diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
87 files changed, 3734 insertions, 1141 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/.gitignore b/Documentation/.gitignore index 2c8b2d612e..c7096f11f1 100644 --- a/Documentation/.gitignore +++ b/Documentation/.gitignore @@ -11,3 +11,4 @@ doc.dep cmds-*.txt mergetools-*.txt manpage-base-url.xsl +SubmittingPatches.txt diff --git a/Documentation/Makefile b/Documentation/Makefile index b5be2e2d3f..2ab65561af 100644 --- a/Documentation/Makefile +++ b/Documentation/Makefile @@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ MAN7_TXT += giteveryday.txt MAN7_TXT += gitglossary.txt MAN7_TXT += gitnamespaces.txt MAN7_TXT += gitrevisions.txt +MAN7_TXT += gitsubmodules.txt MAN7_TXT += gittutorial-2.txt MAN7_TXT += gittutorial.txt MAN7_TXT += gitworkflows.txt @@ -66,6 +67,8 @@ SP_ARTICLES += howto/maintain-git API_DOCS = $(patsubst %.txt,%,$(filter-out technical/api-index-skel.txt technical/api-index.txt, $(wildcard technical/api-*.txt))) SP_ARTICLES += $(API_DOCS) +TECH_DOCS += SubmittingPatches +TECH_DOCS += technical/hash-function-transition TECH_DOCS += technical/http-protocol TECH_DOCS += technical/index-format TECH_DOCS += technical/pack-format @@ -179,6 +182,7 @@ ASCIIDOC = asciidoctor ASCIIDOC_CONF = ASCIIDOC_HTML = xhtml5 ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK = docbook45 +ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -acompat-mode ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -I. -rasciidoctor-extensions ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -alitdd='&\#x2d;&\#x2d;' DBLATEX_COMMON = @@ -321,6 +325,7 @@ clean: $(RM) *.pdf $(RM) howto-index.txt howto/*.html doc.dep $(RM) technical/*.html technical/api-index.txt + $(RM) SubmittingPatches.txt $(RM) $(cmds_txt) $(mergetools_txt) *.made $(RM) manpage-base-url.xsl @@ -359,6 +364,9 @@ technical/%.html: ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a git-relative-html-prefix=../ $(patsubst %,%.html,$(API_DOCS) technical/api-index $(TECH_DOCS)): %.html : %.txt asciidoc.conf $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(TXT_TO_HTML) $*.txt +SubmittingPatches.txt: SubmittingPatches + $(QUIET_GEN) cp $< $@ + XSLT = docbook.xsl XSLTOPTS = --xinclude --stringparam html.stylesheet docbook-xsl.css diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt index be68524cff..71a86cb7c6 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Fixes since v1.7.10 * The 'push to upstream' implementation was broken in some corner cases. "git push $there" without refspec, when the current branch is set to push to a remote different from $there, used to push to - $there using the upstream information to a remote unreleated to + $there using the upstream information to a remote unrelated to $there. * Giving "--continue" to a conflicted "rebase -i" session skipped a diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt index 29154805b4..ef8b97da9b 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt @@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ notes for details). needed it so far. * Git 2.11 had a minor regression in "merge --ff-only" that competed - with another process that simultanously attempted to update the + with another process that simultaneously attempted to update the index. We used to explain what went wrong with an error message, but the new code silently failed. The error message has been resurrected. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4246c68ff5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,517 @@ +Git 2.14 Release Notes +====================== + +Backward compatibility notes and other notable changes. + + * Use of an empty string as a pathspec element that is used for + 'everything matches' is still warned and Git asks users to use a + more explicit '.' for that instead. The hope is that existing + users will not mind this change, and eventually the warning can be + turned into a hard error, upgrading the deprecation into removal of + this (mis)feature. That is not scheduled to happen in the upcoming + release (yet). + + * Git now avoids blindly falling back to ".git" when the setup + sequence said we are _not_ in Git repository. A corner case that + happens to work right now may be broken by a call to die("BUG"). + We've tried hard to locate such cases and fixed them, but there + might still be cases that need to be addressed--bug reports are + greatly appreciated. + + * The experiment to improve the hunk-boundary selection of textual + diff output has finished, and the "indent heuristics" has now + become the default. + + * Git can now be built with PCRE v2 instead of v1 of the PCRE + library. Replace USE_LIBPCRE=YesPlease with USE_LIBPCRE2=YesPlease + in existing build scripts to build against the new version. As the + upstream PCRE maintainer has abandoned v1 maintenance for all but + the most critical bug fixes, use of v2 is recommended. + + +Updates since v2.13 +------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * The colors in which "git status --short --branch" showed the names + of the current branch and its remote-tracking branch are now + configurable. + + * "git clone" learned the "--no-tags" option not to fetch all tags + initially, and also set up the tagopt not to follow any tags in + subsequent fetches. + + * "git archive --format=zip" learned to use zip64 extension when + necessary to go beyond the 4GB limit. + + * "git reset" learned "--recurse-submodules" option. + + * "git diff --submodule=diff" now recurses into nested submodules. + + * "git repack" learned to accept the --threads=<n> option and pass it + to pack-objects. + + * "git send-email" learned to run sendemail-validate hook to inspect + and reject a message before sending it out. + + * There is no good reason why "git fetch $there $sha1" should fail + when the $sha1 names an object at the tip of an advertised ref, + even when the other side hasn't enabled allowTipSHA1InWant. + + * The "[includeIf "gitdir:$dir"] path=..." mechanism introduced in + 2.13.0 would canonicalize the path of the gitdir being matched, + and did not match e.g. "gitdir:~/work/*" against a repo in + "~/work/main" if "~/work" was a symlink to "/mnt/storage/work". + Now we match both the resolved canonical path and what "pwd" would + show. The include will happen if either one matches. + + * The "indent" heuristics is now the default in "diff". The + diff.indentHeuristic configuration variable can be set to "false" + for those who do not want it. + + * Many commands learned to pay attention to submodule.recurse + configuration. + + * The convention for a command line is to follow "git cmdname + --options" with revisions followed by an optional "--" + disambiguator and then finally pathspecs. When "--" is not there, + we make sure early ones are all interpretable as revs (and do not + look like paths) and later ones are the other way around. A + pathspec with "magic" (e.g. ":/p/a/t/h" that matches p/a/t/h from + the top-level of the working tree, no matter what subdirectory you + are working from) are conservatively judged as "not a path", which + required disambiguation more often. The command line parser + learned to say "it's a pathspec" a bit more often when the syntax + looks like so. + + * Update "perl-compatible regular expression" support to enable JIT + and also allow linking with the newer PCRE v2 library. + + * "filter-branch" learned a pseudo filter "--setup" that can be used + to define common functions/variables that can be used by other + filters. + + * Using "git add d/i/r" when d/i/r is the top of the working tree of + a separate repository would create a gitlink in the index, which + would appear as a not-quite-initialized submodule to others. We + learned to give warnings when this happens. + + * "git status" learned to optionally give how many stash entries there + are in its output. + + * "git status" has long shown essentially the same message as "git + commit"; the message it gives while preparing for the root commit, + i.e. "Initial commit", was hard to understand for some new users. + Now it says "No commits yet" to stress more on the current status + (rather than the commit the user is preparing for, which is more in + line with the focus of "git commit"). + + * "git send-email" now has --batch-size and --relogin-delay options + which can be used to overcome limitations on SMTP servers that + restrict on how many of e-mails can be sent in a single session. + + * An old message shown in the commit log template was removed, as it + has outlived its usefulness. + + * "git pull --rebase --recurse-submodules" learns to rebase the + branch in the submodules to an updated base. + + * "git log" learned -P as a synonym for --perl-regexp, "git grep" + already had such a synonym. + + * "git log" didn't understand --regexp-ignore-case when combined with + --perl-regexp. This has been fixed. + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * The default packed-git limit value has been raised on larger + platforms to save "git fetch" from a (recoverable) failure while + "gc" is running in parallel. + + * Code to update the cache-tree has been tightened so that we won't + accidentally write out any 0{40} entry in the tree object. + + * Attempt to allow us notice "fishy" situation where we fail to + remove the temporary directory used during the test. + + * Travis CI gained a task to format the documentation with both + AsciiDoc and AsciiDoctor. + + * Some platforms have ulong that is smaller than time_t, and our + historical use of ulong for timestamp would mean they cannot + represent some timestamp that the platform allows. Invent a + separate and dedicated timestamp_t (so that we can distingiuish + timestamps and a vanilla ulongs, which along is already a good + move), and then declare uintmax_t is the type to be used as the + timestamp_t. + + * We can trigger Windows auto-build tester (credits: Dscho & + Microsoft) from our existing Travis CI tester now. + + * Conversion from uchar[20] to struct object_id continues. + + * Simplify parse_pathspec() codepath and stop it from looking at the + default in-core index. + + * Add perf-test for wildmatch. + + * Code from "conversion using external process" codepath has been + extracted to a separate sub-process.[ch] module. + + * When "git checkout", "git merge", etc. manipulates the in-core + index, various pieces of information in the index extensions are + discarded from the original state, as it is usually not the case + that they are kept up-to-date and in-sync with the operation on the + main index. The untracked cache extension is copied across these + operations now, which would speed up "git status" (as long as the + cache is properly invalidated). + + * The internal implementation of "git grep" has seen some clean-up. + + * Update the C style recommendation for notes for translators, as + recent versions of gettext tools can work with our style of + multi-line comments. + + * The implementation of "ref" API around the "packed refs" have been + cleaned up, in preparation for further changes. + + * The internal logic used in "git blame" has been libified to make it + easier to use by cgit. + + * Our code often opens a path to an optional file, to work on its + contents when we can successfully open it. We can ignore a failure + to open if such an optional file does not exist, but we do want to + report a failure in opening for other reasons (e.g. we got an I/O + error, or the file is there, but we lack the permission to open). + + The exact errors we need to ignore are ENOENT (obviously) and + ENOTDIR (less obvious). Instead of repeating comparison of errno + with these two constants, introduce a helper function to do so. + + * We often try to open a file for reading whose existence is + optional, and silently ignore errors from open/fopen; report such + errors if they are not due to missing files. + + * When an existing repository is used for t/perf testing, we first + create bit-for-bit copy of it, which may grab a transient state of + the repository and freeze it into the repository used for testing, + which then may cause Git operations to fail. Single out "the index + being locked" case and forcibly drop the lock from the copy. + + * Three instances of the same helper function have been consolidated + to one. + + * "fast-import" uses a default pack chain depth that is consistent + with other parts of the system. + + * A new test to show the interaction between the pattern [^a-z] + (which matches '/') and a slash in a path has been added. The + pattern should not match the slash with "pathmatch", but should + with "wildmatch". + + * The 'diff-highlight' program (in contrib/) has been restructured + for easier reuse by an external project 'diff-so-fancy'. + + * A common pattern to free a piece of memory and assign NULL to the + pointer that used to point at it has been replaced with a new + FREE_AND_NULL() macro. + + * Traditionally, the default die() routine had a code to prevent it + from getting called multiple times, which interacted badly when a + threaded program used it (one downside is that the real error may + be hidden and instead the only error message given to the user may + end up being "die recursion detected", which is not very useful). + + * Introduce a "repository" object to eventually make it easier to + work in multiple repositories (the primary focus is to work with + the superproject and its submodules) in a single process. + + * Optimize "what are the object names already taken in an alternate + object database?" query that is used to derive the length of prefix + an object name is uniquely abbreviated to. + + * The hashmap API has been updated so that data to customize the + behaviour of the comparison function can be specified at the time a + hashmap is initialized. + + * The "collision detecting" SHA-1 implementation shipped with 2.13 is + now integrated into git.git as a submodule (the first submodule to + ship with git.git). Clone git.git with --recurse-submodules to get + it. For now a non-submodule copy of the same code is also shipped + as part of the tree. + + * A recent update made it easier to use "-fsanitize=" option while + compiling but supported only one sanitize option. Allow more than + one to be combined, joined with a comma, like "make SANITIZE=foo,bar". + + * Use "p4 -G" to make "p4 changes" output more Python-friendly + to parse. + + * We started using "%" PRItime, imitating "%" PRIuMAX and friends, as + a way to format the internal timestamp value, but this does not + play well with gettext(1) i18n framework, and causes "make pot" + that is run by the l10n coordinator to create a broken po/git.pot + file. This is a possible workaround for that problem. + + * It turns out that Cygwin also needs the fopen() wrapper that + returns failure when a directory is opened for reading. + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v2.13 +----------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v2.13 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' +notes for details). + + * "git gc" did not interact well with "git worktree"-managed + per-worktree refs. + + * "git cherry-pick" and other uses of the sequencer machinery + mishandled a trailer block whose last line is an incomplete line. + This has been fixed so that an additional sign-off etc. are added + after completing the existing incomplete line. + + * The codepath in "git am" that is used when running "git rebase" + leaked memory held for the log message of the commits being rebased. + + * "git clone --config var=val" is a way to populate the + per-repository configuration file of the new repository, but it did + not work well when val is an empty string. This has been fixed. + + * Setting "log.decorate=false" in the configuration file did not take + effect in v2.13, which has been corrected. + + * A few codepaths in "checkout" and "am" working on an unborn branch + tried to access an uninitialized piece of memory. + + * The Web interface to gmane news archive is long gone, even though + the articles are still accessible via NTTP. Replace the links with + ones to public-inbox.org. Because their message identification is + based on the actual message-id, it is likely that it will be easier + to migrate away from it if/when necessary. + + * The receive-pack program now makes sure that the push certificate + records the same set of push options used for pushing. + + * Tests have been updated to pass under GETTEXT_POISON (a mechanism + to ensure that output strings that should not be translated are + not translated by mistake), and TravisCI is told to run them. + + * "git checkout --recurse-submodules" did not quite work with a + submodule that itself has submodules. + + * "pack-objects" can stream a slice of an existing packfile out when + the pack bitmap can tell that the reachable objects are all needed + in the output, without inspecting individual objects. This + strategy however would not work well when "--local" and other + options are in use, and need to be disabled. + + * Fix memory leaks pointed out by Coverity (and people). + + * "git read-tree -m" (no tree-ish) gave a nonsense suggestion "use + --empty if you want to clear the index". With "-m", such a request + will still fail anyway, as you'd need to name at least one tree-ish + to be merged. + + * Make sure our tests would pass when the sources are checked out + with "platform native" line ending convention by default on + Windows. Some "text" files out tests use and the test scripts + themselves that are meant to be run with /bin/sh, ought to be + checked out with eol=LF even on Windows. + + * Introduce the BUG() macro to improve die("BUG: ..."). + + * Clarify documentation for include.path and includeIf.<condition>.path + configuration variables. + + * Git sometimes gives an advice in a rhetorical question that does + not require an answer, which can confuse new users and non native + speakers. Attempt to rephrase them. + + * A few http:// links that are redirected to https:// in the + documentation have been updated to https:// links. + + * "git for-each-ref --format=..." with %(HEAD) in the format used to + resolve the HEAD symref as many times as it had processed refs, + which was wasteful, and "git branch" shared the same problem. + + * Regression fix to topic recently merged to 'master'. + + * The shell completion script (in contrib/) learned "git stash" has + a new "push" subcommand. + + * "git interpret-trailers", when used as GIT_EDITOR for "git commit + -v", looked for and appended to a trailer block at the very end, + i.e. at the end of the "diff" output. The command has been + corrected to pay attention to the cut-mark line "commit -v" adds to + the buffer---the real trailer block should appear just before it. + + * A test allowed both "git push" and "git receive-pack" on the other + end write their traces into the same file. This is OK on platforms + that allows atomically appending to a file opened with O_APPEND, + but on other platforms led to a mangled output, causing + intermittent test failures. This has been fixed by disabling + traces from "receive-pack" in the test. + + * Tag objects, which are not reachable from any ref, that point at + missing objects were mishandled by "git gc" and friends (they + should silently be ignored instead) + + * "git describe --contains" penalized light-weight tags so much that + they were almost never considered. Instead, give them about the + same chance to be considered as an annotated tag that is the same + age as the underlying commit would. + + * The "run-command" API implementation has been made more robust + against dead-locking in a threaded environment. + + * A recent update to t5545-push-options.sh started skipping all the + tests in the script when a web server testing is disabled or + unavailable, not just the ones that require a web server. Non HTTP + tests have been salvaged to always run in this script. + + * "git send-email" now uses Net::SMTP::SSL, which is obsolete, only + when needed. Recent versions of Net::SMTP can do TLS natively. + + * "foo\bar\baz" in "git fetch foo\bar\baz", even though there is no + slashes in it, cannot be a nickname for a remote on Windows, as + that is likely to be a pathname on a local filesystem. + + * "git clean -d" used to clean directories that has ignored files, + even though the command should not lose ignored ones without "-x". + "git status --ignored" did not list ignored and untracked files + without "-uall". These have been corrected. + + * The result from "git diff" that compares two blobs, e.g. "git diff + $commit1:$path $commit2:$path", used to be shown with the full + object name as given on the command line, but it is more natural to + use the $path in the output and use it to look up .gitattributes. + + * The "collision detecting" SHA-1 implementation shipped with 2.13 + was quite broken on some big-endian platforms and/or platforms that + do not like unaligned fetches. Update to the upstream code which + has already fixed these issues. + + * "git am -h" triggered a BUG(). + + * The interaction of "url.*.insteadOf" and custom URL scheme's + whitelisting is now documented better. + + * The timestamp of the index file is now taken after the file is + closed, to help Windows, on which a stale timestamp is reported by + fstat() on a file that is opened for writing and data was written + but not yet closed. + + * "git pull --rebase --autostash" didn't auto-stash when the local history + fast-forwards to the upstream. + + * A flaky test has been corrected. + + * "git $cmd -h" for builtin commands calls the implementation of the + command (i.e. cmd_$cmd() function) without doing any repository + set-up, and the commands that expect RUN_SETUP is done by the Git + potty needs to be prepared to show the help text without barfing. + (merge d691551192 jk/consistent-h later to maint). + + * Help contributors that visit us at GitHub. + + * "git stash push <pathspec>" did not work from a subdirectory at all. + Bugfix for a topic in v2.13 + + * As there is no portable way to pass timezone information to + strftime, some output format from "git log" and friends are + impossible to produce. Teach our own strbuf_addftime to replace %z + and %Z with caller-supplied values to help working around this. + (merge 6eced3ec5e rs/strbuf-addftime-zZ later to maint). + + * "git mergetool" learned to work around a wrapper MacOS X adds + around underlying meld. + + * An example in documentation that does not work in multi worktree + configuration has been corrected. + + * The pretty-format specifiers like '%h', '%t', etc. had an + optimization that no longer works correctly. In preparation/hope + of getting it correctly implemented, first discard the optimization + that is broken. + + * The code to pick up and execute command alias definition from the + configuration used to switch to the top of the working tree and + then come back when the expanded alias was executed, which was + unnecessarilyl complex. Attempt to simplify the logic by using the + early-config mechanism that does not chdir around. + + * Fix configuration codepath to pay proper attention to commondir + that is used in multi-worktree situation, and isolate config API + into its own header file. + (merge dc8441fdb4 bw/config-h later to maint). + + * "git add -p" were updated in 2.12 timeframe to cope with custom + core.commentchar but the implementation was buggy and a + metacharacter like $ and * did not work. + + * A recent regression in "git rebase -i" has been fixed and tests + that would have caught it and others have been added. + + * An unaligned 32-bit access in pack-bitmap code has been corrected. + + * Tighten error checks for invalid "git apply" input. + + * The split index code did not honor core.sharedRepository setting + correctly. + + * The Makefile rule in contrib/subtree for building documentation + learned to honour USE_ASCIIDOCTOR just like the main documentation + set does. + + * Code clean-up to fix possible buffer over-reading. + + * A few tests that tried to verify the contents of push certificates + did not use 'git rev-parse' to formulate the line to look for in + the certificate correctly. + + * Update the character width tables. + + * After "git branch --move" of the currently checked out branch, the + code to walk the reflog of HEAD via "log -g" and friends + incorrectly stopped at the reflog entry that records the renaming + of the branch. + + * The rewrite of "git branch --list" using for-each-ref's internals + that happened in v2.13 regressed its handling of color.branch.local; + this has been fixed. + + * The build procedure has been improved to allow building and testing + Git with address sanitizer more easily. + (merge 425ca6710b jk/build-with-asan later to maint). + + * On Cygwin, similar to Windows, "git push //server/share/repository" + ought to mean a repository on a network share that can be accessed + locally, but this did not work correctly due to stripping the double + slashes at the beginning. + + * The progress meter did not give a useful output when we haven't had + 0.5 seconds to measure the throughput during the interval. Instead + show the overall throughput rate at the end, which is a much more + useful number. + + * Code clean-up, that makes us in sync with Debian by one patch. + + * We run an early part of "git gc" that deals with refs before + daemonising (and not under lock) even when running a background + auto-gc, which caused multiple gc processes attempting to run the + early part at the same time. This is now prevented by running the + early part also under the GC lock. + + * A recent update broke an alias that contained an uppercase letter. + + * Other minor doc, test and build updates and code cleanups. + (merge 5053313562 rs/urlmatch-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 42c78a216e rs/use-div-round-up later to maint). + (merge 5e8d2729ae rs/wt-status-cleanup later to maint). + (merge bc9b7e207f as/diff-options-grammofix later to maint). + (merge ac05222b31 ah/patch-id-doc later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9403340f7f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Git v2.14.1 Release Notes +========================= + +This release forward-ports the fix for "ssh://..." URL from Git v2.7.6 diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bec9186ade --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +Git v2.14.2 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v2.14.1 +------------------- + + * Because recent Git for Windows do come with a real msgfmt, the + build procedure for git-gui has been updated to use it instead of a + hand-rolled substitute. + + * "%C(color name)" in the pretty print format always produced ANSI + color escape codes, which was an early design mistake. They now + honor the configuration (e.g. "color.ui = never") and also tty-ness + of the output medium. + + * The http.{sslkey,sslCert} configuration variables are to be + interpreted as a pathname that honors "~[username]/" prefix, but + weren't, which has been fixed. + + * Numerous bugs in walking of reflogs via "log -g" and friends have + been fixed. + + * "git commit" when seeing an totally empty message said "you did not + edit the message", which is clearly wrong. The message has been + corrected. + + * When a directory is not readable, "gitweb" fails to build the + project list. Work this around by skipping such a directory. + + * A recently added test for the "credential-cache" helper revealed + that EOF detection done around the time the connection to the cache + daemon is torn down were flaky. This was fixed by reacting to + ECONNRESET and behaving as if we got an EOF. + + * Some versions of GnuPG fail to kill gpg-agent it auto-spawned + and such a left-over agent can interfere with a test. Work it + around by attempting to kill one before starting a new test. + + * "git log --tag=no-such-tag" showed log starting from HEAD, which + has been fixed---it now shows nothing. + + * The "tag.pager" configuration variable was useless for those who + actually create tag objects, as it interfered with the use of an + editor. A new mechanism has been introduced for commands to enable + pager depending on what operation is being carried out to fix this, + and then "git tag -l" is made to run pager by default. + + * "git push --recurse-submodules $there HEAD:$target" was not + propagated down to the submodules, but now it is. + + * Commands like "git rebase" accepted the --rerere-autoupdate option + from the command line, but did not always use it. This has been + fixed. + + * "git clone --recurse-submodules --quiet" did not pass the quiet + option down to submodules. + + * "git am -s" has been taught that some input may end with a trailer + block that is not Signed-off-by: and it should refrain from adding + an extra blank line before adding a new sign-off in such a case. + + * "git svn" used with "--localtime" option did not compute the tz + offset for the timestamp in question and instead always used the + current time, which has been corrected. + + * Memory leaks in a few error codepaths have been plugged. + + * bash 4.4 or newer gave a warning on NUL byte in command + substitution done in "git stash"; this has been squelched. + + * "git grep -L" and "git grep --quiet -L" reported different exit + codes; this has been corrected. + + * When handshake with a subprocess filter notices that the process + asked for an unknown capability, Git did not report what program + the offending subprocess was running. This has been corrected. + + * "git apply" that is used as a better "patch -p1" failed to apply a + taken from a file with CRLF line endings to a file with CRLF line + endings. The root cause was because it misused convert_to_git() + that tried to do "safe-crlf" processing by looking at the index + entry at the same path, which is a nonsense---in that mode, "apply" + is not working on the data in (or derived from) the index at all. + This has been fixed. + + * Killing "git merge --edit" before the editor returns control left + the repository in a state with MERGE_MSG but without MERGE_HEAD, + which incorrectly tells the subsequent "git commit" that there was + a squash merge in progress. This has been fixed. + + * "git archive" did not work well with pathspecs and the + export-ignore attribute. + + * "git cvsserver" no longer is invoked by "git daemon" by default, + as it is old and largely unmaintained. + + * Various Perl scripts did not use safe_pipe_capture() instead of + backticks, leaving them susceptible to end-user input. They have + been corrected. + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + +Credits go to joernchen <joernchen@phenoelit.de> for finding the +unsafe constructs in "git cvsserver", and to Jeff King at GitHub for +finding and fixing instances of the same issue in other scripts. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..977c9e857c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +Git v2.14.3 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v2.14.2 +------------------- + + * A helper function to read a single whole line into strbuf + mistakenly triggered OOM error at EOF under certain conditions, + which has been fixed. + + * In addition to "cc: <a@dd.re.ss> # cruft", "cc: a@dd.re.ss # cruft" + was taught to "git send-email" as a valid way to tell it that it + needs to also send a carbon copy to <a@dd.re.ss> in the trailer + section. + + * Fix regression to "gitk --bisect" by a recent update. + + * Unlike "git commit-tree < file", "git commit-tree -F file" did not + pass the contents of the file verbatim and instead completed an + incomplete line at the end, if exists. The latter has been updated + to match the behaviour of the former. + + * "git archive", especially when used with pathspec, stored an empty + directory in its output, even though Git itself never does so. + This has been fixed. + + * API error-proofing which happens to also squelch warnings from GCC. + + * "git gc" tries to avoid running two instances at the same time by + reading and writing pid/host from and to a lock file; it used to + use an incorrect fscanf() format when reading, which has been + corrected. + + * The test linter has been taught that we do not like "echo -e". + + * Code cmp.std.c nitpick. + + * "git describe --match" learned to take multiple patterns in v2.13 + series, but the feature ignored the patterns after the first one + and did not work at all. This has been fixed. + + * "git cat-file --textconv" started segfaulting recently, which + has been corrected. + + * The built-in pattern to detect the "function header" for HTML did + not match <H1>..<H6> elements without any attributes, which has + been fixed. + + * "git mailinfo" was loose in decoding quoted printable and produced + garbage when the two letters after the equal sign are not + hexadecimal. This has been fixed. + + * The documentation for '-X<option>' for merges was misleadingly + written to suggest that "-s theirs" exists, which is not the case. + + * Spell the name of our system as "Git" in the output from + request-pull script. + + * Fixes for a handful memory access issues identified by valgrind. + + * Backports a moral equivalent of 2015 fix to the poll emulation from + the upstream gnulib to fix occasional breakages on HPE NonStop. + + * In the "--format=..." option of the "git for-each-ref" command (and + its friends, i.e. the listing mode of "git branch/tag"), "%(atom:)" + (e.g. "%(refname:)", "%(body:)" used to error out. Instead, treat + them as if the colon and an empty string that follows it were not + there. + + * Users with "color.ui = always" in their configuration were broken + by a recent change that made plumbing commands to pay attention to + them as the patch created internally by "git add -p" were colored + (heh) and made unusable. This has been fixed. + + * "git branch -M a b" while on a branch that is completely unrelated + to either branch a or branch b misbehaved when multiple worktree + was in use. This has been fixed. + + * "git fast-export" with -M/-C option issued "copy" instruction on a + path that is simultaneously modified, which was incorrect. + + * The checkpoint command "git fast-import" did not flush updates to + refs and marks unless at least one object was created since the + last checkpoint, which has been corrected, as these things can + happen without any new object getting created. + + * The scripts to drive TravisCI has been reorganized and then an + optimization to avoid spending cycles on a branch whose tip is + tagged has been implemented. + + * "git fetch <there> <src>:<dst>" allows an object name on the <src> + side when the other side accepts such a request since Git v2.5, but + the documentation was left stale. + + * A regression in 2.11 that made the code to read the list of + alternate object stores overrun the end of the string has been + fixed. + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.15.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.15.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cdd761bcc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.15.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,508 @@ +Git 2.15 Release Notes +====================== + +Backward compatibility notes and other notable changes. + + * Use of an empty string as a pathspec element that is used for + 'everything matches' is still warned and Git asks users to use a + more explicit '.' for that instead. The hope is that existing + users will not mind this change, and eventually the warning can be + turned into a hard error, upgrading the deprecation into removal of + this (mis)feature. That is now scheduled to happen in Git v2.16, + the next major release after this one. + + * Git now avoids blindly falling back to ".git" when the setup + sequence said we are _not_ in Git repository. A corner case that + happens to work right now may be broken by a call to BUG(). + We've tried hard to locate such cases and fixed them, but there + might still be cases that need to be addressed--bug reports are + greatly appreciated. + + * "branch --set-upstream" that has been deprecated in Git 1.8 has + finally been retired. + + +Updates since v2.14 +------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * An example that is now obsolete has been removed from a sample hook, + and an old example in it that added a sign-off manually has been + improved to use the interpret-trailers command. + + * The advice message given when "git rebase" stops for conflicting + changes has been improved. + + * The "rerere-train" script (in contrib/) learned the "--overwrite" + option to allow overwriting existing recorded resolutions. + + * "git contacts" (in contrib/) now lists the address on the + "Reported-by:" trailer to its output, in addition to those on + S-o-b: and other trailers, to make it easier to notify (and thank) + the original bug reporter. + + * "git rebase", especially when it is run by mistake and ends up + trying to replay many changes, spent long time in silence. The + command has been taught to show progress report when it spends + long time preparing these many changes to replay (which would give + the user a chance to abort with ^C). + + * "git merge" learned a "--signoff" option to add the Signed-off-by: + trailer with the committer's name. + + * "git diff" learned to optionally paint new lines that are the same + as deleted lines elsewhere differently from genuinely new lines. + + * "git interpret-trailers" learned to take the trailer specifications + from the command line that overrides the configured values. + + * "git interpret-trailers" has been taught a "--parse" and a few + other options to make it easier for scripts to grab existing + trailer lines from a commit log message. + + * The "--format=%(trailers)" option "git log" and its friends take + learned to take the 'unfold' and 'only' modifiers to normalize its + output, e.g. "git log --format=%(trailers:only,unfold)". + + * "gitweb" shows a link to visit the 'raw' contents of blobs in the + history overview page. + + * "[gc] rerereResolved = 5.days" used to be invalid, as the variable + is defined to take an integer counting the number of days. It now + is allowed. + + * The code to acquire a lock on a reference (e.g. while accepting a + push from a client) used to immediately fail when the reference is + already locked---now it waits for a very short while and retries, + which can make it succeed if the lock holder was holding it during + a read-only operation. + + * "branch --set-upstream" that has been deprecated in Git 1.8 has + finally been retired. + + * The codepath to call external process filter for smudge/clean + operation learned to show the progress meter. + + * "git rev-parse" learned "--is-shallow-repository", that is to be + used in a way similar to existing "--is-bare-repository" and + friends. + + * "git describe --match <pattern>" has been taught to play well with + the "--all" option. + + * "git branch" learned "-c/-C" to create a new branch by copying an + existing one. + + * Some commands (most notably "git status") makes an opportunistic + update when performing a read-only operation to help optimize later + operations in the same repository. The new "--no-optional-locks" + option can be passed to Git to disable them. + + * "git for-each-ref --format=..." learned a new format element, + %(trailers), to show only the commit log trailer part of the log + message. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * Conversion from uchar[20] to struct object_id continues. + + * Start using selected c99 constructs in small, stable and + essential part of the system to catch people who care about + older compilers that do not grok them. + + * The filter-process interface learned to allow a process with long + latency give a "delayed" response. + + * Many uses of comparison callback function the hashmap API uses + cast the callback function type when registering it to + hashmap_init(), which defeats the compile time type checking when + the callback interface changes (e.g. gaining more parameters). + The callback implementations have been updated to take "void *" + pointers and cast them to the type they expect instead. + + * Because recent Git for Windows do come with a real msgfmt, the + build procedure for git-gui has been updated to use it instead of a + hand-rolled substitute. + + * "git grep --recurse-submodules" has been reworked to give a more + consistent output across submodule boundary (and do its thing + without having to fork a separate process). + + * A helper function to read a single whole line into strbuf + mistakenly triggered OOM error at EOF under certain conditions, + which has been fixed. + + * The "ref-store" code reorganization continues. + + * "git commit" used to discard the index and re-read from the filesystem + just in case the pre-commit hook has updated it in the middle; this + has been optimized out when we know we do not run the pre-commit hook. + (merge 680ee550d7 kw/commit-keep-index-when-pre-commit-is-not-run later to maint). + + * Updates to the HTTP layer we made recently unconditionally used + features of libCurl without checking the existence of them, causing + compilation errors, which has been fixed. Also migrate the code to + check feature macros, not version numbers, to cope better with + libCurl that vendor ships with backported features. + + * The API to start showing progress meter after a short delay has + been simplified. + (merge 8aade107dd jc/simplify-progress later to maint). + + * Code clean-up to avoid mixing values read from the .gitmodules file + and values read from the .git/config file. + + * We used to spend more than necessary cycles allocating and freeing + piece of memory while writing each index entry out. This has been + optimized. + + * Platforms that ship with a separate sha1 with collision detection + library can link to it instead of using the copy we ship as part of + our source tree. + + * Code around "notes" have been cleaned up. + (merge 3964281524 mh/notes-cleanup later to maint). + + * The long-standing rule that an in-core lockfile instance, once it + is used, must not be freed, has been lifted and the lockfile and + tempfile APIs have been updated to reduce the chance of programming + errors. + + * Our hashmap implementation in hashmap.[ch] is not thread-safe when + adding a new item needs to expand the hashtable by rehashing; add + an API to disable the automatic rehashing to work it around. + + * Many of our programs consider that it is OK to release dynamic + storage that is used throughout the life of the program by simply + exiting, but this makes it harder to leak detection tools to avoid + reporting false positives. Plug many existing leaks and introduce + a mechanism for developers to mark that the region of memory + pointed by a pointer is not lost/leaking to help these tools. + + * As "git commit" to conclude a conflicted "git merge" honors the + commit-msg hook, "git merge" that records a merge commit that + cleanly auto-merges should, but it didn't. + + * The codepath for "git merge-recursive" has been cleaned up. + + * Many leaks of strbuf have been fixed. + + * "git imap-send" has our own implementation of the protocol and also + can use more recent libCurl with the imap protocol support. Update + the latter so that it can use the credential subsystem, and then + make it the default option to use, so that we can eventually + deprecate and remove the former. + + * "make style" runs git-clang-format to help developers by pointing + out coding style issues. + + * A test to demonstrate "git mv" failing to adjust nested submodules + has been added. + (merge c514167df2 hv/mv-nested-submodules-test later to maint). + + * On Cygwin, "ulimit -s" does not report failure but it does not work + at all, which causes an unexpected success of some tests that + expect failures under a limited stack situation. This has been + fixed. + + * Many codepaths have been updated to squelch -Wimplicit-fallthrough + warnings from Gcc 7 (which is a good code hygiene). + + * Add a helper for DLL loading in anticipation for its need in a + future topic RSN. + + * "git status --ignored", when noticing that a directory without any + tracked path is ignored, still enumerated all the ignored paths in + the directory, which is unnecessary. The codepath has been + optimized to avoid this overhead. + + * The final batch to "git rebase -i" updates to move more code from + the shell script to C has been merged. + + * Operations that do not touch (majority of) packed refs have been + optimized by making accesses to packed-refs file lazy; we no longer + pre-parse everything, and an access to a single ref in the + packed-refs does not touch majority of irrelevant refs, either. + + * Add comment to clarify that the style file is meant to be used with + clang-5 and the rules are still work in progress. + + * Many variables that points at a region of memory that will live + throughout the life of the program have been marked with UNLEAK + marker to help the leak checkers concentrate on real leaks.. + + * Plans for weaning us off of SHA-1 has been documented. + + * A new "oidmap" API has been introduced and oidset API has been + rewritten to use it. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v2.14 +----------------- + + * "%C(color name)" in the pretty print format always produced ANSI + color escape codes, which was an early design mistake. They now + honor the configuration (e.g. "color.ui = never") and also tty-ness + of the output medium. + + * The http.{sslkey,sslCert} configuration variables are to be + interpreted as a pathname that honors "~[username]/" prefix, but + weren't, which has been fixed. + + * Numerous bugs in walking of reflogs via "log -g" and friends have + been fixed. + + * "git commit" when seeing an totally empty message said "you did not + edit the message", which is clearly wrong. The message has been + corrected. + + * When a directory is not readable, "gitweb" fails to build the + project list. Work this around by skipping such a directory. + + * Some versions of GnuPG fails to kill gpg-agent it auto-spawned + and such a left-over agent can interfere with a test. Work it + around by attempting to kill one before starting a new test. + + * A recently added test for the "credential-cache" helper revealed + that EOF detection done around the time the connection to the cache + daemon is torn down were flaky. This was fixed by reacting to + ECONNRESET and behaving as if we got an EOF. + + * "git log --tag=no-such-tag" showed log starting from HEAD, which + has been fixed---it now shows nothing. + + * The "tag.pager" configuration variable was useless for those who + actually create tag objects, as it interfered with the use of an + editor. A new mechanism has been introduced for commands to enable + pager depending on what operation is being carried out to fix this, + and then "git tag -l" is made to run pager by default. + + * "git push --recurse-submodules $there HEAD:$target" was not + propagated down to the submodules, but now it is. + + * Commands like "git rebase" accepted the --rerere-autoupdate option + from the command line, but did not always use it. This has been + fixed. + + * "git clone --recurse-submodules --quiet" did not pass the quiet + option down to submodules. + + * Test portability fix for OBSD. + + * Portability fix for OBSD. + + * "git am -s" has been taught that some input may end with a trailer + block that is not Signed-off-by: and it should refrain from adding + an extra blank line before adding a new sign-off in such a case. + + * "git svn" used with "--localtime" option did not compute the tz + offset for the timestamp in question and instead always used the + current time, which has been corrected. + + * Memory leak in an error codepath has been plugged. + + * "git stash -u" used the contents of the committed version of the + ".gitignore" file to decide which paths are ignored, even when the + file has local changes. The command has been taught to instead use + the locally modified contents. + + * bash 4.4 or newer gave a warning on NUL byte in command + substitution done in "git stash"; this has been squelched. + + * "git grep -L" and "git grep --quiet -L" reported different exit + codes; this has been corrected. + + * When handshake with a subprocess filter notices that the process + asked for an unknown capability, Git did not report what program + the offending subprocess was running. This has been corrected. + + * "git apply" that is used as a better "patch -p1" failed to apply a + taken from a file with CRLF line endings to a file with CRLF line + endings. The root cause was because it misused convert_to_git() + that tried to do "safe-crlf" processing by looking at the index + entry at the same path, which is a nonsense---in that mode, "apply" + is not working on the data in (or derived from) the index at all. + This has been fixed. + + * Killing "git merge --edit" before the editor returns control left + the repository in a state with MERGE_MSG but without MERGE_HEAD, + which incorrectly tells the subsequent "git commit" that there was + a squash merge in progress. This has been fixed. + + * "git archive" did not work well with pathspecs and the + export-ignore attribute. + + * In addition to "cc: <a@dd.re.ss> # cruft", "cc: a@dd.re.ss # cruft" + was taught to "git send-email" as a valid way to tell it that it + needs to also send a carbon copy to <a@dd.re.ss> in the trailer + section. + + * "git branch -M a b" while on a branch that is completely unrelated + to either branch a or branch b misbehaved when multiple worktree + was in use. This has been fixed. + (merge 31824d180d nd/worktree-kill-parse-ref later to maint). + + * "git gc" and friends when multiple worktrees are used off of a + single repository did not consider the index and per-worktree refs + of other worktrees as the root for reachability traversal, making + objects that are in use only in other worktrees to be subject to + garbage collection. + + * A regression to "gitk --bisect" by a recent update has been fixed. + + * "git -c submodule.recurse=yes pull" did not work as if the + "--recurse-submodules" option was given from the command line. + This has been corrected. + + * Unlike "git commit-tree < file", "git commit-tree -F file" did not + pass the contents of the file verbatim and instead completed an + incomplete line at the end, if exists. The latter has been updated + to match the behaviour of the former. + + * Many codepaths did not diagnose write failures correctly when disks + go full, due to their misuse of write_in_full() helper function, + which have been corrected. + (merge f48ecd38cb jk/write-in-full-fix later to maint). + + * "git help co" now says "co is aliased to ...", not "git co is". + (merge b3a8076e0d ks/help-alias-label later to maint). + + * "git archive", especially when used with pathspec, stored an empty + directory in its output, even though Git itself never does so. + This has been fixed. + + * API error-proofing which happens to also squelch warnings from GCC. + + * The explanation of the cut-line in the commit log editor has been + slightly tweaked. + (merge 8c4b1a3593 ks/commit-do-not-touch-cut-line later to maint). + + * "git gc" tries to avoid running two instances at the same time by + reading and writing pid/host from and to a lock file; it used to + use an incorrect fscanf() format when reading, which has been + corrected. + + * The scripts to drive TravisCI has been reorganized and then an + optimization to avoid spending cycles on a branch whose tip is + tagged has been implemented. + (merge 8376eb4a8f ls/travis-scriptify later to maint). + + * The test linter has been taught that we do not like "echo -e". + + * Code cmp.std.c nitpick. + + * A regression fix for 2.11 that made the code to read the list of + alternate object stores overrun the end of the string. + (merge f0f7bebef7 jk/info-alternates-fix later to maint). + + * "git describe --match" learned to take multiple patterns in v2.13 + series, but the feature ignored the patterns after the first one + and did not work at all. This has been fixed. + + * "git filter-branch" cannot reproduce a history with a tag without + the tagger field, which only ancient versions of Git allowed to be + created. This has been corrected. + (merge b2c1ca6b4b ic/fix-filter-branch-to-handle-tag-without-tagger later to maint). + + * "git cat-file --textconv" started segfaulting recently, which + has been corrected. + + * The built-in pattern to detect the "function header" for HTML did + not match <H1>..<H6> elements without any attributes, which has + been fixed. + + * "git mailinfo" was loose in decoding quoted printable and produced + garbage when the two letters after the equal sign are not + hexadecimal. This has been fixed. + + * The machinery to create xdelta used in pack files received the + sizes of the data in size_t, but lost the higher bits of them by + storing them in "unsigned int" during the computation, which is + fixed. + + * The delta format used in the packfile cannot reference data at + offset larger than what can be expressed in 4-byte, but the + generator for the data failed to make sure the offset does not + overflow. This has been corrected. + + * The documentation for '-X<option>' for merges was misleadingly + written to suggest that "-s theirs" exists, which is not the case. + + * "git fast-export" with -M/-C option issued "copy" instruction on a + path that is simultaneously modified, which was incorrect. + (merge b3e8ca89cf jt/fast-export-copy-modify-fix later to maint). + + * Many codepaths have been updated to squelch -Wsign-compare + warnings. + (merge 071bcaab64 rj/no-sign-compare later to maint). + + * Memory leaks in various codepaths have been plugged. + (merge 4d01a7fa65 ma/leakplugs later to maint). + + * Recent versions of "git rev-parse --parseopt" did not parse the + option specification that does not have the optional flags (*=?!) + correctly, which has been corrected. + (merge a6304fa4c2 bc/rev-parse-parseopt-fix later to maint). + + * The checkpoint command "git fast-import" did not flush updates to + refs and marks unless at least one object was created since the + last checkpoint, which has been corrected, as these things can + happen without any new object getting created. + (merge 30e215a65c er/fast-import-dump-refs-on-checkpoint later to maint). + + * Spell the name of our system as "Git" in the output from + request-pull script. + + * Fixes for a handful memory access issues identified by valgrind. + + * Backports a moral equivalent of 2015 fix to the poll() emulation + from the upstream gnulib to fix occasional breakages on HPE NonStop. + + * Users with "color.ui = always" in their configuration were broken + by a recent change that made plumbing commands to pay attention to + them as the patch created internally by "git add -p" were colored + (heh) and made unusable. This has been fixed by reverting the + offending change. + + * In the "--format=..." option of the "git for-each-ref" command (and + its friends, i.e. the listing mode of "git branch/tag"), "%(atom:)" + (e.g. "%(refname:)", "%(body:)" used to error out. Instead, treat + them as if the colon and an empty string that follows it were not + there. + + * An ancient bug that made Git misbehave with creation/renaming of + refs has been fixed. + + * "git fetch <there> <src>:<dst>" allows an object name on the <src> + side when the other side accepts such a request since Git v2.5, but + the documentation was left stale. + (merge 83558a412a jc/fetch-refspec-doc-update later to maint). + + * Update the documentation for "git filter-branch" so that the filter + options are listed in the same order as they are applied, as + described in an earlier part of the doc. + (merge 07c4984508 dg/filter-branch-filter-order-doc later to maint). + + * A possible oom error is now caught as a fatal error, instead of + continuing and dereferencing NULL. + (merge 55d7d15847 ao/path-use-xmalloc later to maint). + + * Other minor doc, test and build updates and code cleanups. + (merge f094b89a4d ma/parse-maybe-bool later to maint). + (merge 6cdf8a7929 ma/ts-cleanups later to maint). + (merge 7560f547e6 ma/up-to-date later to maint). + (merge 0db3dc75f3 rs/apply-epoch later to maint). + (merge 276d0e35c0 ma/split-symref-update-fix later to maint). + (merge f777623514 ks/branch-tweak-error-message-for-extra-args later to maint). + (merge 33f3c683ec ks/verify-filename-non-option-error-message-tweak later to maint). + (merge 7cbbf9d6a2 ls/filter-process-delayed later to maint). + (merge 488aa65c8f wk/merge-options-gpg-sign-doc later to maint). + (merge e61cb19a27 jc/branch-force-doc-readability-fix later to maint). + (merge 32fceba3fd np/config-path-doc later to maint). + (merge e38c681fb7 sb/rev-parse-show-superproject-root later to maint). + (merge 4f851dc883 sg/rev-list-doc-reorder-fix later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.15.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.15.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..47f23b56fe --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.15.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +Git v2.15.1 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v2.15 +----------------- + + * TravisCI build updates. + + * "auto" as a value for the columnar output configuration ought to + judge "is the output consumed by humans?" with the same criteria as + "auto" for coloured output configuration, i.e. either the standard + output stream is going to tty, or a pager is in use. We forgot the + latter, which has been fixed. + + * The experimental "color moved lines differently in diff output" + feature was buggy around "ignore whitespace changes" edges, whihch + has been corrected. + + * Instead of using custom line comparison and hashing functions to + implement "moved lines" coloring in the diff output, use the pair + of these functions from lower-layer xdiff/ code. + + * Some codepaths did not check for errors when asking what branch the + HEAD points at, which have been fixed. + + * "git commit", after making a commit, did not check for errors when + asking on what branch it made the commit, which has been correted. + + * "git status --ignored -u" did not stop at a working tree of a + separate project that is embedded in an ignored directory and + listed files in that other project, instead of just showing the + directory itself as ignored. + + * A broken access to object databases in recent update to "git grep + --recurse-submodules" has been fixed. + + * A recent regression in "git rebase -i" that broke execution of git + commands from subdirectories via "exec" insn has been fixed. + + * "git check-ref-format --branch @{-1}" bit a "BUG()" when run + outside a repository for obvious reasons; clarify the documentation + and make sure we do not even try to expand the at-mark magic in + such a case, but still call the validation logic for branch names. + + * Command line completion (in contrib/) update. + + * Description of blame.{showroot,blankboundary,showemail,date} + configuration variables have been added to "git config --help". + + * After an error from lstat(), diff_populate_filespec() function + sometimes still went ahead and used invalid data in struct stat, + which has been fixed. + + * UNC paths are also relevant in Cygwin builds and they are now + tested just like Mingw builds. + + * Correct start-up sequence so that a repository could be placed + immediately under the root directory again (which was broken at + around Git 2.13). + + * The credential helper for libsecret (in contrib/) has been improved + to allow possibly prompting the end user to unlock secrets that are + currently locked (otherwise the secrets may not be loaded). + + * Updates from GfW project. + + * "git rebase -i" recently started misbehaving when a submodule that + is configured with 'submodule.<name>.ignore' is dirty; this has + been corrected. + + * Some error messages did not quote filenames shown in it, which have + been fixed. + + * Building with NO_LIBPCRE1_JIT did not disable it, which has been fixed. + + * We used to add an empty alternate object database to the system + that does not help anything; it has been corrected. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f57acec735 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ +Git 2.16 Release Notes +====================== + +Backward compatibility notes and other notable changes. + + * Use of an empty string as a pathspec element that is used for + 'everything matches' is now an error. + + +Updates since v2.15 +------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * An empty string as a pathspec element that means "everything" + i.e. 'git add ""', is now illegal. We started this by first + deprecating and warning a pathspec that has such an element in + 2.11 (Nov 2016). + + * A hook script that is set unexecutable is simply ignored. Git + notifies when such a file is ignored, unless the message is + squelched via advice.ignoredHook configuration. + + * "git pull" has been taught to accept "--[no-]signoff" option and + pass it down to "git merge". + + * The "--push-option=<string>" option to "git push" now defaults to a + list of strings configured via push.pushOption variable. + + * "gitweb" checks if a directory is searchable with Perl's "-x" + operator, which can be enhanced by using "filetest 'access'" + pragma, which now we do. + + * "git stash save" has been deprecated in favour of "git stash push". + + * The set of paths output from "git status --ignored" was tied + closely with its "--untracked=<mode>" option, but now it can be + controlled more flexibly. Most notably, a directory that is + ignored because it is listed to be ignored in the ignore/exclude + mechanism can be handled differently from a directory that ends up + to be ignored only because all files in it are ignored. + + * The remote-helper for talking to MediaWiki has been updated to + truncate an overlong pagename so that ".mw" suffix can still be + added. + + * The remote-helper for talking to MediaWiki has been updated to + work with mediawiki namespaces. + + * The "--format=..." option "git for-each-ref" takes learned to show + the name of the 'remote' repository and the ref at the remote side + that is affected for 'upstream' and 'push' via "%(push:remotename)" + and friends. + + * Doc and message updates to teach users "bisect view" is a synonym + for "bisect visualize". + + * "git bisect run" that did not specify any command to run used to go + ahead and treated all commits to be tested as 'good'. This has + been corrected by making the command error out. + + * The SubmittingPatches document has been converted to produce an + HTML version via AsciiDoc/Asciidoctor. + (merge 049e64aa50 bc/submitting-patches-in-asciidoc later to maint). + + * We learned to talk to watchman to speed up "git status" and other + operations that need to see which paths have been modified. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * An earlier update made it possible to use an on-stack in-core + lockfile structure (as opposed to having to deliberately leak an + on-heap one). Many codepaths have been updated to take advantage + of this new facility. + + * Calling cmd_foo() as if it is a general purpose helper function is + a no-no. Correct two instances of such to set an example. + + * We try to see if somebody runs our test suite with a shell that + does not support "local" like bash/dash does. + + * An early part of piece-by-piece rewrite of "git bisect" in C. + + * GSoC to piece-by-piece rewrite "git submodule" in C. + + * Optimize the code to find shortest unique prefix of object names. + + * Pathspec-limited revision traversal was taught not to keep finding + unneeded differences once it knows two trees are different inside + given pathspec. + + * Conversion from uchar[20] to struct object_id continues. + + * Code cleanup. + + * A single-word "unsigned flags" in the diff options is being split + into a structure with many bitfields. + + * TravisCI build updates. + + * Parts of a test to drive the long-running content filter interface + has been split into its own module, hopefully to eventually become + reusable. + + * Drop (perhaps overly cautious) sanity check before using the index + read from the filesystem at runtime. + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v2.15 +----------------- + + * "auto" as a value for the columnar output configuration ought to + judge "is the output consumed by humans?" with the same criteria as + "auto" for coloured output configuration, i.e. either the standard + output stream is going to tty, or a pager is in use. We forgot the + latter, which has been fixed. + + * The experimental "color moved lines differently in diff output" + feature was buggy around "ignore whitespace changes" edges, whihch + has been corrected. + + * Instead of using custom line comparison and hashing functions to + implement "moved lines" coloring in the diff output, use the pair + of these functions from lower-layer xdiff/ code. + + * Some codepaths did not check for errors when asking what branch the + HEAD points at, which have been fixed. + + * "git commit", after making a commit, did not check for errors when + asking on what branch it made the commit, which has been correted. + + * "git status --ignored -u" did not stop at a working tree of a + separate project that is embedded in an ignored directory and + listed files in that other project, instead of just showing the + directory itself as ignored. + + * A broken access to object databases in recent update to "git grep + --recurse-submodules" has been fixed. + + * A recent regression in "git rebase -i" that broke execution of git + commands from subdirectories via "exec" insn has been fixed. + + * A (possibly flakey) test fix. + + * "git check-ref-format --branch @{-1}" bit a "BUG()" when run + outside a repository for obvious reasons; clarify the documentation + and make sure we do not even try to expand the at-mark magic in + such a case, but still call the validation logic for branch names. + + * "git fetch --recurse-submodules" now knows that submodules can be + moved around in the superproject in addition to getting updated, + and finds the ones that need to be fetched accordingly. + + * Command line completion (in contrib/) update. + + * Description of blame.{showroot,blankboundary,showemail,date} + configuration variables have been added to "git config --help". + + * After an error from lstat(), diff_populate_filespec() function + sometimes still went ahead and used invalid data in struct stat, + which has been fixed. + + * UNC paths are also relevant in Cygwin builds and they are now + tested just like Mingw builds. + + * Correct start-up sequence so that a repository could be placed + immediately under the root directory again (which was broken at + around Git 2.13). + + * The credential helper for libsecret (in contrib/) has been improved + to allow possibly prompting the end user to unlock secrets that are + currently locked (otherwise the secrets may not be loaded). + + * MinGW updates. + + * Error checking in "git imap-send" for empty response has been + improved. + (merge 618ec81abb rs/imap-send-next-arg-fix later to maint). + + * Recent update to the refs infrastructure implementation started + rewriting packed-refs file more often than before; this has been + optimized again for most trivial cases. + (merge 7c6bd25c7d mh/avoid-rewriting-packed-refs later to maint). + + * Some error messages did not quote filenames shown in it, which have + been fixed. + + * "git rebase -i" recently started misbehaving when a submodule that + is configured with 'submodule.<name>.ignore' is dirty; this has + been corrected. + + * Building with NO_LIBPCRE1_JIT did not disable it, which has been fixed. + + * We used to add an empty alternate object database to the system + that does not help anything; it has been corrected. + + * Doc update around use of "format-patch --subject-prefix" etc. + (merge f6be7edcac ad/submitting-patches-title-decoration later to maint). + + * A fix for an ancient bug in "git apply --ignore-space-change" codepath. + (merge 6ce15ce576 rs/apply-fuzzy-match-fix later to maint). + + * Other minor doc, test and build updates and code cleanups. + (merge f4e45cb3eb ma/bisect-leakfix later to maint). + (merge 4da72644b7 ma/reduce-heads-leakfix later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches index 558d465b65..3ef30922ec 100644 --- a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +++ b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches @@ -1,40 +1,47 @@ +Submitting Patches +================== + +== Guidelines + Here are some guidelines for people who want to contribute their code to this software. -(0) Decide what to base your work on. +[[base-branch]] +=== Decide what to base your work on. In general, always base your work on the oldest branch that your change is relevant to. - - A bugfix should be based on 'maint' in general. If the bug is not - present in 'maint', base it on 'master'. For a bug that's not yet - in 'master', find the topic that introduces the regression, and - base your work on the tip of the topic. +* A bugfix should be based on `maint` in general. If the bug is not + present in `maint`, base it on `master`. For a bug that's not yet + in `master`, find the topic that introduces the regression, and + base your work on the tip of the topic. - - A new feature should be based on 'master' in general. If the new - feature depends on a topic that is in 'pu', but not in 'master', - base your work on the tip of that topic. +* A new feature should be based on `master` in general. If the new + feature depends on a topic that is in `pu`, but not in `master`, + base your work on the tip of that topic. - - Corrections and enhancements to a topic not yet in 'master' should - be based on the tip of that topic. If the topic has not been merged - to 'next', it's alright to add a note to squash minor corrections - into the series. +* Corrections and enhancements to a topic not yet in `master` should + be based on the tip of that topic. If the topic has not been merged + to `next`, it's alright to add a note to squash minor corrections + into the series. - - In the exceptional case that a new feature depends on several topics - not in 'master', start working on 'next' or 'pu' privately and send - out patches for discussion. Before the final merge, you may have to - wait until some of the dependent topics graduate to 'master', and - rebase your work. +* In the exceptional case that a new feature depends on several topics + not in `master`, start working on `next` or `pu` privately and send + out patches for discussion. Before the final merge, you may have to + wait until some of the dependent topics graduate to `master`, and + rebase your work. - - Some parts of the system have dedicated maintainers with their own - repositories (see the section "Subsystems" below). Changes to - these parts should be based on their trees. +* Some parts of the system have dedicated maintainers with their own + repositories (see the section "Subsystems" below). Changes to + these parts should be based on their trees. -To find the tip of a topic branch, run "git log --first-parent -master..pu" and look for the merge commit. The second parent of this +To find the tip of a topic branch, run `git log --first-parent +master..pu` and look for the merge commit. The second parent of this commit is the tip of the topic branch. -(1) Make separate commits for logically separate changes. +[[separate-commits]] +=== Make separate commits for logically separate changes. Unless your patch is really trivial, you should not be sending out a patch that was generated between your working tree and @@ -58,8 +65,9 @@ differs substantially from the prior version, are all good things to have. Make sure that you have tests for the bug you are fixing. See -t/README for guidance. +`t/README` for guidance. +[[tests]] When adding a new feature, make sure that you have new tests to show the feature triggers the new behavior when it should, and to show the feature does not trigger when it shouldn't. After any code change, make @@ -84,41 +92,45 @@ turning en_UK spelling to en_US). Obvious typographical fixes are much more welcomed ("teh -> "the"), preferably submitted as independent patches separate from other documentation changes. +[[whitespace-check]] Oh, another thing. We are picky about whitespaces. Make sure your changes do not trigger errors with the sample pre-commit hook shipped -in templates/hooks--pre-commit. To help ensure this does not happen, -run "git diff --check" on your changes before you commit. +in `templates/hooks--pre-commit`. To help ensure this does not happen, +run `git diff --check` on your changes before you commit. - -(2) Describe your changes well. +[[describe-changes]] +=== Describe your changes well. The first line of the commit message should be a short description (50 -characters is the soft limit, see DISCUSSION in git-commit(1)), and -should skip the full stop. It is also conventional in most cases to +characters is the soft limit, see DISCUSSION in linkgit:git-commit[1]), +and should skip the full stop. It is also conventional in most cases to prefix the first line with "area: " where the area is a filename or identifier for the general area of the code being modified, e.g. - . doc: clarify distinction between sign-off and pgp-signing - . githooks.txt: improve the intro section +* doc: clarify distinction between sign-off and pgp-signing +* githooks.txt: improve the intro section -If in doubt which identifier to use, run "git log --no-merges" on the +If in doubt which identifier to use, run `git log --no-merges` on the files you are modifying to see the current conventions. +[[summary-section]] It's customary to start the remainder of the first line after "area: " with a lower-case letter. E.g. "doc: clarify...", not "doc: Clarify...", or "githooks.txt: improve...", not "githooks.txt: Improve...". +[[meaningful-message]] The body should provide a meaningful commit message, which: - . explains the problem the change tries to solve, i.e. what is wrong - with the current code without the change. +. explains the problem the change tries to solve, i.e. what is wrong + with the current code without the change. - . justifies the way the change solves the problem, i.e. why the - result with the change is better. +. justifies the way the change solves the problem, i.e. why the + result with the change is better. - . alternate solutions considered but discarded, if any. +. alternate solutions considered but discarded, if any. +[[imperative-mood]] Describe your changes in imperative mood, e.g. "make xyzzy do frotz" instead of "[This patch] makes xyzzy do frotz" or "[I] changed xyzzy to do frotz", as if you are giving orders to the codebase to change @@ -126,36 +138,43 @@ its behavior. Try to make sure your explanation can be understood without external resources. Instead of giving a URL to a mailing list archive, summarize the relevant points of the discussion. +[[commit-reference]] If you want to reference a previous commit in the history of a stable branch, use the format "abbreviated sha1 (subject, date)", with the subject enclosed in a pair of double-quotes, like this: - Commit f86a374 ("pack-bitmap.c: fix a memleak", 2015-03-30) - noticed that ... +.... + Commit f86a374 ("pack-bitmap.c: fix a memleak", 2015-03-30) + noticed that ... +.... The "Copy commit summary" command of gitk can be used to obtain this -format, or this invocation of "git show": +format, or this invocation of `git show`: - git show -s --date=short --pretty='format:%h ("%s", %ad)' <commit> +.... + git show -s --date=short --pretty='format:%h ("%s", %ad)' <commit> +.... -(3) Generate your patch using Git tools out of your commits. +[[git-tools]] +=== Generate your patch using Git tools out of your commits. Git based diff tools generate unidiff which is the preferred format. -You do not have to be afraid to use -M option to "git diff" or -"git format-patch", if your patch involves file renames. The +You do not have to be afraid to use `-M` option to `git diff` or +`git format-patch`, if your patch involves file renames. The receiving end can handle them just fine. +[[review-patch]] Please make sure your patch does not add commented out debugging code, or include any extra files which do not relate to what your patch is trying to achieve. Make sure to review your patch after generating it, to ensure accuracy. Before -sending out, please make sure it cleanly applies to the "master" +sending out, please make sure it cleanly applies to the `master` branch head. If you are preparing a work based on "next" branch, that is fine, but please mark it as such. - -(4) Sending your patches. +[[send-patches]] +=== Sending your patches. Learn to use format-patch and send-email if possible. These commands are optimized for the workflow of sending patches, avoiding many ways @@ -184,14 +203,15 @@ lose tabs that way if you are not careful. It is a common convention to prefix your subject line with [PATCH]. This lets people easily distinguish patches from other -e-mail discussions. Use of additional markers after PATCH and -the closing bracket to mark the nature of the patch is also -encouraged. E.g. [PATCH/RFC] is often used when the patch is -not ready to be applied but it is for discussion, [PATCH v2], -[PATCH v3] etc. are often seen when you are sending an update to -what you have previously sent. - -"git format-patch" command follows the best current practice to +e-mail discussions. Use of markers in addition to PATCH within +the brackets to describe the nature of the patch is also +encouraged. E.g. [RFC PATCH] (where RFC stands for "request for +comments") is often used to indicate a patch needs further +discussion before being accepted, [PATCH v2], [PATCH v3] etc. +are often seen when you are sending an update to what you have +previously sent. + +The `git format-patch` command follows the best current practice to format the body of an e-mail message. At the beginning of the patch should come your commit message, ending with the Signed-off-by: lines, and a line that consists of three dashes, @@ -199,6 +219,10 @@ followed by the diffstat information and the patch itself. If you are forwarding a patch from somebody else, optionally, at the beginning of the e-mail message just before the commit message starts, you can put a "From: " line to name that person. +To change the default "[PATCH]" in the subject to "[<text>]", use +`git format-patch --subject-prefix=<text>`. As a shortcut, you +can use `--rfc` instead of `--subject-prefix="RFC PATCH"`, or +`-v <n>` instead of `--subject-prefix="PATCH v<n>"`. You often want to add additional explanation about the patch, other than the commit message itself. Place such "cover letter" @@ -208,6 +232,7 @@ an explanation of changes between each iteration can be kept in Git-notes and inserted automatically following the three-dash line via `git format-patch --notes`. +[[attachment]] Do not attach the patch as a MIME attachment, compressed or not. Do not let your e-mail client send quoted-printable. Do not let your e-mail client send format=flowed which would destroy @@ -222,6 +247,7 @@ that it will be postponed. Exception: If your mailer is mangling patches then someone may ask you to re-send them using MIME, that is OK. +[[pgp-signature]] Do not PGP sign your patch. Most likely, your maintainer or other people on the list would not have your PGP key and would not bother obtaining it anyway. Your patch is not judged by who you are; a good patch from an unknown origin @@ -230,28 +256,27 @@ origin that is done poorly or does incorrect things. If you really really really really want to do a PGP signed patch, format it as "multipart/signed", not a text/plain message -that starts with '-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----'. That is +that starts with `-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----`. That is not a text/plain, it's something else. Send your patch with "To:" set to the mailing list, with "cc:" listing people who are involved in the area you are touching (the output from -"git blame $path" and "git shortlog --no-merges $path" would help to ++git blame _$path_+ and +git shortlog {litdd}no-merges _$path_+ would help to identify them), to solicit comments and reviews. +:1: footnote:[The current maintainer: gitster@pobox.com] +:2: footnote:[The mailing list: git@vger.kernel.org] + After the list reached a consensus that it is a good idea to apply the -patch, re-send it with "To:" set to the maintainer [*1*] and "cc:" the -list [*2*] for inclusion. +patch, re-send it with "To:" set to the maintainer{1} and "cc:" the +list{2} for inclusion. -Do not forget to add trailers such as "Acked-by:", "Reviewed-by:" and -"Tested-by:" lines as necessary to credit people who helped your +Do not forget to add trailers such as `Acked-by:`, `Reviewed-by:` and +`Tested-by:` lines as necessary to credit people who helped your patch. - [Addresses] - *1* The current maintainer: gitster@pobox.com - *2* The mailing list: git@vger.kernel.org - - -(5) Certify your work by adding your "Signed-off-by: " line +[[sign-off]] +=== Certify your work by adding your "Signed-off-by: " line To improve tracking of who did what, we've borrowed the "sign-off" procedure from the Linux kernel project on patches @@ -263,35 +288,39 @@ the patch, which certifies that you wrote it or otherwise have the right to pass it on as a open-source patch. The rules are pretty simple: if you can certify the below D-C-O: - Developer's Certificate of Origin 1.1 - - By making a contribution to this project, I certify that: - - (a) The contribution was created in whole or in part by me and I - have the right to submit it under the open source license - indicated in the file; or - - (b) The contribution is based upon previous work that, to the best - of my knowledge, is covered under an appropriate open source - license and I have the right under that license to submit that - work with modifications, whether created in whole or in part - by me, under the same open source license (unless I am - permitted to submit under a different license), as indicated - in the file; or - - (c) The contribution was provided directly to me by some other - person who certified (a), (b) or (c) and I have not modified - it. - - (d) I understand and agree that this project and the contribution - are public and that a record of the contribution (including all - personal information I submit with it, including my sign-off) is - maintained indefinitely and may be redistributed consistent with - this project or the open source license(s) involved. +[[dco]] +.Developer's Certificate of Origin 1.1 +____ +By making a contribution to this project, I certify that: + +a. The contribution was created in whole or in part by me and I + have the right to submit it under the open source license + indicated in the file; or + +b. The contribution is based upon previous work that, to the best + of my knowledge, is covered under an appropriate open source + license and I have the right under that license to submit that + work with modifications, whether created in whole or in part + by me, under the same open source license (unless I am + permitted to submit under a different license), as indicated + in the file; or + +c. The contribution was provided directly to me by some other + person who certified (a), (b) or (c) and I have not modified + it. + +d. I understand and agree that this project and the contribution + are public and that a record of the contribution (including all + personal information I submit with it, including my sign-off) is + maintained indefinitely and may be redistributed consistent with + this project or the open source license(s) involved. +____ then you just add a line saying - Signed-off-by: Random J Developer <random@developer.example.org> +.... + Signed-off-by: Random J Developer <random@developer.example.org> +.... This line can be automatically added by Git if you run the git-commit command with the -s option. @@ -302,85 +331,86 @@ D-C-O. Indeed you are encouraged to do so. Do not forget to place an in-body "From: " line at the beginning to properly attribute the change to its true author (see (2) above). +[[real-name]] Also notice that a real name is used in the Signed-off-by: line. Please don't hide your real name. +[[commit-trailers]] If you like, you can put extra tags at the end: -1. "Reported-by:" is used to credit someone who found the bug that - the patch attempts to fix. -2. "Acked-by:" says that the person who is more familiar with the area - the patch attempts to modify liked the patch. -3. "Reviewed-by:", unlike the other tags, can only be offered by the - reviewer and means that she is completely satisfied that the patch - is ready for application. It is usually offered only after a - detailed review. -4. "Tested-by:" is used to indicate that the person applied the patch - and found it to have the desired effect. +. `Reported-by:` is used to credit someone who found the bug that + the patch attempts to fix. +. `Acked-by:` says that the person who is more familiar with the area + the patch attempts to modify liked the patch. +. `Reviewed-by:`, unlike the other tags, can only be offered by the + reviewer and means that she is completely satisfied that the patch + is ready for application. It is usually offered only after a + detailed review. +. `Tested-by:` is used to indicate that the person applied the patch + and found it to have the desired effect. You can also create your own tag or use one that's in common usage such as "Thanks-to:", "Based-on-patch-by:", or "Mentored-by:". ------------------------------------------------- -Subsystems with dedicated maintainers +== Subsystems with dedicated maintainers Some parts of the system have dedicated maintainers with their own repositories. - - git-gui/ comes from git-gui project, maintained by Pat Thoyts: +- 'git-gui/' comes from git-gui project, maintained by Pat Thoyts: - git://repo.or.cz/git-gui.git + git://repo.or.cz/git-gui.git - - gitk-git/ comes from Paul Mackerras's gitk project: +- 'gitk-git/' comes from Paul Mackerras's gitk project: - git://ozlabs.org/~paulus/gitk + git://ozlabs.org/~paulus/gitk - - po/ comes from the localization coordinator, Jiang Xin: +- 'po/' comes from the localization coordinator, Jiang Xin: https://github.com/git-l10n/git-po/ Patches to these parts should be based on their trees. ------------------------------------------------- -An ideal patch flow +[[patch-flow]] +== An ideal patch flow Here is an ideal patch flow for this project the current maintainer suggests to the contributors: - (0) You come up with an itch. You code it up. +. You come up with an itch. You code it up. - (1) Send it to the list and cc people who may need to know about - the change. +. Send it to the list and cc people who may need to know about + the change. ++ +The people who may need to know are the ones whose code you +are butchering. These people happen to be the ones who are +most likely to be knowledgeable enough to help you, but +they have no obligation to help you (i.e. you ask for help, +don't demand). +git log -p {litdd} _$area_you_are_modifying_+ would +help you find out who they are. - The people who may need to know are the ones whose code you - are butchering. These people happen to be the ones who are - most likely to be knowledgeable enough to help you, but - they have no obligation to help you (i.e. you ask for help, - don't demand). "git log -p -- $area_you_are_modifying" would - help you find out who they are. +. You get comments and suggestions for improvements. You may + even get them in a "on top of your change" patch form. - (2) You get comments and suggestions for improvements. You may - even get them in a "on top of your change" patch form. +. Polish, refine, and re-send to the list and the people who + spend their time to improve your patch. Go back to step (2). - (3) Polish, refine, and re-send to the list and the people who - spend their time to improve your patch. Go back to step (2). +. The list forms consensus that the last round of your patch is + good. Send it to the maintainer and cc the list. - (4) The list forms consensus that the last round of your patch is - good. Send it to the maintainer and cc the list. - - (5) A topic branch is created with the patch and is merged to 'next', - and cooked further and eventually graduates to 'master'. +. A topic branch is created with the patch and is merged to `next`, + and cooked further and eventually graduates to `master`. In any time between the (2)-(3) cycle, the maintainer may pick it up -from the list and queue it to 'pu', in order to make it easier for +from the list and queue it to `pu`, in order to make it easier for people play with it without having to pick up and apply the patch to their trees themselves. ------------------------------------------------- -Know the status of your patch after submission +[[patch-status]] +== Know the status of your patch after submission * You can use Git itself to find out when your patch is merged in - master. 'git pull --rebase' will automatically skip already-applied + master. `git pull --rebase` will automatically skip already-applied patches, and will let you know. This works only if you rebase on top of the branch in which your patch has been merged (i.e. it will not tell you if your patch is merged in pu if you rebase on top of @@ -390,8 +420,8 @@ Know the status of your patch after submission entitled "What's cooking in git.git" and "What's in git.git" giving the status of various proposed changes. --------------------------------------------------- -GitHub-Travis CI hints +[[travis]] +== GitHub-Travis CI hints With an account at GitHub (you can get one for free to work on open source projects), you can use Travis CI to test your changes on Linux, @@ -400,25 +430,25 @@ test build here: https://travis-ci.org/git/git/builds/120473209 Follow these steps for the initial setup: - (1) Fork https://github.com/git/git to your GitHub account. - You can find detailed instructions how to fork here: - https://help.github.com/articles/fork-a-repo/ +. Fork https://github.com/git/git to your GitHub account. + You can find detailed instructions how to fork here: + https://help.github.com/articles/fork-a-repo/ - (2) Open the Travis CI website: https://travis-ci.org +. Open the Travis CI website: https://travis-ci.org - (3) Press the "Sign in with GitHub" button. +. Press the "Sign in with GitHub" button. - (4) Grant Travis CI permissions to access your GitHub account. - You can find more information about the required permissions here: - https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/github-oauth-scopes +. Grant Travis CI permissions to access your GitHub account. + You can find more information about the required permissions here: + https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/github-oauth-scopes - (5) Open your Travis CI profile page: https://travis-ci.org/profile +. Open your Travis CI profile page: https://travis-ci.org/profile - (6) Enable Travis CI builds for your Git fork. +. Enable Travis CI builds for your Git fork. After the initial setup, Travis CI will run whenever you push new changes to your fork of Git on GitHub. You can monitor the test state of all your -branches here: https://travis-ci.org/<Your GitHub handle>/git/branches +branches here: https://travis-ci.org/__<Your GitHub handle>__/git/branches If a branch did not pass all test cases then it is marked with a red cross. In that case you can click on the failing Travis CI job and @@ -430,17 +460,16 @@ example: https://travis-ci.org/git/git/jobs/122676187 Fix the problem and push your fix to your Git fork. This will trigger a new Travis CI build to ensure all tests pass. - ------------------------------------------------- -MUA specific hints +[[mua]] +== MUA specific hints Some of patches I receive or pick up from the list share common patterns of breakage. Please make sure your MUA is set up properly not to corrupt whitespaces. -See the DISCUSSION section of git-format-patch(1) for hints on +See the DISCUSSION section of linkgit:git-format-patch[1] for hints on checking your patch by mailing it to yourself and applying with -git-am(1). +linkgit:git-am[1]. While you are at it, check the resulting commit log message from a trial run of applying the patch. If what is in the resulting @@ -452,23 +481,24 @@ should come after the three-dash line that signals the end of the commit message. -Pine ----- +=== Pine (Johannes Schindelin) +.... I don't know how many people still use pine, but for those poor souls it may be good to mention that the quell-flowed-text is needed for recent versions. ... the "no-strip-whitespace-before-send" option, too. AFAIK it was introduced in 4.60. +.... (Linus Torvalds) +.... And 4.58 needs at least this. ---- diff-tree 8326dd8350be64ac7fc805f6563a1d61ad10d32c (from e886a61f76edf5410573e92e38ce22974f9c40f1) Author: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@g5.osdl.org> Date: Mon Aug 15 17:23:51 2005 -0700 @@ -490,10 +520,11 @@ diff --git a/pico/pico.c b/pico/pico.c +#endif c |= COMP_EXIT; break; - +.... (Daniel Barkalow) +.... > A patch to SubmittingPatches, MUA specific help section for > users of Pine 4.63 would be very much appreciated. @@ -503,23 +534,21 @@ that or Gentoo did it.) So you need to set the "no-strip-whitespace-before-send" option, unless the option you have is "strip-whitespace-before-send", in which case you should avoid checking it. +.... +=== Thunderbird, KMail, GMail -Thunderbird, KMail, GMail -------------------------- - -See the MUA-SPECIFIC HINTS section of git-format-patch(1). +See the MUA-SPECIFIC HINTS section of linkgit:git-format-patch[1]. -Gnus ----- +=== Gnus -'|' in the *Summary* buffer can be used to pipe the current +"|" in the `*Summary*` buffer can be used to pipe the current message to an external program, and this is a handy way to drive -"git am". However, if the message is MIME encoded, what is +`git am`. However, if the message is MIME encoded, what is piped into the program is the representation you see in your -*Article* buffer after unwrapping MIME. This is often not what +`*Article*` buffer after unwrapping MIME. This is often not what you would want for two reasons. It tends to screw up non ASCII characters (most notably in people's names), and also -whitespaces (fatal in patches). Running 'C-u g' to display the -message in raw form before using '|' to run the pipe can work +whitespaces (fatal in patches). Running "C-u g" to display the +message in raw form before using "|" to run the pipe can work this problem around. diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt index a6a589a735..5f65fa9234 100644 --- a/Documentation/config.txt +++ b/Documentation/config.txt @@ -145,6 +145,16 @@ A few more notes on matching via `gitdir` and `gitdir/i`: * Symlinks in `$GIT_DIR` are not resolved before matching. + * Both the symlink & realpath versions of paths will be matched + outside of `$GIT_DIR`. E.g. if ~/git is a symlink to + /mnt/storage/git, both `gitdir:~/git` and `gitdir:/mnt/storage/git` + will match. ++ +This was not the case in the initial release of this feature in +v2.13.0, which only matched the realpath version. Configuration that +wants to be compatible with the initial release of this feature needs +to either specify only the realpath version, or both versions. + * Note that "../" is not special and will match literally, which is unlikely what you want. @@ -206,15 +216,15 @@ boolean:: synonyms are accepted for 'true' and 'false'; these are all case-insensitive. - true;; Boolean true can be spelled as `yes`, `on`, `true`, - or `1`. Also, a variable defined without `= <value>` + true;; Boolean true literals are `yes`, `on`, `true`, + and `1`. Also, a variable defined without `= <value>` is taken as true. - false;; Boolean false can be spelled as `no`, `off`, - `false`, or `0`. + false;; Boolean false literals are `no`, `off`, `false`, + `0` and the empty string. + When converting value to the canonical form using `--bool` type -specifier; 'git config' will ensure that the output is "true" or +specifier, 'git config' will ensure that the output is "true" or "false" (spelled in lowercase). integer:: @@ -338,6 +348,12 @@ advice.*:: rmHints:: In case of failure in the output of linkgit:git-rm[1], show directions on how to proceed from the current state. + addEmbeddedRepo:: + Advice on what to do when you've accidentally added one + git repo inside of another. + ignoredHook:: + Advice shown if an hook is ignored because the hook is not + set as executable. -- core.fileMode:: @@ -400,6 +416,13 @@ core.protectNTFS:: 8.3 "short" names. Defaults to `true` on Windows, and `false` elsewhere. +core.fsmonitor:: + If set, the value of this variable is used as a command which + will identify all files that may have changed since the + requested date/time. This information is used to speed up git by + avoiding unnecessary processing of files that have not changed. + See the "fsmonitor-watchman" section of linkgit:githooks[5]. + core.trustctime:: If false, the ctime differences between the index and the working tree are ignored; useful when the inode change time @@ -673,7 +696,8 @@ core.packedGitLimit:: bytes at once to complete an operation it will unmap existing regions to reclaim virtual address space within the process. + -Default is 256 MiB on 32 bit platforms and 8 GiB on 64 bit platforms. +Default is 256 MiB on 32 bit platforms and 32 TiB (effectively +unlimited) on 64 bit platforms. This should be reasonable for all users/operating systems, except on the largest projects. You probably do not need to adjust this value. + @@ -762,6 +786,12 @@ core.commentChar:: If set to "auto", `git-commit` would select a character that is not the beginning character of any line in existing commit messages. +core.filesRefLockTimeout:: + The length of time, in milliseconds, to retry when trying to + lock an individual reference. Value 0 means not to retry at + all; -1 means to try indefinitely. Default is 100 (i.e., + retry for 100ms). + core.packedRefsTimeout:: The length of time, in milliseconds, to retry when trying to lock the `packed-refs` file. Value 0 means not to retry at @@ -929,6 +959,23 @@ apply.whitespace:: Tells 'git apply' how to handle whitespaces, in the same way as the `--whitespace` option. See linkgit:git-apply[1]. +blame.showRoot:: + Do not treat root commits as boundaries in linkgit:git-blame[1]. + This option defaults to false. + +blame.blankBoundary:: + Show blank commit object name for boundary commits in + linkgit:git-blame[1]. This option defaults to false. + +blame.showEmail:: + Show the author email instead of author name in linkgit:git-blame[1]. + This option defaults to false. + +blame.date:: + Specifies the format used to output dates in linkgit:git-blame[1]. + If unset the iso format is used. For supported values, + see the discussion of the `--date` option at linkgit:git-log[1]. + branch.autoSetupMerge:: Tells 'git branch' and 'git checkout' to set up new branches so that linkgit:git-pull[1] will appropriately merge from the @@ -1063,14 +1110,25 @@ This does not affect linkgit:git-format-patch[1] or the 'git-diff-{asterisk}' plumbing commands. Can be overridden on the command line with the `--color[=<when>]` option. +diff.colorMoved:: + If set to either a valid `<mode>` or a true value, moved lines + in a diff are colored differently, for details of valid modes + see '--color-moved' in linkgit:git-diff[1]. If simply set to + true the default color mode will be used. When set to false, + moved lines are not colored. + color.diff.<slot>:: Use customized color for diff colorization. `<slot>` specifies which part of the patch to use the specified color, and is one of `context` (context text - `plain` is a historical synonym), `meta` (metainformation), `frag` (hunk header), 'func' (function in hunk header), `old` (removed lines), - `new` (added lines), `commit` (commit headers), or `whitespace` - (highlighting whitespace errors). + `new` (added lines), `commit` (commit headers), `whitespace` + (highlighting whitespace errors), `oldMoved` (deleted lines), + `newMoved` (added lines), `oldMovedDimmed`, `oldMovedAlternative`, + `oldMovedAlternativeDimmed`, `newMovedDimmed`, `newMovedAlternative` + and `newMovedAlternativeDimmed` (See the '<mode>' + setting of '--color-moved' in linkgit:git-diff[1] for details). color.decorate.<slot>:: Use customized color for 'git log --decorate' output. `<slot>` is one @@ -1149,7 +1207,10 @@ color.status.<slot>:: `untracked` (files which are not tracked by Git), `branch` (the current branch), `nobranch` (the color the 'no branch' warning is shown in, defaulting - to red), or + to red), + `localBranch` or `remoteBranch` (the local and remote branch names, + respectively, when branch and tracking information is displayed in the + status short-format), or `unmerged` (files which have unmerged changes). color.ui:: @@ -1536,11 +1597,13 @@ gc.<pattern>.reflogExpireUnreachable:: gc.rerereResolved:: Records of conflicted merge you resolved earlier are kept for this many days when 'git rerere gc' is run. + You can also use more human-readable "1.month.ago", etc. The default is 60 days. See linkgit:git-rerere[1]. gc.rerereUnresolved:: Records of conflicted merge you have not resolved are kept for this many days when 'git rerere gc' is run. + You can also use more human-readable "1.month.ago", etc. The default is 15 days. See linkgit:git-rerere[1]. gitcvs.commitMsgAnnotation:: @@ -2585,6 +2648,35 @@ push.gpgSign:: override a value from a lower-priority config file. An explicit command-line flag always overrides this config option. +push.pushOption:: + When no `--push-option=<option>` argument is given from the + command line, `git push` behaves as if each <value> of + this variable is given as `--push-option=<value>`. ++ +This is a multi-valued variable, and an empty value can be used in a +higher priority configuration file (e.g. `.git/config` in a +repository) to clear the values inherited from a lower priority +configuration files (e.g. `$HOME/.gitconfig`). ++ +-- + +Example: + +/etc/gitconfig + push.pushoption = a + push.pushoption = b + +~/.gitconfig + push.pushoption = c + +repo/.git/config + push.pushoption = + push.pushoption = b + +This will result in only b (a and c are cleared). + +-- + push.recurseSubmodules:: Make sure all submodule commits used by the revisions to be pushed are available on a remote-tracking branch. If the value is 'check' @@ -2607,7 +2699,7 @@ rebase.autoSquash:: If set to true enable `--autosquash` option by default. rebase.autoStash:: - When set to true, automatically create a temporary stash + When set to true, automatically create a temporary stash entry before the operation begins, and apply it after the operation ends. This means that you can run rebase on a dirty worktree. However, use with care: the final stash application after a @@ -2895,8 +2987,8 @@ sendemail.smtpsslcertpath:: sendemail.<identity>.*:: Identity-specific versions of the 'sendemail.*' parameters - found below, taking precedence over those when the this - identity is selected, through command-line or + found below, taking precedence over those when this + identity is selected, through either the command-line or `sendemail.identity`. sendemail.aliasesFile:: @@ -2929,6 +3021,16 @@ sendemail.xmailer:: sendemail.signedoffcc (deprecated):: Deprecated alias for `sendemail.signedoffbycc`. +sendemail.smtpBatchSize:: + Number of messages to be sent per connection, after that a relogin + will happen. If the value is 0 or undefined, send all messages in + one connection. + See also the `--batch-size` option of linkgit:git-send-email[1]. + +sendemail.smtpReloginDelay:: + Seconds wait before reconnecting to smtp server. + See also the `--relogin-delay` option of linkgit:git-send-email[1]. + showbranch.default:: The default set of branches for linkgit:git-show-branch[1]. See linkgit:git-show-branch[1]. @@ -2979,6 +3081,11 @@ status.displayCommentPrefix:: behavior of linkgit:git-status[1] in Git 1.8.4 and previous. Defaults to false. +status.showStash:: + If set to true, linkgit:git-status[1] will display the number of + entries currently stashed away. + Defaults to false. + status.showUntrackedFiles:: By default, linkgit:git-status[1] and linkgit:git-commit[1] show files which are not currently tracked by Git. Directories which @@ -3016,12 +3123,12 @@ status.submoduleSummary:: stash.showPatch:: If this is set to true, the `git stash show` command without an - option will show the stash in patch form. Defaults to false. + option will show the stash entry in patch form. Defaults to false. See description of 'show' command in linkgit:git-stash[1]. stash.showStat:: If this is set to true, the `git stash show` command without an - option will show diffstat of the stash. Defaults to true. + option will show diffstat of the stash entry. Defaults to true. See description of 'show' command in linkgit:git-stash[1]. submodule.<name>.url:: @@ -3034,10 +3141,14 @@ submodule.<name>.url:: See linkgit:git-submodule[1] and linkgit:gitmodules[5] for details. submodule.<name>.update:: - The default update procedure for a submodule. This variable - is populated by `git submodule init` from the - linkgit:gitmodules[5] file. See description of 'update' - command in linkgit:git-submodule[1]. + The method by which a submodule is updated by 'git submodule update', + which is the only affected command, others such as + 'git checkout --recurse-submodules' are unaffected. It exists for + historical reasons, when 'git submodule' was the only command to + interact with submodules; settings like `submodule.active` + and `pull.rebase` are more specific. It is populated by + `git submodule init` from the linkgit:gitmodules[5] file. + See description of 'update' command in linkgit:git-submodule[1]. submodule.<name>.branch:: The remote branch name for a submodule, used by `git submodule @@ -3078,6 +3189,11 @@ submodule.active:: submodule's path to determine if the submodule is of interest to git commands. +submodule.recurse:: + Specifies if commands recurse into submodules by default. This + applies to all commands that have a `--recurse-submodules` option. + Defaults to false. + submodule.fetchJobs:: Specifies how many submodules are fetched/cloned at the same time. A positive integer allows up to that number of submodules fetched diff --git a/Documentation/diff-config.txt b/Documentation/diff-config.txt index cbce8ec638..5ca942ab5e 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-config.txt @@ -200,7 +200,10 @@ diff.algorithm:: + diff.wsErrorHighlight:: - A comma separated list of `old`, `new`, `context`, that - specifies how whitespace errors on lines are highlighted - with `color.diff.whitespace`. Can be overridden by the - command line option `--ws-error-highlight=<kind>` + Highlight whitespace errors in the `context`, `old` or `new` + lines of the diff. Multiple values are separated by comma, + `none` resets previous values, `default` reset the list to + `new` and `all` is a shorthand for `old,new,context`. The + whitespace errors are colored with `color.diff.whitespace`. + The command line option `--ws-error-highlight=<kind>` + overrides this setting. diff --git a/Documentation/diff-heuristic-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-heuristic-options.txt deleted file mode 100644 index d4f3d95505..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/diff-heuristic-options.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5 +0,0 @@ ---indent-heuristic:: ---no-indent-heuristic:: - These are to help debugging and tuning experimental heuristics - (which are off by default) that shift diff hunk boundaries to - make patches easier to read. diff --git a/Documentation/diff-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-options.txt index aa2c0ff74d..3c93c21683 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-options.txt @@ -63,7 +63,12 @@ ifndef::git-format-patch[] Synonym for `-p --raw`. endif::git-format-patch[] -include::diff-heuristic-options.txt[] +--indent-heuristic:: + Enable the heuristic that shift diff hunk boundaries to make patches + easier to read. This is the default. + +--no-indent-heuristic:: + Disable the indent heuristic. --minimal:: Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible @@ -231,6 +236,40 @@ ifdef::git-diff[] endif::git-diff[] It is the same as `--color=never`. +--color-moved[=<mode>]:: + Moved lines of code are colored differently. +ifdef::git-diff[] + It can be changed by the `diff.colorMoved` configuration setting. +endif::git-diff[] + The <mode> defaults to 'no' if the option is not given + and to 'zebra' if the option with no mode is given. + The mode must be one of: ++ +-- +no:: + Moved lines are not highlighted. +default:: + Is a synonym for `zebra`. This may change to a more sensible mode + in the future. +plain:: + Any line that is added in one location and was removed + in another location will be colored with 'color.diff.newMoved'. + Similarly 'color.diff.oldMoved' will be used for removed lines + that are added somewhere else in the diff. This mode picks up any + moved line, but it is not very useful in a review to determine + if a block of code was moved without permutation. +zebra:: + Blocks of moved text of at least 20 alphanumeric characters + are detected greedily. The detected blocks are + painted using either the 'color.diff.{old,new}Moved' color or + 'color.diff.{old,new}MovedAlternative'. The change between + the two colors indicates that a new block was detected. +dimmed_zebra:: + Similar to 'zebra', but additional dimming of uninteresting parts + of moved code is performed. The bordering lines of two adjacent + blocks are considered interesting, the rest is uninteresting. +-- + --word-diff[=<mode>]:: Show a word diff, using the <mode> to delimit changed words. By default, words are delimited by whitespace; see @@ -300,15 +339,14 @@ ifndef::git-format-patch[] with --exit-code. --ws-error-highlight=<kind>:: - Highlight whitespace errors on lines specified by <kind> - in the color specified by `color.diff.whitespace`. <kind> - is a comma separated list of `old`, `new`, `context`. When - this option is not given, only whitespace errors in `new` - lines are highlighted. E.g. `--ws-error-highlight=new,old` - highlights whitespace errors on both deleted and added lines. - `all` can be used as a short-hand for `old,new,context`. - The `diff.wsErrorHighlight` configuration variable can be - used to specify the default behaviour. + Highlight whitespace errors in the `context`, `old` or `new` + lines of the diff. Multiple values are separated by comma, + `none` resets previous values, `default` reset the list to + `new` and `all` is a shorthand for `old,new,context`. When + this option is not given, and the configuration variable + `diff.wsErrorHighlight` is not set, only whitespace errors in + `new` lines are highlighted. The whitespace errors are colored + whith `color.diff.whitespace`. endif::git-format-patch[] @@ -392,7 +430,7 @@ endif::git-log[] the diff between the preimage and `/dev/null`. The resulting patch is not meant to be applied with `patch` or `git apply`; this is solely for people who want to just concentrate on reviewing the - text after the change. In addition, the output obviously lack + text after the change. In addition, the output obviously lacks enough information to apply such a patch in reverse, even manually, hence the name of the option. + diff --git a/Documentation/git-add.txt b/Documentation/git-add.txt index 7ed63dce0b..b700beaff5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-add.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-add.txt @@ -61,6 +61,9 @@ OPTIONS the working tree. Note that older versions of Git used to ignore removed files; use `--no-all` option if you want to add modified or new files but ignore removed ones. ++ +For more details about the <pathspec> syntax, see the 'pathspec' entry +in linkgit:gitglossary[7]. -n:: --dry-run:: @@ -165,6 +168,13 @@ for "git add --no-all <pathspec>...", i.e. ignored removed files. be ignored, no matter if they are already present in the work tree or not. +--no-warn-embedded-repo:: + By default, `git add` will warn when adding an embedded + repository to the index without using `git submodule add` to + create an entry in `.gitmodules`. This option will suppress the + warning (e.g., if you are manually performing operations on + submodules). + --chmod=(+|-)x:: Override the executable bit of the added files. The executable bit is only changed in the index, the files on disk are left diff --git a/Documentation/git-annotate.txt b/Documentation/git-annotate.txt index 94be4b85e0..05fd482b74 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-annotate.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-annotate.txt @@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ familiar command name for people coming from other SCM systems. OPTIONS ------- include::blame-options.txt[] -include::diff-heuristic-options.txt[] SEE ALSO -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-apply.txt b/Documentation/git-apply.txt index 631cbd840a..4ebc3d3271 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-apply.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-apply.txt @@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ OPTIONS disables it is in effect), make sure the patch is applicable to what the current index file records. If the file to be patched in the working tree is not - up-to-date, it is flagged as an error. This flag also + up to date, it is flagged as an error. This flag also causes the index file to be updated. --cached:: @@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ treats these changes as follows. If `--index` is specified (explicitly or implicitly), then the submodule commits must match the index exactly for the patch to apply. If any of the submodules are checked-out, then these check-outs are completely -ignored, i.e., they are not required to be up-to-date or clean and they +ignored, i.e., they are not required to be up to date or clean and they are not updated. If `--index` is not specified, then the submodule commits in the patch diff --git a/Documentation/git-bisect.txt b/Documentation/git-bisect.txt index 6c42abf070..4a1417bdcd 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-bisect.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-bisect.txt @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ on the subcommand: git bisect terms [--term-good | --term-bad] git bisect skip [(<rev>|<range>)...] git bisect reset [<commit>] - git bisect visualize + git bisect (visualize|view) git bisect replay <logfile> git bisect log git bisect run <cmd>... @@ -193,24 +193,23 @@ git bisect start --term-new fixed --term-old broken Then, use `git bisect <term-old>` and `git bisect <term-new>` instead of `git bisect good` and `git bisect bad` to mark commits. -Bisect visualize -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Bisect visualize/view +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To see the currently remaining suspects in 'gitk', issue the following -command during the bisection process: +command during the bisection process (the subcommand `view` can be used +as an alternative to `visualize`): ------------ $ git bisect visualize ------------ -`view` may also be used as a synonym for `visualize`. - If the `DISPLAY` environment variable is not set, 'git log' is used instead. You can also give command-line options such as `-p` and `--stat`. ------------ -$ git bisect view --stat +$ git bisect visualize --stat ------------ Bisect log and bisect replay diff --git a/Documentation/git-blame.txt b/Documentation/git-blame.txt index fdc3aea30a..16323eb80e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-blame.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-blame.txt @@ -89,8 +89,6 @@ include::blame-options.txt[] abbreviated object name, use <n>+1 digits. Note that 1 column is used for a caret to mark the boundary commit. -include::diff-heuristic-options.txt[] - THE PORCELAIN FORMAT -------------------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-branch.txt index 81bd0a7b77..d6587c5e96 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-branch.txt @@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git branch' (--set-upstream-to=<upstream> | -u <upstream>) [<branchname>] 'git branch' --unset-upstream [<branchname>] 'git branch' (-m | -M) [<oldbranch>] <newbranch> +'git branch' (-c | -C) [<oldbranch>] <newbranch> 'git branch' (-d | -D) [-r] <branchname>... 'git branch' --edit-description [<branchname>] @@ -64,6 +65,10 @@ If <oldbranch> had a corresponding reflog, it is renamed to match renaming. If <newbranch> exists, -M must be used to force the rename to happen. +The `-c` and `-C` options have the exact same semantics as `-m` and +`-M`, except instead of the branch being renamed it along with its +config and reflog will be copied to a new name. + With a `-d` or `-D` option, `<branchname>` will be deleted. You may specify more than one branch for deletion. If the branch currently has a reflog then the reflog will also be deleted. @@ -92,19 +97,19 @@ OPTIONS all changes made to the branch ref, enabling use of date based sha1 expressions such as "<branchname>@\{yesterday}". Note that in non-bare repositories, reflogs are usually - enabled by default by the `core.logallrefupdates` config option. + enabled by default by the `core.logAllRefUpdates` config option. The negated form `--no-create-reflog` only overrides an earlier `--create-reflog`, but currently does not negate the setting of - `core.logallrefupdates`. + `core.logAllRefUpdates`. -f:: --force:: - Reset <branchname> to <startpoint> if <branchname> exists - already. Without `-f` 'git branch' refuses to change an existing branch. + Reset <branchname> to <startpoint>, even if <branchname> exists + already. Without `-f`, 'git branch' refuses to change an existing branch. In combination with `-d` (or `--delete`), allow deleting the branch irrespective of its merged status. In combination with `-m` (or `--move`), allow renaming the branch even if the new - branch name already exists. + branch name already exists, the same applies for `-c` (or `--copy`). -m:: --move:: @@ -113,6 +118,13 @@ OPTIONS -M:: Shortcut for `--move --force`. +-c:: +--copy:: + Copy a branch and the corresponding reflog. + +-C:: + Shortcut for `--copy --force`. + --color[=<when>]:: Color branches to highlight current, local, and remote-tracking branches. @@ -195,10 +207,8 @@ start-point is either a local or remote-tracking branch. branch.autoSetupMerge configuration variable is true. --set-upstream:: - If specified branch does not exist yet or if `--force` has been - given, acts exactly like `--track`. Otherwise sets up configuration - like `--track` would when creating the branch, except that where - branch points to is not changed. + As this option had confusing syntax, it is no longer supported. + Please use `--track` or `--set-upstream-to` instead. -u <upstream>:: --set-upstream-to=<upstream>:: @@ -267,8 +277,8 @@ start-point is either a local or remote-tracking branch. Only list branches of the given object. --format <format>:: - A string that interpolates `%(fieldname)` from the object - pointed at by a ref being shown. The format is the same as + A string that interpolates `%(fieldname)` from a branch ref being shown + and the object it points at. The format is the same as that of linkgit:git-for-each-ref[1]. Examples diff --git a/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt b/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt index 204541c690..fb09cd69d6 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt @@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ newline. The available atoms are: The 40-hex object name of the object. `objecttype`:: - The type of of the object (the same as `cat-file -t` reports). + The type of the object (the same as `cat-file -t` reports). `objectsize`:: The size, in bytes, of the object (the same as `cat-file -s` diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt b/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt index 92777cef25..cf0a0b7df2 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt @@ -77,7 +77,14 @@ reference name expressions (see linkgit:gitrevisions[7]): . at-open-brace `@{` is used as a notation to access a reflog entry. -With the `--branch` option, it expands the ``previous branch syntax'' +With the `--branch` option, the command takes a name and checks if +it can be used as a valid branch name (e.g. when creating a new +branch). The rule `git check-ref-format --branch $name` implements +may be stricter than what `git check-ref-format refs/heads/$name` +says (e.g. a dash may appear at the beginning of a ref component, +but it is explicitly forbidden at the beginning of a branch name). +When run with `--branch` option in a repository, the input is first +expanded for the ``previous branch syntax'' `@{-n}`. For example, `@{-1}` is a way to refer the last branch you were on. This option should be used by porcelains to accept this syntax anywhere a branch name is expected, so they can act as if you diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt index d6399c0af8..e108b0f74b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt @@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [--detach] <commit> 'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [[-b|-B|--orphan] <new_branch>] [<start_point>] 'git checkout' [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>... -'git checkout' [-p|--patch] [<tree-ish>] [--] [<paths>...] +'git checkout' [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>... +'git checkout' (-p|--patch) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<paths>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ $ git checkout -b <branch> --track <remote>/<branch> ------------ + You could omit <branch>, in which case the command degenerates to -"check out the current branch", which is a glorified no-op with a +"check out the current branch", which is a glorified no-op with rather expensive side-effects to show only the tracking information, if exists, for the current branch. @@ -78,20 +79,13 @@ be used to detach HEAD at the tip of the branch (`git checkout + Omitting <branch> detaches HEAD at the tip of the current branch. -'git checkout' [-p|--patch] [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>...:: +'git checkout' [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>...:: - When <paths> or `--patch` are given, 'git checkout' does *not* - switch branches. It updates the named paths in the working tree - from the index file or from a named <tree-ish> (most often a - commit). In this case, the `-b` and `--track` options are - meaningless and giving either of them results in an error. The - <tree-ish> argument can be used to specify a specific tree-ish - (i.e. commit, tag or tree) to update the index for the given - paths before updating the working tree. -+ -'git checkout' with <paths> or `--patch` is used to restore modified or -deleted paths to their original contents from the index or replace paths -with the contents from a named <tree-ish> (most often a commit-ish). + Overwrite paths in the working tree by replacing with the + contents in the index or in the <tree-ish> (most often a + commit). When a <tree-ish> is given, the paths that + match the <pathspec> are updated both in the index and in + the working tree. + The index may contain unmerged entries because of a previous failed merge. By default, if you try to check out such an entry from the index, the @@ -101,6 +95,14 @@ specific side of the merge can be checked out of the index by using `--ours` or `--theirs`. With `-m`, changes made to the working tree file can be discarded to re-create the original conflicted merge result. +'git checkout' (-p|--patch) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<pathspec>...]:: + This is similar to the "check out paths to the working tree + from either the index or from a tree-ish" mode described + above, but lets you use the interactive interface to show + the "diff" output and choose which hunks to use in the + result. See below for the description of `--patch` option. + + OPTIONS ------- -q:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-clone.txt b/Documentation/git-clone.txt index 30052cce49..83c8e9b394 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-clone.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-clone.txt @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [-l] [-s] [--no-hardlinks] [-q] [-n] [--bare] [--mirror] [-o <name>] [-b <name>] [-u <upload-pack>] [--reference <repository>] [--dissociate] [--separate-git-dir <git dir>] - [--depth <depth>] [--[no-]single-branch] + [--depth <depth>] [--[no-]single-branch] [--no-tags] [--recurse-submodules] [--[no-]shallow-submodules] [--jobs <n>] [--] <repository> [<directory>] @@ -215,6 +215,18 @@ objects from the source repository into a pack in the cloned repository. branch when `--single-branch` clone was made, no remote-tracking branch is created. +--no-tags:: + Don't clone any tags, and set + `remote.<remote>.tagOpt=--no-tags` in the config, ensuring + that future `git pull` and `git fetch` operations won't follow + any tags. Subsequent explicit tag fetches will still work, + (see linkgit:git-fetch[1]). ++ +Can be used in conjunction with `--single-branch` to clone and +maintain a branch with no references other than a single cloned +branch. This is useful e.g. to maintain minimal clones of the default +branch of some repository for search indexing. + --recurse-submodules[=<pathspec]:: After the clone is created, initialize and clone submodules within based on the provided pathspec. If no pathspec is diff --git a/Documentation/git-config.txt b/Documentation/git-config.txt index 83f86b9231..4edd09fc6b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-config.txt @@ -174,11 +174,11 @@ See also <<FILES>>. either --bool or --int, as described above. --path:: - 'git-config' will expand leading '{tilde}' to the value of - '$HOME', and '{tilde}user' to the home directory for the + `git config` will expand a leading `~` to the value of + `$HOME`, and `~user` to the home directory for the specified user. This option has no effect when setting the - value (but you can use 'git config bla {tilde}/' from the - command line to let your shell do the expansion). + value (but you can use `git config section.variable ~/` + from the command line to let your shell do the expansion). -z:: --null:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt b/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt index a336ae5f6f..ba90066f10 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt @@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ access method and requested operation. That means that even if you offer only read access (e.g. by using the pserver method), 'git-cvsserver' should have write access to the database to work reliably (otherwise you need to make sure -that the database is up-to-date any time 'git-cvsserver' is executed). +that the database is up to date any time 'git-cvsserver' is executed). By default it uses SQLite databases in the Git directory, named `gitcvs.<module_name>.sqlite`. Note that the SQLite backend creates diff --git a/Documentation/git-describe.txt b/Documentation/git-describe.txt index 26f19d3b07..c924c945ba 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-describe.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-describe.txt @@ -87,19 +87,23 @@ OPTIONS --match <pattern>:: Only consider tags matching the given `glob(7)` pattern, - excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix. This can be used to avoid - leaking private tags from the repository. If given multiple times, a - list of patterns will be accumulated, and tags matching any of the - patterns will be considered. Use `--no-match` to clear and reset the - list of patterns. + excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix. If used with `--all`, it also + considers local branches and remote-tracking references matching the + pattern, excluding respectively "refs/heads/" and "refs/remotes/" + prefix; references of other types are never considered. If given + multiple times, a list of patterns will be accumulated, and tags + matching any of the patterns will be considered. Use `--no-match` to + clear and reset the list of patterns. --exclude <pattern>:: Do not consider tags matching the given `glob(7)` pattern, excluding - the "refs/tags/" prefix. This can be used to narrow the tag space and - find only tags matching some meaningful criteria. If given multiple - times, a list of patterns will be accumulated and tags matching any - of the patterns will be excluded. When combined with --match a tag will - be considered when it matches at least one --match pattern and does not + the "refs/tags/" prefix. If used with `--all`, it also does not consider + local branches and remote-tracking references matching the pattern, + excluding respectively "refs/heads/" and "refs/remotes/" prefix; + references of other types are never considered. If given multiple times, + a list of patterns will be accumulated and tags matching any of the + patterns will be excluded. When combined with --match a tag will be + considered when it matches at least one --match pattern and does not match any of the --exclude patterns. Use `--no-exclude` to clear and reset the list of patterns. diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt index a171506952..b380677718 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ a 'git write-tree' + 'git diff-tree'. Thus that's the default mode. The non-cached version asks the question: show me the differences between HEAD and the currently checked out - tree - index contents _and_ files that aren't up-to-date + tree - index contents _and_ files that aren't up to date which is obviously a very useful question too, since that tells you what you *could* commit. Again, the output matches the 'git diff-tree -r' @@ -100,8 +100,8 @@ have not actually done a 'git update-index' on it yet - there is no torvalds@ppc970:~/v2.6/linux> git diff-index --abbrev HEAD :100644 100664 7476bb... 000000... kernel/sched.c -i.e., it shows that the tree has changed, and that `kernel/sched.c` has is -not up-to-date and may contain new stuff. The all-zero sha1 means that to +i.e., it shows that the tree has changed, and that `kernel/sched.c` is +not up to date and may contain new stuff. The all-zero sha1 means that to get the real diff, you need to look at the object in the working directory directly rather than do an object-to-object diff. diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt index 2b762654bf..3d3d219e58 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ Performance and Compression Tuning --depth=<n>:: Maximum delta depth, for blob and tree deltification. - Default is 10. + Default is 50. --export-pack-edges=<file>:: After creating a packfile, print a line of data to diff --git a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt index 7b695dbb72..3a52e4dce3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt @@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ git-filter-branch - Rewrite branches SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git filter-branch' [--env-filter <command>] [--tree-filter <command>] +'git filter-branch' [--setup <command>] [--subdirectory-filter <directory>] + [--env-filter <command>] [--tree-filter <command>] [--index-filter <command>] [--parent-filter <command>] [--msg-filter <command>] [--commit-filter <command>] - [--tag-name-filter <command>] [--subdirectory-filter <directory>] - [--prune-empty] + [--tag-name-filter <command>] [--prune-empty] [--original <namespace>] [-d <directory>] [-f | --force] - [--] [<rev-list options>...] + [--state-branch <branch>] [--] [<rev-list options>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -82,6 +82,18 @@ multiple commits. OPTIONS ------- +--setup <command>:: + This is not a real filter executed for each commit but a one + time setup just before the loop. Therefore no commit-specific + variables are defined yet. Functions or variables defined here + can be used or modified in the following filter steps except + the commit filter, for technical reasons. + +--subdirectory-filter <directory>:: + Only look at the history which touches the given subdirectory. + The result will contain that directory (and only that) as its + project root. Implies <<Remap_to_ancestor>>. + --env-filter <command>:: This filter may be used if you only need to modify the environment in which the commit will be performed. Specifically, you might @@ -160,11 +172,6 @@ be removed, buyer beware. There is also no support for changing the author or timestamp (or the tag message for that matter). Tags which point to other tags will be rewritten to point to the underlying commit. ---subdirectory-filter <directory>:: - Only look at the history which touches the given subdirectory. - The result will contain that directory (and only that) as its - project root. Implies <<Remap_to_ancestor>>. - --prune-empty:: Some filters will generate empty commits that leave the tree untouched. This option instructs git-filter-branch to remove such commits if they @@ -191,6 +198,12 @@ to other tags will be rewritten to point to the underlying commit. directory or when there are already refs starting with 'refs/original/', unless forced. +--state-branch <branch>:: + This option will cause the mapping from old to new objects to + be loaded from named branch upon startup and saved as a new + commit to that branch upon exit, enabling incremental of large + trees. If '<branch>' does not exist it will be created. + <rev-list options>...:: Arguments for 'git rev-list'. All positive refs included by these options are rewritten. You may also specify options diff --git a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt index 03e187a105..dffa14a795 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt @@ -10,8 +10,9 @@ SYNOPSIS [verse] 'git for-each-ref' [--count=<count>] [--shell|--perl|--python|--tcl] [(--sort=<key>)...] [--format=<format>] [<pattern>...] - [--points-at <object>] [(--merged | --no-merged) [<object>]] - [--contains [<object>]] [--no-contains [<object>]] + [--points-at=<object>] + (--merged[=<object>] | --no-merged[=<object>]) + [--contains[=<object>]] [--no-contains[=<object>]] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -25,35 +26,41 @@ host language allowing their direct evaluation in that language. OPTIONS ------- -<count>:: +<pattern>...:: + If one or more patterns are given, only refs are shown that + match against at least one pattern, either using fnmatch(3) or + literally, in the latter case matching completely or from the + beginning up to a slash. + +--count=<count>:: By default the command shows all refs that match `<pattern>`. This option makes it stop after showing that many refs. -<key>:: +--sort=<key>:: A field name to sort on. Prefix `-` to sort in descending order of the value. When unspecified, `refname` is used. You may use the --sort=<key> option multiple times, in which case the last key becomes the primary key. -<format>:: - A string that interpolates `%(fieldname)` from the - object pointed at by a ref being shown. If `fieldname` +--format=<format>:: + A string that interpolates `%(fieldname)` from a ref being shown + and the object it points at. If `fieldname` is prefixed with an asterisk (`*`) and the ref points - at a tag object, the value for the field in the object - tag refers is used. When unspecified, defaults to + at a tag object, use the value for the field in the object + which the tag object refers to (instead of the field in the tag object). + When unspecified, `<format>` defaults to `%(objectname) SPC %(objecttype) TAB %(refname)`. It also interpolates `%%` to `%`, and `%xx` where `xx` are hex digits interpolates to character with hex code `xx`; for example `%00` interpolates to `\0` (NUL), `%09` to `\t` (TAB) and `%0a` to `\n` (LF). -<pattern>...:: - If one or more patterns are given, only refs are shown that - match against at least one pattern, either using fnmatch(3) or - literally, in the latter case matching completely or from the - beginning up to a slash. +--color[=<when>]: + Respect any colors specified in the `--format` option. The + `<when>` field must be one of `always`, `never`, or `auto` (if + `<when>` is absent, behave as if `always` was given). --shell:: --perl:: @@ -64,24 +71,24 @@ OPTIONS the specified host language. This is meant to produce a scriptlet that can directly be `eval`ed. ---points-at <object>:: +--points-at=<object>:: Only list refs which points at the given object. ---merged [<object>]:: +--merged[=<object>]:: Only list refs whose tips are reachable from the specified commit (HEAD if not specified), incompatible with `--no-merged`. ---no-merged [<object>]:: +--no-merged[=<object>]:: Only list refs whose tips are not reachable from the specified commit (HEAD if not specified), incompatible with `--merged`. ---contains [<object>]:: +--contains[=<object>]:: Only list refs which contain the specified commit (HEAD if not specified). ---no-contains [<object>]:: +--no-contains[=<object>]:: Only list refs which don't contain the specified commit (HEAD if not specified). @@ -138,26 +145,35 @@ upstream:: (behind), "<>" (ahead and behind), or "=" (in sync). `:track` also prints "[gone]" whenever unknown upstream ref is encountered. Append `:track,nobracket` to show tracking - information without brackets (i.e "ahead N, behind M"). Has - no effect if the ref does not have tracking information - associated with it. All the options apart from `nobracket` - are mutually exclusive, but if used together the last option - is selected. + information without brackets (i.e "ahead N, behind M"). ++ +For any remote-tracking branch `%(upstream)`, `%(upstream:remotename)` +and `%(upstream:remoteref)` refer to the name of the remote and the +name of the tracked remote ref, respectively. In other words, the +remote-tracking branch can be updated explicitly and individually by +using the refspec `%(upstream:remoteref):%(upstream)` to fetch from +`%(upstream:remotename)`. ++ +Has no effect if the ref does not have tracking information associated +with it. All the options apart from `nobracket` are mutually exclusive, +but if used together the last option is selected. push:: The name of a local ref which represents the `@{push}` location for the displayed ref. Respects `:short`, `:lstrip`, - `:rstrip`, `:track`, and `:trackshort` options as `upstream` - does. Produces an empty string if no `@{push}` ref is - configured. + `:rstrip`, `:track`, `:trackshort`, `:remotename`, and `:remoteref` + options as `upstream` does. Produces an empty string if no `@{push}` + ref is configured. HEAD:: '*' if HEAD matches current ref (the checked out branch), ' ' otherwise. color:: - Change output color. Followed by `:<colorname>`, where names - are described in `color.branch.*`. + Change output color. Followed by `:<colorname>`, where color + names are described under Values in the "CONFIGURATION FILE" + section of linkgit:git-config[1]. For example, + `%(color:bold red)`. align:: Left-, middle-, or right-align the content between @@ -209,11 +225,15 @@ and `date` to extract the named component. The complete message in a commit and tag object is `contents`. Its first line is `contents:subject`, where subject is the concatenation of all lines of the commit message up to the first blank line. The next -line is 'contents:body', where body is all of the lines after the first +line is `contents:body`, where body is all of the lines after the first blank line. The optional GPG signature is `contents:signature`. The first `N` lines of the message is obtained using `contents:lines=N`. Additionally, the trailers as interpreted by linkgit:git-interpret-trailers[1] -are obtained as 'contents:trailers'. +are obtained as `trailers` (or by using the historical alias +`contents:trailers`). Non-trailer lines from the trailer block can be omitted +with `trailers:only`. Whitespace-continuations can be removed from trailers so +that each trailer appears on a line by itself with its full content with +`trailers:unfold`. Both can be used together as `trailers:unfold,only`. For sorting purposes, fields with numeric values sort in numeric order (`objectsize`, `authordate`, `committerdate`, `creatordate`, `taggerdate`). diff --git a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt index c890328b02..6cbe462a77 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt @@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [(--reroll-count|-v) <n>] [--to=<email>] [--cc=<email>] [--[no-]cover-letter] [--quiet] [--notes[=<ref>]] + [--progress] [<common diff options>] [ <since> | <revision range> ] @@ -283,6 +284,9 @@ you can use `--suffix=-patch` to get `0001-description-of-my-change-patch`. range are always formatted as creation patches, independently of this flag. +--progress:: + Show progress reports on stderr as patches are generated. + CONFIGURATION ------------- You can specify extra mail header lines to be added to each message, diff --git a/Documentation/git-grep.txt b/Documentation/git-grep.txt index 71f32f3508..18b494731f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-grep.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-grep.txt @@ -95,13 +95,6 @@ OPTIONS <tree> option the prefix of all submodule output will be the name of the parent project's <tree> object. ---parent-basename <basename>:: - For internal use only. In order to produce uniform output with the - --recurse-submodules option, this option can be used to provide the - basename of a parent's <tree> object to a submodule so the submodule - can prefix its output with the parent's name rather than the SHA1 of - the submodule. - -a:: --text:: Process binary files as if they were text. @@ -161,8 +154,11 @@ OPTIONS -P:: --perl-regexp:: - Use Perl-compatible regexp for patterns. Requires libpcre to be - compiled in. + Use Perl-compatible regular expressions for patterns. ++ +Support for these types of regular expressions is an optional +compile-time dependency. If Git wasn't compiled with support for them +providing this option will cause it to die. -F:: --fixed-strings:: @@ -293,6 +289,9 @@ OPTIONS <pathspec>...:: If given, limit the search to paths matching at least one pattern. Both leading paths match and glob(7) patterns are supported. ++ +For more details about the <pathspec> syntax, see the 'pathspec' entry +in linkgit:gitglossary[7]. Examples -------- @@ -309,6 +308,9 @@ Examples Looks for a line that has `NODE` or `Unexpected` in files that have lines that match both. +`git grep solution -- :^Documentation`:: + Looks for `solution`, excluding files in `Documentation`. + GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt b/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt index 31cdeaecdf..9dd19a1dd9 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt @@ -3,24 +3,27 @@ git-interpret-trailers(1) NAME ---- -git-interpret-trailers - help add structured information into commit messages +git-interpret-trailers - add or parse structured information in commit messages SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git interpret-trailers' [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [<file>...] +'git interpret-trailers' [options] [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [<file>...] +'git interpret-trailers' [options] [--parse] [<file>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Help adding 'trailers' lines, that look similar to RFC 822 e-mail +Help parsing or adding 'trailers' lines, that look similar to RFC 822 e-mail headers, at the end of the otherwise free-form part of a commit message. This command reads some patches or commit messages from either the -<file> arguments or the standard input if no <file> is specified. Then -this command applies the arguments passed using the `--trailer` -option, if any, to the commit message part of each input file. The -result is emitted on the standard output. +<file> arguments or the standard input if no <file> is specified. If +`--parse` is specified, the output consists of the parsed trailers. + +Otherwise, this command applies the arguments passed using the +`--trailer` option, if any, to the commit message part of each input +file. The result is emitted on the standard output. Some configuration variables control the way the `--trailer` arguments are applied to each commit message and the way any existing trailer in @@ -80,6 +83,45 @@ OPTIONS trailer to the input messages. See the description of this command. +--where <placement>:: +--no-where:: + Specify where all new trailers will be added. A setting + provided with '--where' overrides all configuration variables + and applies to all '--trailer' options until the next occurrence of + '--where' or '--no-where'. + +--if-exists <action>:: +--no-if-exists:: + Specify what action will be performed when there is already at + least one trailer with the same <token> in the message. A setting + provided with '--if-exists' overrides all configuration variables + and applies to all '--trailer' options until the next occurrence of + '--if-exists' or '--no-if-exists'. + +--if-missing <action>:: +--no-if-missing:: + Specify what action will be performed when there is no other + trailer with the same <token> in the message. A setting + provided with '--if-missing' overrides all configuration variables + and applies to all '--trailer' options until the next occurrence of + '--if-missing' or '--no-if-missing'. + +--only-trailers:: + Output only the trailers, not any other parts of the input. + +--only-input:: + Output only trailers that exist in the input; do not add any + from the command-line or by following configured `trailer.*` + rules. + +--unfold:: + Remove any whitespace-continuation in trailers, so that each + trailer appears on a line by itself with its full content. + +--parse:: + A convenience alias for `--only-trailers --only-input + --unfold`. + CONFIGURATION VARIABLES ----------------------- @@ -170,8 +212,8 @@ trailer.<token>.where:: configuration variable and it overrides what is specified by that option for trailers with the specified <token>. -trailer.<token>.ifexist:: - This option takes the same values as the 'trailer.ifexist' +trailer.<token>.ifexists:: + This option takes the same values as the 'trailer.ifexists' configuration variable and it overrides what is specified by that option for trailers with the specified <token>. diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt index d153c17e06..3ac3e3a77d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-ls-files - Show information about files in the index and the working tree SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git ls-files' [-z] [-t] [-v] +'git ls-files' [-z] [-t] [-v] [-f] (--[cached|deleted|others|ignored|stage|unmerged|killed|modified])* (-[c|d|o|i|s|u|k|m])* [--eol] @@ -133,6 +133,11 @@ a space) at the start of each line: that are marked as 'assume unchanged' (see linkgit:git-update-index[1]). +-f:: + Similar to `-t`, but use lowercase letters for files + that are marked as 'fsmonitor valid' (see + linkgit:git-update-index[1]). + --full-name:: When run from a subdirectory, the command usually outputs paths relative to the current directory. This diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge.txt b/Documentation/git-merge.txt index 04fdd8cf08..d5dfd8430f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge.txt @@ -64,12 +64,6 @@ OPTIONS ------- include::merge-options.txt[] --S[<keyid>]:: ---gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: - GPG-sign the resulting merge commit. The `keyid` argument is - optional and defaults to the committer identity; if specified, - it must be stuck to the option without a space. - -m <msg>:: Set the commit message to be used for the merge commit (in case one is created). @@ -133,7 +127,7 @@ exception is when the changed index entries are in the state that would result from the merge already.) If all named commits are already ancestors of `HEAD`, 'git merge' -will exit early with the message "Already up-to-date." +will exit early with the message "Already up to date." FAST-FORWARD MERGE ------------------ @@ -280,7 +274,10 @@ After seeing a conflict, you can do two things: * Resolve the conflicts. Git will mark the conflicts in the working tree. Edit the files into shape and - 'git add' them to the index. Use 'git commit' to seal the deal. + 'git add' them to the index. Use 'git commit' or + 'git merge --continue' to seal the deal. The latter command + checks whether there is a (interrupted) merge in progress + before calling 'git commit'. You can work through the conflict with a number of tools: diff --git a/Documentation/git-notes.txt b/Documentation/git-notes.txt index be7db3048d..43677297f3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-notes.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-notes.txt @@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ OPTIONS object that does not have notes attached to it. --stdin:: - Also read the object names to remove notes from from the standard + Also read the object names to remove notes from the standard input (there is no reason you cannot combine this with object names from the command line). diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt index 8973510a41..473a16135a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt @@ -18,8 +18,9 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -Reads list of objects from the standard input, and writes a packed -archive with specified base-name, or to the standard output. +Reads list of objects from the standard input, and writes either one or +more packed archives with the specified base-name to disk, or a packed +archive to the standard output. A packed archive is an efficient way to transfer a set of objects between two repositories as well as an access efficient archival @@ -47,9 +48,9 @@ transport by their peers. OPTIONS ------- base-name:: - Write into a pair of files (.pack and .idx), using + Write into pairs of files (.pack and .idx), using <base-name> to determine the name of the created file. - When this option is used, the two files are written in + When this option is used, the two files in a pair are written in <base-name>-<SHA-1>.{pack,idx} files. <SHA-1> is a hash based on the pack content and is written to the standard output of the command. @@ -108,9 +109,13 @@ base-name:: is taken from the `pack.windowMemory` configuration variable. --max-pack-size=<n>:: - Maximum size of each output pack file. The size can be suffixed with + In unusual scenarios, you may not be able to create files + larger than a certain size on your filesystem, and this option + can be used to tell the command to split the output packfile + into multiple independent packfiles, each not larger than the + given size. The size can be suffixed with "k", "m", or "g". The minimum size allowed is limited to 1 MiB. - If specified, multiple packfiles may be created, which also + This option prevents the creation of a bitmap index. The default is unlimited, unless the config variable `pack.packSizeLimit` is set. diff --git a/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt b/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt index cf71fba1c0..442caff8a9 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt @@ -56,9 +56,6 @@ OPTIONS This is the default. -<patch>:: - The diff to create the ID of. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-pull.txt b/Documentation/git-pull.txt index e414185f5a..ce05b7a5b1 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pull.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pull.txt @@ -86,12 +86,12 @@ OPTIONS --[no-]recurse-submodules[=yes|on-demand|no]:: This option controls if new commits of all populated submodules should - be fetched too (see linkgit:git-config[1] and linkgit:gitmodules[5]). - That might be necessary to get the data needed for merging submodule - commits, a feature Git learned in 1.7.3. Notice that the result of a - merge will not be checked out in the submodule, "git submodule update" - has to be called afterwards to bring the work tree up to date with the - merge result. + be fetched and updated, too (see linkgit:git-config[1] and + linkgit:gitmodules[5]). ++ +If the checkout is done via rebase, local submodule commits are rebased as well. ++ +If the update is done via merge, the submodule conflicts are resolved and checked out. Options related to merging ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ unless you have read linkgit:git-rebase[1] carefully. --autostash:: --no-autostash:: Before starting rebase, stash local modifications away (see - linkgit:git-stash[1]) if needed, and apply the stash when + linkgit:git-stash[1]) if needed, and apply the stash entry when done. `--no-autostash` is useful to override the `rebase.autoStash` configuration variable (see linkgit:git-config[1]). + diff --git a/Documentation/git-push.txt b/Documentation/git-push.txt index 0a639664fd..5b08302fc2 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-push.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-push.txt @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git push' [--all | --mirror | --tags] [--follow-tags] [--atomic] [-n | --dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>] [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [-d | --delete] [--prune] [-v | --verbose] [-u | --set-upstream] [--push-option=<string>] - [--[no-]signed|--sign=(true|false|if-asked)] + [--[no-]signed|--signed=(true|false|if-asked)] [--force-with-lease[=<refname>[:<expect>]]] [--no-verify] [<repository> [<refspec>...]] @@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ already exists on the remote side. information, see `push.followTags` in linkgit:git-config[1]. --[no-]signed:: ---sign=(true|false|if-asked):: +--signed=(true|false|if-asked):: GPG-sign the push request to update refs on the receiving side, to allow it to be checked by the hooks and/or be logged. If `false` or `--no-signed`, no signing will be @@ -156,11 +156,17 @@ already exists on the remote side. Either all refs are updated, or on error, no refs are updated. If the server does not support atomic pushes the push will fail. --o:: ---push-option:: +-o <option>:: +--push-option=<option>:: Transmit the given string to the server, which passes them to the pre-receive as well as the post-receive hook. The given string must not contain a NUL or LF character. + When multiple `--push-option=<option>` are given, they are + all sent to the other side in the order listed on the + command line. + When no `--push-option=<option>` is given from the command + line, the values of configuration variable `push.pushOption` + are used instead. --receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>:: --exec=<git-receive-pack>:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt index 02576d8c0a..72bd809fb8 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt @@ -179,6 +179,7 @@ Here are the "carry forward" rules, where "I" denotes the index, "clean" means that index and work tree coincide, and "exists"/"nothing" refer to the presence of a path in the specified commit: +.... I H M Result ------------------------------------------------------- 0 nothing nothing nothing (does not happen) @@ -217,6 +218,7 @@ refer to the presence of a path in the specified commit: 19 no no yes exists exists keep index 20 yes yes no exists exists use M 21 no yes no exists exists fail +.... In all "keep index" cases, the index entry stays as in the original index file. If the entry is not up to date, diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt index 652a99062c..3cedfb0fd2 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt @@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ which makes little sense. -f:: --force-rebase:: - Force a rebase even if the current branch is up-to-date and + Force a rebase even if the current branch is up to date and the command without `--force` would return without doing anything. + You may find this (or --no-ff with an interactive rebase) helpful after @@ -430,13 +430,15 @@ without an explicit `--interactive`. --autosquash:: --no-autosquash:: When the commit log message begins with "squash! ..." (or - "fixup! ..."), and there is a commit whose title begins with - the same ..., automatically modify the todo list of rebase -i - so that the commit marked for squashing comes right after the - commit to be modified, and change the action of the moved - commit from `pick` to `squash` (or `fixup`). Ignores subsequent - "fixup! " or "squash! " after the first, in case you referred to an - earlier fixup/squash with `git commit --fixup/--squash`. + "fixup! ..."), and there is already a commit in the todo list that + matches the same `...`, automatically modify the todo list of rebase + -i so that the commit marked for squashing comes right after the + commit to be modified, and change the action of the moved commit + from `pick` to `squash` (or `fixup`). A commit matches the `...` if + the commit subject matches, or if the `...` refers to the commit's + hash. As a fall-back, partial matches of the commit subject work, + too. The recommended way to create fixup/squash commits is by using + the `--fixup`/`--squash` options of linkgit:git-commit[1]. + This option is only valid when the `--interactive` option is used. + @@ -446,7 +448,7 @@ used to override and disable this setting. --autostash:: --no-autostash:: - Automatically create a temporary stash before the operation + Automatically create a temporary stash entry before the operation begins, and apply it after the operation ends. This means that you can run rebase on a dirty worktree. However, use with care: the final stash application after a successful diff --git a/Documentation/git-repack.txt b/Documentation/git-repack.txt index 26afe6ed54..ae750e9e11 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-repack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-repack.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-repack - Pack unpacked objects in a repository SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git repack' [-a] [-A] [-d] [-f] [-F] [-l] [-n] [-q] [-b] [--window=<n>] [--depth=<n>] +'git repack' [-a] [-A] [-d] [-f] [-F] [-l] [-n] [-q] [-b] [--window=<n>] [--depth=<n>] [--threads=<n>] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -92,6 +92,9 @@ other objects in that pack they already have locally. to be applied that many times to get to the necessary object. The default value for --window is 10 and --depth is 50. +--threads=<n>:: + This option is passed through to `git pack-objects`. + --window-memory=<n>:: This option provides an additional limit on top of `--window`; the window size will dynamically scale down so as to not take diff --git a/Documentation/git-rerere.txt b/Documentation/git-rerere.txt index 9ee083c415..031f31fa47 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rerere.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rerere.txt @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ development on the topic branch: ------------ you could run `git rebase master topic`, to bring yourself -up-to-date before your topic is ready to be sent upstream. +up to date before your topic is ready to be sent upstream. This would result in falling back to a three-way merge, and it would conflict the same way as the test merge you resolved earlier. 'git rerere' will be run by 'git rebase' to help you resolve this diff --git a/Documentation/git-reset.txt b/Documentation/git-reset.txt index 70f3753e1e..1d697d9962 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-reset.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-reset.txt @@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ $ git reset --keep start <3> Split a commit apart into a sequence of commits:: + -Suppose that you have created lots of logically separate changes and commited +Suppose that you have created lots of logically separate changes and committed them together. Then, later you decide that it might be better to have each logical chunk associated with its own commit. You can use git reset to rewind history without changing the contents of your local files, and then successively diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt index b1293f24bb..95326b85ff 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt @@ -235,6 +235,9 @@ print a message to stderr and exit with nonzero status. --is-bare-repository:: When the repository is bare print "true", otherwise "false". +--is-shallow-repository:: + When the repository is shallow print "true", otherwise "false". + --resolve-git-dir <path>:: Check if <path> is a valid repository or a gitfile that points at a valid repository, and print the location of the @@ -261,7 +264,7 @@ print a message to stderr and exit with nonzero status. --show-toplevel:: Show the absolute path of the top-level directory. ---show-superproject-working-tree +--show-superproject-working-tree:: Show the absolute path of the root of the superproject's working tree (if exists) that uses the current repository as its submodule. Outputs nothing if the current repository is diff --git a/Documentation/git-rm.txt b/Documentation/git-rm.txt index 8c87e8cdd7..b5c46223c4 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rm.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rm.txt @@ -146,15 +146,15 @@ the submodule's history. If it exists the submodule.<name> section in the linkgit:gitmodules[5] file will also be removed and that file will be staged (unless --cached or -n are used). -A submodule is considered up-to-date when the HEAD is the same as +A submodule is considered up to date when the HEAD is the same as recorded in the index, no tracked files are modified and no untracked files that aren't ignored are present in the submodules work tree. Ignored files are deemed expendable and won't stop a submodule's work tree from being removed. If you only want to remove the local checkout of a submodule from your -work tree without committing the removal, -use linkgit:git-submodule[1] `deinit` instead. +work tree without committing the removal, use linkgit:git-submodule[1] `deinit` +instead. Also see linkgit:gitsubmodules[7] for details on submodule removal. EXAMPLES -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt index 9d66166f69..bac9014ac7 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt @@ -248,6 +248,21 @@ must be used for each option. commands and replies will be printed. Useful to debug TLS connection and authentication problems. +--batch-size=<num>:: + Some email servers (e.g. smtp.163.com) limit the number emails to be + sent per session (connection) and this will lead to a faliure when + sending many messages. With this option, send-email will disconnect after + sending $<num> messages and wait for a few seconds (see --relogin-delay) + and reconnect, to work around such a limit. You may want to + use some form of credential helper to avoid having to retype + your password every time this happens. Defaults to the + `sendemail.smtpBatchSize` configuration variable. + +--relogin-delay=<int>:: + Waiting $<int> seconds before reconnecting to SMTP server. Used together + with --batch-size option. Defaults to the `sendemail.smtpReloginDelay` + configuration variable. + Automating ~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -377,6 +392,7 @@ have been specified, in which case default to 'compose'. Currently, validation means the following: + -- + * Invoke the sendemail-validate hook if present (see linkgit:githooks[5]). * Warn of patches that contain lines longer than 998 characters; this is due to SMTP limits as described by http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2821.txt. -- diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt index 966abb0df8..f51c64939b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [verse] 'git send-pack' [--all] [--dry-run] [--force] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>] [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic] - [--[no-]signed|--sign=(true|false|if-asked)] + [--[no-]signed|--signed=(true|false|if-asked)] [<host>:]<directory> [<ref>...] DESCRIPTION @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ be in a separate packet, and the list must end with a flush packet. refs. --[no-]signed:: ---sign=(true|false|if-asked):: +--signed=(true|false|if-asked):: GPG-sign the push request to update refs on the receiving side, to allow it to be checked by the hooks and/or be logged. If `false` or `--no-signed`, no signing will be diff --git a/Documentation/git-stash.txt b/Documentation/git-stash.txt index 70191d06b6..8be661007d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-stash.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-stash.txt @@ -13,8 +13,6 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git stash' drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>] 'git stash' ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>] 'git stash' branch <branchname> [<stash>] -'git stash' save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet] - [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>] 'git stash' [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]] [--] [<pathspec>...]] @@ -33,7 +31,7 @@ and reverts the working directory to match the `HEAD` commit. The modifications stashed away by this command can be listed with `git stash list`, inspected with `git stash show`, and restored (potentially on top of a different commit) with `git stash apply`. -Calling `git stash` without any arguments is equivalent to `git stash save`. +Calling `git stash` without any arguments is equivalent to `git stash push`. A stash is by default listed as "WIP on 'branchname' ...", but you can give a more descriptive message on the command line when you create one. @@ -48,21 +46,20 @@ stash index (e.g. the integer `n` is equivalent to `stash@{n}`). OPTIONS ------- -save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [<message>]:: push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [-m|--message <message>] [--] [<pathspec>...]:: - Save your local modifications to a new 'stash' and roll them + Save your local modifications to a new 'stash entry' and roll them back to HEAD (in the working tree and in the index). The <message> part is optional and gives the description along with the stashed state. + For quickly making a snapshot, you can omit "push". In this mode, non-option arguments are not allowed to prevent a misspelled -subcommand from making an unwanted stash. The two exceptions to this +subcommand from making an unwanted stash entry. The two exceptions to this are `stash -p` which acts as alias for `stash push -p` and pathspecs, which are allowed after a double hyphen `--` for disambiguation. + -When pathspec is given to 'git stash push', the new stash records the +When pathspec is given to 'git stash push', the new stash entry records the modified states only for the files that match the pathspec. The index entries and working tree files are then rolled back to the state in HEAD only for these files, too, leaving files that do not match the @@ -87,12 +84,18 @@ linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode. The `--patch` option implies `--keep-index`. You can use `--no-keep-index` to override this. +save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [<message>]:: + + This option is deprecated in favour of 'git stash push'. It + differs from "stash push" in that it cannot take pathspecs, + and any non-option arguments form the message. + list [<options>]:: - List the stashes that you currently have. Each 'stash' is listed - with its name (e.g. `stash@{0}` is the latest stash, `stash@{1}` is + List the stash entries that you currently have. Each 'stash entry' is + listed with its name (e.g. `stash@{0}` is the latest entry, `stash@{1}` is the one before, etc.), the name of the branch that was current when the - stash was made, and a short description of the commit the stash was + entry was made, and a short description of the commit the entry was based on. + ---------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -105,11 +108,12 @@ command to control what is shown and how. See linkgit:git-log[1]. show [<stash>]:: - Show the changes recorded in the stash as a diff between the - stashed state and its original parent. When no `<stash>` is given, - shows the latest one. By default, the command shows the diffstat, but - it will accept any format known to 'git diff' (e.g., `git stash show - -p stash@{1}` to view the second most recent stash in patch form). + Show the changes recorded in the stash entry as a diff between the + stashed contents and the commit back when the stash entry was first + created. When no `<stash>` is given, it shows the latest one. + By default, the command shows the diffstat, but it will accept any + format known to 'git diff' (e.g., `git stash show -p stash@{1}` + to view the second most recent entry in patch form). You can use stash.showStat and/or stash.showPatch config variables to change the default behavior. @@ -117,7 +121,7 @@ pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]:: Remove a single stashed state from the stash list and apply it on top of the current working tree state, i.e., do the inverse - operation of `git stash save`. The working directory must + operation of `git stash push`. The working directory must match the index. + Applying the state can fail with conflicts; in this case, it is not @@ -136,7 +140,7 @@ apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]:: Like `pop`, but do not remove the state from the stash list. Unlike `pop`, `<stash>` may be any commit that looks like a commit created by - `stash save` or `stash create`. + `stash push` or `stash create`. branch <branchname> [<stash>]:: @@ -147,28 +151,29 @@ branch <branchname> [<stash>]:: `stash@{<revision>}`, it then drops the `<stash>`. When no `<stash>` is given, applies the latest one. + -This is useful if the branch on which you ran `git stash save` has +This is useful if the branch on which you ran `git stash push` has changed enough that `git stash apply` fails due to conflicts. Since -the stash is applied on top of the commit that was HEAD at the time -`git stash` was run, it restores the originally stashed state with -no conflicts. +the stash entry is applied on top of the commit that was HEAD at the +time `git stash` was run, it restores the originally stashed state +with no conflicts. clear:: - Remove all the stashed states. Note that those states will then + Remove all the stash entries. Note that those entries will then be subject to pruning, and may be impossible to recover (see 'Examples' below for a possible strategy). drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]:: - Remove a single stashed state from the stash list. When no `<stash>` - is given, it removes the latest one. i.e. `stash@{0}`, otherwise - `<stash>` must be a valid stash log reference of the form - `stash@{<revision>}`. + Remove a single stash entry from the list of stash entries. + When no `<stash>` is given, it removes the latest one. + i.e. `stash@{0}`, otherwise `<stash>` must be a valid stash + log reference of the form `stash@{<revision>}`. create:: - Create a stash (which is a regular commit object) and return its - object name, without storing it anywhere in the ref namespace. + Create a stash entry (which is a regular commit object) and + return its object name, without storing it anywhere in the ref + namespace. This is intended to be useful for scripts. It is probably not the command you want to use; see "save" above. @@ -182,10 +187,10 @@ store:: DISCUSSION ---------- -A stash is represented as a commit whose tree records the state of the -working directory, and its first parent is the commit at `HEAD` when -the stash was created. The tree of the second parent records the -state of the index when the stash is made, and it is made a child of +A stash entry is represented as a commit whose tree records the state +of the working directory, and its first parent is the commit at `HEAD` +when the entry was created. The tree of the second parent records the +state of the index when the entry is made, and it is made a child of the `HEAD` commit. The ancestry graph looks like this: .----W @@ -253,14 +258,14 @@ $ git stash pop Testing partial commits:: -You can use `git stash save --keep-index` when you want to make two or +You can use `git stash push --keep-index` when you want to make two or more commits out of the changes in the work tree, and you want to test each change before committing: + ---------------------------------------------------------------- # ... hack hack hack ... $ git add --patch foo # add just first part to the index -$ git stash save --keep-index # save all other changes to the stash +$ git stash push --keep-index # save all other changes to the stash $ edit/build/test first part $ git commit -m 'First part' # commit fully tested change $ git stash pop # prepare to work on all other changes @@ -269,12 +274,12 @@ $ edit/build/test remaining parts $ git commit foo -m 'Remaining parts' ---------------------------------------------------------------- -Recovering stashes that were cleared/dropped erroneously:: +Recovering stash entries that were cleared/dropped erroneously:: -If you mistakenly drop or clear stashes, they cannot be recovered +If you mistakenly drop or clear stash entries, they cannot be recovered through the normal safety mechanisms. However, you can try the -following incantation to get a list of stashes that are still in your -repository, but not reachable any more: +following incantation to get a list of stash entries that are still in +your repository, but not reachable any more: + ---------------------------------------------------------------- git fsck --unreachable | diff --git a/Documentation/git-status.txt b/Documentation/git-status.txt index d70abc6afe..fc282e0a92 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-status.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-status.txt @@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ OPTIONS --branch:: Show the branch and tracking info even in short-format. +--show-stash:: + Show the number of entries currently stashed away. + --porcelain[=<version>]:: Give the output in an easy-to-parse format for scripts. This is similar to the short output, but will remain stable @@ -94,8 +97,27 @@ configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. (and suppresses the output of submodule summaries when the config option `status.submoduleSummary` is set). ---ignored:: +--ignored[=<mode>]:: Show ignored files as well. ++ +The mode parameter is used to specify the handling of ignored files. +It is optional: it defaults to 'traditional'. ++ +The possible options are: ++ + - 'traditional' - Shows ignored files and directories, unless + --untracked-files=all is specifed, in which case + individual files in ignored directories are + displayed. + - 'no' - Show no ignored files. + - 'matching' - Shows ignored files and directories matching an + ignore pattern. ++ +When 'matching' mode is specified, paths that explicity match an +ignored pattern are shown. If a directory matches an ignore pattern, +then it is shown, but not paths contained in the ignored directory. If +a directory does not match an ignore pattern, but all contents are +ignored, then the directory is not shown, but all contents are shown. -z:: Terminate entries with NUL, instead of LF. This implies @@ -108,6 +130,8 @@ configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. without options are equivalent to 'always' and 'never' respectively. +<pathspec>...:: + See the 'pathspec' entry in linkgit:gitglossary[7]. OUTPUT ------ diff --git a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt index 74bc6200d5..ff612001d2 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt @@ -24,37 +24,7 @@ DESCRIPTION ----------- Inspects, updates and manages submodules. -A submodule allows you to keep another Git repository in a subdirectory -of your repository. The other repository has its own history, which does not -interfere with the history of the current repository. This can be used to -have external dependencies such as third party libraries for example. - -When cloning or pulling a repository containing submodules however, -these will not be checked out by default; the 'init' and 'update' -subcommands will maintain submodules checked out and at -appropriate revision in your working tree. - -Submodules are composed from a so-called `gitlink` tree entry -in the main repository that refers to a particular commit object -within the inner repository that is completely separate. -A record in the `.gitmodules` (see linkgit:gitmodules[5]) file at the -root of the source tree assigns a logical name to the submodule and -describes the default URL the submodule shall be cloned from. -The logical name can be used for overriding this URL within your -local repository configuration (see 'submodule init'). - -Submodules are not to be confused with remotes, which are other -repositories of the same project; submodules are meant for -different projects you would like to make part of your source tree, -while the history of the two projects still stays completely -independent and you cannot modify the contents of the submodule -from within the main project. -If you want to merge the project histories and want to treat the -aggregated whole as a single project from then on, you may want to -add a remote for the other project and use the 'subtree' merge strategy, -instead of treating the other project as a submodule. Directories -that come from both projects can be cloned and checked out as a whole -if you choose to go that route. +For more information about submodules, see linkgit:gitsubmodules[7]. COMMANDS -------- @@ -63,14 +33,6 @@ add [-b <branch>] [-f|--force] [--name <name>] [--reference <repository>] [--dep to the changeset to be committed next to the current project: the current project is termed the "superproject". + -This requires at least one argument: <repository>. The optional -argument <path> is the relative location for the cloned submodule -to exist in the superproject. If <path> is not given, the -"humanish" part of the source repository is used ("repo" for -"/path/to/repo.git" and "foo" for "host.xz:foo/.git"). -The <path> is also used as the submodule's logical name in its -configuration entries unless `--name` is used to specify a logical name. -+ <repository> is the URL of the new submodule's origin repository. This may be either an absolute URL, or (if it begins with ./ or ../), the location relative to the superproject's default remote @@ -87,21 +49,22 @@ If the superproject doesn't have a default remote configured the superproject is its own authoritative upstream and the current working directory is used instead. + -<path> is the relative location for the cloned submodule to -exist in the superproject. If <path> does not exist, then the -submodule is created by cloning from the named URL. If <path> does -exist and is already a valid Git repository, then this is added -to the changeset without cloning. This second form is provided -to ease creating a new submodule from scratch, and presumes -the user will later push the submodule to the given URL. +The optional argument <path> is the relative location for the cloned +submodule to exist in the superproject. If <path> is not given, the +canonical part of the source repository is used ("repo" for +"/path/to/repo.git" and "foo" for "host.xz:foo/.git"). If <path> +exists and is already a valid Git repository, then it is staged +for commit without cloning. The <path> is also used as the submodule's +logical name in its configuration entries unless `--name` is used +to specify a logical name. + -In either case, the given URL is recorded into .gitmodules for -use by subsequent users cloning the superproject. If the URL is -given relative to the superproject's repository, the presumption -is the superproject and submodule repositories will be kept -together in the same relative location, and only the -superproject's URL needs to be provided: git-submodule will correctly -locate the submodule using the relative URL in .gitmodules. +The given URL is recorded into `.gitmodules` for use by subsequent users +cloning the superproject. If the URL is given relative to the +superproject's repository, the presumption is the superproject and +submodule repositories will be kept together in the same relative +location, and only the superproject's URL needs to be provided. +git-submodule will correctly locate the submodule using the relative +URL in `.gitmodules`. status [--cached] [--recursive] [--] [<path>...]:: Show the status of the submodules. This will print the SHA-1 of the @@ -123,7 +86,7 @@ too (and can also report changes to a submodule's work tree). init [--] [<path>...]:: Initialize the submodules recorded in the index (which were added and committed elsewhere) by setting `submodule.$name.url` - in .git/config. It uses the same setting from .gitmodules as + in .git/config. It uses the same setting from `.gitmodules` as a template. If the URL is relative, it will be resolved using the default remote. If there is no default remote, the current repository will be assumed to be upstream. @@ -141,7 +104,7 @@ you can also just use `git submodule update --init` without the explicit 'init' step if you do not intend to customize any submodule locations. + -See the add subcommand for the defintion of default remote. +See the add subcommand for the definition of default remote. deinit [-f|--force] (--all|[--] <path>...):: Unregister the given submodules, i.e. remove the whole @@ -149,15 +112,17 @@ deinit [-f|--force] (--all|[--] <path>...):: tree. Further calls to `git submodule update`, `git submodule foreach` and `git submodule sync` will skip any unregistered submodules until they are initialized again, so use this command if you don't want to - have a local checkout of the submodule in your working tree anymore. If - you really want to remove a submodule from the repository and commit - that use linkgit:git-rm[1] instead. + have a local checkout of the submodule in your working tree anymore. + When the command is run without pathspec, it errors out, instead of deinit-ing everything, to prevent mistakes. + If `--force` is specified, the submodule's working tree will be removed even if it contains local modifications. ++ +If you really want to remove a submodule from the repository and commit +that use linkgit:git-rm[1] instead. See linkgit:gitsubmodules[7] for removal +options. update [--init] [--remote] [-N|--no-fetch] [--[no-]recommend-shallow] [-f|--force] [--checkout|--rebase|--merge] [--reference <repository>] [--depth <depth>] [--recursive] [--jobs <n>] [--] [<path>...]:: + @@ -197,7 +162,7 @@ configuration variable: none;; the submodule is not updated. If the submodule is not yet initialized, and you just want to use the -setting as stored in .gitmodules, you can automatically initialize the +setting as stored in `.gitmodules`, you can automatically initialize the submodule with the `--init` option. If `--recursive` is specified, this command will recurse into the @@ -220,7 +185,7 @@ foreach [--recursive] <command>:: Evaluates an arbitrary shell command in each checked out submodule. The command has access to the variables $name, $path, $sha1 and $toplevel: - $name is the name of the relevant submodule section in .gitmodules, + $name is the name of the relevant submodule section in `.gitmodules`, $path is the name of the submodule directory relative to the superproject, $sha1 is the commit as recorded in the superproject, and $toplevel is the absolute path to the top-level of the superproject. @@ -242,7 +207,7 @@ git submodule foreach 'echo $path `git rev-parse HEAD`' sync [--recursive] [--] [<path>...]:: Synchronizes submodules' remote URL configuration setting - to the value specified in .gitmodules. It will only affect those + to the value specified in `.gitmodules`. It will only affect those submodules which already have a URL entry in .git/config (that is the case when they are initialized or freshly added). This is useful when submodule URLs change upstream and you need to update your local @@ -413,7 +378,7 @@ for linkgit:git-clone[1]'s `--reference` and `--shared` options carefully. --[no-]recommend-shallow:: This option is only valid for the update command. The initial clone of a submodule will use the recommended - `submodule.<name>.shallow` as provided by the .gitmodules file + `submodule.<name>.shallow` as provided by the `.gitmodules` file by default. To ignore the suggestions use `--no-recommend-shallow`. -j <n>:: @@ -429,12 +394,16 @@ for linkgit:git-clone[1]'s `--reference` and `--shared` options carefully. FILES ----- -When initializing submodules, a .gitmodules file in the top-level directory +When initializing submodules, a `.gitmodules` file in the top-level directory of the containing repository is used to find the url of each submodule. This file should be formatted in the same way as `$GIT_DIR/config`. The key to each submodule url is "submodule.$name.url". See linkgit:gitmodules[5] for details. +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gitsubmodules[7], linkgit:gitmodules[5]. + GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-svn.txt b/Documentation/git-svn.txt index 9bee9b0c4c..636e09048e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-svn.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-svn.txt @@ -95,6 +95,10 @@ If you still want the old default, you can get it by passing `--prefix ""` on the command line (`--prefix=""` may not work if your Perl's Getopt::Long is < v2.37). +--ignore-refs=<regex>;; + When passed to 'init' or 'clone' this regular expression will + be preserved as a config key. See 'fetch' for a description + of `--ignore-refs`. --ignore-paths=<regex>;; When passed to 'init' or 'clone' this regular expression will be preserved as a config key. See 'fetch' for a description @@ -138,6 +142,18 @@ the same local time zone. --parent;; Fetch only from the SVN parent of the current HEAD. +--ignore-refs=<regex>;; + Ignore refs for branches or tags matching the Perl regular + expression. A "negative look-ahead assertion" like + `^refs/remotes/origin/(?!tags/wanted-tag|wanted-branch).*$` + can be used to allow only certain refs. ++ +[verse] +config key: svn-remote.<name>.ignore-refs ++ +If the ignore-refs configuration key is set, and the command-line +option is also given, both regular expressions will be used. + --ignore-paths=<regex>;; This allows one to specify a Perl regular expression that will cause skipping of all matching paths from checkout from SVN. @@ -408,7 +424,7 @@ Any other arguments are passed directly to 'git log' 'set-tree':: You should consider using 'dcommit' instead of this command. Commit specified commit or tree objects to SVN. This relies on - your imported fetch data being up-to-date. This makes + your imported fetch data being up to date. This makes absolutely no attempts to do patching when committing to SVN, it simply overwrites files with those specified in the tree or commit. All merging is assumed to have taken place @@ -443,6 +459,21 @@ Any other arguments are passed directly to 'git log' (URL) may be omitted if you are working from a 'git svn'-aware repository (that has been `init`-ed with 'git svn'). The -r<revision> option is required for this. ++ +The commit message is supplied either directly with the `-m` or `-F` +option, or indirectly from the tag or commit when the second tree-ish +denotes such an object, or it is requested by invoking an editor (see +`--edit` option below). + +-m <msg>;; +--message=<msg>;; + Use the given `msg` as the commit message. This option + disables the `--edit` option. + +-F <filename>;; +--file=<filename>;; + Take the commit message from the given file. This option + disables the `--edit` option. 'info':: Shows information about a file or directory similar to what diff --git a/Documentation/git-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-tag.txt index 1eb15afa1c..956fc019f9 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-tag.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-tag.txt @@ -115,6 +115,11 @@ options for details. variable if it exists, or lexicographic order otherwise. See linkgit:git-config[1]. +--color[=<when>]: + Respect any colors specified in the `--format` option. The + `<when>` field must be one of `always`, `never`, or `auto` (if + `<when>` is absent, behave as if `always` was given). + -i:: --ignore-case:: Sorting and filtering tags are case insensitive. @@ -174,7 +179,7 @@ This option is only applicable when listing tags without annotation lines. `core.logAllRefUpdates` in linkgit:git-config[1]. The negated form `--no-create-reflog` only overrides an earlier `--create-reflog`, but currently does not negate the setting of - `core.logallrefupdates`. + `core.logAllRefUpdates`. <tagname>:: The name of the tag to create, delete, or describe. @@ -188,8 +193,8 @@ This option is only applicable when listing tags without annotation lines. Defaults to HEAD. <format>:: - A string that interpolates `%(fieldname)` from the object - pointed at by a ref being shown. The format is the same as + A string that interpolates `%(fieldname)` from a tag ref being shown + and the object it points at. The format is the same as that of linkgit:git-for-each-ref[1]. When unspecified, defaults to `%(refname:strip=2)`. @@ -205,6 +210,9 @@ it in the repository configuration as follows: signingKey = <gpg-keyid> ------------------------------------- +`pager.tag` is only respected when listing tags, i.e., when `-l` is +used or implied. The default is to use a pager. +See linkgit:git-config[1]. DISCUSSION ---------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt index 1579abf3c3..bdb0342593 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt @@ -16,9 +16,11 @@ SYNOPSIS [--chmod=(+|-)x] [--[no-]assume-unchanged] [--[no-]skip-worktree] + [--[no-]fsmonitor-valid] [--ignore-submodules] [--[no-]split-index] [--[no-|test-|force-]untracked-cache] + [--[no-]fsmonitor] [--really-refresh] [--unresolve] [--again | -g] [--info-only] [--index-info] [-z] [--stdin] [--index-version <n>] @@ -111,6 +113,12 @@ you will need to handle the situation manually. set and unset the "skip-worktree" bit for the paths. See section "Skip-worktree bit" below for more information. +--[no-]fsmonitor-valid:: + When one of these flags is specified, the object name recorded + for the paths are not updated. Instead, these options + set and unset the "fsmonitor valid" bit for the paths. See + section "File System Monitor" below for more information. + -g:: --again:: Runs 'git update-index' itself on the paths whose index @@ -153,7 +161,7 @@ you will need to handle the situation manually. + Version 4 performs a simple pathname compression that reduces index size by 30%-50% on large repositories, which results in faster load -time. Version 4 is relatively young (first released in in 1.8.0 in +time. Version 4 is relatively young (first released in 1.8.0 in October 2012). Other Git implementations such as JGit and libgit2 may not support it yet. @@ -201,6 +209,15 @@ will remove the intended effect of the option. `--untracked-cache` used to imply `--test-untracked-cache` but this option would enable the extension unconditionally. +--fsmonitor:: +--no-fsmonitor:: + Enable or disable files system monitor feature. These options + take effect whatever the value of the `core.fsmonitor` + configuration variable (see linkgit:git-config[1]). But a warning + is emitted when the change goes against the configured value, as + the configured value will take effect next time the index is + read and this will remove the intended effect of the option. + \--:: Do not interpret any more arguments as options. @@ -214,7 +231,7 @@ will remove the intended effect of the option. Using --refresh --------------- `--refresh` does not calculate a new sha1 file or bring the index -up-to-date for mode/content changes. But what it *does* do is to +up to date for mode/content changes. But what it *does* do is to "re-match" the stat information of a file with the index, so that you can refresh the index for a file that hasn't been changed but where the stat entry is out of date. @@ -447,6 +464,34 @@ command reads the index; while when `--[no-|force-]untracked-cache` are used, the untracked cache is immediately added to or removed from the index. +File System Monitor +------------------- + +This feature is intended to speed up git operations for repos that have +large working directories. + +It enables git to work together with a file system monitor (see the +"fsmonitor-watchman" section of linkgit:githooks[5]) that can +inform it as to what files have been modified. This enables git to avoid +having to lstat() every file to find modified files. + +When used in conjunction with the untracked cache, it can further improve +performance by avoiding the cost of scanning the entire working directory +looking for new files. + +If you want to enable (or disable) this feature, it is easier to use +the `core.fsmonitor` configuration variable (see +linkgit:git-config[1]) than using the `--fsmonitor` option to +`git update-index` in each repository, especially if you want to do so +across all repositories you use, because you can set the configuration +variable to `true` (or `false`) in your `$HOME/.gitconfig` just once +and have it affect all repositories you touch. + +When the `core.fsmonitor` configuration variable is changed, the +file system monitor is added to or removed from the index the next time +a command reads the index. When `--[no-]fsmonitor` are used, the file +system monitor is immediately added to or removed from the index. + Configuration ------------- diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt index 7dd5e03280..483a1f3547 100644 --- a/Documentation/git.txt +++ b/Documentation/git.txt @@ -75,7 +75,8 @@ example the following invocations are equivalent: Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets `foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c -foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string. +foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string which `git config +--bool` will convert to `false`. --exec-path[=<path>]:: Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed. @@ -158,6 +159,10 @@ foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string. Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. +--no-optional-locks:: + Do not perform optional operations that require locks. This is + equivalent to setting the `GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS` to `0`. + GIT COMMANDS ------------ @@ -590,6 +595,10 @@ into it. Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages. +`GIT_TRACE_FSMONITOR`:: + Enables trace messages for the filesystem monitor extension. + See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options. + `GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`:: Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is @@ -696,6 +705,32 @@ of clones and fetches. which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands. See linkgit:git-config[1] for more details. +`GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS`:: + If set to `0`, Git will complete any requested operation without + performing any optional sub-operations that require taking a lock. + For example, this will prevent `git status` from refreshing the + index as a side effect. This is useful for processes running in + the background which do not want to cause lock contention with + other operations on the repository. Defaults to `1`. + +`GIT_REDIRECT_STDIN`:: +`GIT_REDIRECT_STDOUT`:: +`GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR`:: + Windows-only: allow redirecting the standard input/output/error + handles to paths specified by the environment variables. This is + particularly useful in multi-threaded applications where the + canonical way to pass standard handles via `CreateProcess()` is + not an option because it would require the handles to be marked + inheritable (and consequently *every* spawned process would + inherit them, possibly blocking regular Git operations). The + primary intended use case is to use named pipes for communication + (e.g. `\\.\pipe\my-git-stdin-123`). ++ +Two special values are supported: `off` will simply close the +corresponding standard handle, and if `GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR` is +`2>&1`, standard error will be redirected to the same handle as +standard output. + Discussion[[Discussion]] ------------------------ diff --git a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt index 2a2d7e2a4d..4c68bc19d5 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt @@ -151,7 +151,10 @@ unspecified. This attribute sets a specific line-ending style to be used in the working directory. It enables end-of-line conversion without any -content checks, effectively setting the `text` attribute. +content checks, effectively setting the `text` attribute. Note that +setting this attribute on paths which are in the index with CRLF line +endings may make the paths to be considered dirty. Adding the path to +the index again will normalize the line endings in the index. Set to string value "crlf":: @@ -425,8 +428,8 @@ packet: git< capability=clean packet: git< capability=smudge packet: git< 0000 ------------------------ -Supported filter capabilities in version 2 are "clean" and -"smudge". +Supported filter capabilities in version 2 are "clean", "smudge", +and "delay". Afterwards Git sends a list of "key=value" pairs terminated with a flush packet. The list will contain at least the filter command @@ -512,12 +515,73 @@ the protocol then Git will stop the filter process and restart it with the next file that needs to be processed. Depending on the `filter.<driver>.required` flag Git will interpret that as error. -After the filter has processed a blob it is expected to wait for -the next "key=value" list containing a command. Git will close +After the filter has processed a command it is expected to wait for +a "key=value" list containing the next command. Git will close the command pipe on exit. The filter is expected to detect EOF and exit gracefully on its own. Git will wait until the filter process has stopped. +Delay +^^^^^ + +If the filter supports the "delay" capability, then Git can send the +flag "can-delay" after the filter command and pathname. This flag +denotes that the filter can delay filtering the current blob (e.g. to +compensate network latencies) by responding with no content but with +the status "delayed" and a flush packet. +------------------------ +packet: git> command=smudge +packet: git> pathname=path/testfile.dat +packet: git> can-delay=1 +packet: git> 0000 +packet: git> CONTENT +packet: git> 0000 +packet: git< status=delayed +packet: git< 0000 +------------------------ + +If the filter supports the "delay" capability then it must support the +"list_available_blobs" command. If Git sends this command, then the +filter is expected to return a list of pathnames representing blobs +that have been delayed earlier and are now available. +The list must be terminated with a flush packet followed +by a "success" status that is also terminated with a flush packet. If +no blobs for the delayed paths are available, yet, then the filter is +expected to block the response until at least one blob becomes +available. The filter can tell Git that it has no more delayed blobs +by sending an empty list. As soon as the filter responds with an empty +list, Git stops asking. All blobs that Git has not received at this +point are considered missing and will result in an error. + +------------------------ +packet: git> command=list_available_blobs +packet: git> 0000 +packet: git< pathname=path/testfile.dat +packet: git< pathname=path/otherfile.dat +packet: git< 0000 +packet: git< status=success +packet: git< 0000 +------------------------ + +After Git received the pathnames, it will request the corresponding +blobs again. These requests contain a pathname and an empty content +section. The filter is expected to respond with the smudged content +in the usual way as explained above. +------------------------ +packet: git> command=smudge +packet: git> pathname=path/testfile.dat +packet: git> 0000 +packet: git> 0000 # empty content! +packet: git< status=success +packet: git< 0000 +packet: git< SMUDGED_CONTENT +packet: git< 0000 +packet: git< 0000 # empty list, keep "status=success" unchanged! +------------------------ + +Example +^^^^^^^ + A long running filter demo implementation can be found in `contrib/long-running-filter/example.pl` located in the Git core repository. If you develop your own long running filter diff --git a/Documentation/gitcli.txt b/Documentation/gitcli.txt index dfe7d83727..9f13266a68 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitcli.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcli.txt @@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ different things. * The `--index` option is used to ask a command that usually works on files in the working tree to *also* affect the index. For example, `git stash apply` usually - merges changes recorded in a stash to the working tree, + merges changes recorded in a stash entry to the working tree, but with the `--index` option, it also merges changes to the index as well. diff --git a/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt b/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt index 7577f27ec2..e29a9effcc 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt @@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ So after you do a `cp -a` to create a new copy, you'll want to do $ git update-index --refresh ---------------- + -in the new repository to make sure that the index file is up-to-date. +in the new repository to make sure that the index file is up to date. Note that the second point is true even across machines. You can duplicate a remote Git repository with *any* regular copy mechanism, be it @@ -701,7 +701,7 @@ $ git checkout-index -u -a ---------------- where the `-u` flag means that you want the checkout to keep the index -up-to-date (so that you don't have to refresh it afterward), and the +up to date (so that you don't have to refresh it afterward), and the `-a` flag means "check out all files" (if you have a stale copy or an older version of a checked out tree you may also need to add the `-f` flag first, to tell 'git checkout-index' to *force* overwriting of any old @@ -1283,7 +1283,7 @@ run a single command, 'git-receive-pack'. First, you need to create an empty repository on the remote machine that will house your public repository. This empty -repository will be populated and be kept up-to-date by pushing +repository will be populated and be kept up to date by pushing into it later. Obviously, this repository creation needs to be done only once. @@ -1450,7 +1450,7 @@ transport protocols (HTTP), you need to keep this repository would contain a call to 'git update-server-info' but you need to manually enable the hook with `mv post-update.sample post-update`. This makes sure -'git update-server-info' keeps the necessary files up-to-date. +'git update-server-info' keeps the necessary files up to date. 3. Push into the public repository from your primary repository. diff --git a/Documentation/githooks.txt b/Documentation/githooks.txt index 706091a569..0bb0042d8c 100644 --- a/Documentation/githooks.txt +++ b/Documentation/githooks.txt @@ -121,17 +121,16 @@ it is not suppressed by the `--no-verify` option. A non-zero exit means a failure of the hook and aborts the commit. It should not be used as replacement for pre-commit hook. -The sample `prepare-commit-msg` hook that comes with Git comments -out the `Conflicts:` part of a merge's commit message. +The sample `prepare-commit-msg` hook that comes with Git removes the +help message found in the commented portion of the commit template. commit-msg ~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git commit', and can be bypassed -with the `--no-verify` option. It takes a single parameter, the -name of the file that holds the proposed commit log message. -Exiting with a non-zero status causes the 'git commit' to -abort. +This hook is invoked by 'git commit' and 'git merge', and can be +bypassed with the `--no-verify` option. It takes a single parameter, +the name of the file that holds the proposed commit log message. +Exiting with a non-zero status causes the command to abort. The hook is allowed to edit the message file in place, and can be used to normalize the message into some project standard format. It @@ -369,7 +368,7 @@ them. When enabled, the default 'post-update' hook runs 'git update-server-info' to keep the information used by dumb -transports (e.g., HTTP) up-to-date. If you are publishing +transports (e.g., HTTP) up to date. If you are publishing a Git repository that is accessible via HTTP, you should probably enable this hook. @@ -447,6 +446,42 @@ rebase:: The commits are guaranteed to be listed in the order that they were processed by rebase. +sendemail-validate +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This hook is invoked by 'git send-email'. It takes a single parameter, +the name of the file that holds the e-mail to be sent. Exiting with a +non-zero status causes 'git send-email' to abort before sending any +e-mails. + +fsmonitor-watchman +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This hook is invoked when the configuration option core.fsmonitor is +set to .git/hooks/fsmonitor-watchman. It takes two arguments, a version +(currently 1) and the time in elapsed nanoseconds since midnight, +January 1, 1970. + +The hook should output to stdout the list of all files in the working +directory that may have changed since the requested time. The logic +should be inclusive so that it does not miss any potential changes. +The paths should be relative to the root of the working directory +and be separated by a single NUL. + +It is OK to include files which have not actually changed. All changes +including newly-created and deleted files should be included. When +files are renamed, both the old and the new name should be included. + +Git will limit what files it checks for changes as well as which +directories are checked for untracked files based on the path names +given. + +An optimized way to tell git "all files have changed" is to return +the filename '/'. + +The exit status determines whether git will use the data from the +hook to limit its search. On error, it will fall back to verifying +all files and folders. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt index f51ed4e37c..adf9554ad2 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ objects/info/packs:: This file is to help dumb transports discover what packs are available in this object store. Whenever a pack is added or removed, `git update-server-info` should be run - to keep this file up-to-date if the repository is + to keep this file up to date if the repository is published for dumb transports. 'git repack' does this by default. diff --git a/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt b/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..46cf120f66 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt @@ -0,0 +1,221 @@ +gitsubmodules(7) +================ + +NAME +---- +gitsubmodules - mounting one repository inside another + +SYNOPSIS +-------- + .gitmodules, $GIT_DIR/config +------------------ +git submodule +git <command> --recurse-submodules +------------------ + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +A submodule is a repository embedded inside another repository. +The submodule has its own history; the repository it is embedded +in is called a superproject. + +On the filesystem, a submodule usually (but not always - see FORMS below) +consists of (i) a Git directory located under the `$GIT_DIR/modules/` +directory of its superproject, (ii) a working directory inside the +superproject's working directory, and a `.git` file at the root of +the submodule’s working directory pointing to (i). + +Assuming the submodule has a Git directory at `$GIT_DIR/modules/foo/` +and a working directory at `path/to/bar/`, the superproject tracks the +submodule via a `gitlink` entry in the tree at `path/to/bar` and an entry +in its `.gitmodules` file (see linkgit:gitmodules[5]) of the form +`submodule.foo.path = path/to/bar`. + +The `gitlink` entry contains the object name of the commit that the +superproject expects the submodule’s working directory to be at. + +The section `submodule.foo.*` in the `.gitmodules` file gives additional +hints to Gits porcelain layer such as where to obtain the submodule via +the `submodule.foo.url` setting. + +Submodules can be used for at least two different use cases: + +1. Using another project while maintaining independent history. + Submodules allow you to contain the working tree of another project + within your own working tree while keeping the history of both + projects separate. Also, since submodules are fixed to an arbitrary + version, the other project can be independently developed without + affecting the superproject, allowing the superproject project to + fix itself to new versions only when desired. + +2. Splitting a (logically single) project into multiple + repositories and tying them back together. This can be used to + overcome current limitations of Gits implementation to have + finer grained access: + + * Size of the git repository: + In its current form Git scales up poorly for large repositories containing + content that is not compressed by delta computation between trees. + However you can also use submodules to e.g. hold large binary assets + and these repositories are then shallowly cloned such that you do not + have a large history locally. + * Transfer size: + In its current form Git requires the whole working tree present. It + does not allow partial trees to be transferred in fetch or clone. + * Access control: + By restricting user access to submodules, this can be used to implement + read/write policies for different users. + +The configuration of submodules +------------------------------- + +Submodule operations can be configured using the following mechanisms +(from highest to lowest precedence): + + * The command line for those commands that support taking submodule specs. + Most commands have a boolean flag '--recurse-submodules' whether to + recurse into submodules. Examples are `ls-files` or `checkout`. + Some commands take enums, such as `fetch` and `push`, where you can + specify how submodules are affected. + + * The configuration inside the submodule. This includes `$GIT_DIR/config` + in the submodule, but also settings in the tree such as a `.gitattributes` + or `.gitignore` files that specify behavior of commands inside the + submodule. ++ +For example an effect from the submodule's `.gitignore` file +would be observed when you run `git status --ignore-submodules=none` in +the superproject. This collects information from the submodule's working +directory by running `status` in the submodule, which does pay attention +to its `.gitignore` file. ++ +The submodule's `$GIT_DIR/config` file would come into play when running +`git push --recurse-submodules=check` in the superproject, as this would +check if the submodule has any changes not published to any remote. The +remotes are configured in the submodule as usual in the `$GIT_DIR/config` +file. + + * The configuration file `$GIT_DIR/config` in the superproject. + Typical configuration at this place is controlling if a submodule + is recursed into at all via the `active` flag for example. ++ +If the submodule is not yet initialized, then the configuration +inside the submodule does not exist yet, so configuration where to +obtain the submodule from is configured here for example. + + * the `.gitmodules` file inside the superproject. Additionally to the + required mapping between submodule's name and path, a project usually + uses this file to suggest defaults for the upstream collection + of repositories. ++ +This file mainly serves as the mapping between name and path in +the superproject, such that the submodule's git directory can be +located. ++ +If the submodule has never been initialized, this is the only place +where submodule configuration is found. It serves as the last fallback +to specify where to obtain the submodule from. + +FORMS +----- + +Submodules can take the following forms: + + * The basic form described in DESCRIPTION with a Git directory, +a working directory, a `gitlink`, and a `.gitmodules` entry. + + * "Old-form" submodule: A working directory with an embedded +`.git` directory, and the tracking `gitlink` and `.gitmodules` entry in +the superproject. This is typically found in repositories generated +using older versions of Git. ++ +It is possible to construct these old form repositories manually. ++ +When deinitialized or deleted (see below), the submodule’s Git +directory is automatically moved to `$GIT_DIR/modules/<name>/` +of the superproject. + + * Deinitialized submodule: A `gitlink`, and a `.gitmodules` entry, +but no submodule working directory. The submodule’s git directory +may be there as after deinitializing the git directory is kept around. +The directory which is supposed to be the working directory is empty instead. ++ +A submodule can be deinitialized by running `git submodule deinit`. +Besides emptying the working directory, this command only modifies +the superproject’s `$GIT_DIR/config` file, so the superproject’s history +is not affected. This can be undone using `git submodule init`. + + * Deleted submodule: A submodule can be deleted by running +`git rm <submodule path> && git commit`. This can be undone +using `git revert`. ++ +The deletion removes the superproject’s tracking data, which are +both the `gitlink` entry and the section in the `.gitmodules` file. +The submodule’s working directory is removed from the file +system, but the Git directory is kept around as it to make it +possible to checkout past commits without requiring fetching +from another repository. ++ +To completely remove a submodule, manually delete +`$GIT_DIR/modules/<name>/`. + +Workflow for a third party library +---------------------------------- + + # add a submodule + git submodule add <url> <path> + + # occasionally update the submodule to a new version: + git -C <path> checkout <new version> + git add <path> + git commit -m "update submodule to new version" + + # See the list of submodules in a superproject + git submodule status + + # See FORMS on removing submodules + + +Workflow for an artificially split repo +-------------------------------------- + + # Enable recursion for relevant commands, such that + # regular commands recurse into submodules by default + git config --global submodule.recurse true + + # Unlike the other commands below clone still needs + # its own recurse flag: + git clone --recurse <URL> <directory> + cd <directory> + + # Get to know the code: + git grep foo + git ls-files + + # Get new code + git fetch + git pull --rebase + + # change worktree + git checkout + git reset + +Implementation details +---------------------- + +When cloning or pulling a repository containing submodules the submodules +will not be checked out by default; You can instruct 'clone' to recurse +into submodules. The 'init' and 'update' subcommands of 'git submodule' +will maintain submodules checked out and at an appropriate revision in +your working tree. Alternatively you can set 'submodule.recurse' to have +'checkout' recursing into submodules. + + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-submodule[1], linkgit:gitmodules[5]. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gittutorial.txt b/Documentation/gittutorial.txt index 794b83393e..242de31cb6 100644 --- a/Documentation/gittutorial.txt +++ b/Documentation/gittutorial.txt @@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ summary of the situation with 'git status': $ git status On branch master Changes to be committed: -Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'. +Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'. (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) modified: file1 diff --git a/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt b/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt index 177610e44e..02569d0614 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ beginning. It is always easier to squash a few commits together than to split one big commit into several. Don't be afraid of making too small or imperfect steps along the way. You can always go back later and edit the commits with `git rebase --interactive` before you -publish them. You can use `git stash save --keep-index` to run the +publish them. You can use `git stash push --keep-index` to run the test suite independent of other uncommitted changes; see the EXAMPLES section of linkgit:git-stash[1]. diff --git a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt index 6e991c2469..6b8888d123 100644 --- a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt +++ b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt @@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ these forms: exclude;; After a path matches any non-exclude pathspec, it will be run - through all exclude pathspec (magic signature: `!` or its + through all exclude pathspecs (magic signature: `!` or its synonym `^`). If it matches, the path is ignored. When there is no non-exclude pathspec, the exclusion is applied to the result set as if invoked without any pathspec. @@ -570,6 +570,10 @@ The most notable example is `HEAD`. is created by giving the `--depth` option to linkgit:git-clone[1], and its history can be later deepened with linkgit:git-fetch[1]. +[[def_stash]]stash entry:: + An <<def_object,object>> used to temporarily store the contents of a + <<def_dirty,dirty>> working directory and the index for future reuse. + [[def_submodule]]submodule:: A <<def_repository,repository>> that holds the history of a separate project inside another repository (the latter of diff --git a/Documentation/merge-options.txt b/Documentation/merge-options.txt index 5b4a62e936..3888c3ff85 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-options.txt @@ -39,9 +39,15 @@ set to `no` at the beginning of them. --ff-only:: Refuse to merge and exit with a non-zero status unless the - current `HEAD` is already up-to-date or the merge can be + current `HEAD` is already up to date or the merge can be resolved as a fast-forward. +-S[<keyid>]:: +--gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: + GPG-sign the resulting merge commit. The `keyid` argument is + optional and defaults to the committer identity; if specified, + it must be stuck to the option without a space. + --log[=<n>]:: --no-log:: In addition to branch names, populate the log message with @@ -51,6 +57,16 @@ set to `no` at the beginning of them. With --no-log do not list one-line descriptions from the actual commits being merged. +--signoff:: +--no-signoff:: + Add Signed-off-by line by the committer at the end of the commit + log message. The meaning of a signoff depends on the project, + but it typically certifies that committer has + the rights to submit this work under the same license and + agrees to a Developer Certificate of Origin + (see http://developercertificate.org/ for more information). ++ +With --no-signoff do not add a Signed-off-by line. --stat:: -n:: diff --git a/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt b/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt index 030744910e..fd5d748d1b 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt @@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ even look at what the other tree contains at all. It discards everything the other tree did, declaring 'our' history contains all that happened in it. theirs;; - This is the opposite of 'ours'. + This is the opposite of 'ours'; note that, unlike 'ours', there is + no 'theirs' merge stragegy to confuse this merge option with. patience;; With this option, 'merge-recursive' spends a little extra time diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt index 4d6dac5770..d433d50f81 100644 --- a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt +++ b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt @@ -173,13 +173,17 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] - '%Cblue': switch color to blue - '%Creset': reset color - '%C(...)': color specification, as described under Values in the - "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of linkgit:git-config[1]; - adding `auto,` at the beginning (e.g. `%C(auto,red)`) will emit - color only when colors are enabled for log output (by `color.diff`, - `color.ui`, or `--color`, and respecting the `auto` settings of the - former if we are going to a terminal). `auto` alone (i.e. - `%C(auto)`) will turn on auto coloring on the next placeholders - until the color is switched again. + "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of linkgit:git-config[1]. + By default, colors are shown only when enabled for log output (by + `color.diff`, `color.ui`, or `--color`, and respecting the `auto` + settings of the former if we are going to a terminal). `%C(auto,...)` + is accepted as a historical synonym for the default (e.g., + `%C(auto,red)`). Specifying `%C(always,...) will show the colors + even when color is not otherwise enabled (though consider + just using `--color=always` to enable color for the whole output, + including this format and anything else git might color). `auto` + alone (i.e. `%C(auto)`) will turn on auto coloring on the next + placeholders until the color is switched again. - '%m': left (`<`), right (`>`) or boundary (`-`) mark - '%n': newline - '%%': a raw '%' @@ -201,7 +205,10 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] - '%><(<N>)', '%><|(<N>)': similar to '% <(<N>)', '%<|(<N>)' respectively, but padding both sides (i.e. the text is centered) - %(trailers): display the trailers of the body as interpreted by - linkgit:git-interpret-trailers[1] + linkgit:git-interpret-trailers[1]. If the `:only` option is given, + omit non-trailer lines from the trailer block. If the `:unfold` + option is given, behave as if interpret-trailer's `--unfold` option + was given. E.g., `%(trailers:only:unfold)` to do both. NOTE: Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the revision traversal engine. For example, the `%g*` reflog options will diff --git a/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt b/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt index 1ebbf1d738..c579793af5 100644 --- a/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt +++ b/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt @@ -23,9 +23,11 @@ ifdef::git-pull[] endif::git-pull[] + The format of a <refspec> parameter is an optional plus -`+`, followed by the source ref <src>, followed +`+`, followed by the source <src>, followed by a colon `:`, followed by the destination ref <dst>. -The colon can be omitted when <dst> is empty. +The colon can be omitted when <dst> is empty. <src> is +typically a ref, but it can also be a fully spelled hex object +name. + `tag <tag>` means the same as `refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag>`; it requests fetching everything up to the given tag. diff --git a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt index a02f7324c0..13501e1556 100644 --- a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt @@ -91,9 +91,14 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don't interpret pattern as a regular expression). +-P:: --perl-regexp:: - Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular expressions. - Requires libpcre to be compiled in. + Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular + expressions. ++ +Support for these types of regular expressions is an optional +compile-time dependency. If Git wasn't compiled with support for them +providing this option will cause it to die. --remove-empty:: Stop when a given path disappears from the tree. @@ -179,6 +184,14 @@ explicitly. Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the command line as `<commit>`. +--single-worktree:: + By default, all working trees will be examined by the + following options when there are more than one (see + linkgit:git-worktree[1]): `--all`, `--reflog` and + `--indexed-objects`. + This option forces them to examine the current working tree + only. + --ignore-missing:: Upon seeing an invalid object name in the input, pretend as if the bad input was not given. @@ -764,7 +777,8 @@ timezone value. 1970). As with `--raw`, this is always in UTC and therefore `-local` has no effect. + -`--date=format:...` feeds the format `...` to your system `strftime`. +`--date=format:...` feeds the format `...` to your system `strftime`, +except for %z and %Z, which are handled internally. Use `--date=format:%c` to show the date in your system locale's preferred format. See the `strftime` manual for a complete list of format placeholders. When using `-local`, the correct syntax is @@ -785,11 +799,11 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] --parents:: Print also the parents of the commit (in the form "commit parent..."). - Also enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below. + Also enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' above. --children:: Print also the children of the commit (in the form "commit child..."). - Also enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below. + Also enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' above. ifdef::git-rev-list[] --timestamp:: @@ -832,7 +846,7 @@ you would get an output like this: to be drawn properly. Cannot be combined with `--no-walk`. + -This enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below. +This enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' above. + This implies the `--topo-order` option by default, but the `--date-order` option may also be specified. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-argv-array.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-argv-array.txt index cfc063018c..870c8edbfb 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-argv-array.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-argv-array.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ always NULL-terminated at the element pointed to by `argv[argc]`. This makes the result suitable for passing to functions expecting to receive argv from main(), or the link:api-run-command.html[run-command API]. -The link:api-string-list.html[string-list API] is similar, but cannot be +The string-list API (documented in string-list.h) is similar, but cannot be used for these purposes; instead of storing a straight string pointer, it contains an item structure with a `util` field that is not compatible with the traditional argv interface. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-builtin.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-builtin.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 22a39b9299..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-builtin.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,73 +0,0 @@ -builtin API -=========== - -Adding a new built-in ---------------------- - -There are 4 things to do to add a built-in command implementation to -Git: - -. Define the implementation of the built-in command `foo` with - signature: - - int cmd_foo(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix); - -. Add the external declaration for the function to `builtin.h`. - -. Add the command to the `commands[]` table defined in `git.c`. - The entry should look like: - - { "foo", cmd_foo, <options> }, -+ -where options is the bitwise-or of: - -`RUN_SETUP`:: - If there is not a Git directory to work on, abort. If there - is a work tree, chdir to the top of it if the command was - invoked in a subdirectory. If there is no work tree, no - chdir() is done. - -`RUN_SETUP_GENTLY`:: - If there is a Git directory, chdir as per RUN_SETUP, otherwise, - don't chdir anywhere. - -`USE_PAGER`:: - - If the standard output is connected to a tty, spawn a pager and - feed our output to it. - -`NEED_WORK_TREE`:: - - Make sure there is a work tree, i.e. the command cannot act - on bare repositories. - This only makes sense when `RUN_SETUP` is also set. - -. Add `builtin/foo.o` to `BUILTIN_OBJS` in `Makefile`. - -Additionally, if `foo` is a new command, there are 3 more things to do: - -. Add tests to `t/` directory. - -. Write documentation in `Documentation/git-foo.txt`. - -. Add an entry for `git-foo` to `command-list.txt`. - -. Add an entry for `/git-foo` to `.gitignore`. - - -How a built-in is called ------------------------- - -The implementation `cmd_foo()` takes three parameters, `argc`, `argv, -and `prefix`. The first two are similar to what `main()` of a -standalone command would be called with. - -When `RUN_SETUP` is specified in the `commands[]` table, and when you -were started from a subdirectory of the work tree, `cmd_foo()` is called -after chdir(2) to the top of the work tree, and `prefix` gets the path -to the subdirectory the command started from. This allows you to -convert a user-supplied pathname (typically relative to that directory) -to a pathname relative to the top of the work tree. - -The return value from `cmd_foo()` becomes the exit status of the -command. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-config.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-config.txt index 20741f345e..9a778b0cad 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-config.txt @@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ parsing is successful, the return value is the result. Same as `git_config_bool`, except that integers are returned as-is, and an `is_bool` flag is unset. -`git_config_maybe_bool`:: +`git_parse_maybe_bool`:: Same as `git_config_bool`, except that it returns -1 on error rather than dying. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt index 6c77b4920c..7fae00f44f 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt @@ -22,16 +22,20 @@ The notable options are: `flags`:: - A bit-field of options (the `*IGNORED*` flags are mutually exclusive): + A bit-field of options: `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED`::: - Return just ignored files in `entries[]`, not untracked files. + Return just ignored files in `entries[]`, not untracked + files. This flag is mutually exclusive with + `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED_TOO`. `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED_TOO`::: - Similar to `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED`, but return ignored files in `ignored[]` - in addition to untracked files in `entries[]`. + Similar to `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED`, but return ignored files in + `ignored[]` in addition to untracked files in + `entries[]`. This flag is mutually exclusive with + `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED`. `DIR_KEEP_UNTRACKED_CONTENTS`::: @@ -39,6 +43,21 @@ The notable options are: untracked contents of untracked directories are also returned in `entries[]`. +`DIR_SHOW_IGNORED_TOO_MODE_MATCHING`::: + + Only has meaning if `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED_TOO` is also set; if + this is set, returns ignored files and directories that match + an exclude pattern. If a directory matches an exclude pattern, + then the directory is returned and the contained paths are + not. A directory that does not match an exclude pattern will + not be returned even if all of its contents are ignored. In + this case, the contents are returned as individual entries. ++ +If this is set, files and directories that explicity match an ignore +pattern are reported. Implicity ignored directories (directories that +do not match an ignore pattern, but whose contents are all ignored) +are not reported, instead all of the contents are reported. + `DIR_COLLECT_IGNORED`::: Special mode for git-add. Return ignored files in `ignored[]` and diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-hashmap.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-hashmap.txt deleted file mode 100644 index ccc634bbd7..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-hashmap.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,309 +0,0 @@ -hashmap API -=========== - -The hashmap API is a generic implementation of hash-based key-value mappings. - -Data Structures ---------------- - -`struct hashmap`:: - - The hash table structure. Members can be used as follows, but should - not be modified directly: -+ -The `size` member keeps track of the total number of entries (0 means the -hashmap is empty). -+ -`tablesize` is the allocated size of the hash table. A non-0 value indicates -that the hashmap is initialized. It may also be useful for statistical purposes -(i.e. `size / tablesize` is the current load factor). -+ -`cmpfn` stores the comparison function specified in `hashmap_init()`. In -advanced scenarios, it may be useful to change this, e.g. to switch between -case-sensitive and case-insensitive lookup. -+ -When `disallow_rehash` is set, automatic rehashes are prevented during inserts -and deletes. - -`struct hashmap_entry`:: - - An opaque structure representing an entry in the hash table, which must - be used as first member of user data structures. Ideally it should be - followed by an int-sized member to prevent unused memory on 64-bit - systems due to alignment. -+ -The `hash` member is the entry's hash code and the `next` member points to the -next entry in case of collisions (i.e. if multiple entries map to the same -bucket). - -`struct hashmap_iter`:: - - An iterator structure, to be used with hashmap_iter_* functions. - -Types ------ - -`int (*hashmap_cmp_fn)(const void *entry, const void *entry_or_key, const void *keydata)`:: - - User-supplied function to test two hashmap entries for equality. Shall - return 0 if the entries are equal. -+ -This function is always called with non-NULL `entry` / `entry_or_key` -parameters that have the same hash code. When looking up an entry, the `key` -and `keydata` parameters to hashmap_get and hashmap_remove are always passed -as second and third argument, respectively. Otherwise, `keydata` is NULL. - -Functions ---------- - -`unsigned int strhash(const char *buf)`:: -`unsigned int strihash(const char *buf)`:: -`unsigned int memhash(const void *buf, size_t len)`:: -`unsigned int memihash(const void *buf, size_t len)`:: -`unsigned int memihash_cont(unsigned int hash_seed, const void *buf, size_t len)`:: - - Ready-to-use hash functions for strings, using the FNV-1 algorithm (see - http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/fnv). -+ -`strhash` and `strihash` take 0-terminated strings, while `memhash` and -`memihash` operate on arbitrary-length memory. -+ -`strihash` and `memihash` are case insensitive versions. -+ -`memihash_cont` is a variant of `memihash` that allows a computation to be -continued with another chunk of data. - -`unsigned int sha1hash(const unsigned char *sha1)`:: - - Converts a cryptographic hash (e.g. SHA-1) into an int-sized hash code - for use in hash tables. Cryptographic hashes are supposed to have - uniform distribution, so in contrast to `memhash()`, this just copies - the first `sizeof(int)` bytes without shuffling any bits. Note that - the results will be different on big-endian and little-endian - platforms, so they should not be stored or transferred over the net. - -`void hashmap_init(struct hashmap *map, hashmap_cmp_fn equals_function, size_t initial_size)`:: - - Initializes a hashmap structure. -+ -`map` is the hashmap to initialize. -+ -The `equals_function` can be specified to compare two entries for equality. -If NULL, entries are considered equal if their hash codes are equal. -+ -If the total number of entries is known in advance, the `initial_size` -parameter may be used to preallocate a sufficiently large table and thus -prevent expensive resizing. If 0, the table is dynamically resized. - -`void hashmap_free(struct hashmap *map, int free_entries)`:: - - Frees a hashmap structure and allocated memory. -+ -`map` is the hashmap to free. -+ -If `free_entries` is true, each hashmap_entry in the map is freed as well -(using stdlib's free()). - -`void hashmap_entry_init(void *entry, unsigned int hash)`:: - - Initializes a hashmap_entry structure. -+ -`entry` points to the entry to initialize. -+ -`hash` is the hash code of the entry. -+ -The hashmap_entry structure does not hold references to external resources, -and it is safe to just discard it once you are done with it (i.e. if -your structure was allocated with xmalloc(), you can just free(3) it, -and if it is on stack, you can just let it go out of scope). - -`void *hashmap_get(const struct hashmap *map, const void *key, const void *keydata)`:: - - Returns the hashmap entry for the specified key, or NULL if not found. -+ -`map` is the hashmap structure. -+ -`key` is a hashmap_entry structure (or user data structure that starts with -hashmap_entry) that has at least been initialized with the proper hash code -(via `hashmap_entry_init`). -+ -If an entry with matching hash code is found, `key` and `keydata` are passed -to `hashmap_cmp_fn` to decide whether the entry matches the key. - -`void *hashmap_get_from_hash(const struct hashmap *map, unsigned int hash, const void *keydata)`:: - - Returns the hashmap entry for the specified hash code and key data, - or NULL if not found. -+ -`map` is the hashmap structure. -+ -`hash` is the hash code of the entry to look up. -+ -If an entry with matching hash code is found, `keydata` is passed to -`hashmap_cmp_fn` to decide whether the entry matches the key. The -`entry_or_key` parameter points to a bogus hashmap_entry structure that -should not be used in the comparison. - -`void *hashmap_get_next(const struct hashmap *map, const void *entry)`:: - - Returns the next equal hashmap entry, or NULL if not found. This can be - used to iterate over duplicate entries (see `hashmap_add`). -+ -`map` is the hashmap structure. -+ -`entry` is the hashmap_entry to start the search from, obtained via a previous -call to `hashmap_get` or `hashmap_get_next`. - -`void hashmap_add(struct hashmap *map, void *entry)`:: - - Adds a hashmap entry. This allows to add duplicate entries (i.e. - separate values with the same key according to hashmap_cmp_fn). -+ -`map` is the hashmap structure. -+ -`entry` is the entry to add. - -`void *hashmap_put(struct hashmap *map, void *entry)`:: - - Adds or replaces a hashmap entry. If the hashmap contains duplicate - entries equal to the specified entry, only one of them will be replaced. -+ -`map` is the hashmap structure. -+ -`entry` is the entry to add or replace. -+ -Returns the replaced entry, or NULL if not found (i.e. the entry was added). - -`void *hashmap_remove(struct hashmap *map, const void *key, const void *keydata)`:: - - Removes a hashmap entry matching the specified key. If the hashmap - contains duplicate entries equal to the specified key, only one of - them will be removed. -+ -`map` is the hashmap structure. -+ -`key` is a hashmap_entry structure (or user data structure that starts with -hashmap_entry) that has at least been initialized with the proper hash code -(via `hashmap_entry_init`). -+ -If an entry with matching hash code is found, `key` and `keydata` are -passed to `hashmap_cmp_fn` to decide whether the entry matches the key. -+ -Returns the removed entry, or NULL if not found. - -`void hashmap_disallow_rehash(struct hashmap *map, unsigned value)`:: - - Disallow/allow automatic rehashing of the hashmap during inserts - and deletes. -+ -This is useful if the caller knows that the hashmap will be accessed -by multiple threads. -+ -The caller is still responsible for any necessary locking; this simply -prevents unexpected rehashing. The caller is also responsible for properly -sizing the initial hashmap to ensure good performance. -+ -A call to allow rehashing does not force a rehash; that might happen -with the next insert or delete. - -`void hashmap_iter_init(struct hashmap *map, struct hashmap_iter *iter)`:: -`void *hashmap_iter_next(struct hashmap_iter *iter)`:: -`void *hashmap_iter_first(struct hashmap *map, struct hashmap_iter *iter)`:: - - Used to iterate over all entries of a hashmap. Note that it is - not safe to add or remove entries to the hashmap while - iterating. -+ -`hashmap_iter_init` initializes a `hashmap_iter` structure. -+ -`hashmap_iter_next` returns the next hashmap_entry, or NULL if there are no -more entries. -+ -`hashmap_iter_first` is a combination of both (i.e. initializes the iterator -and returns the first entry, if any). - -`const char *strintern(const char *string)`:: -`const void *memintern(const void *data, size_t len)`:: - - Returns the unique, interned version of the specified string or data, - similar to the `String.intern` API in Java and .NET, respectively. - Interned strings remain valid for the entire lifetime of the process. -+ -Can be used as `[x]strdup()` or `xmemdupz` replacement, except that interned -strings / data must not be modified or freed. -+ -Interned strings are best used for short strings with high probability of -duplicates. -+ -Uses a hashmap to store the pool of interned strings. - -Usage example -------------- - -Here's a simple usage example that maps long keys to double values. ------------- -struct hashmap map; - -struct long2double { - struct hashmap_entry ent; /* must be the first member! */ - long key; - double value; -}; - -static int long2double_cmp(const struct long2double *e1, const struct long2double *e2, const void *unused) -{ - return !(e1->key == e2->key); -} - -void long2double_init(void) -{ - hashmap_init(&map, (hashmap_cmp_fn) long2double_cmp, 0); -} - -void long2double_free(void) -{ - hashmap_free(&map, 1); -} - -static struct long2double *find_entry(long key) -{ - struct long2double k; - hashmap_entry_init(&k, memhash(&key, sizeof(long))); - k.key = key; - return hashmap_get(&map, &k, NULL); -} - -double get_value(long key) -{ - struct long2double *e = find_entry(key); - return e ? e->value : 0; -} - -void set_value(long key, double value) -{ - struct long2double *e = find_entry(key); - if (!e) { - e = malloc(sizeof(struct long2double)); - hashmap_entry_init(e, memhash(&key, sizeof(long))); - e->key = key; - hashmap_add(&map, e); - } - e->value = value; -} ------------- - -Using variable-sized keys -------------------------- - -The `hashmap_entry_get` and `hashmap_entry_remove` functions expect an ordinary -`hashmap_entry` structure as key to find the correct entry. If the key data is -variable-sized (e.g. a FLEX_ARRAY string) or quite large, it is undesirable -to create a full-fledged entry structure on the heap and copy all the key data -into the structure. - -In this case, the `keydata` parameter can be used to pass -variable-sized key data directly to the comparison function, and the `key` -parameter can be a stripped-down, fixed size entry structure allocated on the -stack. - -See test-hashmap.c for an example using arbitrary-length strings as keys. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt index 36768b479e..829b558110 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt @@ -183,13 +183,13 @@ There are some macros to easily define options: scale the provided value by 1024, 1024^2 or 1024^3 respectively. The scaled value is put into `unsigned_long_var`. -`OPT_DATE(short, long, &int_var, description)`:: +`OPT_DATE(short, long, ×tamp_t_var, description)`:: Introduce an option with date argument, see `approxidate()`. - The timestamp is put into `int_var`. + The timestamp is put into `timestamp_t_var`. -`OPT_EXPIRY_DATE(short, long, &int_var, description)`:: +`OPT_EXPIRY_DATE(short, long, ×tamp_t_var, description)`:: Introduce an option with expiry date argument, see `parse_expiry_date()`. - The timestamp is put into `int_var`. + The timestamp is put into `timestamp_t_var`. `OPT_CALLBACK(short, long, &var, arg_str, description, func_ptr)`:: Introduce an option with argument. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt index 37379d8337..46c3d5c355 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt @@ -32,11 +32,8 @@ Iteration functions * `for_each_glob_ref_in()` the previous and `for_each_ref_in()` combined. -* `head_ref_submodule()`, `for_each_ref_submodule()`, - `for_each_ref_in_submodule()`, `for_each_tag_ref_submodule()`, - `for_each_branch_ref_submodule()`, `for_each_remote_ref_submodule()` - do the same as the functions described above but for a specified - submodule. +* Use `refs_` API for accessing submodules. The submodule ref store could + be obtained with `get_submodule_ref_store()`. * `for_each_rawref()` can be used to learn about broken ref and symref. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-string-list.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-string-list.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c08402b12e..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-string-list.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,209 +0,0 @@ -string-list API -=============== - -The string_list API offers a data structure and functions to handle -sorted and unsorted string lists. A "sorted" list is one whose -entries are sorted by string value in `strcmp()` order. - -The 'string_list' struct used to be called 'path_list', but was renamed -because it is not specific to paths. - -The caller: - -. Allocates and clears a `struct string_list` variable. - -. Initializes the members. You might want to set the flag `strdup_strings` - if the strings should be strdup()ed. For example, this is necessary - when you add something like git_path("..."), since that function returns - a static buffer that will change with the next call to git_path(). -+ -If you need something advanced, you can manually malloc() the `items` -member (you need this if you add things later) and you should set the -`nr` and `alloc` members in that case, too. - -. Adds new items to the list, using `string_list_append`, - `string_list_append_nodup`, `string_list_insert`, - `string_list_split`, and/or `string_list_split_in_place`. - -. Can check if a string is in the list using `string_list_has_string` or - `unsorted_string_list_has_string` and get it from the list using - `string_list_lookup` for sorted lists. - -. Can sort an unsorted list using `string_list_sort`. - -. Can remove duplicate items from a sorted list using - `string_list_remove_duplicates`. - -. Can remove individual items of an unsorted list using - `unsorted_string_list_delete_item`. - -. Can remove items not matching a criterion from a sorted or unsorted - list using `filter_string_list`, or remove empty strings using - `string_list_remove_empty_items`. - -. Finally it should free the list using `string_list_clear`. - -Example: - ----- -struct string_list list = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP; -int i; - -string_list_append(&list, "foo"); -string_list_append(&list, "bar"); -for (i = 0; i < list.nr; i++) - printf("%s\n", list.items[i].string) ----- - -NOTE: It is more efficient to build an unsorted list and sort it -afterwards, instead of building a sorted list (`O(n log n)` instead of -`O(n^2)`). -+ -However, if you use the list to check if a certain string was added -already, you should not do that (using unsorted_string_list_has_string()), -because the complexity would be quadratic again (but with a worse factor). - -Functions ---------- - -* General ones (works with sorted and unsorted lists as well) - -`string_list_init`:: - - Initialize the members of the string_list, set `strdup_strings` - member according to the value of the second parameter. - -`filter_string_list`:: - - Apply a function to each item in a list, retaining only the - items for which the function returns true. If free_util is - true, call free() on the util members of any items that have - to be deleted. Preserve the order of the items that are - retained. - -`string_list_remove_empty_items`:: - - Remove any empty strings from the list. If free_util is true, - call free() on the util members of any items that have to be - deleted. Preserve the order of the items that are retained. - -`print_string_list`:: - - Dump a string_list to stdout, useful mainly for debugging purposes. It - can take an optional header argument and it writes out the - string-pointer pairs of the string_list, each one in its own line. - -`string_list_clear`:: - - Free a string_list. The `string` pointer of the items will be freed in - case the `strdup_strings` member of the string_list is set. The second - parameter controls if the `util` pointer of the items should be freed - or not. - -* Functions for sorted lists only - -`string_list_has_string`:: - - Determine if the string_list has a given string or not. - -`string_list_insert`:: - - Insert a new element to the string_list. The returned pointer can be - handy if you want to write something to the `util` pointer of the - string_list_item containing the just added string. If the given - string already exists the insertion will be skipped and the - pointer to the existing item returned. -+ -Since this function uses xrealloc() (which die()s if it fails) if the -list needs to grow, it is safe not to check the pointer. I.e. you may -write `string_list_insert(...)->util = ...;`. - -`string_list_lookup`:: - - Look up a given string in the string_list, returning the containing - string_list_item. If the string is not found, NULL is returned. - -`string_list_remove_duplicates`:: - - Remove all but the first of consecutive entries that have the - same string value. If free_util is true, call free() on the - util members of any items that have to be deleted. - -* Functions for unsorted lists only - -`string_list_append`:: - - Append a new string to the end of the string_list. If - `strdup_string` is set, then the string argument is copied; - otherwise the new `string_list_entry` refers to the input - string. - -`string_list_append_nodup`:: - - Append a new string to the end of the string_list. The new - `string_list_entry` always refers to the input string, even if - `strdup_string` is set. This function can be used to hand - ownership of a malloc()ed string to a `string_list` that has - `strdup_string` set. - -`string_list_sort`:: - - Sort the list's entries by string value in `strcmp()` order. - -`unsorted_string_list_has_string`:: - - It's like `string_list_has_string()` but for unsorted lists. - -`unsorted_string_list_lookup`:: - - It's like `string_list_lookup()` but for unsorted lists. -+ -The above two functions need to look through all items, as opposed to their -counterpart for sorted lists, which performs a binary search. - -`unsorted_string_list_delete_item`:: - - Remove an item from a string_list. The `string` pointer of the items - will be freed in case the `strdup_strings` member of the string_list - is set. The third parameter controls if the `util` pointer of the - items should be freed or not. - -`string_list_split`:: -`string_list_split_in_place`:: - - Split a string into substrings on a delimiter character and - append the substrings to a `string_list`. If `maxsplit` is - non-negative, then split at most `maxsplit` times. Return the - number of substrings appended to the list. -+ -`string_list_split` requires a `string_list` that has `strdup_strings` -set to true; it leaves the input string untouched and makes copies of -the substrings in newly-allocated memory. -`string_list_split_in_place` requires a `string_list` that has -`strdup_strings` set to false; it splits the input string in place, -overwriting the delimiter characters with NULs and creating new -string_list_items that point into the original string (the original -string must therefore not be modified or freed while the `string_list` -is in use). - - -Data structures ---------------- - -* `struct string_list_item` - -Represents an item of the list. The `string` member is a pointer to the -string, and you may use the `util` member for any purpose, if you want. - -* `struct string_list` - -Represents the list itself. - -. The array of items are available via the `items` member. -. The `nr` member contains the number of items stored in the list. -. The `alloc` member is used to avoid reallocating at every insertion. - You should not tamper with it. -. Setting the `strdup_strings` member to 1 will strdup() the strings - before adding them, see above. -. The `compare_strings_fn` member is used to specify a custom compare - function, otherwise `strcmp()` is used as the default function. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt index 14af37c3f1..bde18622a8 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt @@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ Initializing `fill_tree_descriptor`:: - Initialize a `tree_desc` and decode its first entry given the sha1 of - a tree. Returns the `buffer` member if the sha1 is a valid tree - identifier and NULL otherwise. + Initialize a `tree_desc` and decode its first entry given the + object ID of a tree. Returns the `buffer` member if the latter + is a valid tree identifier and NULL otherwise. `setup_traverse_info`:: diff --git a/Documentation/technical/hash-function-transition.txt b/Documentation/technical/hash-function-transition.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..417ba491d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/hash-function-transition.txt @@ -0,0 +1,797 @@ +Git hash function transition +============================ + +Objective +--------- +Migrate Git from SHA-1 to a stronger hash function. + +Background +---------- +At its core, the Git version control system is a content addressable +filesystem. It uses the SHA-1 hash function to name content. For +example, files, directories, and revisions are referred to by hash +values unlike in other traditional version control systems where files +or versions are referred to via sequential numbers. The use of a hash +function to address its content delivers a few advantages: + +* Integrity checking is easy. Bit flips, for example, are easily + detected, as the hash of corrupted content does not match its name. +* Lookup of objects is fast. + +Using a cryptographically secure hash function brings additional +advantages: + +* Object names can be signed and third parties can trust the hash to + address the signed object and all objects it references. +* Communication using Git protocol and out of band communication + methods have a short reliable string that can be used to reliably + address stored content. + +Over time some flaws in SHA-1 have been discovered by security +researchers. https://shattered.io demonstrated a practical SHA-1 hash +collision. As a result, SHA-1 cannot be considered cryptographically +secure any more. This impacts the communication of hash values because +we cannot trust that a given hash value represents the known good +version of content that the speaker intended. + +SHA-1 still possesses the other properties such as fast object lookup +and safe error checking, but other hash functions are equally suitable +that are believed to be cryptographically secure. + +Goals +----- +Where NewHash is a strong 256-bit hash function to replace SHA-1 (see +"Selection of a New Hash", below): + +1. The transition to NewHash can be done one local repository at a time. + a. Requiring no action by any other party. + b. A NewHash repository can communicate with SHA-1 Git servers + (push/fetch). + c. Users can use SHA-1 and NewHash identifiers for objects + interchangeably (see "Object names on the command line", below). + d. New signed objects make use of a stronger hash function than + SHA-1 for their security guarantees. +2. Allow a complete transition away from SHA-1. + a. Local metadata for SHA-1 compatibility can be removed from a + repository if compatibility with SHA-1 is no longer needed. +3. Maintainability throughout the process. + a. The object format is kept simple and consistent. + b. Creation of a generalized repository conversion tool. + +Non-Goals +--------- +1. Add NewHash support to Git protocol. This is valuable and the + logical next step but it is out of scope for this initial design. +2. Transparently improving the security of existing SHA-1 signed + objects. +3. Intermixing objects using multiple hash functions in a single + repository. +4. Taking the opportunity to fix other bugs in Git's formats and + protocols. +5. Shallow clones and fetches into a NewHash repository. (This will + change when we add NewHash support to Git protocol.) +6. Skip fetching some submodules of a project into a NewHash + repository. (This also depends on NewHash support in Git + protocol.) + +Overview +-------- +We introduce a new repository format extension. Repositories with this +extension enabled use NewHash instead of SHA-1 to name their objects. +This affects both object names and object content --- both the names +of objects and all references to other objects within an object are +switched to the new hash function. + +NewHash repositories cannot be read by older versions of Git. + +Alongside the packfile, a NewHash repository stores a bidirectional +mapping between NewHash and SHA-1 object names. The mapping is generated +locally and can be verified using "git fsck". Object lookups use this +mapping to allow naming objects using either their SHA-1 and NewHash names +interchangeably. + +"git cat-file" and "git hash-object" gain options to display an object +in its sha1 form and write an object given its sha1 form. This +requires all objects referenced by that object to be present in the +object database so that they can be named using the appropriate name +(using the bidirectional hash mapping). + +Fetches from a SHA-1 based server convert the fetched objects into +NewHash form and record the mapping in the bidirectional mapping table +(see below for details). Pushes to a SHA-1 based server convert the +objects being pushed into sha1 form so the server does not have to be +aware of the hash function the client is using. + +Detailed Design +--------------- +Repository format extension +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +A NewHash repository uses repository format version `1` (see +Documentation/technical/repository-version.txt) with extensions +`objectFormat` and `compatObjectFormat`: + + [core] + repositoryFormatVersion = 1 + [extensions] + objectFormat = newhash + compatObjectFormat = sha1 + +Specifying a repository format extension ensures that versions of Git +not aware of NewHash do not try to operate on these repositories, +instead producing an error message: + + $ git status + fatal: unknown repository extensions found: + objectformat + compatobjectformat + +See the "Transition plan" section below for more details on these +repository extensions. + +Object names +~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Objects can be named by their 40 hexadecimal digit sha1-name or 64 +hexadecimal digit newhash-name, plus names derived from those (see +gitrevisions(7)). + +The sha1-name of an object is the SHA-1 of the concatenation of its +type, length, a nul byte, and the object's sha1-content. This is the +traditional <sha1> used in Git to name objects. + +The newhash-name of an object is the NewHash of the concatenation of its +type, length, a nul byte, and the object's newhash-content. + +Object format +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The content as a byte sequence of a tag, commit, or tree object named +by sha1 and newhash differ because an object named by newhash-name refers to +other objects by their newhash-names and an object named by sha1-name +refers to other objects by their sha1-names. + +The newhash-content of an object is the same as its sha1-content, except +that objects referenced by the object are named using their newhash-names +instead of sha1-names. Because a blob object does not refer to any +other object, its sha1-content and newhash-content are the same. + +The format allows round-trip conversion between newhash-content and +sha1-content. + +Object storage +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Loose objects use zlib compression and packed objects use the packed +format described in Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt, just like +today. The content that is compressed and stored uses newhash-content +instead of sha1-content. + +Pack index +~~~~~~~~~~ +Pack index (.idx) files use a new v3 format that supports multiple +hash functions. They have the following format (all integers are in +network byte order): + +- A header appears at the beginning and consists of the following: + - The 4-byte pack index signature: '\377t0c' + - 4-byte version number: 3 + - 4-byte length of the header section, including the signature and + version number + - 4-byte number of objects contained in the pack + - 4-byte number of object formats in this pack index: 2 + - For each object format: + - 4-byte format identifier (e.g., 'sha1' for SHA-1) + - 4-byte length in bytes of shortened object names. This is the + shortest possible length needed to make names in the shortened + object name table unambiguous. + - 4-byte integer, recording where tables relating to this format + are stored in this index file, as an offset from the beginning. + - 4-byte offset to the trailer from the beginning of this file. + - Zero or more additional key/value pairs (4-byte key, 4-byte + value). Only one key is supported: 'PSRC'. See the "Loose objects + and unreachable objects" section for supported values and how this + is used. All other keys are reserved. Readers must ignore + unrecognized keys. +- Zero or more NUL bytes. This can optionally be used to improve the + alignment of the full object name table below. +- Tables for the first object format: + - A sorted table of shortened object names. These are prefixes of + the names of all objects in this pack file, packed together + without offset values to reduce the cache footprint of the binary + search for a specific object name. + + - A table of full object names in pack order. This allows resolving + a reference to "the nth object in the pack file" (from a + reachability bitmap or from the next table of another object + format) to its object name. + + - A table of 4-byte values mapping object name order to pack order. + For an object in the table of sorted shortened object names, the + value at the corresponding index in this table is the index in the + previous table for that same object. + + This can be used to look up the object in reachability bitmaps or + to look up its name in another object format. + + - A table of 4-byte CRC32 values of the packed object data, in the + order that the objects appear in the pack file. This is to allow + compressed data to be copied directly from pack to pack during + repacking without undetected data corruption. + + - A table of 4-byte offset values. For an object in the table of + sorted shortened object names, the value at the corresponding + index in this table indicates where that object can be found in + the pack file. These are usually 31-bit pack file offsets, but + large offsets are encoded as an index into the next table with the + most significant bit set. + + - A table of 8-byte offset entries (empty for pack files less than + 2 GiB). Pack files are organized with heavily used objects toward + the front, so most object references should not need to refer to + this table. +- Zero or more NUL bytes. +- Tables for the second object format, with the same layout as above, + up to and not including the table of CRC32 values. +- Zero or more NUL bytes. +- The trailer consists of the following: + - A copy of the 20-byte NewHash checksum at the end of the + corresponding packfile. + + - 20-byte NewHash checksum of all of the above. + +Loose object index +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +A new file $GIT_OBJECT_DIR/loose-object-idx contains information about +all loose objects. Its format is + + # loose-object-idx + (newhash-name SP sha1-name LF)* + +where the object names are in hexadecimal format. The file is not +sorted. + +The loose object index is protected against concurrent writes by a +lock file $GIT_OBJECT_DIR/loose-object-idx.lock. To add a new loose +object: + +1. Write the loose object to a temporary file, like today. +2. Open loose-object-idx.lock with O_CREAT | O_EXCL to acquire the lock. +3. Rename the loose object into place. +4. Open loose-object-idx with O_APPEND and write the new object +5. Unlink loose-object-idx.lock to release the lock. + +To remove entries (e.g. in "git pack-refs" or "git-prune"): + +1. Open loose-object-idx.lock with O_CREAT | O_EXCL to acquire the + lock. +2. Write the new content to loose-object-idx.lock. +3. Unlink any loose objects being removed. +4. Rename to replace loose-object-idx, releasing the lock. + +Translation table +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The index files support a bidirectional mapping between sha1-names +and newhash-names. The lookup proceeds similarly to ordinary object +lookups. For example, to convert a sha1-name to a newhash-name: + + 1. Look for the object in idx files. If a match is present in the + idx's sorted list of truncated sha1-names, then: + a. Read the corresponding entry in the sha1-name order to pack + name order mapping. + b. Read the corresponding entry in the full sha1-name table to + verify we found the right object. If it is, then + c. Read the corresponding entry in the full newhash-name table. + That is the object's newhash-name. + 2. Check for a loose object. Read lines from loose-object-idx until + we find a match. + +Step (1) takes the same amount of time as an ordinary object lookup: +O(number of packs * log(objects per pack)). Step (2) takes O(number of +loose objects) time. To maintain good performance it will be necessary +to keep the number of loose objects low. See the "Loose objects and +unreachable objects" section below for more details. + +Since all operations that make new objects (e.g., "git commit") add +the new objects to the corresponding index, this mapping is possible +for all objects in the object store. + +Reading an object's sha1-content +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The sha1-content of an object can be read by converting all newhash-names +its newhash-content references to sha1-names using the translation table. + +Fetch +~~~~~ +Fetching from a SHA-1 based server requires translating between SHA-1 +and NewHash based representations on the fly. + +SHA-1s named in the ref advertisement that are present on the client +can be translated to NewHash and looked up as local objects using the +translation table. + +Negotiation proceeds as today. Any "have"s generated locally are +converted to SHA-1 before being sent to the server, and SHA-1s +mentioned by the server are converted to NewHash when looking them up +locally. + +After negotiation, the server sends a packfile containing the +requested objects. We convert the packfile to NewHash format using +the following steps: + +1. index-pack: inflate each object in the packfile and compute its + SHA-1. Objects can contain deltas in OBJ_REF_DELTA format against + objects the client has locally. These objects can be looked up + using the translation table and their sha1-content read as + described above to resolve the deltas. +2. topological sort: starting at the "want"s from the negotiation + phase, walk through objects in the pack and emit a list of them, + excluding blobs, in reverse topologically sorted order, with each + object coming later in the list than all objects it references. + (This list only contains objects reachable from the "wants". If the + pack from the server contained additional extraneous objects, then + they will be discarded.) +3. convert to newhash: open a new (newhash) packfile. Read the topologically + sorted list just generated. For each object, inflate its + sha1-content, convert to newhash-content, and write it to the newhash + pack. Record the new sha1<->newhash mapping entry for use in the idx. +4. sort: reorder entries in the new pack to match the order of objects + in the pack the server generated and include blobs. Write a newhash idx + file +5. clean up: remove the SHA-1 based pack file, index, and + topologically sorted list obtained from the server in steps 1 + and 2. + +Step 3 requires every object referenced by the new object to be in the +translation table. This is why the topological sort step is necessary. + +As an optimization, step 1 could write a file describing what non-blob +objects each object it has inflated from the packfile references. This +makes the topological sort in step 2 possible without inflating the +objects in the packfile for a second time. The objects need to be +inflated again in step 3, for a total of two inflations. + +Step 4 is probably necessary for good read-time performance. "git +pack-objects" on the server optimizes the pack file for good data +locality (see Documentation/technical/pack-heuristics.txt). + +Details of this process are likely to change. It will take some +experimenting to get this to perform well. + +Push +~~~~ +Push is simpler than fetch because the objects referenced by the +pushed objects are already in the translation table. The sha1-content +of each object being pushed can be read as described in the "Reading +an object's sha1-content" section to generate the pack written by git +send-pack. + +Signed Commits +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +We add a new field "gpgsig-newhash" to the commit object format to allow +signing commits without relying on SHA-1. It is similar to the +existing "gpgsig" field. Its signed payload is the newhash-content of the +commit object with any "gpgsig" and "gpgsig-newhash" fields removed. + +This means commits can be signed +1. using SHA-1 only, as in existing signed commit objects +2. using both SHA-1 and NewHash, by using both gpgsig-newhash and gpgsig + fields. +3. using only NewHash, by only using the gpgsig-newhash field. + +Old versions of "git verify-commit" can verify the gpgsig signature in +cases (1) and (2) without modifications and view case (3) as an +ordinary unsigned commit. + +Signed Tags +~~~~~~~~~~~ +We add a new field "gpgsig-newhash" to the tag object format to allow +signing tags without relying on SHA-1. Its signed payload is the +newhash-content of the tag with its gpgsig-newhash field and "-----BEGIN PGP +SIGNATURE-----" delimited in-body signature removed. + +This means tags can be signed +1. using SHA-1 only, as in existing signed tag objects +2. using both SHA-1 and NewHash, by using gpgsig-newhash and an in-body + signature. +3. using only NewHash, by only using the gpgsig-newhash field. + +Mergetag embedding +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The mergetag field in the sha1-content of a commit contains the +sha1-content of a tag that was merged by that commit. + +The mergetag field in the newhash-content of the same commit contains the +newhash-content of the same tag. + +Submodules +~~~~~~~~~~ +To convert recorded submodule pointers, you need to have the converted +submodule repository in place. The translation table of the submodule +can be used to look up the new hash. + +Loose objects and unreachable objects +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Fast lookups in the loose-object-idx require that the number of loose +objects not grow too high. + +"git gc --auto" currently waits for there to be 6700 loose objects +present before consolidating them into a packfile. We will need to +measure to find a more appropriate threshold for it to use. + +"git gc --auto" currently waits for there to be 50 packs present +before combining packfiles. Packing loose objects more aggressively +may cause the number of pack files to grow too quickly. This can be +mitigated by using a strategy similar to Martin Fick's exponential +rolling garbage collection script: +https://gerrit-review.googlesource.com/c/gerrit/+/35215 + +"git gc" currently expels any unreachable objects it encounters in +pack files to loose objects in an attempt to prevent a race when +pruning them (in case another process is simultaneously writing a new +object that refers to the about-to-be-deleted object). This leads to +an explosion in the number of loose objects present and disk space +usage due to the objects in delta form being replaced with independent +loose objects. Worse, the race is still present for loose objects. + +Instead, "git gc" will need to move unreachable objects to a new +packfile marked as UNREACHABLE_GARBAGE (using the PSRC field; see +below). To avoid the race when writing new objects referring to an +about-to-be-deleted object, code paths that write new objects will +need to copy any objects from UNREACHABLE_GARBAGE packs that they +refer to to new, non-UNREACHABLE_GARBAGE packs (or loose objects). +UNREACHABLE_GARBAGE are then safe to delete if their creation time (as +indicated by the file's mtime) is long enough ago. + +To avoid a proliferation of UNREACHABLE_GARBAGE packs, they can be +combined under certain circumstances. If "gc.garbageTtl" is set to +greater than one day, then packs created within a single calendar day, +UTC, can be coalesced together. The resulting packfile would have an +mtime before midnight on that day, so this makes the effective maximum +ttl the garbageTtl + 1 day. If "gc.garbageTtl" is less than one day, +then we divide the calendar day into intervals one-third of that ttl +in duration. Packs created within the same interval can be coalesced +together. The resulting packfile would have an mtime before the end of +the interval, so this makes the effective maximum ttl equal to the +garbageTtl * 4/3. + +This rule comes from Thirumala Reddy Mutchukota's JGit change +https://git.eclipse.org/r/90465. + +The UNREACHABLE_GARBAGE setting goes in the PSRC field of the pack +index. More generally, that field indicates where a pack came from: + + - 1 (PACK_SOURCE_RECEIVE) for a pack received over the network + - 2 (PACK_SOURCE_AUTO) for a pack created by a lightweight + "gc --auto" operation + - 3 (PACK_SOURCE_GC) for a pack created by a full gc + - 4 (PACK_SOURCE_UNREACHABLE_GARBAGE) for potential garbage + discovered by gc + - 5 (PACK_SOURCE_INSERT) for locally created objects that were + written directly to a pack file, e.g. from "git add ." + +This information can be useful for debugging and for "gc --auto" to +make appropriate choices about which packs to coalesce. + +Caveats +------- +Invalid objects +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The conversion from sha1-content to newhash-content retains any +brokenness in the original object (e.g., tree entry modes encoded with +leading 0, tree objects whose paths are not sorted correctly, and +commit objects without an author or committer). This is a deliberate +feature of the design to allow the conversion to round-trip. + +More profoundly broken objects (e.g., a commit with a truncated "tree" +header line) cannot be converted but were not usable by current Git +anyway. + +Shallow clone and submodules +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Because it requires all referenced objects to be available in the +locally generated translation table, this design does not support +shallow clone or unfetched submodules. Protocol improvements might +allow lifting this restriction. + +Alternates +~~~~~~~~~~ +For the same reason, a newhash repository cannot borrow objects from a +sha1 repository using objects/info/alternates or +$GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_REPOSITORIES. + +git notes +~~~~~~~~~ +The "git notes" tool annotates objects using their sha1-name as key. +This design does not describe a way to migrate notes trees to use +newhash-names. That migration is expected to happen separately (for +example using a file at the root of the notes tree to describe which +hash it uses). + +Server-side cost +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Until Git protocol gains NewHash support, using NewHash based storage +on public-facing Git servers is strongly discouraged. Once Git +protocol gains NewHash support, NewHash based servers are likely not +to support SHA-1 compatibility, to avoid what may be a very expensive +hash reencode during clone and to encourage peers to modernize. + +The design described here allows fetches by SHA-1 clients of a +personal NewHash repository because it's not much more difficult than +allowing pushes from that repository. This support needs to be guarded +by a configuration option --- servers like git.kernel.org that serve a +large number of clients would not be expected to bear that cost. + +Meaning of signatures +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The signed payload for signed commits and tags does not explicitly +name the hash used to identify objects. If some day Git adopts a new +hash function with the same length as the current SHA-1 (40 +hexadecimal digit) or NewHash (64 hexadecimal digit) objects then the +intent behind the PGP signed payload in an object signature is +unclear: + + object e7e07d5a4fcc2a203d9873968ad3e6bd4d7419d7 + type commit + tag v2.12.0 + tagger Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> 1487962205 -0800 + + Git 2.12 + +Does this mean Git v2.12.0 is the commit with sha1-name +e7e07d5a4fcc2a203d9873968ad3e6bd4d7419d7 or the commit with +new-40-digit-hash-name e7e07d5a4fcc2a203d9873968ad3e6bd4d7419d7? + +Fortunately NewHash and SHA-1 have different lengths. If Git starts +using another hash with the same length to name objects, then it will +need to change the format of signed payloads using that hash to +address this issue. + +Object names on the command line +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +To support the transition (see Transition plan below), this design +supports four different modes of operation: + + 1. ("dark launch") Treat object names input by the user as SHA-1 and + convert any object names written to output to SHA-1, but store + objects using NewHash. This allows users to test the code with no + visible behavior change except for performance. This allows + allows running even tests that assume the SHA-1 hash function, to + sanity-check the behavior of the new mode. + + 2. ("early transition") Allow both SHA-1 and NewHash object names in + input. Any object names written to output use SHA-1. This allows + users to continue to make use of SHA-1 to communicate with peers + (e.g. by email) that have not migrated yet and prepares for mode 3. + + 3. ("late transition") Allow both SHA-1 and NewHash object names in + input. Any object names written to output use NewHash. In this + mode, users are using a more secure object naming method by + default. The disruption is minimal as long as most of their peers + are in mode 2 or mode 3. + + 4. ("post-transition") Treat object names input by the user as + NewHash and write output using NewHash. This is safer than mode 3 + because there is less risk that input is incorrectly interpreted + using the wrong hash function. + +The mode is specified in configuration. + +The user can also explicitly specify which format to use for a +particular revision specifier and for output, overriding the mode. For +example: + +git --output-format=sha1 log abac87a^{sha1}..f787cac^{newhash} + +Selection of a New Hash +----------------------- +In early 2005, around the time that Git was written, Xiaoyun Wang, +Yiqun Lisa Yin, and Hongbo Yu announced an attack finding SHA-1 +collisions in 2^69 operations. In August they published details. +Luckily, no practical demonstrations of a collision in full SHA-1 were +published until 10 years later, in 2017. + +The hash function NewHash to replace SHA-1 should be stronger than +SHA-1 was: we would like it to be trustworthy and useful in practice +for at least 10 years. + +Some other relevant properties: + +1. A 256-bit hash (long enough to match common security practice; not + excessively long to hurt performance and disk usage). + +2. High quality implementations should be widely available (e.g. in + OpenSSL). + +3. The hash function's properties should match Git's needs (e.g. Git + requires collision and 2nd preimage resistance and does not require + length extension resistance). + +4. As a tiebreaker, the hash should be fast to compute (fortunately + many contenders are faster than SHA-1). + +Some hashes under consideration are SHA-256, SHA-512/256, SHA-256x16, +K12, and BLAKE2bp-256. + +Transition plan +--------------- +Some initial steps can be implemented independently of one another: +- adding a hash function API (vtable) +- teaching fsck to tolerate the gpgsig-newhash field +- excluding gpgsig-* from the fields copied by "git commit --amend" +- annotating tests that depend on SHA-1 values with a SHA1 test + prerequisite +- using "struct object_id", GIT_MAX_RAWSZ, and GIT_MAX_HEXSZ + consistently instead of "unsigned char *" and the hardcoded + constants 20 and 40. +- introducing index v3 +- adding support for the PSRC field and safer object pruning + + +The first user-visible change is the introduction of the objectFormat +extension (without compatObjectFormat). This requires: +- implementing the loose-object-idx +- teaching fsck about this mode of operation +- using the hash function API (vtable) when computing object names +- signing objects and verifying signatures +- rejecting attempts to fetch from or push to an incompatible + repository + +Next comes introduction of compatObjectFormat: +- translating object names between object formats +- translating object content between object formats +- generating and verifying signatures in the compat format +- adding appropriate index entries when adding a new object to the + object store +- --output-format option +- ^{sha1} and ^{newhash} revision notation +- configuration to specify default input and output format (see + "Object names on the command line" above) + +The next step is supporting fetches and pushes to SHA-1 repositories: +- allow pushes to a repository using the compat format +- generate a topologically sorted list of the SHA-1 names of fetched + objects +- convert the fetched packfile to newhash format and generate an idx + file +- re-sort to match the order of objects in the fetched packfile + +The infrastructure supporting fetch also allows converting an existing +repository. In converted repositories and new clones, end users can +gain support for the new hash function without any visible change in +behavior (see "dark launch" in the "Object names on the command line" +section). In particular this allows users to verify NewHash signatures +on objects in the repository, and it should ensure the transition code +is stable in production in preparation for using it more widely. + +Over time projects would encourage their users to adopt the "early +transition" and then "late transition" modes to take advantage of the +new, more futureproof NewHash object names. + +When objectFormat and compatObjectFormat are both set, commands +generating signatures would generate both SHA-1 and NewHash signatures +by default to support both new and old users. + +In projects using NewHash heavily, users could be encouraged to adopt +the "post-transition" mode to avoid accidentally making implicit use +of SHA-1 object names. + +Once a critical mass of users have upgraded to a version of Git that +can verify NewHash signatures and have converted their existing +repositories to support verifying them, we can add support for a +setting to generate only NewHash signatures. This is expected to be at +least a year later. + +That is also a good moment to advertise the ability to convert +repositories to use NewHash only, stripping out all SHA-1 related +metadata. This improves performance by eliminating translation +overhead and security by avoiding the possibility of accidentally +relying on the safety of SHA-1. + +Updating Git's protocols to allow a server to specify which hash +functions it supports is also an important part of this transition. It +is not discussed in detail in this document but this transition plan +assumes it happens. :) + +Alternatives considered +----------------------- +Upgrading everyone working on a particular project on a flag day +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Projects like the Linux kernel are large and complex enough that +flipping the switch for all projects based on the repository at once +is infeasible. + +Not only would all developers and server operators supporting +developers have to switch on the same flag day, but supporting tooling +(continuous integration, code review, bug trackers, etc) would have to +be adapted as well. This also makes it difficult to get early feedback +from some project participants testing before it is time for mass +adoption. + +Using hash functions in parallel +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +(e.g. https://public-inbox.org/git/22708.8913.864049.452252@chiark.greenend.org.uk/ ) +Objects newly created would be addressed by the new hash, but inside +such an object (e.g. commit) it is still possible to address objects +using the old hash function. +* You cannot trust its history (needed for bisectability) in the + future without further work +* Maintenance burden as the number of supported hash functions grows + (they will never go away, so they accumulate). In this proposal, by + comparison, converted objects lose all references to SHA-1. + +Signed objects with multiple hashes +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Instead of introducing the gpgsig-newhash field in commit and tag objects +for newhash-content based signatures, an earlier version of this design +added "hash newhash <newhash-name>" fields to strengthen the existing +sha1-content based signatures. + +In other words, a single signature was used to attest to the object +content using both hash functions. This had some advantages: +* Using one signature instead of two speeds up the signing process. +* Having one signed payload with both hashes allows the signer to + attest to the sha1-name and newhash-name referring to the same object. +* All users consume the same signature. Broken signatures are likely + to be detected quickly using current versions of git. + +However, it also came with disadvantages: +* Verifying a signed object requires access to the sha1-names of all + objects it references, even after the transition is complete and + translation table is no longer needed for anything else. To support + this, the design added fields such as "hash sha1 tree <sha1-name>" + and "hash sha1 parent <sha1-name>" to the newhash-content of a signed + commit, complicating the conversion process. +* Allowing signed objects without a sha1 (for after the transition is + complete) complicated the design further, requiring a "nohash sha1" + field to suppress including "hash sha1" fields in the newhash-content + and signed payload. + +Lazily populated translation table +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Some of the work of building the translation table could be deferred to +push time, but that would significantly complicate and slow down pushes. +Calculating the sha1-name at object creation time at the same time it is +being streamed to disk and having its newhash-name calculated should be +an acceptable cost. + +Document History +---------------- + +2017-03-03 +bmwill@google.com, jonathantanmy@google.com, jrnieder@gmail.com, +sbeller@google.com + +Initial version sent to +http://public-inbox.org/git/20170304011251.GA26789@aiede.mtv.corp.google.com + +2017-03-03 jrnieder@gmail.com +Incorporated suggestions from jonathantanmy and sbeller: +* describe purpose of signed objects with each hash type +* redefine signed object verification using object content under the + first hash function + +2017-03-06 jrnieder@gmail.com +* Use SHA3-256 instead of SHA2 (thanks, Linus and brian m. carlson).[1][2] +* Make sha3-based signatures a separate field, avoiding the need for + "hash" and "nohash" fields (thanks to peff[3]). +* Add a sorting phase to fetch (thanks to Junio for noticing the need + for this). +* Omit blobs from the topological sort during fetch (thanks to peff). +* Discuss alternates, git notes, and git servers in the caveats + section (thanks to Junio Hamano, brian m. carlson[4], and Shawn + Pearce). +* Clarify language throughout (thanks to various commenters, + especially Junio). + +2017-09-27 jrnieder@gmail.com, sbeller@google.com +* use placeholder NewHash instead of SHA3-256 +* describe criteria for picking a hash function. +* include a transition plan (thanks especially to Brandon Williams + for fleshing these ideas out) +* define the translation table (thanks, Shawn Pearce[5], Jonathan + Tan, and Masaya Suzuki) +* avoid loose object overhead by packing more aggressively in + "git gc --auto" + +[1] http://public-inbox.org/git/CA+55aFzJtejiCjV0e43+9oR3QuJK2PiFiLQemytoLpyJWe6P9w@mail.gmail.com/ +[2] http://public-inbox.org/git/CA+55aFz+gkAsDZ24zmePQuEs1XPS9BP_s8O7Q4wQ7LV7X5-oDA@mail.gmail.com/ +[3] http://public-inbox.org/git/20170306084353.nrns455dvkdsfgo5@sigill.intra.peff.net/ +[4] http://public-inbox.org/git/20170304224936.rqqtkdvfjgyezsht@genre.crustytoothpaste.net +[5] https://public-inbox.org/git/CAJo=hJtoX9=AyLHHpUJS7fueV9ciZ_MNpnEPHUz8Whui6g9F0A@mail.gmail.com/ diff --git a/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt index ade0b0c445..db3572626b 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt @@ -295,3 +295,22 @@ The remaining data of each directory block is grouped by type: in the previous ewah bitmap. - One NUL. + +== File System Monitor cache + + The file system monitor cache tracks files for which the core.fsmonitor + hook has told us about changes. The signature for this extension is + { 'F', 'S', 'M', 'N' }. + + The extension starts with + + - 32-bit version number: the current supported version is 1. + + - 64-bit time: the extension data reflects all changes through the given + time which is stored as the nanoseconds elapsed since midnight, + January 1, 1970. + + - 32-bit bitmap size: the size of the CE_FSMONITOR_VALID bitmap. + + - An ewah bitmap, the n-th bit indicates whether the n-th index entry + is not CE_FSMONITOR_VALID. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt index a34917153f..ed1eae8b83 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt @@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ After reference and capabilities discovery, the client can decide to terminate the connection by sending a flush-pkt, telling the server it can now gracefully terminate, and disconnect, when it does not need any pack data. This can happen with the ls-remote command, and also can happen when -the client already is up-to-date. +the client already is up to date. Otherwise, it enters the negotiation phase, where the client and server determine what the minimal packfile necessary for transport is, diff --git a/Documentation/technical/trivial-merge.txt b/Documentation/technical/trivial-merge.txt index c79d4a7c47..1f1c33d0da 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/trivial-merge.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/trivial-merge.txt @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ or the result. If multiple cases apply, the one used is listed first. A result which changes the index is an error if the index is not empty -and not up-to-date. +and not up to date. Entries marked '+' have stat information. Spaces marked '*' don't affect the result. @@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ empty, no entry is left for that stage). Otherwise, the given entry is left in stage 0, and there are no other entries. A result of "no merge" is an error if the index is not empty and not -up-to-date. +up to date. *empty* means that the tree must not have a directory-file conflict with the entry. diff --git a/Documentation/user-manual.txt b/Documentation/user-manual.txt index bc29298678..3a03e63eb0 100644 --- a/Documentation/user-manual.txt +++ b/Documentation/user-manual.txt @@ -1556,7 +1556,7 @@ so on a different branch and then coming back), unstash the work-in-progress changes. ------------------------------------------------ -$ git stash save "work in progress for foo feature" +$ git stash push -m "work in progress for foo feature" ------------------------------------------------ This command will save your changes away to the `stash`, and @@ -2044,10 +2044,12 @@ If a push would not result in a <<fast-forwards,fast-forward>> of the remote branch, then it will fail with an error like: ------------------------------------------------- -error: remote 'refs/heads/master' is not an ancestor of - local 'refs/heads/master'. - Maybe you are not up-to-date and need to pull first? -error: failed to push to 'ssh://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git' + ! [rejected] master -> master (non-fast-forward) +error: failed to push some refs to '...' +hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind +hint: its remote counterpart. Integrate the remote changes (e.g. +hint: 'git pull ...') before pushing again. +hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details. ------------------------------------------------- This can happen, for example, if you: @@ -2193,7 +2195,7 @@ $ cd work Linus's tree will be stored in the remote-tracking branch named origin/master, and can be updated using linkgit:git-fetch[1]; you can track other public trees using linkgit:git-remote[1] to set up a "remote" and -linkgit:git-fetch[1] to keep them up-to-date; see +linkgit:git-fetch[1] to keep them up to date; see <<repositories-and-branches>>. Now create the branches in which you are going to work; these start out |