------------------------- -and that is what higher level `git-merge -s resolve` is implemented with. +and that is what higher level `git merge -s resolve` is implemented with. [[hacking-git]] -Hacking git +Hacking Git =========== -This chapter covers internal details of the git implementation which -probably only git developers need to understand. +This chapter covers internal details of the Git implementation which +probably only Git developers need to understand. [[object-details]] Object storage format @@ -4045,23 +4162,22 @@ objects). There are currently four different object types: "blob", Regardless of object type, all objects share the following characteristics: they are all deflated with zlib, and have a header that not only specifies their type, but also provides size information -about the data in the object. It's worth noting that the SHA1 hash +about the data in the object. It's worth noting that the SHA-1 hash that is used to name the object is the hash of the original data plus this header, so `sha1sum` 'file' does not match the object name for 'file'. -(Historical note: in the dawn of the age of git the hash -was the sha1 of the 'compressed' object.) As a result, the general consistency of an object can always be tested independently of the contents or the type of the object: all objects can be validated by verifying that (a) their hashes match the content of the file and (b) the object successfully inflates to a stream of bytes that -forms a sequence of <ascii type without space> {plus} <space> {plus} <ascii decimal -size> {plus} <byte\0> {plus} <binary object data>. +forms a sequence of +`<ascii type without space> + <space> + <ascii decimal size> + +<byte\0> + <binary object data>`. The structured objects can further have their structure and connectivity to other objects verified. This is generally done with -the `git-fsck` program, which generates a full dependency graph +the `git fsck` program, which generates a full dependency graph of all objects, and verifies their internal consistency (in addition to just verifying their superficial consistency through the hash). @@ -4079,7 +4195,7 @@ A good place to start is with the contents of the initial commit, with: $ git checkout e83c5163 ---------------------------------------------------- -The initial revision lays the foundation for almost everything git has +The initial revision lays the foundation for almost everything Git has today, but is small enough to read in one sitting. Note that terminology has changed since that revision. For example, the @@ -4120,7 +4236,7 @@ functions like `get_sha1_basic()` or the likes. This is just to get you into the groove for the most libified part of Git: the revision walker. -Basically, the initial version of `git-log` was a shell script: +Basically, the initial version of `git log` was a shell script: ---------------------------------------------------------------- $ git-rev-list --pretty $(git-rev-parse --default HEAD "$@") | \ @@ -4129,49 +4245,50 @@ $ git-rev-list --pretty $(git-rev-parse --default HEAD "$@") | \ What does this mean? -`git-rev-list` is the original version of the revision walker, which +`git rev-list` is the original version of the revision walker, which _always_ printed a list of revisions to stdout. It is still functional, -and needs to, since most new Git programs start out as scripts using -`git-rev-list`. +and needs to, since most new Git commands start out as scripts using +`git rev-list`. -`git-rev-parse` is not as important any more; it was only used to filter out +`git rev-parse` is not as important any more; it was only used to filter out options that were relevant for the different plumbing commands that were called by the script. -Most of what `git-rev-list` did is contained in `revision.c` and +Most of what `git rev-list` did is contained in `revision.c` and `revision.h`. It wraps the options in a struct named `rev_info`, which controls how and what revisions are walked, and more. -The original job of `git-rev-parse` is now taken by the function -`setup_revisions()`, which parses the revisions and the common command line +The original job of `git rev-parse` is now taken by the function +`setup_revisions()`, which parses the revisions and the common command-line options for the revision walker. This information is stored in the struct -`rev_info` for later consumption. You can do your own command line option +`rev_info` for later consumption. You can do your own command-line option parsing after calling `setup_revisions()`. After that, you have to call `prepare_revision_walk()` for initialization, and then you can get the commits one by one with the function `get_revision()`. If you are interested in more details of the revision walking process, just have a look at the first implementation of `cmd_log()`; call -`git show v1.3.0{tilde}155^2{tilde}4` and scroll down to that function (note that you +`git show v1.3.0~155^2~4` and scroll down to that function (note that you no longer need to call `setup_pager()` directly). -Nowadays, `git-log` is a builtin, which means that it is _contained_ in the +Nowadays, `git log` is a builtin, which means that it is _contained_ in the command `git`. The source side of a builtin is -- a function called `cmd_<bla>`, typically defined in `builtin-<bla>.c`, - and declared in `builtin.h`, +- a function called `cmd_<bla>`, typically defined in `builtin/<bla.c>` + (note that older versions of Git used to have it in `builtin-<bla>.c` + instead), and declared in `builtin.h`. - an entry in the `commands[]` array in `git.c`, and - an entry in `BUILTIN_OBJECTS` in the `Makefile`. Sometimes, more than one builtin is contained in one source file. For -example, `cmd_whatchanged()` and `cmd_log()` both reside in `builtin-log.c`, +example, `cmd_whatchanged()` and `cmd_log()` both reside in `builtin/log.c`, since they share quite a bit of code. In that case, the commands which are _not_ named like the `.c` file in which they live have to be listed in `BUILT_INS` in the `Makefile`. -`git-log` looks more complicated in C than it does in the original script, +`git log` looks more complicated in C than it does in the original script, but that allows for a much greater flexibility and performance. Here again it is a good point to take a pause. @@ -4182,23 +4299,23 @@ the organization of Git (after you know the basic concepts). So, think about something which you are interested in, say, "how can I access a blob just knowing the object name of it?". The first step is to find a Git command with which you can do it. In this example, it is either -`git-show` or `git-cat-file`. +`git show` or `git cat-file`. -For the sake of clarity, let's stay with `git-cat-file`, because it +For the sake of clarity, let's stay with `git cat-file`, because it - is plumbing, and - was around even in the initial commit (it literally went only through - some 20 revisions as `cat-file.c`, was renamed to `builtin-cat-file.c` + some 20 revisions as `cat-file.c`, was renamed to `builtin/cat-file.c` when made a builtin, and then saw less than 10 versions). -So, look into `builtin-cat-file.c`, search for `cmd_cat_file()` and look what +So, look into `builtin/cat-file.c`, search for `cmd_cat_file()` and look what it does. ------------------------------------------------------------------ git_config(git_default_config); if (argc != 3) - usage("git-cat-file [-t|-s|-e|-p|<type>] <sha1>"); + usage("git cat-file [-t|-s|-e|-p|<type>] <sha1>"); if (get_sha1(argv[2], sha1)) die("Not a valid object name %s", argv[2]); ------------------------------------------------------------------ @@ -4215,9 +4332,9 @@ Two things are interesting here: negative numbers in case of different errors--and 0 on success. - the variable `sha1` in the function signature of `get_sha1()` is `unsigned - char \*`, but is actually expected to be a pointer to `unsigned + char *`, but is actually expected to be a pointer to `unsigned char[20]`. This variable will contain the 160-bit SHA-1 of the given - commit. Note that whenever a SHA-1 is passed as `unsigned char \*`, it + commit. Note that whenever a SHA-1 is passed as `unsigned char *`, it is the binary representation, as opposed to the ASCII representation in hex characters, which is passed as `char *`. @@ -4233,7 +4350,7 @@ Now, for the meat: This is how you read a blob (actually, not only a blob, but any type of object). To know how the function `read_object_with_reference()` actually works, find the source code for it (something like `git grep -read_object_with | grep ":[a-z]"` in the git repository), and read +read_object_with | grep ":[a-z]"` in the Git repository), and read the source. To find out how the result can be used, just read on in `cmd_cat_file()`: @@ -4243,10 +4360,10 @@ To find out how the result can be used, just read on in `cmd_cat_file()`: ----------------------------------- Sometimes, you do not know where to look for a feature. In many such cases, -it helps to search through the output of `git log`, and then `git-show` the +it helps to search through the output of `git log`, and then `git show` the corresponding commit. -Example: If you know that there was some test case for `git-bundle`, but +Example: If you know that there was some test case for `git bundle`, but do not remember where it was (yes, you _could_ `git grep bundle t/`, but that does not illustrate the point!): @@ -4268,16 +4385,20 @@ Another example: Find out what to do in order to make some script a builtin: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git log --no-merges --diff-filter=A builtin-*.c +$ git log --no-merges --diff-filter=A builtin/*.c ------------------------------------------------- You see, Git is actually the best tool to find out about the source of Git itself! [[glossary]] -GIT Glossary +Git Glossary ============ +[[git-explained]] +Git explained +------------- + include::glossary-content.txt[] [[git-quick-start]] @@ -4414,7 +4535,7 @@ $ git bisect bad # if this revision is bad. Making changes -------------- -Make sure git knows who to blame: +Make sure Git knows who to blame: ------------------------------------------------ $ cat >>~/.gitconfig <<\EOF @@ -4464,7 +4585,7 @@ $ git format-patch origin..HEAD # format a patch for each commit $ git am mbox # import patches from the mailbox "mbox" ----------------------------------------------- -Fetch a branch in a different git repository, then merge into the +Fetch a branch in a different Git repository, then merge into the current branch: ----------------------------------------------- @@ -4519,27 +4640,31 @@ $ git gc Appendix B: Notes and todo list for this manual =============================================== +[[todo-list]] +Todo list +--------- + This is a work in progress. The basic requirements: - It must be readable in order, from beginning to end, by someone intelligent with a basic grasp of the UNIX command line, but without - any special knowledge of git. If necessary, any other prerequisites + any special knowledge of Git. If necessary, any other prerequisites should be specifically mentioned as they arise. - Whenever possible, section headings should clearly describe the task they explain how to do, in language that requires no more knowledge than necessary: for example, "importing patches into a project" rather - than "the git-am command" + than "the `git am` command" Think about how to create a clear chapter dependency graph that will allow people to get to important topics without necessarily reading everything in between. -Scan Documentation/ for other stuff left out; in particular: +Scan `Documentation/` for other stuff left out; in particular: - howto's -- some of technical/? +- some of `technical/`? - hooks - list of commands in linkgit:git[1] @@ -4548,27 +4673,19 @@ Scan email archives for other stuff left out Scan man pages to see if any assume more background than this manual provides. -Simplify beginning by suggesting disconnected head instead of -temporary branch creation? - Add more good examples. Entire sections of just cookbook examples might be a good idea; maybe make an "advanced examples" section a standard end-of-chapter section? Include cross-references to the glossary, where appropriate. -Document shallow clones? See draft 1.5.0 release notes for some -documentation. - Add a section on working with other version control systems, including CVS, Subversion, and just imports of series of release tarballs. -More details on gitweb? - Write a chapter on using plumbing and writing scripts. Alternates, clone -reference, etc. More on recovery from repository corruption. See: - http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=git&m=117263864820799&w=2 - http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=git&m=117147855503798&w=2 + http://marc.info/?l=git&m=117263864820799&w=2 + http://marc.info/?l=git&m=117147855503798&w=2 |