diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
270 files changed, 9101 insertions, 4394 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines index 32210a4386..390ceece52 100644 --- a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines +++ b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ For shell scripts specifically (not exhaustive): - If you want to find out if a command is available on the user's $PATH, you should use 'type <command>', instead of 'which <command>'. - The output of 'which' is not machine parseable and its exit code + The output of 'which' is not machine parsable and its exit code is not reliable across platforms. - We use POSIX compliant parameter substitutions and avoid bashisms; @@ -91,8 +91,6 @@ For shell scripts specifically (not exhaustive): - No shell arrays. - - No strlen ${#parameter}. - - No pattern replacement ${parameter/pattern/string}. - We use Arithmetic Expansion $(( ... )). @@ -195,10 +193,30 @@ For C programs: by e.g. "echo DEVELOPER=1 >>config.mak". - We try to support a wide range of C compilers to compile Git with, - including old ones. That means that you should not use C99 - initializers, even if a lot of compilers grok it. + including old ones. You should not use features from newer C + standard, even if your compiler groks them. + + There are a few exceptions to this guideline: + + . since early 2012 with e1327023ea, we have been using an enum + definition whose last element is followed by a comma. This, like + an array initializer that ends with a trailing comma, can be used + to reduce the patch noise when adding a new identifier at the end. + + . since mid 2017 with cbc0f81d, we have been using designated + initializers for struct (e.g. "struct t v = { .val = 'a' };"). - - Variables have to be declared at the beginning of the block. + . since mid 2017 with 512f41cf, we have been using designated + initializers for array (e.g. "int array[10] = { [5] = 2 }"). + + These used to be forbidden, but we have not heard any breakage + report, and they are assumed to be safe. + + - Variables have to be declared at the beginning of the block, before + the first statement (i.e. -Wdeclaration-after-statement). + + - Declaring a variable in the for loop "for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)" + is still not allowed in this codebase. - NULL pointers shall be written as NULL, not as 0. @@ -412,6 +430,12 @@ For C programs: must be declared with "extern" in header files. However, function declarations should not use "extern", as that is already the default. + - You can launch gdb around your program using the shorthand GIT_DEBUGGER. + Run `GIT_DEBUGGER=1 ./bin-wrappers/git foo` to simply use gdb as is, or + run `GIT_DEBUGGER="<debugger> <debugger-args>" ./bin-wrappers/git foo` to + use your own debugger and arguments. Example: `GIT_DEBUGGER="ddd --gdb" + ./bin-wrappers/git log` (See `wrap-for-bin.sh`.) + For Perl programs: - Most of the C guidelines above apply. diff --git a/Documentation/Makefile b/Documentation/Makefile index dbf5a0f276..15d9d04f31 100644 --- a/Documentation/Makefile +++ b/Documentation/Makefile @@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ MAN7_TXT += gitcredentials.txt MAN7_TXT += gitcvs-migration.txt MAN7_TXT += gitdiffcore.txt MAN7_TXT += giteveryday.txt +MAN7_TXT += gitfaq.txt MAN7_TXT += gitglossary.txt MAN7_TXT += gitnamespaces.txt MAN7_TXT += gitremote-helpers.txt @@ -76,6 +77,8 @@ SP_ARTICLES += howto/maintain-git API_DOCS = $(patsubst %.txt,%,$(filter-out technical/api-index-skel.txt technical/api-index.txt, $(wildcard technical/api-*.txt))) SP_ARTICLES += $(API_DOCS) +TECH_DOCS += MyFirstContribution +TECH_DOCS += MyFirstObjectWalk TECH_DOCS += SubmittingPatches TECH_DOCS += technical/hash-function-transition TECH_DOCS += technical/http-protocol @@ -122,7 +125,8 @@ ASCIIDOC_HTML = xhtml11 ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK = docbook ASCIIDOC_CONF = -f asciidoc.conf ASCIIDOC_COMMON = $(ASCIIDOC) $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) $(ASCIIDOC_CONF) \ - -agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) + -amanversion=$(GIT_VERSION) \ + -amanmanual='Git Manual' -amansource='Git' TXT_TO_HTML = $(ASCIIDOC_COMMON) -b $(ASCIIDOC_HTML) TXT_TO_XML = $(ASCIIDOC_COMMON) -b $(ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK) MANPAGE_XSL = manpage-normal.xsl @@ -146,32 +150,9 @@ endif -include ../config.mak.autogen -include ../config.mak -# -# For docbook-xsl ... -# -1.68.1, no extra settings are needed? -# 1.69.0, set ASCIIDOC_ROFF? -# 1.69.1-1.71.0, set DOCBOOK_SUPPRESS_SP? -# 1.71.1, set ASCIIDOC_ROFF? -# 1.72.0, set DOCBOOK_XSL_172. -# 1.73.0-, no extra settings are needed -# - -ifdef DOCBOOK_XSL_172 -ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a git-asciidoc-no-roff -MANPAGE_XSL = manpage-1.72.xsl -else - ifndef ASCIIDOC_ROFF - # docbook-xsl after 1.72 needs the regular XSL, but will not - # pass-thru raw roff codes from asciidoc.conf, so turn them off. - ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a git-asciidoc-no-roff - endif -endif ifndef NO_MAN_BOLD_LITERAL XMLTO_EXTRA += -m manpage-bold-literal.xsl endif -ifdef DOCBOOK_SUPPRESS_SP -XMLTO_EXTRA += -m manpage-suppress-sp.xsl -endif # Newer DocBook stylesheet emits warning cruft in the output when # this is not set, and if set it shows an absolute link. Older @@ -196,11 +177,13 @@ ifdef USE_ASCIIDOCTOR ASCIIDOC = asciidoctor ASCIIDOC_CONF = ASCIIDOC_HTML = xhtml5 -ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK = docbook45 +ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK = docbook5 ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -acompat-mode -atabsize=8 ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -I. -rasciidoctor-extensions ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -alitdd='&\#x2d;&\#x2d;' DBLATEX_COMMON = +XMLTO_EXTRA += --skip-validation +XMLTO_EXTRA += -x manpage.xsl endif SHELL_PATH ?= $(SHELL) diff --git a/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt b/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..427274df4d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1217 @@ +My First Contribution to the Git Project +======================================== +:sectanchors: + +[[summary]] +== Summary + +This is a tutorial demonstrating the end-to-end workflow of creating a change to +the Git tree, sending it for review, and making changes based on comments. + +[[prerequisites]] +=== Prerequisites + +This tutorial assumes you're already fairly familiar with using Git to manage +source code. The Git workflow steps will largely remain unexplained. + +[[related-reading]] +=== Related Reading + +This tutorial aims to summarize the following documents, but the reader may find +useful additional context: + +- `Documentation/SubmittingPatches` +- `Documentation/howto/new-command.txt` + +[[getting-help]] +=== Getting Help + +If you get stuck, you can seek help in the following places. + +==== git@vger.kernel.org + +This is the main Git project mailing list where code reviews, version +announcements, design discussions, and more take place. Those interested in +contributing are welcome to post questions here. The Git list requires +plain-text-only emails and prefers inline and bottom-posting when replying to +mail; you will be CC'd in all replies to you. Optionally, you can subscribe to +the list by sending an email to majordomo@vger.kernel.org with "subscribe git" +in the body. The https://lore.kernel.org/git[archive] of this mailing list is +available to view in a browser. + +==== https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/git-mentoring[git-mentoring@googlegroups.com] + +This mailing list is targeted to new contributors and was created as a place to +post questions and receive answers outside of the public eye of the main list. +Veteran contributors who are especially interested in helping mentor newcomers +are present on the list. In order to avoid search indexers, group membership is +required to view messages; anyone can join and no approval is required. + +==== https://webchat.freenode.net/#git-devel[#git-devel] on Freenode + +This IRC channel is for conversations between Git contributors. If someone is +currently online and knows the answer to your question, you can receive help +in real time. Otherwise, you can read the +https://colabti.org/irclogger/irclogger_logs/git-devel[scrollback] to see +whether someone answered you. IRC does not allow offline private messaging, so +if you try to private message someone and then log out of IRC, they cannot +respond to you. It's better to ask your questions in the channel so that you +can be answered if you disconnect and so that others can learn from the +conversation. + +[[getting-started]] +== Getting Started + +[[cloning]] +=== Clone the Git Repository + +Git is mirrored in a number of locations. Clone the repository from one of them; +https://git-scm.com/downloads suggests one of the best places to clone from is +the mirror on GitHub. + +---- +$ git clone https://github.com/git/git git +$ cd git +---- + +[[dependencies]] +=== Installing Dependencies + +To build Git from source, you need to have a handful of dependencies installed +on your system. For a hint of what's needed, you can take a look at +`INSTALL`, paying close attention to the section about Git's dependencies on +external programs and libraries. That document mentions a way to "test-drive" +our freshly built Git without installing; that's the method we'll be using in +this tutorial. + +Make sure that your environment has everything you need by building your brand +new clone of Git from the above step: + +---- +$ make +---- + +NOTE: The Git build is parallelizable. `-j#` is not included above but you can +use it as you prefer, here and elsewhere. + +[[identify-problem]] +=== Identify Problem to Solve + +//// +Use + to indicate fixed-width here; couldn't get ` to work nicely with the +quotes around "Pony Saying 'Um, Hello'". +//// +In this tutorial, we will add a new command, +git psuh+, short for ``Pony Saying +`Um, Hello''' - a feature which has gone unimplemented despite a high frequency +of invocation during users' typical daily workflow. + +(We've seen some other effort in this space with the implementation of popular +commands such as `sl`.) + +[[setup-workspace]] +=== Set Up Your Workspace + +Let's start by making a development branch to work on our changes. Per +`Documentation/SubmittingPatches`, since a brand new command is a new feature, +it's fine to base your work on `master`. However, in the future for bugfixes, +etc., you should check that document and base it on the appropriate branch. + +For the purposes of this document, we will base all our work on the `master` +branch of the upstream project. Create the `psuh` branch you will use for +development like so: + +---- +$ git checkout -b psuh origin/master +---- + +We'll make a number of commits here in order to demonstrate how to send a topic +with multiple patches up for review simultaneously. + +[[code-it-up]] +== Code It Up! + +NOTE: A reference implementation can be found at +https://github.com/nasamuffin/git/tree/psuh. + +[[add-new-command]] +=== Adding a New Command + +Lots of the subcommands are written as builtins, which means they are +implemented in C and compiled into the main `git` executable. Implementing the +very simple `psuh` command as a built-in will demonstrate the structure of the +codebase, the internal API, and the process of working together as a contributor +with the reviewers and maintainer to integrate this change into the system. + +Built-in subcommands are typically implemented in a function named "cmd_" +followed by the name of the subcommand, in a source file named after the +subcommand and contained within `builtin/`. So it makes sense to implement your +command in `builtin/psuh.c`. Create that file, and within it, write the entry +point for your command in a function matching the style and signature: + +---- +int cmd_psuh(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix) +---- + +We'll also need to add the declaration of psuh; open up `builtin.h`, find the +declaration for `cmd_pull`, and add a new line for `psuh` immediately before it, +in order to keep the declarations alphabetically sorted: + +---- +int cmd_psuh(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix); +---- + +Be sure to `#include "builtin.h"` in your `psuh.c`. + +Go ahead and add some throwaway printf to that function. This is a decent +starting point as we can now add build rules and register the command. + +NOTE: Your throwaway text, as well as much of the text you will be adding over +the course of this tutorial, is user-facing. That means it needs to be +localizable. Take a look at `po/README` under "Marking strings for translation". +Throughout the tutorial, we will mark strings for translation as necessary; you +should also do so when writing your user-facing commands in the future. + +---- +int cmd_psuh(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix) +{ + printf(_("Pony saying hello goes here.\n")); + return 0; +} +---- + +Let's try to build it. Open `Makefile`, find where `builtin/pull.o` is added +to `BUILTIN_OBJS`, and add `builtin/psuh.o` in the same way next to it in +alphabetical order. Once you've done so, move to the top-level directory and +build simply with `make`. Also add the `DEVELOPER=1` variable to turn on +some additional warnings: + +---- +$ echo DEVELOPER=1 >config.mak +$ make +---- + +NOTE: When you are developing the Git project, it's preferred that you use the +`DEVELOPER` flag; if there's some reason it doesn't work for you, you can turn +it off, but it's a good idea to mention the problem to the mailing list. + +Great, now your new command builds happily on its own. But nobody invokes it. +Let's change that. + +The list of commands lives in `git.c`. We can register a new command by adding +a `cmd_struct` to the `commands[]` array. `struct cmd_struct` takes a string +with the command name, a function pointer to the command implementation, and a +setup option flag. For now, let's keep mimicking `push`. Find the line where +`cmd_push` is registered, copy it, and modify it for `cmd_psuh`, placing the new +line in alphabetical order (immediately before `cmd_pull`). + +The options are documented in `builtin.h` under "Adding a new built-in." Since +we hope to print some data about the user's current workspace context later, +we need a Git directory, so choose `RUN_SETUP` as your only option. + +Go ahead and build again. You should see a clean build, so let's kick the tires +and see if it works. There's a binary you can use to test with in the +`bin-wrappers` directory. + +---- +$ ./bin-wrappers/git psuh +---- + +Check it out! You've got a command! Nice work! Let's commit this. + +`git status` reveals modified `Makefile`, `builtin.h`, and `git.c` as well as +untracked `builtin/psuh.c` and `git-psuh`. First, let's take care of the binary, +which should be ignored. Open `.gitignore` in your editor, find `/git-pull`, and +add an entry for your new command in alphabetical order: + +---- +... +/git-prune-packed +/git-psuh +/git-pull +/git-push +/git-quiltimport +/git-range-diff +... +---- + +Checking `git status` again should show that `git-psuh` has been removed from +the untracked list and `.gitignore` has been added to the modified list. Now we +can stage and commit: + +---- +$ git add Makefile builtin.h builtin/psuh.c git.c .gitignore +$ git commit -s +---- + +You will be presented with your editor in order to write a commit message. Start +the commit with a 50-column or less subject line, including the name of the +component you're working on, followed by a blank line (always required) and then +the body of your commit message, which should provide the bulk of the context. +Remember to be explicit and provide the "Why" of your change, especially if it +couldn't easily be understood from your diff. When editing your commit message, +don't remove the Signed-off-by line which was added by `-s` above. + +---- +psuh: add a built-in by popular demand + +Internal metrics indicate this is a command many users expect to be +present. So here's an implementation to help drive customer +satisfaction and engagement: a pony which doubtfully greets the user, +or, a Pony Saying "Um, Hello" (PSUH). + +This commit message is intentionally formatted to 72 columns per line, +starts with a single line as "commit message subject" that is written as +if to command the codebase to do something (add this, teach a command +that). The body of the message is designed to add information about the +commit that is not readily deduced from reading the associated diff, +such as answering the question "why?". + +Signed-off-by: A U Thor <author@example.com> +---- + +Go ahead and inspect your new commit with `git show`. "psuh:" indicates you +have modified mainly the `psuh` command. The subject line gives readers an idea +of what you've changed. The sign-off line (`-s`) indicates that you agree to +the Developer's Certificate of Origin 1.1 (see the +`Documentation/SubmittingPatches` +++[[dco]]+++ header). + +For the remainder of the tutorial, the subject line only will be listed for the +sake of brevity. However, fully-fleshed example commit messages are available +on the reference implementation linked at the top of this document. + +[[implementation]] +=== Implementation + +It's probably useful to do at least something besides printing out a string. +Let's start by having a look at everything we get. + +Modify your `cmd_psuh` implementation to dump the args you're passed, keeping +existing `printf()` calls in place: + +---- + int i; + + ... + + printf(Q_("Your args (there is %d):\n", + "Your args (there are %d):\n", + argc), + argc); + for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) + printf("%d: %s\n", i, argv[i]); + + printf(_("Your current working directory:\n<top-level>%s%s\n"), + prefix ? "/" : "", prefix ? prefix : ""); + +---- + +Build and try it. As you may expect, there's pretty much just whatever we give +on the command line, including the name of our command. (If `prefix` is empty +for you, try `cd Documentation/ && ../bin-wrappers/git psuh`). That's not so +helpful. So what other context can we get? + +Add a line to `#include "config.h"`. Then, add the following bits to the +function body: + +---- + const char *cfg_name; + +... + + git_config(git_default_config, NULL); + if (git_config_get_string_const("user.name", &cfg_name) > 0) + printf(_("No name is found in config\n")); + else + printf(_("Your name: %s\n"), cfg_name); +---- + +`git_config()` will grab the configuration from config files known to Git and +apply standard precedence rules. `git_config_get_string_const()` will look up +a specific key ("user.name") and give you the value. There are a number of +single-key lookup functions like this one; you can see them all (and more info +about how to use `git_config()`) in `Documentation/technical/api-config.txt`. + +You should see that the name printed matches the one you see when you run: + +---- +$ git config --get user.name +---- + +Great! Now we know how to check for values in the Git config. Let's commit this +too, so we don't lose our progress. + +---- +$ git add builtin/psuh.c +$ git commit -sm "psuh: show parameters & config opts" +---- + +NOTE: Again, the above is for sake of brevity in this tutorial. In a real change +you should not use `-m` but instead use the editor to write a meaningful +message. + +Still, it'd be nice to know what the user's working context is like. Let's see +if we can print the name of the user's current branch. We can mimic the +`git status` implementation; the printer is located in `wt-status.c` and we can +see that the branch is held in a `struct wt_status`. + +`wt_status_print()` gets invoked by `cmd_status()` in `builtin/commit.c`. +Looking at that implementation we see the status config being populated like so: + +---- +status_init_config(&s, git_status_config); +---- + +But as we drill down, we can find that `status_init_config()` wraps a call +to `git_config()`. Let's modify the code we wrote in the previous commit. + +Be sure to include the header to allow you to use `struct wt_status`: +---- +#include "wt-status.h" +---- + +Then modify your `cmd_psuh` implementation to declare your `struct wt_status`, +prepare it, and print its contents: + +---- + struct wt_status status; + +... + + wt_status_prepare(the_repository, &status); + git_config(git_default_config, &status); + +... + + printf(_("Your current branch: %s\n"), status.branch); +---- + +Run it again. Check it out - here's the (verbose) name of your current branch! + +Let's commit this as well. + +---- +$ git add builtin/psuh.c +$ git commit -sm "psuh: print the current branch" +---- + +Now let's see if we can get some info about a specific commit. + +Luckily, there are some helpers for us here. `commit.h` has a function called +`lookup_commit_reference_by_name` to which we can simply provide a hardcoded +string; `pretty.h` has an extremely handy `pp_commit_easy()` call which doesn't +require a full format object to be passed. + +Add the following includes: + +---- +#include "commit.h" +#include "pretty.h" +---- + +Then, add the following lines within your implementation of `cmd_psuh()` near +the declarations and the logic, respectively. + +---- + struct commit *c = NULL; + struct strbuf commitline = STRBUF_INIT; + +... + + c = lookup_commit_reference_by_name("origin/master"); + + if (c != NULL) { + pp_commit_easy(CMIT_FMT_ONELINE, c, &commitline); + printf(_("Current commit: %s\n"), commitline.buf); + } +---- + +The `struct strbuf` provides some safety belts to your basic `char*`, one of +which is a length member to prevent buffer overruns. It needs to be initialized +nicely with `STRBUF_INIT`. Keep it in mind when you need to pass around `char*`. + +`lookup_commit_reference_by_name` resolves the name you pass it, so you can play +with the value there and see what kind of things you can come up with. + +`pp_commit_easy` is a convenience wrapper in `pretty.h` that takes a single +format enum shorthand, rather than an entire format struct. It then +pretty-prints the commit according to that shorthand. These are similar to the +formats available with `--pretty=FOO` in many Git commands. + +Build it and run, and if you're using the same name in the example, you should +see the subject line of the most recent commit in `origin/master` that you know +about. Neat! Let's commit that as well. + +---- +$ git add builtin/psuh.c +$ git commit -sm "psuh: display the top of origin/master" +---- + +[[add-documentation]] +=== Adding Documentation + +Awesome! You've got a fantastic new command that you're ready to share with the +community. But hang on just a minute - this isn't very user-friendly. Run the +following: + +---- +$ ./bin-wrappers/git help psuh +---- + +Your new command is undocumented! Let's fix that. + +Take a look at `Documentation/git-*.txt`. These are the manpages for the +subcommands that Git knows about. You can open these up and take a look to get +acquainted with the format, but then go ahead and make a new file +`Documentation/git-psuh.txt`. Like with most of the documentation in the Git +project, help pages are written with AsciiDoc (see CodingGuidelines, "Writing +Documentation" section). Use the following template to fill out your own +manpage: + +// Surprisingly difficult to embed AsciiDoc source within AsciiDoc. +[listing] +.... +git-psuh(1) +=========== + +NAME +---- +git-psuh - Delight users' typo with a shy horse + + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git-psuh [<arg>...]' + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +... + +OPTIONS[[OPTIONS]] +------------------ +... + +OUTPUT +------ +... + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite +.... + +The most important pieces of this to note are the file header, underlined by =, +the NAME section, and the SYNOPSIS, which would normally contain the grammar if +your command took arguments. Try to use well-established manpage headers so your +documentation is consistent with other Git and UNIX manpages; this makes life +easier for your user, who can skip to the section they know contains the +information they need. + +Now that you've written your manpage, you'll need to build it explicitly. We +convert your AsciiDoc to troff which is man-readable like so: + +---- +$ make all doc +$ man Documentation/git-psuh.1 +---- + +or + +---- +$ make -C Documentation/ git-psuh.1 +$ man Documentation/git-psuh.1 +---- + +NOTE: You may need to install the package `asciidoc` to get this to work. + +While this isn't as satisfying as running through `git help`, you can at least +check that your help page looks right. + +You can also check that the documentation coverage is good (that is, the project +sees that your command has been implemented as well as documented) by running +`make check-docs` from the top-level. + +Go ahead and commit your new documentation change. + +[[add-usage]] +=== Adding Usage Text + +Try and run `./bin-wrappers/git psuh -h`. Your command should crash at the end. +That's because `-h` is a special case which your command should handle by +printing usage. + +Take a look at `Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt`. This is a handy +tool for pulling out options you need to be able to handle, and it takes a +usage string. + +In order to use it, we'll need to prepare a NULL-terminated array of usage +strings and a `builtin_psuh_options` array. + +Add a line to `#include "parse-options.h"`. + +At global scope, add your array of usage strings: + +---- +static const char * const psuh_usage[] = { + N_("git psuh [<arg>...]"), + NULL, +}; +---- + +Then, within your `cmd_psuh()` implementation, we can declare and populate our +`option` struct. Ours is pretty boring but you can add more to it if you want to +explore `parse_options()` in more detail: + +---- + struct option options[] = { + OPT_END() + }; +---- + +Finally, before you print your args and prefix, add the call to +`parse-options()`: + +---- + argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, psuh_usage, 0); +---- + +This call will modify your `argv` parameter. It will strip the options you +specified in `options` from `argv` and the locations pointed to from `options` +entries will be updated. Be sure to replace your `argc` with the result from +`parse_options()`, or you will be confused if you try to parse `argv` later. + +It's worth noting the special argument `--`. As you may be aware, many Unix +commands use `--` to indicate "end of named parameters" - all parameters after +the `--` are interpreted merely as positional arguments. (This can be handy if +you want to pass as a parameter something which would usually be interpreted as +a flag.) `parse_options()` will terminate parsing when it reaches `--` and give +you the rest of the options afterwards, untouched. + +Now that you have a usage hint, you can teach Git how to show it in the general +command list shown by `git help git` or `git help -a`, which is generated from +`command-list.txt`. Find the line for 'git-pull' so you can add your 'git-psuh' +line above it in alphabetical order. Now, we can add some attributes about the +command which impacts where it shows up in the aforementioned help commands. The +top of `command-list.txt` shares some information about what each attribute +means; in those help pages, the commands are sorted according to these +attributes. `git psuh` is user-facing, or porcelain - so we will mark it as +"mainporcelain". For "mainporcelain" commands, the comments at the top of +`command-list.txt` indicate we can also optionally add an attribute from another +list; since `git psuh` shows some information about the user's workspace but +doesn't modify anything, let's mark it as "info". Make sure to keep your +attributes in the same style as the rest of `command-list.txt` using spaces to +align and delineate them: + +---- +git-prune-packed plumbingmanipulators +git-psuh mainporcelain info +git-pull mainporcelain remote +git-push mainporcelain remote +---- + +Build again. Now, when you run with `-h`, you should see your usage printed and +your command terminated before anything else interesting happens. Great! + +Go ahead and commit this one, too. + +[[testing]] +== Testing + +It's important to test your code - even for a little toy command like this one. +Moreover, your patch won't be accepted into the Git tree without tests. Your +tests should: + +* Illustrate the current behavior of the feature +* Prove the current behavior matches the expected behavior +* Ensure the externally-visible behavior isn't broken in later changes + +So let's write some tests. + +Related reading: `t/README` + +[[overview-test-structure]] +=== Overview of Testing Structure + +The tests in Git live in `t/` and are named with a 4-digit decimal number using +the schema shown in the Naming Tests section of `t/README`. + +[[write-new-test]] +=== Writing Your Test + +Since this a toy command, let's go ahead and name the test with t9999. However, +as many of the family/subcmd combinations are full, best practice seems to be +to find a command close enough to the one you've added and share its naming +space. + +Create a new file `t/t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh`. Begin with the header as so (see +"Writing Tests" and "Source 'test-lib.sh'" in `t/README`): + +---- +#!/bin/sh + +test_description='git-psuh test + +This test runs git-psuh and makes sure it does not crash.' + +. ./test-lib.sh +---- + +Tests are framed inside of a `test_expect_success` in order to output TAP +formatted results. Let's make sure that `git psuh` doesn't exit poorly and does +mention the right animal somewhere: + +---- +test_expect_success 'runs correctly with no args and good output' ' + git psuh >actual && + test_i18ngrep Pony actual +' +---- + +Indicate that you've run everything you wanted by adding the following at the +bottom of your script: + +---- +test_done +---- + +Make sure you mark your test script executable: + +---- +$ chmod +x t/t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh +---- + +You can get an idea of whether you created your new test script successfully +by running `make -C t test-lint`, which will check for things like test number +uniqueness, executable bit, and so on. + +[[local-test]] +=== Running Locally + +Let's try and run locally: + +---- +$ make +$ cd t/ && prove t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh +---- + +You can run the full test suite and ensure `git-psuh` didn't break anything: + +---- +$ cd t/ +$ prove -j$(nproc) --shuffle t[0-9]*.sh +---- + +NOTE: You can also do this with `make test` or use any testing harness which can +speak TAP. `prove` can run concurrently. `shuffle` randomizes the order the +tests are run in, which makes them resilient against unwanted inter-test +dependencies. `prove` also makes the output nicer. + +Go ahead and commit this change, as well. + +[[ready-to-share]] +== Getting Ready to Share + +You may have noticed already that the Git project performs its code reviews via +emailed patches, which are then applied by the maintainer when they are ready +and approved by the community. The Git project does not accept patches from +pull requests, and the patches emailed for review need to be formatted a +specific way. At this point the tutorial diverges, in order to demonstrate two +different methods of formatting your patchset and getting it reviewed. + +The first method to be covered is GitGitGadget, which is useful for those +already familiar with GitHub's common pull request workflow. This method +requires a GitHub account. + +The second method to be covered is `git send-email`, which can give slightly +more fine-grained control over the emails to be sent. This method requires some +setup which can change depending on your system and will not be covered in this +tutorial. + +Regardless of which method you choose, your engagement with reviewers will be +the same; the review process will be covered after the sections on GitGitGadget +and `git send-email`. + +[[howto-ggg]] +== Sending Patches via GitGitGadget + +One option for sending patches is to follow a typical pull request workflow and +send your patches out via GitGitGadget. GitGitGadget is a tool created by +Johannes Schindelin to make life as a Git contributor easier for those used to +the GitHub PR workflow. It allows contributors to open pull requests against its +mirror of the Git project, and does some magic to turn the PR into a set of +emails and send them out for you. It also runs the Git continuous integration +suite for you. It's documented at http://gitgitgadget.github.io. + +[[create-fork]] +=== Forking `git/git` on GitHub + +Before you can send your patch off to be reviewed using GitGitGadget, you will +need to fork the Git project and upload your changes. First thing - make sure +you have a GitHub account. + +Head to the https://github.com/git/git[GitHub mirror] and look for the Fork +button. Place your fork wherever you deem appropriate and create it. + +[[upload-to-fork]] +=== Uploading to Your Own Fork + +To upload your branch to your own fork, you'll need to add the new fork as a +remote. You can use `git remote -v` to show the remotes you have added already. +From your new fork's page on GitHub, you can press "Clone or download" to get +the URL; then you need to run the following to add, replacing your own URL and +remote name for the examples provided: + +---- +$ git remote add remotename git@github.com:remotename/git.git +---- + +or to use the HTTPS URL: + +---- +$ git remote add remotename https://github.com/remotename/git/.git +---- + +Run `git remote -v` again and you should see the new remote showing up. +`git fetch remotename` (with the real name of your remote replaced) in order to +get ready to push. + +Next, double-check that you've been doing all your development in a new branch +by running `git branch`. If you didn't, now is a good time to move your new +commits to their own branch. + +As mentioned briefly at the beginning of this document, we are basing our work +on `master`, so go ahead and update as shown below, or using your preferred +workflow. + +---- +$ git checkout master +$ git pull -r +$ git rebase master psuh +---- + +Finally, you're ready to push your new topic branch! (Due to our branch and +command name choices, be careful when you type the command below.) + +---- +$ git push remotename psuh +---- + +Now you should be able to go and check out your newly created branch on GitHub. + +[[send-pr-ggg]] +=== Sending a PR to GitGitGadget + +In order to have your code tested and formatted for review, you need to start by +opening a Pull Request against `gitgitgadget/git`. Head to +https://github.com/gitgitgadget/git and open a PR either with the "New pull +request" button or the convenient "Compare & pull request" button that may +appear with the name of your newly pushed branch. + +Review the PR's title and description, as it's used by GitGitGadget as the cover +letter for your change. When you're happy, submit your pull request. + +[[run-ci-ggg]] +=== Running CI and Getting Ready to Send + +If it's your first time using GitGitGadget (which is likely, as you're using +this tutorial) then someone will need to give you permission to use the tool. +As mentioned in the GitGitGadget documentation, you just need someone who +already uses it to comment on your PR with `/allow <username>`. GitGitGadget +will automatically run your PRs through the CI even without the permission given +but you will not be able to `/submit` your changes until someone allows you to +use the tool. + +NOTE: You can typically find someone who can `/allow` you on GitGitGadget by +either examining recent pull requests where someone has been granted `/allow` +(https://github.com/gitgitgadget/git/pulls?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=is%3Apr+is%3Aopen+%22%2Fallow%22[Search: +is:pr is:open "/allow"]), in which case both the author and the person who +granted the `/allow` can now `/allow` you, or by inquiring on the +https://webchat.freenode.net/#git-devel[#git-devel] IRC channel on Freenode +linking your pull request and asking for someone to `/allow` you. + +If the CI fails, you can update your changes with `git rebase -i` and push your +branch again: + +---- +$ git push -f remotename psuh +---- + +In fact, you should continue to make changes this way up until the point when +your patch is accepted into `next`. + +//// +TODO https://github.com/gitgitgadget/gitgitgadget/issues/83 +It'd be nice to be able to verify that the patch looks good before sending it +to everyone on Git mailing list. +[[check-work-ggg]] +=== Check Your Work +//// + +[[send-mail-ggg]] +=== Sending Your Patches + +Now that your CI is passing and someone has granted you permission to use +GitGitGadget with the `/allow` command, sending out for review is as simple as +commenting on your PR with `/submit`. + +[[responding-ggg]] +=== Updating With Comments + +Skip ahead to <<reviewing,Responding to Reviews>> for information on how to +reply to review comments you will receive on the mailing list. + +Once you have your branch again in the shape you want following all review +comments, you can submit again: + +---- +$ git push -f remotename psuh +---- + +Next, go look at your pull request against GitGitGadget; you should see the CI +has been kicked off again. Now while the CI is running is a good time for you +to modify your description at the top of the pull request thread; it will be +used again as the cover letter. You should use this space to describe what +has changed since your previous version, so that your reviewers have some idea +of what they're looking at. When the CI is done running, you can comment once +more with `/submit` - GitGitGadget will automatically add a v2 mark to your +changes. + +[[howto-git-send-email]] +== Sending Patches with `git send-email` + +If you don't want to use GitGitGadget, you can also use Git itself to mail your +patches. Some benefits of using Git this way include finer grained control of +subject line (for example, being able to use the tag [RFC PATCH] in the subject) +and being able to send a ``dry run'' mail to yourself to ensure it all looks +good before going out to the list. + +[[setup-git-send-email]] +=== Prerequisite: Setting Up `git send-email` + +Configuration for `send-email` can vary based on your operating system and email +provider, and so will not be covered in this tutorial, beyond stating that in +many distributions of Linux, `git-send-email` is not packaged alongside the +typical `git` install. You may need to install this additional package; there +are a number of resources online to help you do so. You will also need to +determine the right way to configure it to use your SMTP server; again, as this +configuration can change significantly based on your system and email setup, it +is out of scope for the context of this tutorial. + +[[format-patch]] +=== Preparing Initial Patchset + +Sending emails with Git is a two-part process; before you can prepare the emails +themselves, you'll need to prepare the patches. Luckily, this is pretty simple: + +---- +$ git format-patch --cover-letter -o psuh/ master..psuh +---- + +The `--cover-letter` parameter tells `format-patch` to create a cover letter +template for you. You will need to fill in the template before you're ready +to send - but for now, the template will be next to your other patches. + +The `-o psuh/` parameter tells `format-patch` to place the patch files into a +directory. This is useful because `git send-email` can take a directory and +send out all the patches from there. + +`master..psuh` tells `format-patch` to generate patches for the difference +between `master` and `psuh`. It will make one patch file per commit. After you +run, you can go have a look at each of the patches with your favorite text +editor and make sure everything looks alright; however, it's not recommended to +make code fixups via the patch file. It's a better idea to make the change the +normal way using `git rebase -i` or by adding a new commit than by modifying a +patch. + +NOTE: Optionally, you can also use the `--rfc` flag to prefix your patch subject +with ``[RFC PATCH]'' instead of ``[PATCH]''. RFC stands for ``request for +comments'' and indicates that while your code isn't quite ready for submission, +you'd like to begin the code review process. This can also be used when your +patch is a proposal, but you aren't sure whether the community wants to solve +the problem with that approach or not - to conduct a sort of design review. You +may also see on the list patches marked ``WIP'' - this means they are incomplete +but want reviewers to look at what they have so far. You can add this flag with +`--subject-prefix=WIP`. + +Check and make sure that your patches and cover letter template exist in the +directory you specified - you're nearly ready to send out your review! + +[[cover-letter]] +=== Preparing Email + +In addition to an email per patch, the Git community also expects your patches +to come with a cover letter, typically with a subject line [PATCH 0/x] (where +x is the number of patches you're sending). Since you invoked `format-patch` +with `--cover-letter`, you've already got a template ready. Open it up in your +favorite editor. + +You should see a number of headers present already. Check that your `From:` +header is correct. Then modify your `Subject:` to something which succinctly +covers the purpose of your entire topic branch, for example: + +---- +Subject: [PATCH 0/7] adding the 'psuh' command +---- + +Make sure you retain the ``[PATCH 0/X]'' part; that's what indicates to the Git +community that this email is the beginning of a review, and many reviewers +filter their email for this type of flag. + +You'll need to add some extra parameters when you invoke `git send-email` to add +the cover letter. + +Next you'll have to fill out the body of your cover letter. This is an important +component of change submission as it explains to the community from a high level +what you're trying to do, and why, in a way that's more apparent than just +looking at your diff. Be sure to explain anything your diff doesn't make clear +on its own. + +Here's an example body for `psuh`: + +---- +Our internal metrics indicate widespread interest in the command +git-psuh - that is, many users are trying to use it, but finding it is +unavailable, using some unknown workaround instead. + +The following handful of patches add the psuh command and implement some +handy features on top of it. + +This patchset is part of the MyFirstContribution tutorial and should not +be merged. +---- + +The template created by `git format-patch --cover-letter` includes a diffstat. +This gives reviewers a summary of what they're in for when reviewing your topic. +The one generated for `psuh` from the sample implementation looks like this: + +---- + Documentation/git-psuh.txt | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++ + Makefile | 1 + + builtin.h | 1 + + builtin/psuh.c | 73 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + git.c | 1 + + t/t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh | 12 +++++++ + 6 files changed, 128 insertions(+) + create mode 100644 Documentation/git-psuh.txt + create mode 100644 builtin/psuh.c + create mode 100755 t/t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh +---- + +Finally, the letter will include the version of Git used to generate the +patches. You can leave that string alone. + +[[sending-git-send-email]] +=== Sending Email + +At this point you should have a directory `psuh/` which is filled with your +patches and a cover letter. Time to mail it out! You can send it like this: + +---- +$ git send-email --to=target@example.com psuh/*.patch +---- + +NOTE: Check `git help send-email` for some other options which you may find +valuable, such as changing the Reply-to address or adding more CC and BCC lines. + +NOTE: When you are sending a real patch, it will go to git@vger.kernel.org - but +please don't send your patchset from the tutorial to the real mailing list! For +now, you can send it to yourself, to make sure you understand how it will look. + +After you run the command above, you will be presented with an interactive +prompt for each patch that's about to go out. This gives you one last chance to +edit or quit sending something (but again, don't edit code this way). Once you +press `y` or `a` at these prompts your emails will be sent! Congratulations! + +Awesome, now the community will drop everything and review your changes. (Just +kidding - be patient!) + +[[v2-git-send-email]] +=== Sending v2 + +Skip ahead to <<reviewing,Responding to Reviews>> for information on how to +handle comments from reviewers. Continue this section when your topic branch is +shaped the way you want it to look for your patchset v2. + +When you're ready with the next iteration of your patch, the process is fairly +similar. + +First, generate your v2 patches again: + +---- +$ git format-patch -v2 --cover-letter -o psuh/ master..psuh +---- + +This will add your v2 patches, all named like `v2-000n-my-commit-subject.patch`, +to the `psuh/` directory. You may notice that they are sitting alongside the v1 +patches; that's fine, but be careful when you are ready to send them. + +Edit your cover letter again. Now is a good time to mention what's different +between your last version and now, if it's something significant. You do not +need the exact same body in your second cover letter; focus on explaining to +reviewers the changes you've made that may not be as visible. + +You will also need to go and find the Message-Id of your previous cover letter. +You can either note it when you send the first series, from the output of `git +send-email`, or you can look it up on the +https://lore.kernel.org/git[mailing list]. Find your cover letter in the +archives, click on it, then click "permalink" or "raw" to reveal the Message-Id +header. It should match: + +---- +Message-Id: <foo.12345.author@example.com> +---- + +Your Message-Id is `<foo.12345.author@example.com>`. This example will be used +below as well; make sure to replace it with the correct Message-Id for your +**previous cover letter** - that is, if you're sending v2, use the Message-Id +from v1; if you're sending v3, use the Message-Id from v2. + +While you're looking at the email, you should also note who is CC'd, as it's +common practice in the mailing list to keep all CCs on a thread. You can add +these CC lines directly to your cover letter with a line like so in the header +(before the Subject line): + +---- +CC: author@example.com, Othe R <other@example.com> +---- + +Now send the emails again, paying close attention to which messages you pass in +to the command: + +---- +$ git send-email --to=target@example.com + --in-reply-to="<foo.12345.author@example.com>" + psuh/v2* +---- + +[[single-patch]] +=== Bonus Chapter: One-Patch Changes + +In some cases, your very small change may consist of only one patch. When that +happens, you only need to send one email. Your commit message should already be +meaningful and explain at a high level the purpose (what is happening and why) +of your patch, but if you need to supply even more context, you can do so below +the `---` in your patch. Take the example below, which was generated with `git +format-patch` on a single commit, and then edited to add the content between +the `---` and the diffstat. + +---- +From 1345bbb3f7ac74abde040c12e737204689a72723 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 +From: A U Thor <author@example.com> +Date: Thu, 18 Apr 2019 15:11:02 -0700 +Subject: [PATCH] README: change the grammar + +I think it looks better this way. This part of the commit message will +end up in the commit-log. + +Signed-off-by: A U Thor <author@example.com> +--- +Let's have a wild discussion about grammar on the mailing list. This +part of my email will never end up in the commit log. Here is where I +can add additional context to the mailing list about my intent, outside +of the context of the commit log. This section was added after `git +format-patch` was run, by editing the patch file in a text editor. + + README.md | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) + +diff --git a/README.md b/README.md +index 88f126184c..38da593a60 100644 +--- a/README.md ++++ b/README.md +@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ + Git - fast, scalable, distributed revision control system + ========================================================= + +-Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an ++Git is a fast, scalable, and distributed revision control system with an + unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations + and full access to internals. + +-- +2.21.0.392.gf8f6787159e-goog +---- + +[[now-what]] +== My Patch Got Emailed - Now What? + +[[reviewing]] +=== Responding to Reviews + +After a few days, you will hopefully receive a reply to your patchset with some +comments. Woohoo! Now you can get back to work. + +It's good manners to reply to each comment, notifying the reviewer that you have +made the change requested, feel the original is better, or that the comment +inspired you to do something a new way which is superior to both the original +and the suggested change. This way reviewers don't need to inspect your v2 to +figure out whether you implemented their comment or not. + +If you are going to push back on a comment, be polite and explain why you feel +your original is better; be prepared that the reviewer may still disagree with +you, and the rest of the community may weigh in on one side or the other. As +with all code reviews, it's important to keep an open mind to doing something a +different way than you originally planned; other reviewers have a different +perspective on the project than you do, and may be thinking of a valid side +effect which had not occurred to you. It is always okay to ask for clarification +if you aren't sure why a change was suggested, or what the reviewer is asking +you to do. + +Make sure your email client has a plaintext email mode and it is turned on; the +Git list rejects HTML email. Please also follow the mailing list etiquette +outlined in the +https://kernel.googlesource.com/pub/scm/git/git/+/todo/MaintNotes[Maintainer's +Note], which are similar to etiquette rules in most open source communities +surrounding bottom-posting and inline replies. + +When you're making changes to your code, it is cleanest - that is, the resulting +commits are easiest to look at - if you use `git rebase -i` (interactive +rebase). Take a look at this +https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/git-pocket-guide/9781449327507/ch10.html[overview] +from O'Reilly. The general idea is to modify each commit which requires changes; +this way, instead of having a patch A with a mistake, a patch B which was fine +and required no upstream reviews in v1, and a patch C which fixes patch A for +v2, you can just ship a v2 with a correct patch A and correct patch B. This is +changing history, but since it's local history which you haven't shared with +anyone, that is okay for now! (Later, it may not make sense to do this; take a +look at the section below this one for some context.) + +[[after-approval]] +=== After Review Approval + +The Git project has four integration branches: `pu`, `next`, `master`, and +`maint`. Your change will be placed into `pu` fairly early on by the maintainer +while it is still in the review process; from there, when it is ready for wider +testing, it will be merged into `next`. Plenty of early testers use `next` and +may report issues. Eventually, changes in `next` will make it to `master`, +which is typically considered stable. Finally, when a new release is cut, +`maint` is used to base bugfixes onto. As mentioned at the beginning of this +document, you can read `Documents/SubmittingPatches` for some more info about +the use of the various integration branches. + +Back to now: your code has been lauded by the upstream reviewers. It is perfect. +It is ready to be accepted. You don't need to do anything else; the maintainer +will merge your topic branch to `next` and life is good. + +However, if you discover it isn't so perfect after this point, you may need to +take some special steps depending on where you are in the process. + +If the maintainer has announced in the "What's cooking in git.git" email that +your topic is marked for `next` - that is, that they plan to merge it to `next` +but have not yet done so - you should send an email asking the maintainer to +wait a little longer: "I've sent v4 of my series and you marked it for `next`, +but I need to change this and that - please wait for v5 before you merge it." + +If the topic has already been merged to `next`, rather than modifying your +patches with `git rebase -i`, you should make further changes incrementally - +that is, with another commit, based on top of the maintainer's topic branch as +detailed in https://github.com/gitster/git. Your work is still in the same topic +but is now incremental, rather than a wholesale rewrite of the topic branch. + +The topic branches in the maintainer's GitHub are mirrored in GitGitGadget, so +if you're sending your reviews out that way, you should be sure to open your PR +against the appropriate GitGitGadget/Git branch. + +If you're using `git send-email`, you can use it the same way as before, but you +should generate your diffs from `<topic>..<mybranch>` and base your work on +`<topic>` instead of `master`. diff --git a/Documentation/MyFirstObjectWalk.txt b/Documentation/MyFirstObjectWalk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c3f2d1a831 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/MyFirstObjectWalk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,902 @@ += My First Object Walk + +== What's an Object Walk? + +The object walk is a key concept in Git - this is the process that underpins +operations like object transfer and fsck. Beginning from a given commit, the +list of objects is found by walking parent relationships between commits (commit +X based on commit W) and containment relationships between objects (tree Y is +contained within commit X, and blob Z is located within tree Y, giving our +working tree for commit X something like `y/z.txt`). + +A related concept is the revision walk, which is focused on commit objects and +their parent relationships and does not delve into other object types. The +revision walk is used for operations like `git log`. + +=== Related Reading + +- `Documentation/user-manual.txt` under "Hacking Git" contains some coverage of + the revision walker in its various incarnations. +- `revision.h` +- https://eagain.net/articles/git-for-computer-scientists/[Git for Computer Scientists] + gives a good overview of the types of objects in Git and what your object + walk is really describing. + +== Setting Up + +Create a new branch from `master`. + +---- +git checkout -b revwalk origin/master +---- + +We'll put our fiddling into a new command. For fun, let's name it `git walken`. +Open up a new file `builtin/walken.c` and set up the command handler: + +---- +/* + * "git walken" + * + * Part of the "My First Object Walk" tutorial. + */ + +#include "builtin.h" + +int cmd_walken(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix) +{ + trace_printf(_("cmd_walken incoming...\n")); + return 0; +} +---- + +NOTE: `trace_printf()` differs from `printf()` in that it can be turned on or +off at runtime. For the purposes of this tutorial, we will write `walken` as +though it is intended for use as a "plumbing" command: that is, a command which +is used primarily in scripts, rather than interactively by humans (a "porcelain" +command). So we will send our debug output to `trace_printf()` instead. When +running, enable trace output by setting the environment variable `GIT_TRACE`. + +Add usage text and `-h` handling, like all subcommands should consistently do +(our test suite will notice and complain if you fail to do so). + +---- +int cmd_walken(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix) +{ + const char * const walken_usage[] = { + N_("git walken"), + NULL, + } + struct option options[] = { + OPT_END() + }; + + argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, walken_usage, 0); + + ... +} +---- + +Also add the relevant line in `builtin.h` near `cmd_whatchanged()`: + +---- +int cmd_walken(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix); +---- + +Include the command in `git.c` in `commands[]` near the entry for `whatchanged`, +maintaining alphabetical ordering: + +---- +{ "walken", cmd_walken, RUN_SETUP }, +---- + +Add it to the `Makefile` near the line for `builtin/worktree.o`: + +---- +BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/walken.o +---- + +Build and test out your command, without forgetting to ensure the `DEVELOPER` +flag is set, and with `GIT_TRACE` enabled so the debug output can be seen: + +---- +$ echo DEVELOPER=1 >>config.mak +$ make +$ GIT_TRACE=1 ./bin-wrappers/git walken +---- + +NOTE: For a more exhaustive overview of the new command process, take a look at +`Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt`. + +NOTE: A reference implementation can be found at +https://github.com/nasamuffin/git/tree/revwalk. + +=== `struct rev_cmdline_info` + +The definition of `struct rev_cmdline_info` can be found in `revision.h`. + +This struct is contained within the `rev_info` struct and is used to reflect +parameters provided by the user over the CLI. + +`nr` represents the number of `rev_cmdline_entry` present in the array. + +`alloc` is used by the `ALLOC_GROW` macro. Check `cache.h` - this variable is +used to track the allocated size of the list. + +Per entry, we find: + +`item` is the object provided upon which to base the object walk. Items in Git +can be blobs, trees, commits, or tags. (See `Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt`.) + +`name` is the object ID (OID) of the object - a hex string you may be familiar +with from using Git to organize your source in the past. Check the tutorial +mentioned above towards the top for a discussion of where the OID can come +from. + +`whence` indicates some information about what to do with the parents of the +specified object. We'll explore this flag more later on; take a look at +`Documentation/revisions.txt` to get an idea of what could set the `whence` +value. + +`flags` are used to hint the beginning of the revision walk and are the first +block under the `#include`s in `revision.h`. The most likely ones to be set in +the `rev_cmdline_info` are `UNINTERESTING` and `BOTTOM`, but these same flags +can be used during the walk, as well. + +=== `struct rev_info` + +This one is quite a bit longer, and many fields are only used during the walk +by `revision.c` - not configuration options. Most of the configurable flags in +`struct rev_info` have a mirror in `Documentation/rev-list-options.txt`. It's a +good idea to take some time and read through that document. + +== Basic Commit Walk + +First, let's see if we can replicate the output of `git log --oneline`. We'll +refer back to the implementation frequently to discover norms when performing +an object walk of our own. + +To do so, we'll first find all the commits, in order, which preceded the current +commit. We'll extract the name and subject of the commit from each. + +Ideally, we will also be able to find out which ones are currently at the tip of +various branches. + +=== Setting Up + +Preparing for your object walk has some distinct stages. + +1. Perform default setup for this mode, and others which may be invoked. +2. Check configuration files for relevant settings. +3. Set up the `rev_info` struct. +4. Tweak the initialized `rev_info` to suit the current walk. +5. Prepare the `rev_info` for the walk. +6. Iterate over the objects, processing each one. + +==== Default Setups + +Before examining configuration files which may modify command behavior, set up +default state for switches or options your command may have. If your command +utilizes other Git components, ask them to set up their default states as well. +For instance, `git log` takes advantage of `grep` and `diff` functionality, so +its `init_log_defaults()` sets its own state (`decoration_style`) and asks +`grep` and `diff` to initialize themselves by calling each of their +initialization functions. + +For our first example within `git walken`, we don't intend to use any other +components within Git, and we don't have any configuration to do. However, we +may want to add some later, so for now, we can add an empty placeholder. Create +a new function in `builtin/walken.c`: + +---- +static void init_walken_defaults(void) +{ + /* + * We don't actually need the same components `git log` does; leave this + * empty for now. + */ +} +---- + +Make sure to add a line invoking it inside of `cmd_walken()`. + +---- +int cmd_walken(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix) +{ + init_walken_defaults(); +} +---- + +==== Configuring From `.gitconfig` + +Next, we should have a look at any relevant configuration settings (i.e., +settings readable and settable from `git config`). This is done by providing a +callback to `git_config()`; within that callback, you can also invoke methods +from other components you may need that need to intercept these options. Your +callback will be invoked once per each configuration value which Git knows about +(global, local, worktree, etc.). + +Similarly to the default values, we don't have anything to do here yet +ourselves; however, we should call `git_default_config()` if we aren't calling +any other existing config callbacks. + +Add a new function to `builtin/walken.c`: + +---- +static int git_walken_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb) +{ + /* + * For now, we don't have any custom configuration, so fall back to + * the default config. + */ + return git_default_config(var, value, cb); +} +---- + +Make sure to invoke `git_config()` with it in your `cmd_walken()`: + +---- +int cmd_walken(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix) +{ + ... + + git_config(git_walken_config, NULL); + + ... +} +---- + +==== Setting Up `rev_info` + +Now that we've gathered external configuration and options, it's time to +initialize the `rev_info` object which we will use to perform the walk. This is +typically done by calling `repo_init_revisions()` with the repository you intend +to target, as well as the `prefix` argument of `cmd_walken` and your `rev_info` +struct. + +Add the `struct rev_info` and the `repo_init_revisions()` call: +---- +int cmd_walken(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix) +{ + /* This can go wherever you like in your declarations.*/ + struct rev_info rev; + ... + + /* This should go after the git_config() call. */ + repo_init_revisions(the_repository, &rev, prefix); + + ... +} +---- + +==== Tweaking `rev_info` For the Walk + +We're getting close, but we're still not quite ready to go. Now that `rev` is +initialized, we can modify it to fit our needs. This is usually done within a +helper for clarity, so let's add one: + +---- +static void final_rev_info_setup(struct rev_info *rev) +{ + /* + * We want to mimic the appearance of `git log --oneline`, so let's + * force oneline format. + */ + get_commit_format("oneline", rev); + + /* Start our object walk at HEAD. */ + add_head_to_pending(rev); +} +---- + +[NOTE] +==== +Instead of using the shorthand `add_head_to_pending()`, you could do +something like this: +---- + struct setup_revision_opt opt; + + memset(&opt, 0, sizeof(opt)); + opt.def = "HEAD"; + opt.revarg_opt = REVARG_COMMITTISH; + setup_revisions(argc, argv, rev, &opt); +---- +Using a `setup_revision_opt` gives you finer control over your walk's starting +point. +==== + +Then let's invoke `final_rev_info_setup()` after the call to +`repo_init_revisions()`: + +---- +int cmd_walken(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix) +{ + ... + + final_rev_info_setup(&rev); + + ... +} +---- + +Later, we may wish to add more arguments to `final_rev_info_setup()`. But for +now, this is all we need. + +==== Preparing `rev_info` For the Walk + +Now that `rev` is all initialized and configured, we've got one more setup step +before we get rolling. We can do this in a helper, which will both prepare the +`rev_info` for the walk, and perform the walk itself. Let's start the helper +with the call to `prepare_revision_walk()`, which can return an error without +dying on its own: + +---- +static void walken_commit_walk(struct rev_info *rev) +{ + if (prepare_revision_walk(rev)) + die(_("revision walk setup failed")); +} +---- + +NOTE: `die()` prints to `stderr` and exits the program. Since it will print to +`stderr` it's likely to be seen by a human, so we will localize it. + +==== Performing the Walk! + +Finally! We are ready to begin the walk itself. Now we can see that `rev_info` +can also be used as an iterator; we move to the next item in the walk by using +`get_revision()` repeatedly. Add the listed variable declarations at the top and +the walk loop below the `prepare_revision_walk()` call within your +`walken_commit_walk()`: + +---- +static void walken_commit_walk(struct rev_info *rev) +{ + struct commit *commit; + struct strbuf prettybuf = STRBUF_INIT; + + ... + + while ((commit = get_revision(rev))) { + strbuf_reset(&prettybuf); + pp_commit_easy(CMIT_FMT_ONELINE, commit, &prettybuf); + puts(prettybuf.buf); + } + strbuf_release(&prettybuf); +} +---- + +NOTE: `puts()` prints a `char*` to `stdout`. Since this is the part of the +command we expect to be machine-parsed, we're sending it directly to stdout. + +Give it a shot. + +---- +$ make +$ ./bin-wrappers/git walken +---- + +You should see all of the subject lines of all the commits in +your tree's history, in order, ending with the initial commit, "Initial revision +of "git", the information manager from hell". Congratulations! You've written +your first revision walk. You can play with printing some additional fields +from each commit if you're curious; have a look at the functions available in +`commit.h`. + +=== Adding a Filter + +Next, let's try to filter the commits we see based on their author. This is +equivalent to running `git log --author=<pattern>`. We can add a filter by +modifying `rev_info.grep_filter`, which is a `struct grep_opt`. + +First some setup. Add `init_grep_defaults()` to `init_walken_defaults()` and add +`grep_config()` to `git_walken_config()`: + +---- +static void init_walken_defaults(void) +{ + init_grep_defaults(the_repository); +} + +... + +static int git_walken_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb) +{ + grep_config(var, value, cb); + return git_default_config(var, value, cb); +} +---- + +Next, we can modify the `grep_filter`. This is done with convenience functions +found in `grep.h`. For fun, we're filtering to only commits from folks using a +`gmail.com` email address - a not-very-precise guess at who may be working on +Git as a hobby. Since we're checking the author, which is a specific line in the +header, we'll use the `append_header_grep_pattern()` helper. We can use +the `enum grep_header_field` to indicate which part of the commit header we want +to search. + +In `final_rev_info_setup()`, add your filter line: + +---- +static void final_rev_info_setup(int argc, const char **argv, + const char *prefix, struct rev_info *rev) +{ + ... + + append_header_grep_pattern(&rev->grep_filter, GREP_HEADER_AUTHOR, + "gmail"); + compile_grep_patterns(&rev->grep_filter); + + ... +} +---- + +`append_header_grep_pattern()` adds your new "gmail" pattern to `rev_info`, but +it won't work unless we compile it with `compile_grep_patterns()`. + +NOTE: If you are using `setup_revisions()` (for example, if you are passing a +`setup_revision_opt` instead of using `add_head_to_pending()`), you don't need +to call `compile_grep_patterns()` because `setup_revisions()` calls it for you. + +NOTE: We could add the same filter via the `append_grep_pattern()` helper if we +wanted to, but `append_header_grep_pattern()` adds the `enum grep_context` and +`enum grep_pat_token` for us. + +=== Changing the Order + +There are a few ways that we can change the order of the commits during a +revision walk. Firstly, we can use the `enum rev_sort_order` to choose from some +typical orderings. + +`topo_order` is the same as `git log --topo-order`: we avoid showing a parent +before all of its children have been shown, and we avoid mixing commits which +are in different lines of history. (`git help log`'s section on `--topo-order` +has a very nice diagram to illustrate this.) + +Let's see what happens when we run with `REV_SORT_BY_COMMIT_DATE` as opposed to +`REV_SORT_BY_AUTHOR_DATE`. Add the following: + +---- +static void final_rev_info_setup(int argc, const char **argv, + const char *prefix, struct rev_info *rev) +{ + ... + + rev->topo_order = 1; + rev->sort_order = REV_SORT_BY_COMMIT_DATE; + + ... +} +---- + +Let's output this into a file so we can easily diff it with the walk sorted by +author date. + +---- +$ make +$ ./bin-wrappers/git walken > commit-date.txt +---- + +Then, let's sort by author date and run it again. + +---- +static void final_rev_info_setup(int argc, const char **argv, + const char *prefix, struct rev_info *rev) +{ + ... + + rev->topo_order = 1; + rev->sort_order = REV_SORT_BY_AUTHOR_DATE; + + ... +} +---- + +---- +$ make +$ ./bin-wrappers/git walken > author-date.txt +---- + +Finally, compare the two. This is a little less helpful without object names or +dates, but hopefully we get the idea. + +---- +$ diff -u commit-date.txt author-date.txt +---- + +This display indicates that commits can be reordered after they're written, for +example with `git rebase`. + +Let's try one more reordering of commits. `rev_info` exposes a `reverse` flag. +Set that flag somewhere inside of `final_rev_info_setup()`: + +---- +static void final_rev_info_setup(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix, + struct rev_info *rev) +{ + ... + + rev->reverse = 1; + + ... +} +---- + +Run your walk again and note the difference in order. (If you remove the grep +pattern, you should see the last commit this call gives you as your current +HEAD.) + +== Basic Object Walk + +So far we've been walking only commits. But Git has more types of objects than +that! Let's see if we can walk _all_ objects, and find out some information +about each one. + +We can base our work on an example. `git pack-objects` prepares all kinds of +objects for packing into a bitmap or packfile. The work we are interested in +resides in `builtins/pack-objects.c:get_object_list()`; examination of that +function shows that the all-object walk is being performed by +`traverse_commit_list()` or `traverse_commit_list_filtered()`. Those two +functions reside in `list-objects.c`; examining the source shows that, despite +the name, these functions traverse all kinds of objects. Let's have a look at +the arguments to `traverse_commit_list_filtered()`, which are a superset of the +arguments to the unfiltered version. + +- `struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options`: This is a struct which + stores a filter-spec as outlined in `Documentation/rev-list-options.txt`. +- `struct rev_info *revs`: This is the `rev_info` used for the walk. +- `show_commit_fn show_commit`: A callback which will be used to handle each + individual commit object. +- `show_object_fn show_object`: A callback which will be used to handle each + non-commit object (so each blob, tree, or tag). +- `void *show_data`: A context buffer which is passed in turn to `show_commit` + and `show_object`. +- `struct oidset *omitted`: A linked-list of object IDs which the provided + filter caused to be omitted. + +It looks like this `traverse_commit_list_filtered()` uses callbacks we provide +instead of needing us to call it repeatedly ourselves. Cool! Let's add the +callbacks first. + +For the sake of this tutorial, we'll simply keep track of how many of each kind +of object we find. At file scope in `builtin/walken.c` add the following +tracking variables: + +---- +static int commit_count; +static int tag_count; +static int blob_count; +static int tree_count; +---- + +Commits are handled by a different callback than other objects; let's do that +one first: + +---- +static void walken_show_commit(struct commit *cmt, void *buf) +{ + commit_count++; +} +---- + +The `cmt` argument is fairly self-explanatory. But it's worth mentioning that +the `buf` argument is actually the context buffer that we can provide to the +traversal calls - `show_data`, which we mentioned a moment ago. + +Since we have the `struct commit` object, we can look at all the same parts that +we looked at in our earlier commit-only walk. For the sake of this tutorial, +though, we'll just increment the commit counter and move on. + +The callback for non-commits is a little different, as we'll need to check +which kind of object we're dealing with: + +---- +static void walken_show_object(struct object *obj, const char *str, void *buf) +{ + switch (obj->type) { + case OBJ_TREE: + tree_count++; + break; + case OBJ_BLOB: + blob_count++; + break; + case OBJ_TAG: + tag_count++; + break; + case OBJ_COMMIT: + BUG("unexpected commit object in walken_show_object\n"); + default: + BUG("unexpected object type %s in walken_show_object\n", + type_name(obj->type)); + } +} +---- + +Again, `obj` is fairly self-explanatory, and we can guess that `buf` is the same +context pointer that `walken_show_commit()` receives: the `show_data` argument +to `traverse_commit_list()` and `traverse_commit_list_filtered()`. Finally, +`str` contains the name of the object, which ends up being something like +`foo.txt` (blob), `bar/baz` (tree), or `v1.2.3` (tag). + +To help assure us that we aren't double-counting commits, we'll include some +complaining if a commit object is routed through our non-commit callback; we'll +also complain if we see an invalid object type. Since those two cases should be +unreachable, and would only change in the event of a semantic change to the Git +codebase, we complain by using `BUG()` - which is a signal to a developer that +the change they made caused unintended consequences, and the rest of the +codebase needs to be updated to understand that change. `BUG()` is not intended +to be seen by the public, so it is not localized. + +Our main object walk implementation is substantially different from our commit +walk implementation, so let's make a new function to perform the object walk. We +can perform setup which is applicable to all objects here, too, to keep separate +from setup which is applicable to commit-only walks. + +We'll start by enabling all types of objects in the `struct rev_info`. We'll +also turn on `tree_blobs_in_commit_order`, which means that we will walk a +commit's tree and everything it points to immediately after we find each commit, +as opposed to waiting for the end and walking through all trees after the commit +history has been discovered. With the appropriate settings configured, we are +ready to call `prepare_revision_walk()`. + +---- +static void walken_object_walk(struct rev_info *rev) +{ + rev->tree_objects = 1; + rev->blob_objects = 1; + rev->tag_objects = 1; + rev->tree_blobs_in_commit_order = 1; + + if (prepare_revision_walk(rev)) + die(_("revision walk setup failed")); + + commit_count = 0; + tag_count = 0; + blob_count = 0; + tree_count = 0; +---- + +Let's start by calling just the unfiltered walk and reporting our counts. +Complete your implementation of `walken_object_walk()`: + +---- + traverse_commit_list(rev, walken_show_commit, walken_show_object, NULL); + + printf("commits %d\nblobs %d\ntags %d\ntrees %d\n", commit_count, + blob_count, tag_count, tree_count); +} +---- + +NOTE: This output is intended to be machine-parsed. Therefore, we are not +sending it to `trace_printf()`, and we are not localizing it - we need scripts +to be able to count on the formatting to be exactly the way it is shown here. +If we were intending this output to be read by humans, we would need to localize +it with `_()`. + +Finally, we'll ask `cmd_walken()` to use the object walk instead. Discussing +command line options is out of scope for this tutorial, so we'll just hardcode +a branch we can change at compile time. Where you call `final_rev_info_setup()` +and `walken_commit_walk()`, instead branch like so: + +---- + if (1) { + add_head_to_pending(&rev); + walken_object_walk(&rev); + } else { + final_rev_info_setup(argc, argv, prefix, &rev); + walken_commit_walk(&rev); + } +---- + +NOTE: For simplicity, we've avoided all the filters and sorts we applied in +`final_rev_info_setup()` and simply added `HEAD` to our pending queue. If you +want, you can certainly use the filters we added before by moving +`final_rev_info_setup()` out of the conditional and removing the call to +`add_head_to_pending()`. + +Now we can try to run our command! It should take noticeably longer than the +commit walk, but an examination of the output will give you an idea why. Your +output should look similar to this example, but with different counts: + +---- +Object walk completed. Found 55733 commits, 100274 blobs, 0 tags, and 104210 trees. +---- + +This makes sense. We have more trees than commits because the Git project has +lots of subdirectories which can change, plus at least one tree per commit. We +have no tags because we started on a commit (`HEAD`) and while tags can point to +commits, commits can't point to tags. + +NOTE: You will have different counts when you run this yourself! The number of +objects grows along with the Git project. + +=== Adding a Filter + +There are a handful of filters that we can apply to the object walk laid out in +`Documentation/rev-list-options.txt`. These filters are typically useful for +operations such as creating packfiles or performing a partial clone. They are +defined in `list-objects-filter-options.h`. For the purposes of this tutorial we +will use the "tree:1" filter, which causes the walk to omit all trees and blobs +which are not directly referenced by commits reachable from the commit in +`pending` when the walk begins. (`pending` is the list of objects which need to +be traversed during a walk; you can imagine a breadth-first tree traversal to +help understand. In our case, that means we omit trees and blobs not directly +referenced by `HEAD` or `HEAD`'s history, because we begin the walk with only +`HEAD` in the `pending` list.) + +First, we'll need to `#include "list-objects-filter-options.h`" and set up the +`struct list_objects_filter_options` at the top of the function. + +---- +static void walken_object_walk(struct rev_info *rev) +{ + struct list_objects_filter_options filter_options = {}; + + ... +---- + +For now, we are not going to track the omitted objects, so we'll replace those +parameters with `NULL`. For the sake of simplicity, we'll add a simple +build-time branch to use our filter or not. Replace the line calling +`traverse_commit_list()` with the following, which will remind us which kind of +walk we've just performed: + +---- + if (0) { + /* Unfiltered: */ + trace_printf(_("Unfiltered object walk.\n")); + traverse_commit_list(rev, walken_show_commit, + walken_show_object, NULL); + } else { + trace_printf( + _("Filtered object walk with filterspec 'tree:1'.\n")); + parse_list_objects_filter(&filter_options, "tree:1"); + + traverse_commit_list_filtered(&filter_options, rev, + walken_show_commit, walken_show_object, NULL, NULL); + } +---- + +`struct list_objects_filter_options` is usually built directly from a command +line argument, so the module provides an easy way to build one from a string. +Even though we aren't taking user input right now, we can still build one with +a hardcoded string using `parse_list_objects_filter()`. + +With the filter spec "tree:1", we are expecting to see _only_ the root tree for +each commit; therefore, the tree object count should be less than or equal to +the number of commits. (For an example of why that's true: `git commit --revert` +points to the same tree object as its grandparent.) + +=== Counting Omitted Objects + +We also have the capability to enumerate all objects which were omitted by a +filter, like with `git log --filter=<spec> --filter-print-omitted`. Asking +`traverse_commit_list_filtered()` to populate the `omitted` list means that our +object walk does not perform any better than an unfiltered object walk; all +reachable objects are walked in order to populate the list. + +First, add the `struct oidset` and related items we will use to iterate it: + +---- +static void walken_object_walk( + ... + + struct oidset omitted; + struct oidset_iter oit; + struct object_id *oid = NULL; + int omitted_count = 0; + oidset_init(&omitted, 0); + + ... +---- + +Modify the call to `traverse_commit_list_filtered()` to include your `omitted` +object: + +---- + ... + + traverse_commit_list_filtered(&filter_options, rev, + walken_show_commit, walken_show_object, NULL, &omitted); + + ... +---- + +Then, after your traversal, the `oidset` traversal is pretty straightforward. +Count all the objects within and modify the print statement: + +---- + /* Count the omitted objects. */ + oidset_iter_init(&omitted, &oit); + + while ((oid = oidset_iter_next(&oit))) + omitted_count++; + + printf("commits %d\nblobs %d\ntags %d\ntrees%d\nomitted %d\n", + commit_count, blob_count, tag_count, tree_count, omitted_count); +---- + +By running your walk with and without the filter, you should find that the total +object count in each case is identical. You can also time each invocation of +the `walken` subcommand, with and without `omitted` being passed in, to confirm +to yourself the runtime impact of tracking all omitted objects. + +=== Changing the Order + +Finally, let's demonstrate that you can also reorder walks of all objects, not +just walks of commits. First, we'll make our handlers chattier - modify +`walken_show_commit()` and `walken_show_object()` to print the object as they +go: + +---- +static void walken_show_commit(struct commit *cmt, void *buf) +{ + trace_printf("commit: %s\n", oid_to_hex(&cmt->object.oid)); + commit_count++; +} + +static void walken_show_object(struct object *obj, const char *str, void *buf) +{ + trace_printf("%s: %s\n", type_name(obj->type), oid_to_hex(&obj->oid)); + + ... +} +---- + +NOTE: Since we will be examining this output directly as humans, we'll use +`trace_printf()` here. Additionally, since this change introduces a significant +number of printed lines, using `trace_printf()` will allow us to easily silence +those lines without having to recompile. + +(Leave the counter increment logic in place.) + +With only that change, run again (but save yourself some scrollback): + +---- +$ GIT_TRACE=1 ./bin-wrappers/git walken | head -n 10 +---- + +Take a look at the top commit with `git show` and the object ID you printed; it +should be the same as the output of `git show HEAD`. + +Next, let's change a setting on our `struct rev_info` within +`walken_object_walk()`. Find where you're changing the other settings on `rev`, +such as `rev->tree_objects` and `rev->tree_blobs_in_commit_order`, and add the +`reverse` setting at the bottom: + +---- + ... + + rev->tree_objects = 1; + rev->blob_objects = 1; + rev->tag_objects = 1; + rev->tree_blobs_in_commit_order = 1; + rev->reverse = 1; + + ... +---- + +Now, run again, but this time, let's grab the last handful of objects instead +of the first handful: + +---- +$ make +$ GIT_TRACE=1 ./bin-wrappers git walken | tail -n 10 +---- + +The last commit object given should have the same OID as the one we saw at the +top before, and running `git show <oid>` with that OID should give you again +the same results as `git show HEAD`. Furthermore, if you run and examine the +first ten lines again (with `head` instead of `tail` like we did before applying +the `reverse` setting), you should see that now the first commit printed is the +initial commit, `e83c5163`. + +== Wrapping Up + +Let's review. In this tutorial, we: + +- Built a commit walk from the ground up +- Enabled a grep filter for that commit walk +- Changed the sort order of that filtered commit walk +- Built an object walk (tags, commits, trees, and blobs) from the ground up +- Learned how to add a filter-spec to an object walk +- Changed the display order of the filtered object walk diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.txt index daf4bdb0d7..d6d42f3183 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.0.txt @@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ Updates in v1.5.0 since v1.4.4 series the repository when that happens. -* Crufts removal +* Cruft removal - We used to say "old commits are retrievable using reflog and 'master@{yesterday}' syntax as long as you haven't run @@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ Updates in v1.5.0 since v1.4.4 series - The value of i18n.commitencoding in the originating repository is recorded in the commit object on the "encoding" header, if it is not UTF-8. git-log and friends notice this, - and reencodes the message to the log output encoding when + and re-encodes the message to the log output encoding when displaying, if they are different. The log output encoding is determined by "git log --encoding=<encoding>", i18n.logoutputencoding configuration, or i18n.commitencoding diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.txt index ad060f4f89..980adfb315 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.2.txt @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ push running this release will issue a big warning when the configuration variable is missing. Please refer to: http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/GitFaq#non-bare - http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/107758/focus=108007 + https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vbptlsuyv.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org/ for more details on the reason why this change is needed and the transition plan. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.3.txt index 418c685cf8..4bcff945e0 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.3.txt @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ push running this release will issue a big warning when the configuration variable is missing. Please refer to: http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/GitFaq#non-bare - http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/107758/focus=108007 + https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vbptlsuyv.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org/ for more details on the reason why this change is needed and the transition plan. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.txt index 7a904419f7..a2a34b43a7 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.4.txt @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ push running this release will issue a big warning when the configuration variable is missing. Please refer to: http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/GitFaq#non-bare - http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/107758/focus=108007 + https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vbptlsuyv.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org/ for more details on the reason why this change is needed and the transition plan. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt index d3a2a3e712..344333de66 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Fixes since v1.6.5.3 * "git prune-packed" gave progress output even when its standard error is not connected to a terminal; this caused cron jobs that run it to - produce crufts. + produce cruft. * "git pack-objects --all-progress" is an option to ask progress output from write-object phase _if_ progress output were to be produced, and diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.txt index ee141c19ad..6c7f7da7eb 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.5.txt @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ push running this release will issue a big warning when the configuration variable is missing. Please refer to: http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/GitFaq#non-bare - http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/107758/focus=108007 + https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vbptlsuyv.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org/ for more details on the reason why this change is needed and the transition plan. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.6.txt index c50b59c495..3ed1e01433 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.6.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.6.txt @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ users will fare this time. Please refer to: http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/GitFaq#non-bare - http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/107758/focus=108007 + https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vbptlsuyv.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org/ for more details on the reason why this change is needed and the transition process that already took place so far. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt index fcb46ca6a4..73ed2b5278 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Fixes since v1.7.0.1 * "git status" in 1.7.0 lacked the optimization we used to have in 1.6.X series to speed up scanning of large working tree. - * "gitweb" did not diagnose parsing errors properly while reading tis configuration + * "gitweb" did not diagnose parsing errors properly while reading its configuration file. And other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt index 326670df6e..57597f2bf3 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Fixes since v1.7.10.3 * The message file for Swedish translation has been updated a bit. * A name taken from mailmap was copied into an internal buffer - incorrectly and could overun the buffer if it is too long. + incorrectly and could overrun the buffer if it is too long. * A malformed commit object that has a header line chomped in the middle could kill git with a NULL pointer dereference. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt index ecda427a35..4b822976b8 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Fixes since v1.7.12.2 its Accept-Encoding header. * "git receive-pack" (the counterpart to "git push") did not give - progress output while processing objects it received to the puser + progress output while processing objects it received to the user when run over the smart-http protocol. * "git status" honored the ignore=dirty settings in .gitmodules but diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt index 9c03353af2..1d24edcf2f 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Fixes since v1.7.5.2 * "git log --stdin path" with an input that has additional pathspec used to corrupt memory. - * "git send-pack" (hence "git push") over smalt-HTTP protocol could + * "git send-pack" (hence "git push") over smart-HTTP protocol could deadlock when the client side pack-object died early. * Compressed tarball gitweb generates used to be made with the timestamp diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.txt index 43883c14f0..63d6e4afa4 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.txt @@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ to them for details). together, misdetected branches. * "git receive-pack" (the counterpart to "git push") did not give - progress output while processing objects it received to the puser + progress output while processing objects it received to the user when run over the smart-http protocol. * When you misspell the command name you give to the "exec" action in diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt index 96090ef599..c257beb114 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Fixes since v1.8.4 in 1.8.4-rc1). * "git rebase -i" and other scripted commands were feeding a - random, data dependant error message to 'echo' and expecting it + random, data dependent error message to 'echo' and expecting it to come out literally. * Setting the "submodule.<name>.path" variable to the empty diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.txt index 02f681b710..255e185af6 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.txt @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Foreign interfaces, subsystems and ports. credential helper interface from Git.pm. * Update build for Cygwin 1.[57]. Torsten Bögershausen reports that - this is fine with Cygwin 1.7 ($gmane/225824) so let's try moving it + this is fine with Cygwin 1.7 (cf. <51A606A0.5060101@web.de>) so let's try moving it ahead. * The credential helper to talk to keychain on OS X (in contrib/) has diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.3.txt index acc9ebb886..0dfb17c4fc 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.3.txt @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Git v2.1.3 Release Notes they are new enough to support the `--output` option. * "git pack-objects" forgot to disable the codepath to generate - object recheability bitmap when it needs to split the resulting + object reachability bitmap when it needs to split the resulting pack. * "gitweb" used deprecated CGI::startfrom, which was removed from diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.0.txt index f4da28ab66..3792b7d03d 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.0.txt @@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ notes for details). * One part of "git am" had an oddball helper function that called stuff from outside "his" as opposed to calling what we have "ours", which was not gender-neutral and also inconsistent with the rest of - the system where outside stuff is usuall called "theirs" in + the system where outside stuff is usually called "theirs" in contrast to "ours". * "git blame file" allowed the lineage of lines in the uncommitted, diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.2.txt index c4d4397023..abbd331508 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.2.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.10.2.txt @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Fixes since v2.10.1 by refusing to check out a branch that is already checked out in another worktree. However, this also prevented checking out a branch, which is designated as the primary branch of a bare - reopsitory, in a worktree that is connected to the bare + repository, in a worktree that is connected to the bare repository. The check has been corrected to allow it. * "git rebase" immediately after "git clone" failed to find the fork diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.11.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.11.1.txt index 9cd14c8197..7d35cf186d 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.11.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.11.1.txt @@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ Fixes since v2.11 "git difftool --dir-diff" from a subdirectory never worked. This has been fixed. - * "git p4" that tracks multile p4 paths imported a single changelist + * "git p4" that tracks multiple p4 paths imported a single changelist that touches files in these multiple paths as one commit, followed by many empty commits. This has been fixed. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt index ef8b97da9b..d2f6a83614 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt @@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ notes for details). "git difftool --dir-diff" from a subdirectory never worked. This has been fixed. - * "git p4" that tracks multile p4 paths imported a single changelist + * "git p4" that tracks multiple p4 paths imported a single changelist that touches files in these multiple paths as one commit, followed by many empty commits. This has been fixed. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.13.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.13.0.txt index aa99d4b3ce..2a47b4cb0c 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.13.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.13.0.txt @@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ UI, Workflows & Features been changed to enable "--decorate". * The output from "git status --short" has been extended to show - various kinds of dirtyness in submodules differently; instead of to + various kinds of dirtiness in submodules differently; instead of to "M" for modified, 'm' and '?' can be shown to signal changes only to the working tree of the submodule but not the commit that is checked out. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.13.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.13.3.txt index 5d76ad5310..384e4de265 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.13.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.13.3.txt @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Fixes since v2.13.2 * The code to pick up and execute command alias definition from the configuration used to switch to the top of the working tree and then come back when the expanded alias was executed, which was - unnecessarilyl complex. Attempt to simplify the logic by using the + unnecessarily complex. Attempt to simplify the logic by using the early-config mechanism that does not chdir around. * "git add -p" were updated in 2.12 timeframe to cope with custom @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Fixes since v2.13.2 * Fix a recent regression to "git rebase -i" and add tests that would have caught it and others. - * An unaligned 32-bit access in pack-bitmap code ahs been corrected. + * An unaligned 32-bit access in pack-bitmap code has been corrected. * Tighten error checks for invalid "git apply" input. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.0.txt index 4246c68ff5..2711a2529d 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.0.txt @@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. * Some platforms have ulong that is smaller than time_t, and our historical use of ulong for timestamp would mean they cannot represent some timestamp that the platform allows. Invent a - separate and dedicated timestamp_t (so that we can distingiuish + separate and dedicated timestamp_t (so that we can distinguish timestamps and a vanilla ulongs, which along is already a good move), and then declare uintmax_t is the type to be used as the timestamp_t. @@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ notes for details). * The code to pick up and execute command alias definition from the configuration used to switch to the top of the working tree and then come back when the expanded alias was executed, which was - unnecessarilyl complex. Attempt to simplify the logic by using the + unnecessarily complex. Attempt to simplify the logic by using the early-config mechanism that does not chdir around. * Fix configuration codepath to pay proper attention to commondir diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..72b7af6799 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +Git v2.14.6 Release Notes +========================= + +This release addresses the security issues CVE-2019-1348, +CVE-2019-1349, CVE-2019-1350, CVE-2019-1351, CVE-2019-1352, +CVE-2019-1353, CVE-2019-1354, and CVE-2019-1387. + +Fixes since v2.14.5 +------------------- + + * CVE-2019-1348: + The --export-marks option of git fast-import is exposed also via + the in-stream command feature export-marks=... and it allows + overwriting arbitrary paths. + + * CVE-2019-1349: + When submodules are cloned recursively, under certain circumstances + Git could be fooled into using the same Git directory twice. We now + require the directory to be empty. + + * CVE-2019-1350: + Incorrect quoting of command-line arguments allowed remote code + execution during a recursive clone in conjunction with SSH URLs. + + * CVE-2019-1351: + While the only permitted drive letters for physical drives on + Windows are letters of the US-English alphabet, this restriction + does not apply to virtual drives assigned via subst <letter>: + <path>. Git mistook such paths for relative paths, allowing writing + outside of the worktree while cloning. + + * CVE-2019-1352: + Git was unaware of NTFS Alternate Data Streams, allowing files + inside the .git/ directory to be overwritten during a clone. + + * CVE-2019-1353: + When running Git in the Windows Subsystem for Linux (also known as + "WSL") while accessing a working directory on a regular Windows + drive, none of the NTFS protections were active. + + * CVE-2019-1354: + Filenames on Linux/Unix can contain backslashes. On Windows, + backslashes are directory separators. Git did not use to refuse to + write out tracked files with such filenames. + + * CVE-2019-1387: + Recursive clones are currently affected by a vulnerability that is + caused by too-lax validation of submodule names, allowing very + targeted attacks via remote code execution in recursive clones. + +Credit for finding these vulnerabilities goes to Microsoft Security +Response Center, in particular to Nicolas Joly. The `fast-import` +fixes were provided by Jeff King, the other fixes by Johannes +Schindelin with help from Garima Singh. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.15.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.15.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dc241cba34 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.15.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +Git v2.15.4 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges up the fixes that appear in v2.14.6 to address +the security issues CVE-2019-1348, CVE-2019-1349, CVE-2019-1350, +CVE-2019-1351, CVE-2019-1352, CVE-2019-1353, CVE-2019-1354, and +CVE-2019-1387; see the release notes for that version for details. + +In conjunction with a vulnerability that was fixed in v2.20.2, +`.gitmodules` is no longer allowed to contain entries of the form +`submodule.<name>.update=!command`. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.0.txt index 0c81c5915f..b474781ed8 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.0.txt @@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ Fixes since v2.15 (merge eef3df5a93 bw/pathspec-match-submodule-boundary later to maint). * Amending commits in git-gui broke the author name that is non-ascii - due to incorrect enconding conversion. + due to incorrect encoding conversion. * Recent update to the submodule configuration code broke "diff-tree" by accidentally stopping to read from the index upfront. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.3.txt index 64a0bcb0d2..f0121a8f2d 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.3.txt @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Fixes since v2.16.2 * The http tracing code, often used to debug connection issues, learned to redact potentially sensitive information from its output - so that it can be more safely sharable. + so that it can be more safely shareable. * Crash fix for a corner case where an error codepath tried to unlock what it did not acquire lock on. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..438306e60b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Git v2.16.6 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges up the fixes that appear in v2.14.6 and in +v2.15.4 addressing the security issues CVE-2019-1348, CVE-2019-1349, +CVE-2019-1350, CVE-2019-1351, CVE-2019-1352, CVE-2019-1353, +CVE-2019-1354, and CVE-2019-1387; see the release notes for those +versions for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.0.txt index c2cf891f71..8b17c26033 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.0.txt @@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ Fixes since v2.16 * The http tracing code, often used to debug connection issues, learned to redact potentially sensitive information from its output - so that it can be more safely sharable. + so that it can be more safely shareable. (merge 8ba18e6fa4 jt/http-redact-cookies later to maint). * Crash fix for a corner case where an error codepath tried to unlock diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5a46c94271 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Git v2.17.3 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges up the fixes that appear in v2.14.6 and in +v2.15.4 addressing the security issues CVE-2019-1348, CVE-2019-1349, +CVE-2019-1350, CVE-2019-1351, CVE-2019-1352, CVE-2019-1353, +CVE-2019-1354, and CVE-2019-1387; see the release notes for those +versions for details. + +In addition, `git fsck` was taught to identify `.gitmodules` entries +of the form `submodule.<name>.update=!command`, which have been +disallowed in v2.15.4. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7d794ca01a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +Git v2.17.4 Release Notes +========================= + +This release is to address the security issue: CVE-2020-5260 + +Fixes since v2.17.3 +------------------- + + * With a crafted URL that contains a newline in it, the credential + helper machinery can be fooled to give credential information for + a wrong host. The attack has been made impossible by forbidding + a newline character in any value passed via the credential + protocol. + +Credit for finding the vulnerability goes to Felix Wilhelm of Google +Project Zero. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2abb821a73 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Git v2.17.5 Release Notes +========================= + +This release is to address a security issue: CVE-2020-11008 + +Fixes since v2.17.4 +------------------- + + * With a crafted URL that contains a newline or empty host, or lacks + a scheme, the credential helper machinery can be fooled into + providing credential information that is not appropriate for the + protocol in use and host being contacted. + + Unlike the vulnerability CVE-2020-5260 fixed in v2.17.4, the + credentials are not for a host of the attacker's choosing; instead, + they are for some unspecified host (based on how the configured + credential helper handles an absent "host" parameter). + + The attack has been made impossible by refusing to work with + under-specified credential patterns. + +Credit for finding the vulnerability goes to Carlo Arenas. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.18.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.18.0.txt index 3ea280cf68..6c8a0e97c1 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.18.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.18.0.txt @@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. (merge 00a3da2a13 nd/remove-ignore-env-field later to maint). * Code to find the length to uniquely abbreviate object names based - on packfile content, which is a relatively recent addtion, has been + on packfile content, which is a relatively recent addition, has been optimized to use the same fan-out table. * The mechanism to use parse-options API to automate the command line diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.18.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.18.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..98b168aade --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.18.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Git v2.18.2 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges up the fixes that appear in v2.14.6, v2.15.4 +and in v2.17.3, addressing the security issues CVE-2019-1348, +CVE-2019-1349, CVE-2019-1350, CVE-2019-1351, CVE-2019-1352, +CVE-2019-1353, CVE-2019-1354, and CVE-2019-1387; see the release notes +for those versions for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.18.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.18.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..25143f0cec --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.18.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.18.3 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges the security fix that appears in v2.17.4; see +the release notes for that version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.18.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.18.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e8ef858a00 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.18.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.18.4 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges the security fix that appears in v2.17.5; see +the release notes for that version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.19.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.19.0.txt index a06ccf6e2a..891c79b9cb 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.19.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.19.0.txt @@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. * The conversion to pass "the_repository" and then "a_repository" throughout the object access API continues. - * Continuing with the idea to programatically enumerate various + * Continuing with the idea to programmatically enumerate various pieces of data required for command line completion, teach the codebase to report the list of configuration variables subcommands care about to help complete them. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.19.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.19.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..92d7f89de6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.19.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Git v2.19.3 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges up the fixes that appear in v2.14.6, v2.15.4 +and in v2.17.3, addressing the security issues CVE-2019-1348, +CVE-2019-1349, CVE-2019-1350, CVE-2019-1351, CVE-2019-1352, +CVE-2019-1353, CVE-2019-1354, and CVE-2019-1387; see the release notes +for those versions for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.19.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.19.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..35d0ae561b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.19.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.19.4 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges the security fix that appears in v2.17.4; see +the release notes for that version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.19.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.19.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..18a4dcbfd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.19.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.19.5 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges the security fix that appears in v2.17.5; see +the release notes for that version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.20.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.20.0.txt index e71fe3dee1..3dd7e6e1fc 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.20.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.20.0.txt @@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ UI, Workflows & Features alias expansion. * The documentation of "git gc" has been updated to mention that it - is no longer limited to "pruning away crufts" but also updates + is no longer limited to "pruning away cruft" but also updates ancillary files like commit-graph as a part of repository optimization. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.20.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.20.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8e680cb9fb --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.20.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Git v2.20.2 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges up the fixes that appear in v2.14.6, v2.15.4 +and in v2.17.3, addressing the security issues CVE-2019-1348, +CVE-2019-1349, CVE-2019-1350, CVE-2019-1351, CVE-2019-1352, +CVE-2019-1353, CVE-2019-1354, and CVE-2019-1387; see the release notes +for those versions for details. + +The change to disallow `submodule.<name>.update=!command` entries in +`.gitmodules` which was introduced v2.15.4 (and for which v2.17.3 +added explicit fsck checks) fixes the vulnerability in v2.20.x where a +recursive clone followed by a submodule update could execute code +contained within the repository without the user explicitly having +asked for that (CVE-2019-19604). + +Credit for finding this vulnerability goes to Joern Schneeweisz, +credit for the fixes goes to Jonathan Nieder. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.20.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.20.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f6eccd103b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.20.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.20.3 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges the security fix that appears in v2.17.4; see +the release notes for that version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.20.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.20.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5a9e24e470 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.20.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.20.4 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges the security fix that appears in v2.17.5; see +the release notes for that version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.21.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.21.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b7594151e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.21.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Git v2.21.1 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges up the fixes that appear in v2.14.6, v2.15.4, +v2.17.3 and in v2.20.2, addressing the security issues CVE-2019-1348, +CVE-2019-1349, CVE-2019-1350, CVE-2019-1351, CVE-2019-1352, +CVE-2019-1353, CVE-2019-1354, CVE-2019-1387, and CVE-2019-19604; +see the release notes for those versions for details. + +Additionally, this version also includes a couple of fixes for the +Windows-specific quoting of command-line arguments when Git executes +a Unix shell on Windows. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.21.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.21.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a0fb83bb53 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.21.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.21.2 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges the security fix that appears in v2.17.4; see +the release notes for that version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.21.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.21.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2ca0aa5c62 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.21.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.21.3 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges the security fix that appears in v2.17.5; see +the release notes for that version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..432762f270 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ +Git 2.22.1 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.22 +----------------- + + * A relative pathname given to "git init --template=<path> <repo>" + ought to be relative to the directory "git init" gets invoked in, + but it instead was made relative to the repository, which has been + corrected. + + * "git worktree add" used to fail when another worktree connected to + the same repository was corrupt, which has been corrected. + + * The ownership rule for the file descriptor to fast-import remote + backend was mixed up, leading to unrelated file descriptor getting + closed, which has been fixed. + + * "git update-server-info" used to leave stale packfiles in its + output, which has been corrected. + + * The server side support for "git fetch" used to show incorrect + value for the HEAD symbolic ref when the namespace feature is in + use, which has been corrected. + + * "git am -i --resolved" segfaulted after trying to see a commit as + if it were a tree, which has been corrected. + + * "git bundle verify" needs to see if prerequisite objects exist in + the receiving repository, but the command did not check if we are + in a repository upfront, which has been corrected. + + * "git merge --squash" is designed to update the working tree and the + index without creating the commit, and this cannot be countermanded + by adding the "--commit" option; the command now refuses to work + when both options are given. + + * The data collected by fsmonitor was not properly written back to + the on-disk index file, breaking t7519 tests occasionally, which + has been corrected. + + * Update to Unicode 12.1 width table. + + * The command line to invoke a "git cat-file" command from inside + "git p4" was not properly quoted to protect a caret and running a + broken command on Windows, which has been corrected. + + * "git request-pull" learned to warn when the ref we ask them to pull + from in the local repository and in the published repository are + different. + + * When creating a partial clone, the object filtering criteria is + recorded for the origin of the clone, but this incorrectly used a + hardcoded name "origin" to name that remote; it has been corrected + to honor the "--origin <name>" option. + + * "git fetch" into a lazy clone forgot to fetch base objects that are + necessary to complete delta in a thin packfile, which has been + corrected. + + * The filter_data used in the list-objects-filter (which manages a + lazily sparse clone repository) did not use the dynamic array API + correctly---'nr' is supposed to point at one past the last element + of the array in use. This has been corrected. + + * The description about slashes in gitignore patterns (used to + indicate things like "anchored to this level only" and "only + matches directories") has been revamped. + + * The URL decoding code has been updated to avoid going past the end + of the string while parsing %-<hex>-<hex> sequence. + + * The list of for-each like macros used by clang-format has been + updated. + + * "git push --atomic" that goes over the transport-helper (namely, + the smart http transport) failed to prevent refs to be pushed when + it can locally tell that one of the ref update will fail without + having to consult the other end, which has been corrected. + + * "git clean" silently skipped a path when it cannot lstat() it; now + it gives a warning. + + * A codepath that reads from GPG for signed object verification read + past the end of allocated buffer, which has been fixed. + + * "git rm" to resolve a conflicted path leaked an internal message + "needs merge" before actually removing the path, which was + confusing. This has been corrected. + + * The "git clone" documentation refers to command line options in its + description in the short form; they have been replaced with long + forms to make them more recognisable. + + * The configuration variable rebase.rescheduleFailedExec should be + effective only while running an interactive rebase and should not + affect anything when running a non-interactive one, which was not + the case. This has been corrected. + + * "git submodule foreach" did not protect command line options passed + to the command to be run in each submodule correctly, when the + "--recursive" option was in use. + + * Use "Erase in Line" CSI sequence that is already used in the editor + support to clear cruft in the progress output. + + * The codepath to compute delta islands used to spew progress output + without giving the callers any way to squelch it, which has been + fixed. + + * The code to parse scaled numbers out of configuration files has + been made more robust and also easier to follow. + + * An incorrect list of options was cached after command line + completion failed (e.g. trying to complete a command that requires + a repository outside one), which has been corrected. + + * "git rebase --abort" used to leave refs/rewritten/ when concluding + "git rebase -r", which has been corrected. + + * "git stash show 23" used to work, but no more after getting + rewritten in C; this regression has been corrected. + + * "git interpret-trailers" always treated '#' as the comment + character, regardless of core.commentChar setting, which has been + corrected. + + * Code clean-up to avoid signed integer overlaps during binary search. + + * "git checkout -p" needs to selectively apply a patch in reverse, + which did not work well. + + * The commit-graph file is now part of the "files that the runtime + may keep open file descriptors on, all of which would need to be + closed when done with the object store", and the file descriptor to + an existing commit-graph file now is closed before "gc" finalizes a + new instance to replace it. + + * Code restructuring during 2.20 period broke fetching tags via + "import" based transports. + + * We have been trying out a few language features outside c89; the + coding guidelines document did not talk about them and instead had + a blanket ban against them. + + * The internal diff machinery can be made to read out of bounds while + looking for --funcion-context line in a corner case, which has been + corrected. + +Also contains various documentation updates, code clean-ups and minor fixups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..940a23f0d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Git v2.22.2 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges up the fixes that appear in v2.14.6, v2.15.4, +v2.17.3, v2.20.2 and in v2.21.1, addressing the security issues +CVE-2019-1348, CVE-2019-1349, CVE-2019-1350, CVE-2019-1351, +CVE-2019-1352, CVE-2019-1353, CVE-2019-1354, CVE-2019-1387, and +CVE-2019-19604; see the release notes for those versions for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..57296f6d17 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.22.3 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges the security fix that appears in v2.17.4; see +the release notes for that version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8b5f3e3f37 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.22.4 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges the security fix that appears in v2.17.5; see +the release notes for that version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.23.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.23.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e3c4e78265 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.23.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,348 @@ +Git 2.23 Release Notes +====================== + +Updates since v2.22 +------------------- + +Backward compatibility note + + * The "--base" option of "format-patch" computed the patch-ids for + prerequisite patches in an unstable way, which has been updated to + compute in a way that is compatible with "git patch-id --stable". + + * The "git log" command by default behaves as if the --mailmap option + was given. + + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * The "git fast-export/import" pair has been taught to handle commits + with log messages in encoding other than UTF-8 better. + + * In recent versions of Git, per-worktree refs are exposed in + refs/worktrees/<wtname>/ hierarchy, which means that worktree names + must be a valid refname component. The code now sanitizes the names + given to worktrees, to make sure these refs are well-formed. + + * "git merge" learned "--quit" option that cleans up the in-progress + merge while leaving the working tree and the index still in a mess. + + * "git format-patch" learns a configuration to set the default for + its --notes=<ref> option. + + * The code to show args with potential typo that cannot be + interpreted as a commit-ish has been improved. + + * "git clone --recurse-submodules" learned to set up the submodules + to ignore commit object names recorded in the superproject gitlink + and instead use the commits that happen to be at the tip of the + remote-tracking branches from the get-go, by passing the new + "--remote-submodules" option. + + * The pattern "git diff/grep" use to extract funcname and words + boundary for Matlab has been extend to cover Octave, which is more + or less equivalent. + + * "git help git" was hard to discover (well, at least for some + people). + + * The pattern "git diff/grep" use to extract funcname and words + boundary for Rust has been added. + + * "git status" can be told a non-standard default value for the + "--[no-]ahead-behind" option with a new configuration variable + status.aheadBehind. + + * "git fetch" and "git pull" reports when a fetch results in + non-fast-forward updates to let the user notice unusual situation. + The commands learned "--no-show-forced-updates" option to disable + this safety feature. + + * Two new commands "git switch" and "git restore" are introduced to + split "checking out a branch to work on advancing its history" and + "checking out paths out of the index and/or a tree-ish to work on + advancing the current history" out of the single "git checkout" + command. + + * "git branch --list" learned to always output the detached HEAD as + the first item (when the HEAD is detached, of course), regardless + of the locale. + + * The conditional inclusion mechanism learned to base the choice on + the branch the HEAD currently is on. + + * "git rev-list --objects" learned the "--no-object-names" option to + squelch the path to the object that is used as a grouping hint for + pack-objects. + + * A new tag.gpgSign configuration variable turns "git tag -a" into + "git tag -s". + + * "git multi-pack-index" learned expire and repack subcommands. + + * "git blame" learned to "ignore" commits in the history, whose + effects (as well as their presence) get ignored. + + * "git cherry-pick/revert" learned a new "--skip" action. + + * The tips of refs from the alternate object store can be used as + starting point for reachability computation now. + + * Extra blank lines in "git status" output have been reduced. + + * The commits in a repository can be described by multiple + commit-graph files now, which allows the commit-graph files to be + updated incrementally. + + * "git range-diff" output has been tweaked for easier identification + of which part of what file the patch shown is about. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * Update supporting parts of "git rebase" to remove code that should + no longer be used. + + * Developer support to emulate unsatisfied prerequisites in tests to + ensure that the remainder of the tests still succeeds when tests + with prerequisites are skipped. + + * "git update-server-info" learned not to rewrite the file with the + same contents. + + * The way of specifying the path to find dynamic libraries at runtime + has been simplified. The old default to pass -R/path/to/dir has been + replaced with the new default to pass -Wl,-rpath,/path/to/dir, + which is the more recent GCC uses. Those who need to build with an + old GCC can still use "CC_LD_DYNPATH=-R" + + * Prepare use of reachability index in topological walker that works + on a range (A..B). + + * A new tutorial targeting specifically aspiring git-core + developers has been added. + + * Auto-detect how to tell HP-UX aCC where to use dynamically linked + libraries from at runtime. + + * "git mergetool" and its tests now spawn fewer subprocesses. + + * Dev support update to help tracing out tests. + + * Support to build with MSVC has been updated. + + * "git fetch" that grabs from a group of remotes learned to run the + auto-gc only once at the very end. + + * A handful of Windows build patches have been upstreamed. + + * The code to read state files used by the sequencer machinery for + "git status" has been made more robust against a corrupt or stale + state files. + + * "git for-each-ref" with multiple patterns have been optimized. + + * The tree-walk API learned to pass an in-core repository + instance throughout more codepaths. + + * When one step in multi step cherry-pick or revert is reset or + committed, the command line prompt script failed to notice the + current status, which has been improved. + + * Many GIT_TEST_* environment variables control various aspects of + how our tests are run, but a few followed "non-empty is true, empty + or unset is false" while others followed the usual "there are a few + ways to spell true, like yes, on, etc., and also ways to spell + false, like no, off, etc." convention. + + * Adjust the dir-iterator API and apply it to the local clone + optimization codepath. + + * We have been trying out a few language features outside c89; the + coding guidelines document did not talk about them and instead had + a blanket ban against them. + + * A test helper has been introduced to optimize preparation of test + repositories with many simple commits, and a handful of test + scripts have been updated to use it. + + +Fixes since v2.22 +----------------- + + * A relative pathname given to "git init --template=<path> <repo>" + ought to be relative to the directory "git init" gets invoked in, + but it instead was made relative to the repository, which has been + corrected. + + * "git worktree add" used to fail when another worktree connected to + the same repository was corrupt, which has been corrected. + + * The ownership rule for the file descriptor to fast-import remote + backend was mixed up, leading to an unrelated file descriptor getting + closed, which has been fixed. + + * A "merge -c" instruction during "git rebase --rebase-merges" should + give the user a chance to edit the log message, even when there is + otherwise no need to create a new merge and replace the existing + one (i.e. fast-forward instead), but did not. Which has been + corrected. + + * Code cleanup and futureproof. + + * More parameter validation. + + * "git update-server-info" used to leave stale packfiles in its + output, which has been corrected. + + * The server side support for "git fetch" used to show incorrect + value for the HEAD symbolic ref when the namespace feature is in + use, which has been corrected. + + * "git am -i --resolved" segfaulted after trying to see a commit as + if it were a tree, which has been corrected. + + * "git bundle verify" needs to see if prerequisite objects exist in + the receiving repository, but the command did not check if we are + in a repository upfront, which has been corrected. + + * "git merge --squash" is designed to update the working tree and the + index without creating the commit, and this cannot be countermanded + by adding the "--commit" option; the command now refuses to work + when both options are given. + + * The data collected by fsmonitor was not properly written back to + the on-disk index file, breaking t7519 tests occasionally, which + has been corrected. + + * Update to Unicode 12.1 width table. + + * The command line to invoke a "git cat-file" command from inside + "git p4" was not properly quoted to protect a caret and running a + broken command on Windows, which has been corrected. + + * "git request-pull" learned to warn when the ref we ask them to pull + from in the local repository and in the published repository are + different. + + * When creating a partial clone, the object filtering criteria is + recorded for the origin of the clone, but this incorrectly used a + hardcoded name "origin" to name that remote; it has been corrected + to honor the "--origin <name>" option. + + * "git fetch" into a lazy clone forgot to fetch base objects that are + necessary to complete delta in a thin packfile, which has been + corrected. + + * The filter_data used in the list-objects-filter (which manages a + lazily sparse clone repository) did not use the dynamic array API + correctly---'nr' is supposed to point at one past the last element + of the array in use. This has been corrected. + + * The description about slashes in gitignore patterns (used to + indicate things like "anchored to this level only" and "only + matches directories") has been revamped. + + * The URL decoding code has been updated to avoid going past the end + of the string while parsing %-<hex>-<hex> sequence. + + * The list of for-each like macros used by clang-format has been + updated. + + * "git branch --list" learned to show branches that are checked out + in other worktrees connected to the same repository prefixed with + '+', similar to the way the currently checked out branch is shown + with '*' in front. + (merge 6e9381469e nb/branch-show-other-worktrees-head later to maint). + + * Code restructuring during 2.20 period broke fetching tags via + "import" based transports. + + * The commit-graph file is now part of the "files that the runtime + may keep open file descriptors on, all of which would need to be + closed when done with the object store", and the file descriptor to + an existing commit-graph file now is closed before "gc" finalizes a + new instance to replace it. + + * "git checkout -p" needs to selectively apply a patch in reverse, + which did not work well. + + * Code clean-up to avoid signed integer wraparounds during binary search. + + * "git interpret-trailers" always treated '#' as the comment + character, regardless of core.commentChar setting, which has been + corrected. + + * "git stash show 23" used to work, but no more after getting + rewritten in C; this regression has been corrected. + + * "git rebase --abort" used to leave refs/rewritten/ when concluding + "git rebase -r", which has been corrected. + + * An incorrect list of options was cached after command line + completion failed (e.g. trying to complete a command that requires + a repository outside one), which has been corrected. + + * The code to parse scaled numbers out of configuration files has + been made more robust and also easier to follow. + + * The codepath to compute delta islands used to spew progress output + without giving the callers any way to squelch it, which has been + fixed. + + * Protocol capabilities that go over wire should never be translated, + but it was incorrectly marked for translation, which has been + corrected. The output of protocol capabilities for debugging has + been tweaked a bit. + + * Use "Erase in Line" CSI sequence that is already used in the editor + support to clear cruft in the progress output. + + * "git submodule foreach" did not protect command line options passed + to the command to be run in each submodule correctly, when the + "--recursive" option was in use. + + * The configuration variable rebase.rescheduleFailedExec should be + effective only while running an interactive rebase and should not + affect anything when running a non-interactive one, which was not + the case. This has been corrected. + + * The "git clone" documentation refers to command line options in its + description in the short form; they have been replaced with long + forms to make them more recognisable. + + * Generation of pack bitmaps are now disabled when .keep files exist, + as these are mutually exclusive features. + (merge 7328482253 ew/repack-with-bitmaps-by-default later to maint). + + * "git rm" to resolve a conflicted path leaked an internal message + "needs merge" before actually removing the path, which was + confusing. This has been corrected. + + * "git stash --keep-index" did not work correctly on paths that have + been removed, which has been fixed. + (merge b932f6a5e8 tg/stash-keep-index-with-removed-paths later to maint). + + * Window 7 update ;-) + + * A codepath that reads from GPG for signed object verification read + past the end of allocated buffer, which has been fixed. + + * "git clean" silently skipped a path when it cannot lstat() it; now + it gives a warning. + + * "git push --atomic" that goes over the transport-helper (namely, + the smart http transport) failed to prevent refs to be pushed when + it can locally tell that one of the ref update will fail without + having to consult the other end, which has been corrected. + + * The internal diff machinery can be made to read out of bounds while + looking for --function-context line in a corner case, which has been + corrected. + (merge b777f3fd61 jk/xdiff-clamp-funcname-context-index later to maint). + + * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc. + (merge fbec05c210 cc/test-oidmap later to maint). + (merge 7a06fb038c jk/no-system-includes-in-dot-c later to maint). + (merge 81ed2b405c cb/xdiff-no-system-includes-in-dot-c later to maint). + (merge d61e6ce1dd sg/fsck-config-in-doc later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.23.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.23.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2083b492ce --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.23.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Git v2.23.1 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges up the fixes that appear in v2.14.6, v2.15.4, +v2.17.3, v2.20.2 and in v2.21.1, addressing the security issues +CVE-2019-1348, CVE-2019-1349, CVE-2019-1350, CVE-2019-1351, +CVE-2019-1352, CVE-2019-1353, CVE-2019-1354, CVE-2019-1387, and +CVE-2019-19604; see the release notes for those versions for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.23.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.23.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b697cbe0e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.23.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.23.2 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges the security fix that appears in v2.17.4; see +the release notes for that version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.23.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.23.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2e35490137 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.23.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.23.3 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges the security fix that appears in v2.17.5; see +the release notes for that version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bde154124c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,398 @@ +Git 2.24 Release Notes +====================== + +Updates since v2.23 +------------------- + +Backward compatibility note + + * "filter-branch" is showing its age and alternatives are available. + From this release, we started to discourage its use and hint + people about filter-repo. + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * We now have an active interim maintainer for the Git-Gui part of + the system. Praise and thank Pratyush Yadav for volunteering. + + * The command line parser learned "--end-of-options" notation; the + standard convention for scripters to have hardcoded set of options + first on the command line, and force the command to treat end-user + input as non-options, has been to use "--" as the delimiter, but + that would not work for commands that use "--" as a delimiter + between revs and pathspec. + + * A mechanism to affect the default setting for a (related) group of + configuration variables is introduced. + + * "git fetch" learned "--set-upstream" option to help those who first + clone from their private fork they intend to push to, add the true + upstream via "git remote add" and then "git fetch" from it. + + * Device-tree files learned their own userdiff patterns. + (merge 3c81760bc6 sb/userdiff-dts later to maint). + + * "git rebase --rebase-merges" learned to drive different merge + strategies and pass strategy specific options to them. + + * A new "pre-merge-commit" hook has been introduced. + + * Command line completion updates for "git -c var.name=val" have been + added. + + * The lazy clone machinery has been taught that there can be more + than one promisor remote and consult them in order when downloading + missing objects on demand. + + * The list-objects-filter API (used to create a sparse/lazy clone) + learned to take a combined filter specification. + + * The documentation and tests for "git format-patch" have been + cleaned up. + + * On Windows, the root level of UNC share is now allowed to be used + just like any other directory. + + * The command line completion support (in contrib/) learned about the + "--skip" option of "git revert" and "git cherry-pick". + + * "git rebase --keep-base <upstream>" tries to find the original base + of the topic being rebased and rebase on top of that same base, + which is useful when running the "git rebase -i" (and its limited + variant "git rebase -x"). + + The command also has learned to fast-forward in more cases where it + can instead of replaying to recreate identical commits. + + * A configuration variable tells "git fetch" to write the commit + graph after finishing. + + * "git add -i" has been taught to show the total number of hunks and + the hunks that has been processed so far when showing prompts. + + * "git fetch --jobs=<n>" allowed <n> parallel jobs when fetching + submodules, but this did not apply to "git fetch --multiple" that + fetches from multiple remote repositories. It now does. + + * The installation instruction for zsh completion script (in + contrib/) has been a bit improved. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * The code to write commit-graph over given commit object names has + been made a bit more robust. + + * The first line of verbose output from each test piece now carries + the test name and number to help scanning with eyeballs. + + * Further clean-up of the initialization code. + + * xmalloc() used to have a mechanism to ditch memory and address + space resources as the last resort upon seeing an allocation + failure from the underlying malloc(), which made the code complex + and thread-unsafe with dubious benefit, as major memory resource + users already do limit their uses with various other mechanisms. + It has been simplified away. + + * Unnecessary full-tree diff in "git log -L" machinery has been + optimized away. + + * The http transport lacked some optimization the native transports + learned to avoid unnecessary ref advertisement, which has been + corrected. + + * Preparation for SHA-256 upgrade continues in the test department. + (merge 0c37c41d13 bc/hash-independent-tests-part-5 later to maint). + + * The memory ownership model of the "git fast-import" got + straightened out. + + * Output from trace2 subsystem is formatted more prettily now. + + * The internal code originally invented for ".gitignore" processing + got reshuffled and renamed to make it less tied to "excluding" and + stress more that it is about "matching", as it has been reused for + things like sparse checkout specification that want to check if a + path is "included". + + * "git stash" learned to write refreshed index back to disk. + + * Coccinelle checks are done on more source files than before now. + + * The cache-tree code has been taught to be less aggressive in + attempting to see if a tree object it computed already exists in + the repository. + + * The code to parse and use the commit-graph file has been made more + robust against corrupted input. + + * The hg-to-git script (in contrib/) has been updated to work with + Python 3. + + * Update the way build artifacts in t/helper/ directory are ignored. + + * Preparation for SHA-256 upgrade continues. + + * "git log --graph" for an octopus merge is sometimes colored + incorrectly, which is demonstrated and documented but not yet + fixed. + + * The trace2 output, when sending them to files in a designated + directory, can populate the directory with too many files; a + mechanism is introduced to set the maximum number of files and + discard further logs when the maximum is reached. + + * We have adopted a Code-of-conduct document. + (merge 3f9ef874a7 jk/coc later to maint). + + +Fixes since v2.23 +----------------- + + * "git grep --recurse-submodules" that looks at the working tree + files looked at the contents in the index in submodules, instead of + files in the working tree. + (merge 6a289d45c0 mt/grep-submodules-working-tree later to maint). + + * Codepaths to walk tree objects have been audited for integer + overflows and hardened. + (merge 5aa02f9868 jk/tree-walk-overflow later to maint). + + * "git pack-refs" can lose refs that are created while running, which + is getting corrected. + (merge a613d4f817 sc/pack-refs-deletion-racefix later to maint). + + * "git checkout" and "git restore" to re-populate the index from a + tree-ish (typically HEAD) did not work correctly for a path that + was removed and then added again with the intent-to-add bit, when + the corresponding working tree file was empty. This has been + corrected. + + * Compilation fix. + (merge 70597e8386 rs/nedalloc-fixlets later to maint). + + * "git gui" learned to call the clean-up procedure before exiting. + (merge 0d88f3d2c5 py/git-gui-do-quit later to maint). + + * We promoted the "indent heuristics" that decides where to split + diff hunks from experimental to the default a few years ago, but + some stale documentation still marked it as experimental, which has + been corrected. + (merge 64e5e1fba1 sg/diff-indent-heuristic-non-experimental later to maint). + + * Fix a mismerge that happened in 2.22 timeframe. + (merge acb7da05ac en/checkout-mismerge-fix later to maint). + + * "git archive" recorded incorrect length in extended pax header in + some corner cases, which has been corrected. + (merge 71d41ff651 rs/pax-extended-header-length-fix later to maint). + + * On-demand object fetching in lazy clone incorrectly tried to fetch + commits from submodule projects, while still working in the + superproject, which has been corrected. + (merge a63694f523 jt/diff-lazy-fetch-submodule-fix later to maint). + + * Prepare get_short_oid() codepath to be thread-safe. + (merge 7cfcb16b0e rs/sort-oid-array-thread-safe later to maint). + + * "for-each-ref" and friends that show refs did not protect themselves + against ancient tags that did not record tagger names when asked to + show "%(taggername)", which have been corrected. + (merge 8b3f33ef11 mp/for-each-ref-missing-name-or-email later to maint). + + * The "git am" based backend of "git rebase" ignored the result of + updating ".gitattributes" done in one step when replaying + subsequent steps. + (merge 2c65d90f75 bc/reread-attributes-during-rebase later to maint). + + * Tell cURL library to use the same malloc() implementation, with the + xmalloc() wrapper, as the rest of the system, for consistency. + (merge 93b980e58f cb/curl-use-xmalloc later to maint). + + * Build fix to adjust .gitignore to unignore a path that we started to track. + (merge aac6ff7b5b js/visual-studio later to maint). + + * A few implementation fixes in the notes API. + (merge 60fe477a0b mh/notes-duplicate-entries later to maint). + + * Fix an earlier regression to "git push --all" which should have + been forbidden when the target remote repository is set to be a + mirror. + (merge 8e4c8af058 tg/push-all-in-mirror-forbidden later to maint). + + * Fix an earlier regression in the test suite, which mistakenly + stopped running HTTPD tests. + (merge 3960290675 sg/git-test-boolean later to maint). + + * "git rebase --autostash <upstream> <branch>", when <branch> is + different from the current branch, incorrectly moved the tip of the + current branch, which has been corrected. + (merge bf1e28e0ad bw/rebase-autostash-keep-current-branch later to maint). + + * Update support for Asciidoctor documentation toolchain. + (merge 83b0b8953e ma/asciidoctor-refmiscinfo later to maint). + + * Start using DocBook 5 (instead of DocBook 4.5) as Asciidoctor 2.0 + no longer works with the older one. + (merge f6461b82b9 bc/doc-use-docbook-5 later to maint). + + * The markup used in user-manual has been updated to work better with + asciidoctor. + (merge c4d2f6143a ma/user-manual-markup-update later to maint). + + * Make sure the grep machinery does not abort when seeing a payload + that is not UTF-8 even when JIT is not in use with PCRE1. + (merge ad7c543e3b cb/skip-utf8-check-with-pcre1 later to maint). + + * The name of the blob object that stores the filter specification + for sparse cloning/fetching was interpreted in a wrong place in the + code, causing Git to abort. + + * "git log --decorate-refs-exclude=<pattern>" was incorrectly + overruled when the "--simplify-by-decoration" option is used, which + has been corrected. + (merge 0cc7380d88 rs/simplify-by-deco-with-deco-refs-exclude later to maint). + + * The "upload-pack" (the counterpart of "git fetch") needs to disable + commit-graph when responding to a shallow clone/fetch request, but + the way this was done made Git panic, which has been corrected. + + * The object traversal machinery has been optimized not to load tree + objects when we are only interested in commit history. + (merge 72ed80c784 jk/list-objects-optim-wo-trees later to maint). + + * The object name parser for "Nth parent" syntax has been made more + robust against integer overflows. + (merge 59fa5f5a25 rs/nth-parent-parse later to maint). + + * The code used in following tags in "git fetch" has been optimized. + (merge b7e2d8bca5 ms/fetch-follow-tag-optim later to maint). + + * Regression fix for progress output. + (merge 2bb74b53a4 sg/progress-fix later to maint). + + * A bug in merge-recursive code that triggers when a branch with a + symbolic link is merged with a branch that replaces it with a + directory has been fixed. + (merge 83e3ad3b12 jt/merge-recursive-symlink-is-not-a-dir-in-way later to maint). + + * The rename detection logic sorts a list of rename source candidates + by similarity to pick the best candidate, which means that a tie + between sources with the same similarity is broken by the original + location in the original candidate list (which is sorted by path). + Force the sorting by similarity done with a stable sort, which is + not promised by system supplied qsort(3), to ensure consistent + results across platforms. + (merge 2049b8dc65 js/diff-rename-force-stable-sort later to maint). + + * The code to skip "UTF" and "UTF-" prefix, when computing an advice + message, did not work correctly when the prefix was "UTF", which + has been fixed. + (merge b181676ce9 rs/convert-fix-utf-without-dash later to maint). + + * The author names taken from SVN repositories may have extra leading + or trailing whitespaces, which are now munged away. + (merge 4ddd4bddb1 tk/git-svn-trim-author-name later to maint). + + * "git rebase -i" showed a wrong HEAD while "reword" open the editor. + (merge b0a3186140 pw/rebase-i-show-HEAD-to-reword later to maint). + + * A few simplification and bugfixes to PCRE interface. + (merge c581e4a749 ab/pcre-jit-fixes later to maint). + + * PCRE fixes. + (merge ff61681b46 cb/pcre1-cleanup later to maint). + + * "git range-diff" segfaulted when diff.noprefix configuration was + used, as it blindly expected the patch it internally generates to + have the standard a/ and b/ prefixes. The command now forces the + internal patch to be built without any prefix, not to be affected + by any end-user configuration. + (merge 937b76ed49 js/range-diff-noprefix later to maint). + + * "git stash apply" in a subdirectory of a secondary worktree failed + to access the worktree correctly, which has been corrected. + (merge dfd557c978 js/stash-apply-in-secondary-worktree later to maint). + + * The merge-recursive machinery is one of the most complex parts of + the system that accumulated cruft over time. This large series + cleans up the implementation quite a bit. + (merge b657047719 en/merge-recursive-cleanup later to maint). + + * Pretty-printed command line formatter (used in e.g. reporting the + command being run by the tracing API) had a bug that lost an + argument that is an empty string, which has been corrected. + (merge ce2d7ed2fd gs/sq-quote-buf-pretty later to maint). + + * "git range-diff" failed to handle mode-only change, which has been + corrected. + (merge 2b6a9b13ca tg/range-diff-output-update later to maint). + + * Dev support update. + (merge 4f3c1dc5d6 dl/allow-running-cocci-verbosely later to maint). + + * "git format-patch -o <outdir>" did an equivalent of "mkdir <outdir>" + not "mkdir -p <outdir>", which was corrected. + + * "git stash save" lost local changes to submodules, which has been + corrected. + (merge 556895d0c8 jj/stash-reset-only-toplevel later to maint). + + * The atomic push over smart HTTP transport did not work, which has + been corrected. + (merge 6f1194246a bc/smart-http-atomic-push later to maint). + + * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc. + (merge d1387d3895 en/fast-import-merge-doc later to maint). + (merge 1c24a54ea4 bm/repository-layout-typofix later to maint). + (merge 415b770b88 ds/midx-expire-repack later to maint). + (merge 19800bdc3f nd/diff-parseopt later to maint). + (merge 58166c2e9d tg/t0021-racefix later to maint). + (merge 7027f508c7 dl/compat-cleanup later to maint). + (merge e770fbfeff jc/test-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 1fd881d404 rs/trace2-dst-warning later to maint). + (merge 7e92756751 mh/http-urlmatch-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 9784f97321 mh/release-commit-memory-fix later to maint). + (merge 60d198d022 tb/banned-vsprintf-namefix later to maint). + (merge 80e3658647 rs/help-unknown-ref-does-not-return later to maint). + (merge 0a8bc7068f dt/remote-helper-doc-re-lock-option later to maint). + (merge 27fd1e4ea7 en/merge-options-ff-and-friends later to maint). + (merge 502c386ff9 sg/clean-nested-repo-with-ignored later to maint). + (merge 26e3d1cbea am/mailmap-andrey-mazo later to maint). + (merge 47b27c96fa ss/get-time-cleanup later to maint). + (merge dd2e50a84e jk/commit-graph-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 4fd39c76e6 cs/pretty-formats-doc-typofix later to maint). + (merge 40e747e89d dl/submodule-set-branch later to maint). + (merge 689a146c91 rs/commit-graph-use-list-count later to maint). + (merge 0eb7c37a8a js/doc-patch-text later to maint). + (merge 4b3aa170d1 rs/nth-switch-code-simplification later to maint). + (merge 0d4304c124 ah/doc-submodule-ignore-submodules later to maint). + (merge af78249463 cc/svn-fe-py-shebang later to maint). + (merge 7bd97d6dff rs/alias-use-copy-array later to maint). + (merge c46ebc2496 sg/travis-help-debug later to maint). + (merge 24c681794f ps/my-first-contribution-alphasort later to maint). + (merge 75b2c15435 cb/do-not-use-test-cmp-with-a later to maint). + (merge cda0d497e3 bw/submodule-helper-usage-fix later to maint). + (merge fe0ed5d5e9 am/visual-studio-config-fix later to maint). + (merge 2e09c01232 sg/name-rev-cutoff-underflow-fix later to maint). + (merge ddb3c856f3 as/shallow-slab-use-fix later to maint). + (merge 71f4960b91 js/mingw-spawn-with-spaces-in-path later to maint). + (merge 53d687bf5f ah/cleanups later to maint). + (merge f537485fa5 rs/test-remove-useless-debugging-cat later to maint). + (merge 11a3d3aadd dl/rev-list-doc-cleanup later to maint). + (merge d928a8388a am/t0028-utf16-tests later to maint). + (merge b05b40930e dl/t0000-skip-test-test later to maint). + (merge 03d3b1297c js/xdiffi-comment-updates later to maint). + (merge 57d8f4b4c7 js/doc-stash-save later to maint). + (merge 8c1cfd58e3 ta/t1308-typofix later to maint). + (merge fa364ad790 bb/utf8-wcwidth-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 68b69211b2 bb/compat-util-comment-fix later to maint). + (merge 5cc6a4be11 rs/http-push-simplify later to maint). + (merge a81e42d235 rs/column-use-utf8-strnwidth later to maint). + (merge 062a309d36 rs/remote-curl-use-argv-array later to maint). + (merge 3b3c79f6c9 nr/diff-highlight-indent-fix later to maint). + (merge 3444ec2eb2 wb/fsmonitor-bitmap-fix later to maint). + (merge 10da030ab7 cb/pcre2-chartables-leakfix later to maint). + (merge 60e6569a12 js/mingw-needs-hiding-fix later to maint). + (merge 52bd3e4657 rl/gitweb-blame-prev-fix later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..18104850fe --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Git v2.24.1 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges up the fixes that appear in v2.14.6, v2.15.4, +v2.17.3, v2.20.2 and in v2.21.1, addressing the security issues +CVE-2019-1348, CVE-2019-1349, CVE-2019-1350, CVE-2019-1351, +CVE-2019-1352, CVE-2019-1353, CVE-2019-1354, CVE-2019-1387, and +CVE-2019-19604; see the release notes for those versions for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0049f65503 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.24.2 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges the security fix that appears in v2.17.4; see +the release notes for that version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5302e0f73b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.24.3 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges the security fix that appears in v2.17.5; see +the release notes for that version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.25.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.25.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..91ceb34927 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.25.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,370 @@ +Git 2.25 Release Notes +====================== + +Updates since v2.24 +------------------- + +Backward compatibility notes + + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * A tutorial on object enumeration has been added. + + * The branch description ("git branch --edit-description") has been + used to fill the body of the cover letters by the format-patch + command; this has been enhanced so that the subject can also be + filled. + + * "git rebase --preserve-merges" has been marked as deprecated; this + release stops advertising it in the "git rebase -h" output. + + * The code to generate multi-pack index learned to show (or not to + show) progress indicators. + + * "git apply --3way" learned to honor merge.conflictStyle + configuration variable, like merges would. + + * The custom format for "git log --format=<format>" learned the l/L + placeholder that is similar to e/E that fills in the e-mail + address, but only the local part on the left side of '@'. + + * Documentation pages for "git shortlog" now list commit limiting + options explicitly. + + * The patterns to detect function boundary for Elixir language has + been added. + + * The completion script (in contrib/) learned that the "--onto" + option of "git rebase" can take its argument as the value of the + option. + + * The userdiff machinery has been taught that "async def" is another + way to begin a "function" in Python. + + * "git range-diff" learned to take the "--notes=<ref>" and the + "--no-notes" options to control the commit notes included in the + log message that gets compared. + + * "git rev-parse --show-toplevel" run outside of any working tree did + not error out, which has been corrected. + + * A few commands learned to take the pathspec from the standard input + or a named file, instead of taking it as the command line + arguments, with the "--pathspec-from-file" option. + + * "git submodule" learned a subcommand "set-url". + + * "git log" family learned "--pretty=reference" that gives the name + of a commit in the format that is often used to refer to it in log + messages. + + * The interaction between "git clone --recurse-submodules" and + alternate object store was ill-designed. The documentation and + code have been taught to make more clear recommendations when the + users see failures. + + * Management of sparsely checked-out working tree has gained a + dedicated "sparse-checkout" command. + + * Miscellaneous small UX improvements on "git-p4". + + * "git sparse-checkout list" subcommand learned to give its output in + a more concise form when the "cone" mode is in effect. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * Debugging support for lazy cloning has been a bit improved. + + * Move the definition of a set of bitmask constants from 0ctal + literal to (1U<<count) notation. + + * Test updates to prepare for SHA-2 transition continues. + + * Crufty code and logic accumulated over time around the object + parsing and low-level object access used in "git fsck" have been + cleaned up. + + * The implementation of "git log --graph" got refactored and then its + output got simplified. + + * Follow recent push to move API docs from Documentation/ to header + files and update config.h + + * "git bundle" has been taught to use the parse options API. "git + bundle verify" learned "--quiet" and "git bundle create" learned + options to control the progress output. + + * Handling of commit objects that use non UTF-8 encoding during + "rebase -i" has been improved. + + * The beginning of rewriting "git add -i" in C. + + * A label used in the todo list that are generated by "git rebase + --rebase-merges" is used as a part of a refname; the logic to come + up with the label has been tightened to avoid names that cannot be + used as such. + + * The logic to avoid duplicate label names generated by "git rebase + --rebase-merges" forgot that the machinery itself uses "onto" as a + label name, which must be avoided by auto-generated labels, which + has been corrected. + + * We have had compatibility fallback macro definitions for "PRIuMAX", + "PRIu32", etc. but did not for "PRIdMAX", while the code used the + last one apparently without any hiccup reported recently. The + fallback macro definitions for these <inttypes.h> macros that must + appear in C99 systems have been removed. + + * Recently we have declared that GIT_TEST_* variables take the + usual boolean values (it used to be that some used "non-empty + means true" and taking GIT_TEST_VAR=YesPlease as true); make + sure we notice and fail when non-bool strings are given to + these variables. + + * Users of oneway_merge() (like "reset --hard") learned to take + advantage of fsmonitor to avoid unnecessary lstat(2) calls. + + * Performance tweak on "git push" into a repository with many refs + that point at objects we have never heard of. + + * PerfTest fix to avoid stale result mixed up with the latest round + of test results. + + * Hide lower-level verify_signed-buffer() API as a pure helper to + implement the public check_signature() function, in order to + encourage new callers to use the correct and more strict + validation. + + * Unnecessary reading of state variables back from the disk during + sequencer operation has been reduced. + + * The code has been made to avoid gmtime() and localtime() and prefer + their reentrant counterparts. + + * In a repository with many packfiles, the cost of the procedure that + avoids registering the same packfile twice was unnecessarily high + by using an inefficient search algorithm, which has been corrected. + + * Redo "git name-rev" to avoid recursive calls. + + * FreeBSD CI support via Cirrus-CI has been added. + + +Fixes since v2.24 +----------------- + + * "rebase -i" ceased to run post-commit hook by mistake in an earlier + update, which has been corrected. + + * "git notes copy $original" ought to copy the notes attached to the + original object to HEAD, but a mistaken tightening to command line + parameter validation made earlier disabled that feature by mistake. + + * When all files from some subdirectory were renamed to the root + directory, the directory rename heuristics would fail to detect that + as a rename/merge of the subdirectory to the root directory, which has + been corrected. + + * Code clean-up and a bugfix in the logic used to tell worktree local + and repository global refs apart. + (merge f45f88b2e4 sg/dir-trie-fixes later to maint). + + * "git stash save" in a working tree that is sparsely checked out + mistakenly removed paths that are outside the area of interest. + (merge 4a58c3d7f7 js/update-index-ignore-removal-for-skip-worktree later to maint). + + * "git rev-parse --git-path HEAD.lock" did not give the right path + when run in a secondary worktree. + (merge 76a53d640f js/git-path-head-dot-lock-fix later to maint). + + * "git merge --no-commit" needs "--no-ff" if you do not want to move + HEAD, which has been corrected in the manual page for "git bisect". + (merge 8dd327b246 ma/bisect-doc-sample-update later to maint). + + * "git worktree add" internally calls "reset --hard" that should not + descend into submodules, even when submodule.recurse configuration + is set, but it was affected. This has been corrected. + (merge 4782cf2ab6 pb/no-recursive-reset-hard-in-worktree-add later to maint). + + * Messages from die() etc. can be mixed up from multiple processes + without even line buffering on Windows, which has been worked + around. + (merge 116d1fa6c6 js/vreportf-wo-buffering later to maint). + + * HTTP transport had possible allocator/deallocator mismatch, which + has been corrected. + + * The watchman integration for fsmonitor was racy, which has been + corrected to be more conservative. + (merge dd0b61f577 kw/fsmonitor-watchman-fix later to maint). + + * Fetching from multiple remotes into the same repository in parallel + had a bad interaction with the recent change to (optionally) update + the commit-graph after a fetch job finishes, as these parallel + fetches compete with each other. Which has been corrected. + + * Recent update to "git stash pop" made the command empty the index + when run with the "--quiet" option, which has been corrected. + + * "git fetch" codepath had a big "do not lazily fetch missing objects + when I ask if something exists" switch. This has been corrected by + marking the "does this thing exist?" calls with "if not please do not + lazily fetch it" flag. + + * Test update to avoid wasted cycles. + (merge e0316695ec sg/skip-skipped-prereq later to maint). + + * Error handling after "git push" finishes sending the packdata and + waits for the response to the remote side has been improved. + (merge ad7a403268 jk/send-pack-remote-failure later to maint). + + * Some codepaths in "gitweb" that forgot to escape URLs generated + based on end-user input have been corrected. + (merge a376e37b2c jk/gitweb-anti-xss later to maint). + + * CI jobs for macOS has been made less chatty when updating perforce + package used during testing. + (merge 0dbc4a0edf jc/azure-ci-osx-fix-fix later to maint). + + * "git unpack-objects" used to show progress based only on the number + of received and unpacked objects, which stalled when it has to + handle an unusually large object. It now shows the throughput as + well. + (merge bae60ba7e9 sg/unpack-progress-throughput later to maint). + + * The sequencer machinery compared the HEAD and the state it is + attempting to commit to decide if the result would be a no-op + commit, even when amending a commit, which was incorrect, and + has been corrected. + + * The code to parse GPG output used to assume incorrectly that the + finterprint for the primary key would always be present for a valid + signature, which has been corrected. + (merge 67a6ea6300 hi/gpg-optional-pkfp-fix later to maint). + + * "git submodule status" and "git submodule status --cached" show + different things, but the documentation did not cover them + correctly, which has been corrected. + (merge 8d483c8408 mg/doc-submodule-status-cached later to maint). + + * "git reset --patch $object" without any pathspec should allow a + tree object to be given, but incorrectly required a committish, + which has been corrected. + + * "git submodule status" that is run from a subdirectory of the + superproject did not work well, which has been corrected. + (merge 1f3aea22c7 mg/submodule-status-from-a-subdirectory later to maint). + + * The revision walking machinery uses resources like per-object flag + bits that need to be reset before a new iteration of walking + begins, but the resources related to topological walk were not + cleared correctly, which has been corrected. + (merge 0aa0c2b2ec mh/clear-topo-walk-upon-reset later to maint). + + * TravisCI update. + (merge 176441bfb5 sg/osx-force-gcc-9 later to maint). + + * While running "revert" or "cherry-pick --edit" for multiple + commits, a recent regression incorrectly detected "nothing to + commit, working tree clean", instead of replaying the commits, + which has been corrected. + (merge befd4f6a81 sg/assume-no-todo-update-in-cherry-pick later to maint). + + * Work around a issue where a FD that is left open when spawning a + child process and is kept open in the child can interfere with the + operation in the parent process on Windows. + + * One kind of progress messages were always given during commit-graph + generation, instead of following the "if it takes more than two + seconds, show progress" pattern, which has been corrected. + + * "git rebase" did not work well when format.useAutoBase + configuration variable is set, which has been corrected. + + * The "diff" machinery learned not to lose added/removed blank lines + in the context when --ignore-blank-lines and --function-context are + used at the same time. + (merge 0bb313a552 rs/xdiff-ignore-ws-w-func-context later to maint). + + * The test on "fast-import" used to get stuck when "fast-import" died + in the middle. + (merge 0d9b0d7885 sg/t9300-robustify later to maint). + + * "git format-patch" can take a set of configured format.notes values + to specify which notes refs to use in the log message part of the + output. The behaviour of this was not consistent with multiple + --notes command line options, which has been corrected. + (merge e0f9095aaa dl/format-patch-notes-config-fixup later to maint). + + * "git p4" used to ignore lfs.storage configuration variable, which + has been corrected. + (merge ea94b16fb8 rb/p4-lfs later to maint). + + * Assorted fixes to the directory traversal API. + (merge 6836d2fe06 en/fill-directory-fixes later to maint). + + * Forbid pathnames that the platform's filesystem cannot represent on + MinGW. + (merge 4dc42c6c18 js/mingw-reserved-filenames later to maint). + + * "git rebase --signoff" stopped working when the command was written + in C, which has been corrected. + (merge 4fe7e43c53 en/rebase-signoff-fix later to maint). + + * An earlier update to Git for Windows declared that a tree object is + invalid if it has a path component with backslash in it, which was + overly strict, which has been corrected. The only protection the + Windows users need is to prevent such path (or any path that their + filesystem cannot check out) from entering the index. + (merge 224c7d70fa js/mingw-loosen-overstrict-tree-entry-checks later to maint). + + * The code to write split commit-graph file(s) upon fetching computed + bogus value for the parameter used in splitting the resulting + files, which has been corrected. + (merge 63020f175f ds/commit-graph-set-size-mult later to maint). + + * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc. + (merge 80736d7c5e jc/am-show-current-patch-docfix later to maint). + (merge 8b656572ca sg/commit-graph-usage-fix later to maint). + (merge 6c02042139 mr/clone-dir-exists-to-path-exists later to maint). + (merge 44ae131e38 sg/blame-indent-heuristics-is-now-the-default later to maint). + (merge 0115e5d929 dl/doc-diff-no-index-implies-exit-code later to maint). + (merge 270de6acbe en/t6024-style later to maint). + (merge 14c4776d75 ns/test-desc-typofix later to maint). + (merge 68d40f30c4 dj/typofix-merge-strat later to maint). + (merge f66e0401ab jk/optim-in-pack-idx-conversion later to maint). + (merge 169bed7421 rs/parse-options-dup-null-fix later to maint). + (merge 51bd6be32d rs/use-copy-array-in-mingw-shell-command-preparation later to maint). + (merge b018719927 ma/t7004 later to maint). + (merge 932757b0cc ar/install-doc-update-cmds-needing-the-shell later to maint). + (merge 46efd28be1 ep/guard-kset-tar-headers later to maint). + (merge 9e5afdf997 ec/fetch-mark-common-refs-trace2 later to maint). + (merge f0e58b3fe8 pb/submodule-update-fetches later to maint). + (merge 2a02262078 dl/t5520-cleanup later to maint). + (merge a4fb016ba1 js/pkt-line-h-typofix later to maint). + (merge 54a7a64613 rs/simplify-prepare-cmd later to maint). + (merge 3eae30e464 jk/lore-is-the-archive later to maint). + (merge 14b7664df8 dl/lore-is-the-archive later to maint). + (merge 0e40a73a4c po/bundle-doc-clonable later to maint). + (merge e714b898c6 as/t7812-missing-redirects-fix later to maint). + (merge 528d9e6d01 jk/perf-wo-git-dot-pm later to maint). + (merge fc42f20e24 sg/test-squelch-noise-in-commit-bulk later to maint). + (merge c64368e3a2 bc/t9001-zsh-in-posix-emulation-mode later to maint). + (merge 11de8dd7ef dr/branch-usage-casefix later to maint). + (merge e05e8cf074 rs/archive-zip-code-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 147ee35558 rs/commit-export-env-simplify later to maint). + (merge 4507ecc771 rs/patch-id-use-oid-to-hex later to maint). + (merge 51a0a4ed95 mr/bisect-use-after-free later to maint). + (merge cc2bd5c45d pb/submodule-doc-xref later to maint). + (merge df5be01669 ja/doc-markup-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 7c5cea7242 mr/bisect-save-pointer-to-const-string later to maint). + (merge 20a67e8ce9 js/use-test-tool-on-path later to maint). + (merge 4e61b2214d ew/packfile-syscall-optim later to maint). + (merge ace0f86c7f pb/clarify-line-log-doc later to maint). + (merge 763a59e71c en/merge-recursive-oid-eq-simplify later to maint). + (merge 4e2c4c0d4f do/gitweb-typofix-in-comments later to maint). + (merge 421c0ffb02 jb/doc-multi-pack-idx-fix later to maint). + (merge f8740c586b pm/am-in-body-header-doc-update later to maint). + (merge 5814d44d9b tm/doc-submodule-absorb-fix later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.25.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.25.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cd869b02bb --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.25.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +Git 2.25.1 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.25 +----------------- + + * "git commit" gives output similar to "git status" when there is + nothing to commit, but without honoring the advise.statusHints + configuration variable, which has been corrected. + + * has_object_file() said "no" given an object registered to the + system via pretend_object_file(), making it inconsistent with + read_object_file(), causing lazy fetch to attempt fetching an + empty tree from promisor remotes. + + * The code that tries to skip over the entries for the paths in a + single directory using the cache-tree was not careful enough + against corrupt index file. + + * Complete an update to tutorial that encourages "git switch" over + "git checkout" that was done only half-way. + + * Reduce unnecessary round-trip when running "ls-remote" over the + stateless RPC mechanism. + + * "git restore --staged" did not correctly update the cache-tree + structure, resulting in bogus trees to be written afterwards, which + has been corrected. + + * The code recently added to move to the entry beyond the ones in the + same directory in the index in the sparse-cone mode did not count + the number of entries to skip over incorrectly, which has been + corrected. + + * Work around test breakages caused by custom regex engine used in + libasan, when address sanitizer is used with more recent versions + of gcc and clang. + + * "git fetch --refmap=" option has got a better documentation. + + * Corner case bugs in "git clean" that stems from a (necessarily for + performance reasons) awkward calling convention in the directory + enumeration API has been corrected. + + * "git grep --no-index" should not get affected by the contents of + the .gitmodules file but when "--recurse-submodules" is given or + the "submodule.recurse" variable is set, it did. Now these + settings are ignored in the "--no-index" mode. + + * Technical details of the bundle format has been documented. + + * Unhelpful warning messages during documentation build have been + squelched. + +Also contains various documentation updates, code clean-ups and minor fixups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.25.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.25.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..303c53a17f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.25.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +Git 2.25.2 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v2.25.1 +------------------- + + * Minor bugfixes to "git add -i" that has recently been rewritten in C. + + * An earlier update to show the location of working tree in the error + message did not consider the possibility that a git command may be + run in a bare repository, which has been corrected. + + * The "--recurse-submodules" option of various subcommands did not + work well when run in an alternate worktree, which has been + corrected. + + * Running "git rm" on a submodule failed unnecessarily when + .gitmodules is only cache-dirty, which has been corrected. + + * "git rebase -i" identifies existing commits in its todo file with + their abbreviated object name, which could become ambigous as it + goes to create new commits, and has a mechanism to avoid ambiguity + in the main part of its execution. A few other cases however were + not covered by the protection against ambiguity, which has been + corrected. + + * The index-pack code now diagnoses a bad input packstream that + records the same object twice when it is used as delta base; the + code used to declare a software bug when encountering such an + input, but it is an input error. + + * The code to automatically shrink the fan-out in the notes tree had + an off-by-one bug, which has been killed. + + * "git check-ignore" did not work when the given path is explicitly + marked as not ignored with a negative entry in the .gitignore file. + + * The merge-recursive machinery failed to refresh the cache entry for + a merge result in a couple of places, resulting in an unnecessary + merge failure, which has been fixed. + + * Fix for a bug revealed by a recent change to make the protocol v2 + the default. + + * "git merge signed-tag" while lacking the public key started to say + "No signature", which was utterly wrong. This regression has been + reverted. + + * MinGW's poll() emulation has been improved. + + * "git show" and others gave an object name in raw format in its + error output, which has been corrected to give it in hex. + + * Both "git ls-remote -h" and "git grep -h" give short usage help, + like any other Git subcommand, but it is not unreasonable to expect + that the former would behave the same as "git ls-remote --head" + (there is no other sensible behaviour for the latter). The + documentation has been updated in an attempt to clarify this. + +Also contains various documentation updates, code clean-ups and minor fixups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.25.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.25.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..15f7f21f10 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.25.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.25.3 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges the security fix that appears in v2.17.4; see +the release notes for that version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.25.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.25.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0dbb5daeec --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.25.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.25.4 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges the security fix that appears in v2.17.5; see +the release notes for that version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.26.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.26.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3a7a734c26 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.26.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,341 @@ +Git 2.26 Release Notes +====================== + +Updates since v2.25 +------------------- + +Backward compatibility notes + + * "git rebase" uses a different backend that is based on the 'merge' + machinery by default. There are a few known differences in the + behaviour from the traditional machinery based on patch+apply. + + If your workflow is negatively affected by this change, please + report it to git@vger.kernel.org so that we can take a look into + it. After doing so, you can set the 'rebase.backend' configuration + variable to 'apply', in order to use the old default behaviour in + the meantime. + + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * Sample credential helper for using .netrc has been updated to work + out of the box. + + * gpg.minTrustLevel configuration variable has been introduced to + tell various signature verification codepaths the required minimum + trust level. + + * The command line completion (in contrib/) learned to complete + subcommands and arguments to "git worktree". + + * Disambiguation logic to tell revisions and pathspec apart has been + tweaked so that backslash-escaped glob special characters do not + count in the "wildcards are pathspec" rule. + + * One effect of specifying where the GIT_DIR is (either with the + environment variable, or with the "git --git-dir=<where> cmd" + option) is to disable the repository discovery. This has been + placed a bit more stress in the documentation, as new users often + get confused. + + * Two help messages given when "git add" notices the user gave it + nothing to add have been updated to use advise() API. + + * A new version of fsmonitor-watchman hook has been introduced, to + avoid races. + + * "git config" learned to show in which "scope", in addition to in + which file, each config setting comes from. + + * The basic 7 colors learned the brighter counterparts + (e.g. "brightred"). + + * "git sparse-checkout" learned a new "add" subcommand. + + * A configuration element used for credential subsystem can now use + wildcard pattern to specify for which set of URLs the entry + applies. + + * "git clone --recurse-submodules --single-branch" now uses the same + single-branch option when cloning the submodules. + + * "git rm" and "git stash" learns the new "--pathspec-from-file" + option. + + * "git am --show-current-patch" is a way to show the piece of e-mail + for the stopped step, which is not suitable to directly feed "git + apply" (it is designed to be a good "git am" input). It learned a + new option to show only the patch part. + + * Handling of conflicting renames in merge-recursive have further + been made consistent with how existing codepaths try to mimic what + is done to add/add conflicts. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * Tell .editorconfig that in this project, *.txt files are indented + with tabs. + + * The test-lint machinery knew to check "VAR=VAL shell_function" + construct, but did not check "VAR= shell_function", which has been + corrected. + + * Replace "git config --bool" calls with "git config --type=bool" in + sample templates. + + * The effort to move "git-add--interactive" to C continues. + + * Improve error message generation for "git submodule add". + + * Preparation of test scripts for the day when the object names will + use SHA-256 continues. + + * Warn programmers about pretend_object_file() that allows the code + to tentatively use in-core objects. + + * The way "git pack-objects" reuses objects stored in existing pack + to generate its result has been improved. + + * The transport protocol version 2 becomes the default one. + + * Traditionally, we avoided threaded grep while searching in objects + (as opposed to files in the working tree) as accesses to the object + layer is not thread-safe. This limitation is getting lifted. + + * "git rebase -i" (and friends) used to unnecessarily check out the + tip of the branch to be rebased, which has been corrected. + + * A low-level API function get_oid(), that accepts various ways to + name an object, used to issue end-user facing error messages + without l10n, which has been updated to be translatable. + + * Unneeded connectivity check is now disabled in a partial clone when + fetching into it. + + * Some rough edges in the sparse-checkout feature, especially around + the cone mode, have been cleaned up. + + * The diff-* plumbing family of subcommands now pay attention to the + diff.wsErrorHighlight configuration, which has been ignored before; + this allows "git add -p" to also show the whitespace problems to + the end user. + + * Some codepaths were given a repository instance as a parameter to + work in the repository, but passed the_repository instance to its + callees, which has been cleaned up (somewhat). + + * Memory footprint and performance of "git name-rev" has been + improved. + + * The object reachability bitmap machinery and the partial cloning + machinery were not prepared to work well together, because some + object-filtering criteria that partial clones use inherently rely + on object traversal, but the bitmap machinery is an optimization + to bypass that object traversal. There however are some cases + where they can work together, and they were taught about them. + + * "git rebase" has learned to use the merge backend (i.e. the + machinery that drives "rebase -i") by default, while allowing + "--apply" option to use the "apply" backend (e.g. the moral + equivalent of "format-patch piped to am"). The rebase.backend + configuration variable can be set to customize. + + * Underlying machinery of "git bisect--helper" is being refactored + into pieces that are more easily reused. + + +Fixes since v2.25 +----------------- + + * "git commit" gives output similar to "git status" when there is + nothing to commit, but without honoring the advise.statusHints + configuration variable, which has been corrected. + + * has_object_file() said "no" given an object registered to the + system via pretend_object_file(), making it inconsistent with + read_object_file(), causing lazy fetch to attempt fetching an + empty tree from promisor remotes. + + * Complete an update to tutorial that encourages "git switch" over + "git checkout" that was done only half-way. + + * C pedantry ;-) fix. + + * The code that tries to skip over the entries for the paths in a + single directory using the cache-tree was not careful enough + against corrupt index file. + + * Reduce unnecessary round-trip when running "ls-remote" over the + stateless RPC mechanism. + + * "git restore --staged" did not correctly update the cache-tree + structure, resulting in bogus trees to be written afterwards, which + has been corrected. + + * The code recently added to move to the entry beyond the ones in the + same directory in the index in the sparse-cone mode did not count + the number of entries to skip over incorrectly, which has been + corrected. + + * Rendering by "git log --graph" of ancestry lines leading to a merge + commit were made suboptimal to waste vertical space a bit with a + recent update, which has been corrected. + + * Work around test breakages caused by custom regex engine used in + libasan, when address sanitizer is used with more recent versions + of gcc and clang. + + * Minor bugfixes to "git add -i" that has recently been rewritten in C. + + * "git fetch --refmap=" option has got a better documentation. + + * "git checkout X" did not correctly fail when X is not a local + branch but could name more than one remote-tracking branches + (i.e. to be dwimmed as the starting point to create a corresponding + local branch), which has been corrected. + (merge fa74180d08 am/checkout-file-and-ref-ref-ambiguity later to maint). + + * Corner case bugs in "git clean" that stems from a (necessarily for + performance reasons) awkward calling convention in the directory + enumeration API has been corrected. + + * A fetch that is told to recursively fetch updates in submodules + inevitably produces reams of output, and it becomes hard to spot + error messages. The command has been taught to enumerate + submodules that had errors at the end of the operation. + (merge 0222540827 es/fetch-show-failed-submodules-atend later to maint). + + * The "--recurse-submodules" option of various subcommands did not + work well when run in an alternate worktree, which has been + corrected. + + * Futureproofing a test not to depend on the current implementation + detail. + + * Running "git rm" on a submodule failed unnecessarily when + .gitmodules is only cache-dirty, which has been corrected. + + * C pedantry ;-) fix. + + * "git grep --no-index" should not get affected by the contents of + the .gitmodules file but when "--recurse-submodules" is given or + the "submodule.recurse" variable is set, it did. Now these + settings are ignored in the "--no-index" mode. + + * Technical details of the bundle format has been documented. + + * Unhelpful warning messages during documentation build have been squelched. + + * "git rebase -i" identifies existing commits in its todo file with + their abbreviated object name, which could become ambiguous as it + goes to create new commits, and has a mechanism to avoid ambiguity + in the main part of its execution. A few other cases however were + not covered by the protection against ambiguity, which has been + corrected. + + * Allow the rebase.missingCommitsCheck configuration to kick in when + "rebase --edit-todo" and "rebase --continue" restarts the procedure. + (merge 5a5445d878 ag/edit-todo-drop-check later to maint). + + * The way "git submodule status" reports an initialized but not yet + populated submodule has not been reimplemented correctly when a + part of the "git submodule" command was rewritten in C, which has + been corrected. + (merge f38c92452d pk/status-of-uncloned-submodule later to maint). + + * The code to automatically shrink the fan-out in the notes tree had + an off-by-one bug, which has been killed. + + * The index-pack code now diagnoses a bad input packstream that + records the same object twice when it is used as delta base; the + code used to declare a software bug when encountering such an + input, but it is an input error. + + + * The code to compute the commit-graph has been taught to use a more + robust way to tell if two object directories refer to the same + thing. + (merge a7df60cac8 tb/commit-graph-object-dir later to maint). + + * "git remote rename X Y" needs to adjust configuration variables + (e.g. branch.<name>.remote) whose value used to be X to Y. + branch.<name>.pushRemote is now also updated. + + * Update to doc-diff. + + * Doc markup fix. + + * "git check-ignore" did not work when the given path is explicitly + marked as not ignored with a negative entry in the .gitignore file. + + * The merge-recursive machinery failed to refresh the cache entry for + a merge result in a couple of places, resulting in an unnecessary + merge failure, which has been fixed. + + * Fix for a bug revealed by a recent change to make the protocol v2 + the default. + + * In rare cases "git worktree add <path>" could think that <path> + was already a registered worktree even when it wasn't and refuse + to add the new worktree. This has been corrected. + (merge bb69b3b009 es/worktree-avoid-duplication-fix later to maint). + + * "git push" should stop from updating a branch that is checked out + when receive.denyCurrentBranch configuration is set, but it failed + to pay attention to checkouts in secondary worktrees. This has + been corrected. + (merge 4d864895a2 hv/receive-denycurrent-everywhere later to maint). + + * "git rebase BASE BRANCH" rebased/updated the tip of BRANCH and + checked it out, even when the BRANCH is checked out in a different + worktree. This has been corrected. + (merge b5cabb4a96 es/do-not-let-rebase-switch-to-protected-branch later to maint). + + * "git describe" in a repository with multiple root commits sometimes + gave up looking for the best tag to describe a given commit with + too early, which has been adjusted. + + * "git merge signed-tag" while lacking the public key started to say + "No signature", which was utterly wrong. This regression has been + reverted. + + * MinGW's poll() emulation has been improved. + + * "git show" and others gave an object name in raw format in its + error output, which has been corrected to give it in hex. + + * "git fetch" over HTTP walker protocol did not show any progress + output. We inherently do not know how much work remains, but still + we can show something not to bore users. + (merge 7655b4119d rs/show-progress-in-dumb-http-fetch later to maint). + + * Both "git ls-remote -h" and "git grep -h" give short usage help, + like any other Git subcommand, but it is not unreasonable to expect + that the former would behave the same as "git ls-remote --head" + (there is no other sensible behaviour for the latter). The + documentation has been updated in an attempt to clarify this. + + * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc. + (merge d0d0a357a1 am/update-pathspec-f-f-tests later to maint). + (merge f94f7bd00d am/test-pathspec-f-f-error-cases later to maint). + (merge c513a958b6 ss/t6025-modernize later to maint). + (merge b441717256 dl/test-must-fail-fixes later to maint). + (merge d031049da3 mt/sparse-checkout-doc-update later to maint). + (merge 145136a95a jc/skip-prefix later to maint). + (merge 5290d45134 jk/alloc-cleanups later to maint). + (merge 7a9f8ca805 rs/parse-options-concat-dup later to maint). + (merge 517b60564e rs/strbuf-insertstr later to maint). + (merge f696a2b1c8 jk/mailinfo-cleanup later to maint). + (merge de26f02db1 js/test-avoid-pipe later to maint). + (merge a2dc43414c es/doc-mentoring later to maint). + (merge 02bbbe9df9 es/worktree-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 2ce6d075fa rs/micro-cleanups later to maint). + (merge 27f182b3fc rs/blame-typefix-for-fingerprint later to maint). + (merge 3c29e21eb0 ma/test-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 240fc04f81 ag/rebase-remove-redundant-code later to maint). + (merge d68ce906c7 rs/commit-graph-code-simplification later to maint). + (merge a51d9e8f07 rj/t1050-use-test-path-is-file later to maint). + (merge fd0bc17557 kk/complete-diff-color-moved later to maint). + (merge 65bf820d0e en/test-cleanup later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.26.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.26.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1b4ecb3fdc --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.26.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.26.1 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges the security fix that appears in v2.17.4; see +the release notes for that version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.26.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.26.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d434d0c695 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.26.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.26.2 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges the security fix that appears in v2.17.5; see +the release notes for that version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.27.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.27.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0bd2dc713d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.27.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,217 @@ +Git 2.27 Release Notes +====================== + +Updates since v2.26 +------------------- + +Backward compatibility notes + + * When "git describe C" finds that commit C is pointed by a signed or + annotated tag, which records T as its tagname in the object, the + command gives T as its answer. Even if the user renames or moves + such a tag from its natural location in the "refs/tags/" hierarchy, + "git describe C" would still give T as the answer, but in such a + case "git show T^0" would no longer work as expected. There may be + nothing at "refs/tags/T" or even worse there may be a different tag + instead. + + Starting from this version, "git describe" will always use the + "long" version, as if the "--long" option were given, when giving + its output based on such a misplaced tag to work around the problem. + + * "git pull" issues a warning message until the pull.rebase + configuration variable is explicitly given, which some existing + users may find annoying---those who prefer not to rebase need to + set the variable to false to squelch the warning. + + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * A handful of options to configure SSL when talking to proxies have + been added. + + * Smudge/clean conversion filters are now given more information + (e.g. the object of the tree-ish in which the blob being converted + appears, in addition to its path, which has already been given). + + * When "git describe C" finds an annotated tag with tagname A to be + the best name to explain commit C, and the tag is stored in a + "wrong" place in the refs/tags hierarchy, e.g. refs/tags/B, the + command gave a warning message but used A (not B) to describe C. + If C is exactly at the tag, the describe output would be "A", but + "git rev-parse A^0" would not be equal as "git rev-parse C^0". The + behavior of the command has been changed to use the "long" form + i.e. A-0-gOBJECTNAME, which is correctly interpreted by rev-parse. + + * "git pull" learned to warn when no pull.rebase configuration + exists, and neither --[no-]rebase nor --ff-only is given (which + would result a merge). + + * "git p4" learned four new hooks and also "--no-verify" option to + bypass them (and the existing "p4-pre-submit" hook). + + * "git pull" shares many options with underlying "git fetch", but + some of them were not documented and some of those that would make + sense to pass down were not passed down. + + * "git rebase" learned the "--no-gpg-sign" option to countermand + commit.gpgSign the user may have. + + * The output from "git format-patch" uses RFC 2047 encoding for + non-ASCII letters on From: and Subject: headers, so that it can + directly be fed to e-mail programs. A new option has been added + to produce these headers in raw. + + * "git log" learned "--show-pulls" that helps pathspec limited + history views; a merge commit that takes the whole change from a + side branch, which is normally omitted from the output, is shown + in addition to the commits that introduce real changes. + + * The interactive input from various codepaths are consolidated and + any prompt possibly issued earlier are fflush()ed before we read. + + * Allow "git rebase" to reapply all local commits, even if the may be + already in the upstream, without checking first. + + * The 'pack.useSparse' configuration variable now defaults to 'true', + enabling an optimization that has been experimental since Git 2.21. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * The advise API has been revamped to allow more systematic enumeration of + advice knobs in the future. + + * SHA-256 transition continues. + + * The code to interface with GnuPG has been refactored. + + * "git stash" has kept an escape hatch to use the scripted version + for a few releases, which got stale. It has been removed. + + * Enable tests that require GnuPG on Windows. + + * Minor test usability improvement. + + * Trace2 enhancement to allow logging of the environment variables. + + * Test clean-up continues. + + * Perf-test update. + + * A Windows-specific test element has been made more robust against + misuse from both user's environment and programmer's errors. + + +Fixes since v2.26 +----------------- + + * The real_path() convenience function can easily be misused; with a + bit of code refactoring in the callers' side, its use has been + eliminated. + (merge 49d3c4b481 am/real-path-fix later to maint). + + * Update "git p4" to work with Python 3. + (merge 6bb40ed20a yz/p4-py3 later to maint). + + * The mechanism to prevent "git commit" from making an empty commit + or amending during an interrupted cherry-pick was broken during the + rewrite of "git rebase" in C, which has been corrected. + (merge 430b75f720 pw/advise-rebase-skip later to maint). + + * Fix "git checkout --recurse-submodules" of a nested submodule + hierarchy. + (merge 846f34d351 pb/recurse-submodules-fix later to maint). + + * The "--fork-point" mode of "git rebase" regressed when the command + was rewritten in C back in 2.20 era, which has been corrected. + (merge f08132f889 at/rebase-fork-point-regression-fix later to maint). + + * The import-tars importer (in contrib/fast-import/) used to create + phony files at the top-level of the repository when the archive + contains global PAX headers, which made its own logic to detect and + omit the common leading directory ineffective, which has been + corrected. + (merge c839fcff65 js/import-tars-do-not-make-phony-files-from-pax-headers later to maint). + + * Simplify the commit ancestry connectedness check in a partial clone + repository in which "promised" objects are assumed to be obtainable + lazily on-demand from promisor remote repositories. + (merge 2b98478c6f jt/connectivity-check-optim-in-partial-clone later to maint). + + * The server-end of the v2 protocol to serve "git clone" and "git + fetch" was not prepared to see a delim packets at unexpected + places, which led to a crash. + (merge cacae4329f jk/harden-protocol-v2-delim-handling later to maint). + + * When fed a midx that records no objects, some codepaths tried to + loop from 0 through (num_objects-1), which, due to integer + arithmetic wrapping around, made it nonsense operation with out of + bounds array accesses. The code has been corrected to reject such + an midx file. + (merge 796d61cdc0 dr/midx-avoid-int-underflow later to maint). + + * Utitiles run via the run_command() API were not spawned correctly + on Cygwin, when the paths to them are given as a full path with + backslashes. + (merge 05ac8582bc ak/run-command-on-cygwin-fix later to maint). + + * "git pull --rebase" tried to run a rebase even after noticing that + the pull results in a fast-forward and no rebase is needed nor + sensible, for the past few years due to a mistake nobody noticed. + (merge fbae70ddc6 en/pull-do-not-rebase-after-fast-forwarding later to maint). + + * "git rebase" with the merge backend did not work well when the + rebase.abbreviateCommands configuration was set. + (merge de9f1d3ef4 ag/rebase-merge-allow-ff-under-abbrev-command later to maint). + + * The logic to auto-follow tags by "git clone --single-branch" was + not careful to avoid lazy-fetching unnecessary tags, which has been + corrected. + (merge 167a575e2d jk/use-quick-lookup-in-clone-for-tag-following later to maint). + + * "git rebase -i" did not leave the reflog entries correctly. + (merge 1f6965f994 en/sequencer-reflog-action later to maint). + + * The more aggressive updates to remote-tracking branches we had for + the past 7 years or so were not reflected in the documentation, + which has been corrected. + (merge a44088435c pb/pull-fetch-doc later to maint). + + * We've left the command line parsing of "git log :/a/b/" broken for + about a full year without anybody noticing, which has been + corrected. + (merge 0220461071 jc/missing-ref-store-fix later to maint). + + * Misc fixes for Windows. + (merge 3efc128cd5 js/mingw-fixes later to maint). + + * "git rebase" (again) learns to honor "--no-keep-empty", which lets + the user to discard commits that are empty from the beginning (as + opposed to the ones that become empty because of rebasing). The + interactive rebase also marks commits that are empty in the todo. + (merge 50ed76148a en/rebase-no-keep-empty later to maint). + + * Parsing the host part out of URL for the credential helper has been corrected. + (merge 4c5971e18a jk/credential-parsing-end-of-host-in-URL later to maint). + + * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc. + (merge 564956f358 jc/maintain-doc later to maint). + (merge 7422b2a0a1 sg/commit-slab-clarify-peek later to maint). + (merge 9c688735f6 rs/doc-passthru-fetch-options later to maint). + (merge 757c2ba3e2 en/oidset-uninclude-hashmap later to maint). + (merge 8312aa7d74 jc/config-tar later to maint). + (merge d00a5bdd50 ss/submodule-foreach-cb later to maint). + (merge 64d1022e14 ar/test-style-fixes later to maint). + (merge 4a465443a6 ds/doc-clone-filter later to maint). + (merge bb2dbe301b jk/t3419-drop-expensive-tests later to maint). + (merge d3507cc712 js/test-junit-finalization-fix later to maint). + (merge 2149b6748f bc/faq later to maint). + (merge 12dc0879f1 jk/test-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 344420bf0f pb/rebase-doc-typofix later to maint). + (merge 7cd54d37dc dl/wrapper-fix-indentation later to maint). + (merge 78725ebda9 jc/allow-strlen-substitution-in-shell-scripts later to maint). + (merge 2ecfcdecc6 jm/gitweb-fastcgi-utf8 later to maint). + (merge 0740d0a5d3 jk/oid-array-cleanups later to maint). + (merge a1aba0c95c js/t0007-typofix later to maint). + (merge 76ba7fa225 ma/config-doc-fix later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.3.txt index 5ef12644c2..850dc68ede 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.3.txt @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Fixes since v2.3.2 * Description given by "grep -h" for its --exclude-standard option was phrased poorly. - * Documentaton for "git remote add" mentioned "--tags" and + * Documentation for "git remote add" mentioned "--tags" and "--no-tags" and it was not clear that fetch from the remote in the future will use the default behaviour when neither is given to override it. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.7.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.7.txt index fc95812cb3..5769184081 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.7.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.7.txt @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Git v2.3.7 Release Notes Fixes since v2.3.6 ------------------ - * An earlier update to the parser that disects a URL broke an + * An earlier update to the parser that dissects a URL broke an address, followed by a colon, followed by an empty string (instead of the port number), e.g. ssh://example.com:/path/to/repo. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.3.txt index 914d2c1860..422e930aa2 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.3.txt @@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ Fixes since v2.4.3 * Some time ago, "git blame" (incorrectly) lost the convert_to_git() call when synthesizing a fake "tip" commit that represents the state in the working tree, which broke folks who record the history - with LF line ending to make their project portabile across + with LF line ending to make their project portable across platforms while terminating lines in their working tree files with CRLF for their platform. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.0.txt index 87044504c5..84723f912a 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.5.0.txt @@ -172,7 +172,8 @@ Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. incorrect patch text to "git apply". Add tests to demonstrate this. - I have a slight suspicion that this may be $gmane/87202 coming back + I have a slight suspicion that this may be + cf. <7vtzf77wjp.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org> coming back and biting us (I seem to have said "let's run with this and see what happens" back then). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.0.txt index 563dadc57e..e3cbf3a73c 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.0.txt @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ UI, Workflows & Features * "git interpret-trailers" can now run outside of a Git repository. - * "git p4" learned to reencode the pathname it uses to communicate + * "git p4" learned to re-encode the pathname it uses to communicate with the p4 depot with a new option. * Give progress meter to "git filter-branch". diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.1.txt index 6553d69e33..6323feaf64 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.1.txt @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Fixes since v2.7 setting GIT_WORK_TREE environment themselves. * The "exclude_list" structure has the usual "alloc, nr" pair of - fields to be used by ALLOC_GROW(), but clear_exclude_list() forgot + fields to be used by ALLOC_GROW(), but clear_pattern_list() forgot to reset 'alloc' to 0 when it cleared 'nr' to discard the managed array. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.3.txt index 6adf038915..f618d71efd 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.3.txt @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Fixes since v2.7.2 tests. * "git show 'HEAD:Foo[BAR]Baz'" did not interpret the argument as a - rev, i.e. the object named by the the pathname with wildcard + rev, i.e. the object named by the pathname with wildcard characters in a tree object. * "git rev-parse --git-common-dir" used in the worktree feature diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt index 25079710fa..27320b6a9f 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt @@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. * Some calls to strcpy(3) triggers a false warning from static analyzers that are less intelligent than humans, and reducing the number of these false hits helps us notice real issues. A few - calls to strcpy(3) in a couple of protrams that are already safe + calls to strcpy(3) in a couple of programs that are already safe has been rewritten to avoid false warnings. * The "name_path" API was an attempt to reduce the need to construct @@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ notes for details). setting GIT_WORK_TREE environment themselves. * The "exclude_list" structure has the usual "alloc, nr" pair of - fields to be used by ALLOC_GROW(), but clear_exclude_list() forgot + fields to be used by ALLOC_GROW(), but clear_pattern_list() forgot to reset 'alloc' to 0 when it cleared 'nr' to discard the managed array. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.3.txt index fedd9968e5..a63825ed87 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.3.txt @@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ Fixes since v2.8.2 This is necessary to use Git on Windows shared directories, and is already enabled for the MinGW and plain Windows builds. It also has been used in Cygwin packaged versions of Git for quite a while. - See http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/291853 - and http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/275680. + See https://lore.kernel.org/git/20160419091055.GF2345@dinwoodie.org/ + and https://lore.kernel.org/git/20150811100527.GW14466@dinwoodie.org/. * "git replace -e" did not honour "core.editor" configuration. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.0.txt index b61d36712f..991640119a 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.0.txt @@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ notes for details). This is necessary to use Git on Windows shared directories, and is already enabled for the MinGW and plain Windows builds. It also has been used in Cygwin packaged versions of Git for quite a while. - See http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/291853 + See https://lore.kernel.org/git/20160419091055.GF2345@dinwoodie.org/ * "merge-octopus" strategy did not ensure that the index is clean when merge begins. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.3.txt index 695b86f612..305e08062b 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.9.3.txt @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Fixes since v2.9.2 * One part of "git am" had an oddball helper function that called stuff from outside "his" as opposed to calling what we have "ours", which was not gender-neutral and also inconsistent with the rest of - the system where outside stuff is usuall called "theirs" in + the system where outside stuff is usually called "theirs" in contrast to "ours". * The test framework learned a new helper test_match_signal to diff --git a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches index 6d589e118c..4515cab519 100644 --- a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +++ b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches @@ -142,19 +142,25 @@ archive, summarize the relevant points of the discussion. [[commit-reference]] If you want to reference a previous commit in the history of a stable -branch, use the format "abbreviated sha1 (subject, date)", -with the subject enclosed in a pair of double-quotes, like this: +branch, use the format "abbreviated hash (subject, date)", like this: .... - Commit f86a374 ("pack-bitmap.c: fix a memleak", 2015-03-30) + Commit f86a374 (pack-bitmap.c: fix a memleak, 2015-03-30) noticed that ... .... The "Copy commit summary" command of gitk can be used to obtain this -format, or this invocation of `git show`: +format (with the subject enclosed in a pair of double-quotes), or this +invocation of `git show`: .... - git show -s --date=short --pretty='format:%h ("%s", %ad)' <commit> + git show -s --pretty=reference <commit> +.... + +or, on an older version of Git without support for --pretty=reference: + +.... + git show -s --date=short --pretty='format:%h (%s, %ad)' <commit> .... [[git-tools]] @@ -372,9 +378,9 @@ such as "Thanks-to:", "Based-on-patch-by:", or "Mentored-by:". Some parts of the system have dedicated maintainers with their own repositories. -- `git-gui/` comes from git-gui project, maintained by Pat Thoyts: +- `git-gui/` comes from git-gui project, maintained by Pratyush Yadav: - git://repo.or.cz/git-gui.git + https://github.com/prati0100/git-gui.git - `gitk-git/` comes from Paul Mackerras's gitk project: diff --git a/Documentation/asciidoc.conf b/Documentation/asciidoc.conf index 2c16c536ba..3e4c13971b 100644 --- a/Documentation/asciidoc.conf +++ b/Documentation/asciidoc.conf @@ -31,24 +31,6 @@ ifdef::backend-docbook[] endif::backend-docbook[] ifdef::backend-docbook[] -ifndef::git-asciidoc-no-roff[] -# "unbreak" docbook-xsl v1.68 for manpages. v1.69 works with or without this. -# v1.72 breaks with this because it replaces dots not in roff requests. -[listingblock] -<example><title>{title}</title> -<literallayout class="monospaced"> -ifdef::doctype-manpage[] - .ft C -endif::doctype-manpage[] -| -ifdef::doctype-manpage[] - .ft -endif::doctype-manpage[] -</literallayout> -{title#}</example> -endif::git-asciidoc-no-roff[] - -ifdef::git-asciidoc-no-roff[] ifdef::doctype-manpage[] # The following two small workarounds insert a simple paragraph after screen [listingblock] @@ -67,7 +49,6 @@ ifdef::doctype-manpage[] {title#}</para></formalpara> {title%}<simpara></simpara> endif::doctype-manpage[] -endif::git-asciidoc-no-roff[] endif::backend-docbook[] ifdef::doctype-manpage[] @@ -78,9 +59,9 @@ template::[header-declarations] <refmeta> <refentrytitle>{mantitle}</refentrytitle> <manvolnum>{manvolnum}</manvolnum> -<refmiscinfo class="source">Git</refmiscinfo> -<refmiscinfo class="version">{git_version}</refmiscinfo> -<refmiscinfo class="manual">Git Manual</refmiscinfo> +<refmiscinfo class="source">{mansource}</refmiscinfo> +<refmiscinfo class="version">{manversion}</refmiscinfo> +<refmiscinfo class="manual">{manmanual}</refmiscinfo> </refmeta> <refnamediv> <refname>{manname}</refname> diff --git a/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb b/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb index 0089e0cfb8..d906a00803 100644 --- a/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb +++ b/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb @@ -9,8 +9,11 @@ module Git named :chrome def process(parent, target, attrs) - if parent.document.basebackend? 'html' - prefix = parent.document.attr('git-relative-html-prefix') + prefix = parent.document.attr('git-relative-html-prefix') + if parent.document.doctype == 'book' + "<ulink url=\"#{prefix}#{target}.html\">" \ + "#{target}(#{attrs[1]})</ulink>" + elsif parent.document.basebackend? 'html' %(<a href="#{prefix}#{target}.html">#{target}(#{attrs[1]})</a>) elsif parent.document.basebackend? 'docbook' "<citerefentry>\n" \ @@ -20,9 +23,26 @@ module Git end end end + + class DocumentPostProcessor < Asciidoctor::Extensions::Postprocessor + def process document, output + if document.basebackend? 'docbook' + mansource = document.attributes['mansource'] + manversion = document.attributes['manversion'] + manmanual = document.attributes['manmanual'] + new_tags = "" \ + "<refmiscinfo class=\"source\">#{mansource}</refmiscinfo>\n" \ + "<refmiscinfo class=\"version\">#{manversion}</refmiscinfo>\n" \ + "<refmiscinfo class=\"manual\">#{manmanual}</refmiscinfo>\n" + output = output.sub(/<\/refmeta>/, new_tags + "</refmeta>") + end + output + end + end end end Asciidoctor::Extensions.register do inline_macro Git::Documentation::LinkGitProcessor, :linkgit + postprocessor Git::Documentation::DocumentPostProcessor end diff --git a/Documentation/blame-options.txt b/Documentation/blame-options.txt index dc41957afa..5d122db6e9 100644 --- a/Documentation/blame-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/blame-options.txt @@ -110,5 +110,24 @@ commit. And the default value is 40. If there are more than one `-C` options given, the <num> argument of the last `-C` will take effect. +--ignore-rev <rev>:: + Ignore changes made by the revision when assigning blame, as if the + change never happened. Lines that were changed or added by an ignored + commit will be blamed on the previous commit that changed that line or + nearby lines. This option may be specified multiple times to ignore + more than one revision. If the `blame.markIgnoredLines` config option + is set, then lines that were changed by an ignored commit and attributed to + another commit will be marked with a `?` in the blame output. If the + `blame.markUnblamableLines` config option is set, then those lines touched + by an ignored commit that we could not attribute to another revision are + marked with a '*'. + +--ignore-revs-file <file>:: + Ignore revisions listed in `file`, which must be in the same format as an + `fsck.skipList`. This option may be repeated, and these files will be + processed after any files specified with the `blame.ignoreRevsFile` config + option. An empty file name, `""`, will clear the list of revs from + previously processed files. + -h:: Show help message. diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt index 7e2a6f61f5..74009d5402 100644 --- a/Documentation/config.txt +++ b/Documentation/config.txt @@ -142,7 +142,21 @@ refer to linkgit:gitignore[5] for details. For convenience: `gitdir/i`:: This is the same as `gitdir` except that matching is done - case-insensitively (e.g. on case-insensitive file sytems) + case-insensitively (e.g. on case-insensitive file systems) + +`onbranch`:: + The data that follows the keyword `onbranch:` is taken to be a + pattern with standard globbing wildcards and two additional + ones, `**/` and `/**`, that can match multiple path components. + If we are in a worktree where the name of the branch that is + currently checked out matches the pattern, the include condition + is met. ++ +If the pattern ends with `/`, `**` will be automatically added. For +example, the pattern `foo/` becomes `foo/**`. In other words, it matches +all branches that begin with `foo/`. This is useful if your branches are +organized hierarchically and you would like to apply a configuration to +all the branches in that hierarchy. A few more notes on matching via `gitdir` and `gitdir/i`: @@ -164,47 +178,54 @@ to either specify only the realpath version, or both versions. Example ~~~~~~~ - # Core variables - [core] - ; Don't trust file modes - filemode = false - - # Our diff algorithm - [diff] - external = /usr/local/bin/diff-wrapper - renames = true - - [branch "devel"] - remote = origin - merge = refs/heads/devel - - # Proxy settings - [core] - gitProxy="ssh" for "kernel.org" - gitProxy=default-proxy ; for the rest - - [include] - path = /path/to/foo.inc ; include by absolute path - path = foo.inc ; find "foo.inc" relative to the current file - path = ~/foo.inc ; find "foo.inc" in your `$HOME` directory - - ; include if $GIT_DIR is /path/to/foo/.git - [includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/foo/.git"] - path = /path/to/foo.inc - - ; include for all repositories inside /path/to/group - [includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/group/"] - path = /path/to/foo.inc - - ; include for all repositories inside $HOME/to/group - [includeIf "gitdir:~/to/group/"] - path = /path/to/foo.inc - - ; relative paths are always relative to the including - ; file (if the condition is true); their location is not - ; affected by the condition - [includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/group/"] - path = foo.inc +---- +# Core variables +[core] + ; Don't trust file modes + filemode = false + +# Our diff algorithm +[diff] + external = /usr/local/bin/diff-wrapper + renames = true + +[branch "devel"] + remote = origin + merge = refs/heads/devel + +# Proxy settings +[core] + gitProxy="ssh" for "kernel.org" + gitProxy=default-proxy ; for the rest + +[include] + path = /path/to/foo.inc ; include by absolute path + path = foo.inc ; find "foo.inc" relative to the current file + path = ~/foo.inc ; find "foo.inc" in your `$HOME` directory + +; include if $GIT_DIR is /path/to/foo/.git +[includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/foo/.git"] + path = /path/to/foo.inc + +; include for all repositories inside /path/to/group +[includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/group/"] + path = /path/to/foo.inc + +; include for all repositories inside $HOME/to/group +[includeIf "gitdir:~/to/group/"] + path = /path/to/foo.inc + +; relative paths are always relative to the including +; file (if the condition is true); their location is not +; affected by the condition +[includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/group/"] + path = foo.inc + +; include only if we are in a worktree where foo-branch is +; currently checked out +[includeIf "onbranch:foo-branch"] + path = foo.inc +---- Values ~~~~~~ @@ -242,7 +263,9 @@ color:: + The basic colors accepted are `normal`, `black`, `red`, `green`, `yellow`, `blue`, `magenta`, `cyan` and `white`. The first color given is the -foreground; the second is the background. +foreground; the second is the background. All the basic colors except +`normal` have a bright variant that can be speficied by prefixing the +color with `bright`, like `brightred`. + Colors may also be given as numbers between 0 and 255; these use ANSI 256-color mode (but note that not all terminals may support this). If @@ -326,6 +349,8 @@ include::config/difftool.txt[] include::config/fastimport.txt[] +include::config/feature.txt[] + include::config/fetch.txt[] include::config/format.txt[] @@ -422,6 +447,8 @@ include::config/submodule.txt[] include::config/tag.txt[] +include::config/tar.txt[] + include::config/trace2.txt[] include::config/transfer.txt[] diff --git a/Documentation/config/add.txt b/Documentation/config/add.txt index 4d753f006e..c9f748f81c 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/add.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/add.txt @@ -5,3 +5,8 @@ add.ignore-errors (deprecated):: option of linkgit:git-add[1]. `add.ignore-errors` is deprecated, as it does not follow the usual naming convention for configuration variables. + +add.interactive.useBuiltin:: + [EXPERIMENTAL] Set to `true` to use the experimental built-in + implementation of the interactive version of linkgit:git-add[1] + instead of the Perl script version. Is `false` by default. diff --git a/Documentation/config/advice.txt b/Documentation/config/advice.txt index ec4f6ae658..bdd37c3eaa 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/advice.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/advice.txt @@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ advice.*:: can tell Git that you do not need help by setting these to 'false': + -- + fetchShowForcedUpdates:: + Advice shown when linkgit:git-fetch[1] takes a long time + to calculate forced updates after ref updates, or to warn + that the check is disabled. pushUpdateRejected:: Set this variable to 'false' if you want to disable 'pushNonFFCurrent', @@ -37,12 +41,19 @@ advice.*:: we can still suggest that the user push to either refs/heads/* or refs/tags/* based on the type of the source object. + statusAheadBehind:: + Shown when linkgit:git-status[1] computes the ahead/behind + counts for a local ref compared to its remote tracking ref, + and that calculation takes longer than expected. Will not + appear if `status.aheadBehind` is false or the option + `--no-ahead-behind` is given. statusHints:: Show directions on how to proceed from the current state in the output of linkgit:git-status[1], in the template shown when writing commit messages in linkgit:git-commit[1], and in the help message shown - by linkgit:git-checkout[1] when switching branch. + by linkgit:git-switch[1] or + linkgit:git-checkout[1] when switching branch. statusUoption:: Advise to consider using the `-u` option to linkgit:git-status[1] when the command takes more than 2 seconds to enumerate untracked @@ -57,17 +68,21 @@ advice.*:: resolveConflict:: Advice shown by various commands when conflicts prevent the operation from being performed. + sequencerInUse:: + Advice shown when a sequencer command is already in progress. implicitIdentity:: Advice on how to set your identity configuration when your information is guessed from the system username and domain name. detachedHead:: - Advice shown when you used linkgit:git-checkout[1] to - move to the detach HEAD state, to instruct how to create - a local branch after the fact. + Advice shown when you used + linkgit:git-switch[1] or linkgit:git-checkout[1] + to move to the detach HEAD state, to instruct how to + create a local branch after the fact. checkoutAmbiguousRemoteBranchName:: Advice shown when the argument to - linkgit:git-checkout[1] ambiguously resolves to a + linkgit:git-checkout[1] and linkgit:git-switch[1] + ambiguously resolves to a remote tracking branch on more than one remote in situations where an unambiguous argument would have otherwise caused a remote-tracking branch to be @@ -92,4 +107,13 @@ advice.*:: editor input from the user. nestedTag:: Advice shown if a user attempts to recursively tag a tag object. + submoduleAlternateErrorStrategyDie:: + Advice shown when a submodule.alternateErrorStrategy option + configured to "die" causes a fatal error. + addIgnoredFile:: + Advice shown if a user attempts to add an ignored file to + the index. + addEmptyPathspec:: + Advice shown if a user runs the add command without providing + the pathspec parameter. -- diff --git a/Documentation/config/alias.txt b/Documentation/config/alias.txt index 0b14178314..f1ca739d57 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/alias.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/alias.txt @@ -1,18 +1,28 @@ alias.*:: Command aliases for the linkgit:git[1] command wrapper - e.g. - after defining "alias.last = cat-file commit HEAD", the invocation - "git last" is equivalent to "git cat-file commit HEAD". To avoid + after defining `alias.last = cat-file commit HEAD`, the invocation + `git last` is equivalent to `git cat-file commit HEAD`. To avoid confusion and troubles with script usage, aliases that hide existing Git commands are ignored. Arguments are split by spaces, the usual shell quoting and escaping is supported. A quote pair or a backslash can be used to quote them. + +Note that the first word of an alias does not necessarily have to be a +command. It can be a command-line option that will be passed into the +invocation of `git`. In particular, this is useful when used with `-c` +to pass in one-time configurations or `-p` to force pagination. For example, +`loud-rebase = -c commit.verbose=true rebase` can be defined such that +running `git loud-rebase` would be equivalent to +`git -c commit.verbose=true rebase`. Also, `ps = -p status` would be a +helpful alias since `git ps` would paginate the output of `git status` +where the original command does not. ++ If the alias expansion is prefixed with an exclamation point, it will be treated as a shell command. For example, defining -"alias.new = !gitk --all --not ORIG_HEAD", the invocation -"git new" is equivalent to running the shell command -"gitk --all --not ORIG_HEAD". Note that shell commands will be +`alias.new = !gitk --all --not ORIG_HEAD`, the invocation +`git new` is equivalent to running the shell command +`gitk --all --not ORIG_HEAD`. Note that shell commands will be executed from the top-level directory of a repository, which may not necessarily be the current directory. -`GIT_PREFIX` is set as returned by running 'git rev-parse --show-prefix' +`GIT_PREFIX` is set as returned by running `git rev-parse --show-prefix` from the original current directory. See linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. diff --git a/Documentation/config/blame.txt b/Documentation/config/blame.txt index 67b5c1d1e0..9468e8599c 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/blame.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/blame.txt @@ -19,3 +19,19 @@ blame.showEmail:: blame.showRoot:: Do not treat root commits as boundaries in linkgit:git-blame[1]. This option defaults to false. + +blame.ignoreRevsFile:: + Ignore revisions listed in the file, one unabbreviated object name per + line, in linkgit:git-blame[1]. Whitespace and comments beginning with + `#` are ignored. This option may be repeated multiple times. Empty + file names will reset the list of ignored revisions. This option will + be handled before the command line option `--ignore-revs-file`. + +blame.markUnblamables:: + Mark lines that were changed by an ignored revision that we could not + attribute to another commit with a '*' in the output of + linkgit:git-blame[1]. + +blame.markIgnoredLines:: + Mark lines that were changed by an ignored revision that we attributed to + another commit with a '?' in the output of linkgit:git-blame[1]. diff --git a/Documentation/config/branch.txt b/Documentation/config/branch.txt index 8f4b3faadd..cc5f3249fc 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/branch.txt @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ branch.autoSetupMerge:: - Tells 'git branch' and 'git checkout' to set up new branches + Tells 'git branch', 'git switch' and 'git checkout' to set up new branches so that linkgit:git-pull[1] will appropriately merge from the starting point branch. Note that even if this option is not set, this behavior can be chosen per-branch using the `--track` @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ branch.autoSetupMerge:: branch. This option defaults to true. branch.autoSetupRebase:: - When a new branch is created with 'git branch' or 'git checkout' + When a new branch is created with 'git branch', 'git switch' or 'git checkout' that tracks another branch, this variable tells Git to set up pull to rebase instead of merge (see "branch.<name>.rebase"). When `never`, rebase is never automatically set to true. @@ -81,15 +81,16 @@ branch.<name>.rebase:: "git pull" is run. See "pull.rebase" for doing this in a non branch-specific manner. + -When `merges`, pass the `--rebase-merges` option to 'git rebase' +When `merges` (or just 'm'), pass the `--rebase-merges` option to 'git rebase' so that the local merge commits are included in the rebase (see linkgit:git-rebase[1] for details). + -When `preserve` (deprecated in favor of `merges`), also pass +When `preserve` (or just 'p', deprecated in favor of `merges`), also pass `--preserve-merges` along to 'git rebase' so that locally committed merge commits will not be flattened by running 'git pull'. + -When the value is `interactive`, the rebase is run in interactive mode. +When the value is `interactive` (or just 'i'), the rebase is run in interactive +mode. + *NOTE*: this is a possibly dangerous operation; do *not* use it unless you understand the implications (see linkgit:git-rebase[1] diff --git a/Documentation/config/checkout.txt b/Documentation/config/checkout.txt index c4118fa196..6b646813ab 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/checkout.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/checkout.txt @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ checkout.defaultRemote:: - When you run 'git checkout <something>' and only have one + When you run 'git checkout <something>' + or 'git switch <something>' and only have one remote, it may implicitly fall back on checking out and tracking e.g. 'origin/<something>'. This stops working as soon as you have more than one remote with a '<something>' @@ -8,16 +9,10 @@ checkout.defaultRemote:: disambiguation. The typical use-case is to set this to `origin`. + -Currently this is used by linkgit:git-checkout[1] when 'git checkout -<something>' will checkout the '<something>' branch on another remote, +Currently this is used by linkgit:git-switch[1] and +linkgit:git-checkout[1] when 'git checkout <something>' +or 'git switch <something>' +will checkout the '<something>' branch on another remote, and by linkgit:git-worktree[1] when 'git worktree add' refers to a remote branch. This setting might be used for other checkout-like commands or functionality in the future. - -checkout.optimizeNewBranch:: - Optimizes the performance of "git checkout -b <new_branch>" when - using sparse-checkout. When set to true, git will not update the - repo based on the current sparse-checkout settings. This means it - will not update the skip-worktree bit in the index nor add/remove - files in the working directory to reflect the current sparse checkout - settings nor will it show the local changes. diff --git a/Documentation/config/color.txt b/Documentation/config/color.txt index 8375596c44..d5daacb13a 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/color.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/color.txt @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ color.blame.highlightRecent:: + This setting should be set to a comma-separated list of color and date settings, starting and ending with a color, the dates should be set from oldest to newest. -The metadata will be colored given the colors if the the line was introduced +The metadata will be colored given the colors if the line was introduced before the given timestamp, overwriting older timestamped colors. + Instead of an absolute timestamp relative timestamps work as well, e.g. diff --git a/Documentation/config/core.txt b/Documentation/config/core.txt index 75538d27e7..74619a9c03 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/core.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/core.txt @@ -68,6 +68,17 @@ core.fsmonitor:: avoiding unnecessary processing of files that have not changed. See the "fsmonitor-watchman" section of linkgit:githooks[5]. +core.fsmonitorHookVersion:: + Sets the version of hook that is to be used when calling fsmonitor. + There are currently versions 1 and 2. When this is not set, + version 2 will be tried first and if it fails then version 1 + will be tried. Version 1 uses a timestamp as input to determine + which files have changes since that time but some monitors + like watchman have race conditions when used with a timestamp. + Version 2 uses an opaque string so that the monitor can return + something that can be used to determine what files have changed + without race conditions. + core.trustctime:: If false, the ctime differences between the index and the working tree are ignored; useful when the inode change time @@ -86,7 +97,9 @@ core.untrackedCache:: it will automatically be removed, if set to `false`. Before setting it to `true`, you should check that mtime is working properly on your system. - See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. `keep` by default. + See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. `keep` by default, unless + `feature.manyFiles` is enabled which sets this setting to + `true` by default. core.checkStat:: When missing or is set to `default`, many fields in the stat @@ -557,6 +570,12 @@ core.unsetenvvars:: Defaults to `PERL5LIB` to account for the fact that Git for Windows insists on using its own Perl interpreter. +core.restrictinheritedhandles:: + Windows-only: override whether spawned processes inherit only standard + file handles (`stdin`, `stdout` and `stderr`) or all handles. Can be + `auto`, `true` or `false`. Defaults to `auto`, which means `true` on + Windows 7 and later, and `false` on older Windows versions. + core.createObject:: You can set this to 'link', in which case a hardlink followed by a delete of the source are used to make sure that object creation @@ -577,7 +596,7 @@ the `GIT_NOTES_REF` environment variable. See linkgit:git-notes[1]. core.commitGraph:: If true, then git will read the commit-graph file (if it exists) - to parse the graph structure of commits. Defaults to false. See + to parse the graph structure of commits. Defaults to true. See linkgit:git-commit-graph[1] for more information. core.useReplaceRefs:: @@ -591,8 +610,14 @@ core.multiPackIndex:: multi-pack-index design document]. core.sparseCheckout:: - Enable "sparse checkout" feature. See section "Sparse checkout" in - linkgit:git-read-tree[1] for more information. + Enable "sparse checkout" feature. See linkgit:git-sparse-checkout[1] + for more information. + +core.sparseCheckoutCone:: + Enables the "cone mode" of the sparse checkout feature. When the + sparse-checkout file contains a limited set of patterns, then this + mode provides significant performance advantages. See + linkgit:git-sparse-checkout[1] for more information. core.abbrev:: Set the length object names are abbreviated to. If diff --git a/Documentation/config/diff.txt b/Documentation/config/diff.txt index 2c4c9ba27a..ff09f1cf73 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/diff.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/diff.txt @@ -78,7 +78,8 @@ diff.external:: diff.ignoreSubmodules:: Sets the default value of --ignore-submodules. Note that this affects only 'git diff' Porcelain, and not lower level 'diff' - commands such as 'git diff-files'. 'git checkout' also honors + commands such as 'git diff-files'. 'git checkout' + and 'git switch' also honor this setting when reporting uncommitted changes. Setting it to 'all' disables the submodule summary normally shown by 'git commit' and 'git status' when `status.submoduleSummary` is set unless it is @@ -188,7 +189,7 @@ diff.guitool:: include::../mergetools-diff.txt[] diff.indentHeuristic:: - Set this option to `true` to enable experimental heuristics + Set this option to `false` to disable the default heuristics that shift diff hunk boundaries to make patches easier to read. diff.algorithm:: diff --git a/Documentation/config/feature.txt b/Documentation/config/feature.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4e3a5c0ceb --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/config/feature.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +feature.*:: + The config settings that start with `feature.` modify the defaults of + a group of other config settings. These groups are created by the Git + developer community as recommended defaults and are subject to change. + In particular, new config options may be added with different defaults. + +feature.experimental:: + Enable config options that are new to Git, and are being considered for + future defaults. Config settings included here may be added or removed + with each release, including minor version updates. These settings may + have unintended interactions since they are so new. Please enable this + setting if you are interested in providing feedback on experimental + features. The new default values are: ++ +* `fetch.negotiationAlgorithm=skipping` may improve fetch negotiation times by +skipping more commits at a time, reducing the number of round trips. ++ +* `fetch.writeCommitGraph=true` writes a commit-graph after every `git fetch` +command that downloads a pack-file from a remote. Using the `--split` option, +most executions will create a very small commit-graph file on top of the +existing commit-graph file(s). Occasionally, these files will merge and the +write may take longer. Having an updated commit-graph file helps performance +of many Git commands, including `git merge-base`, `git push -f`, and +`git log --graph`. + +feature.manyFiles:: + Enable config options that optimize for repos with many files in the + working directory. With many files, commands such as `git status` and + `git checkout` may be slow and these new defaults improve performance: ++ +* `index.version=4` enables path-prefix compression in the index. ++ +* `core.untrackedCache=true` enables the untracked cache. This setting assumes +that mtime is working on your machine. diff --git a/Documentation/config/fetch.txt b/Documentation/config/fetch.txt index cbfad6cdbb..b1a9b1461d 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/fetch.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/fetch.txt @@ -1,11 +1,14 @@ fetch.recurseSubmodules:: - This option can be either set to a boolean value or to 'on-demand'. + This option controls whether `git fetch` (and the underlying fetch + in `git pull`) will recursively fetch into populated submodules. + This option can be set either to a boolean value or to 'on-demand'. Setting it to a boolean changes the behavior of fetch and pull to - unconditionally recurse into submodules when set to true or to not - recurse at all when set to false. When set to 'on-demand' (the default - value), fetch and pull will only recurse into a populated submodule - when its superproject retrieves a commit that updates the submodule's + recurse unconditionally into submodules when set to true or to not + recurse at all when set to false. When set to 'on-demand', fetch and + pull will only recurse into a populated submodule when its + superproject retrieves a commit that updates the submodule's reference. + Defaults to 'on-demand', or to the value of 'submodule.recurse' if set. fetch.fsckObjects:: If it is set to true, git-fetch-pack will check all fetched @@ -59,7 +62,33 @@ fetch.negotiationAlgorithm:: effort to converge faster, but may result in a larger-than-necessary packfile; The default is "default" which instructs Git to use the default algorithm that never skips commits (unless the server has acknowledged it or one - of its descendants). + of its descendants). If `feature.experimental` is enabled, then this + setting defaults to "skipping". Unknown values will cause 'git fetch' to error out. + See also the `--negotiation-tip` option for linkgit:git-fetch[1]. + +fetch.showForcedUpdates:: + Set to false to enable `--no-show-forced-updates` in + linkgit:git-fetch[1] and linkgit:git-pull[1] commands. + Defaults to true. + +fetch.parallel:: + Specifies the maximal number of fetch operations to be run in parallel + at a time (submodules, or remotes when the `--multiple` option of + linkgit:git-fetch[1] is in effect). ++ +A value of 0 will give some reasonable default. If unset, it defaults to 1. ++ +For submodules, this setting can be overridden using the `submodule.fetchJobs` +config setting. + +fetch.writeCommitGraph:: + Set to true to write a commit-graph after every `git fetch` command + that downloads a pack-file from a remote. Using the `--split` option, + most executions will create a very small commit-graph file on top of + the existing commit-graph file(s). Occasionally, these files will + merge and the write may take longer. Having an updated commit-graph + file helps performance of many Git commands, including `git merge-base`, + `git push -f`, and `git log --graph`. Defaults to false, unless + `feature.experimental` is true. diff --git a/Documentation/config/format.txt b/Documentation/config/format.txt index dc77941c48..564e8091ba 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/format.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/format.txt @@ -36,6 +36,12 @@ format.subjectPrefix:: The default for format-patch is to output files with the '[PATCH]' subject prefix. Use this variable to change that prefix. +format.coverFromDescription:: + The default mode for format-patch to determine which parts of + the cover letter will be populated using the branch's + description. See the `--cover-from-description` option in + linkgit:git-format-patch[1]. + format.signature:: The default for format-patch is to output a signature containing the Git version number. Use this variable to change that default. @@ -51,6 +57,11 @@ format.suffix:: `.patch`. Use this variable to change that suffix (make sure to include the dot if you want it). +format.encodeEmailHeaders:: + Encode email headers that have non-ASCII characters with + "Q-encoding" (described in RFC 2047) for email transmission. + Defaults to true. + format.pretty:: The default pretty format for log/show/whatchanged command, See linkgit:git-log[1], linkgit:git-show[1], @@ -77,11 +88,43 @@ format.coverLetter:: A boolean that controls whether to generate a cover-letter when format-patch is invoked, but in addition can be set to "auto", to generate a cover-letter only when there's more than one patch. + Default is false. format.outputDirectory:: Set a custom directory to store the resulting files instead of the - current working directory. + current working directory. All directory components will be created. format.useAutoBase:: A boolean value which lets you enable the `--base=auto` option of format-patch by default. + +format.notes:: + Provides the default value for the `--notes` option to + format-patch. Accepts a boolean value, or a ref which specifies + where to get notes. If false, format-patch defaults to + `--no-notes`. If true, format-patch defaults to `--notes`. If + set to a non-boolean value, format-patch defaults to + `--notes=<ref>`, where `ref` is the non-boolean value. Defaults + to false. ++ +If one wishes to use the ref `ref/notes/true`, please use that literal +instead. ++ +This configuration can be specified multiple times in order to allow +multiple notes refs to be included. In that case, it will behave +similarly to multiple `--[no-]notes[=]` options passed in. That is, a +value of `true` will show the default notes, a value of `<ref>` will +also show notes from that notes ref and a value of `false` will negate +previous configurations and not show notes. ++ +For example, ++ +------------ +[format] + notes = true + notes = foo + notes = false + notes = bar +------------ ++ +will only show notes from `refs/notes/bar`. diff --git a/Documentation/config/gc.txt b/Documentation/config/gc.txt index 02b92b18b5..00ea0a678e 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/gc.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/gc.txt @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ gc.writeCommitGraph:: If true, then gc will rewrite the commit-graph file when linkgit:git-gc[1] is run. When using `git gc --auto` the commit-graph will be updated if housekeeping is - required. Default is false. See linkgit:git-commit-graph[1] + required. Default is true. See linkgit:git-commit-graph[1] for details. gc.logExpiry:: diff --git a/Documentation/config/gpg.txt b/Documentation/config/gpg.txt index f999f8ea49..d94025cb36 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/gpg.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/gpg.txt @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ gpg.program:: Use this custom program instead of "`gpg`" found on `$PATH` when making or verifying a PGP signature. The program must support the same command-line interface as GPG, namely, to verify a detached - signature, "`gpg --verify $file - <$signature`" is run, and the + signature, "`gpg --verify $signature - <$file`" is run, and the program is expected to signal a good signature by exiting with code 0, and to generate an ASCII-armored detached signature, the standard input of "`gpg -bsau $key`" is fed with the contents to be @@ -18,3 +18,18 @@ gpg.<format>.program:: chose. (see `gpg.program` and `gpg.format`) `gpg.program` can still be used as a legacy synonym for `gpg.openpgp.program`. The default value for `gpg.x509.program` is "gpgsm". + +gpg.minTrustLevel:: + Specifies a minimum trust level for signature verification. If + this option is unset, then signature verification for merge + operations require a key with at least `marginal` trust. Other + operations that perform signature verification require a key + with at least `undefined` trust. Setting this option overrides + the required trust-level for all operations. Supported values, + in increasing order of significance: ++ +* `undefined` +* `never` +* `marginal` +* `fully` +* `ultimate` diff --git a/Documentation/config/http.txt b/Documentation/config/http.txt index 5a32f5b0a5..3968fbb697 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/http.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/http.txt @@ -29,6 +29,27 @@ http.proxyAuthMethod:: * `ntlm` - NTLM authentication (compare the --ntlm option of `curl(1)`) -- +http.proxySSLCert:: + The pathname of a file that stores a client certificate to use to authenticate + with an HTTPS proxy. Can be overridden by the `GIT_PROXY_SSL_CERT` environment + variable. + +http.proxySSLKey:: + The pathname of a file that stores a private key to use to authenticate with + an HTTPS proxy. Can be overridden by the `GIT_PROXY_SSL_KEY` environment + variable. + +http.proxySSLCertPasswordProtected:: + Enable Git's password prompt for the proxy SSL certificate. Otherwise OpenSSL + will prompt the user, possibly many times, if the certificate or private key + is encrypted. Can be overriden by the `GIT_PROXY_SSL_CERT_PASSWORD_PROTECTED` + environment variable. + +http.proxySSLCAInfo:: + Pathname to the file containing the certificate bundle that should be used to + verify the proxy with when using an HTTPS proxy. Can be overriden by the + `GIT_PROXY_SSL_CAINFO` environment variable. + http.emptyAuth:: Attempt authentication without seeking a username or password. This can be used to attempt GSS-Negotiate authentication without specifying @@ -71,7 +92,7 @@ http.saveCookies:: http.version:: Use the specified HTTP protocol version when communicating with a server. If you want to force the default. The available and default version depend - on libcurl. Actually the possible values of + on libcurl. Currently the possible values of this option are: - HTTP/2 @@ -84,7 +105,7 @@ http.sslVersion:: particular configuration of the crypto library in use. Internally this sets the 'CURLOPT_SSL_VERSION' option; see the libcurl documentation for more details on the format of this option and - for the ssl version supported. Actually the possible values of + for the ssl version supported. Currently the possible values of this option are: - sslv2 @@ -199,6 +220,14 @@ http.postBuffer:: Transfer-Encoding: chunked is used to avoid creating a massive pack file locally. Default is 1 MiB, which is sufficient for most requests. ++ +Note that raising this limit is only effective for disabling chunked +transfer encoding and therefore should be used only where the remote +server or a proxy only supports HTTP/1.0 or is noncompliant with the +HTTP standard. Raising this is not, in general, an effective solution +for most push problems, but can increase memory consumption +significantly since the entire buffer is allocated even for small +pushes. http.lowSpeedLimit, http.lowSpeedTime:: If the HTTP transfer speed is less than 'http.lowSpeedLimit' diff --git a/Documentation/config/index.txt b/Documentation/config/index.txt index f181503041..7cb50b37e9 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/index.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/index.txt @@ -24,3 +24,4 @@ index.threads:: index.version:: Specify the version with which new index files should be initialized. This does not affect existing repositories. + If `feature.manyFiles` is enabled, then the default is 4. diff --git a/Documentation/config/interactive.txt b/Documentation/config/interactive.txt index ad846dd7c9..a2d3c7ec44 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/interactive.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/interactive.txt @@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ interactive.singleKey:: In interactive commands, allow the user to provide one-letter input with a single key (i.e., without hitting enter). Currently this is used by the `--patch` mode of - linkgit:git-add[1], linkgit:git-checkout[1], linkgit:git-commit[1], + linkgit:git-add[1], linkgit:git-checkout[1], + linkgit:git-restore[1], linkgit:git-commit[1], linkgit:git-reset[1], and linkgit:git-stash[1]. Note that this setting is silently ignored if portable keystroke input is not available; requires the Perl module Term::ReadKey. diff --git a/Documentation/config/log.txt b/Documentation/config/log.txt index 78d9e4453a..e9e1e397f3 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/log.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/log.txt @@ -40,4 +40,5 @@ log.showSignature:: log.mailmap:: If true, makes linkgit:git-log[1], linkgit:git-show[1], and - linkgit:git-whatchanged[1] assume `--use-mailmap`. + linkgit:git-whatchanged[1] assume `--use-mailmap`, otherwise + assume `--no-use-mailmap`. True by default. diff --git a/Documentation/config/pack.txt b/Documentation/config/pack.txt index 9cdcfa7324..837f1b1679 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/pack.txt @@ -27,6 +27,13 @@ Note that changing the compression level will not automatically recompress all existing objects. You can force recompression by passing the -F option to linkgit:git-repack[1]. +pack.allowPackReuse:: + When true, and when reachability bitmaps are enabled, + pack-objects will try to send parts of the bitmapped packfile + verbatim. This can reduce memory and CPU usage to serve fetches, + but might result in sending a slightly larger pack. Defaults to + true. + pack.island:: An extended regular expression configuring a set of delta islands. See "DELTA ISLANDS" in linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] @@ -112,7 +119,8 @@ pack.useSparse:: objects. This can have significant performance benefits when computing a pack to send a small change. However, it is possible that extra objects are added to the pack-file if the included - commits contain certain types of direct renames. + commits contain certain types of direct renames. Default is + `true`. pack.writeBitmaps (deprecated):: This is a deprecated synonym for `repack.writeBitmaps`. diff --git a/Documentation/config/protocol.txt b/Documentation/config/protocol.txt index bfccc07491..756591d77b 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/protocol.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/protocol.txt @@ -45,11 +45,10 @@ The protocol names currently used by git are: -- protocol.version:: - Experimental. If set, clients will attempt to communicate with a - server using the specified protocol version. If unset, no - attempt will be made by the client to communicate using a - particular protocol version, this results in protocol version 0 - being used. + If set, clients will attempt to communicate with a server + using the specified protocol version. If the server does + not support it, communication falls back to version 0. + If unset, the default is `2`. Supported versions: + -- diff --git a/Documentation/config/pull.txt b/Documentation/config/pull.txt index b87cab31b3..5404830609 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/pull.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/pull.txt @@ -14,15 +14,16 @@ pull.rebase:: pull" is run. See "branch.<name>.rebase" for setting this on a per-branch basis. + -When `merges`, pass the `--rebase-merges` option to 'git rebase' +When `merges` (or just 'm'), pass the `--rebase-merges` option to 'git rebase' so that the local merge commits are included in the rebase (see linkgit:git-rebase[1] for details). + -When `preserve` (deprecated in favor of `merges`), also pass +When `preserve` (or just 'p', deprecated in favor of `merges`), also pass `--preserve-merges` along to 'git rebase' so that locally committed merge commits will not be flattened by running 'git pull'. + -When the value is `interactive`, the rebase is run in interactive mode. +When the value is `interactive` (or just 'i'), the rebase is run in interactive +mode. + *NOTE*: this is a possibly dangerous operation; do *not* use it unless you understand the implications (see linkgit:git-rebase[1] diff --git a/Documentation/config/push.txt b/Documentation/config/push.txt index 0a0e000569..f5e5b38c68 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/push.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/push.txt @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ push.default:: Defines the action `git push` should take if no refspec is - explicitly given. Different values are well-suited for + given (whether from the command-line, config, or elsewhere). + Different values are well-suited for specific workflows; for instance, in a purely central workflow (i.e. the fetch source is equal to the push destination), `upstream` is probably what you want. Possible values are: @@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ push.default:: -- * `nothing` - do not push anything (error out) unless a refspec is - explicitly given. This is primarily meant for people who want to + given. This is primarily meant for people who want to avoid mistakes by always being explicit. * `current` - push the current branch to update a branch with the same @@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ higher priority configuration file (e.g. `.git/config` in a repository) to clear the values inherited from a lower priority configuration files (e.g. `$HOME/.gitconfig`). + --- +---- Example: @@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ repo/.git/config This will result in only b (a and c are cleared). --- +---- push.recurseSubmodules:: Make sure all submodule commits used by the revisions to be pushed @@ -111,3 +112,5 @@ push.recurseSubmodules:: is 'no' then default behavior of ignoring submodules when pushing is retained. You may override this configuration at time of push by specifying '--recurse-submodules=check|on-demand|no'. + If not set, 'no' is used by default, unless 'submodule.recurse' is + set (in which case a 'true' value means 'on-demand'). diff --git a/Documentation/config/rebase.txt b/Documentation/config/rebase.txt index d98e32d812..7f7a07d22f 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/rebase.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/rebase.txt @@ -5,6 +5,12 @@ rebase.useBuiltin:: is always used. Setting this will emit a warning, to alert any remaining users that setting this now does nothing. +rebase.backend:: + Default backend to use for rebasing. Possible choices are + 'apply' or 'merge'. In the future, if the merge backend gains + all remaining capabilities of the apply backend, this setting + may become unused. + rebase.stat:: Whether to show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last rebase. False by default. diff --git a/Documentation/config/remote.txt b/Documentation/config/remote.txt index 6c4cad83a2..a8e6437a90 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/remote.txt @@ -76,3 +76,11 @@ remote.<name>.pruneTags:: + See also `remote.<name>.prune` and the PRUNING section of linkgit:git-fetch[1]. + +remote.<name>.promisor:: + When set to true, this remote will be used to fetch promisor + objects. + +remote.<name>.partialclonefilter:: + The filter that will be applied when fetching from this + promisor remote. diff --git a/Documentation/config/stash.txt b/Documentation/config/stash.txt index 7710758efb..00eb35434e 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/stash.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/stash.txt @@ -1,17 +1,9 @@ stash.useBuiltin:: - Set to `false` to use the legacy shell script implementation of - linkgit:git-stash[1]. Is `true` by default, which means use - the built-in rewrite of it in C. -+ -The C rewrite is first included with Git version 2.22 (and Git for Windows -version 2.19). This option serves an an escape hatch to re-enable the -legacy version in case any bugs are found in the rewrite. This option and -the shell script version of linkgit:git-stash[1] will be removed in some -future release. -+ -If you find some reason to set this option to `false`, other than -one-off testing, you should report the behavior difference as a bug in -Git (see https://git-scm.com/community for details). + Unused configuration variable. Used in Git versions 2.22 to + 2.26 as an escape hatch to enable the legacy shellscript + implementation of stash. Now the built-in rewrite of it in C + is always used. Setting this will emit a warning, to alert any + remaining users that setting this now does nothing. stash.showPatch:: If this is set to true, the `git stash show` command without an diff --git a/Documentation/config/status.txt b/Documentation/config/status.txt index ed72fa7dae..0fc704ab80 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/status.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/status.txt @@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ status.branch:: Set to true to enable --branch by default in linkgit:git-status[1]. The option --no-branch takes precedence over this variable. +status.aheadBehind:: + Set to true to enable `--ahead-behind` and false to enable + `--no-ahead-behind` by default in linkgit:git-status[1] for + non-porcelain status formats. Defaults to true. + status.displayCommentPrefix:: If set to true, linkgit:git-status[1] will insert a comment prefix before each output line (starting with diff --git a/Documentation/config/submodule.txt b/Documentation/config/submodule.txt index 0a1293b051..d7a63c8c12 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/submodule.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/submodule.txt @@ -59,9 +59,17 @@ submodule.active:: submodule.recurse:: Specifies if commands recurse into submodules by default. This - applies to all commands that have a `--recurse-submodules` option, - except `clone`. + applies to all commands that have a `--recurse-submodules` option + (`checkout`, `fetch`, `grep`, `pull`, `push`, `read-tree`, `reset`, + `restore` and `switch`) except `clone` and `ls-files`. Defaults to false. + When set to true, it can be deactivated via the + `--no-recurse-submodules` option. Note that some Git commands + lacking this option may call some of the above commands affected by + `submodule.recurse`; for instance `git remote update` will call + `git fetch` but does not have a `--no-recurse-submodules` option. + For these commands a workaround is to temporarily change the + configuration value by using `git -c submodule.recurse=0`. submodule.fetchJobs:: Specifies how many submodules are fetched/cloned at the same time. @@ -79,4 +87,6 @@ submodule.alternateLocation:: submodule.alternateErrorStrategy:: Specifies how to treat errors with the alternates for a submodule as computed via `submodule.alternateLocation`. Possible values are - `ignore`, `info`, `die`. Default is `die`. + `ignore`, `info`, `die`. Default is `die`. Note that if set to `ignore` + or `info`, and if there is an error with the computed alternate, the + clone proceeds as if no alternate was specified. diff --git a/Documentation/config/tag.txt b/Documentation/config/tag.txt index 663663bdec..5062a057ff 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/tag.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/tag.txt @@ -8,9 +8,10 @@ tag.sort:: linkgit:git-tag[1]. Without the "--sort=<value>" option provided, the value of this variable will be used as the default. -tar.umask:: - This variable can be used to restrict the permission bits of - tar archive entries. The default is 0002, which turns off the - world write bit. The special value "user" indicates that the - archiving user's umask will be used instead. See umask(2) and - linkgit:git-archive[1]. +tag.gpgSign:: + A boolean to specify whether all tags should be GPG signed. + Use of this option when running in an automated script can + result in a large number of tags being signed. It is therefore + convenient to use an agent to avoid typing your gpg passphrase + several times. Note that this option doesn't affect tag signing + behavior enabled by "-u <keyid>" or "--local-user=<keyid>" options. diff --git a/Documentation/config/tar.txt b/Documentation/config/tar.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..de8ff48ea9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/config/tar.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +tar.umask:: + This variable can be used to restrict the permission bits of + tar archive entries. The default is 0002, which turns off the + world write bit. The special value "user" indicates that the + archiving user's umask will be used instead. See umask(2) and + linkgit:git-archive[1]. diff --git a/Documentation/config/trace2.txt b/Documentation/config/trace2.txt index 2edbfb02fe..01d3afd8a8 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/trace2.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/trace2.txt @@ -48,9 +48,24 @@ trace2.configParams:: May be overridden by the `GIT_TRACE2_CONFIG_PARAMS` environment variable. Unset by default. +trace2.envVars:: + A comma-separated list of "important" environment variables that should + be recorded in the trace2 output. For example, + `GIT_HTTP_USER_AGENT,GIT_CONFIG` would cause the trace2 output to + contain events listing the overrides for HTTP user agent and the + location of the Git configuration file (assuming any are set). May be + overriden by the `GIT_TRACE2_ENV_VARS` environment variable. Unset by + default. + trace2.destinationDebug:: Boolean. When true Git will print error messages when a trace target destination cannot be opened for writing. By default, these errors are suppressed and tracing is silently disabled. May be overridden by the `GIT_TRACE2_DST_DEBUG` environment variable. + +trace2.maxFiles:: + Integer. When writing trace files to a target directory, do not + write additional traces if we would exceed this many files. Instead, + write a sentinel file that will block further tracing to this + directory. Defaults to 0, which disables this check. diff --git a/Documentation/config/transfer.txt b/Documentation/config/transfer.txt index 4a5dfe2fc1..f5b6245270 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/transfer.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/transfer.txt @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ linkgit:git-receive-pack[1]. On the fetch side, malformed objects will instead be left unreferenced in the repository. + Due to the non-quarantine nature of the `fetch.fsckObjects` -implementation it can not be relied upon to leave the object store +implementation it cannot be relied upon to leave the object store clean like `receive.fsckObjects` can. + As objects are unpacked they're written to the object store, so there diff --git a/Documentation/config/user.txt b/Documentation/config/user.txt index 0557cbbceb..59aec7c3ae 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/user.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/user.txt @@ -13,7 +13,12 @@ committer.email:: Also, all of these can be overridden by the `GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`, `GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`, `GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`, `GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL` and `EMAIL` environment variables. - See linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] for more information. ++ +Note that the `name` forms of these variables conventionally refer to +some form of a personal name. See linkgit:git-commit[1] and the +environment variables section of linkgit:git[1] for more information on +these settings and the `credential.username` option if you're looking +for authentication credentials instead. user.useConfigOnly:: Instruct Git to avoid trying to guess defaults for `user.email` diff --git a/Documentation/diff-format.txt b/Documentation/diff-format.txt index 4d846d7346..fbbd410a84 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-format.txt @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Possible status letters are: - R: renaming of a file - T: change in the type of the file - U: file is unmerged (you must complete the merge before it can -be committed) + be committed) - X: "unknown" change type (most probably a bug, please report it) Status letters C and R are always followed by a score (denoting the diff --git a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt index f10ca410ad..e8ed6470fb 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt @@ -1,11 +1,15 @@ -Generating patches with -p --------------------------- - -When "git-diff-index", "git-diff-tree", or "git-diff-files" are run -with a `-p` option, "git diff" without the `--raw` option, or -"git log" with the "-p" option, they -do not produce the output described above; instead they produce a -patch file. You can customize the creation of such patches via the +Generating patch text with -p +----------------------------- + +Running +linkgit:git-diff[1], +linkgit:git-log[1], +linkgit:git-show[1], +linkgit:git-diff-index[1], +linkgit:git-diff-tree[1], or +linkgit:git-diff-files[1] +with the `-p` option produces patch text. +You can customize the creation of patch text via the `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` and the `GIT_DIFF_OPTS` environment variables. What the -p option produces is slightly different from the traditional @@ -49,7 +53,7 @@ similarity index value of 100% is thus reserved for two equal files, while 100% dissimilarity means that no line from the old file made it into the new one. + -The index line includes the SHA-1 checksum before and after the change. +The index line includes the blob object names before and after the change. The <mode> is included if the file mode does not change; otherwise, separate lines indicate the old and the new mode. @@ -70,7 +74,7 @@ separate lines indicate the old and the new mode. rename to a -combined diff format +Combined diff format -------------------- Any diff-generating command can take the `-c` or `--cc` option to @@ -80,7 +84,7 @@ linkgit:git-show[1]. Note also that you can give the `-m` option to any of these commands to force generation of diffs with individual parents of a merge. -A 'combined diff' format looks like this: +A "combined diff" format looks like this: ------------ diff --combined describe.c @@ -113,11 +117,11 @@ index fabadb8,cc95eb0..4866510 ------------ 1. It is preceded with a "git diff" header, that looks like - this (when `-c` option is used): + this (when the `-c` option is used): diff --combined file + -or like this (when `--cc` option is used): +or like this (when the `--cc` option is used): diff --cc file @@ -160,7 +164,7 @@ parents. 4. Chunk header format is modified to prevent people from accidentally feeding it to `patch -p1`. Combined diff format was created for review of merge commit changes, and was not - meant for apply. The change is similar to the change in the + meant to be applied. The change is similar to the change in the extended 'index' header: @@@ <from-file-range> <from-file-range> <to-file-range> @@@ diff --git a/Documentation/diff-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-options.txt index 09faee3b44..bb31f0c42b 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-options.txt @@ -567,13 +567,13 @@ To illustrate the difference between `-S<regex> --pickaxe-regex` and file: + ---- -+ return !regexec(regexp, two->ptr, 1, ®match, 0); ++ return frotz(nitfol, two->ptr, 1, 0); ... -- hit = !regexec(regexp, mf2.ptr, 1, ®match, 0); +- hit = frotz(nitfol, mf2.ptr, 1, 0); ---- + -While `git log -G"regexec\(regexp"` will show this commit, `git log --S"regexec\(regexp" --pickaxe-regex` will not (because the number of +While `git log -G"frotz\(nitfol"` will show this commit, `git log +-S"frotz\(nitfol" --pickaxe-regex` will not (because the number of occurrences of that string did not change). + Unless `--text` is supplied patches of binary files without a textconv diff --git a/Documentation/doc-diff b/Documentation/doc-diff index 3355be4798..1694300e50 100755 --- a/Documentation/doc-diff +++ b/Documentation/doc-diff @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ asciidoc use asciidoc with both commits to-asciidoc use asciidoc with the 'to'-commit to-asciidoctor use asciidoctor with the 'to'-commit asciidoctor use asciidoctor with both commits -cut-header-footer cut away header and footer +cut-footer cut away footer " SUBDIRECTORY_OK=1 . "$(git --exec-path)/git-sh-setup" @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ force= clean= from_program= to_program= -cut_header_footer= +cut_footer= while test $# -gt 0 do case "$1" in @@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ do --asciidoc) from_program=-asciidoc to_program=-asciidoc ;; - --cut-header-footer) - cut_header_footer=-cut-header-footer ;; + --cut-footer) + cut_footer=-cut-footer ;; --) shift; break ;; *) @@ -118,8 +118,8 @@ construct_makemanflags () { from_makemanflags=$(construct_makemanflags "$from_program") && to_makemanflags=$(construct_makemanflags "$to_program") && -from_dir=$from_oid$from_program$cut_header_footer && -to_dir=$to_oid$to_program$cut_header_footer && +from_dir=$from_oid$from_program$cut_footer && +to_dir=$to_oid$to_program$cut_footer && # generate_render_makefile <srcdir> <dstdir> generate_render_makefile () { @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ generate_render_makefile () { while read src do dst=$2/${src#$1/} - printf 'all:: %s\n' "$dst" + printf 'all: %s\n' "$dst" printf '%s: %s\n' "$dst" "$src" printf '\t@echo >&2 " RENDER $(notdir $@)" && \\\n' printf '\tmkdir -p $(dir $@) && \\\n' @@ -169,12 +169,11 @@ render_tree () { make -j$parallel -f - && mv "$tmp/rendered/$dname+" "$tmp/rendered/$dname" - if test "$cut_header_footer" = "-cut-header-footer" + if test "$cut_footer" = "-cut-footer" then for f in $(find "$tmp/rendered/$dname" -type f) do - tail -n +3 "$f" | head -n -2 | - sed -e '1{/^$/d}' -e '${/^$/d}' >"$f+" && + head -n -2 "$f" | sed -e '${/^$/d}' >"$f+" && mv "$f+" "$f" || return 1 done diff --git a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt index 91c47752ec..6e2a160a47 100644 --- a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt @@ -61,10 +61,8 @@ this option multiple times, one for each matching ref name. See also the `fetch.negotiationAlgorithm` configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. -ifndef::git-pull[] --dry-run:: Show what would be done, without making any changes. -endif::git-pull[] -f:: --force:: @@ -88,6 +86,15 @@ ifndef::git-pull[] Allow several <repository> and <group> arguments to be specified. No <refspec>s may be specified. +--[no-]auto-gc:: + Run `git gc --auto` at the end to perform garbage collection + if needed. This is enabled by default. + +--[no-]write-commit-graph:: + Write a commit-graph after fetching. This overrides the config + setting `fetch.writeCommitGraph`. +endif::git-pull[] + -p:: --prune:: Before fetching, remove any remote-tracking references that no @@ -99,6 +106,7 @@ ifndef::git-pull[] was cloned with the --mirror option), then they are also subject to pruning. Supplying `--prune-tags` is a shorthand for providing the tag refspec. +ifndef::git-pull[] + See the PRUNING section below for more details. @@ -125,13 +133,15 @@ endif::git-pull[] behavior for a remote may be specified with the remote.<name>.tagOpt setting. See linkgit:git-config[1]. -ifndef::git-pull[] --refmap=<refspec>:: When fetching refs listed on the command line, use the specified refspec (can be given more than once) to map the refs to remote-tracking branches, instead of the values of `remote.*.fetch` configuration variables for the remote - repository. See section on "Configured Remote-tracking + repository. Providing an empty `<refspec>` to the + `--refmap` option causes Git to ignore the configured + refspecs and rely entirely on the refspecs supplied as + command-line arguments. See section on "Configured Remote-tracking Branches" for details. -t:: @@ -143,6 +153,7 @@ ifndef::git-pull[] is used (though tags may be pruned anyway if they are also the destination of an explicit refspec; see `--prune`). +ifndef::git-pull[] --recurse-submodules[=yes|on-demand|no]:: This option controls if and under what conditions new commits of populated submodules should be fetched too. It can be used as a @@ -152,19 +163,36 @@ ifndef::git-pull[] value. Use 'on-demand' to only recurse into a populated submodule when the superproject retrieves a commit that updates the submodule's reference to a commit that isn't already in the local submodule - clone. + clone. By default, 'on-demand' is used, unless + `fetch.recurseSubmodules` is set (see linkgit:git-config[1]). +endif::git-pull[] -j:: --jobs=<n>:: - Number of parallel children to be used for fetching submodules. - Each will fetch from different submodules, such that fetching many - submodules will be faster. By default submodules will be fetched - one at a time. + Number of parallel children to be used for all forms of fetching. ++ +If the `--multiple` option was specified, the different remotes will be fetched +in parallel. If multiple submodules are fetched, they will be fetched in +parallel. To control them independently, use the config settings +`fetch.parallel` and `submodule.fetchJobs` (see linkgit:git-config[1]). ++ +Typically, parallel recursive and multi-remote fetches will be faster. By +default fetches are performed sequentially, not in parallel. +ifndef::git-pull[] --no-recurse-submodules:: Disable recursive fetching of submodules (this has the same effect as using the `--recurse-submodules=no` option). +endif::git-pull[] +--set-upstream:: + If the remote is fetched successfully, pull and add upstream + (tracking) reference, used by argument-less + linkgit:git-pull[1] and other commands. For more information, + see `branch.<name>.merge` and `branch.<name>.remote` in + linkgit:git-config[1]. + +ifndef::git-pull[] --submodule-prefix=<path>:: Prepend <path> to paths printed in informative messages such as "Fetching submodule foo". This option is used @@ -177,7 +205,6 @@ ifndef::git-pull[] recursion (such as settings in linkgit:gitmodules[5] and linkgit:git-config[1]) override this option, as does specifying --[no-]recurse-submodules directly. -endif::git-pull[] -u:: --update-head-ok:: @@ -187,6 +214,7 @@ endif::git-pull[] to communicate with 'git fetch', and unless you are implementing your own Porcelain you are not supposed to use it. +endif::git-pull[] --upload-pack <upload-pack>:: When given, and the repository to fetch from is handled @@ -221,6 +249,19 @@ endif::git-pull[] When multiple `--server-option=<option>` are given, they are all sent to the other side in the order listed on the command line. +--show-forced-updates:: + By default, git checks if a branch is force-updated during + fetch. This can be disabled through fetch.showForcedUpdates, but + the --show-forced-updates option guarantees this check occurs. + See linkgit:git-config[1]. + +--no-show-forced-updates:: + By default, git checks if a branch is force-updated during + fetch. Pass --no-show-forced-updates or set fetch.showForcedUpdates + to false to skip this check for performance reasons. If used during + 'git-pull' the --ff-only option will still check for forced updates + before attempting a fast-forward update. See linkgit:git-config[1]. + -4:: --ipv4:: Use IPv4 addresses only, ignoring IPv6 addresses. diff --git a/Documentation/git-add.txt b/Documentation/git-add.txt index 8b0e4c7fa8..be5e3ac54b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-add.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-add.txt @@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git add' [--verbose | -v] [--dry-run | -n] [--force | -f] [--interactive | -i] [--patch | -p] [--edit | -e] [--[no-]all | --[no-]ignore-removal | [--update | -u]] [--intent-to-add | -N] [--refresh] [--ignore-errors] [--ignore-missing] [--renormalize] - [--chmod=(+|-)x] [--] [<pathspec>...] + [--chmod=(+|-)x] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]] + [--] [<pathspec>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -187,6 +188,19 @@ for "git add --no-all <pathspec>...", i.e. ignored removed files. bit is only changed in the index, the files on disk are left unchanged. +--pathspec-from-file=<file>:: + Pathspec is passed in `<file>` instead of commandline args. If + `<file>` is exactly `-` then standard input is used. Pathspec + elements are separated by LF or CR/LF. Pathspec elements can be + quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` + (see linkgit:git-config[1]). See also `--pathspec-file-nul` and + global `--literal-pathspecs`. + +--pathspec-file-nul:: + Only meaningful with `--pathspec-from-file`. Pathspec elements are + separated with NUL character and all other characters are taken + literally (including newlines and quotes). + \--:: This option can be used to separate command-line options from the list of files, (useful when filenames might be mistaken diff --git a/Documentation/git-am.txt b/Documentation/git-am.txt index fc3b993c33..38c0852139 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-am.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-am.txt @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [--exclude=<path>] [--include=<path>] [--reject] [-q | --quiet] [--[no-]scissors] [-S[<keyid>]] [--patch-format=<format>] [(<mbox> | <Maildir>)...] -'git am' (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --show-current-patch) +'git am' (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --show-current-patch[=(diff|raw)]) DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -148,9 +148,12 @@ default. You can use `--no-utf8` to override this. -S[<keyid>]:: --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: +--no-gpg-sign:: GPG-sign commits. The `keyid` argument is optional and defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be - stuck to the option without a space. + stuck to the option without a space. `--no-gpg-sign` is useful to + countermand both `commit.gpgSign` configuration variable, and + earlier `--gpg-sign`. --continue:: -r:: @@ -176,9 +179,11 @@ default. You can use `--no-utf8` to override this. Abort the patching operation but keep HEAD and the index untouched. ---show-current-patch:: - Show the patch being applied when "git am" is stopped because - of conflicts. +--show-current-patch[=(diff|raw)]:: + Show the message at which `git am` has stopped due to + conflicts. If `raw` is specified, show the raw contents of + the e-mail message; if `diff`, show the diff portion only. + Defaults to `raw`. DISCUSSION ---------- @@ -190,8 +195,8 @@ the commit, after stripping common prefix "[PATCH <anything>]". The "Subject: " line is supposed to concisely describe what the commit is about in one line of text. -"From: " and "Subject: " lines starting the body override the respective -commit author name and title values taken from the headers. +"From: ", "Date: ", and "Subject: " lines starting the body override the +respective commit author name and title values taken from the headers. The commit message is formed by the title taken from the "Subject: ", a blank line and the body of the message up to diff --git a/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt b/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt index e99925184d..3ba49e85b7 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt @@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ Test suites are very nice. But when they are used alone, they are supposed to be used so that all the tests are checked after each commit. This means that they are not very efficient, because many tests are run for no interesting result, and they suffer from -combinational explosion. +combinatorial explosion. In fact the problem is that big software often has many different configuration options and that each test case should pass for each @@ -1350,9 +1350,9 @@ References - [[[1]]] https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/director/planning/report02-3.pdf['The Economic Impacts of Inadequate Infratructure for Software Testing'. Nist Planning Report 02-3], see Executive Summary and Chapter 8. - [[[2]]] http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/codeconvtoc-136057.html['Code Conventions for the Java Programming Language'. Sun Microsystems.] - [[[3]]] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenance['Software maintenance'. Wikipedia.] -- [[[4]]] https://public-inbox.org/git/7vps5xsbwp.fsf_-_@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net/[Junio C Hamano. 'Automated bisect success story'.] +- [[[4]]] https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vps5xsbwp.fsf_-_@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net/[Junio C Hamano. 'Automated bisect success story'.] - [[[5]]] https://lwn.net/Articles/317154/[Christian Couder. 'Fully automated bisecting with "git bisect run"'. LWN.net.] - [[[6]]] https://lwn.net/Articles/277872/[Jonathan Corbet. 'Bisection divides users and developers'. LWN.net.] -- [[[7]]] http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=119702753411680&w=2[Ingo Molnar. 'Re: BUG 2.6.23-rc3 can't see sd partitions on Alpha'. Linux-kernel mailing list.] +- [[[7]]] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20071207113734.GA14598@elte.hu/[Ingo Molnar. 'Re: BUG 2.6.23-rc3 can't see sd partitions on Alpha'. Linux-kernel mailing list.] - [[[8]]] https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-bisect.html[Junio C Hamano and the git-list. 'git-bisect(1) Manual Page'. Linux Kernel Archives.] - [[[9]]] https://github.com/Ealdwulf/bbchop[Ealdwulf. 'bbchop'. GitHub.] diff --git a/Documentation/git-bisect.txt b/Documentation/git-bisect.txt index 4b45d837a7..7586c5a843 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-bisect.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-bisect.txt @@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ $ cat ~/test.sh # tweak the working tree by merging the hot-fix branch # and then attempt a build -if git merge --no-commit hot-fix && +if git merge --no-commit --no-ff hot-fix && make then # run project specific test and report its status diff --git a/Documentation/git-blame.txt b/Documentation/git-blame.txt index 16323eb80e..7e81541996 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-blame.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-blame.txt @@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [verse] 'git blame' [-c] [-b] [-l] [--root] [-t] [-f] [-n] [-s] [-e] [-p] [-w] [--incremental] [-L <range>] [-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>] + [--ignore-rev <rev>] [--ignore-revs-file <file>] [--progress] [--abbrev=<n>] [<rev> | --contents <file> | --reverse <rev>..<rev>] [--] <file> diff --git a/Documentation/git-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-branch.txt index 6ebd512b4f..135206ff4a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-branch.txt @@ -8,12 +8,14 @@ git-branch - List, create, or delete branches SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git branch' [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [-r | -a] - [--list] [--show-current] [-v [--abbrev=<length> | --no-abbrev]] +'git branch' [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--show-current] + [-v [--abbrev=<length> | --no-abbrev]] [--column[=<options>] | --no-column] [--sort=<key>] [(--merged | --no-merged) [<commit>]] [--contains [<commit]] [--no-contains [<commit>]] - [--points-at <object>] [--format=<format>] [<pattern>...] + [--points-at <object>] [--format=<format>] + [(-r | --remotes) | (-a | --all)] + [--list] [<pattern>...] 'git branch' [--track | --no-track] [-f] <branchname> [<start-point>] 'git branch' (--set-upstream-to=<upstream> | -u <upstream>) [<branchname>] 'git branch' --unset-upstream [<branchname>] @@ -26,13 +28,19 @@ DESCRIPTION ----------- If `--list` is given, or if there are no non-option arguments, existing -branches are listed; the current branch will be highlighted with an -asterisk. Option `-r` causes the remote-tracking branches to be listed, -and option `-a` shows both local and remote branches. If a `<pattern>` +branches are listed; the current branch will be highlighted in green and +marked with an asterisk. Any branches checked out in linked worktrees will +be highlighted in cyan and marked with a plus sign. Option `-r` causes the +remote-tracking branches to be listed, +and option `-a` shows both local and remote branches. + +If a `<pattern>` is given, it is used as a shell wildcard to restrict the output to matching branches. If multiple patterns are given, a branch is shown if -it matches any of the patterns. Note that when providing a -`<pattern>`, you must use `--list`; otherwise the command is interpreted +it matches any of the patterns. + +Note that when providing a +`<pattern>`, you must use `--list`; otherwise the command may be interpreted as branch creation. With `--contains`, shows only the branches that contain the named commit @@ -52,7 +60,7 @@ can leave out at most one of `A` and `B`, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`. Note that this will create the new branch, but it will not switch the -working tree to it; use "git checkout <newbranch>" to switch to the +working tree to it; use "git switch <newbranch>" to switch to the new branch. When a local branch is started off a remote-tracking branch, Git sets up the @@ -153,10 +161,12 @@ This option is only applicable in non-verbose mode. -r:: --remotes:: List or delete (if used with -d) the remote-tracking branches. + Combine with `--list` to match the optional pattern(s). -a:: --all:: List both remote-tracking branches and local branches. + Combine with `--list` to match optional pattern(s). -l:: --list:: @@ -174,8 +184,10 @@ This option is only applicable in non-verbose mode. When in list mode, show sha1 and commit subject line for each head, along with relationship to upstream branch (if any). If given twice, print - the name of the upstream branch, as well (see also `git remote - show <remote>`). + the path of the linked worktree (if any) and the name of the upstream + branch, as well (see also `git remote show <remote>`). Note that the + current worktree's HEAD will not have its path printed (it will always + be your current directory). -q:: --quiet:: @@ -202,7 +214,7 @@ This option is only applicable in non-verbose mode. + This behavior is the default when the start point is a remote-tracking branch. Set the branch.autoSetupMerge configuration variable to `false` if you -want `git checkout` and `git branch` to always behave as if `--no-track` +want `git switch`, `git checkout` and `git branch` to always behave as if `--no-track` were given. Set it to `always` if you want this behavior when the start-point is either a local or remote-tracking branch. @@ -301,7 +313,7 @@ Start development from a known tag:: $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../linux-2.6 my2.6 $ cd my2.6 $ git branch my2.6.14 v2.6.14 <1> -$ git checkout my2.6.14 +$ git switch my2.6.14 ------------ + <1> This step and the next one could be combined into a single step with @@ -322,13 +334,25 @@ $ git branch -D test <2> <2> Delete the "test" branch even if the "master" branch (or whichever branch is currently checked out) does not have all commits from the test branch. +Listing branches from a specific remote:: ++ +------------ +$ git branch -r -l '<remote>/<pattern>' <1> +$ git for-each-ref 'refs/remotes/<remote>/<pattern>' <2> +------------ ++ +<1> Using `-a` would conflate <remote> with any local branches you happen to + have been prefixed with the same <remote> pattern. +<2> `for-each-ref` can take a wide range of options. See linkgit:git-for-each-ref[1] + +Patterns will normally need quoting. NOTES ----- -If you are creating a branch that you want to checkout immediately, it is -easier to use the git checkout command with its `-b` option to create -a branch and check it out with a single command. +If you are creating a branch that you want to switch to immediately, +it is easier to use the "git switch" command with its `-c` option to +do the same thing with a single command. The options `--contains`, `--no-contains`, `--merged` and `--no-merged` serve four related but different purposes: diff --git a/Documentation/git-bundle.txt b/Documentation/git-bundle.txt index 7d6c9dcd17..d34b0964be 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-bundle.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-bundle.txt @@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ git-bundle - Move objects and refs by archive SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git bundle' create <file> <git-rev-list-args> -'git bundle' verify <file> +'git bundle' create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-progress-implied] <file> <git-rev-list-args> +'git bundle' verify [-q | --quiet] <file> 'git bundle' list-heads <file> [<refname>...] 'git bundle' unbundle <file> [<refname>...] @@ -20,11 +20,14 @@ DESCRIPTION Some workflows require that one or more branches of development on one machine be replicated on another machine, but the two machines cannot be directly connected, and therefore the interactive Git protocols (git, -ssh, http) cannot be used. This command provides support for -'git fetch' and 'git pull' to operate by packaging objects and references -in an archive at the originating machine, then importing those into -another repository using 'git fetch' and 'git pull' -after moving the archive by some means (e.g., by sneakernet). As no +ssh, http) cannot be used. + +The 'git bundle' command packages objects and references in an archive +at the originating machine, which can then be imported into another +repository using 'git fetch', 'git pull', or 'git clone', +after moving the archive by some means (e.g., by sneakernet). + +As no direct connection between the repositories exists, the user must specify a basis for the bundle that is held by the destination repository: the bundle assumes that all objects in the basis are already in the @@ -33,9 +36,11 @@ destination repository. OPTIONS ------- -create <file>:: +create [options] <file> <git-rev-list-args>:: Used to create a bundle named 'file'. This requires the - 'git-rev-list-args' arguments to define the bundle contents. + '<git-rev-list-args>' arguments to define the bundle contents. + 'options' contains the options specific to the 'git bundle create' + subcommand. verify <file>:: Used to check that a bundle file is valid and will apply @@ -75,6 +80,33 @@ unbundle <file>:: necessarily everything in the pack (in this case, 'git bundle' acts like 'git fetch-pack'). +--progress:: + Progress status is reported on the standard error stream + by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q + is specified. This flag forces progress status even if + the standard error stream is not directed to a terminal. + +--all-progress:: + When --stdout is specified then progress report is + displayed during the object count and compression phases + but inhibited during the write-out phase. The reason is + that in some cases the output stream is directly linked + to another command which may wish to display progress + status of its own as it processes incoming pack data. + This flag is like --progress except that it forces progress + report for the write-out phase as well even if --stdout is + used. + +--all-progress-implied:: + This is used to imply --all-progress whenever progress display + is activated. Unlike --all-progress this flag doesn't actually + force any progress display by itself. + +-q:: +--quiet:: + This flag makes the command not to report its progress + on the standard error stream. + SPECIFYING REFERENCES --------------------- @@ -92,6 +124,14 @@ It is okay to err on the side of caution, causing the bundle file to contain objects already in the destination, as these are ignored when unpacking at the destination. +`git clone` can use any bundle created without negative refspecs +(e.g., `new`, but not `old..new`). +If you want to match `git clone --mirror`, which would include your +refs such as `refs/remotes/*`, use `--all`. +If you want to provide the same set of refs that a clone directly +from the source repository would get, use `--branches --tags` for +the `<git-rev-list-args>`. + EXAMPLES -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt b/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt index 3c0578217b..84f41a8e82 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ OPTIONS instead of from the command-line. -z:: - The output format is modified to be machine-parseable. + The output format is modified to be machine-parsable. If `--stdin` is also given, input paths are separated with a NUL character instead of a linefeed character. diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt b/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt index 8b42cb3fb2..0c3924a63d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt @@ -30,16 +30,22 @@ OPTIONS valid with a single pathname. -v, --verbose:: - Also output details about the matching pattern (if any) - for each given pathname. For precedence rules within and - between exclude sources, see linkgit:gitignore[5]. + Instead of printing the paths that are excluded, for each path + that matches an exclude pattern, print the exclude pattern + together with the path. (Matching an exclude pattern usually + means the path is excluded, but if the pattern begins with '!' + then it is a negated pattern and matching it means the path is + NOT excluded.) ++ +For precedence rules within and between exclude sources, see +linkgit:gitignore[5]. --stdin:: Read pathnames from the standard input, one per line, instead of from the command-line. -z:: - The output format is modified to be machine-parseable (see + The output format is modified to be machine-parsable (see below). If `--stdin` is also given, input paths are separated with a NUL character instead of a linefeed character. diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt b/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt index d9de992585..ee6a4144fb 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt @@ -88,7 +88,8 @@ but it is explicitly forbidden at the beginning of a branch name). When run with `--branch` option in a repository, the input is first expanded for the ``previous checkout syntax'' `@{-n}`. For example, `@{-1}` is a way to refer the last thing that -was checked out using "git checkout" operation. This option should be +was checked out using "git switch" or "git checkout" operation. +This option should be used by porcelains to accept this syntax anywhere a branch name is expected, so they can act as if you typed the branch name. As an exception note that, the ``previous checkout operation'' might result diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt index 964f912d29..5b697eee1b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt @@ -12,42 +12,33 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] --detach [<branch>] 'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [--detach] <commit> 'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [[-b|-B|--orphan] <new_branch>] [<start_point>] -'git checkout' [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>... -'git checkout' [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>... -'git checkout' (-p|--patch) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<paths>...] +'git checkout' [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>... +'git checkout' [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] --pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul] +'git checkout' (-p|--patch) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<pathspec>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- Updates files in the working tree to match the version in the index -or the specified tree. If no paths are given, 'git checkout' will +or the specified tree. If no pathspec was given, 'git checkout' will also update `HEAD` to set the specified branch as the current branch. -'git checkout' <branch>:: - To prepare for working on <branch>, switch to it by updating +'git checkout' [<branch>]:: + To prepare for working on `<branch>`, switch to it by updating the index and the files in the working tree, and by pointing - HEAD at the branch. Local modifications to the files in the + `HEAD` at the branch. Local modifications to the files in the working tree are kept, so that they can be committed to the - <branch>. + `<branch>`. + -If <branch> is not found but there does exist a tracking branch in -exactly one remote (call it <remote>) with a matching name, treat as -equivalent to +If `<branch>` is not found but there does exist a tracking branch in +exactly one remote (call it `<remote>`) with a matching name and +`--no-guess` is not specified, treat as equivalent to + ------------ $ git checkout -b <branch> --track <remote>/<branch> ------------ + -If the branch exists in multiple remotes and one of them is named by -the `checkout.defaultRemote` configuration variable, we'll use that -one for the purposes of disambiguation, even if the `<branch>` isn't -unique across all remotes. Set it to -e.g. `checkout.defaultRemote=origin` to always checkout remote -branches from there if `<branch>` is ambiguous but exists on the -'origin' remote. See also `checkout.defaultRemote` in -linkgit:git-config[1]. -+ -You could omit <branch>, in which case the command degenerates to +You could omit `<branch>`, in which case the command degenerates to "check out the current branch", which is a glorified no-op with rather expensive side-effects to show only the tracking information, if exists, for the current branch. @@ -61,7 +52,7 @@ if exists, for the current branch. `--track` without `-b` implies branch creation; see the description of `--track` below. + -If `-B` is given, <new_branch> is created if it doesn't exist; otherwise, it +If `-B` is given, `<new_branch>` is created if it doesn't exist; otherwise, it is reset. This is the transactional equivalent of + ------------ @@ -75,26 +66,27 @@ successful. 'git checkout' --detach [<branch>]:: 'git checkout' [--detach] <commit>:: - Prepare to work on top of <commit>, by detaching HEAD at it + Prepare to work on top of `<commit>`, by detaching `HEAD` at it (see "DETACHED HEAD" section), and updating the index and the files in the working tree. Local modifications to the files in the working tree are kept, so that the resulting working tree will be the state recorded in the commit plus the local modifications. + -When the <commit> argument is a branch name, the `--detach` option can -be used to detach HEAD at the tip of the branch (`git checkout -<branch>` would check out that branch without detaching HEAD). +When the `<commit>` argument is a branch name, the `--detach` option can +be used to detach `HEAD` at the tip of the branch (`git checkout +<branch>` would check out that branch without detaching `HEAD`). + -Omitting <branch> detaches HEAD at the tip of the current branch. +Omitting `<branch>` detaches `HEAD` at the tip of the current branch. -'git checkout' [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>...:: +'git checkout' [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>...:: +'git checkout' [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] --pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]:: - Overwrite paths in the working tree by replacing with the - contents in the index or in the <tree-ish> (most often a - commit). When a <tree-ish> is given, the paths that - match the <pathspec> are updated both in the index and in - the working tree. + Overwrite the contents of the files that match the pathspec. + When the `<tree-ish>` (most often a commit) is not given, + overwrite working tree with the contents in the index. + When the `<tree-ish>` is given, overwrite both the index and + the working tree with the contents at the `<tree-ish>`. + The index may contain unmerged entries because of a previous failed merge. By default, if you try to check out such an entry from the index, the @@ -105,12 +97,10 @@ using `--ours` or `--theirs`. With `-m`, changes made to the working tree file can be discarded to re-create the original conflicted merge result. 'git checkout' (-p|--patch) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<pathspec>...]:: - This is similar to the "check out paths to the working tree - from either the index or from a tree-ish" mode described - above, but lets you use the interactive interface to show - the "diff" output and choose which hunks to use in the - result. See below for the description of `--patch` option. - + This is similar to the previous mode, but lets you use the + interactive interface to show the "diff" output and choose which + hunks to use in the result. See below for the description of + `--patch` option. OPTIONS ------- @@ -118,7 +108,8 @@ OPTIONS --quiet:: Quiet, suppress feedback messages. ---[no-]progress:: +--progress:: +--no-progress:: Progress status is reported on the standard error stream by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless `--quiet` is specified. This flag enables progress reporting even if not @@ -127,7 +118,7 @@ OPTIONS -f:: --force:: When switching branches, proceed even if the index or the - working tree differs from HEAD. This is used to throw away + working tree differs from `HEAD`. This is used to throw away local changes. + When checking out paths from the index, do not fail upon unmerged @@ -154,12 +145,12 @@ on your side branch as `theirs` (i.e. "one contributor's work on top of it"). -b <new_branch>:: - Create a new branch named <new_branch> and start it at - <start_point>; see linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. + Create a new branch named `<new_branch>` and start it at + `<start_point>`; see linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. -B <new_branch>:: - Creates the branch <new_branch> and start it at <start_point>; - if it already exists, then reset it to <start_point>. This is + Creates the branch `<new_branch>` and start it at `<start_point>`; + if it already exists, then reset it to `<start_point>`. This is equivalent to running "git branch" with "-f"; see linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. @@ -172,15 +163,36 @@ If no `-b` option is given, the name of the new branch will be derived from the remote-tracking branch, by looking at the local part of the refspec configured for the corresponding remote, and then stripping the initial part up to the "*". -This would tell us to use "hack" as the local branch when branching -off of "origin/hack" (or "remotes/origin/hack", or even -"refs/remotes/origin/hack"). If the given name has no slash, or the above +This would tell us to use `hack` as the local branch when branching +off of `origin/hack` (or `remotes/origin/hack`, or even +`refs/remotes/origin/hack`). If the given name has no slash, or the above guessing results in an empty name, the guessing is aborted. You can explicitly give a name with `-b` in such a case. --no-track:: Do not set up "upstream" configuration, even if the - branch.autoSetupMerge configuration variable is true. + `branch.autoSetupMerge` configuration variable is true. + +--guess:: +--no-guess:: + If `<branch>` is not found but there does exist a tracking + branch in exactly one remote (call it `<remote>`) with a + matching name, treat as equivalent to ++ +------------ +$ git checkout -b <branch> --track <remote>/<branch> +------------ ++ +If the branch exists in multiple remotes and one of them is named by +the `checkout.defaultRemote` configuration variable, we'll use that +one for the purposes of disambiguation, even if the `<branch>` isn't +unique across all remotes. Set it to +e.g. `checkout.defaultRemote=origin` to always checkout remote +branches from there if `<branch>` is ambiguous but exists on the +'origin' remote. See also `checkout.defaultRemote` in +linkgit:git-config[1]. ++ +Use `--no-guess` to disable this. -l:: Create the new branch's reflog; see linkgit:git-branch[1] for @@ -189,21 +201,21 @@ explicitly give a name with `-b` in such a case. --detach:: Rather than checking out a branch to work on it, check out a commit for inspection and discardable experiments. - This is the default behavior of "git checkout <commit>" when - <commit> is not a branch name. See the "DETACHED HEAD" section + This is the default behavior of `git checkout <commit>` when + `<commit>` is not a branch name. See the "DETACHED HEAD" section below for details. --orphan <new_branch>:: - Create a new 'orphan' branch, named <new_branch>, started from - <start_point> and switch to it. The first commit made on this + Create a new 'orphan' branch, named `<new_branch>`, started from + `<start_point>` and switch to it. The first commit made on this new branch will have no parents and it will be the root of a new history totally disconnected from all the other branches and commits. + The index and the working tree are adjusted as if you had previously run -"git checkout <start_point>". This allows you to start a new history -that records a set of paths similar to <start_point> by easily running -"git commit -a" to make the root commit. +`git checkout <start_point>`. This allows you to start a new history +that records a set of paths similar to `<start_point>` by easily running +`git commit -a` to make the root commit. + This can be useful when you want to publish the tree from a commit without exposing its full history. You might want to do this to publish @@ -212,17 +224,17 @@ whose full history contains proprietary or otherwise encumbered bits of code. + If you want to start a disconnected history that records a set of paths -that is totally different from the one of <start_point>, then you should +that is totally different from the one of `<start_point>`, then you should clear the index and the working tree right after creating the orphan -branch by running "git rm -rf ." from the top level of the working tree. +branch by running `git rm -rf .` from the top level of the working tree. Afterwards you will be ready to prepare your new files, repopulating the working tree, by copying them from elsewhere, extracting a tarball, etc. --ignore-skip-worktree-bits:: In sparse checkout mode, `git checkout -- <paths>` would - update only entries matched by <paths> and sparse patterns - in $GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout. This option ignores - the sparse patterns and adds back any files in <paths>. + update only entries matched by `<paths>` and sparse patterns + in `$GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout`. This option ignores + the sparse patterns and adds back any files in `<paths>`. -m:: --merge:: @@ -246,25 +258,25 @@ the conflicted merge in the specified paths. When switching branches with `--merge`, staged changes may be lost. --conflict=<style>:: - The same as --merge option above, but changes the way the + The same as `--merge` option above, but changes the way the conflicting hunks are presented, overriding the - merge.conflictStyle configuration variable. Possible values are + `merge.conflictStyle` configuration variable. Possible values are "merge" (default) and "diff3" (in addition to what is shown by "merge" style, shows the original contents). -p:: --patch:: Interactively select hunks in the difference between the - <tree-ish> (or the index, if unspecified) and the working + `<tree-ish>` (or the index, if unspecified) and the working tree. The chosen hunks are then applied in reverse to the - working tree (and if a <tree-ish> was specified, the index). + working tree (and if a `<tree-ish>` was specified, the index). + This means that you can use `git checkout -p` to selectively discard edits from your current working tree. See the ``Interactive Mode'' section of linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode. + Note that this option uses the no overlay mode by default (see also -`--[no-]overlay`), and currently doesn't support overlay mode. +`--overlay`), and currently doesn't support overlay mode. --ignore-other-worktrees:: `git checkout` refuses when the wanted ref is already checked @@ -272,38 +284,55 @@ Note that this option uses the no overlay mode by default (see also out anyway. In other words, the ref can be held by more than one worktree. ---[no-]recurse-submodules:: - Using --recurse-submodules will update the content of all initialized +--overwrite-ignore:: +--no-overwrite-ignore:: + Silently overwrite ignored files when switching branches. This + is the default behavior. Use `--no-overwrite-ignore` to abort + the operation when the new branch contains ignored files. + +--recurse-submodules:: +--no-recurse-submodules:: + Using `--recurse-submodules` will update the content of all active submodules according to the commit recorded in the superproject. If local modifications in a submodule would be overwritten the checkout - will fail unless `-f` is used. If nothing (or --no-recurse-submodules) - is used, the work trees of submodules will not be updated. - Just like linkgit:git-submodule[1], this will detach the - submodules HEAD. - ---no-guess:: - Do not attempt to create a branch if a remote tracking branch - of the same name exists. + will fail unless `-f` is used. If nothing (or `--no-recurse-submodules`) + is used, submodules working trees will not be updated. + Just like linkgit:git-submodule[1], this will detach `HEAD` of the + submodule. ---[no-]overlay:: +--overlay:: +--no-overlay:: In the default overlay mode, `git checkout` never removes files from the index or the working tree. When specifying `--no-overlay`, files that appear in the index and - working tree, but not in <tree-ish> are removed, to make them - match <tree-ish> exactly. + working tree, but not in `<tree-ish>` are removed, to make them + match `<tree-ish>` exactly. + +--pathspec-from-file=<file>:: + Pathspec is passed in `<file>` instead of commandline args. If + `<file>` is exactly `-` then standard input is used. Pathspec + elements are separated by LF or CR/LF. Pathspec elements can be + quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` + (see linkgit:git-config[1]). See also `--pathspec-file-nul` and + global `--literal-pathspecs`. + +--pathspec-file-nul:: + Only meaningful with `--pathspec-from-file`. Pathspec elements are + separated with NUL character and all other characters are taken + literally (including newlines and quotes). <branch>:: Branch to checkout; if it refers to a branch (i.e., a name that, when prepended with "refs/heads/", is a valid ref), then that branch is checked out. Otherwise, if it refers to a valid - commit, your HEAD becomes "detached" and you are no longer on + commit, your `HEAD` becomes "detached" and you are no longer on any branch (see below for details). + -You can use the `"@{-N}"` syntax to refer to the N-th last +You can use the `@{-N}` syntax to refer to the N-th last branch/commit checked out using "git checkout" operation. You may -also specify `-` which is synonymous to `"@{-1}"`. +also specify `-` which is synonymous to `@{-1}`. + -As a special case, you may use `"A...B"` as a shortcut for the +As a special case, you may use `A...B` as a shortcut for the merge base of `A` and `B` if there is exactly one merge base. You can leave out at most one of `A` and `B`, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`. @@ -312,7 +341,7 @@ leave out at most one of `A` and `B`, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`. <start_point>:: The name of a commit at which to start the new branch; see - linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. Defaults to HEAD. + linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. Defaults to `HEAD`. + As a special case, you may use `"A...B"` as a shortcut for the merge base of `A` and `B` if there is exactly one merge base. You can @@ -322,13 +351,19 @@ leave out at most one of `A` and `B`, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`. Tree to checkout from (when paths are given). If not specified, the index will be used. +\--:: + Do not interpret any more arguments as options. +<pathspec>...:: + Limits the paths affected by the operation. ++ +For more details, see the 'pathspec' entry in linkgit:gitglossary[7]. DETACHED HEAD ------------- -HEAD normally refers to a named branch (e.g. 'master'). Meanwhile, each +`HEAD` normally refers to a named branch (e.g. `master`). Meanwhile, each branch refers to a specific commit. Let's look at a repo with three -commits, one of them tagged, and with branch 'master' checked out: +commits, one of them tagged, and with branch `master` checked out: ------------ HEAD (refers to branch 'master') @@ -341,10 +376,10 @@ a---b---c branch 'master' (refers to commit 'c') ------------ When a commit is created in this state, the branch is updated to refer to -the new commit. Specifically, 'git commit' creates a new commit 'd', whose -parent is commit 'c', and then updates branch 'master' to refer to new -commit 'd'. HEAD still refers to branch 'master' and so indirectly now refers -to commit 'd': +the new commit. Specifically, 'git commit' creates a new commit `d`, whose +parent is commit `c`, and then updates branch `master` to refer to new +commit `d`. `HEAD` still refers to branch `master` and so indirectly now refers +to commit `d`: ------------ $ edit; git add; git commit @@ -361,7 +396,7 @@ a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') It is sometimes useful to be able to checkout a commit that is not at the tip of any named branch, or even to create a new commit that is not referenced by a named branch. Let's look at what happens when we -checkout commit 'b' (here we show two ways this may be done): +checkout commit `b` (here we show two ways this may be done): ------------ $ git checkout v2.0 # or @@ -376,9 +411,9 @@ a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b') ------------ -Notice that regardless of which checkout command we use, HEAD now refers -directly to commit 'b'. This is known as being in detached HEAD state. -It means simply that HEAD refers to a specific commit, as opposed to +Notice that regardless of which checkout command we use, `HEAD` now refers +directly to commit `b`. This is known as being in detached `HEAD` state. +It means simply that `HEAD` refers to a specific commit, as opposed to referring to a named branch. Let's see what happens when we create a commit: ------------ @@ -395,7 +430,7 @@ a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b') ------------ -There is now a new commit 'e', but it is referenced only by HEAD. We can +There is now a new commit `e`, but it is referenced only by `HEAD`. We can of course add yet another commit in this state: ------------ @@ -413,7 +448,7 @@ a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') ------------ In fact, we can perform all the normal Git operations. But, let's look -at what happens when we then checkout master: +at what happens when we then checkout `master`: ------------ $ git checkout master @@ -428,9 +463,9 @@ a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') ------------ It is important to realize that at this point nothing refers to commit -'f'. Eventually commit 'f' (and by extension commit 'e') will be deleted +`f`. Eventually commit `f` (and by extension commit `e`) will be deleted by the routine Git garbage collection process, unless we create a reference -before that happens. If we have not yet moved away from commit 'f', +before that happens. If we have not yet moved away from commit `f`, any of these will create a reference to it: ------------ @@ -439,19 +474,19 @@ $ git branch foo <2> $ git tag foo <3> ------------ -<1> creates a new branch 'foo', which refers to commit 'f', and then - updates HEAD to refer to branch 'foo'. In other words, we'll no longer - be in detached HEAD state after this command. +<1> creates a new branch `foo`, which refers to commit `f`, and then + updates `HEAD` to refer to branch `foo`. In other words, we'll no longer + be in detached `HEAD` state after this command. -<2> similarly creates a new branch 'foo', which refers to commit 'f', - but leaves HEAD detached. +<2> similarly creates a new branch `foo`, which refers to commit `f`, + but leaves `HEAD` detached. -<3> creates a new tag 'foo', which refers to commit 'f', - leaving HEAD detached. +<3> creates a new tag `foo`, which refers to commit `f`, + leaving `HEAD` detached. -If we have moved away from commit 'f', then we must first recover its object +If we have moved away from commit `f`, then we must first recover its object name (typically by using git reflog), and then we can create a reference to -it. For example, to see the last two commits to which HEAD referred, we +it. For example, to see the last two commits to which `HEAD` referred, we can use either of these commands: ------------ @@ -462,12 +497,12 @@ $ git log -g -2 HEAD ARGUMENT DISAMBIGUATION ----------------------- -When there is only one argument given and it is not `--` (e.g. "git -checkout abc"), and when the argument is both a valid `<tree-ish>` -(e.g. a branch "abc" exists) and a valid `<pathspec>` (e.g. a file +When there is only one argument given and it is not `--` (e.g. `git +checkout abc`), and when the argument is both a valid `<tree-ish>` +(e.g. a branch `abc` exists) and a valid `<pathspec>` (e.g. a file or a directory whose name is "abc" exists), Git would usually ask you to disambiguate. Because checking out a branch is so common an -operation, however, "git checkout abc" takes "abc" as a `<tree-ish>` +operation, however, `git checkout abc` takes "abc" as a `<tree-ish>` in such a situation. Use `git checkout -- <pathspec>` if you want to checkout these paths out of the index. @@ -475,7 +510,7 @@ EXAMPLES -------- . The following sequence checks out the `master` branch, reverts - the `Makefile` to two revisions back, deletes hello.c by + the `Makefile` to two revisions back, deletes `hello.c` by mistake, and gets it back from the index. + ------------ @@ -487,7 +522,7 @@ $ git checkout hello.c <3> + <1> switch branch <2> take a file out of another commit -<3> restore hello.c from the index +<3> restore `hello.c` from the index + If you want to check out _all_ C source files out of the index, you can say @@ -516,7 +551,7 @@ $ git checkout -- hello.c $ git checkout mytopic ------------ + -However, your "wrong" branch and correct "mytopic" branch may +However, your "wrong" branch and correct `mytopic` branch may differ in files that you have modified locally, in which case the above checkout would fail like this: + @@ -557,6 +592,11 @@ $ edit frotz $ git add frotz ------------ +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-switch[1], +linkgit:git-restore[1] + GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt index 754b16ce0c..75feeef08a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt @@ -10,9 +10,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [verse] 'git cherry-pick' [--edit] [-n] [-m parent-number] [-s] [-x] [--ff] [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>... -'git cherry-pick' --continue -'git cherry-pick' --quit -'git cherry-pick' --abort +'git cherry-pick' (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit) DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -111,9 +109,12 @@ effect to your index in a row. -S[<keyid>]:: --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: +--no-gpg-sign:: GPG-sign commits. The `keyid` argument is optional and defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be - stuck to the option without a space. + stuck to the option without a space. `--no-gpg-sign` is useful to + countermand both `commit.gpgSign` configuration variable, and + earlier `--gpg-sign`. --ff:: If the current HEAD is the same as the parent of the diff --git a/Documentation/git-clean.txt b/Documentation/git-clean.txt index db876f7dde..a7f309dff5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-clean.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-clean.txt @@ -26,18 +26,20 @@ are affected. OPTIONS ------- -d:: - Remove untracked directories in addition to untracked files. - If an untracked directory is managed by a different Git - repository, it is not removed by default. Use -f option twice - if you really want to remove such a directory. + Normally, when no <path> is specified, git clean will not + recurse into untracked directories to avoid removing too much. + Specify -d to have it recurse into such directories as well. + If any paths are specified, -d is irrelevant; all untracked + files matching the specified paths (with exceptions for nested + git directories mentioned under `--force`) will be removed. -f:: --force:: If the Git configuration variable clean.requireForce is not set to false, 'git clean' will refuse to delete files or directories - unless given -f, -n or -i. Git will refuse to delete directories - with .git sub directory or file unless a second -f - is given. + unless given -f or -i. Git will refuse to modify untracked + nested git repositories (directories with a .git subdirectory) + unless a second -f is given. -i:: --interactive:: @@ -63,7 +65,7 @@ OPTIONS still use the ignore rules given with `-e` options from the command line. This allows removing all untracked files, including build products. This can be used (possibly in - conjunction with 'git reset') to create a pristine + conjunction with 'git restore' or 'git reset') to create a pristine working directory to test a clean build. -X:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-clone.txt b/Documentation/git-clone.txt index a0f14b51f2..08d6045c4a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-clone.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-clone.txt @@ -15,14 +15,16 @@ SYNOPSIS [--dissociate] [--separate-git-dir <git dir>] [--depth <depth>] [--[no-]single-branch] [--no-tags] [--recurse-submodules[=<pathspec>]] [--[no-]shallow-submodules] - [--jobs <n>] [--] <repository> [<directory>] + [--[no-]remote-submodules] [--jobs <n>] [--sparse] + [--filter=<filter>] [--] <repository> + [<directory>] DESCRIPTION ----------- Clones a repository into a newly created directory, creates remote-tracking branches for each branch in the cloned repository -(visible using `git branch -r`), and creates and checks out an +(visible using `git branch --remotes`), and creates and checks out an initial branch that is forked from the cloned repository's currently active branch. @@ -40,8 +42,8 @@ configuration variables. OPTIONS ------- ---local:: -l:: +--local:: When the repository to clone from is on a local machine, this flag bypasses the normal "Git aware" transport mechanism and clones the repository by making a copy of @@ -62,8 +64,8 @@ Git transport instead. directory instead of using hardlinks. This may be desirable if you are trying to make a back-up of your repository. ---shared:: -s:: +--shared:: When the repository to clone is on the local machine, instead of using hard links, automatically setup `.git/objects/info/alternates` to share the objects @@ -80,13 +82,13 @@ which automatically call `git gc --auto`. (See linkgit:git-gc[1].) If these objects are removed and were referenced by the cloned repository, then the cloned repository will become corrupt. + -Note that running `git repack` without the `-l` option in a repository -cloned with `-s` will copy objects from the source repository into a pack -in the cloned repository, removing the disk space savings of `clone -s`. -It is safe, however, to run `git gc`, which uses the `-l` option by +Note that running `git repack` without the `--local` option in a repository +cloned with `--shared` will copy objects from the source repository into a pack +in the cloned repository, removing the disk space savings of `clone --shared`. +It is safe, however, to run `git gc`, which uses the `--local` option by default. + -If you want to break the dependency of a repository cloned with `-s` on +If you want to break the dependency of a repository cloned with `--shared` on its source repository, you can simply run `git repack -a` to copy all objects from the source repository into a pack in the cloned repository. @@ -115,19 +117,19 @@ objects from the source repository into a pack in the cloned repository. same repository, and this option can be used to stop the borrowing. ---quiet:: -q:: +--quiet:: Operate quietly. Progress is not reported to the standard error stream. ---verbose:: -v:: +--verbose:: Run verbosely. Does not affect the reporting of progress status to the standard error stream. --progress:: Progress status is reported on the standard error stream - by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q + by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless `--quiet` is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the standard error stream is not directed to a terminal. @@ -139,15 +141,15 @@ objects from the source repository into a pack in the cloned repository. When multiple `--server-option=<option>` are given, they are all sent to the other side in the order listed on the command line. ---no-checkout:: -n:: +--no-checkout:: No checkout of HEAD is performed after the clone is complete. --bare:: Make a 'bare' Git repository. That is, instead of creating `<directory>` and placing the administrative files in `<directory>/.git`, make the `<directory>` - itself the `$GIT_DIR`. This obviously implies the `-n` + itself the `$GIT_DIR`. This obviously implies the `--no-checkout` because there is nowhere to check out the working tree. Also the branch heads at the remote are copied directly to corresponding local branch heads, without mapping @@ -155,6 +157,22 @@ objects from the source repository into a pack in the cloned repository. used, neither remote-tracking branches nor the related configuration variables are created. +--sparse:: + Initialize the sparse-checkout file so the working + directory starts with only the files in the root + of the repository. The sparse-checkout file can be + modified to grow the working directory as needed. + +--filter=<filter-spec>:: + Use the partial clone feature and request that the server sends + a subset of reachable objects according to a given object filter. + When using `--filter`, the supplied `<filter-spec>` is used for + the partial clone filter. For example, `--filter=blob:none` will + filter out all blobs (file contents) until needed by Git. Also, + `--filter=blob:limit=<size>` will filter out all blobs of size + at least `<size>`. For more details on filter specifications, see + the `--filter` option in linkgit:git-rev-list[1]. + --mirror:: Set up a mirror of the source repository. This implies `--bare`. Compared to `--bare`, `--mirror` not only maps local branches of the @@ -163,13 +181,13 @@ objects from the source repository into a pack in the cloned repository. that all these refs are overwritten by a `git remote update` in the target repository. ---origin <name>:: -o <name>:: +--origin <name>:: Instead of using the remote name `origin` to keep track of the upstream repository, use `<name>`. ---branch <name>:: -b <name>:: +--branch <name>:: Instead of pointing the newly created HEAD to the branch pointed to by the cloned repository's HEAD, point to `<name>` branch instead. In a non-bare repository, this is the branch that will @@ -177,8 +195,8 @@ objects from the source repository into a pack in the cloned repository. `--branch` can also take tags and detaches the HEAD at that commit in the resulting repository. ---upload-pack <upload-pack>:: -u <upload-pack>:: +--upload-pack <upload-pack>:: When given, and the repository to clone from is accessed via ssh, this specifies a non-default path for the command run on the other end. @@ -187,8 +205,8 @@ objects from the source repository into a pack in the cloned repository. Specify the directory from which templates will be used; (See the "TEMPLATE DIRECTORY" section of linkgit:git-init[1].) ---config <key>=<value>:: -c <key>=<value>:: +--config <key>=<value>:: Set a configuration variable in the newly-created repository; this takes effect immediately after the repository is initialized, but before the remote history is fetched or any @@ -260,6 +278,12 @@ or `--mirror` is given) --[no-]shallow-submodules:: All submodules which are cloned will be shallow with a depth of 1. +--[no-]remote-submodules:: + All submodules which are cloned will use the status of the submodule's + remote-tracking branch to update the submodule, rather than the + superproject's recorded SHA-1. Equivalent to passing `--remote` to + `git submodule update`. + --separate-git-dir=<git dir>:: Instead of placing the cloned repository where it is supposed to be, place the cloned repository at the specified directory, diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit-graph.txt b/Documentation/git-commit-graph.txt index 624470e198..28d1fee505 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit-graph.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit-graph.txt @@ -9,9 +9,8 @@ git-commit-graph - Write and verify Git commit-graph files SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git commit-graph read' [--object-dir <dir>] -'git commit-graph verify' [--object-dir <dir>] -'git commit-graph write' <options> [--object-dir <dir>] +'git commit-graph verify' [--object-dir <dir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress] +'git commit-graph write' <options> [--object-dir <dir>] [--[no-]progress] DESCRIPTION @@ -26,9 +25,15 @@ OPTIONS Use given directory for the location of packfiles and commit-graph file. This parameter exists to specify the location of an alternate that only has the objects directory, not a full `.git` directory. The - commit-graph file is expected to be at `<dir>/info/commit-graph` and - the packfiles are expected to be in `<dir>/pack`. + commit-graph file is expected to be in the `<dir>/info` directory and + the packfiles are expected to be in `<dir>/pack`. If the directory + could not be made into an absolute path, or does not match any known + object directory, `git commit-graph ...` will exit with non-zero + status. +--[no-]progress:: + Turn progress on/off explicitly. If neither is specified, progress is + shown if standard error is connected to a terminal. COMMANDS -------- @@ -51,16 +56,33 @@ or `--stdin-packs`.) + With the `--append` option, include all commits that are present in the existing commit-graph file. - -'read':: - -Read the commit-graph file and output basic details about it. -Used for debugging purposes. ++ +With the `--split` option, write the commit-graph as a chain of multiple +commit-graph files stored in `<dir>/info/commit-graphs`. The new commits +not already in the commit-graph are added in a new "tip" file. This file +is merged with the existing file if the following merge conditions are +met: ++ +* If `--size-multiple=<X>` is not specified, let `X` equal 2. If the new +tip file would have `N` commits and the previous tip has `M` commits and +`X` times `N` is greater than `M`, instead merge the two files into a +single file. ++ +* If `--max-commits=<M>` is specified with `M` a positive integer, and the +new tip file would have more than `M` commits, then instead merge the new +tip with the previous tip. ++ +Finally, if `--expire-time=<datetime>` is not specified, let `datetime` +be the current time. After writing the split commit-graph, delete all +unused commit-graph whose modified times are older than `datetime`. 'verify':: Read the commit-graph file and verify its contents against the object database. Used to check for corrupted data. ++ +With the `--shallow` option, only check the tip commit-graph file in +a chain of split commit-graphs. EXAMPLES @@ -93,12 +115,6 @@ $ git show-ref -s | git commit-graph write --stdin-commits $ git rev-parse HEAD | git commit-graph write --stdin-commits --append ------------------------------------------------ -* Read basic information from the commit-graph file. -+ ------------------------------------------------- -$ git commit-graph read ------------------------------------------------- - GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt index 4b90b9c12a..2e2c581098 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt @@ -61,14 +61,11 @@ OPTIONS -S[<keyid>]:: --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: +--no-gpg-sign:: GPG-sign commits. The `keyid` argument is optional and defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be - stuck to the option without a space. - ---no-gpg-sign:: - Do not GPG-sign commit, to countermand a `--gpg-sign` option - given earlier on the command line. - + stuck to the option without a space. `--no-gpg-sign` is useful to + countermand a `--gpg-sign` option given earlier on the command line. Commit Information ------------------ @@ -79,26 +76,6 @@ A commit encapsulates: - author name, email and date - committer name and email and the commit time. -While parent object ids are provided on the command line, author and -committer information is taken from the following environment variables, -if set: - - GIT_AUTHOR_NAME - GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL - GIT_AUTHOR_DATE - GIT_COMMITTER_NAME - GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL - GIT_COMMITTER_DATE - -(nb "<", ">" and "\n"s are stripped) - -In case (some of) these environment variables are not set, the information -is taken from the configuration items user.name and user.email, or, if not -present, the environment variable EMAIL, or, if that is not set, -system user name and the hostname used for outgoing mail (taken -from `/etc/mailname` and falling back to the fully qualified hostname when -that file does not exist). - A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog entry is not provided via "<" redirection, 'git commit-tree' will just wait for one to be entered and terminated with ^D. @@ -117,6 +94,7 @@ FILES SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-write-tree[1] +linkgit:git-commit[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit.txt b/Documentation/git-commit.txt index a85c2c2a4c..a3baea32ae 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit.txt @@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ SYNOPSIS [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty] [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>] [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status] - [-i | -o] [-S[<keyid>]] [--] [<file>...] + [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]] + [-S[<keyid>]] [--] [<pathspec>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -278,22 +279,37 @@ FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1].) already been staged. If used together with `--allow-empty` paths are also not required, and an empty commit will be created. +--pathspec-from-file=<file>:: + Pathspec is passed in `<file>` instead of commandline args. If + `<file>` is exactly `-` then standard input is used. Pathspec + elements are separated by LF or CR/LF. Pathspec elements can be + quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` + (see linkgit:git-config[1]). See also `--pathspec-file-nul` and + global `--literal-pathspecs`. + +--pathspec-file-nul:: + Only meaningful with `--pathspec-from-file`. Pathspec elements are + separated with NUL character and all other characters are taken + literally (including newlines and quotes). + -u[<mode>]:: --untracked-files[=<mode>]:: Show untracked files. + +-- The mode parameter is optional (defaults to 'all'), and is used to specify the handling of untracked files; when -u is not used, the default is 'normal', i.e. show untracked files and directories. -+ + The possible options are: -+ + - 'no' - Show no untracked files - 'normal' - Shows untracked files and directories - 'all' - Also shows individual files in untracked directories. -+ + The default can be changed using the status.showUntrackedFiles configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. +-- -v:: --verbose:: @@ -332,26 +348,23 @@ changes to tracked files. -S[<keyid>]:: --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: +--no-gpg-sign:: GPG-sign commits. The `keyid` argument is optional and defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be - stuck to the option without a space. - ---no-gpg-sign:: - Countermand `commit.gpgSign` configuration variable that is - set to force each and every commit to be signed. + stuck to the option without a space. `--no-gpg-sign` is useful to + countermand both `commit.gpgSign` configuration variable, and + earlier `--gpg-sign`. \--:: Do not interpret any more arguments as options. -<file>...:: - When files are given on the command line, the command - commits the contents of the named files, without - recording the changes already staged. The contents of - these files are also staged for the next commit on top - of what have been staged before. - -:git-commit: 1 -include::date-formats.txt[] +<pathspec>...:: + When pathspec is given on the command line, commit the contents of + the files that match the pathspec without recording the changes + already added to the index. The contents of these files are also + staged for the next commit on top of what have been staged before. ++ +For more details, see the 'pathspec' entry in linkgit:gitglossary[7]. EXAMPLES -------- @@ -359,7 +372,7 @@ When recording your own work, the contents of modified files in your working tree are temporarily stored to a staging area called the "index" with 'git add'. A file can be reverted back, only in the index but not in the working tree, -to that of the last commit with `git reset HEAD -- <file>`, +to that of the last commit with `git restore --staged <file>`, which effectively reverts 'git add' and prevents the changes to this file from participating in the next commit. After building the state to be committed incrementally with these commands, @@ -446,6 +459,43 @@ alter the order the changes are committed, because the merge should be recorded as a single commit. In fact, the command refuses to run when given pathnames (but see `-i` option). +COMMIT INFORMATION +------------------ + +Author and committer information is taken from the following environment +variables, if set: + + GIT_AUTHOR_NAME + GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL + GIT_AUTHOR_DATE + GIT_COMMITTER_NAME + GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL + GIT_COMMITTER_DATE + +(nb "<", ">" and "\n"s are stripped) + +The author and committer names are by convention some form of a personal name +(that is, the name by which other humans refer to you), although Git does not +enforce or require any particular form. Arbitrary Unicode may be used, subject +to the constraints listed above. This name has no effect on authentication; for +that, see the `credential.username` variable in linkgit:git-config[1]. + +In case (some of) these environment variables are not set, the information +is taken from the configuration items `user.name` and `user.email`, or, if not +present, the environment variable EMAIL, or, if that is not set, +system user name and the hostname used for outgoing mail (taken +from `/etc/mailname` and falling back to the fully qualified hostname when +that file does not exist). + +The `author.name` and `committer.name` and their corresponding email options +override `user.name` and `user.email` if set and are overridden themselves by +the environment variables. + +The typical usage is to set just the `user.name` and `user.email` variables; +the other options are provided for more complex use cases. + +:git-commit: 1 +include::date-formats.txt[] DISCUSSION ---------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-config.txt b/Documentation/git-config.txt index ff9310f958..7573160f21 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-config.txt @@ -9,18 +9,18 @@ git-config - Get and set repository or global options SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--show-origin] [-z|--null] name [value [value_regex]] +'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--show-origin] [--show-scope] [-z|--null] name [value [value_regex]] 'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] --add name value 'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] --replace-all name value [value_regex] -'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--show-origin] [-z|--null] --get name [value_regex] -'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--show-origin] [-z|--null] --get-all name [value_regex] -'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--show-origin] [-z|--null] [--name-only] --get-regexp name_regex [value_regex] +'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--show-origin] [--show-scope] [-z|--null] --get name [value_regex] +'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--show-origin] [--show-scope] [-z|--null] --get-all name [value_regex] +'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--show-origin] [--show-scope] [-z|--null] [--name-only] --get-regexp name_regex [value_regex] 'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [-z|--null] --get-urlmatch name URL 'git config' [<file-option>] --unset name [value_regex] 'git config' [<file-option>] --unset-all name [value_regex] 'git config' [<file-option>] --rename-section old_name new_name 'git config' [<file-option>] --remove-section name -'git config' [<file-option>] [--show-origin] [-z|--null] [--name-only] -l | --list +'git config' [<file-option>] [--show-origin] [--show-scope] [-z|--null] [--name-only] -l | --list 'git config' [<file-option>] --get-color name [default] 'git config' [<file-option>] --get-colorbool name [stdout-is-tty] 'git config' [<file-option>] -e | --edit @@ -222,6 +222,11 @@ Valid `<type>`'s include: the actual origin (config file path, ref, or blob id if applicable). +--show-scope:: + Similar to `--show-origin` in that it augments the output of + all queried config options with the scope of that value + (local, global, system, command). + --get-colorbool name [stdout-is-tty]:: Find the color setting for `name` (e.g. `color.diff`) and output @@ -339,33 +344,35 @@ EXAMPLES Given a .git/config like this: - # - # This is the config file, and - # a '#' or ';' character indicates - # a comment - # - - ; core variables - [core] - ; Don't trust file modes - filemode = false - - ; Our diff algorithm - [diff] - external = /usr/local/bin/diff-wrapper - renames = true - - ; Proxy settings - [core] - gitproxy=proxy-command for kernel.org - gitproxy=default-proxy ; for all the rest - - ; HTTP - [http] - sslVerify - [http "https://weak.example.com"] - sslVerify = false - cookieFile = /tmp/cookie.txt +------------ +# +# This is the config file, and +# a '#' or ';' character indicates +# a comment +# + +; core variables +[core] + ; Don't trust file modes + filemode = false + +; Our diff algorithm +[diff] + external = /usr/local/bin/diff-wrapper + renames = true + +; Proxy settings +[core] + gitproxy=proxy-command for kernel.org + gitproxy=default-proxy ; for all the rest + +; HTTP +[http] + sslVerify +[http "https://weak.example.com"] + sslVerify = false + cookieFile = /tmp/cookie.txt +------------ you can set the filemode to true with diff --git a/Documentation/git-credential.txt b/Documentation/git-credential.txt index b211440373..6f0c7ca80f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-credential.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-credential.txt @@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ from system-specific helpers, as well as prompting the user for usernames and passwords. The git-credential command exposes this interface to scripts which may want to retrieve, store, or prompt for credentials in the same manner as Git. The design of this scriptable -interface models the internal C API; see -link:technical/api-credentials.html[the Git credential API] for more +interface models the internal C API; see credential.h for more background on the concepts. git-credential takes an "action" option on the command-line (one of diff --git a/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt b/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt index f98b7c6ed7..1b1c71ad9d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt @@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ write so it might not be enough to grant the users using 'git-cvsserver' write access to the database file without granting them write access to the directory, too. -The database can not be reliably regenerated in a +The database cannot be reliably regenerated in a consistent form after the branch it is tracking has changed. Example: For merged branches, 'git-cvsserver' only tracks one branch of development, and after a 'git merge' an @@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ In `dbDriver` and `dbUser` you can use the following variables: Git directory name %g:: Git directory name, where all characters except for - alpha-numeric ones, `.`, and `-` are replaced with + alphanumeric ones, `.`, and `-` are replaced with `_` (this should make it easier to use the directory name in a filename if wanted) %m:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff.txt b/Documentation/git-diff.txt index 72179d993c..37781cf175 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff.txt @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ two blob objects, or changes between two files on disk. running the command in a working tree controlled by Git and at least one of the paths points outside the working tree, or when running the command outside a working tree - controlled by Git. + controlled by Git. This form implies `--exit-code`. 'git diff' [<options>] --cached [<commit>] [--] [<path>...]:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt index 64c01ba918..e8950de3ba 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt @@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ This program dumps the given revisions in a form suitable to be piped into 'git fast-import'. You can use it as a human-readable bundle replacement (see -linkgit:git-bundle[1]), or as a kind of an interactive -'git filter-branch'. - +linkgit:git-bundle[1]), or as a format that can be edited before being +fed to 'git fast-import' in order to do history rewrites (an ability +relied on by tools like 'git filter-repo'). OPTIONS ------- @@ -75,11 +75,20 @@ produced incorrect results if you gave these options. Before processing any input, load the marks specified in <file>. The input file must exist, must be readable, and must use the same format as produced by --export-marks. + +--mark-tags:: + In addition to labelling blobs and commits with mark ids, also + label tags. This is useful in conjunction with + `--export-marks` and `--import-marks`, and is also useful (and + necessary) for exporting of nested tags. It does not hurt + other cases and would be the default, but many fast-import + frontends are not prepared to accept tags with mark + identifiers. + -Any commits that have already been marked will not be exported again. -If the backend uses a similar --import-marks file, this allows for -incremental bidirectional exporting of the repository by keeping the -marks the same across runs. +Any commits (or tags) that have already been marked will not be +exported again. If the backend uses a similar --import-marks file, +this allows for incremental bidirectional exporting of the repository +by keeping the marks the same across runs. --fake-missing-tagger:: Some old repositories have tags without a tagger. The @@ -116,7 +125,7 @@ marks the same across runs. and will make master{tilde}4 no longer have master{tilde}5 as a parent (though both the old master{tilde}4 and new master{tilde}4 will have all the same files). Use - --reference-excluded-parents to instead have the the stream + --reference-excluded-parents to instead have the stream refer to commits in the excluded range of history by their sha1sum. Note that the resulting stream can only be used by a repository which already contains the necessary parent @@ -129,6 +138,13 @@ marks the same across runs. for intermediary filters (e.g. for rewriting commit messages which refer to older commits, or for stripping blobs by id). +--reencode=(yes|no|abort):: + Specify how to handle `encoding` header in commit objects. When + asking to 'abort' (which is the default), this program will die + when encountering such a commit object. With 'yes', the commit + message will be re-encoded into UTF-8. With 'no', the original + encoding will be preserved. + --refspec:: Apply the specified refspec to each ref exported. Multiple of them can be specified. diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt index d65cdb3d08..77c6b3d001 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt @@ -51,6 +51,21 @@ OPTIONS memory used by fast-import during this run. Showing this output is currently the default, but can be disabled with --quiet. +--allow-unsafe-features:: + Many command-line options can be provided as part of the + fast-import stream itself by using the `feature` or `option` + commands. However, some of these options are unsafe (e.g., + allowing fast-import to access the filesystem outside of the + repository). These options are disabled by default, but can be + allowed by providing this option on the command line. This + currently impacts only the `export-marks`, `import-marks`, and + `import-marks-if-exists` feature commands. ++ + Only enable this option if you trust the program generating the + fast-import stream! This option is enabled automatically for + remote-helpers that use the `import` capability, as they are + already trusted to run their own code. + Options for Frontends ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -107,6 +122,26 @@ Locations of Marks Files Relative and non-relative marks may be combined by interweaving --(no-)-relative-marks with the --(import|export)-marks= options. +Submodule Rewriting +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +--rewrite-submodules-from=<name>:<file>:: +--rewrite-submodules-to=<name>:<file>:: + Rewrite the object IDs for the submodule specified by <name> from the values + used in the from <file> to those used in the to <file>. The from marks should + have been created by `git fast-export`, and the to marks should have been + created by `git fast-import` when importing that same submodule. ++ +<name> may be any arbitrary string not containing a colon character, but the +same value must be used with both options when specifying corresponding marks. +Multiple submodules may be specified with different values for <name>. It is an +error not to use these options in corresponding pairs. ++ +These options are primarily useful when converting a repository from one hash +algorithm to another; without them, fast-import will fail if it encounters a +submodule because it has no way of writing the object ID into the new hash +algorithm. + Performance and Compression Tuning ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -337,6 +372,13 @@ and control the current import process. More detailed discussion `commit` command. This command is optional and is not needed to perform an import. +`alias`:: + Record that a mark refers to a given object without first + creating any new object. Using --import-marks and referring + to missing marks will cause fast-import to fail, so aliases + can provide a way to set otherwise pruned commits to a valid + value (e.g. the nearest non-pruned ancestor). + `checkpoint`:: Forces fast-import to close the current packfile, generate its unique SHA-1 checksum and index, and start a new packfile. @@ -388,9 +430,10 @@ change to the project. original-oid? ('author' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF)? 'committer' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF + ('encoding' SP <encoding>)? data ('from' SP <commit-ish> LF)? - ('merge' SP <commit-ish> LF)? + ('merge' SP <commit-ish> LF)* (filemodify | filedelete | filecopy | filerename | filedeleteall | notemodify)* LF? .... @@ -424,7 +467,7 @@ the same commit, as `filedeleteall` wipes the branch clean (see below). The `LF` after the command is optional (it used to be required). Note that for reasons of backward compatibility, if the commit ends with a -`data` command (i.e. it has has no `from`, `merge`, `filemodify`, +`data` command (i.e. it has no `from`, `merge`, `filemodify`, `filedelete`, `filecopy`, `filerename`, `filedeleteall` or `notemodify` commands) then two `LF` commands may appear at the end of the command instead of just one. @@ -455,6 +498,12 @@ that was selected by the --date-format=<fmt> command-line option. See ``Date Formats'' above for the set of supported formats, and their syntax. +`encoding` +^^^^^^^^^^ +The optional `encoding` command indicates the encoding of the commit +message. Most commits are UTF-8 and the encoding is omitted, but this +allows importing commit messages into git without first reencoding them. + `from` ^^^^^^ The `from` command is used to specify the commit to initialize @@ -767,6 +816,7 @@ lightweight (non-annotated) tags see the `reset` command below. .... 'tag' SP <name> LF + mark? 'from' SP <commit-ish> LF original-oid? 'tagger' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF @@ -906,6 +956,21 @@ a data chunk which does not have an LF as its last byte. + The `LF` after `<delim> LF` is optional (it used to be required). +`alias` +~~~~~~~ +Record that a mark refers to a given object without first creating any +new object. + +.... + 'alias' LF + mark + 'to' SP <commit-ish> LF + LF? +.... + +For a detailed description of `<commit-ish>` see above under `from`. + + `checkpoint` ~~~~~~~~~~~~ Forces fast-import to close the current packfile, start a new one, and to diff --git a/Documentation/git-fetch.txt b/Documentation/git-fetch.txt index 266d63cf11..5b1909fdf4 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fetch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fetch.txt @@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ This updates (or creates, as necessary) branches `pu` and `tmp` in the local repository by fetching from the branches (respectively) `pu` and `maint` from the remote repository. + -The `pu` branch will be updated even if it is does not fast-forward, +The `pu` branch will be updated even if it does not fast-forward, because it is prefixed with a plus sign; `tmp` will not be. * Peek at a remote's branch, without configuring the remote in your local @@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ BUGS ---- Using --recurse-submodules can only fetch new commits in already checked out submodules right now. When e.g. upstream added a new submodule in the -just fetched commits of the superproject the submodule itself can not be +just fetched commits of the superproject the submodule itself cannot be fetched, making it impossible to check out that submodule later without having to do a fetch again. This is expected to be fixed in a future Git version. diff --git a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt index 6b53dd7e06..40ba4aa3e6 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt @@ -16,6 +16,19 @@ SYNOPSIS [--original <namespace>] [-d <directory>] [-f | --force] [--state-branch <branch>] [--] [<rev-list options>...] +WARNING +------- +'git filter-branch' has a plethora of pitfalls that can produce non-obvious +manglings of the intended history rewrite (and can leave you with little +time to investigate such problems since it has such abysmal performance). +These safety and performance issues cannot be backward compatibly fixed and +as such, its use is not recommended. Please use an alternative history +filtering tool such as https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo/[git +filter-repo]. If you still need to use 'git filter-branch', please +carefully read <<SAFETY>> (and <<PERFORMANCE>>) to learn about the land +mines of filter-branch, and then vigilantly avoid as many of the hazards +listed there as reasonably possible. + DESCRIPTION ----------- Lets you rewrite Git revision history by rewriting the branches mentioned @@ -445,36 +458,245 @@ warned. (or if your git-gc is not new enough to support arguments to `--prune`, use `git repack -ad; git prune` instead). -NOTES ------ - -git-filter-branch allows you to make complex shell-scripted rewrites -of your Git history, but you probably don't need this flexibility if -you're simply _removing unwanted data_ like large files or passwords. -For those operations you may want to consider -http://rtyley.github.io/bfg-repo-cleaner/[The BFG Repo-Cleaner], -a JVM-based alternative to git-filter-branch, typically at least -10-50x faster for those use-cases, and with quite different -characteristics: - -* Any particular version of a file is cleaned exactly _once_. The BFG, - unlike git-filter-branch, does not give you the opportunity to - handle a file differently based on where or when it was committed - within your history. This constraint gives the core performance - benefit of The BFG, and is well-suited to the task of cleansing bad - data - you don't care _where_ the bad data is, you just want it - _gone_. - -* By default The BFG takes full advantage of multi-core machines, - cleansing commit file-trees in parallel. git-filter-branch cleans - commits sequentially (i.e. in a single-threaded manner), though it - _is_ possible to write filters that include their own parallelism, - in the scripts executed against each commit. - -* The http://rtyley.github.io/bfg-repo-cleaner/#examples[command options] - are much more restrictive than git-filter branch, and dedicated just - to the tasks of removing unwanted data- e.g: - `--strip-blobs-bigger-than 1M`. +[[PERFORMANCE]] +PERFORMANCE +----------- + +The performance of git-filter-branch is glacially slow; its design makes it +impossible for a backward-compatible implementation to ever be fast: + +* In editing files, git-filter-branch by design checks out each and + every commit as it existed in the original repo. If your repo has + `10^5` files and `10^5` commits, but each commit only modifies five + files, then git-filter-branch will make you do `10^10` modifications, + despite only having (at most) `5*10^5` unique blobs. + +* If you try and cheat and try to make git-filter-branch only work on + files modified in a commit, then two things happen + + ** you run into problems with deletions whenever the user is simply + trying to rename files (because attempting to delete files that + don't exist looks like a no-op; it takes some chicanery to remap + deletes across file renames when the renames happen via arbitrary + user-provided shell) + + ** even if you succeed at the map-deletes-for-renames chicanery, you + still technically violate backward compatibility because users + are allowed to filter files in ways that depend upon topology of + commits instead of filtering solely based on file contents or + names (though this has not been observed in the wild). + +* Even if you don't need to edit files but only want to e.g. rename or + remove some and thus can avoid checking out each file (i.e. you can + use --index-filter), you still are passing shell snippets for your + filters. This means that for every commit, you have to have a + prepared git repo where those filters can be run. That's a + significant setup. + +* Further, several additional files are created or updated per commit + by git-filter-branch. Some of these are for supporting the + convenience functions provided by git-filter-branch (such as map()), + while others are for keeping track of internal state (but could have + also been accessed by user filters; one of git-filter-branch's + regression tests does so). This essentially amounts to using the + filesystem as an IPC mechanism between git-filter-branch and the + user-provided filters. Disks tend to be a slow IPC mechanism, and + writing these files also effectively represents a forced + synchronization point between separate processes that we hit with + every commit. + +* The user-provided shell commands will likely involve a pipeline of + commands, resulting in the creation of many processes per commit. + Creating and running another process takes a widely varying amount + of time between operating systems, but on any platform it is very + slow relative to invoking a function. + +* git-filter-branch itself is written in shell, which is kind of slow. + This is the one performance issue that could be backward-compatibly + fixed, but compared to the above problems that are intrinsic to the + design of git-filter-branch, the language of the tool itself is a + relatively minor issue. + + ** Side note: Unfortunately, people tend to fixate on the + written-in-shell aspect and periodically ask if git-filter-branch + could be rewritten in another language to fix the performance + issues. Not only does that ignore the bigger intrinsic problems + with the design, it'd help less than you'd expect: if + git-filter-branch itself were not shell, then the convenience + functions (map(), skip_commit(), etc) and the `--setup` argument + could no longer be executed once at the beginning of the program + but would instead need to be prepended to every user filter (and + thus re-executed with every commit). + +The https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo/[git filter-repo] tool is +an alternative to git-filter-branch which does not suffer from these +performance problems or the safety problems (mentioned below). For those +with existing tooling which relies upon git-filter-branch, 'git +repo-filter' also provides +https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo/blob/master/contrib/filter-repo-demos/filter-lamely[filter-lamely], +a drop-in git-filter-branch replacement (with a few caveats). While +filter-lamely suffers from all the same safety issues as +git-filter-branch, it at least ameliorates the performance issues a +little. + +[[SAFETY]] +SAFETY +------ + +git-filter-branch is riddled with gotchas resulting in various ways to +easily corrupt repos or end up with a mess worse than what you started +with: + +* Someone can have a set of "working and tested filters" which they + document or provide to a coworker, who then runs them on a different + OS where the same commands are not working/tested (some examples in + the git-filter-branch manpage are also affected by this). + BSD vs. GNU userland differences can really bite. If lucky, error + messages are spewed. But just as likely, the commands either don't + do the filtering requested, or silently corrupt by making some + unwanted change. The unwanted change may only affect a few commits, + so it's not necessarily obvious either. (The fact that problems + won't necessarily be obvious means they are likely to go unnoticed + until the rewritten history is in use for quite a while, at which + point it's really hard to justify another flag-day for another + rewrite.) + +* Filenames with spaces are often mishandled by shell snippets since + they cause problems for shell pipelines. Not everyone is familiar + with find -print0, xargs -0, git-ls-files -z, etc. Even people who + are familiar with these may assume such flags are not relevant + because someone else renamed any such files in their repo back + before the person doing the filtering joined the project. And + often, even those familiar with handling arguments with spaces may + not do so just because they aren't in the mindset of thinking about + everything that could possibly go wrong. + +* Non-ascii filenames can be silently removed despite being in a + desired directory. Keeping only wanted paths is often done using + pipelines like `git ls-files | grep -v ^WANTED_DIR/ | xargs git rm`. + ls-files will only quote filenames if needed, so folks may not + notice that one of the files didn't match the regex (at least not + until it's much too late). Yes, someone who knows about + core.quotePath can avoid this (unless they have other special + characters like \t, \n, or "), and people who use ls-files -z with + something other than grep can avoid this, but that doesn't mean they + will. + +* Similarly, when moving files around, one can find that filenames + with non-ascii or special characters end up in a different + directory, one that includes a double quote character. (This is + technically the same issue as above with quoting, but perhaps an + interesting different way that it can and has manifested as a + problem.) + +* It's far too easy to accidentally mix up old and new history. It's + still possible with any tool, but git-filter-branch almost + invites it. If lucky, the only downside is users getting frustrated + that they don't know how to shrink their repo and remove the old + stuff. If unlucky, they merge old and new history and end up with + multiple "copies" of each commit, some of which have unwanted or + sensitive files and others which don't. This comes about in + multiple different ways: + + ** the default to only doing a partial history rewrite ('--all' is not + the default and few examples show it) + + ** the fact that there's no automatic post-run cleanup + + ** the fact that --tag-name-filter (when used to rename tags) doesn't + remove the old tags but just adds new ones with the new name + + ** the fact that little educational information is provided to inform + users of the ramifications of a rewrite and how to avoid mixing old + and new history. For example, this man page discusses how users + need to understand that they need to rebase their changes for all + their branches on top of new history (or delete and reclone), but + that's only one of multiple concerns to consider. See the + "DISCUSSION" section of the git filter-repo manual page for more + details. + +* Annotated tags can be accidentally converted to lightweight tags, + due to either of two issues: + + ** Someone can do a history rewrite, realize they messed up, restore + from the backups in refs/original/, and then redo their + git-filter-branch command. (The backup in refs/original/ is not a + real backup; it dereferences tags first.) + + ** Running git-filter-branch with either --tags or --all in your + <rev-list options>. In order to retain annotated tags as + annotated, you must use --tag-name-filter (and must not have + restored from refs/original/ in a previously botched rewrite). + +* Any commit messages that specify an encoding will become corrupted + by the rewrite; git-filter-branch ignores the encoding, takes the + original bytes, and feeds it to commit-tree without telling it the + proper encoding. (This happens whether or not --msg-filter is + used.) + +* Commit messages (even if they are all UTF-8) by default become + corrupted due to not being updated -- any references to other commit + hashes in commit messages will now refer to no-longer-extant + commits. + +* There are no facilities for helping users find what unwanted crud + they should delete, which means they are much more likely to have + incomplete or partial cleanups that sometimes result in confusion + and people wasting time trying to understand. (For example, folks + tend to just look for big files to delete instead of big directories + or extensions, and once they do so, then sometime later folks using + the new repository who are going through history will notice a build + artifact directory that has some files but not others, or a cache of + dependencies (node_modules or similar) which couldn't have ever been + functional since it's missing some files.) + +* If --prune-empty isn't specified, then the filtering process can + create hoards of confusing empty commits + +* If --prune-empty is specified, then intentionally placed empty + commits from before the filtering operation are also pruned instead + of just pruning commits that became empty due to filtering rules. + +* If --prune-empty is specified, sometimes empty commits are missed + and left around anyway (a somewhat rare bug, but it happens...) + +* A minor issue, but users who have a goal to update all names and + emails in a repository may be led to --env-filter which will only + update authors and committers, missing taggers. + +* If the user provides a --tag-name-filter that maps multiple tags to + the same name, no warning or error is provided; git-filter-branch + simply overwrites each tag in some undocumented pre-defined order + resulting in only one tag at the end. (A git-filter-branch + regression test requires this surprising behavior.) + +Also, the poor performance of git-filter-branch often leads to safety +issues: + +* Coming up with the correct shell snippet to do the filtering you + want is sometimes difficult unless you're just doing a trivial + modification such as deleting a couple files. Unfortunately, people + often learn if the snippet is right or wrong by trying it out, but + the rightness or wrongness can vary depending on special + circumstances (spaces in filenames, non-ascii filenames, funny + author names or emails, invalid timezones, presence of grafts or + replace objects, etc.), meaning they may have to wait a long time, + hit an error, then restart. The performance of git-filter-branch is + so bad that this cycle is painful, reducing the time available to + carefully re-check (to say nothing about what it does to the + patience of the person doing the rewrite even if they do technically + have more time available). This problem is extra compounded because + errors from broken filters may not be shown for a long time and/or + get lost in a sea of output. Even worse, broken filters often just + result in silent incorrect rewrites. + +* To top it all off, even when users finally find working commands, + they naturally want to share them. But they may be unaware that + their repo didn't have some special cases that someone else's does. + So, when someone else with a different repository runs the same + commands, they get hit by the problems above. Or, the user just + runs commands that really were vetted for special cases, but they + run it on a different OS where it doesn't work, as noted above. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt index 774cecc7ed..6dcd39f6f6 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt @@ -214,6 +214,11 @@ symref:: `:lstrip` and `:rstrip` options in the same way as `refname` above. +worktreepath:: + The absolute path to the worktree in which the ref is checked + out, if it is checked out in any linked worktree. Empty string + otherwise. + In addition to the above, for commit and tag objects, the header field names (`tree`, `parent`, `object`, `type`, and `tag`) can be used to specify the value in the header field. diff --git a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt index 1af85d404f..0f81d0437b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt @@ -17,12 +17,15 @@ SYNOPSIS [--signature-file=<file>] [-n | --numbered | -N | --no-numbered] [--start-number <n>] [--numbered-files] - [--in-reply-to=Message-Id] [--suffix=.<sfx>] + [--in-reply-to=<message id>] [--suffix=.<sfx>] [--ignore-if-in-upstream] - [--rfc] [--subject-prefix=Subject-Prefix] + [--cover-from-description=<mode>] + [--rfc] [--subject-prefix=<subject prefix>] [(--reroll-count|-v) <n>] [--to=<email>] [--cc=<email>] - [--[no-]cover-letter] [--quiet] [--notes[=<ref>]] + [--[no-]cover-letter] [--quiet] + [--[no-]encode-email-headers] + [--no-notes | --notes[=<ref>]] [--interdiff=<previous>] [--range-diff=<previous> [--creation-factor=<percent>]] [--progress] @@ -65,7 +68,8 @@ they are created in the current working directory. The default path can be set with the `format.outputDirectory` configuration option. The `-o` option takes precedence over `format.outputDirectory`. To store patches in the current working directory even when -`format.outputDirectory` points elsewhere, use `-o .`. +`format.outputDirectory` points elsewhere, use `-o .`. All directory +components will be created. By default, the subject of a single patch is "[PATCH] " followed by the concatenation of lines from the commit message up to the first blank @@ -158,9 +162,9 @@ Beware that the default for 'git send-email' is to thread emails itself. If you want `git format-patch` to take care of threading, you will want to ensure that threading is disabled for `git send-email`. ---in-reply-to=Message-Id:: +--in-reply-to=<message id>:: Make the first mail (or all the mails with `--no-thread`) appear as a - reply to the given Message-Id, which avoids breaking threads to + reply to the given <message id>, which avoids breaking threads to provide a new patch series. --ignore-if-in-upstream:: @@ -170,9 +174,29 @@ will want to ensure that threading is disabled for `git send-email`. patches being generated, and any patch that matches is ignored. ---subject-prefix=<Subject-Prefix>:: +--cover-from-description=<mode>:: + Controls which parts of the cover letter will be automatically + populated using the branch's description. ++ +If `<mode>` is `message` or `default`, the cover letter subject will be +populated with placeholder text. The body of the cover letter will be +populated with the branch's description. This is the default mode when +no configuration nor command line option is specified. ++ +If `<mode>` is `subject`, the first paragraph of the branch description will +populate the cover letter subject. The remainder of the description will +populate the body of the cover letter. ++ +If `<mode>` is `auto`, if the first paragraph of the branch description +is greater than 100 bytes, then the mode will be `message`, otherwise +`subject` will be used. ++ +If `<mode>` is `none`, both the cover letter subject and body will be +populated with placeholder text. + +--subject-prefix=<subject prefix>:: Instead of the standard '[PATCH]' prefix in the subject - line, instead use '[<Subject-Prefix>]'. This + line, instead use '[<subject prefix>]'. This allows for useful naming of a patch series, and can be combined with the `--numbered` option. @@ -230,6 +254,13 @@ feeding the result to `git send-email`. containing the branch description, shortlog and the overall diffstat. You can fill in a description in the file before sending it out. +--encode-email-headers:: +--no-encode-email-headers:: + Encode email headers that have non-ASCII characters with + "Q-encoding" (described in RFC 2047), instead of outputting the + headers verbatim. Defaults to the value of the + `format.encodeEmailHeaders` configuration variable. + --interdiff=<previous>:: As a reviewer aid, insert an interdiff into the cover letter, or as commentary of the lone patch of a 1-patch series, showing @@ -263,6 +294,7 @@ material (this may change in the future). for details. --notes[=<ref>]:: +--no-notes:: Append the notes (see linkgit:git-notes[1]) for the commit after the three-dash line. + @@ -273,6 +305,9 @@ these explanations after `format-patch` has run but before sending, keeping them as Git notes allows them to be maintained between versions of the patch series (but see the discussion of the `notes.rewrite` configuration options in linkgit:git-notes[1] to use this workflow). ++ +The default is `--no-notes`, unless the `format.notes` configuration is +set. --[no-]signature=<signature>:: Add a signature to each message produced. Per RFC 3676 the signature @@ -306,10 +341,12 @@ you can use `--suffix=-patch` to get `0001-description-of-my-change-patch`. Output an all-zero hash in each patch's From header instead of the hash of the commit. ---base=<commit>:: +--[no-]base[=<commit>]:: Record the base tree information to identify the state the patch series applies to. See the BASE TREE INFORMATION section - below for details. + below for details. If <commit> is "auto", a base commit is + automatically chosen. The `--no-base` option overrides a + `format.useAutoBase` configuration. --root:: Treat the revision argument as a <revision range>, even if it @@ -325,8 +362,9 @@ CONFIGURATION ------------- You can specify extra mail header lines to be added to each message, defaults for the subject prefix and file suffix, number patches when -outputting more than one patch, add "To" or "Cc:" headers, configure -attachments, and sign off patches with configuration variables. +outputting more than one patch, add "To:" or "Cc:" headers, configure +attachments, change the patch output directory, and sign off patches +with configuration variables. ------------ [format] @@ -338,7 +376,9 @@ attachments, and sign off patches with configuration variables. cc = <email> attach [ = mime-boundary-string ] signOff = true - coverletter = auto + outputDirectory = <directory> + coverLetter = auto + coverFromDescription = auto ------------ @@ -421,8 +461,8 @@ One way to test if your MUA is set up correctly is: * Apply it: $ git fetch <project> master:test-apply - $ git checkout test-apply - $ git reset --hard + $ git switch test-apply + $ git restore --source=HEAD --staged --worktree :/ $ git am a.patch If it does not apply correctly, there can be various reasons. diff --git a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt index e0eae642c1..d72d15be5b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt @@ -104,6 +104,11 @@ care about this output and want to speed it up further. progress status even if the standard error stream is not directed to a terminal. +CONFIGURATION +------------- + +include::config/fsck.txt[] + DISCUSSION ---------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-gc.txt b/Documentation/git-gc.txt index 247f765604..0c114ad1ca 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-gc.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-gc.txt @@ -115,15 +115,14 @@ NOTES ----- 'git gc' tries very hard not to delete objects that are referenced -anywhere in your repository. In -particular, it will keep not only objects referenced by your current set -of branches and tags, but also objects referenced by the index, -remote-tracking branches, refs saved by 'git filter-branch' in -refs/original/, reflogs (which may reference commits in branches -that were later amended or rewound), and anything else in the refs/* namespace. -If you are expecting some objects to be deleted and they aren't, check -all of those locations and decide whether it makes sense in your case to -remove those references. +anywhere in your repository. In particular, it will keep not only +objects referenced by your current set of branches and tags, but also +objects referenced by the index, remote-tracking branches, notes saved +by 'git notes' under refs/notes/, reflogs (which may reference commits +in branches that were later amended or rewound), and anything else in +the refs/* namespace. If you are expecting some objects to be deleted +and they aren't, check all of those locations and decide whether it +makes sense in your case to remove those references. On the other hand, when 'git gc' runs concurrently with another process, there is a risk of it deleting an object that the other process is using diff --git a/Documentation/git-grep.txt b/Documentation/git-grep.txt index 2d27969057..cdf8e26b47 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-grep.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-grep.txt @@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ grep.extendedRegexp:: other than 'default'. grep.threads:: - Number of grep worker threads to use. If unset (or set to 0), - 8 threads are used by default (for now). + Number of grep worker threads to use. If unset (or set to 0), Git will + use as many threads as the number of logical cores available. grep.fullName:: If set to true, enable `--full-name` option by default. @@ -93,10 +93,11 @@ OPTIONS with `--no-index`. --recurse-submodules:: - Recursively search in each submodule that has been initialized and + Recursively search in each submodule that is active and checked out in the repository. When used in combination with the <tree> option the prefix of all submodule output will be the name of - the parent project's <tree> object. + the parent project's <tree> object. This option has no effect + if `--no-index` is given. -a:: --text:: @@ -271,6 +272,23 @@ providing this option will cause it to die. -f <file>:: Read patterns from <file>, one per line. ++ +Passing the pattern via <file> allows for providing a search pattern +containing a \0. ++ +Not all pattern types support patterns containing \0. Git will error +out if a given pattern type can't support such a pattern. The +`--perl-regexp` pattern type when compiled against the PCRE v2 backend +has the widest support for these types of patterns. ++ +In versions of Git before 2.23.0 patterns containing \0 would be +silently considered fixed. This was never documented, there were also +odd and undocumented interactions between e.g. non-ASCII patterns +containing \0 and `--ignore-case`. ++ +In future versions we may learn to support patterns containing \0 for +more search backends, until then we'll die when the pattern type in +question doesn't support them. -e:: The next parameter is the pattern. This option has to be @@ -330,6 +348,17 @@ EXAMPLES `git grep solution -- :^Documentation`:: Looks for `solution`, excluding files in `Documentation`. +NOTES ON THREADS +---------------- + +The `--threads` option (and the grep.threads configuration) will be ignored when +`--open-files-in-pager` is used, forcing a single-threaded execution. + +When grepping the object store (with `--cached` or giving tree objects), running +with multiple threads might perform slower than single threaded if `--textconv` +is given and there're too many text conversions. So if you experience low +performance in this case, it might be desirable to use `--threads=1`. + GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-gui.txt b/Documentation/git-gui.txt index 5f93f8003d..c9d7e96214 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-gui.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-gui.txt @@ -112,15 +112,9 @@ Other versions are distributed as part of the Git suite for the convenience of end users. -A 'git gui' development repository can be obtained from: +The official repository of the 'git gui' project can be found at: - git clone git://repo.or.cz/git-gui.git - -or - - git clone http://repo.or.cz/r/git-gui.git - -or browsed online at http://repo.or.cz/w/git-gui.git/[]. + https://github.com/prati0100/git-gui.git/ GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt b/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt index 814e74406a..df9e2c58bd 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt @@ -18,9 +18,7 @@ Computes the object ID value for an object with specified type with the contents of the named file (which can be outside of the work tree), and optionally writes the resulting object into the object database. Reports its object ID to its standard output. -This is used by 'git cvsimport' to update the index -without modifying files in the work tree. When <type> is not -specified, it defaults to "blob". +When <type> is not specified, it defaults to "blob". OPTIONS ------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-init.txt b/Documentation/git-init.txt index 32880aafb0..adc6adfd38 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-init.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-init.txt @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git init' [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template_directory>] - [--separate-git-dir <git dir>] + [--separate-git-dir <git dir>] [--object-format=<format] [--shared[=<permissions>]] [directory] @@ -48,6 +48,11 @@ Only print error and warning messages; all other output will be suppressed. Create a bare repository. If `GIT_DIR` environment is not set, it is set to the current working directory. +--object-format=<format>:: + +Specify the given object format (hash algorithm) for the repository. The valid +values are 'sha1' and (if enabled) 'sha256'. 'sha1' is the default. + --template=<template_directory>:: Specify the directory from which templates will be used. (See the "TEMPLATE diff --git a/Documentation/git-log.txt b/Documentation/git-log.txt index b02e922dc3..619577f23b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-log.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-log.txt @@ -49,7 +49,8 @@ OPTIONS Print out the ref name given on the command line by which each commit was reached. ---use-mailmap:: +--[no-]mailmap:: +--[no-]use-mailmap:: Use mailmap file to map author and committer names and email addresses to canonical real names and email addresses. See linkgit:git-shortlog[1]. @@ -76,8 +77,12 @@ produced by `--stat`, etc. (or the function name regex <funcname>) within the <file>. You may not give any pathspec limiters. This is currently limited to a walk starting from a single revision, i.e., you may only - give zero or one positive revision arguments. - You can specify this option more than once. + give zero or one positive revision arguments, and + <start> and <end> (or <funcname>) must exist in the starting revision. + You can specify this option more than once. Implies `--patch`. + Patch output can be suppressed using `--no-patch`, but other diff formats + (namely `--raw`, `--numstat`, `--shortstat`, `--dirstat`, `--summary`, + `--name-only`, `--name-status`, `--check`) are not currently implemented. + include::line-range-format.txt[] diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt index 8461c0e83e..3cb2ebb438 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt @@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ a space) at the start of each line: top directory. --recurse-submodules:: - Recursively calls ls-files on each submodule in the repository. + Recursively calls ls-files on each active submodule in the repository. Currently there is only support for the --cached mode. --abbrev[=<n>]:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt index 0b057cbb10..0a5c8b7d49 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt @@ -28,7 +28,9 @@ OPTIONS Limit to only refs/heads and refs/tags, respectively. These options are _not_ mutually exclusive; when given both, references stored in refs/heads and refs/tags are - displayed. + displayed. Note that `git ls-remote -h` used without + anything else on the command line gives help, consistent + with other git subcommands. --refs:: Do not show peeled tags or pseudorefs like `HEAD` in the output. @@ -92,21 +94,23 @@ OPTIONS EXAMPLES -------- - $ git ls-remote --tags ./. - d6602ec5194c87b0fc87103ca4d67251c76f233a refs/tags/v0.99 - f25a265a342aed6041ab0cc484224d9ca54b6f41 refs/tags/v0.99.1 - 7ceca275d047c90c0c7d5afb13ab97efdf51bd6e refs/tags/v0.99.3 - c5db5456ae3b0873fc659c19fafdde22313cc441 refs/tags/v0.99.2 - 0918385dbd9656cab0d1d81ba7453d49bbc16250 refs/tags/junio-gpg-pub - $ git ls-remote http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git master pu rc - 5fe978a5381f1fbad26a80e682ddd2a401966740 refs/heads/master - c781a84b5204fb294c9ccc79f8b3baceeb32c061 refs/heads/pu - $ git remote add korg http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git - $ git ls-remote --tags korg v\* - d6602ec5194c87b0fc87103ca4d67251c76f233a refs/tags/v0.99 - f25a265a342aed6041ab0cc484224d9ca54b6f41 refs/tags/v0.99.1 - c5db5456ae3b0873fc659c19fafdde22313cc441 refs/tags/v0.99.2 - 7ceca275d047c90c0c7d5afb13ab97efdf51bd6e refs/tags/v0.99.3 +---- +$ git ls-remote --tags ./. +d6602ec5194c87b0fc87103ca4d67251c76f233a refs/tags/v0.99 +f25a265a342aed6041ab0cc484224d9ca54b6f41 refs/tags/v0.99.1 +7ceca275d047c90c0c7d5afb13ab97efdf51bd6e refs/tags/v0.99.3 +c5db5456ae3b0873fc659c19fafdde22313cc441 refs/tags/v0.99.2 +0918385dbd9656cab0d1d81ba7453d49bbc16250 refs/tags/junio-gpg-pub +$ git ls-remote http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git master pu rc +5fe978a5381f1fbad26a80e682ddd2a401966740 refs/heads/master +c781a84b5204fb294c9ccc79f8b3baceeb32c061 refs/heads/pu +$ git remote add korg http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git +$ git ls-remote --tags korg v\* +d6602ec5194c87b0fc87103ca4d67251c76f233a refs/tags/v0.99 +f25a265a342aed6041ab0cc484224d9ca54b6f41 refs/tags/v0.99.1 +c5db5456ae3b0873fc659c19fafdde22313cc441 refs/tags/v0.99.2 +7ceca275d047c90c0c7d5afb13ab97efdf51bd6e refs/tags/v0.99.3 +---- SEE ALSO -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt index 9f07f4f6ed..2d944e0851 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt @@ -80,9 +80,11 @@ which is reachable from both 'A' and 'B' through the parent relationship. For example, with this topology: - o---o---o---B - / - ---o---1---o---o---o---A +.... + o---o---o---B + / +---o---1---o---o---o---A +.... the merge base between 'A' and 'B' is '1'. @@ -90,21 +92,25 @@ Given three commits 'A', 'B' and 'C', `git merge-base A B C` will compute the merge base between 'A' and a hypothetical commit 'M', which is a merge between 'B' and 'C'. For example, with this topology: - o---o---o---o---C - / - / o---o---o---B - / / - ---2---1---o---o---o---A +.... + o---o---o---o---C + / + / o---o---o---B + / / +---2---1---o---o---o---A +.... the result of `git merge-base A B C` is '1'. This is because the equivalent topology with a merge commit 'M' between 'B' and 'C' is: - o---o---o---o---o - / \ - / o---o---o---o---M - / / - ---2---1---o---o---o---A +.... + o---o---o---o---o + / \ + / o---o---o---o---M + / / +---2---1---o---o---o---A +.... and the result of `git merge-base A M` is '1'. Commit '2' is also a common ancestor between 'A' and 'M', but '1' is a better common ancestor, @@ -116,11 +122,13 @@ the best common ancestor of all commits. When the history involves criss-cross merges, there can be more than one 'best' common ancestor for two commits. For example, with this topology: - ---1---o---A - \ / - X - / \ - ---2---o---o---B +.... +---1---o---A + \ / + X + / \ +---2---o---o---B +.... both '1' and '2' are merge-bases of A and B. Neither one is better than the other (both are 'best' merge bases). When the `--all` option is not given, @@ -131,36 +139,42 @@ and B is (or at least used to be) to compute the merge base between A and B, and check if it is the same as A, in which case, A is an ancestor of B. You will see this idiom used often in older scripts. - A=$(git rev-parse --verify A) - if test "$A" = "$(git merge-base A B)" - then - ... A is an ancestor of B ... - fi +.... +A=$(git rev-parse --verify A) +if test "$A" = "$(git merge-base A B)" +then + ... A is an ancestor of B ... +fi +.... In modern git, you can say this in a more direct way: - if git merge-base --is-ancestor A B - then - ... A is an ancestor of B ... - fi +.... +if git merge-base --is-ancestor A B +then + ... A is an ancestor of B ... +fi +.... instead. Discussion on fork-point mode ----------------------------- -After working on the `topic` branch created with `git checkout -b +After working on the `topic` branch created with `git switch -c topic origin/master`, the history of remote-tracking branch `origin/master` may have been rewound and rebuilt, leading to a history of this shape: - o---B2 - / - ---o---o---B1--o---o---o---B (origin/master) - \ - B0 - \ - D0---D1---D (topic) +.... + o---B2 + / +---o---o---B1--o---o---o---B (origin/master) + \ + B0 + \ + D0---D1---D (topic) +.... where `origin/master` used to point at commits B0, B1, B2 and now it points at B, and your `topic` branch was started on top of it back @@ -193,13 +207,15 @@ will find B0, and will replay D0, D1 and D on top of B to create a new history of this shape: - o---B2 - / - ---o---o---B1--o---o---o---B (origin/master) - \ \ - B0 D0'--D1'--D' (topic - updated) - \ - D0---D1---D (topic - old) +.... + o---B2 + / +---o---o---B1--o---o---o---B (origin/master) + \ \ + B0 D0'--D1'--D' (topic - updated) + \ + D0---D1---D (topic - old) +.... A caveat is that older reflog entries in your repository may be expired by `git gc`. If B0 no longer appears in the reflog of the diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt index 02676fb391..2ab84a91e5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt @@ -54,20 +54,24 @@ original is first. But the argument order to the 3-way merge program Examples: - torvalds@ppc970:~/merge-test> git merge-index cat MM - This is MM from the original tree. # original - This is modified MM in the branch A. # merge1 - This is modified MM in the branch B. # merge2 - This is modified MM in the branch B. # current contents +---- +torvalds@ppc970:~/merge-test> git merge-index cat MM +This is MM from the original tree. # original +This is modified MM in the branch A. # merge1 +This is modified MM in the branch B. # merge2 +This is modified MM in the branch B. # current contents +---- or - torvalds@ppc970:~/merge-test> git merge-index cat AA MM - cat: : No such file or directory - This is added AA in the branch A. - This is added AA in the branch B. - This is added AA in the branch B. - fatal: merge program failed +---- +torvalds@ppc970:~/merge-test> git merge-index cat AA MM +cat: : No such file or directory +This is added AA in the branch A. +This is added AA in the branch B. +This is added AA in the branch B. +fatal: merge program failed +---- where the latter example shows how 'git merge-index' will stop trying to merge once anything has returned an error (i.e., `cat` returned an error diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge.txt b/Documentation/git-merge.txt index 6294dbc09d..092529c619 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge.txt @@ -10,11 +10,10 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git merge' [-n] [--stat] [--no-commit] [--squash] [--[no-]edit] - [-s <strategy>] [-X <strategy-option>] [-S[<keyid>]] + [--no-verify] [-s <strategy>] [-X <strategy-option>] [-S[<keyid>]] [--[no-]allow-unrelated-histories] [--[no-]rerere-autoupdate] [-m <msg>] [-F <file>] [<commit>...] -'git merge' --abort -'git merge' --continue +'git merge' (--continue | --abort | --quit) DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -88,6 +87,11 @@ will be appended to the specified message. Allow the rerere mechanism to update the index with the result of auto-conflict resolution if possible. +--overwrite-ignore:: +--no-overwrite-ignore:: + Silently overwrite ignored files from the merge result. This + is the default behavior. Use `--no-overwrite-ignore` to abort. + --abort:: Abort the current conflict resolution process, and try to reconstruct the pre-merge state. @@ -100,6 +104,10 @@ commit or stash your changes before running 'git merge'. 'git merge --abort' is equivalent to 'git reset --merge' when `MERGE_HEAD` is present. +--quit:: + Forget about the current merge in progress. Leave the index + and the working tree as-is. + --continue:: After a 'git merge' stops due to conflicts you can conclude the merge by running 'git merge --continue' (see "HOW TO RESOLVE diff --git a/Documentation/git-multi-pack-index.txt b/Documentation/git-multi-pack-index.txt index 233b2b7862..642d9ac5b7 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-multi-pack-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-multi-pack-index.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-multi-pack-index - Write and verify multi-pack-indexes SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git multi-pack-index' [--object-dir=<dir>] <subcommand> +'git multi-pack-index' [--object-dir=<dir>] [--[no-]progress] <subcommand> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -23,6 +23,10 @@ OPTIONS `<dir>/packs/multi-pack-index` for the current MIDX file, and `<dir>/packs` for the pack-files to index. +--[no-]progress:: + Turn progress on/off explicitly. If neither is specified, progress is + shown if standard error is connected to a terminal. + The following subcommands are available: write:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-notes.txt b/Documentation/git-notes.txt index f56a5a9197..ced2e8280e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-notes.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-notes.txt @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [verse] 'git notes' [list [<object>]] 'git notes' add [-f] [--allow-empty] [-F <file> | -m <msg> | (-c | -C) <object>] [<object>] -'git notes' copy [-f] ( --stdin | <from-object> <to-object> ) +'git notes' copy [-f] ( --stdin | <from-object> [<to-object>] ) 'git notes' append [--allow-empty] [-F <file> | -m <msg> | (-c | -C) <object>] [<object>] 'git notes' edit [--allow-empty] [<object>] 'git notes' show [<object>] @@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ add:: subcommand). copy:: - Copy the notes for the first object onto the second object. - Abort if the second object already has notes, or if the first + Copy the notes for the first object onto the second object (defaults to + HEAD). Abort if the second object already has notes, or if the first object has none (use -f to overwrite existing notes to the second object). This subcommand is equivalent to: `git notes add [-f] -C $(git notes list <from-object>) <to-object>` diff --git a/Documentation/git-p4.txt b/Documentation/git-p4.txt index 3494a1db3e..dab9609013 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-p4.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-p4.txt @@ -374,14 +374,55 @@ These options can be used to modify 'git p4 submit' behavior. been submitted. Implies --disable-rebase. Can also be set with git-p4.disableP4Sync. Sync with origin/master still goes ahead if possible. -Hook for submit -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Hooks for submit +---------------- + +p4-pre-submit +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + The `p4-pre-submit` hook is executed if it exists and is executable. The hook takes no parameters and nothing from standard input. Exiting with non-zero status from this script prevents `git-p4 submit` from launching. +It can be bypassed with the `--no-verify` command line option. One usage scenario is to run unit tests in the hook. +p4-prepare-changelist +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The `p4-prepare-changelist` hook is executed right after preparing +the default changelist message and before the editor is started. +It takes one parameter, the name of the file that contains the +changelist text. Exiting with a non-zero status from the script +will abort the process. + +The purpose of the hook is to edit the message file in place, +and it is not supressed by the `--no-verify` option. This hook +is called even if `--prepare-p4-only` is set. + +p4-changelist +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The `p4-changelist` hook is executed after the changelist +message has been edited by the user. It can be bypassed with the +`--no-verify` option. It takes a single parameter, the name +of the file that holds the proposed changelist text. Exiting +with a non-zero status causes the command to abort. + +The hook is allowed to edit the changelist file and can be used +to normalize the text into some project standard format. It can +also be used to refuse the Submit after inspect the message file. + +p4-post-changelist +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The `p4-post-changelist` hook is invoked after the submit has +successfully occured in P4. It takes no parameters and is meant +primarily for notification and cannot affect the outcome of the +git p4 submit action. + + + Rebase options ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These options can be used to modify 'git p4 rebase' behavior. diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt index e45f3e680d..eaa2f2a404 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [--local] [--incremental] [--window=<n>] [--depth=<n>] [--revs [--unpacked | --all]] [--keep-pack=<pack-name>] [--stdout [--filter=<filter-spec>] | base-name] - [--shallow] [--keep-true-parents] [--sparse] < object-list + [--shallow] [--keep-true-parents] [--[no-]sparse] < object-list DESCRIPTION @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ depth is 4095. --keep-pack=<pack-name>:: This flag causes an object already in the given pack to be ignored, even if it would have otherwise been - packed. `<pack-name>` is the the pack file name without + packed. `<pack-name>` is the pack file name without leading directory (e.g. `pack-123.pack`). The option could be specified multiple times to keep multiple packs. @@ -196,14 +196,16 @@ depth is 4095. Add --no-reuse-object if you want to force a uniform compression level on all data no matter the source. ---sparse:: - Use the "sparse" algorithm to determine which objects to include in +--[no-]sparse:: + Toggle the "sparse" algorithm to determine which objects to include in the pack, when combined with the "--revs" option. This algorithm only walks trees that appear in paths that introduce new objects. This can have significant performance benefits when computing a pack to send a small change. However, it is possible that extra objects are added to the pack-file if the included commits contain - certain types of direct renames. + certain types of direct renames. If this option is not included, + it defaults to the value of `pack.useSparse`, which is true unless + otherwise specified. --thin:: Create a "thin" pack by omitting the common objects between a diff --git a/Documentation/git-pull.txt b/Documentation/git-pull.txt index a5e9501a0a..9c7ab2d48f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pull.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pull.txt @@ -85,8 +85,9 @@ OPTIONS Pass --verbose to git-fetch and git-merge. --[no-]recurse-submodules[=yes|on-demand|no]:: - This option controls if new commits of all populated submodules should - be fetched and updated, too (see linkgit:git-config[1] and + This option controls if new commits of populated submodules should + be fetched, and if the working trees of active submodules should be + updated, too (see linkgit:git-fetch[1], linkgit:git-config[1] and linkgit:gitmodules[5]). + If the checkout is done via rebase, local submodule commits are rebased as well. @@ -229,9 +230,9 @@ branch.<name>.merge options; see linkgit:git-config[1] for details. $ git pull origin next ------------------------------------------------ + -This leaves a copy of `next` temporarily in FETCH_HEAD, but -does not update any remote-tracking branches. Using remote-tracking -branches, the same can be done by invoking fetch and merge: +This leaves a copy of `next` temporarily in FETCH_HEAD, and +updates the remote-tracking branch `origin/next`. +The same can be done by invoking fetch and merge: + ------------------------------------------------ $ git fetch origin @@ -249,7 +250,7 @@ BUGS ---- Using --recurse-submodules can only fetch new commits in already checked out submodules right now. When e.g. upstream added a new submodule in the -just fetched commits of the superproject the submodule itself can not be +just fetched commits of the superproject the submodule itself cannot be fetched, making it impossible to check out that submodule later without having to do a fetch again. This is expected to be fixed in a future Git version. diff --git a/Documentation/git-push.txt b/Documentation/git-push.txt index 6a8a0d958b..3b8053447e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-push.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-push.txt @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ without any `<refspec>` on the command line. Otherwise, missing + If <dst> doesn't start with `refs/` (e.g. `refs/heads/master`) we will try to infer where in `refs/*` on the destination <repository> it -belongs based on the the type of <src> being pushed and whether <dst> +belongs based on the type of <src> being pushed and whether <dst> is ambiguous. + -- diff --git a/Documentation/git-range-diff.txt b/Documentation/git-range-diff.txt index 8a6ea2c6c5..9701c1e5fd 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-range-diff.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-range-diff.txt @@ -57,6 +57,10 @@ to revert to color all lines according to the outer diff markers See the ``Algorithm`` section below for an explanation why this is needed. +--[no-]notes[=<ref>]:: + This flag is passed to the `git log` program + (see linkgit:git-log[1]) that generates the patches. + <range1> <range2>:: Compare the commits specified by the two ranges, where `<range1>` is considered an older version of `<range2>`. @@ -75,7 +79,7 @@ to revert to color all lines according to the outer diff markers linkgit:git-diff[1]), most notably the `--color=[<when>]` and `--no-color` options. These options are used when generating the "diff between patches", i.e. to compare the author, commit message and diff of -corresponding old/new commits. There is currently no means to tweak the +corresponding old/new commits. There is currently no means to tweak most of the diff options passed to `git log` when generating those patches. OUTPUT STABILITY @@ -242,7 +246,7 @@ corresponding. The overall time needed to compute this algorithm is the time needed to compute n+m commit diffs and then n*m diffs of patches, plus the time -needed to compute the least-cost assigment between n and m diffs. Git +needed to compute the least-cost assignment between n and m diffs. Git uses an implementation of the Jonker-Volgenant algorithm to solve the assignment problem, which has cubic runtime complexity. The matching found in this case will look like this: diff --git a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt index d271842608..5fa8bab64c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt @@ -116,9 +116,9 @@ OPTIONS located in. --[no-]recurse-submodules:: - Using --recurse-submodules will update the content of all initialized + Using --recurse-submodules will update the content of all active submodules according to the commit recorded in the superproject by - calling read-tree recursively, also setting the submodules HEAD to be + calling read-tree recursively, also setting the submodules' HEAD to be detached at that commit. --no-sparse-checkout:: @@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ support. SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-write-tree[1]; linkgit:git-ls-files[1]; -linkgit:gitignore[5] +linkgit:gitignore[5]; linkgit:git-sparse-checkout[1]; GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt index 5e4e927647..2de8620683 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt @@ -8,16 +8,16 @@ git-rebase - Reapply commits on top of another base tip SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [<options>] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] - [<upstream> [<branch>]] +'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [<options>] [--exec <cmd>] + [--onto <newbase> | --keep-base] [<upstream> [<branch>]] 'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [<options>] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] --root [<branch>] -'git rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --edit-todo | --show-current-patch +'git rebase' (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --edit-todo | --show-current-patch) DESCRIPTION ----------- If <branch> is specified, 'git rebase' will perform an automatic -`git checkout <branch>` before doing anything else. Otherwise +`git switch <branch>` before doing anything else. Otherwise it remains on the current branch. If <upstream> is not specified, the upstream configured in @@ -217,6 +217,24 @@ As a special case, you may use "A\...B" as a shortcut for the merge base of A and B if there is exactly one merge base. You can leave out at most one of A and B, in which case it defaults to HEAD. +--keep-base:: + Set the starting point at which to create the new commits to the + merge base of <upstream> <branch>. Running + 'git rebase --keep-base <upstream> <branch>' is equivalent to + running 'git rebase --onto <upstream>... <upstream>'. ++ +This option is useful in the case where one is developing a feature on +top of an upstream branch. While the feature is being worked on, the +upstream branch may advance and it may not be the best idea to keep +rebasing on top of the upstream but to keep the base commit as-is. ++ +Although both this option and --fork-point find the merge base between +<upstream> and <branch>, this option uses the merge base as the _starting +point_ on which new commits will be created, whereas --fork-point uses +the merge base to determine the _set of commits_ which will be rebased. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. + <upstream>:: Upstream branch to compare against. May be any valid commit, not just an existing branch name. Defaults to the configured @@ -240,16 +258,76 @@ leave out at most one of A and B, in which case it defaults to HEAD. original branch. The index and working tree are also left unchanged as a result. +--apply: + Use applying strategies to rebase (calling `git-am` + internally). This option may become a no-op in the future + once the merge backend handles everything the apply one does. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. + +--empty={drop,keep,ask}:: + How to handle commits that are not empty to start and are not + clean cherry-picks of any upstream commit, but which become + empty after rebasing (because they contain a subset of already + upstream changes). With drop (the default), commits that + become empty are dropped. With keep, such commits are kept. + With ask (implied by --interactive), the rebase will halt when + an empty commit is applied allowing you to choose whether to + drop it, edit files more, or just commit the empty changes. + Other options, like --exec, will use the default of drop unless + -i/--interactive is explicitly specified. ++ +Note that commits which start empty are kept (unless --no-keep-empty +is specified), and commits which are clean cherry-picks (as determined +by `git log --cherry-mark ...`) are detected and dropped as a +preliminary step (unless --reapply-cherry-picks is passed). ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. + +--no-keep-empty:: --keep-empty:: - Keep the commits that do not change anything from its - parents in the result. + Do not keep commits that start empty before the rebase + (i.e. that do not change anything from its parent) in the + result. The default is to keep commits which start empty, + since creating such commits requires passing the --allow-empty + override flag to `git commit`, signifying that a user is very + intentionally creating such a commit and thus wants to keep + it. ++ +Usage of this flag will probably be rare, since you can get rid of +commits that start empty by just firing up an interactive rebase and +removing the lines corresponding to the commits you don't want. This +flag exists as a convenient shortcut, such as for cases where external +tools generate many empty commits and you want them all removed. ++ +For commits which do not start empty but become empty after rebasing, +see the --empty flag. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. + +--reapply-cherry-picks:: +--no-reapply-cherry-picks:: + Reapply all clean cherry-picks of any upstream commit instead + of preemptively dropping them. (If these commits then become + empty after rebasing, because they contain a subset of already + upstream changes, the behavior towards them is controlled by + the `--empty` flag.) ++ +By default (or if `--no-reapply-cherry-picks` is given), these commits +will be automatically dropped. Because this necessitates reading all +upstream commits, this can be expensive in repos with a large number +of upstream commits that need to be read. ++ +`--reapply-cherry-picks` allows rebase to forgo reading all upstream +commits, potentially improving performance. + See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. --allow-empty-message:: - By default, rebasing commits with an empty message will fail. - This option overrides that behavior, allowing commits with empty - messages to be rebased. + No-op. Rebasing commits with an empty message used to fail + and this option would override that behavior, allowing commits + with empty messages to be rebased. Now commits with an empty + message do not cause rebasing to halt. + See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. @@ -268,7 +346,7 @@ See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. --merge:: Use merging strategies to rebase. When the recursive (default) merge strategy is used, this allows rebase to be aware of renames on the - upstream side. + upstream side. This is the default. + Note that a rebase merge works by replaying each commit from the working branch on top of the <upstream> branch. Because of this, when a merge @@ -307,9 +385,12 @@ See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. -S[<keyid>]:: --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: +--no-gpg-sign:: GPG-sign commits. The `keyid` argument is optional and defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be - stuck to the option without a space. + stuck to the option without a space. `--no-gpg-sign` is useful to + countermand both `commit.gpgSign` configuration variable, and + earlier `--gpg-sign`. -q:: --quiet:: @@ -338,7 +419,7 @@ See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. Ensure at least <n> lines of surrounding context match before and after each change. When fewer lines of surrounding context exist they all must match. By default no context is - ever ignored. + ever ignored. Implies --apply. + See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. @@ -369,11 +450,16 @@ ends up being empty, the <upstream> will be used as a fallback. + If either <upstream> or --root is given on the command line, then the default is `--no-fork-point`, otherwise the default is `--fork-point`. ++ +If your branch was based on <upstream> but <upstream> was rewound and +your branch contains commits which were dropped, this option can be used +with `--keep-base` in order to drop those commits from your branch. --ignore-whitespace:: --whitespace=<option>:: - These flag are passed to the 'git apply' program + These flags are passed to the 'git apply' program (see linkgit:git-apply[1]) that applies the patch. + Implies --apply. + See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. @@ -421,8 +507,8 @@ the `rebase-cousins` mode is turned on, such commits are instead rebased onto `<upstream>` (or `<onto>`, if specified). + The `--rebase-merges` mode is similar in spirit to the deprecated -`--preserve-merges`, but in contrast to that option works well in interactive -rebases: commits can be reordered, inserted and dropped at will. +`--preserve-merges` but works with interactive rebases, +where commits can be reordered, inserted and dropped at will. + It is currently only possible to recreate the merge commits using the `recursive` merge strategy; Different merge strategies can be used only via @@ -517,10 +603,11 @@ INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS The following options: + * --apply * --committer-date-is-author-date * --ignore-date - * --whitespace * --ignore-whitespace + * --whitespace * -C are incompatible with the following options: @@ -534,7 +621,9 @@ are incompatible with the following options: * --preserve-merges * --interactive * --exec - * --keep-empty + * --no-keep-empty + * --empty= + * --reapply-cherry-picks * --edit-todo * --root when used in combination with --onto @@ -543,33 +632,148 @@ In addition, the following pairs of options are incompatible: * --preserve-merges and --interactive * --preserve-merges and --signoff * --preserve-merges and --rebase-merges - * --rebase-merges and --strategy - * --rebase-merges and --strategy-option + * --preserve-merges and --empty= + * --keep-base and --onto + * --keep-base and --root BEHAVIORAL DIFFERENCES ----------------------- -There are some subtle differences how the backends behave. +git rebase has two primary backends: apply and merge. (The apply +backend used to be known as the 'am' backend, but the name led to +confusion as it looks like a verb instead of a noun. Also, the merge +backend used to be known as the interactive backend, but it is now +used for non-interactive cases as well. Both were renamed based on +lower-level functionality that underpinned each.) There are some +subtle differences in how these two backends behave: Empty commits ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The am backend drops any "empty" commits, regardless of whether the -commit started empty (had no changes relative to its parent to -start with) or ended empty (all changes were already applied -upstream in other commits). +The apply backend unfortunately drops intentionally empty commits, i.e. +commits that started empty, though these are rare in practice. It +also drops commits that become empty and has no option for controlling +this behavior. + +The merge backend keeps intentionally empty commits by default (though +with -i they are marked as empty in the todo list editor, or they can +be dropped automatically with --no-keep-empty). -The interactive backend drops commits by default that -started empty and halts if it hits a commit that ended up empty. -The `--keep-empty` option exists for the interactive backend to allow -it to keep commits that started empty. +Similar to the apply backend, by default the merge backend drops +commits that become empty unless -i/--interactive is specified (in +which case it stops and asks the user what to do). The merge backend +also has an --empty={drop,keep,ask} option for changing the behavior +of handling commits that become empty. Directory rename detection ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Directory rename heuristics are enabled in the merge and interactive -backends. Due to the lack of accurate tree information, directory -rename detection is disabled in the am backend. +Due to the lack of accurate tree information (arising from +constructing fake ancestors with the limited information available in +patches), directory rename detection is disabled in the apply backend. +Disabled directory rename detection means that if one side of history +renames a directory and the other adds new files to the old directory, +then the new files will be left behind in the old directory without +any warning at the time of rebasing that you may want to move these +files into the new directory. + +Directory rename detection works with the merge backend to provide you +warnings in such cases. + +Context +~~~~~~~ + +The apply backend works by creating a sequence of patches (by calling +`format-patch` internally), and then applying the patches in sequence +(calling `am` internally). Patches are composed of multiple hunks, +each with line numbers, a context region, and the actual changes. The +line numbers have to be taken with some fuzz, since the other side +will likely have inserted or deleted lines earlier in the file. The +context region is meant to help find how to adjust the line numbers in +order to apply the changes to the right lines. However, if multiple +areas of the code have the same surrounding lines of context, the +wrong one can be picked. There are real-world cases where this has +caused commits to be reapplied incorrectly with no conflicts reported. +Setting diff.context to a larger value may prevent such types of +problems, but increases the chance of spurious conflicts (since it +will require more lines of matching context to apply). + +The merge backend works with a full copy of each relevant file, +insulating it from these types of problems. + +Labelling of conflicts markers +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When there are content conflicts, the merge machinery tries to +annotate each side's conflict markers with the commits where the +content came from. Since the apply backend drops the original +information about the rebased commits and their parents (and instead +generates new fake commits based off limited information in the +generated patches), those commits cannot be identified; instead it has +to fall back to a commit summary. Also, when merge.conflictStyle is +set to diff3, the apply backend will use "constructed merge base" to +label the content from the merge base, and thus provide no information +about the merge base commit whatsoever. + +The merge backend works with the full commits on both sides of history +and thus has no such limitations. + +Hooks +~~~~~ + +The apply backend has not traditionally called the post-commit hook, +while the merge backend has. Both have called the post-checkout hook, +though the merge backend has squelched its output. Further, both +backends only call the post-checkout hook with the starting point +commit of the rebase, not the intermediate commits nor the final +commit. In each case, the calling of these hooks was by accident of +implementation rather than by design (both backends were originally +implemented as shell scripts and happened to invoke other commands +like 'git checkout' or 'git commit' that would call the hooks). Both +backends should have the same behavior, though it is not entirely +clear which, if any, is correct. We will likely make rebase stop +calling either of these hooks in the future. + +Interruptability +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The apply backend has safety problems with an ill-timed interrupt; if +the user presses Ctrl-C at the wrong time to try to abort the rebase, +the rebase can enter a state where it cannot be aborted with a +subsequent `git rebase --abort`. The merge backend does not appear to +suffer from the same shortcoming. (See +https://lore.kernel.org/git/20200207132152.GC2868@szeder.dev/ for +details.) + +Commit Rewording +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When a conflict occurs while rebasing, rebase stops and asks the user +to resolve. Since the user may need to make notable changes while +resolving conflicts, after conflicts are resolved and the user has run +`git rebase --continue`, the rebase should open an editor and ask the +user to update the commit message. The merge backend does this, while +the apply backend blindly applies the original commit message. + +Miscellaneous differences +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +There are a few more behavioral differences that most folks would +probably consider inconsequential but which are mentioned for +completeness: + +* Reflog: The two backends will use different wording when describing + the changes made in the reflog, though both will make use of the + word "rebase". + +* Progress, informational, and error messages: The two backends + provide slightly different progress and informational messages. + Also, the apply backend writes error messages (such as "Your files + would be overwritten...") to stdout, while the merge backend writes + them to stderr. + +* State directories: The two backends keep their state in different + directories under .git/ include::merge-strategies.txt[] @@ -832,7 +1036,8 @@ Hard case: The changes are not the same.:: This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase had conflicts, or used `--interactive` to omit, edit, squash, or fixup commits; or if the upstream used one of `commit --amend`, `reset`, or - `filter-branch`. + a full history rewriting command like + https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[`filter-repo`]. The easy case @@ -843,7 +1048,8 @@ Only works if the changes (patch IDs based on the diff contents) on 'subsystem' did. In that case, the fix is easy because 'git rebase' knows to skip -changes that are already present in the new upstream. So if you say +changes that are already present in the new upstream (unless +`--reapply-cherry-picks` is given). So if you say (assuming you're on 'topic') ------------ $ git rebase subsystem @@ -870,7 +1076,7 @@ NOTE: While an "easy case recovery" sometimes appears to be successful --interactive` will be **resurrected**! The idea is to manually tell 'git rebase' "where the old 'subsystem' -ended and your 'topic' began", that is, what the old merge-base +ended and your 'topic' began", that is, what the old merge base between them was. You will have to find a way to name the last commit of the old 'subsystem', for example: diff --git a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt index dedf97efbb..25702ed730 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt @@ -165,29 +165,31 @@ ref listing the commits pushed to the repository, and logs the push certificates of signed pushes with good signatures to a logger service: - #!/bin/sh - # mail out commit update information. - while read oval nval ref - do - if expr "$oval" : '0*$' >/dev/null - then - echo "Created a new ref, with the following commits:" - git rev-list --pretty "$nval" - else - echo "New commits:" - git rev-list --pretty "$nval" "^$oval" - fi | - mail -s "Changes to ref $ref" commit-list@mydomain - done - # log signed push certificate, if any - if test -n "${GIT_PUSH_CERT-}" && test ${GIT_PUSH_CERT_STATUS} = G +---- +#!/bin/sh +# mail out commit update information. +while read oval nval ref +do + if expr "$oval" : '0*$' >/dev/null then - ( - echo expected nonce is ${GIT_PUSH_NONCE} - git cat-file blob ${GIT_PUSH_CERT} - ) | mail -s "push certificate from $GIT_PUSH_CERT_SIGNER" push-log@mydomain - fi - exit 0 + echo "Created a new ref, with the following commits:" + git rev-list --pretty "$nval" + else + echo "New commits:" + git rev-list --pretty "$nval" "^$oval" + fi | + mail -s "Changes to ref $ref" commit-list@mydomain +done +# log signed push certificate, if any +if test -n "${GIT_PUSH_CERT-}" && test ${GIT_PUSH_CERT_STATUS} = G +then + ( + echo expected nonce is ${GIT_PUSH_NONCE} + git cat-file blob ${GIT_PUSH_CERT} + ) | mail -s "push certificate from $GIT_PUSH_CERT_SIGNER" push-log@mydomain +fi +exit 0 +---- The exit code from this hook invocation is ignored, however a non-zero exit code will generate an error message. @@ -212,8 +214,10 @@ anyway. This hook can be used, for example, to run `git update-server-info` if the repository is packed and is served via a dumb transport. - #!/bin/sh - exec git update-server-info +---- +#!/bin/sh +exec git update-server-info +---- QUARANTINE ENVIRONMENT diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-remote.txt index 0cad37fb81..9659abbf8e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-remote.txt @@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ $ git branch -r staging/master staging/staging-linus staging/staging-next -$ git checkout -b staging staging/master +$ git switch -c staging staging/master ... ------------ diff --git a/Documentation/git-repack.txt b/Documentation/git-repack.txt index aa0cc8bd44..92f146d27d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-repack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-repack.txt @@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ depth is 4095. --keep-pack=<pack-name>:: Exclude the given pack from repacking. This is the equivalent - of having `.keep` file on the pack. `<pack-name>` is the the + of having `.keep` file on the pack. `<pack-name>` is the pack file name without leading directory (e.g. `pack-123.pack`). The option could be specified multiple times to keep multiple packs. diff --git a/Documentation/git-replace.txt b/Documentation/git-replace.txt index 246dc9943c..f271d758c3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-replace.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-replace.txt @@ -123,10 +123,10 @@ The following format are available: CREATING REPLACEMENT OBJECTS ---------------------------- -linkgit:git-filter-branch[1], linkgit:git-hash-object[1] and -linkgit:git-rebase[1], among other git commands, can be used to create -replacement objects from existing objects. The `--edit` option can -also be used with 'git replace' to create a replacement object by +linkgit:git-hash-object[1], linkgit:git-rebase[1], and +https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[git-filter-repo], among other git commands, can be used to +create replacement objects from existing objects. The `--edit` option +can also be used with 'git replace' to create a replacement object by editing an existing object. If you want to replace many blobs, trees or commits that are part of a @@ -148,13 +148,13 @@ pending objects. SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-hash-object[1] -linkgit:git-filter-branch[1] linkgit:git-rebase[1] linkgit:git-tag[1] linkgit:git-branch[1] linkgit:git-commit[1] linkgit:git-var[1] linkgit:git[1] +https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[git-filter-repo] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-rerere.txt b/Documentation/git-rerere.txt index 95763d7581..4cfc883378 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rerere.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rerere.txt @@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ For such a test, you need to merge master and topic somehow. One way to do it is to pull master into the topic branch: ------------ - $ git checkout topic + $ git switch topic $ git merge master o---*---o---+ topic @@ -113,10 +113,10 @@ the upstream might have been advanced since the test merge `+`, in which case the final commit graph would look like this: ------------ - $ git checkout topic + $ git switch topic $ git merge master $ ... work on both topic and master branches - $ git checkout master + $ git switch master $ git merge topic o---*---o---+---o---o topic @@ -136,11 +136,11 @@ merges, you could blow away the test merge, and keep building on top of the tip before the test merge: ------------ - $ git checkout topic + $ git switch topic $ git merge master $ git reset --hard HEAD^ ;# rewind the test merge $ ... work on both topic and master branches - $ git checkout master + $ git switch master $ git merge topic o---*---o-------o---o topic diff --git a/Documentation/git-reset.txt b/Documentation/git-reset.txt index 26e746c53f..252e2d4e47 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-reset.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-reset.txt @@ -8,33 +8,36 @@ git-reset - Reset current HEAD to the specified state SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git reset' [-q] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>... -'git reset' (--patch | -p) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<paths>...] +'git reset' [-q] [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>... +'git reset' [-q] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]] [<tree-ish>] +'git reset' (--patch | -p) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<pathspec>...] 'git reset' [--soft | --mixed [-N] | --hard | --merge | --keep] [-q] [<commit>] DESCRIPTION ----------- -In the first and second form, copy entries from `<tree-ish>` to the index. -In the third form, set the current branch head (`HEAD`) to `<commit>`, +In the first three forms, copy entries from `<tree-ish>` to the index. +In the last form, set the current branch head (`HEAD`) to `<commit>`, optionally modifying index and working tree to match. The `<tree-ish>`/`<commit>` defaults to `HEAD` in all forms. -'git reset' [-q] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>...:: - This form resets the index entries for all `<paths>` to their - state at `<tree-ish>`. (It does not affect the working tree or - the current branch.) +'git reset' [-q] [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>...:: +'git reset' [-q] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]] [<tree-ish>]:: + These forms reset the index entries for all paths that match the + `<pathspec>` to their state at `<tree-ish>`. (It does not affect + the working tree or the current branch.) + -This means that `git reset <paths>` is the opposite of `git add -<paths>`. +This means that `git reset <pathspec>` is the opposite of `git add +<pathspec>`. This command is equivalent to +`git restore [--source=<tree-ish>] --staged <pathspec>...`. + -After running `git reset <paths>` to update the index entry, you can -use linkgit:git-checkout[1] to check the contents out of the index to -the working tree. -Alternatively, using linkgit:git-checkout[1] and specifying a commit, you +After running `git reset <pathspec>` to update the index entry, you can +use linkgit:git-restore[1] to check the contents out of the index to +the working tree. Alternatively, using linkgit:git-restore[1] +and specifying a commit with `--source`, you can copy the contents of a path out of a commit to the index and to the working tree in one go. -'git reset' (--patch | -p) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<paths>...]:: +'git reset' (--patch | -p) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<pathspec>...]:: Interactively select hunks in the difference between the index and `<tree-ish>` (defaults to `HEAD`). The chosen hunks are applied in reverse to the index. @@ -84,10 +87,16 @@ but carries forward unmerged index entries. different between `<commit>` and `HEAD`. If a file that is different between `<commit>` and `HEAD` has local changes, reset is aborted. + +--[no-]recurse-submodules:: + When the working tree is updated, using --recurse-submodules will + also recursively reset the working tree of all active submodules + according to the commit recorded in the superproject, also setting + the submodules' HEAD to be detached at that commit. -- -If you want to undo a commit other than the latest on a branch, -linkgit:git-revert[1] is your friend. +See "Reset, restore and revert" in linkgit:git[1] for the differences +between the three commands. OPTIONS @@ -100,6 +109,26 @@ OPTIONS `reset.quiet` config option. `--quiet` and `--no-quiet` will override the default behavior. +--pathspec-from-file=<file>:: + Pathspec is passed in `<file>` instead of commandline args. If + `<file>` is exactly `-` then standard input is used. Pathspec + elements are separated by LF or CR/LF. Pathspec elements can be + quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` + (see linkgit:git-config[1]). See also `--pathspec-file-nul` and + global `--literal-pathspecs`. + +--pathspec-file-nul:: + Only meaningful with `--pathspec-from-file`. Pathspec elements are + separated with NUL character and all other characters are taken + literally (including newlines and quotes). + +\--:: + Do not interpret any more arguments as options. + +<pathspec>...:: + Limits the paths affected by the operation. ++ +For more details, see the 'pathspec' entry in linkgit:gitglossary[7]. EXAMPLES -------- @@ -149,9 +178,9 @@ See also the `--amend` option to linkgit:git-commit[1]. Undo a commit, making it a topic branch:: + ------------ -$ git branch topic/wip <1> -$ git reset --hard HEAD~3 <2> -$ git checkout topic/wip <3> +$ git branch topic/wip <1> +$ git reset --hard HEAD~3 <2> +$ git switch topic/wip <3> ------------ + <1> You have made some commits, but realize they were premature @@ -232,13 +261,13 @@ working tree are not in any shape to be committed yet, but you need to get to the other branch for a quick bugfix. + ------------ -$ git checkout feature ;# you were working in "feature" branch and -$ work work work ;# got interrupted +$ git switch feature ;# you were working in "feature" branch and +$ work work work ;# got interrupted $ git commit -a -m "snapshot WIP" <1> -$ git checkout master +$ git switch master $ fix fix fix $ git commit ;# commit with real log -$ git checkout feature +$ git switch feature $ git reset --soft HEAD^ ;# go back to WIP state <2> $ git reset <3> ------------ @@ -279,18 +308,18 @@ reset it while keeping the changes in your working tree. + ------------ $ git tag start -$ git checkout -b branch1 +$ git switch -c branch1 $ edit $ git commit ... <1> $ edit -$ git checkout -b branch2 <2> +$ git switch -c branch2 <2> $ git reset --keep start <3> ------------ + <1> This commits your first edits in `branch1`. <2> In the ideal world, you could have realized that the earlier commit did not belong to the new topic when you created and switched - to `branch2` (i.e. `git checkout -b branch2 start`), but nobody is + to `branch2` (i.e. `git switch -c branch2 start`), but nobody is perfect. <3> But you can use `reset --keep` to remove the unwanted commit after you switched to `branch2`. diff --git a/Documentation/git-restore.txt b/Documentation/git-restore.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8e3b339802 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-restore.txt @@ -0,0 +1,218 @@ +git-restore(1) +============== + +NAME +---- +git-restore - Restore working tree files + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git restore' [<options>] [--source=<tree>] [--staged] [--worktree] [--] <pathspec>... +'git restore' [<options>] [--source=<tree>] [--staged] [--worktree] --pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul] +'git restore' (-p|--patch) [<options>] [--source=<tree>] [--staged] [--worktree] [--] [<pathspec>...] + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +Restore specified paths in the working tree with some contents from a +restore source. If a path is tracked but does not exist in the restore +source, it will be removed to match the source. + +The command can also be used to restore the content in the index with +`--staged`, or restore both the working tree and the index with +`--staged --worktree`. + +By default, the restore sources for working tree and the index are the +index and `HEAD` respectively. `--source` could be used to specify a +commit as the restore source. + +See "Reset, restore and revert" in linkgit:git[1] for the differences +between the three commands. + +THIS COMMAND IS EXPERIMENTAL. THE BEHAVIOR MAY CHANGE. + +OPTIONS +------- +-s <tree>:: +--source=<tree>:: + Restore the working tree files with the content from the given + tree. It is common to specify the source tree by naming a + commit, branch or tag associated with it. ++ +If not specified, the default restore source for the working tree is +the index, and the default restore source for the index is +`HEAD`. When both `--staged` and `--worktree` are specified, +`--source` must also be specified. + +-p:: +--patch:: + Interactively select hunks in the difference between the + restore source and the restore location. See the ``Interactive + Mode'' section of linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate + the `--patch` mode. ++ +Note that `--patch` can accept no pathspec and will prompt to restore +all modified paths. + +-W:: +--worktree:: +-S:: +--staged:: + Specify the restore location. If neither option is specified, + by default the working tree is restored. Specifying `--staged` + will only restore the index. Specifying both restores both. + +-q:: +--quiet:: + Quiet, suppress feedback messages. Implies `--no-progress`. + +--progress:: +--no-progress:: + Progress status is reported on the standard error stream + by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless `--quiet` + is specified. This flag enables progress reporting even if not + attached to a terminal, regardless of `--quiet`. + +--ours:: +--theirs:: + When restoring files in the working tree from the index, use + stage #2 ('ours') or #3 ('theirs') for unmerged paths. ++ +Note that during `git rebase` and `git pull --rebase`, 'ours' and +'theirs' may appear swapped. See the explanation of the same options +in linkgit:git-checkout[1] for details. + +-m:: +--merge:: + When restoring files on the working tree from the index, + recreate the conflicted merge in the unmerged paths. + +--conflict=<style>:: + The same as `--merge` option above, but changes the way the + conflicting hunks are presented, overriding the + `merge.conflictStyle` configuration variable. Possible values + are "merge" (default) and "diff3" (in addition to what is + shown by "merge" style, shows the original contents). + +--ignore-unmerged:: + When restoring files on the working tree from the index, do + not abort the operation if there are unmerged entries and + neither `--ours`, `--theirs`, `--merge` or `--conflict` is + specified. Unmerged paths on the working tree are left alone. + +--ignore-skip-worktree-bits:: + In sparse checkout mode, by default is to only update entries + matched by `<pathspec>` and sparse patterns in + $GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout. This option ignores the sparse + patterns and unconditionally restores any files in + `<pathspec>`. + +--recurse-submodules:: +--no-recurse-submodules:: + If `<pathspec>` names an active submodule and the restore location + includes the working tree, the submodule will only be updated if + this option is given, in which case its working tree will be + restored to the commit recorded in the superproject, and any local + modifications overwritten. If nothing (or + `--no-recurse-submodules`) is used, submodules working trees will + not be updated. Just like linkgit:git-checkout[1], this will detach + `HEAD` of the submodule. + +--overlay:: +--no-overlay:: + In overlay mode, the command never removes files when + restoring. In no-overlay mode, tracked files that do not + appear in the `--source` tree are removed, to make them match + `<tree>` exactly. The default is no-overlay mode. + +--pathspec-from-file=<file>:: + Pathspec is passed in `<file>` instead of commandline args. If + `<file>` is exactly `-` then standard input is used. Pathspec + elements are separated by LF or CR/LF. Pathspec elements can be + quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` + (see linkgit:git-config[1]). See also `--pathspec-file-nul` and + global `--literal-pathspecs`. + +--pathspec-file-nul:: + Only meaningful with `--pathspec-from-file`. Pathspec elements are + separated with NUL character and all other characters are taken + literally (including newlines and quotes). + +\--:: + Do not interpret any more arguments as options. + +<pathspec>...:: + Limits the paths affected by the operation. ++ +For more details, see the 'pathspec' entry in linkgit:gitglossary[7]. + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +The following sequence switches to the `master` branch, reverts the +`Makefile` to two revisions back, deletes hello.c by mistake, and gets +it back from the index. + +------------ +$ git switch master +$ git restore --source master~2 Makefile <1> +$ rm -f hello.c +$ git restore hello.c <2> +------------ + +<1> take a file out of another commit +<2> restore hello.c from the index + +If you want to restore _all_ C source files to match the version in +the index, you can say + +------------ +$ git restore '*.c' +------------ + +Note the quotes around `*.c`. The file `hello.c` will also be +restored, even though it is no longer in the working tree, because the +file globbing is used to match entries in the index (not in the +working tree by the shell). + +To restore all files in the current directory + +------------ +$ git restore . +------------ + +or to restore all working tree files with 'top' pathspec magic (see +linkgit:gitglossary[7]) + +------------ +$ git restore :/ +------------ + +To restore a file in the index to match the version in `HEAD` (this is +the same as using linkgit:git-reset[1]) + +------------ +$ git restore --staged hello.c +------------ + +or you can restore both the index and the working tree (this the same +as using linkgit:git-checkout[1]) + +------------ +$ git restore --source=HEAD --staged --worktree hello.c +------------ + +or the short form which is more practical but less readable: + +------------ +$ git restore -s@ -SW hello.c +------------ + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-checkout[1], +linkgit:git-reset[1] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt index 88609ff435..025c911436 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt @@ -9,58 +9,7 @@ git-rev-list - Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git rev-list' [ --max-count=<number> ] - [ --skip=<number> ] - [ --max-age=<timestamp> ] - [ --min-age=<timestamp> ] - [ --sparse ] - [ --merges ] - [ --no-merges ] - [ --min-parents=<number> ] - [ --no-min-parents ] - [ --max-parents=<number> ] - [ --no-max-parents ] - [ --first-parent ] - [ --remove-empty ] - [ --full-history ] - [ --not ] - [ --all ] - [ --branches[=<pattern>] ] - [ --tags[=<pattern>] ] - [ --remotes[=<pattern>] ] - [ --glob=<glob-pattern> ] - [ --ignore-missing ] - [ --stdin ] - [ --quiet ] - [ --topo-order ] - [ --parents ] - [ --timestamp ] - [ --left-right ] - [ --left-only ] - [ --right-only ] - [ --cherry-mark ] - [ --cherry-pick ] - [ --encoding=<encoding> ] - [ --(author|committer|grep)=<pattern> ] - [ --regexp-ignore-case | -i ] - [ --extended-regexp | -E ] - [ --fixed-strings | -F ] - [ --date=<format>] - [ [ --objects | --objects-edge | --objects-edge-aggressive ] - [ --unpacked ] - [ --filter=<filter-spec> [ --filter-print-omitted ] ] ] - [ --missing=<missing-action> ] - [ --pretty | --header ] - [ --bisect ] - [ --bisect-vars ] - [ --bisect-all ] - [ --merge ] - [ --reverse ] - [ --walk-reflogs ] - [ --no-walk ] [ --do-walk ] - [ --count ] - [ --use-bitmap-index ] - <commit>... [ \-- <paths>... ] +'git rev-list' [<options>] <commit>... [[--] <path>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt index e72d332b83..19b12b6d43 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt @@ -262,7 +262,8 @@ print a message to stderr and exit with nonzero status. directory. --show-toplevel:: - Show the absolute path of the top-level directory. + Show the absolute path of the top-level directory of the working + tree. If there is no working tree, report an error. --show-superproject-working-tree:: Show the absolute path of the root of the superproject's @@ -274,6 +275,13 @@ print a message to stderr and exit with nonzero status. Show the path to the shared index file in split index mode, or empty if not in split-index mode. +--show-object-format[=(storage|input|output)]:: + Show the object format (hash algorithm) used for the repository + for storage inside the `.git` directory, input, or output. For + input, multiple algorithms may be printed, space-separated. + If not specified, the default is "storage". + + Other Options ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ diff --git a/Documentation/git-revert.txt b/Documentation/git-revert.txt index 0c82ca5bc0..044276e9da 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-revert.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-revert.txt @@ -9,9 +9,7 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git revert' [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m parent-number] [-s] [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>... -'git revert' --continue -'git revert' --quit -'git revert' --abort +'git revert' (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit) DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -26,10 +24,13 @@ effect of some earlier commits (often only a faulty one). If you want to throw away all uncommitted changes in your working directory, you should see linkgit:git-reset[1], particularly the `--hard` option. If you want to extract specific files as they were in another commit, you -should see linkgit:git-checkout[1], specifically the `git checkout -<commit> -- <filename>` syntax. Take care with these alternatives as +should see linkgit:git-restore[1], specifically the `--source` +option. Take care with these alternatives as both will discard uncommitted changes in your working directory. +See "Reset, restore and revert" in linkgit:git[1] for the differences +between the three commands. + OPTIONS ------- <commit>...:: @@ -89,9 +90,12 @@ effect to your index in a row. -S[<keyid>]:: --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: +--no-gpg-sign:: GPG-sign commits. The `keyid` argument is optional and defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be - stuck to the option without a space. + stuck to the option without a space. `--no-gpg-sign` is useful to + countermand both `commit.gpgSign` configuration variable, and + earlier `--gpg-sign`. -s:: --signoff:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-rm.txt b/Documentation/git-rm.txt index b5c46223c4..ab750367fd 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rm.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rm.txt @@ -8,16 +8,18 @@ git-rm - Remove files from the working tree and from the index SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git rm' [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch] [--quiet] [--] <file>... +'git rm' [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch] + [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]] + [--] [<pathspec>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Remove files from the index, or from the working tree and the index. -`git rm` will not remove a file from just your working directory. -(There is no option to remove a file only from the working tree -and yet keep it in the index; use `/bin/rm` if you want to do that.) -The files being removed have to be identical to the tip of the branch, -and no updates to their contents can be staged in the index, +Remove files matching pathspec from the index, or from the working tree +and the index. `git rm` will not remove a file from just your working +directory. (There is no option to remove a file only from the working +tree and yet keep it in the index; use `/bin/rm` if you want to do +that.) The files being removed have to be identical to the tip of the +branch, and no updates to their contents can be staged in the index, though that default behavior can be overridden with the `-f` option. When `--cached` is given, the staged content has to match either the tip of the branch or the file on disk, @@ -26,15 +28,20 @@ allowing the file to be removed from just the index. OPTIONS ------- -<file>...:: - Files to remove. Fileglobs (e.g. `*.c`) can be given to - remove all matching files. If you want Git to expand - file glob characters, you may need to shell-escape them. - A leading directory name - (e.g. `dir` to remove `dir/file1` and `dir/file2`) can be - given to remove all files in the directory, and recursively - all sub-directories, - but this requires the `-r` option to be explicitly given. +<pathspec>...:: + Files to remove. A leading directory name (e.g. `dir` to remove + `dir/file1` and `dir/file2`) can be given to remove all files in + the directory, and recursively all sub-directories, but this + requires the `-r` option to be explicitly given. ++ +The command removes only the paths that are known to Git. ++ +File globbing matches across directory boundaries. Thus, given two +directories `d` and `d2`, there is a difference between using +`git rm 'd*'` and `git rm 'd/*'`, as the former will also remove all +of directory `d2`. ++ +For more details, see the 'pathspec' entry in linkgit:gitglossary[7]. -f:: --force:: @@ -68,19 +75,19 @@ OPTIONS `git rm` normally outputs one line (in the form of an `rm` command) for each file removed. This option suppresses that output. +--pathspec-from-file=<file>:: + Pathspec is passed in `<file>` instead of commandline args. If + `<file>` is exactly `-` then standard input is used. Pathspec + elements are separated by LF or CR/LF. Pathspec elements can be + quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` + (see linkgit:git-config[1]). See also `--pathspec-file-nul` and + global `--literal-pathspecs`. -DISCUSSION ----------- - -The <file> list given to the command can be exact pathnames, -file glob patterns, or leading directory names. The command -removes only the paths that are known to Git. Giving the name of -a file that you have not told Git about does not remove that file. +--pathspec-file-nul:: + Only meaningful with `--pathspec-from-file`. Pathspec elements are + separated with NUL character and all other characters are taken + literally (including newlines and quotes). -File globbing matches across directory boundaries. Thus, given -two directories `d` and `d2`, there is a difference between -using `git rm 'd*'` and `git rm 'd/*'`, as the former will -also remove all of directory `d2`. REMOVING FILES THAT HAVE DISAPPEARED FROM THE FILESYSTEM -------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt index 1afe9fc858..0a69810147 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt @@ -278,6 +278,14 @@ must be used for each option. Automating ~~~~~~~~~~ +--no-[to|cc|bcc]:: + Clears any list of "To:", "Cc:", "Bcc:" addresses previously + set via config. + +--no-identity:: + Clears the previously read value of `sendemail.identity` set + via config, if any. + --to-cmd=<command>:: Specify a command to execute once per patch file which should generate patch file specific "To:" entries. @@ -478,11 +486,13 @@ Use gmail as the smtp server To use 'git send-email' to send your patches through the GMail SMTP server, edit ~/.gitconfig to specify your account settings: - [sendemail] - smtpEncryption = tls - smtpServer = smtp.gmail.com - smtpUser = yourname@gmail.com - smtpServerPort = 587 +---- +[sendemail] + smtpEncryption = tls + smtpServer = smtp.gmail.com + smtpUser = yourname@gmail.com + smtpServerPort = 587 +---- If you have multifactor authentication setup on your gmail account, you will need to generate an app-specific password for use with 'git send-email'. Visit @@ -500,8 +510,12 @@ app-specific or your regular password as appropriate. If you have credential helper configured (see linkgit:git-credential[1]), the password will be saved in the credential store so you won't have to type it the next time. -Note: the following perl modules are required - Net::SMTP::SSL, MIME::Base64 and Authen::SASL +Note: the following core Perl modules that may be installed with your +distribution of Perl are required: +MIME::Base64, MIME::QuotedPrint, Net::Domain and Net::SMTP. +These additional Perl modules are also required: +Authen::SASL and Mail::Address. + SEE ALSO -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt b/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt index bc80905a8a..a72ea7f7ba 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt @@ -76,6 +76,9 @@ them. Paths may need to be prefixed with `--` to separate them from options or the revision range, when confusion arises. +:git-shortlog: 1 +include::rev-list-options.txt[] + MAPPING AUTHORS --------------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-sparse-checkout.txt b/Documentation/git-sparse-checkout.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c0342e5393 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-sparse-checkout.txt @@ -0,0 +1,207 @@ +git-sparse-checkout(1) +====================== + +NAME +---- +git-sparse-checkout - Initialize and modify the sparse-checkout +configuration, which reduces the checkout to a set of paths +given by a list of patterns. + + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git sparse-checkout <subcommand> [options]' + + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +Initialize and modify the sparse-checkout configuration, which reduces +the checkout to a set of paths given by a list of patterns. + +THIS COMMAND IS EXPERIMENTAL. ITS BEHAVIOR, AND THE BEHAVIOR OF OTHER +COMMANDS IN THE PRESENCE OF SPARSE-CHECKOUTS, WILL LIKELY CHANGE IN +THE FUTURE. + + +COMMANDS +-------- +'list':: + Describe the patterns in the sparse-checkout file. + +'init':: + Enable the `core.sparseCheckout` setting. If the + sparse-checkout file does not exist, then populate it with + patterns that match every file in the root directory and + no other directories, then will remove all directories tracked + by Git. Add patterns to the sparse-checkout file to + repopulate the working directory. ++ +To avoid interfering with other worktrees, it first enables the +`extensions.worktreeConfig` setting and makes sure to set the +`core.sparseCheckout` setting in the worktree-specific config file. ++ +When `--cone` is provided, the `core.sparseCheckoutCone` setting is +also set, allowing for better performance with a limited set of +patterns (see 'CONE PATTERN SET' below). + +'set':: + Write a set of patterns to the sparse-checkout file, as given as + a list of arguments following the 'set' subcommand. Update the + working directory to match the new patterns. Enable the + core.sparseCheckout config setting if it is not already enabled. ++ +When the `--stdin` option is provided, the patterns are read from +standard in as a newline-delimited list instead of from the arguments. ++ +When `core.sparseCheckoutCone` is enabled, the input list is considered a +list of directories instead of sparse-checkout patterns. The command writes +patterns to the sparse-checkout file to include all files contained in those +directories (recursively) as well as files that are siblings of ancestor +directories. The input format matches the output of `git ls-tree --name-only`. +This includes interpreting pathnames that begin with a double quote (") as +C-style quoted strings. + +'add':: + Update the sparse-checkout file to include additional patterns. + By default, these patterns are read from the command-line arguments, + but they can be read from stdin using the `--stdin` option. When + `core.sparseCheckoutCone` is enabled, the given patterns are interpreted + as directory names as in the 'set' subcommand. + +'disable':: + Disable the `core.sparseCheckout` config setting, and restore the + working directory to include all files. Leaves the sparse-checkout + file intact so a later 'git sparse-checkout init' command may + return the working directory to the same state. + +SPARSE CHECKOUT +--------------- + +"Sparse checkout" allows populating the working directory sparsely. +It uses the skip-worktree bit (see linkgit:git-update-index[1]) to tell +Git whether a file in the working directory is worth looking at. If +the skip-worktree bit is set, then the file is ignored in the working +directory. Git will not populate the contents of those files, which +makes a sparse checkout helpful when working in a repository with many +files, but only a few are important to the current user. + +The `$GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout` file is used to define the +skip-worktree reference bitmap. When Git updates the working +directory, it updates the skip-worktree bits in the index based +on this file. The files matching the patterns in the file will +appear in the working directory, and the rest will not. + +To enable the sparse-checkout feature, run `git sparse-checkout init` to +initialize a simple sparse-checkout file and enable the `core.sparseCheckout` +config setting. Then, run `git sparse-checkout set` to modify the patterns in +the sparse-checkout file. + +To repopulate the working directory with all files, use the +`git sparse-checkout disable` command. + + +FULL PATTERN SET +---------------- + +By default, the sparse-checkout file uses the same syntax as `.gitignore` +files. + +While `$GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout` is usually used to specify what +files are included, you can also specify what files are _not_ included, +using negative patterns. For example, to remove the file `unwanted`: + +---------------- +/* +!unwanted +---------------- + + +CONE PATTERN SET +---------------- + +The full pattern set allows for arbitrary pattern matches and complicated +inclusion/exclusion rules. These can result in O(N*M) pattern matches when +updating the index, where N is the number of patterns and M is the number +of paths in the index. To combat this performance issue, a more restricted +pattern set is allowed when `core.sparseCheckoutCone` is enabled. + +The accepted patterns in the cone pattern set are: + +1. *Recursive:* All paths inside a directory are included. + +2. *Parent:* All files immediately inside a directory are included. + +In addition to the above two patterns, we also expect that all files in the +root directory are included. If a recursive pattern is added, then all +leading directories are added as parent patterns. + +By default, when running `git sparse-checkout init`, the root directory is +added as a parent pattern. At this point, the sparse-checkout file contains +the following patterns: + +---------------- +/* +!/*/ +---------------- + +This says "include everything in root, but nothing two levels below root." + +When in cone mode, the `git sparse-checkout set` subcommand takes a list of +directories instead of a list of sparse-checkout patterns. In this mode, +the command `git sparse-checkout set A/B/C` sets the directory `A/B/C` as +a recursive pattern, the directories `A` and `A/B` are added as parent +patterns. The resulting sparse-checkout file is now + +---------------- +/* +!/*/ +/A/ +!/A/*/ +/A/B/ +!/A/B/*/ +/A/B/C/ +---------------- + +Here, order matters, so the negative patterns are overridden by the positive +patterns that appear lower in the file. + +If `core.sparseCheckoutCone=true`, then Git will parse the sparse-checkout file +expecting patterns of these types. Git will warn if the patterns do not match. +If the patterns do match the expected format, then Git will use faster hash- +based algorithms to compute inclusion in the sparse-checkout. + +In the cone mode case, the `git sparse-checkout list` subcommand will list the +directories that define the recursive patterns. For the example sparse-checkout +file above, the output is as follows: + +-------------------------- +$ git sparse-checkout list +A/B/C +-------------------------- + +If `core.ignoreCase=true`, then the pattern-matching algorithm will use a +case-insensitive check. This corrects for case mismatched filenames in the +'git sparse-checkout set' command to reflect the expected cone in the working +directory. + + +SUBMODULES +---------- + +If your repository contains one or more submodules, then those submodules will +appear based on which you initialized with the `git submodule` command. If +your sparse-checkout patterns exclude an initialized submodule, then that +submodule will still appear in your working directory. + + +SEE ALSO +-------- + +linkgit:git-read-tree[1] +linkgit:gitignore[5] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-stash.txt b/Documentation/git-stash.txt index e31ea7d303..31f1beb65b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-stash.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-stash.txt @@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git stash' branch <branchname> [<stash>] 'git stash' [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>] + [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]] [--] [<pathspec>...]] 'git stash' clear 'git stash' create [<message>] @@ -43,10 +44,10 @@ created stash, `stash@{1}` is the one before it, `stash@{2.hours.ago}` is also possible). Stashes may also be referenced by specifying just the stash index (e.g. the integer `n` is equivalent to `stash@{n}`). -OPTIONS -------- +COMMANDS +-------- -push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [-m|--message <message>] [--] [<pathspec>...]:: +push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [-m|--message <message>] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]] [--] [<pathspec>...]:: Save your local modifications to a new 'stash entry' and roll them back to HEAD (in the working tree and in the index). @@ -56,39 +57,15 @@ push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q For quickly making a snapshot, you can omit "push". In this mode, non-option arguments are not allowed to prevent a misspelled subcommand from making an unwanted stash entry. The two exceptions to this -are `stash -p` which acts as alias for `stash push -p` and pathspecs, +are `stash -p` which acts as alias for `stash push -p` and pathspec elements, which are allowed after a double hyphen `--` for disambiguation. -+ -When pathspec is given to 'git stash push', the new stash entry records the -modified states only for the files that match the pathspec. The index -entries and working tree files are then rolled back to the state in -HEAD only for these files, too, leaving files that do not match the -pathspec intact. -+ -If the `--keep-index` option is used, all changes already added to the -index are left intact. -+ -If the `--include-untracked` option is used, all untracked files are also -stashed and then cleaned up with `git clean`, leaving the working directory -in a very clean state. If the `--all` option is used instead then the -ignored files are stashed and cleaned in addition to the untracked files. -+ -With `--patch`, you can interactively select hunks from the diff -between HEAD and the working tree to be stashed. The stash entry is -constructed such that its index state is the same as the index state -of your repository, and its worktree contains only the changes you -selected interactively. The selected changes are then rolled back -from your worktree. See the ``Interactive Mode'' section of -linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode. -+ -The `--patch` option implies `--keep-index`. You can use -`--no-keep-index` to override this. save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [<message>]:: This option is deprecated in favour of 'git stash push'. It - differs from "stash push" in that it cannot take pathspecs, - and any non-option arguments form the message. + differs from "stash push" in that it cannot take pathspec. + Instead, all non-option arguments are concatenated to form the stash + message. list [<options>]:: @@ -110,7 +87,7 @@ show [<options>] [<stash>]:: Show the changes recorded in the stash entry as a diff between the stashed contents and the commit back when the stash entry was first - created. When no `<stash>` is given, it shows the latest one. + created. By default, the command shows the diffstat, but it will accept any format known to 'git diff' (e.g., `git stash show -p stash@{1}` to view the second most recent entry in patch form). @@ -127,14 +104,6 @@ pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]:: Applying the state can fail with conflicts; in this case, it is not removed from the stash list. You need to resolve the conflicts by hand and call `git stash drop` manually afterwards. -+ -If the `--index` option is used, then tries to reinstate not only the working -tree's changes, but also the index's ones. However, this can fail, when you -have conflicts (which are stored in the index, where you therefore can no -longer apply the changes as they were originally). -+ -When no `<stash>` is given, `stash@{0}` is assumed, otherwise `<stash>` must -be a reference of the form `stash@{<revision>}`. apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]:: @@ -148,8 +117,7 @@ branch <branchname> [<stash>]:: the commit at which the `<stash>` was originally created, applies the changes recorded in `<stash>` to the new working tree and index. If that succeeds, and `<stash>` is a reference of the form - `stash@{<revision>}`, it then drops the `<stash>`. When no `<stash>` - is given, applies the latest one. + `stash@{<revision>}`, it then drops the `<stash>`. + This is useful if the branch on which you ran `git stash push` has changed enough that `git stash apply` fails due to conflicts. Since @@ -165,9 +133,6 @@ clear:: drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]:: Remove a single stash entry from the list of stash entries. - When no `<stash>` is given, it removes the latest one. - i.e. `stash@{0}`, otherwise `<stash>` must be a valid stash - log reference of the form `stash@{<revision>}`. create:: @@ -184,6 +149,98 @@ store:: reflog. This is intended to be useful for scripts. It is probably not the command you want to use; see "push" above. +OPTIONS +------- +-a:: +--all:: + This option is only valid for `push` and `save` commands. ++ +All ignored and untracked files are also stashed and then cleaned +up with `git clean`. + +-u:: +--include-untracked:: + This option is only valid for `push` and `save` commands. ++ +All untracked files are also stashed and then cleaned up with +`git clean`. + +--index:: + This option is only valid for `pop` and `apply` commands. ++ +Tries to reinstate not only the working tree's changes, but also +the index's ones. However, this can fail, when you have conflicts +(which are stored in the index, where you therefore can no longer +apply the changes as they were originally). + +-k:: +--keep-index:: +--no-keep-index:: + This option is only valid for `push` and `save` commands. ++ +All changes already added to the index are left intact. + +-p:: +--patch:: + This option is only valid for `push` and `save` commands. ++ +Interactively select hunks from the diff between HEAD and the +working tree to be stashed. The stash entry is constructed such +that its index state is the same as the index state of your +repository, and its worktree contains only the changes you selected +interactively. The selected changes are then rolled back from your +worktree. See the ``Interactive Mode'' section of linkgit:git-add[1] +to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode. ++ +The `--patch` option implies `--keep-index`. You can use +`--no-keep-index` to override this. + +--pathspec-from-file=<file>:: + This option is only valid for `push` command. ++ +Pathspec is passed in `<file>` instead of commandline args. If +`<file>` is exactly `-` then standard input is used. Pathspec +elements are separated by LF or CR/LF. Pathspec elements can be +quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` +(see linkgit:git-config[1]). See also `--pathspec-file-nul` and +global `--literal-pathspecs`. + +--pathspec-file-nul:: + This option is only valid for `push` command. ++ +Only meaningful with `--pathspec-from-file`. Pathspec elements are +separated with NUL character and all other characters are taken +literally (including newlines and quotes). + +-q:: +--quiet:: + This option is only valid for `apply`, `drop`, `pop`, `push`, + `save`, `store` commands. ++ +Quiet, suppress feedback messages. + +\--:: + This option is only valid for `push` command. ++ +Separates pathspec from options for disambiguation purposes. + +<pathspec>...:: + This option is only valid for `push` command. ++ +The new stash entry records the modified states only for the files +that match the pathspec. The index entries and working tree files +are then rolled back to the state in HEAD only for these files, +too, leaving files that do not match the pathspec intact. ++ +For more details, see the 'pathspec' entry in linkgit:gitglossary[7]. + +<stash>:: + This option is only valid for `apply`, `branch`, `drop`, `pop`, + `show` commands. ++ +A reference of the form `stash@{<revision>}`. When no `<stash>` is +given, the latest stash is assumed (that is, `stash@{0}`). + DISCUSSION ---------- @@ -235,12 +292,12 @@ return to your original branch to make the emergency fix, like this: + ---------------------------------------------------------------- # ... hack hack hack ... -$ git checkout -b my_wip +$ git switch -c my_wip $ git commit -a -m "WIP" -$ git checkout master +$ git switch master $ edit emergency fix $ git commit -a -m "Fix in a hurry" -$ git checkout my_wip +$ git switch my_wip $ git reset --soft HEAD^ # ... continue hacking ... ---------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -293,7 +350,8 @@ SEE ALSO linkgit:git-checkout[1], linkgit:git-commit[1], linkgit:git-reflog[1], -linkgit:git-reset[1] +linkgit:git-reset[1], +linkgit:git-switch[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-status.txt b/Documentation/git-status.txt index d4e8f24f0c..7731b45f07 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-status.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-status.txt @@ -59,16 +59,17 @@ This is optional and defaults to the original version 'v1' format. --untracked-files[=<mode>]:: Show untracked files. + +-- The mode parameter is used to specify the handling of untracked files. It is optional: it defaults to 'all', and if specified, it must be stuck to the option (e.g. `-uno`, but not `-u no`). -+ + The possible options are: -+ + - 'no' - Show no untracked files. - 'normal' - Shows untracked files and directories. - 'all' - Also shows individual files in untracked directories. -+ + When `-u` option is not used, untracked files and directories are shown (i.e. the same as specifying `normal`), to help you avoid forgetting to add newly created files. Because it takes extra work @@ -78,9 +79,10 @@ Consider enabling untracked cache and split index if supported (see `git update-index --untracked-cache` and `git update-index --split-index`), Otherwise you can use `no` to have `git status` return more quickly without showing untracked files. -+ + The default can be changed using the status.showUntrackedFiles configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. +-- --ignore-submodules[=<when>]:: Ignore changes to submodules when looking for changes. <when> can be @@ -100,11 +102,12 @@ configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. --ignored[=<mode>]:: Show ignored files as well. + +-- The mode parameter is used to specify the handling of ignored files. It is optional: it defaults to 'traditional'. -+ + The possible options are: -+ + - 'traditional' - Shows ignored files and directories, unless --untracked-files=all is specified, in which case individual files in ignored directories are @@ -112,12 +115,13 @@ The possible options are: - 'no' - Show no ignored files. - 'matching' - Shows ignored files and directories matching an ignore pattern. -+ + When 'matching' mode is specified, paths that explicitly match an ignored pattern are shown. If a directory matches an ignore pattern, then it is shown, but not paths contained in the ignored directory. If a directory does not match an ignore pattern, but all contents are ignored, then the directory is not shown, but all contents are shown. +-- -z:: Terminate entries with NUL, instead of LF. This implies diff --git a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt index 0ed5c24dc1..c9ed2bf3d5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt @@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git submodule' [--quiet] deinit [-f|--force] (--all|[--] <path>...) 'git submodule' [--quiet] update [<options>] [--] [<path>...] 'git submodule' [--quiet] set-branch [<options>] [--] <path> +'git submodule' [--quiet] set-url [--] <path> <newurl> 'git submodule' [--quiet] summary [<options>] [--] [<path>...] 'git submodule' [--quiet] foreach [--recursive] <command> 'git submodule' [--quiet] sync [--recursive] [--] [<path>...] @@ -80,6 +81,9 @@ status [--cached] [--recursive] [--] [<path>...]:: does not match the SHA-1 found in the index of the containing repository and `U` if the submodule has merge conflicts. + +If `--cached` is specified, this command will instead print the SHA-1 +recorded in the superproject for each submodule. ++ If `--recursive` is specified, this command will recurse into nested submodules, and show their status as well. + @@ -129,11 +133,12 @@ If you really want to remove a submodule from the repository and commit that use linkgit:git-rm[1] instead. See linkgit:gitsubmodules[7] for removal options. -update [--init] [--remote] [-N|--no-fetch] [--[no-]recommend-shallow] [-f|--force] [--checkout|--rebase|--merge] [--reference <repository>] [--depth <depth>] [--recursive] [--jobs <n>] [--] [<path>...]:: +update [--init] [--remote] [-N|--no-fetch] [--[no-]recommend-shallow] [-f|--force] [--checkout|--rebase|--merge] [--reference <repository>] [--depth <depth>] [--recursive] [--jobs <n>] [--[no-]single-branch] [--] [<path>...]:: + -- Update the registered submodules to match what the superproject -expects by cloning missing submodules and updating the working tree of +expects by cloning missing submodules, fetching missing commits +in submodules and updating the working tree of the submodules. The "updating" can be done in several ways depending on command line options and the value of `submodule.<name>.update` configuration variable. The command line option takes precedence over @@ -173,12 +178,18 @@ submodule with the `--init` option. If `--recursive` is specified, this command will recurse into the registered submodules, and update any nested submodules within. -- -set-branch ((-d|--default)|(-b|--branch <branch>)) [--] <path>:: +set-branch (-b|--branch) <branch> [--] <path>:: +set-branch (-d|--default) [--] <path>:: Sets the default remote tracking branch for the submodule. The `--branch` option allows the remote branch to be specified. The `--default` option removes the submodule.<name>.branch configuration key, which causes the tracking branch to default to 'master'. +set-url [--] <path> <newurl>:: + Sets the URL of the specified submodule to <newurl>. Then, it will + automatically synchronize the submodule's new remote URL + configuration. + summary [--cached|--files] [(-n|--summary-limit) <n>] [commit] [--] [<path>...]:: Show commit summary between the given commit (defaults to HEAD) and working tree/index. For a submodule in question, a series of commits @@ -218,7 +229,7 @@ As an example, the command below will show the path and currently checked out commit for each submodule: + -------------- -git submodule foreach 'echo $path `git rev-parse HEAD`' +git submodule foreach 'echo $sm_path `git rev-parse HEAD`' -------------- sync [--recursive] [--] [<path>...]:: @@ -237,7 +248,7 @@ registered submodules, and sync any nested submodules within. absorbgitdirs:: If a git directory of a submodule is inside the submodule, - move the git directory of the submodule into its superprojects + move the git directory of the submodule into its superproject's `$GIT_DIR/modules` path and then connect the git directory and its working directory by setting the `core.worktree` and adding a .git file pointing to the git directory embedded in the @@ -419,6 +430,10 @@ options carefully. Clone new submodules in parallel with as many jobs. Defaults to the `submodule.fetchJobs` option. +--[no-]single-branch:: + This option is only valid for the update command. + Clone only one branch during update: HEAD or one specified by --branch. + <path>...:: Paths to submodule(s). When specified this will restrict the command to only operate on the submodules found at the specified paths. diff --git a/Documentation/git-svn.txt b/Documentation/git-svn.txt index 30711625fd..6624a14fbd 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-svn.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-svn.txt @@ -677,7 +677,8 @@ config key: svn.authorsProg -s<strategy>:: --strategy=<strategy>:: -p:: ---preserve-merges:: +--rebase-merges:: +--preserve-merges (DEPRECATED):: These are only used with the 'dcommit' and 'rebase' commands. + Passed directly to 'git rebase' when using 'dcommit' if a @@ -769,11 +770,11 @@ option for (hopefully) obvious reasons. + This option is NOT recommended as it makes it difficult to track down old references to SVN revision numbers in existing documentation, bug -reports and archives. If you plan to eventually migrate from SVN to Git -and are certain about dropping SVN history, consider -linkgit:git-filter-branch[1] instead. filter-branch also allows -reformatting of metadata for ease-of-reading and rewriting authorship -info for non-"svn.authorsFile" users. +reports, and archives. If you plan to eventually migrate from SVN to +Git and are certain about dropping SVN history, consider +https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[git-filter-repo] instead. +filter-repo also allows reformatting of metadata for ease-of-reading +and rewriting authorship info for non-"svn.authorsFile" users. svn.useSvmProps:: svn-remote.<name>.useSvmProps:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-switch.txt b/Documentation/git-switch.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3759c3a265 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-switch.txt @@ -0,0 +1,273 @@ +git-switch(1) +============= + +NAME +---- +git-switch - Switch branches + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git switch' [<options>] [--no-guess] <branch> +'git switch' [<options>] --detach [<start-point>] +'git switch' [<options>] (-c|-C) <new-branch> [<start-point>] +'git switch' [<options>] --orphan <new-branch> + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +Switch to a specified branch. The working tree and the index are +updated to match the branch. All new commits will be added to the tip +of this branch. + +Optionally a new branch could be created with either `-c`, `-C`, +automatically from a remote branch of same name (see `--guess`), or +detach the working tree from any branch with `--detach`, along with +switching. + +Switching branches does not require a clean index and working tree +(i.e. no differences compared to `HEAD`). The operation is aborted +however if the operation leads to loss of local changes, unless told +otherwise with `--discard-changes` or `--merge`. + +THIS COMMAND IS EXPERIMENTAL. THE BEHAVIOR MAY CHANGE. + +OPTIONS +------- +<branch>:: + Branch to switch to. + +<new-branch>:: + Name for the new branch. + +<start-point>:: + The starting point for the new branch. Specifying a + `<start-point>` allows you to create a branch based on some + other point in history than where HEAD currently points. (Or, + in the case of `--detach`, allows you to inspect and detach + from some other point.) ++ +You can use the `@{-N}` syntax to refer to the N-th last +branch/commit switched to using "git switch" or "git checkout" +operation. You may also specify `-` which is synonymous to `@{-1}`. +This is often used to switch quickly between two branches, or to undo +a branch switch by mistake. ++ +As a special case, you may use `A...B` as a shortcut for the merge +base of `A` and `B` if there is exactly one merge base. You can leave +out at most one of `A` and `B`, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`. + +-c <new-branch>:: +--create <new-branch>:: + Create a new branch named `<new-branch>` starting at + `<start-point>` before switching to the branch. This is a + convenient shortcut for: ++ +------------ +$ git branch <new-branch> +$ git switch <new-branch> +------------ + +-C <new-branch>:: +--force-create <new-branch>:: + Similar to `--create` except that if `<new-branch>` already + exists, it will be reset to `<start-point>`. This is a + convenient shortcut for: ++ +------------ +$ git branch -f <new-branch> +$ git switch <new-branch> +------------ + +-d:: +--detach:: + Switch to a commit for inspection and discardable + experiments. See the "DETACHED HEAD" section in + linkgit:git-checkout[1] for details. + +--guess:: +--no-guess:: + If `<branch>` is not found but there does exist a tracking + branch in exactly one remote (call it `<remote>`) with a + matching name, treat as equivalent to ++ +------------ +$ git switch -c <branch> --track <remote>/<branch> +------------ ++ +If the branch exists in multiple remotes and one of them is named by +the `checkout.defaultRemote` configuration variable, we'll use that +one for the purposes of disambiguation, even if the `<branch>` isn't +unique across all remotes. Set it to e.g. `checkout.defaultRemote=origin` +to always checkout remote branches from there if `<branch>` is +ambiguous but exists on the 'origin' remote. See also +`checkout.defaultRemote` in linkgit:git-config[1]. ++ +`--guess` is the default behavior. Use `--no-guess` to disable it. + +-f:: +--force:: + An alias for `--discard-changes`. + +--discard-changes:: + Proceed even if the index or the working tree differs from + `HEAD`. Both the index and working tree are restored to match + the switching target. If `--recurse-submodules` is specified, + submodule content is also restored to match the switching + target. This is used to throw away local changes. + +-m:: +--merge:: + If you have local modifications to one or more files that are + different between the current branch and the branch to which + you are switching, the command refuses to switch branches in + order to preserve your modifications in context. However, + with this option, a three-way merge between the current + branch, your working tree contents, and the new branch is + done, and you will be on the new branch. ++ +When a merge conflict happens, the index entries for conflicting +paths are left unmerged, and you need to resolve the conflicts +and mark the resolved paths with `git add` (or `git rm` if the merge +should result in deletion of the path). + +--conflict=<style>:: + The same as `--merge` option above, but changes the way the + conflicting hunks are presented, overriding the + `merge.conflictStyle` configuration variable. Possible values are + "merge" (default) and "diff3" (in addition to what is shown by + "merge" style, shows the original contents). + +-q:: +--quiet:: + Quiet, suppress feedback messages. + +--progress:: +--no-progress:: + Progress status is reported on the standard error stream + by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless `--quiet` + is specified. This flag enables progress reporting even if not + attached to a terminal, regardless of `--quiet`. + +-t:: +--track:: + When creating a new branch, set up "upstream" configuration. + `-c` is implied. See `--track` in linkgit:git-branch[1] for + details. ++ +If no `-c` option is given, the name of the new branch will be derived +from the remote-tracking branch, by looking at the local part of the +refspec configured for the corresponding remote, and then stripping +the initial part up to the "*". This would tell us to use `hack` as +the local branch when branching off of `origin/hack` (or +`remotes/origin/hack`, or even `refs/remotes/origin/hack`). If the +given name has no slash, or the above guessing results in an empty +name, the guessing is aborted. You can explicitly give a name with +`-c` in such a case. + +--no-track:: + Do not set up "upstream" configuration, even if the + `branch.autoSetupMerge` configuration variable is true. + +--orphan <new-branch>:: + Create a new 'orphan' branch, named `<new-branch>`. All + tracked files are removed. + +--ignore-other-worktrees:: + `git switch` refuses when the wanted ref is already + checked out by another worktree. This option makes it check + the ref out anyway. In other words, the ref can be held by + more than one worktree. + +--recurse-submodules:: +--no-recurse-submodules:: + Using `--recurse-submodules` will update the content of all + active submodules according to the commit recorded in the + superproject. If nothing (or `--no-recurse-submodules`) is + used, submodules working trees will not be updated. Just + like linkgit:git-submodule[1], this will detach `HEAD` of the + submodules. + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +The following command switches to the "master" branch: + +------------ +$ git switch master +------------ + +After working in the wrong branch, switching to the correct branch +would be done using: + +------------ +$ git switch mytopic +------------ + +However, your "wrong" branch and correct "mytopic" branch may differ +in files that you have modified locally, in which case the above +switch would fail like this: + +------------ +$ git switch mytopic +error: You have local changes to 'frotz'; not switching branches. +------------ + +You can give the `-m` flag to the command, which would try a three-way +merge: + +------------ +$ git switch -m mytopic +Auto-merging frotz +------------ + +After this three-way merge, the local modifications are _not_ +registered in your index file, so `git diff` would show you what +changes you made since the tip of the new branch. + +To switch back to the previous branch before we switched to mytopic +(i.e. "master" branch): + +------------ +$ git switch - +------------ + +You can grow a new branch from any commit. For example, switch to +"HEAD~3" and create branch "fixup": + +------------ +$ git switch -c fixup HEAD~3 +Switched to a new branch 'fixup' +------------ + +If you want to start a new branch from a remote branch of the same +name: + +------------ +$ git switch new-topic +Branch 'new-topic' set up to track remote branch 'new-topic' from 'origin' +Switched to a new branch 'new-topic' +------------ + +To check out commit `HEAD~3` for temporary inspection or experiment +without creating a new branch: + +------------ +$ git switch --detach HEAD~3 +HEAD is now at 9fc9555312 Merge branch 'cc/shared-index-permbits' +------------ + +If it turns out whatever you have done is worth keeping, you can +always create a new name for it (without switching away): + +------------ +$ git switch -c good-surprises +------------ + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-checkout[1], +linkgit:git-branch[1] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-tag.txt index a74e7b926d..f6d9791780 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-tag.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-tag.txt @@ -64,6 +64,13 @@ OPTIONS -s:: --sign:: Make a GPG-signed tag, using the default e-mail address's key. + The default behavior of tag GPG-signing is controlled by `tag.gpgSign` + configuration variable if it exists, or disabled otherwise. + See linkgit:git-config[1]. + +--no-sign:: + Override `tag.gpgSign` configuration variable that is + set to force each and every tag to be signed. -u <keyid>:: --local-user=<keyid>:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt index 1c4d146a41..1489cb09a0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt @@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [--chmod=(+|-)x] [--[no-]assume-unchanged] [--[no-]skip-worktree] + [--[no-]ignore-skip-worktree-entries] [--[no-]fsmonitor-valid] [--ignore-submodules] [--[no-]split-index] @@ -113,6 +114,11 @@ you will need to handle the situation manually. set and unset the "skip-worktree" bit for the paths. See section "Skip-worktree bit" below for more information. + +--[no-]ignore-skip-worktree-entries:: + Do not remove skip-worktree (AKA "index-only") entries even when + the `--remove` option was specified. + --[no-]fsmonitor-valid:: When one of these flags is specified, the object name recorded for the paths are not updated. Instead, these options @@ -426,7 +432,7 @@ specified by the splitIndex.sharedIndexExpire config variable (see linkgit:git-config[1]). To avoid deleting a shared index file that is still used, its -modification time is updated to the current time everytime a new split +modification time is updated to the current time every time a new split index based on the shared index file is either created or read from. UNTRACKED CACHE @@ -543,6 +549,22 @@ The untracked cache extension can be enabled by the `core.untrackedCache` configuration variable (see linkgit:git-config[1]). +NOTES +----- + +Users often try to use the assume-unchanged and skip-worktree bits +to tell Git to ignore changes to files that are tracked. This does not +work as expected, since Git may still check working tree files against +the index when performing certain operations. In general, Git does not +provide a way to ignore changes to tracked files, so alternate solutions +are recommended. + +For example, if the file you want to change is some sort of config file, +the repository can include a sample config file that can then be copied +into the ignored name and modified. The repository can even include a +script to treat the sample file as a template, modifying and copying it +automatically. + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-config[1], diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt b/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt index bd0e36492f..969bb2e15f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-update-server-info - Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git update-server-info' [--force] +'git update-server-info' DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -19,15 +19,6 @@ $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY/info directories to help clients discover what references and packs the server has. This command generates such auxiliary files. - -OPTIONS -------- - --f:: ---force:: - Update the info files from scratch. - - OUTPUT ------ diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt index 6ddc1e2ca6..9d6769e95a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git.txt +++ b/Documentation/git.txt @@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7] manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax. A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation -can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`. +can be viewed at https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html +or https://git-scm.com/docs. OPTIONS @@ -56,7 +57,8 @@ help ...`. Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C - <path>`. + <path>`. If '<path>' is present but empty, e.g. `-C ""`, then the + current working directory is left unchanged. + This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and `--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be @@ -108,9 +110,23 @@ foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string which `git config Do not pipe Git output into a pager. --git-dir=<path>:: - Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by - setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute - path or relative path to current working directory. + Set the path to the repository (".git" directory). This can also be + controlled by setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be + an absolute path or relative path to current working directory. ++ +Specifying the location of the ".git" directory using this +option (or `GIT_DIR` environment variable) turns off the +repository discovery that tries to find a directory with +".git" subdirectory (which is how the repository and the +top-level of the working tree are discovered), and tells Git +that you are at the top level of the working tree. If you +are not at the top-level directory of the working tree, you +should tell Git where the top-level of the working tree is, +with the `--work-tree=<path>` option (or `GIT_WORK_TREE` +environment variable) ++ +If you just want to run git as if it was started in `<path>` then use +`git -C <path>`. --work-tree=<path>:: Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path @@ -210,6 +226,26 @@ people via patch over e-mail. include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[] +Reset, restore and revert +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +There are three commands with similar names: `git reset`, +`git restore` and `git revert`. + +* linkgit:git-revert[1] is about making a new commit that reverts the + changes made by other commits. + +* linkgit:git-restore[1] is about restoring files in the working tree + from either the index or another commit. This command does not + update your branch. The command can also be used to restore files in + the index from another commit. + +* linkgit:git-reset[1] is about updating your branch, moving the tip + in order to add or remove commits from the branch. This operation + changes the commit history. ++ +`git reset` can also be used to restore the index, overlapping with +`git restore`. + Low-level commands (plumbing) ----------------------------- @@ -249,8 +285,8 @@ In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in the working tree. -Synching repositories -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Syncing repositories +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[] @@ -457,16 +493,45 @@ double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value details. This variable has lower precedence than other path variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY... +`GIT_DEFAULT_HASH_ALGORITHM`:: + If this variable is set, the default hash algorithm for new + repositories will be set to this value. This value is currently + ignored when cloning; the setting of the remote repository + is used instead. The default is "sha1". + Git Commits ~~~~~~~~~~~ `GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`:: + The human-readable name used in the author identity when creating commit or + tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the `user.name` and + `author.name` configuration settings. + `GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`:: + The email address used in the author identity when creating commit or + tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the `user.email` and + `author.email` configuration settings. + `GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`:: + The date used for the author identity when creating commit or tag objects, or + when writing reflogs. See linkgit:git-commit[1] for valid formats. + `GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`:: + The human-readable name used in the committer identity when creating commit or + tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the `user.name` and + `committer.name` configuration settings. + `GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`:: + The email address used in the author identity when creating commit or + tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the `user.email` and + `committer.email` configuration settings. + `GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`:: -'EMAIL':: - see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] + The date used for the committer identity when creating commit or tag objects, or + when writing reflogs. See linkgit:git-commit[1] for valid formats. + +`EMAIL`:: + The email address used in the author and committer identities if no other + relevant environment variable or configuration setting has been set. Git Diffs ~~~~~~~~~ @@ -522,6 +587,10 @@ other a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in linkgit:git-config[1]. +`GIT_PROGRESS_DELAY`:: + A number controlling how many seconds to delay before showing + optional progress indicators. Defaults to 2. + `GIT_EDITOR`:: This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`. It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode, @@ -906,7 +975,7 @@ Reporting Bugs Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be subscribed to the list to send a message there. See the list archive -at https://public-inbox.org/git for previous bug reports and other +at https://lore.kernel.org/git for previous bug reports and other discussions. Issues which are security relevant should be disclosed privately to diff --git a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt index 4fb20cd0e9..508fe713c4 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt @@ -112,7 +112,8 @@ Checking-out and checking-in These attributes affect how the contents stored in the repository are copied to the working tree files when commands -such as 'git checkout' and 'git merge' run. They also affect how +such as 'git switch', 'git checkout' and 'git merge' run. +They also affect how Git stores the contents you prepare in the working tree in the repository upon 'git add' and 'git commit'. @@ -292,10 +293,10 @@ web front ends do not visualize the contents of these files by default. In these cases you can tell Git the encoding of a file in the working directory with the `working-tree-encoding` attribute. If a file with this -attribute is added to Git, then Git reencodes the content from the +attribute is added to Git, then Git re-encodes the content from the specified encoding to UTF-8. Finally, Git stores the UTF-8 encoded content in its internal data structure (called "the index"). On checkout -the content is reencoded back to the specified encoding. +the content is re-encoded back to the specified encoding. Please note that using the `working-tree-encoding` attribute may have a number of pitfalls: @@ -497,7 +498,7 @@ command. This is achieved by using the long-running process protocol When Git encounters the first file that needs to be cleaned or smudged, it starts the filter and performs the handshake. In the handshake, the welcome message sent by Git is "git-filter-client", only version 2 is -suppported, and the supported capabilities are "clean", "smudge", and +supported, and the supported capabilities are "clean", "smudge", and "delay". Afterwards Git sends a list of "key=value" pairs terminated with @@ -809,6 +810,10 @@ patterns are available: - `css` suitable for cascading style sheets. +- `dts` suitable for devicetree (DTS) files. + +- `elixir` suitable for source code in the Elixir language. + - `fortran` suitable for source code in the Fortran language. - `fountain` suitable for Fountain documents. @@ -819,7 +824,7 @@ patterns are available: - `java` suitable for source code in the Java language. -- `matlab` suitable for source code in the MATLAB language. +- `matlab` suitable for source code in the MATLAB and Octave languages. - `objc` suitable for source code in the Objective-C language. @@ -833,6 +838,8 @@ patterns are available: - `ruby` suitable for source code in the Ruby language. +- `rust` suitable for source code in the Rust language. + - `tex` suitable for source code for LaTeX documents. diff --git a/Documentation/gitcli.txt b/Documentation/gitcli.txt index 592e06d839..92e4ba6a2f 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitcli.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcli.txt @@ -37,6 +37,12 @@ arguments. Here are the rules: file called HEAD in your work tree, `git diff HEAD` is ambiguous, and you have to say either `git diff HEAD --` or `git diff -- HEAD` to disambiguate. + + * Because `--` disambiguates revisions and paths in some commands, it + cannot be used for those commands to separate options and revisions. + You can use `--end-of-options` for this (it also works for commands + that do not distinguish between revisions in paths, in which case it + is simply an alias for `--`). + When writing a script that is expected to handle random user-input, it is a good practice to make it explicit which arguments are which by placing @@ -47,8 +53,8 @@ disambiguating `--` at appropriate places. things: + -------------------------------- -$ git checkout -- *.c -$ git checkout -- \*.c +$ git restore *.c +$ git restore \*.c -------------------------------- + The former lets your shell expand the fileglob, and you are asking @@ -120,6 +126,11 @@ usage: git describe [<options>] <commit-ish>* --long always use long format --abbrev[=<n>] use <n> digits to display SHA-1s --------------------------------------------- ++ +Note that some subcommand (e.g. `git grep`) may behave differently +when there are things on the command line other than `-h`, but `git +subcmd -h` without anything else on the command line is meant to +consistently give the usage. --help-all:: Some Git commands take options that are only used for plumbing or that @@ -205,10 +216,22 @@ only affects the files in the working tree, but with entries, and with `--cached`, it modifies only the index entries. -See also http://marc.info/?l=git&m=116563135620359 and -http://marc.info/?l=git&m=119150393620273 for further +See also https://lore.kernel.org/git/7v64clg5u9.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net/ and +https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vy7ej9g38.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org/ for further information. +Some other commands that also work on files in the working tree and/or +in the index can take `--staged` and/or `--worktree`. + +* `--staged` is exactly like `--cached`, which is used to ask a + command to only work on the index, not the working tree. + +* `--worktree` is the opposite, to ask a command to work on the + working tree only, not the index. + +* The two options can be specified together to ask a command to work + on both the index and the working tree. + GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt b/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt index e29a9effcc..c0b95256cc 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt @@ -741,7 +741,7 @@ used earlier, and create a branch in it. You do that by simply just saying that you want to check out a new branch: ------------ -$ git checkout -b mybranch +$ git switch -c mybranch ------------ will create a new branch based at the current `HEAD` position, and switch @@ -751,11 +751,11 @@ to it. ================================================ If you make the decision to start your new branch at some other point in the history than the current `HEAD`, you can do so by -just telling 'git checkout' what the base of the checkout would be. +just telling 'git switch' what the base of the checkout would be. In other words, if you have an earlier tag or branch, you'd just do ------------ -$ git checkout -b mybranch earlier-commit +$ git switch -c mybranch earlier-commit ------------ and it would create the new branch `mybranch` at the earlier commit, @@ -765,7 +765,7 @@ and check out the state at that time. You can always just jump back to your original `master` branch by doing ------------ -$ git checkout master +$ git switch master ------------ (or any other branch-name, for that matter) and if you forget which @@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ $ git branch <branchname> [startingpoint] which will simply _create_ the branch, but will not do anything further. You can then later -- once you decide that you want to actually develop -on that branch -- switch to that branch with a regular 'git checkout' +on that branch -- switch to that branch with a regular 'git switch' with the branchname as the argument. @@ -808,7 +808,7 @@ being the same as the original `master` branch, let's make sure we're in that branch, and do some work there. ------------------------------------------------ -$ git checkout mybranch +$ git switch mybranch $ echo "Work, work, work" >>hello $ git commit -m "Some work." -i hello ------------------------------------------------ @@ -825,7 +825,7 @@ does some work in the original branch, and simulate that by going back to the master branch, and editing the same file differently there: ------------ -$ git checkout master +$ git switch master ------------ Here, take a moment to look at the contents of `hello`, and notice how they @@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ to the `master` branch. Let's go back to `mybranch`, and run 'git merge' to get the "upstream changes" back to your branch. ------------ -$ git checkout mybranch +$ git switch mybranch $ git merge -m "Merge upstream changes." master ------------ @@ -1133,9 +1133,8 @@ Remember, before running 'git merge', our `master` head was at work." commit. ------------ -$ git checkout mybranch -$ git reset --hard master^2 -$ git checkout master +$ git switch -C mybranch master^2 +$ git switch master $ git reset --hard master^ ------------ diff --git a/Documentation/gitcredentials.txt b/Documentation/gitcredentials.txt index adc759612d..1814d2d23c 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitcredentials.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcredentials.txt @@ -131,7 +131,9 @@ context would not match: because the hostnames differ. Nor would it match `foo.example.com`; Git compares hostnames exactly, without considering whether two hosts are part of the same domain. Likewise, a config entry for `http://example.com` would not -match: Git compares the protocols exactly. +match: Git compares the protocols exactly. However, you may use wildcards in +the domain name and other pattern matching techniques as with the `http.<url>.*` +options. If the "pattern" URL does include a path component, then this too must match exactly: the context `https://example.com/bar/baz.git` will match a config @@ -186,8 +188,94 @@ CUSTOM HELPERS -------------- You can write your own custom helpers to interface with any system in -which you keep credentials. See the documentation for Git's -link:technical/api-credentials.html[credentials API] for details. +which you keep credentials. + +Credential helpers are programs executed by Git to fetch or save +credentials from and to long-term storage (where "long-term" is simply +longer than a single Git process; e.g., credentials may be stored +in-memory for a few minutes, or indefinitely on disk). + +Each helper is specified by a single string in the configuration +variable `credential.helper` (and others, see linkgit:git-config[1]). +The string is transformed by Git into a command to be executed using +these rules: + + 1. If the helper string begins with "!", it is considered a shell + snippet, and everything after the "!" becomes the command. + + 2. Otherwise, if the helper string begins with an absolute path, the + verbatim helper string becomes the command. + + 3. Otherwise, the string "git credential-" is prepended to the helper + string, and the result becomes the command. + +The resulting command then has an "operation" argument appended to it +(see below for details), and the result is executed by the shell. + +Here are some example specifications: + +---------------------------------------------------- +# run "git credential-foo" +foo + +# same as above, but pass an argument to the helper +foo --bar=baz + +# the arguments are parsed by the shell, so use shell +# quoting if necessary +foo --bar="whitespace arg" + +# you can also use an absolute path, which will not use the git wrapper +/path/to/my/helper --with-arguments + +# or you can specify your own shell snippet +!f() { echo "password=`cat $HOME/.secret`"; }; f +---------------------------------------------------- + +Generally speaking, rule (3) above is the simplest for users to specify. +Authors of credential helpers should make an effort to assist their +users by naming their program "git-credential-$NAME", and putting it in +the `$PATH` or `$GIT_EXEC_PATH` during installation, which will allow a +user to enable it with `git config credential.helper $NAME`. + +When a helper is executed, it will have one "operation" argument +appended to its command line, which is one of: + +`get`:: + + Return a matching credential, if any exists. + +`store`:: + + Store the credential, if applicable to the helper. + +`erase`:: + + Remove a matching credential, if any, from the helper's storage. + +The details of the credential will be provided on the helper's stdin +stream. The exact format is the same as the input/output format of the +`git credential` plumbing command (see the section `INPUT/OUTPUT +FORMAT` in linkgit:git-credential[1] for a detailed specification). + +For a `get` operation, the helper should produce a list of attributes on +stdout in the same format (see linkgit:git-credential[1] for common +attributes). A helper is free to produce a subset, or even no values at +all if it has nothing useful to provide. Any provided attributes will +overwrite those already known about by Git. If a helper outputs a +`quit` attribute with a value of `true` or `1`, no further helpers will +be consulted, nor will the user be prompted (if no credential has been +provided, the operation will then fail). + +For a `store` or `erase` operation, the helper's output is ignored. +If it fails to perform the requested operation, it may complain to +stderr to inform the user. If it does not support the requested +operation (e.g., a read-only store), it should silently ignore the +request. + +If a helper receives any other operation, it should silently ignore the +request. This leaves room for future operations to be added (older +helpers will just ignore the new requests). GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/giteveryday.txt b/Documentation/giteveryday.txt index 9f2528fc8c..1bd919f92b 100644 --- a/Documentation/giteveryday.txt +++ b/Documentation/giteveryday.txt @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ following commands. * linkgit:git-log[1] to see what happened. - * linkgit:git-checkout[1] and linkgit:git-branch[1] to switch + * linkgit:git-switch[1] and linkgit:git-branch[1] to switch branches. * linkgit:git-add[1] to manage the index file. @@ -51,8 +51,7 @@ following commands. * linkgit:git-commit[1] to advance the current branch. - * linkgit:git-reset[1] and linkgit:git-checkout[1] (with - pathname parameters) to undo changes. + * linkgit:git-restore[1] to undo changes. * linkgit:git-merge[1] to merge between local branches. @@ -80,9 +79,9 @@ $ git tag v2.43 <2> Create a topic branch and develop.:: + ------------ -$ git checkout -b alsa-audio <1> +$ git switch -c alsa-audio <1> $ edit/compile/test -$ git checkout -- curses/ux_audio_oss.c <2> +$ git restore curses/ux_audio_oss.c <2> $ git add curses/ux_audio_alsa.c <3> $ edit/compile/test $ git diff HEAD <4> @@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ $ git commit -a -s <5> $ edit/compile/test $ git diff HEAD^ <6> $ git commit -a --amend <7> -$ git checkout master <8> +$ git switch master <8> $ git merge alsa-audio <9> $ git log --since='3 days ago' <10> $ git log v2.43.. curses/ <11> @@ -148,11 +147,11 @@ Clone the upstream and work on it. Feed changes to upstream.:: ------------ $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../torvalds/linux-2.6 my2.6 $ cd my2.6 -$ git checkout -b mine master <1> +$ git switch -c mine master <1> $ edit/compile/test; git commit -a -s <2> $ git format-patch master <3> $ git send-email --to="person <email@example.com>" 00*.patch <4> -$ git checkout master <5> +$ git switch master <5> $ git pull <6> $ git log -p ORIG_HEAD.. arch/i386 include/asm-i386 <7> $ git ls-remote --heads http://git.kernel.org/.../jgarzik/libata-dev.git <8> @@ -194,7 +193,7 @@ satellite$ edit/compile/test/commit satellite$ git push origin <4> mothership$ cd frotz -mothership$ git checkout master +mothership$ git switch master mothership$ git merge satellite/master <5> ------------ + @@ -216,7 +215,7 @@ machine into the master branch. Branch off of a specific tag.:: + ------------ -$ git checkout -b private2.6.14 v2.6.14 <1> +$ git switch -c private2.6.14 v2.6.14 <1> $ edit/compile/test; git commit -a $ git checkout master $ git cherry-pick v2.6.14..private2.6.14 <2> @@ -274,14 +273,14 @@ $ mailx <3> & s 2 3 4 5 ./+to-apply & s 7 8 ./+hold-linus & q -$ git checkout -b topic/one master +$ git switch -c topic/one master $ git am -3 -i -s ./+to-apply <4> $ compile/test -$ git checkout -b hold/linus && git am -3 -i -s ./+hold-linus <5> -$ git checkout topic/one && git rebase master <6> -$ git checkout pu && git reset --hard next <7> +$ git switch -c hold/linus && git am -3 -i -s ./+hold-linus <5> +$ git switch topic/one && git rebase master <6> +$ git switch -C pu next <7> $ git merge topic/one topic/two && git merge hold/linus <8> -$ git checkout maint +$ git switch maint $ git cherry-pick master~4 <9> $ compile/test $ git tag -s -m "GIT 0.99.9x" v0.99.9x <10> diff --git a/Documentation/gitfaq.txt b/Documentation/gitfaq.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1cf83df118 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/gitfaq.txt @@ -0,0 +1,337 @@ +gitfaq(7) +========= + +NAME +---- +gitfaq - Frequently asked questions about using Git + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +gitfaq + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +The examples in this FAQ assume a standard POSIX shell, like `bash` or `dash`, +and a user, A U Thor, who has the account `author` on the hosting provider +`git.example.org`. + +Configuration +------------- + +[[user-name]] +What should I put in `user.name`?:: + You should put your personal name, generally a form using a given name + and family name. For example, the current maintainer of Git uses "Junio + C Hamano". This will be the name portion that is stored in every commit + you make. ++ +This configuration doesn't have any effect on authenticating to remote services; +for that, see `credential.username` in linkgit:git-config[1]. + +[[http-postbuffer]] +What does `http.postBuffer` really do?:: + This option changes the size of the buffer that Git uses when pushing + data to a remote over HTTP or HTTPS. If the data is larger than this + size, libcurl, which handles the HTTP support for Git, will use chunked + transfer encoding since it isn't known ahead of time what the size of + the pushed data will be. ++ +Leaving this value at the default size is fine unless you know that either the +remote server or a proxy in the middle doesn't support HTTP/1.1 (which +introduced the chunked transfer encoding) or is known to be broken with chunked +data. This is often (erroneously) suggested as a solution for generic push +problems, but since almost every server and proxy supports at least HTTP/1.1, +raising this value usually doesn't solve most push problems. A server or proxy +that didn't correctly support HTTP/1.1 and chunked transfer encoding wouldn't be +that useful on the Internet today, since it would break lots of traffic. ++ +Note that increasing this value will increase the memory used on every relevant +push that Git does over HTTP or HTTPS, since the entire buffer is allocated +regardless of whether or not it is all used. Thus, it's best to leave it at the +default unless you are sure you need a different value. + +[[configure-editor]] +How do I configure a different editor?:: + If you haven't specified an editor specifically for Git, it will by default + use the editor you've configured using the `VISUAL` or `EDITOR` environment + variables, or if neither is specified, the system default (which is usually + `vi`). Since some people find `vi` difficult to use or prefer a different + editor, it may be desirable to change the editor used. ++ +If you want to configure a general editor for most programs which need one, you +can edit your shell configuration (e.g., `~/.bashrc` or `~/.zshenv`) to contain +a line setting the `EDITOR` or `VISUAL` environment variable to an appropriate +value. For example, if you prefer the editor `nano`, then you could write the +following: ++ +---- +export VISUAL=nano +---- ++ +If you want to configure an editor specifically for Git, you can either set the +`core.editor` configuration value or the `GIT_EDITOR` environment variable. You +can see linkgit:git-var[1] for details on the order in which these options are +consulted. ++ +Note that in all cases, the editor value will be passed to the shell, so any +arguments containing spaces should be appropriately quoted. Additionally, if +your editor normally detaches from the terminal when invoked, you should specify +it with an argument that makes it not do that, or else Git will not see any +changes. An example of a configuration addressing both of these issues on +Windows would be the configuration `"C:\Program Files\Vim\gvim.exe" --nofork`, +which quotes the filename with spaces and specifies the `--nofork` option to +avoid backgrounding the process. + +Credentials +----------- + +[[http-credentials]] +How do I specify my credentials when pushing over HTTP?:: + The easiest way to do this is to use a credential helper via the + `credential.helper` configuration. Most systems provide a standard + choice to integrate with the system credential manager. For example, + Git for Windows provides the `wincred` credential manager, macOS has the + `osxkeychain` credential manager, and Unix systems with a standard + desktop environment can use the `libsecret` credential manager. All of + these store credentials in an encrypted store to keep your passwords or + tokens secure. ++ +In addition, you can use the `store` credential manager which stores in a file +in your home directory, or the `cache` credential manager, which does not +permanently store your credentials, but does prevent you from being prompted for +them for a certain period of time. ++ +You can also just enter your password when prompted. While it is possible to +place the password (which must be percent-encoded) in the URL, this is not +particularly secure and can lead to accidental exposure of credentials, so it is +not recommended. + +[[http-credentials-environment]] +How do I read a password or token from an environment variable?:: + The `credential.helper` configuration option can also take an arbitrary + shell command that produces the credential protocol on standard output. + This is useful when passing credentials into a container, for example. ++ +Such a shell command can be specified by starting the option value with an +exclamation point. If your password or token were stored in the `GIT_TOKEN`, +you could run the following command to set your credential helper: ++ +---- +$ git config credential.helper \ + '!f() { echo username=author; echo "password=$GIT_TOKEN"; };f' +---- + +[[http-reset-credentials]] +How do I change the password or token I've saved in my credential manager?:: + Usually, if the password or token is invalid, Git will erase it and + prompt for a new one. However, there are times when this doesn't always + happen. To change the password or token, you can erase the existing + credentials and then Git will prompt for new ones. To erase + credentials, use a syntax like the following (substituting your username + and the hostname): ++ +---- +$ echo url=https://author@git.example.org | git credential reject +---- + +[[multiple-accounts-http]] +How do I use multiple accounts with the same hosting provider using HTTP?:: + Usually the easiest way to distinguish between these accounts is to use + the username in the URL. For example, if you have the accounts `author` + and `committer` on `git.example.org`, you can use the URLs + https://author@git.example.org/org1/project1.git and + https://committer@git.example.org/org2/project2.git. This way, when you + use a credential helper, it will automatically try to look up the + correct credentials for your account. If you already have a remote set + up, you can change the URL with something like `git remote set-url + origin https://author@git.example.org/org1/project1.git` (see + linkgit:git-remote[1] for details). + +[[multiple-accounts-ssh]] +How do I use multiple accounts with the same hosting provider using SSH?:: + With most hosting providers that support SSH, a single key pair uniquely + identifies a user. Therefore, to use multiple accounts, it's necessary + to create a key pair for each account. If you're using a reasonably + modern OpenSSH version, you can create a new key pair with something + like `ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -f ~/.ssh/id_committer`. You can then + register the public key (in this case, `~/.ssh/id_committer.pub`; note + the `.pub`) with the hosting provider. ++ +Most hosting providers use a single SSH account for pushing; that is, all users +push to the `git` account (e.g., `git@git.example.org`). If that's the case for +your provider, you can set up multiple aliases in SSH to make it clear which key +pair to use. For example, you could write something like the following in +`~/.ssh/config`, substituting the proper private key file: ++ +---- +# This is the account for author on git.example.org. +Host example_author + HostName git.example.org + User git + # This is the key pair registered for author with git.example.org. + IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_author + IdentitiesOnly yes +# This is the account for committer on git.example.org. +Host example_committer + HostName git.example.org + User git + # This is the key pair registered for committer with git.example.org. + IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_committer + IdentitiesOnly yes +---- ++ +Then, you can adjust your push URL to use `git@example_author` or +`git@example_committer` instead of `git@example.org` (e.g., `git remote set-url +git@example_author:org1/project1.git`). + +Common Issues +------------- + +[[last-commit-amend]] +I've made a mistake in the last commit. How do I change it?:: + You can make the appropriate change to your working tree, run `git add + <file>` or `git rm <file>`, as appropriate, to stage it, and then `git + commit --amend`. Your change will be included in the commit, and you'll + be prompted to edit the commit message again; if you wish to use the + original message verbatim, you can use the `--no-edit` option to `git + commit` in addition, or just save and quit when your editor opens. + +[[undo-previous-change]] +I've made a change with a bug and it's been included in the main branch. How should I undo it?:: + The usual way to deal with this is to use `git revert`. This preserves + the history that the original change was made and was a valuable + contribution, but also introduces a new commit that undoes those changes + because the original had a problem. The commit message of the revert + indicates the commit which was reverted and is usually edited to include + an explanation as to why the revert was made. + +[[ignore-tracked-files]] +How do I ignore changes to a tracked file?:: + Git doesn't provide a way to do this. The reason is that if Git needs + to overwrite this file, such as during a checkout, it doesn't know + whether the changes to the file are precious and should be kept, or + whether they are irrelevant and can safely be destroyed. Therefore, it + has to take the safe route and always preserve them. ++ +It's tempting to try to use certain features of `git update-index`, namely the +assume-unchanged and skip-worktree bits, but these don't work properly for this +purpose and shouldn't be used this way. ++ +If your goal is to modify a configuration file, it can often be helpful to have +a file checked into the repository which is a template or set of defaults which +can then be copied alongside and modified as appropriate. This second, modified +file is usually ignored to prevent accidentally committing it. + +Hooks +----- + +[[restrict-with-hooks]] +How do I use hooks to prevent users from making certain changes?:: + The only safe place to make these changes is on the remote repository + (i.e., the Git server), usually in the `pre-receive` hook or in a + continuous integration (CI) system. These are the locations in which + policy can be enforced effectively. ++ +It's common to try to use `pre-commit` hooks (or, for commit messages, +`commit-msg` hooks) to check these things, which is great if you're working as a +solo developer and want the tooling to help you. However, using hooks on a +developer machine is not effective as a policy control because a user can bypass +these hooks with `--no-verify` without being noticed (among various other ways). +Git assumes that the user is in control of their local repositories and doesn't +try to prevent this or tattle on the user. ++ +In addition, some advanced users find `pre-commit` hooks to be an impediment to +workflows that use temporary commits to stage work in progress or that create +fixup commits, so it's better to push these kinds of checks to the server +anyway. + +Cross-Platform Issues +--------------------- + +[[windows-text-binary]] +I'm on Windows and my text files are detected as binary.:: + Git works best when you store text files as UTF-8. Many programs on + Windows support UTF-8, but some do not and only use the little-endian + UTF-16 format, which Git detects as binary. If you can't use UTF-8 with + your programs, you can specify a working tree encoding that indicates + which encoding your files should be checked out with, while still + storing these files as UTF-8 in the repository. This allows tools like + linkgit:git-diff[1] to work as expected, while still allowing your tools + to work. ++ +To do so, you can specify a linkgit:gitattributes[5] pattern with the +`working-tree-encoding` attribute. For example, the following pattern sets all +C files to use UTF-16LE-BOM, which is a common encoding on Windows: ++ +---- +*.c working-tree-encoding=UTF-16LE-BOM +---- ++ +You will need to run `git add --renormalize` to have this take effect. Note +that if you are making these changes on a project that is used across platforms, +you'll probably want to make it in a per-user configuration file or in the one +in `$GIT_DIR/info/attributes`, since making it in a `.gitattributes` file in the +repository will apply to all users of the repository. ++ +See the following entry for information about normalizing line endings as well, +and see linkgit:gitattributes[5] for more information about attribute files. + +[[windows-diff-control-m]] +I'm on Windows and git diff shows my files as having a `^M` at the end.:: + By default, Git expects files to be stored with Unix line endings. As such, + the carriage return (`^M`) that is part of a Windows line ending is shown + because it is considered to be trailing whitespace. Git defaults to showing + trailing whitespace only on new lines, not existing ones. ++ +You can store the files in the repository with Unix line endings and convert +them automatically to your platform's line endings. To do that, set the +configuration option `core.eol` to `native` and see the following entry for +information about how to configure files as text or binary. ++ +You can also control this behavior with the `core.whitespace` setting if you +don't wish to remove the carriage returns from your line endings. + +[[recommended-storage-settings]] +What's the recommended way to store files in Git?:: + While Git can store and handle any file of any type, there are some + settings that work better than others. In general, we recommend that + text files be stored in UTF-8 without a byte-order mark (BOM) with LF + (Unix-style) endings. We also recommend the use of UTF-8 (again, + without BOM) in commit messages. These are the settings that work best + across platforms and with tools such as `git diff` and `git merge`. ++ +Additionally, if you have a choice between storage formats that are text based +or non-text based, we recommend storing files in the text format and, if +necessary, transforming them into the other format. For example, a text-based +SQL dump with one record per line will work much better for diffing and merging +than an actual database file. Similarly, text-based formats such as Markdown +and AsciiDoc will work better than binary formats such as Microsoft Word and +PDF. ++ +Similarly, storing binary dependencies (e.g., shared libraries or JAR files) or +build products in the repository is generally not recommended. Dependencies and +build products are best stored on an artifact or package server with only +references, URLs, and hashes stored in the repository. ++ +We also recommend setting a linkgit:gitattributes[5] file to explicitly mark +which files are text and which are binary. If you want Git to guess, you can +set the attribute `text=auto`. For example, the following might be appropriate +in some projects: ++ +---- +# By default, guess. +* text=auto +# Mark all C files as text. +*.c text +# Mark all JPEG files as binary. +*.jpg binary +---- ++ +These settings help tools pick the right format for output such as patches and +result in files being checked out in the appropriate line ending for the +platform. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/githooks.txt b/Documentation/githooks.txt index 786e778ab8..81f2a87e88 100644 --- a/Documentation/githooks.txt +++ b/Documentation/githooks.txt @@ -103,6 +103,28 @@ The default 'pre-commit' hook, when enabled--and with the `hooks.allownonascii` config option unset or set to false--prevents the use of non-ASCII filenames. +pre-merge-commit +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This hook is invoked by linkgit:git-merge[1], and can be bypassed +with the `--no-verify` option. It takes no parameters, and is +invoked after the merge has been carried out successfully and before +obtaining the proposed commit log message to +make a commit. Exiting with a non-zero status from this script +causes the `git merge` command to abort before creating a commit. + +The default 'pre-merge-commit' hook, when enabled, runs the +'pre-commit' hook, if the latter is enabled. + +This hook is invoked with the environment variable +`GIT_EDITOR=:` if the command will not bring up an editor +to modify the commit message. + +If the merge cannot be carried out automatically, the conflicts +need to be resolved and the result committed separately (see +linkgit:git-merge[1]). At that point, this hook will not be executed, +but the 'pre-commit' hook will, if it is enabled. + prepare-commit-msg ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -165,12 +187,13 @@ rebased, and is not set when rebasing the current branch. post-checkout ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked when a linkgit:git-checkout[1] is run after having updated the +This hook is invoked when a linkgit:git-checkout[1] or +linkgit:git-switch[1] is run after having updated the worktree. The hook is given three parameters: the ref of the previous HEAD, the ref of the new HEAD (which may or may not have changed), and a flag indicating whether the checkout was a branch checkout (changing branches, flag=1) or a file checkout (retrieving a file from the index, flag=0). -This hook cannot affect the outcome of `git checkout`. +This hook cannot affect the outcome of `git switch` or `git checkout`. It is also run after linkgit:git-clone[1], unless the `--no-checkout` (`-n`) option is used. The first parameter given to the hook is the null-ref, the second the @@ -406,7 +429,8 @@ exit with a zero status. For example, the hook can simply run `git read-tree -u -m HEAD "$1"` in order to emulate `git fetch` that is run in the reverse direction with `git push`, as the two-tree form of `git read-tree -u -m` is -essentially the same as `git checkout` that switches branches while +essentially the same as `git switch` or `git checkout` +that switches branches while keeping the local changes in the working tree that do not interfere with the difference between the branches. @@ -423,10 +447,12 @@ post-rewrite This hook is invoked by commands that rewrite commits (linkgit:git-commit[1] when called with `--amend` and -linkgit:git-rebase[1]; currently `git filter-branch` does 'not' call -it!). Its first argument denotes the command it was invoked by: -currently one of `amend` or `rebase`. Further command-dependent -arguments may be passed in the future. +linkgit:git-rebase[1]; however, full-history (re)writing tools like +linkgit:git-fast-import[1] or +https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[git-filter-repo] typically +do not call it!). Its first argument denotes the command it was +invoked by: currently one of `amend` or `rebase`. Further +command-dependent arguments may be passed in the future. The hook receives a list of the rewritten commits on stdin, in the format @@ -464,9 +490,16 @@ fsmonitor-watchman ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This hook is invoked when the configuration option `core.fsmonitor` is -set to `.git/hooks/fsmonitor-watchman`. It takes two arguments, a version -(currently 1) and the time in elapsed nanoseconds since midnight, -January 1, 1970. +set to `.git/hooks/fsmonitor-watchman` or `.git/hooks/fsmonitor-watchmanv2` +depending on the version of the hook to use. + +Version 1 takes two arguments, a version (1) and the time in elapsed +nanoseconds since midnight, January 1, 1970. + +Version 2 takes two arguments, a version (2) and a token that is used +for identifying changes since the token. For watchman this would be +a clock id. This version must output to stdout the new token followed +by a NUL before the list of files. The hook should output to stdout the list of all files in the working directory that may have changed since the requested time. The logic @@ -489,12 +522,61 @@ The exit status determines whether git will use the data from the hook to limit its search. On error, it will fall back to verifying all files and folders. +p4-changelist +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This hook is invoked by `git-p4 submit`. + +The `p4-changelist` hook is executed after the changelist +message has been edited by the user. It can be bypassed with the +`--no-verify` option. It takes a single parameter, the name +of the file that holds the proposed changelist text. Exiting +with a non-zero status causes the command to abort. + +The hook is allowed to edit the changelist file and can be used +to normalize the text into some project standard format. It can +also be used to refuse the Submit after inspect the message file. + +Run `git-p4 submit --help` for details. + +p4-prepare-changelist +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This hook is invoked by `git-p4 submit`. + +The `p4-prepare-changelist` hook is executed right after preparing +the default changelist message and before the editor is started. +It takes one parameter, the name of the file that contains the +changelist text. Exiting with a non-zero status from the script +will abort the process. + +The purpose of the hook is to edit the message file in place, +and it is not supressed by the `--no-verify` option. This hook +is called even if `--prepare-p4-only` is set. + +Run `git-p4 submit --help` for details. + +p4-post-changelist +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This hook is invoked by `git-p4 submit`. + +The `p4-post-changelist` hook is invoked after the submit has +successfully occured in P4. It takes no parameters and is meant +primarily for notification and cannot affect the outcome of the +git p4 submit action. + +Run `git-p4 submit --help` for details. + p4-pre-submit ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This hook is invoked by `git-p4 submit`. It takes no parameters and nothing from standard input. Exiting with non-zero status from this script prevent -`git-p4 submit` from launching. Run `git-p4 submit --help` for details. +`git-p4 submit` from launching. It can be bypassed with the `--no-verify` +command line option. Run `git-p4 submit --help` for details. + + post-index-change ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ diff --git a/Documentation/gitignore.txt b/Documentation/gitignore.txt index b5bc9dbff0..d47b1ae296 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitignore.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitignore.txt @@ -89,28 +89,28 @@ PATTERN FORMAT Put a backslash ("`\`") in front of the first "`!`" for patterns that begin with a literal "`!`", for example, "`\!important!.txt`". - - If the pattern ends with a slash, it is removed for the - purpose of the following description, but it would only find - a match with a directory. In other words, `foo/` will match a - directory `foo` and paths underneath it, but will not match a - regular file or a symbolic link `foo` (this is consistent - with the way how pathspec works in general in Git). - - - If the pattern does not contain a slash '/', Git treats it as - a shell glob pattern and checks for a match against the - pathname relative to the location of the `.gitignore` file - (relative to the toplevel of the work tree if not from a - `.gitignore` file). - - - Otherwise, Git treats the pattern as a shell glob: "`*`" matches - anything except "`/`", "`?`" matches any one character except "`/`" - and "`[]`" matches one character in a selected range. See - fnmatch(3) and the FNM_PATHNAME flag for a more detailed - description. - - - A leading slash matches the beginning of the pathname. - For example, "/{asterisk}.c" matches "cat-file.c" but not - "mozilla-sha1/sha1.c". + - The slash '/' is used as the directory separator. Separators may + occur at the beginning, middle or end of the `.gitignore` search pattern. + + - If there is a separator at the beginning or middle (or both) of the + pattern, then the pattern is relative to the directory level of the + particular `.gitignore` file itself. Otherwise the pattern may also + match at any level below the `.gitignore` level. + + - If there is a separator at the end of the pattern then the pattern + will only match directories, otherwise the pattern can match both + files and directories. + + - For example, a pattern `doc/frotz/` matches `doc/frotz` directory, + but not `a/doc/frotz` directory; however `frotz/` matches `frotz` + and `a/frotz` that is a directory (all paths are relative from + the `.gitignore` file). + + - An asterisk "`*`" matches anything except a slash. + The character "`?`" matches any one character except "`/`". + The range notation, e.g. `[a-zA-Z]`, can be used to match + one of the characters in a range. See fnmatch(3) and the + FNM_PATHNAME flag for a more detailed description. Two consecutive asterisks ("`**`") in patterns matched against full pathname may have special meaning: @@ -152,6 +152,28 @@ To stop tracking a file that is currently tracked, use EXAMPLES -------- + - The pattern `hello.*` matches any file or folder + whose name begins with `hello`. If one wants to restrict + this only to the directory and not in its subdirectories, + one can prepend the pattern with a slash, i.e. `/hello.*`; + the pattern now matches `hello.txt`, `hello.c` but not + `a/hello.java`. + + - The pattern `foo/` will match a directory `foo` and + paths underneath it, but will not match a regular file + or a symbolic link `foo` (this is consistent with the + way how pathspec works in general in Git) + + - The pattern `doc/frotz` and `/doc/frotz` have the same effect + in any `.gitignore` file. In other words, a leading slash + is not relevant if there is already a middle slash in + the pattern. + + - The pattern "foo/*", matches "foo/test.json" + (a regular file), "foo/bar" (a directory), but it does not match + "foo/bar/hello.c" (a regular file), as the asterisk in the + pattern does not match "bar/hello.c" which has a slash in it. + -------------------------------------------------------------- $ git status [...] diff --git a/Documentation/gitk.txt b/Documentation/gitk.txt index 1eabb0aaf3..c653ebb6a8 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitk.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitk.txt @@ -105,8 +105,12 @@ linkgit:git-rev-list[1] for a complete list. (or the function name regex <funcname>) within the <file>. You may not give any pathspec limiters. This is currently limited to a walk starting from a single revision, i.e., you may only - give zero or one positive revision arguments. - You can specify this option more than once. + give zero or one positive revision arguments, and + <start> and <end> (or <funcname>) must exist in the starting revision. + You can specify this option more than once. Implies `--patch`. + Patch output can be suppressed using `--no-patch`, but other diff formats + (namely `--raw`, `--numstat`, `--shortstat`, `--dirstat`, `--summary`, + `--name-only`, `--name-status`, `--check`) are not currently implemented. + *Note:* gitk (unlike linkgit:git-log[1]) currently only understands this option if you specify it "glued together" with its argument. Do diff --git a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt index a66e95b70c..67275fd187 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt @@ -44,9 +44,8 @@ submodule.<name>.update:: submodule init` to initialize the configuration variable of the same name. Allowed values here are 'checkout', 'rebase', 'merge' or 'none'. See description of 'update' command in - linkgit:git-submodule[1] for their meaning. Note that the - '!command' form is intentionally ignored here for security - reasons. + linkgit:git-submodule[1] for their meaning. For security + reasons, the '!command' form is not accepted here. submodule.<name>.branch:: A remote branch name for tracking updates in the upstream submodule. @@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ submodule.<name>.ignore:: Committed differences and modifications to tracked files will show up. - none;; No modifiations to submodules are ignored, all of committed + none;; No modifications to submodules are ignored, all of committed differences, and modifications to tracked and untracked files are shown. This is the default option. @@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ of the superproject, the setting there will override the one found in .gitmodules. Both settings can be overridden on the command line by using the -"--ignore-submodule" option. The 'git submodule' commands are not +"--ignore-submodules" option. The 'git submodule' commands are not affected by this setting. -- @@ -105,14 +104,15 @@ EXAMPLES Consider the following .gitmodules file: - [submodule "libfoo"] - path = include/foo - url = git://foo.com/git/lib.git - - [submodule "libbar"] - path = include/bar - url = git://bar.com/git/lib.git +---- +[submodule "libfoo"] + path = include/foo + url = git://foo.com/git/lib.git +[submodule "libbar"] + path = include/bar + url = git://bar.com/git/lib.git +---- This defines two submodules, `libfoo` and `libbar`. These are expected to be checked out in the paths `include/foo` and `include/bar`, and for both @@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ submodules a URL is specified which can be used for cloning the submodules. SEE ALSO -------- -linkgit:git-submodule[1] linkgit:git-config[1] +linkgit:git-submodule[1], linkgit:gitsubmodules[7], linkgit:git-config[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt index 43f80c8068..f48a031dc3 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt @@ -297,9 +297,13 @@ Supported if the helper has the "option" capability. same batch are complete. Only objects which were reported in the output of 'list' with a sha1 may be fetched this way. + -Optionally may output a 'lock <file>' line indicating a file under -GIT_DIR/objects/pack which is keeping a pack until refs can be -suitably updated. +Optionally may output a 'lock <file>' line indicating the full path of +a file under `$GIT_DIR/objects/pack` which is keeping a pack until +refs can be suitably updated. The path must end with `.keep`. This is +a mechanism to name a <pack,idx,keep> tuple by giving only the keep +component. The kept pack will not be deleted by a concurrent repack, +even though its objects may not be referenced until the fetch completes. +The `.keep` file will be deleted at the conclusion of the fetch. + If option 'check-connectivity' is requested, the helper must output 'connectivity-ok' if the clone is self-contained and connected. @@ -505,6 +509,11 @@ set by Git if the remote helper has the 'option' capability. Indicate that only the objects wanted need to be fetched, not their dependents. +'option atomic' {'true'|'false'}:: + When pushing, request the remote server to update refs in a single atomic + transaction. If successful, all refs will be updated, or none will. If the + remote side does not support this capability, the push will fail. + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-remote[1] diff --git a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt index 216b11ee88..1a2ef4c150 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ objects/[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]:: here are often called 'unpacked' (or 'loose') objects. objects/pack:: - Packs (files that store many object in compressed form, + Packs (files that store many objects in compressed form, along with index files to allow them to be randomly accessed) are found in this directory. @@ -96,9 +96,9 @@ refs:: directory. The 'git prune' command knows to preserve objects reachable from refs found in this directory and its subdirectories. - This directory is ignored (except refs/bisect and - refs/worktree) if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and - "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/refs" will be used instead. + This directory is ignored (except refs/bisect, + refs/rewritten and refs/worktree) if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is + set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/refs" will be used instead. refs/heads/`name`:: records tip-of-the-tree commit objects of branch `name` @@ -240,8 +240,8 @@ remotes:: logs:: Records of changes made to refs are stored in this directory. See linkgit:git-update-ref[1] for more information. This - directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and - "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/logs" will be used instead. + directory is ignored (except logs/HEAD) if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is + set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/logs" will be used instead. logs/refs/heads/`name`:: Records all changes made to the branch tip named `name`. diff --git a/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt b/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt index 0a890205b8..f9f4e65c9e 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ gitsubmodules(7) NAME ---- -gitsubmodules - mounting one repository inside another +gitsubmodules - Mounting one repository inside another SYNOPSIS -------- @@ -271,7 +271,8 @@ will not be checked out by default; You can instruct 'clone' to recurse into submodules. The 'init' and 'update' subcommands of 'git submodule' will maintain submodules checked out and at an appropriate revision in your working tree. Alternatively you can set 'submodule.recurse' to have -'checkout' recursing into submodules. +'checkout' recursing into submodules (note that 'submodule.recurse' also +affects other git commands, see linkgit:git-config[1] for a complete list). SEE ALSO diff --git a/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt b/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt index e0976f6017..8bdb7d0bd3 100644 --- a/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt +++ b/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt @@ -370,13 +370,13 @@ situation: $ git status On branch master Changes to be committed: - (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) + (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage) new file: closing.txt Changes not staged for commit: (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) - (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) + (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) modified: file.txt diff --git a/Documentation/gittutorial.txt b/Documentation/gittutorial.txt index 242de31cb6..59ef5cef1f 100644 --- a/Documentation/gittutorial.txt +++ b/Documentation/gittutorial.txt @@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ $ git status On branch master Changes to be committed: Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'. - (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) + (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage) modified: file1 modified: file2 @@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ automatically. The asterisk marks the branch you are currently on; type ------------------------------------------------ -$ git checkout experimental +$ git switch experimental ------------------------------------------------ to switch to the experimental branch. Now edit a file, commit the @@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ change, and switch back to the master branch: ------------------------------------------------ (edit file) $ git commit -a -$ git checkout master +$ git switch master ------------------------------------------------ Check that the change you made is no longer visible, since it was diff --git a/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt b/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt index 35317e71c8..7963a79ba9 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt @@ -786,9 +786,9 @@ forks:: subdirectories of project root (basename) to be forks of existing projects. For each project +$projname.git+, projects in the +$projname/+ directory and its subdirectories will not be - shown in the main projects list. Instead, a \'\+' mark is shown - next to +$projname+, which links to a "forks" view that lists all - the forks (all projects in +$projname/+ subdirectory). Additionally + shown in the main projects list. Instead, a \'+' mark is shown + next to `$projname`, which links to a "forks" view that lists all + the forks (all projects in `$projname/` subdirectory). Additionally a "forks" view for a project is linked from project summary page. + If the project list is taken from a file (+$projects_list+ points to a diff --git a/Documentation/gitweb.txt b/Documentation/gitweb.txt index c7436098c9..3cc9b034c4 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitweb.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitweb.txt @@ -28,8 +28,7 @@ Gitweb provides a web interface to Git repositories. Its features include: revisions one at a time, viewing the history of the repository. * Finding commits which commit messages matches given search term. -See http://git.kernel.org/?p=git/git.git;a=tree;f=gitweb[] or -http://repo.or.cz/w/git.git/tree/HEAD:/gitweb/[] for gitweb source code, +See http://repo.or.cz/w/git.git/tree/HEAD:/gitweb/[] for gitweb source code, browsed using gitweb itself. diff --git a/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt b/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt index ca11c7bdaf..abc0dc6bc7 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt @@ -301,8 +301,7 @@ topics on 'next': .Rewind and rebuild next [caption="Recipe: "] ===================================== -* `git checkout next` -* `git reset --hard master` +* `git switch -C next master` * `git merge ai/topic_in_next1` * `git merge ai/topic_in_next2` * ... diff --git a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt index 8d38ae6010..090c888335 100644 --- a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt +++ b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt @@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a [[def_object]]object:: The unit of storage in Git. It is uniquely identified by the <<def_SHA1,SHA-1>> of its contents. Consequently, an - object can not be changed. + object cannot be changed. [[def_object_database]]object database:: Stores a set of "objects", and an individual <<def_object,object>> is diff --git a/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt b/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt index ca4378740c..73be8b49f8 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt @@ -154,15 +154,17 @@ by doing the following: - Anything unobvious that is applicable to 'master' (in other words, does not depend on anything that is still in 'next' and not in 'master') is applied to a new topic branch that - is forked from the tip of 'master'. This includes both + is forked from the tip of 'master' (or the last feature release, + which is a bit older than 'master'). This includes both enhancements and unobvious fixes to 'master'. A topic branch is named as ai/topic where "ai" is two-letter string named after author's initial and "topic" is a descriptive name of the topic (in other words, "what's the series is about"). - An unobvious fix meant for 'maint' is applied to a new - topic branch that is forked from the tip of 'maint'. The - topic is named as ai/maint-topic. + topic branch that is forked from the tip of 'maint' (or the + oldest and still relevant maintenance branch). The + topic may be named as ai/maint-topic. - Changes that pertain to an existing topic are applied to the branch, but: @@ -174,24 +176,40 @@ by doing the following: - Replacement patches to an existing topic are accepted only for commits not in 'next'. - The above except the "replacement" are all done with: + The initial round is done with: $ git checkout ai/topic ;# or "git checkout -b ai/topic master" $ git am -sc3 mailbox - while patch replacement is often done by: + and replacing an existing topic with subsequent round is done with: - $ git format-patch ai/topic~$n..ai/topic ;# export existing + $ git checkout master...ai/topic ;# try to reapply to the same base + $ git am -sc3 mailbox + + to prepare the new round on a detached HEAD, and then + + $ git range-diff @{-1}... + $ git diff @{-1} - then replace some parts with the new patch, and reapplying: + to double check what changed since the last round, and finally - $ git checkout ai/topic - $ git reset --hard ai/topic~$n - $ git am -sc3 -s 000*.txt + $ git checkout -B @{-1} + + to conclude (the last step is why a topic already in 'next' is + not replaced but updated incrementally). + + Whether it is the initial round or a subsequent round, the topic + may not build even in isolation, or may break the build when + merged to integration branches due to bugs. There may already + be obvious and trivial improvements suggested on the list. The + maintainer often adds an extra commit, with "SQUASH???" in its + title, to fix things up, before publishing the integration + branches to make it usable by other developers for testing. + These changes are what the maintainer is not 100% committed to + (trivial typofixes etc. are often squashed directly into the + patches that need fixing, without being applied as a separate + "SQUASH???" commit), so that they can be removed easily as needed. - The full test suite is always run for 'maint' and 'master' - after patch application; for topic branches the tests are run - as time permits. - Merge maint to master as needed: @@ -371,6 +389,14 @@ Some observations to be made. be included in the next feature release. Being in the 'master' branch typically is. + * Due to the nature of "SQUASH???" fix-ups, if the original author + agrees with the suggested changes, it is OK to squash them to + appropriate patches in the next round (when the suggested change + is small enough, the author should not even bother with + "Helped-by"). It is also OK to drop them from the next round + when the original author does not agree with the suggestion, but + the author is expected to say why somewhere in the discussion. + Appendix -------- diff --git a/Documentation/howto/separating-topic-branches.txt b/Documentation/howto/separating-topic-branches.txt index bd1027433b..81be0d6115 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/separating-topic-branches.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/separating-topic-branches.txt @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ After I am done, I'd try a pretend-merge between "topicA" and o---o---o---o---o---o The last diff better not to show anything other than cleanups -for crufts. Then I can finally clean things up: +for cruft. Then I can finally clean things up: $ git branch -D topic $ git reset --hard HEAD^ ;# nuke pretend merge diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-1.72.xsl b/Documentation/manpage-1.72.xsl deleted file mode 100644 index b4d315cb8c..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/manpage-1.72.xsl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ -<!-- manpage-1.72.xsl: - special settings for manpages rendered from asciidoc+docbook - handles peculiarities in docbook-xsl 1.72.0 --> -<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" - version="1.0"> - -<xsl:import href="manpage-base.xsl"/> - -<!-- these are the special values for the roff control characters - needed for docbook-xsl 1.72.0 --> -<xsl:param name="git.docbook.backslash">▓</xsl:param> -<xsl:param name="git.docbook.dot" >⌂</xsl:param> - -</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-base.xsl b/Documentation/manpage-base.xsl deleted file mode 100644 index a264fa6160..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/manpage-base.xsl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,35 +0,0 @@ -<!-- manpage-base.xsl: - special formatting for manpages rendered from asciidoc+docbook --> -<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" - version="1.0"> - -<!-- these params silence some output from xmlto --> -<xsl:param name="man.output.quietly" select="1"/> -<xsl:param name="refentry.meta.get.quietly" select="1"/> - -<!-- convert asciidoc callouts to man page format; - git.docbook.backslash and git.docbook.dot params - must be supplied by another XSL file or other means --> -<xsl:template match="co"> - <xsl:value-of select="concat( - $git.docbook.backslash,'fB(', - substring-after(@id,'-'),')', - $git.docbook.backslash,'fR')"/> -</xsl:template> -<xsl:template match="calloutlist"> - <xsl:value-of select="$git.docbook.dot"/> - <xsl:text>sp </xsl:text> - <xsl:apply-templates/> - <xsl:text> </xsl:text> -</xsl:template> -<xsl:template match="callout"> - <xsl:value-of select="concat( - $git.docbook.backslash,'fB', - substring-after(@arearefs,'-'), - '. ',$git.docbook.backslash,'fR')"/> - <xsl:apply-templates/> - <xsl:value-of select="$git.docbook.dot"/> - <xsl:text>br </xsl:text> -</xsl:template> - -</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-bold-literal.xsl b/Documentation/manpage-bold-literal.xsl index 608eb5df62..e13db85693 100644 --- a/Documentation/manpage-bold-literal.xsl +++ b/Documentation/manpage-bold-literal.xsl @@ -1,17 +1,16 @@ <!-- manpage-bold-literal.xsl: special formatting for manpages rendered from asciidoc+docbook --> <xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" + xmlns:d="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="1.0"> <!-- render literal text as bold (instead of plain or monospace); this makes literal text easier to distinguish in manpages viewed on a tty --> -<xsl:template match="literal"> - <xsl:value-of select="$git.docbook.backslash"/> - <xsl:text>fB</xsl:text> +<xsl:template match="literal|d:literal"> + <xsl:text>\fB</xsl:text> <xsl:apply-templates/> - <xsl:value-of select="$git.docbook.backslash"/> - <xsl:text>fR</xsl:text> + <xsl:text>\fR</xsl:text> </xsl:template> </xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-normal.xsl b/Documentation/manpage-normal.xsl index a48f5b11f3..a9c7ec69f4 100644 --- a/Documentation/manpage-normal.xsl +++ b/Documentation/manpage-normal.xsl @@ -1,13 +1,26 @@ <!-- manpage-normal.xsl: - special settings for manpages rendered from asciidoc+docbook - handles anything we want to keep away from docbook-xsl 1.72.0 --> + special settings for manpages rendered from asciidoc+docbook --> <xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" version="1.0"> -<xsl:import href="manpage-base.xsl"/> -<!-- these are the normal values for the roff control characters --> -<xsl:param name="git.docbook.backslash">\</xsl:param> -<xsl:param name="git.docbook.dot" >.</xsl:param> +<!-- these params silence some output from xmlto --> +<xsl:param name="man.output.quietly" select="1"/> +<xsl:param name="refentry.meta.get.quietly" select="1"/> + +<!-- convert asciidoc callouts to man page format --> +<xsl:template match="co"> + <xsl:value-of select="concat('\fB(',substring-after(@id,'-'),')\fR')"/> +</xsl:template> +<xsl:template match="calloutlist"> + <xsl:text>.sp </xsl:text> + <xsl:apply-templates/> + <xsl:text> </xsl:text> +</xsl:template> +<xsl:template match="callout"> + <xsl:value-of select="concat('\fB',substring-after(@arearefs,'-'),'. \fR')"/> + <xsl:apply-templates/> + <xsl:text>.br </xsl:text> +</xsl:template> </xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-suppress-sp.xsl b/Documentation/manpage-suppress-sp.xsl deleted file mode 100644 index a63c7632a8..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/manpage-suppress-sp.xsl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,21 +0,0 @@ -<!-- manpage-suppress-sp.xsl: - special settings for manpages rendered from asciidoc+docbook - handles erroneous, inline .sp in manpage output of some - versions of docbook-xsl --> -<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" - version="1.0"> - -<!-- attempt to work around spurious .sp at the tail of the line - that some versions of docbook stylesheets seem to add --> -<xsl:template match="simpara"> - <xsl:variable name="content"> - <xsl:apply-templates/> - </xsl:variable> - <xsl:value-of select="normalize-space($content)"/> - <xsl:if test="not(ancestor::authorblurb) and - not(ancestor::personblurb)"> - <xsl:text> </xsl:text> - </xsl:if> -</xsl:template> - -</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/manpage.xsl b/Documentation/manpage.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ef64bab17a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/manpage.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" version="1.0"> + <xsl:import href="http://docbook.sourceforge.net/release/xsl-ns/current/manpages/docbook.xsl" /> +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/merge-options.txt b/Documentation/merge-options.txt index 61876dbc33..fb3a6e8d42 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-options.txt @@ -34,32 +34,39 @@ set to `no` at the beginning of them. --cleanup=<mode>:: This option determines how the merge message will be cleaned up before - commiting. See linkgit:git-commit[1] for more details. In addition, if + committing. See linkgit:git-commit[1] for more details. In addition, if the '<mode>' is given a value of `scissors`, scissors will be appended to `MERGE_MSG` before being passed on to the commit machinery in the case of a merge conflict. --ff:: - When the merge resolves as a fast-forward, only update the branch - pointer, without creating a merge commit. This is the default - behavior. - --no-ff:: - Create a merge commit even when the merge resolves as a - fast-forward. This is the default behaviour when merging an - annotated (and possibly signed) tag that is not stored in - its natural place in 'refs/tags/' hierarchy. - --ff-only:: - Refuse to merge and exit with a non-zero status unless the - current `HEAD` is already up to date or the merge can be - resolved as a fast-forward. + Specifies how a merge is handled when the merged-in history is + already a descendant of the current history. `--ff` is the + default unless merging an annotated (and possibly signed) tag + that is not stored in its natural place in the `refs/tags/` + hierarchy, in which case `--no-ff` is assumed. ++ +With `--ff`, when possible resolve the merge as a fast-forward (only +update the branch pointer to match the merged branch; do not create a +merge commit). When not possible (when the merged-in history is not a +descendant of the current history), create a merge commit. ++ +With `--no-ff`, create a merge commit in all cases, even when the merge +could instead be resolved as a fast-forward. ++ +With `--ff-only`, resolve the merge as a fast-forward when possible. +When not possible, refuse to merge and exit with a non-zero status. -S[<keyid>]:: --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: +--no-gpg-sign:: GPG-sign the resulting merge commit. The `keyid` argument is optional and defaults to the committer identity; if specified, - it must be stuck to the option without a space. + it must be stuck to the option without a space. `--no-gpg-sign` + is useful to countermand both `commit.gpgSign` configuration variable, + and earlier `--gpg-sign`. --log[=<n>]:: --no-log:: @@ -102,6 +109,12 @@ merge. + With --no-squash perform the merge and commit the result. This option can be used to override --squash. ++ +With --squash, --commit is not allowed, and will fail. + +--no-verify:: + This option bypasses the pre-merge and commit-msg hooks. + See also linkgit:githooks[5]. -s <strategy>:: --strategy=<strategy>:: diff --git a/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt b/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt index aa66cbe41e..2912de706b 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ The 'recursive' strategy can take the following options: ours;; This option forces conflicting hunks to be auto-resolved cleanly by favoring 'our' version. Changes from the other tree that do not - conflict with our side are reflected to the merge result. + conflict with our side are reflected in the merge result. For a binary file, the entire contents are taken from our side. + This should not be confused with the 'ours' merge strategy, which does not diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt index 079598307a..a4b6f49186 100644 --- a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt +++ b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ PRETTY FORMATS If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format is not 'oneline', 'email' or 'raw', an additional line is inserted before the 'Author:' line. This line begins with -"Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are printed, +"Merge: " and the hashes of ancestral commits are printed, separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not necessarily be the list of the *direct* parent commits if you have limited your view of history: for example, if you are @@ -20,20 +20,20 @@ built-in formats: * 'oneline' - <sha1> <title line> + <hash> <title line> + This is designed to be as compact as possible. * 'short' - commit <sha1> + commit <hash> Author: <author> <title line> * 'medium' - commit <sha1> + commit <hash> Author: <author> Date: <author date> @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ This is designed to be as compact as possible. * 'full' - commit <sha1> + commit <hash> Author: <author> Commit: <committer> @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ This is designed to be as compact as possible. * 'fuller' - commit <sha1> + commit <hash> Author: <author> AuthorDate: <author date> Commit: <committer> @@ -63,9 +63,20 @@ This is designed to be as compact as possible. <full commit message> +* 'reference' + + <abbrev hash> (<title line>, <short author date>) ++ +This format is used to refer to another commit in a commit message and +is the same as `--pretty='format:%C(auto)%h (%s, %ad)'`. By default, +the date is formatted with `--date=short` unless another `--date` option +is explicitly specified. As with any `format:` with format +placeholders, its output is not affected by other options like +`--decorate` and `--walk-reflogs`. + * 'email' - From <sha1> <date> + From <hash> <date> From: <author> Date: <author date> Subject: [PATCH] <title line> @@ -75,7 +86,7 @@ This is designed to be as compact as possible. * 'raw' + The 'raw' format shows the entire commit exactly as -stored in the commit object. Notably, the SHA-1s are +stored in the commit object. Notably, the hashes are displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or --no-abbrev are used, and 'parents' information show the true parent commits, without taking grafts or history @@ -163,24 +174,32 @@ The placeholders are: '%ae':: author email '%aE':: author email (respecting .mailmap, see linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1]) +'%al':: author email local-part (the part before the '@' sign) +'%aL':: author local-part (see '%al') respecting .mailmap, see + linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1]) '%ad':: author date (format respects --date= option) '%aD':: author date, RFC2822 style '%ar':: author date, relative '%at':: author date, UNIX timestamp '%ai':: author date, ISO 8601-like format '%aI':: author date, strict ISO 8601 format +'%as':: author date, short format (`YYYY-MM-DD`) '%cn':: committer name '%cN':: committer name (respecting .mailmap, see linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1]) '%ce':: committer email '%cE':: committer email (respecting .mailmap, see linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1]) +'%cl':: author email local-part (the part before the '@' sign) +'%cL':: author local-part (see '%cl') respecting .mailmap, see + linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1]) '%cd':: committer date (format respects --date= option) '%cD':: committer date, RFC2822 style '%cr':: committer date, relative '%ct':: committer date, UNIX timestamp '%ci':: committer date, ISO 8601-like format '%cI':: committer date, strict ISO 8601 format +'%cs':: committer date, short format (`YYYY-MM-DD`) '%d':: ref names, like the --decorate option of linkgit:git-log[1] '%D':: ref names without the " (", ")" wrapping. '%S':: ref name given on the command line by which the commit was reached @@ -207,8 +226,9 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] '%GF':: show the fingerprint of the key used to sign a signed commit '%GP':: show the fingerprint of the primary key whose subkey was used to sign a signed commit +'%GT':: show the trust level for the key used to sign a signed commit '%gD':: reflog selector, e.g., `refs/stash@{1}` or `refs/stash@{2 - minutes ago`}; the format follows the rules described for the + minutes ago}`; the format follows the rules described for the `-g` option. The portion before the `@` is the refname as given on the command line (so `git log -g refs/heads/master` would yield `refs/heads/master@{0}`). diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-options.txt b/Documentation/pretty-options.txt index e44fc8f738..7a6da6db78 100644 --- a/Documentation/pretty-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/pretty-options.txt @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format, where '<format>' can be one of 'oneline', 'short', 'medium', - 'full', 'fuller', 'email', 'raw', 'format:<string>' + 'full', 'fuller', 'reference', 'email', 'raw', 'format:<string>' and 'tformat:<string>'. When '<format>' is none of the above, and has '%placeholder' in it, it acts as if '--pretty=tformat:<format>' were given. @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ message by 4 spaces (i.e. 'medium', which is the default, 'full', and 'fuller'). ifndef::git-rev-list[] ---notes[=<treeish>]:: +--notes[=<ref>]:: Show the notes (see linkgit:git-notes[1]) that annotate the commit, when showing the commit log message. This is the default for `git log`, `git show` and `git whatchanged` commands when @@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ By default, the notes shown are from the notes refs listed in the `core.notesRef` and `notes.displayRef` variables (or corresponding environment overrides). See linkgit:git-config[1] for more details. + -With an optional '<treeish>' argument, use the treeish to find the notes -to display. The treeish can specify the full refname when it begins +With an optional '<ref>' argument, use the ref to find the notes +to display. The ref can specify the full refname when it begins with `refs/notes/`; when it begins with `notes/`, `refs/` and otherwise `refs/notes/` is prefixed to form a full name of the ref. + @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ being displayed. Examples: "--notes=foo" will show only notes from "--notes --notes=foo --no-notes --notes=bar" will only show notes from "refs/notes/bar". ---show-notes[=<treeish>]:: +--show-notes[=<ref>]:: --[no-]standard-notes:: These options are deprecated. Use the above --notes/--no-notes options instead. diff --git a/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt b/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt index 7d3a60f5b9..95ea849902 100644 --- a/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt +++ b/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt @@ -19,7 +19,8 @@ ifndef::git-pull[] (see <<CRTB,CONFIGURED REMOTE-TRACKING BRANCHES>> below). endif::git-pull[] ifdef::git-pull[] - (see linkgit:git-fetch[1]). + (see the section "CONFIGURED REMOTE-TRACKING BRANCHES" + in linkgit:git-fetch[1]). endif::git-pull[] + The format of a <refspec> parameter is an optional plus diff --git a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt index 71a1fcc093..04ad7dd36e 100644 --- a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] `--all-match`). ifndef::git-rev-list[] + -When `--show-notes` is in effect, the message from the notes is +When `--notes` is in effect, the message from the notes is matched as if it were part of the log message. endif::git-rev-list[] @@ -182,6 +182,14 @@ explicitly. Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the command line as `<commit>`. +--alternate-refs:: + Pretend as if all objects mentioned as ref tips of alternate + repositories were listed on the command line. An alternate + repository is any repository whose object directory is specified + in `objects/info/alternates`. The set of included objects may + be modified by `core.alternateRefsCommand`, etc. See + linkgit:git-config[1]. + --single-worktree:: By default, all working trees will be examined by the following options when there are more than one (see @@ -261,7 +269,7 @@ list. exclude (that is, '{caret}commit', 'commit1..commit2', and 'commit1\...commit2' notations cannot be used). + -With `--pretty` format other than `oneline` (for obvious reasons), +With `--pretty` format other than `oneline` and `reference` (for obvious reasons), this causes the output to have two extra lines of information taken from the reflog. The reflog designator in the output may be shown as `ref@{Nth}` (where `Nth` is the reverse-chronological index in the @@ -285,6 +293,8 @@ Under `--pretty=oneline`, the commit message is prefixed with this information on the same line. This option cannot be combined with `--reverse`. See also linkgit:git-reflog[1]. ++ +Under `--pretty=reference`, this information will not be shown at all. --merge:: After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a @@ -332,6 +342,12 @@ Default mode:: branches if the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches with the same content) +--show-pulls:: + Include all commits from the default mode, but also any merge + commits that are not TREESAME to the first parent but are + TREESAME to a later parent. This mode is helpful for showing + the merge commits that "first introduced" a change to a branch. + --full-history:: Same as the default mode, but does not prune some history. @@ -524,7 +540,7 @@ Note the major differences in `N`, `P`, and `Q` over `--full-history`: parent and is TREESAME. -- -Finally, there is a fifth simplification mode available: +There is another simplification mode available: --ancestry-path:: Limit the displayed commits to those directly on the ancestry @@ -563,6 +579,132 @@ option does. Applied to the 'D..M' range, it results in: L--M ----------------------------------------------------------------------- +Before discussing another option, `--show-pulls`, we need to +create a new example history. ++ +A common problem users face when looking at simplified history is that a +commit they know changed a file somehow does not appear in the file's +simplified history. Let's demonstrate a new example and show how options +such as `--full-history` and `--simplify-merges` works in that case: ++ +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + .-A---M-----C--N---O---P + / / \ \ \/ / / + I B \ R-'`-Z' / + \ / \/ / + \ / /\ / + `---X--' `---Y--' +----------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +For this example, suppose `I` created `file.txt` which was modified by +`A`, `B`, and `X` in different ways. The single-parent commits `C`, `Z`, +and `Y` do not change `file.txt`. The merge commit `M` was created by +resolving the merge conflict to include both changes from `A` and `B` +and hence is not TREESAME to either. The merge commit `R`, however, was +created by ignoring the contents of `file.txt` at `M` and taking only +the contents of `file.txt` at `X`. Hence, `R` is TREESAME to `X` but not +`M`. Finally, the natural merge resolution to create `N` is to take the +contents of `file.txt` at `R`, so `N` is TREESAME to `R` but not `C`. +The merge commits `O` and `P` are TREESAME to their first parents, but +not to their second parents, `Z` and `Y` respectively. ++ +When using the default mode, `N` and `R` both have a TREESAME parent, so +those edges are walked and the others are ignored. The resulting history +graph is: ++ +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + I---X +----------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +When using `--full-history`, Git walks every edge. This will discover +the commits `A` and `B` and the merge `M`, but also will reveal the +merge commits `O` and `P`. With parent rewriting, the resulting graph is: ++ +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + .-A---M--------N---O---P + / / \ \ \/ / / + I B \ R-'`--' / + \ / \/ / + \ / /\ / + `---X--' `------' +----------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +Here, the merge commits `O` and `P` contribute extra noise, as they did +not actually contribute a change to `file.txt`. They only merged a topic +that was based on an older version of `file.txt`. This is a common +issue in repositories using a workflow where many contributors work in +parallel and merge their topic branches along a single trunk: manu +unrelated merges appear in the `--full-history` results. ++ +When using the `--simplify-merges` option, the commits `O` and `P` +disappear from the results. This is because the rewritten second parents +of `O` and `P` are reachable from their first parents. Those edges are +removed and then the commits look like single-parent commits that are +TREESAME to their parent. This also happens to the commit `N`, resulting +in a history view as follows: ++ +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + .-A---M--. + / / \ + I B R + \ / / + \ / / + `---X--' +----------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +In this view, we see all of the important single-parent changes from +`A`, `B`, and `X`. We also see the carefully-resolved merge `M` and the +not-so-carefully-resolved merge `R`. This is usually enough information +to determine why the commits `A` and `B` "disappeared" from history in +the default view. However, there are a few issues with this approach. ++ +The first issue is performance. Unlike any previous option, the +`--simplify-merges` option requires walking the entire commit history +before returning a single result. This can make the option difficult to +use for very large repositories. ++ +The second issue is one of auditing. When many contributors are working +on the same repository, it is important which merge commits introduced +a change into an important branch. The problematic merge `R` above is +not likely to be the merge commit that was used to merge into an +important branch. Instead, the merge `N` was used to merge `R` and `X` +into the important branch. This commit may have information about why +the change `X` came to override the changes from `A` and `B` in its +commit message. ++ +The `--show-pulls` option helps with both of these issues by adding more +merge commits to the history results. If a merge is not TREESAME to its +first parent but is TREESAME to a later parent, then that merge is +treated as if it "pulled" the change from another branch. When using +`--show-pulls` on this example (and no other options) the resulting +graph is: ++ +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + I---X---R---N +----------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +Here, the merge commits `R` and `N` are included because they pulled +the commits `X` and `R` into the base branch, respectively. These +merges are the reason the commits `A` and `B` do not appear in the +default history. ++ +When `--show-pulls` is paired with `--simplify-merges`, the +graph includes all of the necessary information: ++ +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + .-A---M--. N + / / \ / + I B R + \ / / + \ / / + `---X--' +----------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +Notice that since `M` is reachable from `R`, the edge from `N` to `M` +was simplified away. However, `N` still appears in the history as an +important commit because it "pulled" the change `R` into the main +branch. + The `--simplify-by-decoration` option allows you to view only the big picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits that are not referenced by tags. Commits are marked as !TREESAME @@ -571,6 +713,7 @@ above) if (1) they are referenced by tags, or (2) they change the contents of the paths given on the command line. All other commits are marked as TREESAME (subject to be simplified away). +ifndef::git-shortlog[] ifdef::git-rev-list[] Bisection Helpers ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -626,8 +769,9 @@ This option can be used along with `--bisect-vars`, in this case, after all the sorted commit objects, there will be the same text as if `--bisect-vars` had been used alone. endif::git-rev-list[] +endif::git-shortlog[] - +ifndef::git-shortlog[] Commit Ordering ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -669,7 +813,9 @@ together. Output the commits chosen to be shown (see Commit Limiting section above) in reverse order. Cannot be combined with `--walk-reflogs`. +endif::git-shortlog[] +ifndef::git-shortlog[] Object Traversal ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -708,6 +854,16 @@ ifdef::git-rev-list[] Only useful with `--objects`; print the object IDs that are not in packs. +--object-names:: + Only useful with `--objects`; print the names of the object IDs + that are found. This is the default behavior. + +--no-object-names:: + Only useful with `--objects`; does not print the names of the object + IDs that are found. This inverts `--object-names`. This flag allows + the output to be more easily parsed by commands such as + linkgit:git-cat-file[1]. + --filter=<filter-spec>:: Only useful with one of the `--objects*`; omits objects (usually blobs) from the list of printed objects. The '<filter-spec>' @@ -738,6 +894,22 @@ explicitly-given commit or tree. Note that the form '--filter=sparse:path=<path>' that wants to read from an arbitrary path on the filesystem has been dropped for security reasons. ++ +Multiple '--filter=' flags can be specified to combine filters. Only +objects which are accepted by every filter are included. ++ +The form '--filter=combine:<filter1>+<filter2>+...<filterN>' can also be +used to combined several filters, but this is harder than just repeating +the '--filter' flag and is usually not necessary. Filters are joined by +'{plus}' and individual filters are %-encoded (i.e. URL-encoded). +Besides the '{plus}' and '%' characters, the following characters are +reserved and also must be encoded: `~!@#$^&*()[]{}\;",<>?`+'`+ +as well as all characters with ASCII code <= `0x20`, which includes +space and newline. ++ +Other arbitrary characters can also be encoded. For instance, +'combine:tree:3+blob:none' and 'combine:tree%3A3+blob%3Anone' are +equivalent. --no-filter:: Turn off any previous `--filter=` argument. @@ -783,7 +955,9 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] --do-walk:: Overrides a previous `--no-walk`. +endif::git-shortlog[] +ifndef::git-shortlog[] Commit Formatting ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -939,7 +1113,9 @@ ifdef::git-rev-list[] counts and print the count for equivalent commits separated by a tab. endif::git-rev-list[] +endif::git-shortlog[] +ifndef::git-shortlog[] ifndef::git-rev-list[] Diff Formatting ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -982,3 +1158,4 @@ options may be given. See linkgit:git-diff-files[1] for more options. -t:: Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies `-r`. endif::git-rev-list[] +endif::git-shortlog[] diff --git a/Documentation/revisions.txt b/Documentation/revisions.txt index 82c1e5754e..97f995e5a9 100644 --- a/Documentation/revisions.txt +++ b/Documentation/revisions.txt @@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ Here's an example to make it more clear: ------------------------------ $ git config push.default current $ git config remote.pushdefault myfork -$ git checkout -b mybranch origin/master +$ git switch -c mybranch origin/master $ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{upstream} refs/remotes/origin/master diff --git a/Documentation/sequencer.txt b/Documentation/sequencer.txt index 5a57c4a407..3bceb56474 100644 --- a/Documentation/sequencer.txt +++ b/Documentation/sequencer.txt @@ -3,6 +3,10 @@ `.git/sequencer`. Can be used to continue after resolving conflicts in a failed cherry-pick or revert. +--skip:: + Skip the current commit and continue with the rest of the + sequence. + --quit:: Forget about the current operation in progress. Can be used to clear the sequencer state after a failed cherry-pick or diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-allocation-growing.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-allocation-growing.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5a59b54844..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-allocation-growing.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,39 +0,0 @@ -allocation growing API -====================== - -Dynamically growing an array using realloc() is error prone and boring. - -Define your array with: - -* a pointer (`item`) that points at the array, initialized to `NULL` - (although please name the variable based on its contents, not on its - type); - -* an integer variable (`alloc`) that keeps track of how big the current - allocation is, initialized to `0`; - -* another integer variable (`nr`) to keep track of how many elements the - array currently has, initialized to `0`. - -Then before adding `n`th element to the item, call `ALLOC_GROW(item, n, -alloc)`. This ensures that the array can hold at least `n` elements by -calling `realloc(3)` and adjusting `alloc` variable. - ------------- -sometype *item; -size_t nr; -size_t alloc - -for (i = 0; i < nr; i++) - if (we like item[i] already) - return; - -/* we did not like any existing one, so add one */ -ALLOC_GROW(item, nr + 1, alloc); -item[nr++] = value you like; ------------- - -You are responsible for updating the `nr` variable. - -If you need to specify the number of elements to allocate explicitly -then use the macro `REALLOC_ARRAY(item, alloc)` instead of `ALLOC_GROW`. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-argv-array.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-argv-array.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 870c8edbfb..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-argv-array.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,65 +0,0 @@ -argv-array API -============== - -The argv-array API allows one to dynamically build and store -NULL-terminated lists. An argv-array maintains the invariant that the -`argv` member always points to a non-NULL array, and that the array is -always NULL-terminated at the element pointed to by `argv[argc]`. This -makes the result suitable for passing to functions expecting to receive -argv from main(), or the link:api-run-command.html[run-command API]. - -The string-list API (documented in string-list.h) is similar, but cannot be -used for these purposes; instead of storing a straight string pointer, -it contains an item structure with a `util` field that is not compatible -with the traditional argv interface. - -Each `argv_array` manages its own memory. Any strings pushed into the -array are duplicated, and all memory is freed by argv_array_clear(). - -Data Structures ---------------- - -`struct argv_array`:: - - A single array. This should be initialized by assignment from - `ARGV_ARRAY_INIT`, or by calling `argv_array_init`. The `argv` - member contains the actual array; the `argc` member contains the - number of elements in the array, not including the terminating - NULL. - -Functions ---------- - -`argv_array_init`:: - Initialize an array. This is no different than assigning from - `ARGV_ARRAY_INIT`. - -`argv_array_push`:: - Push a copy of a string onto the end of the array. - -`argv_array_pushl`:: - Push a list of strings onto the end of the array. The arguments - should be a list of `const char *` strings, terminated by a NULL - argument. - -`argv_array_pushf`:: - Format a string and push it onto the end of the array. This is a - convenience wrapper combining `strbuf_addf` and `argv_array_push`. - -`argv_array_pushv`:: - Push a null-terminated array of strings onto the end of the array. - -`argv_array_pop`:: - Remove the final element from the array. If there are no - elements in the array, do nothing. - -`argv_array_clear`:: - Free all memory associated with the array and return it to the - initial, empty state. - -`argv_array_detach`:: - Disconnect the `argv` member from the `argv_array` struct and - return it. The caller is responsible for freeing the memory used - by the array, and by the strings it references. After detaching, - the `argv_array` is in a reinitialized state and can be pushed - into again. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-config.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-config.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 7d20716c32..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-config.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,319 +0,0 @@ -config API -========== - -The config API gives callers a way to access Git configuration files -(and files which have the same syntax). See linkgit:git-config[1] for a -discussion of the config file syntax. - -General Usage -------------- - -Config files are parsed linearly, and each variable found is passed to a -caller-provided callback function. The callback function is responsible -for any actions to be taken on the config option, and is free to ignore -some options. It is not uncommon for the configuration to be parsed -several times during the run of a Git program, with different callbacks -picking out different variables useful to themselves. - -A config callback function takes three parameters: - -- the name of the parsed variable. This is in canonical "flat" form: the - section, subsection, and variable segments will be separated by dots, - and the section and variable segments will be all lowercase. E.g., - `core.ignorecase`, `diff.SomeType.textconv`. - -- the value of the found variable, as a string. If the variable had no - value specified, the value will be NULL (typically this means it - should be interpreted as boolean true). - -- a void pointer passed in by the caller of the config API; this can - contain callback-specific data - -A config callback should return 0 for success, or -1 if the variable -could not be parsed properly. - -Basic Config Querying ---------------------- - -Most programs will simply want to look up variables in all config files -that Git knows about, using the normal precedence rules. To do this, -call `git_config` with a callback function and void data pointer. - -`git_config` will read all config sources in order of increasing -priority. Thus a callback should typically overwrite previously-seen -entries with new ones (e.g., if both the user-wide `~/.gitconfig` and -repo-specific `.git/config` contain `color.ui`, the config machinery -will first feed the user-wide one to the callback, and then the -repo-specific one; by overwriting, the higher-priority repo-specific -value is left at the end). - -The `config_with_options` function lets the caller examine config -while adjusting some of the default behavior of `git_config`. It should -almost never be used by "regular" Git code that is looking up -configuration variables. It is intended for advanced callers like -`git-config`, which are intentionally tweaking the normal config-lookup -process. It takes two extra parameters: - -`config_source`:: -If this parameter is non-NULL, it specifies the source to parse for -configuration, rather than looking in the usual files. See `struct -git_config_source` in `config.h` for details. Regular `git_config` defaults -to `NULL`. - -`opts`:: -Specify options to adjust the behavior of parsing config files. See `struct -config_options` in `config.h` for details. As an example: regular `git_config` -sets `opts.respect_includes` to `1` by default. - -Reading Specific Files ----------------------- - -To read a specific file in git-config format, use -`git_config_from_file`. This takes the same callback and data parameters -as `git_config`. - -Querying For Specific Variables -------------------------------- - -For programs wanting to query for specific variables in a non-callback -manner, the config API provides two functions `git_config_get_value` -and `git_config_get_value_multi`. They both read values from an internal -cache generated previously from reading the config files. - -`int git_config_get_value(const char *key, const char **value)`:: - - Finds the highest-priority value for the configuration variable `key`, - stores the pointer to it in `value` and returns 0. When the - configuration variable `key` is not found, returns 1 without touching - `value`. The caller should not free or modify `value`, as it is owned - by the cache. - -`const struct string_list *git_config_get_value_multi(const char *key)`:: - - Finds and returns the value list, sorted in order of increasing priority - for the configuration variable `key`. When the configuration variable - `key` is not found, returns NULL. The caller should not free or modify - the returned pointer, as it is owned by the cache. - -`void git_config_clear(void)`:: - - Resets and invalidates the config cache. - -The config API also provides type specific API functions which do conversion -as well as retrieval for the queried variable, including: - -`int git_config_get_int(const char *key, int *dest)`:: - - Finds and parses the value to an integer for the configuration variable - `key`. Dies on error; otherwise, stores the value of the parsed integer in - `dest` and returns 0. When the configuration variable `key` is not found, - returns 1 without touching `dest`. - -`int git_config_get_ulong(const char *key, unsigned long *dest)`:: - - Similar to `git_config_get_int` but for unsigned longs. - -`int git_config_get_bool(const char *key, int *dest)`:: - - Finds and parses the value into a boolean value, for the configuration - variable `key` respecting keywords like "true" and "false". Integer - values are converted into true/false values (when they are non-zero or - zero, respectively). Other values cause a die(). If parsing is successful, - stores the value of the parsed result in `dest` and returns 0. When the - configuration variable `key` is not found, returns 1 without touching - `dest`. - -`int git_config_get_bool_or_int(const char *key, int *is_bool, int *dest)`:: - - Similar to `git_config_get_bool`, except that integers are copied as-is, - and `is_bool` flag is unset. - -`int git_config_get_maybe_bool(const char *key, int *dest)`:: - - Similar to `git_config_get_bool`, except that it returns -1 on error - rather than dying. - -`int git_config_get_string_const(const char *key, const char **dest)`:: - - Allocates and copies the retrieved string into the `dest` parameter for - the configuration variable `key`; if NULL string is given, prints an - error message and returns -1. When the configuration variable `key` is - not found, returns 1 without touching `dest`. - -`int git_config_get_string(const char *key, char **dest)`:: - - Similar to `git_config_get_string_const`, except that retrieved value - copied into the `dest` parameter is a mutable string. - -`int git_config_get_pathname(const char *key, const char **dest)`:: - - Similar to `git_config_get_string`, but expands `~` or `~user` into - the user's home directory when found at the beginning of the path. - -`git_die_config(const char *key, const char *err, ...)`:: - - First prints the error message specified by the caller in `err` and then - dies printing the line number and the file name of the highest priority - value for the configuration variable `key`. - -`void git_die_config_linenr(const char *key, const char *filename, int linenr)`:: - - Helper function which formats the die error message according to the - parameters entered. Used by `git_die_config()`. It can be used by callers - handling `git_config_get_value_multi()` to print the correct error message - for the desired value. - -See test-config.c for usage examples. - -Value Parsing Helpers ---------------------- - -To aid in parsing string values, the config API provides callbacks with -a number of helper functions, including: - -`git_config_int`:: -Parse the string to an integer, including unit factors. Dies on error; -otherwise, returns the parsed result. - -`git_config_ulong`:: -Identical to `git_config_int`, but for unsigned longs. - -`git_config_bool`:: -Parse a string into a boolean value, respecting keywords like "true" and -"false". Integer values are converted into true/false values (when they -are non-zero or zero, respectively). Other values cause a die(). If -parsing is successful, the return value is the result. - -`git_config_bool_or_int`:: -Same as `git_config_bool`, except that integers are returned as-is, and -an `is_bool` flag is unset. - -`git_parse_maybe_bool`:: -Same as `git_config_bool`, except that it returns -1 on error rather -than dying. - -`git_config_string`:: -Allocates and copies the value string into the `dest` parameter; if no -string is given, prints an error message and returns -1. - -`git_config_pathname`:: -Similar to `git_config_string`, but expands `~` or `~user` into the -user's home directory when found at the beginning of the path. - -Include Directives ------------------- - -By default, the config parser does not respect include directives. -However, a caller can use the special `git_config_include` wrapper -callback to support them. To do so, you simply wrap your "real" callback -function and data pointer in a `struct config_include_data`, and pass -the wrapper to the regular config-reading functions. For example: - -------------------------------------------- -int read_file_with_include(const char *file, config_fn_t fn, void *data) -{ - struct config_include_data inc = CONFIG_INCLUDE_INIT; - inc.fn = fn; - inc.data = data; - return git_config_from_file(git_config_include, file, &inc); -} -------------------------------------------- - -`git_config` respects includes automatically. The lower-level -`git_config_from_file` does not. - -Custom Configsets ------------------ - -A `config_set` can be used to construct an in-memory cache for -config-like files that the caller specifies (i.e., files like `.gitmodules`, -`~/.gitconfig` etc.). For example, - ----------------------------------------- -struct config_set gm_config; -git_configset_init(&gm_config); -int b; -/* we add config files to the config_set */ -git_configset_add_file(&gm_config, ".gitmodules"); -git_configset_add_file(&gm_config, ".gitmodules_alt"); - -if (!git_configset_get_bool(gm_config, "submodule.frotz.ignore", &b)) { - /* hack hack hack */ -} - -/* when we are done with the configset */ -git_configset_clear(&gm_config); ----------------------------------------- - -Configset API provides functions for the above mentioned work flow, including: - -`void git_configset_init(struct config_set *cs)`:: - - Initializes the config_set `cs`. - -`int git_configset_add_file(struct config_set *cs, const char *filename)`:: - - Parses the file and adds the variable-value pairs to the `config_set`, - dies if there is an error in parsing the file. Returns 0 on success, or - -1 if the file does not exist or is inaccessible. The user has to decide - if he wants to free the incomplete configset or continue using it when - the function returns -1. - -`int git_configset_get_value(struct config_set *cs, const char *key, const char **value)`:: - - Finds the highest-priority value for the configuration variable `key` - and config set `cs`, stores the pointer to it in `value` and returns 0. - When the configuration variable `key` is not found, returns 1 without - touching `value`. The caller should not free or modify `value`, as it - is owned by the cache. - -`const struct string_list *git_configset_get_value_multi(struct config_set *cs, const char *key)`:: - - Finds and returns the value list, sorted in order of increasing priority - for the configuration variable `key` and config set `cs`. When the - configuration variable `key` is not found, returns NULL. The caller - should not free or modify the returned pointer, as it is owned by the cache. - -`void git_configset_clear(struct config_set *cs)`:: - - Clears `config_set` structure, removes all saved variable-value pairs. - -In addition to above functions, the `config_set` API provides type specific -functions in the vein of `git_config_get_int` and family but with an extra -parameter, pointer to struct `config_set`. -They all behave similarly to the `git_config_get*()` family described in -"Querying For Specific Variables" above. - -Writing Config Files --------------------- - -Git gives multiple entry points in the Config API to write config values to -files namely `git_config_set_in_file` and `git_config_set`, which write to -a specific config file or to `.git/config` respectively. They both take a -key/value pair as parameter. -In the end they both call `git_config_set_multivar_in_file` which takes four -parameters: - -- the name of the file, as a string, to which key/value pairs will be written. - -- the name of key, as a string. This is in canonical "flat" form: the section, - subsection, and variable segments will be separated by dots, and the section - and variable segments will be all lowercase. - E.g., `core.ignorecase`, `diff.SomeType.textconv`. - -- the value of the variable, as a string. If value is equal to NULL, it will - remove the matching key from the config file. - -- the value regex, as a string. It will disregard key/value pairs where value - does not match. - -- a multi_replace value, as an int. If value is equal to zero, nothing or only - one matching key/value is replaced, else all matching key/values (regardless - how many) are removed, before the new pair is written. - -It returns 0 on success. - -Also, there are functions `git_config_rename_section` and -`git_config_rename_section_in_file` with parameters `old_name` and `new_name` -for renaming or removing sections in the config files. If NULL is passed -through `new_name` parameter, the section will be removed from the config file. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-credentials.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-credentials.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 75368f26ca..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-credentials.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,271 +0,0 @@ -credentials API -=============== - -The credentials API provides an abstracted way of gathering username and -password credentials from the user (even though credentials in the wider -world can take many forms, in this document the word "credential" always -refers to a username and password pair). - -This document describes two interfaces: the C API that the credential -subsystem provides to the rest of Git, and the protocol that Git uses to -communicate with system-specific "credential helpers". If you are -writing Git code that wants to look up or prompt for credentials, see -the section "C API" below. If you want to write your own helper, see -the section on "Credential Helpers" below. - -Typical setup -------------- - ------------- -+-----------------------+ -| Git code (C) |--- to server requiring ---> -| | authentication -|.......................| -| C credential API |--- prompt ---> User -+-----------------------+ - ^ | - | pipe | - | v -+-----------------------+ -| Git credential helper | -+-----------------------+ ------------- - -The Git code (typically a remote-helper) will call the C API to obtain -credential data like a login/password pair (credential_fill). The -API will itself call a remote helper (e.g. "git credential-cache" or -"git credential-store") that may retrieve credential data from a -store. If the credential helper cannot find the information, the C API -will prompt the user. Then, the caller of the API takes care of -contacting the server, and does the actual authentication. - -C API ------ - -The credential C API is meant to be called by Git code which needs to -acquire or store a credential. It is centered around an object -representing a single credential and provides three basic operations: -fill (acquire credentials by calling helpers and/or prompting the user), -approve (mark a credential as successfully used so that it can be stored -for later use), and reject (mark a credential as unsuccessful so that it -can be erased from any persistent storage). - -Data Structures -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -`struct credential`:: - - This struct represents a single username/password combination - along with any associated context. All string fields should be - heap-allocated (or NULL if they are not known or not applicable). - The meaning of the individual context fields is the same as - their counterparts in the helper protocol; see the section below - for a description of each field. -+ -The `helpers` member of the struct is a `string_list` of helpers. Each -string specifies an external helper which will be run, in order, to -either acquire or store credentials. See the section on credential -helpers below. This list is filled-in by the API functions -according to the corresponding configuration variables before -consulting helpers, so there usually is no need for a caller to -modify the helpers field at all. -+ -This struct should always be initialized with `CREDENTIAL_INIT` or -`credential_init`. - - -Functions -~~~~~~~~~ - -`credential_init`:: - - Initialize a credential structure, setting all fields to empty. - -`credential_clear`:: - - Free any resources associated with the credential structure, - returning it to a pristine initialized state. - -`credential_fill`:: - - Instruct the credential subsystem to fill the username and - password fields of the passed credential struct by first - consulting helpers, then asking the user. After this function - returns, the username and password fields of the credential are - guaranteed to be non-NULL. If an error occurs, the function will - die(). - -`credential_reject`:: - - Inform the credential subsystem that the provided credentials - have been rejected. This will cause the credential subsystem to - notify any helpers of the rejection (which allows them, for - example, to purge the invalid credentials from storage). It - will also free() the username and password fields of the - credential and set them to NULL (readying the credential for - another call to `credential_fill`). Any errors from helpers are - ignored. - -`credential_approve`:: - - Inform the credential subsystem that the provided credentials - were successfully used for authentication. This will cause the - credential subsystem to notify any helpers of the approval, so - that they may store the result to be used again. Any errors - from helpers are ignored. - -`credential_from_url`:: - - Parse a URL into broken-down credential fields. - -Example -~~~~~~~ - -The example below shows how the functions of the credential API could be -used to login to a fictitious "foo" service on a remote host: - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ -int foo_login(struct foo_connection *f) -{ - int status; - /* - * Create a credential with some context; we don't yet know the - * username or password. - */ - - struct credential c = CREDENTIAL_INIT; - c.protocol = xstrdup("foo"); - c.host = xstrdup(f->hostname); - - /* - * Fill in the username and password fields by contacting - * helpers and/or asking the user. The function will die if it - * fails. - */ - credential_fill(&c); - - /* - * Otherwise, we have a username and password. Try to use it. - */ - status = send_foo_login(f, c.username, c.password); - switch (status) { - case FOO_OK: - /* It worked. Store the credential for later use. */ - credential_accept(&c); - break; - case FOO_BAD_LOGIN: - /* Erase the credential from storage so we don't try it - * again. */ - credential_reject(&c); - break; - default: - /* - * Some other error occurred. We don't know if the - * credential is good or bad, so report nothing to the - * credential subsystem. - */ - } - - /* Free any associated resources. */ - credential_clear(&c); - - return status; -} ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - -Credential Helpers ------------------- - -Credential helpers are programs executed by Git to fetch or save -credentials from and to long-term storage (where "long-term" is simply -longer than a single Git process; e.g., credentials may be stored -in-memory for a few minutes, or indefinitely on disk). - -Each helper is specified by a single string in the configuration -variable `credential.helper` (and others, see linkgit:git-config[1]). -The string is transformed by Git into a command to be executed using -these rules: - - 1. If the helper string begins with "!", it is considered a shell - snippet, and everything after the "!" becomes the command. - - 2. Otherwise, if the helper string begins with an absolute path, the - verbatim helper string becomes the command. - - 3. Otherwise, the string "git credential-" is prepended to the helper - string, and the result becomes the command. - -The resulting command then has an "operation" argument appended to it -(see below for details), and the result is executed by the shell. - -Here are some example specifications: - ----------------------------------------------------- -# run "git credential-foo" -foo - -# same as above, but pass an argument to the helper -foo --bar=baz - -# the arguments are parsed by the shell, so use shell -# quoting if necessary -foo --bar="whitespace arg" - -# you can also use an absolute path, which will not use the git wrapper -/path/to/my/helper --with-arguments - -# or you can specify your own shell snippet -!f() { echo "password=`cat $HOME/.secret`"; }; f ----------------------------------------------------- - -Generally speaking, rule (3) above is the simplest for users to specify. -Authors of credential helpers should make an effort to assist their -users by naming their program "git-credential-$NAME", and putting it in -the $PATH or $GIT_EXEC_PATH during installation, which will allow a user -to enable it with `git config credential.helper $NAME`. - -When a helper is executed, it will have one "operation" argument -appended to its command line, which is one of: - -`get`:: - - Return a matching credential, if any exists. - -`store`:: - - Store the credential, if applicable to the helper. - -`erase`:: - - Remove a matching credential, if any, from the helper's storage. - -The details of the credential will be provided on the helper's stdin -stream. The exact format is the same as the input/output format of the -`git credential` plumbing command (see the section `INPUT/OUTPUT -FORMAT` in linkgit:git-credential[1] for a detailed specification). - -For a `get` operation, the helper should produce a list of attributes -on stdout in the same format. A helper is free to produce a subset, or -even no values at all if it has nothing useful to provide. Any provided -attributes will overwrite those already known about by Git. If a helper -outputs a `quit` attribute with a value of `true` or `1`, no further -helpers will be consulted, nor will the user be prompted (if no -credential has been provided, the operation will then fail). - -For a `store` or `erase` operation, the helper's output is ignored. -If it fails to perform the requested operation, it may complain to -stderr to inform the user. If it does not support the requested -operation (e.g., a read-only store), it should silently ignore the -request. - -If a helper receives any other operation, it should silently ignore the -request. This leaves room for future operations to be added (older -helpers will just ignore the new requests). - -See also --------- - -linkgit:gitcredentials[7] - -linkgit:git-config[1] (See configuration variables `credential.*`) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-diff.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-diff.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 30fc0e9c93..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-diff.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,174 +0,0 @@ -diff API -======== - -The diff API is for programs that compare two sets of files (e.g. two -trees, one tree and the index) and present the found difference in -various ways. The calling program is responsible for feeding the API -pairs of files, one from the "old" set and the corresponding one from -"new" set, that are different. The library called through this API is -called diffcore, and is responsible for two things. - -* finding total rewrites (`-B`), renames (`-M`) and copies (`-C`), and - changes that touch a string (`-S`), as specified by the caller. - -* outputting the differences in various formats, as specified by the - caller. - -Calling sequence ----------------- - -* Prepare `struct diff_options` to record the set of diff options, and - then call `repo_diff_setup()` to initialize this structure. This - sets up the vanilla default. - -* Fill in the options structure to specify desired output format, rename - detection, etc. `diff_opt_parse()` can be used to parse options given - from the command line in a way consistent with existing git-diff - family of programs. - -* Call `diff_setup_done()`; this inspects the options set up so far for - internal consistency and make necessary tweaking to it (e.g. if - textual patch output was asked, recursive behaviour is turned on); - the callback set_default in diff_options can be used to tweak this more. - -* As you find different pairs of files, call `diff_change()` to feed - modified files, `diff_addremove()` to feed created or deleted files, - or `diff_unmerge()` to feed a file whose state is 'unmerged' to the - API. These are thin wrappers to a lower-level `diff_queue()` function - that is flexible enough to record any of these kinds of changes. - -* Once you finish feeding the pairs of files, call `diffcore_std()`. - This will tell the diffcore library to go ahead and do its work. - -* Calling `diff_flush()` will produce the output. - - -Data structures ---------------- - -* `struct diff_filespec` - -This is the internal representation for a single file (blob). It -records the blob object name (if known -- for a work tree file it -typically is a NUL SHA-1), filemode and pathname. This is what the -`diff_addremove()`, `diff_change()` and `diff_unmerge()` synthesize and -feed `diff_queue()` function with. - -* `struct diff_filepair` - -This records a pair of `struct diff_filespec`; the filespec for a file -in the "old" set (i.e. preimage) is called `one`, and the filespec for a -file in the "new" set (i.e. postimage) is called `two`. A change that -represents file creation has NULL in `one`, and file deletion has NULL -in `two`. - -A `filepair` starts pointing at `one` and `two` that are from the same -filename, but `diffcore_std()` can break pairs and match component -filespecs with other filespecs from a different filepair to form new -filepair. This is called 'rename detection'. - -* `struct diff_queue` - -This is a collection of filepairs. Notable members are: - -`queue`:: - - An array of pointers to `struct diff_filepair`. This - dynamically grows as you add filepairs; - -`alloc`:: - - The allocated size of the `queue` array; - -`nr`:: - - The number of elements in the `queue` array. - - -* `struct diff_options` - -This describes the set of options the calling program wants to affect -the operation of diffcore library with. - -Notable members are: - -`output_format`:: - The output format used when `diff_flush()` is run. - -`context`:: - Number of context lines to generate in patch output. - -`break_opt`, `detect_rename`, `rename-score`, `rename_limit`:: - Affects the way detection logic for complete rewrites, renames - and copies. - -`abbrev`:: - Number of hexdigits to abbreviate raw format output to. - -`pickaxe`:: - A constant string (can and typically does contain newlines to - look for a block of text, not just a single line) to filter out - the filepairs that do not change the number of strings contained - in its preimage and postimage of the diff_queue. - -`flags`:: - This is mostly a collection of boolean options that affects the - operation, but some do not have anything to do with the diffcore - library. - -`touched_flags`:: - Records whether a flag has been changed due to user request - (rather than just set/unset by default). - -`set_default`:: - Callback which allows tweaking the options in diff_setup_done(). - -BINARY, TEXT;; - Affects the way how a file that is seemingly binary is treated. - -FULL_INDEX;; - Tells the patch output format not to use abbreviated object - names on the "index" lines. - -FIND_COPIES_HARDER;; - Tells the diffcore library that the caller is feeding unchanged - filepairs to allow copies from unmodified files be detected. - -COLOR_DIFF;; - Output should be colored. - -COLOR_DIFF_WORDS;; - Output is a colored word-diff. - -NO_INDEX;; - Tells diff-files that the input is not tracked files but files - in random locations on the filesystem. - -ALLOW_EXTERNAL;; - Tells output routine that it is Ok to call user specified patch - output routine. Plumbing disables this to ensure stable output. - -QUIET;; - Do not show any output. - -REVERSE_DIFF;; - Tells the library that the calling program is feeding the - filepairs reversed; `one` is two, and `two` is one. - -EXIT_WITH_STATUS;; - For communication between the calling program and the options - parser; tell the calling program to signal the presence of - difference using program exit code. - -HAS_CHANGES;; - Internal; used for optimization to see if there is any change. - -SILENT_ON_REMOVE;; - Affects if diff-files shows removed files. - -RECURSIVE, TREE_IN_RECURSIVE;; - Tells if tree traversal done by tree-diff should recursively - descend into a tree object pair that are different in preimage - and postimage set. - -(JC) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5abb8e8b1f..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,130 +0,0 @@ -directory listing API -===================== - -The directory listing API is used to enumerate paths in the work tree, -optionally taking `.git/info/exclude` and `.gitignore` files per -directory into account. - -Data structure --------------- - -`struct dir_struct` structure is used to pass directory traversal -options to the library and to record the paths discovered. A single -`struct dir_struct` is used regardless of whether or not the traversal -recursively descends into subdirectories. - -The notable options are: - -`exclude_per_dir`:: - - The name of the file to be read in each directory for excluded - files (typically `.gitignore`). - -`flags`:: - - A bit-field of options: - -`DIR_SHOW_IGNORED`::: - - Return just ignored files in `entries[]`, not untracked - files. This flag is mutually exclusive with - `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED_TOO`. - -`DIR_SHOW_IGNORED_TOO`::: - - Similar to `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED`, but return ignored files in - `ignored[]` in addition to untracked files in - `entries[]`. This flag is mutually exclusive with - `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED`. - -`DIR_KEEP_UNTRACKED_CONTENTS`::: - - Only has meaning if `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED_TOO` is also set; if this is set, the - untracked contents of untracked directories are also returned in - `entries[]`. - -`DIR_SHOW_IGNORED_TOO_MODE_MATCHING`::: - - Only has meaning if `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED_TOO` is also set; if - this is set, returns ignored files and directories that match - an exclude pattern. If a directory matches an exclude pattern, - then the directory is returned and the contained paths are - not. A directory that does not match an exclude pattern will - not be returned even if all of its contents are ignored. In - this case, the contents are returned as individual entries. -+ -If this is set, files and directories that explicitly match an ignore -pattern are reported. Implicitly ignored directories (directories that -do not match an ignore pattern, but whose contents are all ignored) -are not reported, instead all of the contents are reported. - -`DIR_COLLECT_IGNORED`::: - - Special mode for git-add. Return ignored files in `ignored[]` and - untracked files in `entries[]`. Only returns ignored files that match - pathspec exactly (no wildcards). Does not recurse into ignored - directories. - -`DIR_SHOW_OTHER_DIRECTORIES`::: - - Include a directory that is not tracked. - -`DIR_HIDE_EMPTY_DIRECTORIES`::: - - Do not include a directory that is not tracked and is empty. - -`DIR_NO_GITLINKS`::: - - If set, recurse into a directory that looks like a Git - directory. Otherwise it is shown as a directory. - -The result of the enumeration is left in these fields: - -`entries[]`:: - - An array of `struct dir_entry`, each element of which describes - a path. - -`nr`:: - - The number of members in `entries[]` array. - -`alloc`:: - - Internal use; keeps track of allocation of `entries[]` array. - -`ignored[]`:: - - An array of `struct dir_entry`, used for ignored paths with the - `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED_TOO` and `DIR_COLLECT_IGNORED` flags. - -`ignored_nr`:: - - The number of members in `ignored[]` array. - -Calling sequence ----------------- - -Note: index may be looked at for .gitignore files that are CE_SKIP_WORKTREE -marked. If you to exclude files, make sure you have loaded index first. - -* Prepare `struct dir_struct dir` and clear it with `memset(&dir, 0, - sizeof(dir))`. - -* To add single exclude pattern, call `add_exclude_list()` and then - `add_exclude()`. - -* To add patterns from a file (e.g. `.git/info/exclude`), call - `add_excludes_from_file()` , and/or set `dir.exclude_per_dir`. A - short-hand function `setup_standard_excludes()` can be used to set - up the standard set of exclude settings. - -* Set options described in the Data Structure section above. - -* Call `read_directory()`. - -* Use `dir.entries[]`. - -* Call `clear_directory()` when none of the contained elements are no longer in use. - -(JC) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 45f0df600f..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,154 +0,0 @@ -gitattributes API -================= - -gitattributes mechanism gives a uniform way to associate various -attributes to set of paths. - - -Data Structure --------------- - -`struct git_attr`:: - - An attribute is an opaque object that is identified by its name. - Pass the name to `git_attr()` function to obtain the object of - this type. The internal representation of this structure is - of no interest to the calling programs. The name of the - attribute can be retrieved by calling `git_attr_name()`. - -`struct attr_check_item`:: - - This structure represents one attribute and its value. - -`struct attr_check`:: - - This structure represents a collection of `attr_check_item`. - It is passed to `git_check_attr()` function, specifying the - attributes to check, and receives their values. - - -Attribute Values ----------------- - -An attribute for a path can be in one of four states: Set, Unset, -Unspecified or set to a string, and `.value` member of `struct -attr_check_item` records it. There are three macros to check these: - -`ATTR_TRUE()`:: - - Returns true if the attribute is Set for the path. - -`ATTR_FALSE()`:: - - Returns true if the attribute is Unset for the path. - -`ATTR_UNSET()`:: - - Returns true if the attribute is Unspecified for the path. - -If none of the above returns true, `.value` member points at a string -value of the attribute for the path. - - -Querying Specific Attributes ----------------------------- - -* Prepare `struct attr_check` using attr_check_initl() - function, enumerating the names of attributes whose values you are - interested in, terminated with a NULL pointer. Alternatively, an - empty `struct attr_check` can be prepared by calling - `attr_check_alloc()` function and then attributes you want to - ask about can be added to it with `attr_check_append()` - function. - -* Call `git_check_attr()` to check the attributes for the path. - -* Inspect `attr_check` structure to see how each of the - attribute in the array is defined for the path. - - -Example -------- - -To see how attributes "crlf" and "ident" are set for different paths. - -. Prepare a `struct attr_check` with two elements (because - we are checking two attributes): - ------------- -static struct attr_check *check; -static void setup_check(void) -{ - if (check) - return; /* already done */ - check = attr_check_initl("crlf", "ident", NULL); -} ------------- - -. Call `git_check_attr()` with the prepared `struct attr_check`: - ------------- - const char *path; - - setup_check(); - git_check_attr(path, check); ------------- - -. Act on `.value` member of the result, left in `check->items[]`: - ------------- - const char *value = check->items[0].value; - - if (ATTR_TRUE(value)) { - The attribute is Set, by listing only the name of the - attribute in the gitattributes file for the path. - } else if (ATTR_FALSE(value)) { - The attribute is Unset, by listing the name of the - attribute prefixed with a dash - for the path. - } else if (ATTR_UNSET(value)) { - The attribute is neither set nor unset for the path. - } else if (!strcmp(value, "input")) { - If none of ATTR_TRUE(), ATTR_FALSE(), or ATTR_UNSET() is - true, the value is a string set in the gitattributes - file for the path by saying "attr=value". - } else if (... other check using value as string ...) { - ... - } ------------- - -To see how attributes in argv[] are set for different paths, only -the first step in the above would be different. - ------------- -static struct attr_check *check; -static void setup_check(const char **argv) -{ - check = attr_check_alloc(); - while (*argv) { - struct git_attr *attr = git_attr(*argv); - attr_check_append(check, attr); - argv++; - } -} ------------- - - -Querying All Attributes ------------------------ - -To get the values of all attributes associated with a file: - -* Prepare an empty `attr_check` structure by calling - `attr_check_alloc()`. - -* Call `git_all_attrs()`, which populates the `attr_check` - with the attributes attached to the path. - -* Iterate over the `attr_check.items[]` array to examine - the attribute names and values. The name of the attribute - described by an `attr_check.items[]` object can be retrieved via - `git_attr_name(check->items[i].attr)`. (Please note that no items - will be returned for unset attributes, so `ATTR_UNSET()` will return - false for all returned `attr_check.items[]` objects.) - -* Free the `attr_check` struct by calling `attr_check_free()`. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-grep.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-grep.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a69cc8964d..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-grep.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ -grep API -======== - -Talk about <grep.h>, things like: - -* grep_buffer() - -(JC) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-history-graph.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-history-graph.txt deleted file mode 100644 index d0d1707c8c..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-history-graph.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,173 +0,0 @@ -history graph API -================= - -The graph API is used to draw a text-based representation of the commit -history. The API generates the graph in a line-by-line fashion. - -Functions ---------- - -Core functions: - -* `graph_init()` creates a new `struct git_graph` - -* `graph_update()` moves the graph to a new commit. - -* `graph_next_line()` outputs the next line of the graph into a strbuf. It - does not add a terminating newline. - -* `graph_padding_line()` outputs a line of vertical padding in the graph. It - is similar to `graph_next_line()`, but is guaranteed to never print the line - containing the current commit. Where `graph_next_line()` would print the - commit line next, `graph_padding_line()` prints a line that simply extends - all branch lines downwards one row, leaving their positions unchanged. - -* `graph_is_commit_finished()` determines if the graph has output all lines - necessary for the current commit. If `graph_update()` is called before all - lines for the current commit have been printed, the next call to - `graph_next_line()` will output an ellipsis, to indicate that a portion of - the graph was omitted. - -The following utility functions are wrappers around `graph_next_line()` and -`graph_is_commit_finished()`. They always print the output to stdout. -They can all be called with a NULL graph argument, in which case no graph -output will be printed. - -* `graph_show_commit()` calls `graph_next_line()` and - `graph_is_commit_finished()` until one of them return non-zero. This prints - all graph lines up to, and including, the line containing this commit. - Output is printed to stdout. The last line printed does not contain a - terminating newline. - -* `graph_show_oneline()` calls `graph_next_line()` and prints the result to - stdout. The line printed does not contain a terminating newline. - -* `graph_show_padding()` calls `graph_padding_line()` and prints the result to - stdout. The line printed does not contain a terminating newline. - -* `graph_show_remainder()` calls `graph_next_line()` until - `graph_is_commit_finished()` returns non-zero. Output is printed to stdout. - The last line printed does not contain a terminating newline. Returns 1 if - output was printed, and 0 if no output was necessary. - -* `graph_show_strbuf()` prints the specified strbuf to stdout, prefixing all - lines but the first with a graph line. The caller is responsible for - ensuring graph output for the first line has already been printed to stdout. - (This can be done with `graph_show_commit()` or `graph_show_oneline()`.) If - a NULL graph is supplied, the strbuf is printed as-is. - -* `graph_show_commit_msg()` is similar to `graph_show_strbuf()`, but it also - prints the remainder of the graph, if more lines are needed after the strbuf - ends. It is better than directly calling `graph_show_strbuf()` followed by - `graph_show_remainder()` since it properly handles buffers that do not end in - a terminating newline. The output printed by `graph_show_commit_msg()` will - end in a newline if and only if the strbuf ends in a newline. - -Data structure --------------- -`struct git_graph` is an opaque data type used to store the current graph -state. - -Calling sequence ----------------- - -* Create a `struct git_graph` by calling `graph_init()`. When using the - revision walking API, this is done automatically by `setup_revisions()` if - the '--graph' option is supplied. - -* Use the revision walking API to walk through a group of contiguous commits. - The `get_revision()` function automatically calls `graph_update()` each time - it is invoked. - -* For each commit, call `graph_next_line()` repeatedly, until - `graph_is_commit_finished()` returns non-zero. Each call to - `graph_next_line()` will output a single line of the graph. The resulting - lines will not contain any newlines. `graph_next_line()` returns 1 if the - resulting line contains the current commit, or 0 if this is merely a line - needed to adjust the graph before or after the current commit. This return - value can be used to determine where to print the commit summary information - alongside the graph output. - -Limitations ------------ - -* `graph_update()` must be called with commits in topological order. It should - not be called on a commit if it has already been invoked with an ancestor of - that commit, or the graph output will be incorrect. - -* `graph_update()` must be called on a contiguous group of commits. If - `graph_update()` is called on a particular commit, it should later be called - on all parents of that commit. Parents must not be skipped, or the graph - output will appear incorrect. -+ -`graph_update()` may be used on a pruned set of commits only if the parent list -has been rewritten so as to include only ancestors from the pruned set. - -* The graph API does not currently support reverse commit ordering. In - order to implement reverse ordering, the graphing API needs an - (efficient) mechanism to find the children of a commit. - -Sample usage ------------- - ------------- -struct commit *commit; -struct git_graph *graph = graph_init(opts); - -while ((commit = get_revision(opts)) != NULL) { - while (!graph_is_commit_finished(graph)) - { - struct strbuf sb; - int is_commit_line; - - strbuf_init(&sb, 0); - is_commit_line = graph_next_line(graph, &sb); - fputs(sb.buf, stdout); - - if (is_commit_line) - log_tree_commit(opts, commit); - else - putchar(opts->diffopt.line_termination); - } -} ------------- - -Sample output -------------- - -The following is an example of the output from the graph API. This output does -not include any commit summary information--callers are responsible for -outputting that information, if desired. - ------------- -* -* -* -|\ -* | -| | * -| \ \ -| \ \ -*-. \ \ -|\ \ \ \ -| | * | | -| | | | | * -| | | | | * -| | | | | * -| | | | | |\ -| | | | | | * -| * | | | | | -| | | | | * \ -| | | | | |\ | -| | | | * | | | -| | | | * | | | -* | | | | | | | -| |/ / / / / / -|/| / / / / / -* | | | | | | -|/ / / / / / -* | | | | | -| | | | | * -| | | | |/ -| | | | * ------------- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-merge.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-merge.txt index 9dc1bed768..487d4d83ff 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-merge.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-merge.txt @@ -28,77 +28,9 @@ and `diff.c` for examples. * `struct ll_merge_options` -This describes the set of options the calling program wants to affect -the operation of a low-level (single file) merge. Some options: - -`virtual_ancestor`:: - Behave as though this were part of a merge between common - ancestors in a recursive merge. - If a helper program is specified by the - `[merge "<driver>"] recursive` configuration, it will - be used (see linkgit:gitattributes[5]). - -`variant`:: - Resolve local conflicts automatically in favor - of one side or the other (as in 'git merge-file' - `--ours`/`--theirs`/`--union`). Can be `0`, - `XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_OURS`, `XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_THEIRS`, or - `XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_UNION`. - -`renormalize`:: - Resmudge and clean the "base", "theirs" and "ours" files - before merging. Use this when the merge is likely to have - overlapped with a change in smudge/clean or end-of-line - normalization rules. +Check ll-merge.h for details. Low-level (single file) merge ----------------------------- -`ll_merge`:: - - Perform a three-way single-file merge in core. This is - a thin wrapper around `xdl_merge` that takes the path and - any merge backend specified in `.gitattributes` or - `.git/info/attributes` into account. Returns 0 for a - clean merge. - -Calling sequence: - -* Prepare a `struct ll_merge_options` to record options. - If you have no special requests, skip this and pass `NULL` - as the `opts` parameter to use the default options. - -* Allocate an mmbuffer_t variable for the result. - -* Allocate and fill variables with the file's original content - and two modified versions (using `read_mmfile`, for example). - -* Call `ll_merge()`. - -* Read the merged content from `result_buf.ptr` and `result_buf.size`. - -* Release buffers when finished. A simple - `free(ancestor.ptr); free(ours.ptr); free(theirs.ptr); - free(result_buf.ptr);` will do. - -If the modifications do not merge cleanly, `ll_merge` will return a -nonzero value and `result_buf` will generally include a description of -the conflict bracketed by markers such as the traditional `<<<<<<<` -and `>>>>>>>`. - -The `ancestor_label`, `our_label`, and `their_label` parameters are -used to label the different sides of a conflict if the merge driver -supports this. - -Everything else ---------------- - -Talk about <merge-recursive.h> and merge_file(): - - - merge_trees() to merge with rename detection - - merge_recursive() for ancestor consolidation - - try_merge_command() for other strategies - - conflict format - - merge options - -(Daniel, Miklos, Stephan, JC) +Check ll-merge.h for details. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-object-access.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-object-access.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5b29622d00..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-object-access.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15 +0,0 @@ -object access API -================= - -Talk about <sha1-file.c> and <object.h> family, things like - -* read_sha1_file() -* read_object_with_reference() -* has_sha1_file() -* write_sha1_file() -* pretend_object_file() -* lookup_{object,commit,tag,blob,tree} -* parse_{object,commit,tag,blob,tree} -* Use of object flags - -(JC, Shawn, Daniel, Dscho, Linus) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-oid-array.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-oid-array.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c97428c2c3..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-oid-array.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,90 +0,0 @@ -oid-array API -============== - -The oid-array API provides storage and manipulation of sets of object -identifiers. The emphasis is on storage and processing efficiency, -making them suitable for large lists. Note that the ordering of items is -not preserved over some operations. - -Data Structures ---------------- - -`struct oid_array`:: - - A single array of object IDs. This should be initialized by - assignment from `OID_ARRAY_INIT`. The `oid` member contains - the actual data. The `nr` member contains the number of items in - the set. The `alloc` and `sorted` members are used internally, - and should not be needed by API callers. - -Functions ---------- - -`oid_array_append`:: - Add an item to the set. The object ID will be placed at the end of - the array (but note that some operations below may lose this - ordering). - -`oid_array_lookup`:: - Perform a binary search of the array for a specific object ID. - If found, returns the offset (in number of elements) of the - object ID. If not found, returns a negative integer. If the array - is not sorted, this function has the side effect of sorting it. - -`oid_array_clear`:: - Free all memory associated with the array and return it to the - initial, empty state. - -`oid_array_for_each`:: - Iterate over each element of the list, executing the callback - function for each one. Does not sort the list, so any custom - hash order is retained. If the callback returns a non-zero - value, the iteration ends immediately and the callback's - return is propagated; otherwise, 0 is returned. - -`oid_array_for_each_unique`:: - Iterate over each unique element of the list in sorted order, - but otherwise behave like `oid_array_for_each`. If the array - is not sorted, this function has the side effect of sorting - it. - -`oid_array_filter`:: - Apply the callback function `want` to each entry in the array, - retaining only the entries for which the function returns true. - Preserve the order of the entries that are retained. - -Examples --------- - ------------------------------------------ -int print_callback(const struct object_id *oid, - void *data) -{ - printf("%s\n", oid_to_hex(oid)); - return 0; /* always continue */ -} - -void some_func(void) -{ - struct sha1_array hashes = OID_ARRAY_INIT; - struct object_id oid; - - /* Read objects into our set */ - while (read_object_from_stdin(oid.hash)) - oid_array_append(&hashes, &oid); - - /* Check if some objects are in our set */ - while (read_object_from_stdin(oid.hash)) { - if (oid_array_lookup(&hashes, &oid) >= 0) - printf("it's in there!\n"); - - /* - * Print the unique set of objects. We could also have - * avoided adding duplicate objects in the first place, - * but we would end up re-sorting the array repeatedly. - * Instead, this will sort once and then skip duplicates - * in linear time. - */ - oid_array_for_each_unique(&hashes, print_callback, NULL); -} ------------------------------------------ diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-quote.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-quote.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e8a1bce94e..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-quote.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10 +0,0 @@ -quote API -========= - -Talk about <quote.h>, things like - -* sq_quote and unquote -* c_style quote and unquote -* quoting for foreign languages - -(JC) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 46c3d5c355..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,78 +0,0 @@ -ref iteration API -================= - - -Iteration of refs is done by using an iterate function which will call a -callback function for every ref. The callback function has this -signature: - - int handle_one_ref(const char *refname, const struct object_id *oid, - int flags, void *cb_data); - -There are different kinds of iterate functions which all take a -callback of this type. The callback is then called for each found ref -until the callback returns nonzero. The returned value is then also -returned by the iterate function. - -Iteration functions -------------------- - -* `head_ref()` just iterates the head ref. - -* `for_each_ref()` iterates all refs. - -* `for_each_ref_in()` iterates all refs which have a defined prefix and - strips that prefix from the passed variable refname. - -* `for_each_tag_ref()`, `for_each_branch_ref()`, `for_each_remote_ref()`, - `for_each_replace_ref()` iterate refs from the respective area. - -* `for_each_glob_ref()` iterates all refs that match the specified glob - pattern. - -* `for_each_glob_ref_in()` the previous and `for_each_ref_in()` combined. - -* Use `refs_` API for accessing submodules. The submodule ref store could - be obtained with `get_submodule_ref_store()`. - -* `for_each_rawref()` can be used to learn about broken ref and symref. - -* `for_each_reflog()` iterates each reflog file. - -Submodules ----------- - -If you want to iterate the refs of a submodule you first need to add the -submodules object database. You can do this by a code-snippet like -this: - - const char *path = "path/to/submodule" - if (add_submodule_odb(path)) - die("Error submodule '%s' not populated.", path); - -`add_submodule_odb()` will return zero on success. If you -do not do this you will get an error for each ref that it does not point -to a valid object. - -Note: As a side-effect of this you can not safely assume that all -objects you lookup are available in superproject. All submodule objects -will be available the same way as the superprojects objects. - -Example: --------- - ----- -static int handle_remote_ref(const char *refname, - const unsigned char *sha1, int flags, void *cb_data) -{ - struct strbuf *output = cb_data; - strbuf_addf(output, "%s\n", refname); - return 0; -} - -... - - struct strbuf output = STRBUF_INIT; - for_each_remote_ref(handle_remote_ref, &output); - printf("%s", output.buf); ----- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-remote.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-remote.txt deleted file mode 100644 index f10941b2e8..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-remote.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,127 +0,0 @@ -Remotes configuration API -========================= - -The API in remote.h gives access to the configuration related to -remotes. It handles all three configuration mechanisms historically -and currently used by Git, and presents the information in a uniform -fashion. Note that the code also handles plain URLs without any -configuration, giving them just the default information. - -struct remote -------------- - -`name`:: - - The user's nickname for the remote - -`url`:: - - An array of all of the url_nr URLs configured for the remote - -`pushurl`:: - - An array of all of the pushurl_nr push URLs configured for the remote - -`push`:: - - An array of refspecs configured for pushing, with - push_refspec being the literal strings, and push_refspec_nr - being the quantity. - -`fetch`:: - - An array of refspecs configured for fetching, with - fetch_refspec being the literal strings, and fetch_refspec_nr - being the quantity. - -`fetch_tags`:: - - The setting for whether to fetch tags (as a separate rule from - the configured refspecs); -1 means never to fetch tags, 0 - means to auto-follow tags based on the default heuristic, 1 - means to always auto-follow tags, and 2 means to fetch all - tags. - -`receivepack`, `uploadpack`:: - - The configured helper programs to run on the remote side, for - Git-native protocols. - -`http_proxy`:: - - The proxy to use for curl (http, https, ftp, etc.) URLs. - -`http_proxy_authmethod`:: - - The method used for authenticating against `http_proxy`. - -struct remotes can be found by name with remote_get(), and iterated -through with for_each_remote(). remote_get(NULL) will return the -default remote, given the current branch and configuration. - -struct refspec --------------- - -A struct refspec holds the parsed interpretation of a refspec. If it -will force updates (starts with a '+'), force is true. If it is a -pattern (sides end with '*') pattern is true. src and dest are the -two sides (including '*' characters if present); if there is only one -side, it is src, and dst is NULL; if sides exist but are empty (i.e., -the refspec either starts or ends with ':'), the corresponding side is -"". - -An array of strings can be parsed into an array of struct refspecs -using parse_fetch_refspec() or parse_push_refspec(). - -remote_find_tracking(), given a remote and a struct refspec with -either src or dst filled out, will fill out the other such that the -result is in the "fetch" specification for the remote (note that this -evaluates patterns and returns a single result). - -struct branch -------------- - -Note that this may end up moving to branch.h - -struct branch holds the configuration for a branch. It can be looked -up with branch_get(name) for "refs/heads/{name}", or with -branch_get(NULL) for HEAD. - -It contains: - -`name`:: - - The short name of the branch. - -`refname`:: - - The full path for the branch ref. - -`remote_name`:: - - The name of the remote listed in the configuration. - -`merge_name`:: - - An array of the "merge" lines in the configuration. - -`merge`:: - - An array of the struct refspecs used for the merge lines. That - is, merge[i]->dst is a local tracking ref which should be - merged into this branch by default. - -`merge_nr`:: - - The number of merge configurations - -branch_has_merge_config() returns true if the given branch has merge -configuration given. - -Other stuff ------------ - -There is other stuff in remote.h that is related, in general, to the -process of interacting with remotes. - -(Daniel Barkalow) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-revision-walking.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-revision-walking.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 03f9ea6ac4..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-revision-walking.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,72 +0,0 @@ -revision walking API -==================== - -The revision walking API offers functions to build a list of revisions -and then iterate over that list. - -Calling sequence ----------------- - -The walking API has a given calling sequence: first you need to -initialize a rev_info structure, then add revisions to control what kind -of revision list do you want to get, finally you can iterate over the -revision list. - -Functions ---------- - -`repo_init_revisions`:: - - Initialize a rev_info structure with default values. The third - parameter may be NULL or can be prefix path, and then the `.prefix` - variable will be set to it. This is typically the first function you - want to call when you want to deal with a revision list. After calling - this function, you are free to customize options, like set - `.ignore_merges` to 0 if you don't want to ignore merges, and so on. See - `revision.h` for a complete list of available options. - -`add_pending_object`:: - - This function can be used if you want to add commit objects as revision - information. You can use the `UNINTERESTING` object flag to indicate if - you want to include or exclude the given commit (and commits reachable - from the given commit) from the revision list. -+ -NOTE: If you have the commits as a string list then you probably want to -use setup_revisions(), instead of parsing each string and using this -function. - -`setup_revisions`:: - - Parse revision information, filling in the `rev_info` structure, and - removing the used arguments from the argument list. Returns the number - of arguments left that weren't recognized, which are also moved to the - head of the argument list. The last parameter is used in case no - parameter given by the first two arguments. - -`prepare_revision_walk`:: - - Prepares the rev_info structure for a walk. You should check if it - returns any error (non-zero return code) and if it does not, you can - start using get_revision() to do the iteration. - -`get_revision`:: - - Takes a pointer to a `rev_info` structure and iterates over it, - returning a `struct commit *` each time you call it. The end of the - revision list is indicated by returning a NULL pointer. - -`reset_revision_walk`:: - - Reset the flags used by the revision walking api. You can use - this to do multiple sequential revision walks. - -Data structures ---------------- - -Talk about <revision.h>, things like: - -* two diff_options, one for path limiting, another for output; -* remaining functions; - -(Linus, JC, Dscho) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-run-command.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-run-command.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8bf3e37f53..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-run-command.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,264 +0,0 @@ -run-command API -=============== - -The run-command API offers a versatile tool to run sub-processes with -redirected input and output as well as with a modified environment -and an alternate current directory. - -A similar API offers the capability to run a function asynchronously, -which is primarily used to capture the output that the function -produces in the caller in order to process it. - - -Functions ---------- - -`child_process_init`:: - - Initialize a struct child_process variable. - -`start_command`:: - - Start a sub-process. Takes a pointer to a `struct child_process` - that specifies the details and returns pipe FDs (if requested). - See below for details. - -`finish_command`:: - - Wait for the completion of a sub-process that was started with - start_command(). - -`run_command`:: - - A convenience function that encapsulates a sequence of - start_command() followed by finish_command(). Takes a pointer - to a `struct child_process` that specifies the details. - -`run_command_v_opt`, `run_command_v_opt_cd_env`:: - - Convenience functions that encapsulate a sequence of - start_command() followed by finish_command(). The argument argv - specifies the program and its arguments. The argument opt is zero - or more of the flags `RUN_COMMAND_NO_STDIN`, `RUN_GIT_CMD`, - `RUN_COMMAND_STDOUT_TO_STDERR`, or `RUN_SILENT_EXEC_FAILURE` - that correspond to the members .no_stdin, .git_cmd, - .stdout_to_stderr, .silent_exec_failure of `struct child_process`. - The argument dir corresponds the member .dir. The argument env - corresponds to the member .env. - -`child_process_clear`:: - - Release the memory associated with the struct child_process. - Most users of the run-command API don't need to call this - function explicitly because `start_command` invokes it on - failure and `finish_command` calls it automatically already. - -The functions above do the following: - -. If a system call failed, errno is set and -1 is returned. A diagnostic - is printed. - -. If the program was not found, then -1 is returned and errno is set to - ENOENT; a diagnostic is printed only if .silent_exec_failure is 0. - -. Otherwise, the program is run. If it terminates regularly, its exit - code is returned. No diagnostic is printed, even if the exit code is - non-zero. - -. If the program terminated due to a signal, then the return value is the - signal number + 128, ie. the same value that a POSIX shell's $? would - report. A diagnostic is printed. - - -`start_async`:: - - Run a function asynchronously. Takes a pointer to a `struct - async` that specifies the details and returns a set of pipe FDs - for communication with the function. See below for details. - -`finish_async`:: - - Wait for the completion of an asynchronous function that was - started with start_async(). - -`run_hook`:: - - Run a hook. - The first argument is a pathname to an index file, or NULL - if the hook uses the default index file or no index is needed. - The second argument is the name of the hook. - The further arguments correspond to the hook arguments. - The last argument has to be NULL to terminate the arguments list. - If the hook does not exist or is not executable, the return - value will be zero. - If it is executable, the hook will be executed and the exit - status of the hook is returned. - On execution, .stdout_to_stderr and .no_stdin will be set. - (See below.) - - -Data structures ---------------- - -* `struct child_process` - -This describes the arguments, redirections, and environment of a -command to run in a sub-process. - -The caller: - -1. allocates and clears (using child_process_init() or - CHILD_PROCESS_INIT) a struct child_process variable; -2. initializes the members; -3. calls start_command(); -4. processes the data; -5. closes file descriptors (if necessary; see below); -6. calls finish_command(). - -The .argv member is set up as an array of string pointers (NULL -terminated), of which .argv[0] is the program name to run (usually -without a path). If the command to run is a git command, set argv[0] to -the command name without the 'git-' prefix and set .git_cmd = 1. - -Note that the ownership of the memory pointed to by .argv stays with the -caller, but it should survive until `finish_command` completes. If the -.argv member is NULL, `start_command` will point it at the .args -`argv_array` (so you may use one or the other, but you must use exactly -one). The memory in .args will be cleaned up automatically during -`finish_command` (or during `start_command` when it is unsuccessful). - -The members .in, .out, .err are used to redirect stdin, stdout, -stderr as follows: - -. Specify 0 to request no special redirection. No new file descriptor - is allocated. The child process simply inherits the channel from the - parent. - -. Specify -1 to have a pipe allocated; start_command() replaces -1 - by the pipe FD in the following way: - - .in: Returns the writable pipe end into which the caller writes; - the readable end of the pipe becomes the child's stdin. - - .out, .err: Returns the readable pipe end from which the caller - reads; the writable end of the pipe end becomes child's - stdout/stderr. - - The caller of start_command() must close the so returned FDs - after it has completed reading from/writing to it! - -. Specify a file descriptor > 0 to be used by the child: - - .in: The FD must be readable; it becomes child's stdin. - .out: The FD must be writable; it becomes child's stdout. - .err: The FD must be writable; it becomes child's stderr. - - The specified FD is closed by start_command(), even if it fails to - run the sub-process! - -. Special forms of redirection are available by setting these members - to 1: - - .no_stdin, .no_stdout, .no_stderr: The respective channel is - redirected to /dev/null. - - .stdout_to_stderr: stdout of the child is redirected to its - stderr. This happens after stderr is itself redirected. - So stdout will follow stderr to wherever it is - redirected. - -To modify the environment of the sub-process, specify an array of -string pointers (NULL terminated) in .env: - -. If the string is of the form "VAR=value", i.e. it contains '=' - the variable is added to the child process's environment. - -. If the string does not contain '=', it names an environment - variable that will be removed from the child process's environment. - -If the .env member is NULL, `start_command` will point it at the -.env_array `argv_array` (so you may use one or the other, but not both). -The memory in .env_array will be cleaned up automatically during -`finish_command` (or during `start_command` when it is unsuccessful). - -To specify a new initial working directory for the sub-process, -specify it in the .dir member. - -If the program cannot be found, the functions return -1 and set -errno to ENOENT. Normally, an error message is printed, but if -.silent_exec_failure is set to 1, no message is printed for this -special error condition. - - -* `struct async` - -This describes a function to run asynchronously, whose purpose is -to produce output that the caller reads. - -The caller: - -1. allocates and clears (memset(&asy, 0, sizeof(asy));) a - struct async variable; -2. initializes .proc and .data; -3. calls start_async(); -4. processes communicates with proc through .in and .out; -5. closes .in and .out; -6. calls finish_async(). - -The members .in, .out are used to provide a set of fd's for -communication between the caller and the callee as follows: - -. Specify 0 to have no file descriptor passed. The callee will - receive -1 in the corresponding argument. - -. Specify < 0 to have a pipe allocated; start_async() replaces - with the pipe FD in the following way: - - .in: Returns the writable pipe end into which the caller - writes; the readable end of the pipe becomes the function's - in argument. - - .out: Returns the readable pipe end from which the caller - reads; the writable end of the pipe becomes the function's - out argument. - - The caller of start_async() must close the returned FDs after it - has completed reading from/writing from them. - -. Specify a file descriptor > 0 to be used by the function: - - .in: The FD must be readable; it becomes the function's in. - .out: The FD must be writable; it becomes the function's out. - - The specified FD is closed by start_async(), even if it fails to - run the function. - -The function pointer in .proc has the following signature: - - int proc(int in, int out, void *data); - -. in, out specifies a set of file descriptors to which the function - must read/write the data that it needs/produces. The function - *must* close these descriptors before it returns. A descriptor - may be -1 if the caller did not configure a descriptor for that - direction. - -. data is the value that the caller has specified in the .data member - of struct async. - -. The return value of the function is 0 on success and non-zero - on failure. If the function indicates failure, finish_async() will - report failure as well. - - -There are serious restrictions on what the asynchronous function can do -because this facility is implemented by a thread in the same address -space on most platforms (when pthreads is available), but by a pipe to -a forked process otherwise: - -. It cannot change the program's state (global variables, environment, - etc.) in a way that the caller notices; in other words, .in and .out - are the only communication channels to the caller. - -. It must not change the program's state that the caller of the - facility also uses. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-setup.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-setup.txt deleted file mode 100644 index eb1fa9853e..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-setup.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,47 +0,0 @@ -setup API -========= - -Talk about - -* setup_git_directory() -* setup_git_directory_gently() -* is_inside_git_dir() -* is_inside_work_tree() -* setup_work_tree() - -(Dscho) - -Pathspec --------- - -See glossary-context.txt for the syntax of pathspec. In memory, a -pathspec set is represented by "struct pathspec" and is prepared by -parse_pathspec(). This function takes several arguments: - -- magic_mask specifies what features that are NOT supported by the - following code. If a user attempts to use such a feature, - parse_pathspec() can reject it early. - -- flags specifies other things that the caller wants parse_pathspec to - perform. - -- prefix and args come from cmd_* functions - -parse_pathspec() helps catch unsupported features and reject them -politely. At a lower level, different pathspec-related functions may -not support the same set of features. Such pathspec-sensitive -functions are guarded with GUARD_PATHSPEC(), which will die in an -unfriendly way when an unsupported feature is requested. - -The command designers are supposed to make sure that GUARD_PATHSPEC() -never dies. They have to make sure all unsupported features are caught -by parse_pathspec(), not by GUARD_PATHSPEC. grepping GUARD_PATHSPEC() -should give the designers all pathspec-sensitive codepaths and what -features they support. - -A similar process is applied when a new pathspec magic is added. The -designer lifts the GUARD_PATHSPEC restriction in the functions that -support the new magic. At the same time (s)he has to make sure this -new feature will be caught at parse_pathspec() in commands that cannot -handle the new magic in some cases. grepping parse_pathspec() should -help. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-sigchain.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-sigchain.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 9e1189ef01..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-sigchain.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,41 +0,0 @@ -sigchain API -============ - -Code often wants to set a signal handler to clean up temporary files or -other work-in-progress when we die unexpectedly. For multiple pieces of -code to do this without conflicting, each piece of code must remember -the old value of the handler and restore it either when: - - 1. The work-in-progress is finished, and the handler is no longer - necessary. The handler should revert to the original behavior - (either another handler, SIG_DFL, or SIG_IGN). - - 2. The signal is received. We should then do our cleanup, then chain - to the next handler (or die if it is SIG_DFL). - -Sigchain is a tiny library for keeping a stack of handlers. Your handler -and installation code should look something like: - ------------------------------------------- - void clean_foo_on_signal(int sig) - { - clean_foo(); - sigchain_pop(sig); - raise(sig); - } - - void other_func() - { - sigchain_push_common(clean_foo_on_signal); - mess_up_foo(); - clean_foo(); - } ------------------------------------------- - -Handlers are given the typedef of sigchain_fun. This is the same type -that is given to signal() or sigaction(). It is perfectly reasonable to -push SIG_DFL or SIG_IGN onto the stack. - -You can sigchain_push and sigchain_pop individual signals. For -convenience, sigchain_push_common will push the handler onto the stack -for many common signals. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-submodule-config.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-submodule-config.txt deleted file mode 100644 index fb06089393..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-submodule-config.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,66 +0,0 @@ -submodule config cache API -========================== - -The submodule config cache API allows to read submodule -configurations/information from specified revisions. Internally -information is lazily read into a cache that is used to avoid -unnecessary parsing of the same .gitmodules files. Lookups can be done by -submodule path or name. - -Usage ------ - -To initialize the cache with configurations from the worktree the caller -typically first calls `gitmodules_config()` to read values from the -worktree .gitmodules and then to overlay the local git config values -`parse_submodule_config_option()` from the config parsing -infrastructure. - -The caller can look up information about submodules by using the -`submodule_from_path()` or `submodule_from_name()` functions. They return -a `struct submodule` which contains the values. The API automatically -initializes and allocates the needed infrastructure on-demand. If the -caller does only want to lookup values from revisions the initialization -can be skipped. - -If the internal cache might grow too big or when the caller is done with -the API, all internally cached values can be freed with submodule_free(). - -Data Structures ---------------- - -`struct submodule`:: - - This structure is used to return the information about one - submodule for a certain revision. It is returned by the lookup - functions. - -Functions ---------- - -`void submodule_free(struct repository *r)`:: - - Use these to free the internally cached values. - -`int parse_submodule_config_option(const char *var, const char *value)`:: - - Can be passed to the config parsing infrastructure to parse - local (worktree) submodule configurations. - -`const struct submodule *submodule_from_path(const unsigned char *treeish_name, const char *path)`:: - - Given a tree-ish in the superproject and a path, return the - submodule that is bound at the path in the named tree. - -`const struct submodule *submodule_from_name(const unsigned char *treeish_name, const char *name)`:: - - The same as above but lookup by name. - -Whenever a submodule configuration is parsed in `parse_submodule_config_option` -via e.g. `gitmodules_config()`, it will overwrite the null_sha1 entry. -So in the normal case, when HEAD:.gitmodules is parsed first and then overlayed -with the repository configuration, the null_sha1 entry contains the local -configuration of a submodule (e.g. consolidated values from local git -configuration and the .gitmodules file in the worktree). - -For an example usage see test-submodule-config.c. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-trace.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-trace.txt deleted file mode 100644 index fadb5979c4..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-trace.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,140 +0,0 @@ -trace API -========= - -The trace API can be used to print debug messages to stderr or a file. Trace -code is inactive unless explicitly enabled by setting `GIT_TRACE*` environment -variables. - -The trace implementation automatically adds `timestamp file:line ... \n` to -all trace messages. E.g.: - ------------- -23:59:59.123456 git.c:312 trace: built-in: git 'foo' -00:00:00.000001 builtin/foo.c:99 foo: some message ------------- - -Data Structures ---------------- - -`struct trace_key`:: - - Defines a trace key (or category). The default (for API functions that - don't take a key) is `GIT_TRACE`. -+ -E.g. to define a trace key controlled by environment variable `GIT_TRACE_FOO`: -+ ------------- -static struct trace_key trace_foo = TRACE_KEY_INIT(FOO); - -static void trace_print_foo(const char *message) -{ - trace_printf_key(&trace_foo, "%s", message); -} ------------- -+ -Note: don't use `const` as the trace implementation stores internal state in -the `trace_key` structure. - -Functions ---------- - -`int trace_want(struct trace_key *key)`:: - - Checks whether the trace key is enabled. Used to prevent expensive - string formatting before calling one of the printing APIs. - -`void trace_disable(struct trace_key *key)`:: - - Disables tracing for the specified key, even if the environment - variable was set. - -`void trace_printf(const char *format, ...)`:: -`void trace_printf_key(struct trace_key *key, const char *format, ...)`:: - - Prints a formatted message, similar to printf. - -`void trace_argv_printf(const char **argv, const char *format, ...)``:: - - Prints a formatted message, followed by a quoted list of arguments. - -`void trace_strbuf(struct trace_key *key, const struct strbuf *data)`:: - - Prints the strbuf, without additional formatting (i.e. doesn't - choke on `%` or even `\0`). - -`uint64_t getnanotime(void)`:: - - Returns nanoseconds since the epoch (01/01/1970), typically used - for performance measurements. -+ -Currently there are high precision timer implementations for Linux (using -`clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC)`) and Windows (`QueryPerformanceCounter`). -Other platforms use `gettimeofday` as time source. - -`void trace_performance(uint64_t nanos, const char *format, ...)`:: -`void trace_performance_since(uint64_t start, const char *format, ...)`:: - - Prints the elapsed time (in nanoseconds), or elapsed time since - `start`, followed by a formatted message. Enabled via environment - variable `GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`. Used for manual profiling, e.g.: -+ ------------- -uint64_t start = getnanotime(); -/* code section to measure */ -trace_performance_since(start, "foobar"); ------------- -+ ------------- -uint64_t t = 0; -for (;;) { - /* ignore */ - t -= getnanotime(); - /* code section to measure */ - t += getnanotime(); - /* ignore */ -} -trace_performance(t, "frotz"); ------------- - -Bugs & Caveats --------------- - -GIT_TRACE_* environment variables can be used to tell Git to show -trace output to its standard error stream. Git can often spawn a pager -internally to run its subcommand and send its standard output and -standard error to it. - -Because GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE trace is generated only at the very end -of the program with atexit(), which happens after the pager exits, it -would not work well if you send its log to the standard error output -and let Git spawn the pager at the same time. - -As a work around, you can for example use '--no-pager', or set -GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE to another file descriptor which is redirected -to stderr, or set GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE to a file specified by its -absolute path. - -For example instead of the following command which by default may not -print any performance information: - ------------- -GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE=2 git log -1 ------------- - -you may want to use: - ------------- -GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE=2 git --no-pager log -1 ------------- - -or: - ------------- -GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE=3 3>&2 git log -1 ------------- - -or: - ------------- -GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE=/path/to/log/file git log -1 ------------- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt index 23c3cc7a37..6b6085585d 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Format details are given in a later section. === The Normal Format Target The normal format target is a tradition printf format and similar -to GIT_TRACE format. This format is enabled with the `GIT_TR` +to GIT_TRACE format. This format is enabled with the `GIT_TRACE2` environment variable or the `trace2.normalTarget` system or global config setting. @@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ yields ------------ $ cat ~/log.event -{"event":"version","sid":"sid":"20190408T191610.507018Z-H9b68c35f-P000059a8","thread":"main","time":"2019-01-16T17:28:42.620713Z","file":"common-main.c","line":38,"evt":"1","exe":"2.20.1.155.g426c96fcdb"} +{"event":"version","sid":"sid":"20190408T191610.507018Z-H9b68c35f-P000059a8","thread":"main","time":"2019-01-16T17:28:42.620713Z","file":"common-main.c","line":38,"evt":"2","exe":"2.20.1.155.g426c96fcdb"} {"event":"start","sid":"20190408T191610.507018Z-H9b68c35f-P000059a8","thread":"main","time":"2019-01-16T17:28:42.621027Z","file":"common-main.c","line":39,"t_abs":0.001173,"argv":["git","version"]} {"event":"cmd_name","sid":"20190408T191610.507018Z-H9b68c35f-P000059a8","thread":"main","time":"2019-01-16T17:28:42.621122Z","file":"git.c","line":432,"name":"version","hierarchy":"version"} {"event":"exit","sid":"20190408T191610.507018Z-H9b68c35f-P000059a8","thread":"main","time":"2019-01-16T17:28:42.621236Z","file":"git.c","line":662,"t_abs":0.001227,"code":0} @@ -142,10 +142,9 @@ system or global config value to one of the following: include::../trace2-target-values.txt[] -If the target already exists and is a directory, the traces will be -written to files (one per process) underneath the given directory. They -will be named according to the last component of the SID (optionally -followed by a counter to avoid filename collisions). +When trace files are written to a target directory, they will be named according +to the last component of the SID (optionally followed by a counter to avoid +filename collisions). == Trace2 API @@ -179,7 +178,7 @@ describe the simplified forms. == Public API -All Trace2 API functions send a messsage to all of the active +All Trace2 API functions send a message to all of the active Trace2 Targets. This section describes the set of available messages. @@ -189,261 +188,36 @@ purposes. === Basic Command Messages These are concerned with the lifetime of the overall git process. - -`void trace2_initialize_clock()`:: - - Initialize the Trace2 start clock and nothing else. This should - be called at the very top of main() to capture the process start - time and reduce startup order dependencies. - -`void trace2_initialize()`:: - - Determines if any Trace2 Targets should be enabled and - initializes the Trace2 facility. This includes setting up the - Trace2 thread local storage (TLS). -+ -This function emits a "version" message containing the version of git -and the Trace2 protocol. -+ -This function should be called from `main()` as early as possible in -the life of the process after essential process initialization. - -`int trace2_is_enabled()`:: - - Returns 1 if Trace2 is enabled (at least one target is - active). - -`void trace2_cmd_start(int argc, const char **argv)`:: - - Emits a "start" message containing the process command line - arguments. - -`int trace2_cmd_exit(int exit_code)`:: - - Emits an "exit" message containing the process exit-code and - elapsed time. -+ -Returns the exit-code. - -`void trace2_cmd_error(const char *fmt, va_list ap)`:: - - Emits an "error" message containing a formatted error message. - -`void trace2_cmd_path(const char *pathname)`:: - - Emits a "cmd_path" message with the full pathname of the - current process. +e.g: `void trace2_initialize_clock()`, `void trace2_initialize()`, +`int trace2_is_enabled()`, `void trace2_cmd_start(int argc, const char **argv)`. === Command Detail Messages These are concerned with describing the specific Git command after the command line, config, and environment are inspected. - -`void trace2_cmd_name(const char *name)`:: - - Emits a "cmd_name" message with the canonical name of the - command, for example "status" or "checkout". - -`void trace2_cmd_mode(const char *mode)`:: - - Emits a "cmd_mode" message with a qualifier name to further - describe the current git command. -+ -This message is intended to be used with git commands having multiple -major modes. For example, a "checkout" command can checkout a new -branch or it can checkout a single file, so the checkout code could -emit a cmd_mode message of "branch" or "file". - -`void trace2_cmd_alias(const char *alias, const char **argv_expansion)`:: - - Emits an "alias" message containing the alias used and the - argument expansion. - -`void trace2_def_param(const char *parameter, const char *value)`:: - - Emits a "def_param" message containing a key/value pair. -+ -This message is intended to report some global aspect of the current -command, such as a configuration setting or command line switch that -significantly affects program performance or behavior, such as -`core.abbrev`, `status.showUntrackedFiles`, or `--no-ahead-behind`. - -`void trace2_cmd_list_config()`:: - - Emits a "def_param" messages for "important" configuration - settings. -+ -The environment variable `GIT_TRACE2_CONFIG_PARAMS` or the `trace2.configParams` -config value can be set to a -list of patterns of important configuration settings, for example: -`core.*,remote.*.url`. This function will iterate over all config -settings and emit a "def_param" message for each match. - -`void trace2_cmd_set_config(const char *key, const char *value)`:: - - Emits a "def_param" message for a new or updated key/value - pair IF `key` is considered important. -+ -This is used to hook into `git_config_set()` and catch any -configuration changes and update a value previously reported by -`trace2_cmd_list_config()`. - -`void trace2_def_repo(struct repository *repo)`:: - - Registers a repository with the Trace2 layer. Assigns a - unique "repo-id" to `repo->trace2_repo_id`. -+ -Emits a "worktree" messages containing the repo-id and the worktree -pathname. -+ -Region and data messages (described later) may refer to this repo-id. -+ -The main/top-level repository will have repo-id value 1 (aka "r1"). -+ -The repo-id field is in anticipation of future in-proc submodule -repositories. +e.g: `void trace2_cmd_name(const char *name)`, +`void trace2_cmd_mode(const char *mode)`. === Child Process Messages These are concerned with the various spawned child processes, including shell scripts, git commands, editors, pagers, and hooks. -`void trace2_child_start(struct child_process *cmd)`:: - - Emits a "child_start" message containing the "child-id", - "child-argv", and "child-classification". -+ -Before calling this, set `cmd->trace2_child_class` to a name -describing the type of child process, for example "editor". -+ -This function assigns a unique "child-id" to `cmd->trace2_child_id`. -This field is used later during the "child_exit" message to associate -it with the "child_start" message. -+ -This function should be called before spawning the child process. - -`void trace2_child_exit(struct child_proess *cmd, int child_exit_code)`:: - - Emits a "child_exit" message containing the "child-id", - the child's elapsed time and exit-code. -+ -The reported elapsed time includes the process creation overhead and -time spend waiting for it to exit, so it may be slightly longer than -the time reported by the child itself. -+ -This function should be called after reaping the child process. - -`int trace2_exec(const char *exe, const char **argv)`:: - - Emits a "exec" message containing the "exec-id" and the - argv of the new process. -+ -This function should be called before calling one of the `exec()` -variants, such as `execvp()`. -+ -This function returns a unique "exec-id". This value is used later -if the exec() fails and a "exec-result" message is necessary. - -`void trace2_exec_result(int exec_id, int error_code)`:: - - Emits a "exec_result" message containing the "exec-id" - and the error code. -+ -On Unix-based systems, `exec()` does not return if successful. -This message is used to indicate that the `exec()` failed and -that the current program is continuing. +e.g: `void trace2_child_start(struct child_process *cmd)`. === Git Thread Messages These messages are concerned with Git thread usage. -`void trace2_thread_start(const char *thread_name)`:: - - Emits a "thread_start" message. -+ -The `thread_name` field should be a descriptive name, such as the -unique name of the thread-proc. A unique "thread-id" will be added -to the name to uniquely identify thread instances. -+ -Region and data messages (described later) may refer to this thread -name. -+ -This function must be called by the thread-proc of the new thread -(so that TLS data is properly initialized) and not by the caller -of `pthread_create()`. - -`void trace2_thread_exit()`:: - - Emits a "thread_exit" message containing the thread name - and the thread elapsed time. -+ -This function must be called by the thread-proc before it returns -(so that the coorect TLS data is used and cleaned up. It should -not be called by the caller of `pthread_join()`. +e.g: `void trace2_thread_start(const char *thread_name)`. === Region and Data Messages These are concerned with recording performance data -over regions or spans of code. - -`void trace2_region_enter(const char *category, const char *label, const struct repository *repo)`:: - -`void trace2_region_enter_printf(const char *category, const char *label, const struct repository *repo, const char *fmt, ...)`:: - -`void trace2_region_enter_printf_va(const char *category, const char *label, const struct repository *repo, const char *fmt, va_list ap)`:: - - Emits a thread-relative "region_enter" message with optional - printf string. -+ -This function pushes a new region nesting stack level on the current -thread and starts a clock for the new stack frame. -+ -The `category` field is an arbitrary category name used to classify -regions by feature area, such as "status" or "index". At this time -it is only just printed along with the rest of the message. It may -be used in the future to filter messages. -+ -The `label` field is an arbitrary label used to describe the activity -being started, such as "read_recursive" or "do_read_index". -+ -The `repo` field, if set, will be used to get the "repo-id", so that -recursive oerations can be attributed to the correct repository. - -`void trace2_region_leave(const char *category, const char *label, const struct repository *repo)`:: - -`void trace2_region_leave_printf(const char *category, const char *label, const struct repository *repo, const char *fmt, ...)`:: - -`void trace2_region_leave_printf_va(const char *category, const char *label, const struct repository *repo, const char *fmt, va_list ap)`:: - - Emits a thread-relative "region_leave" message with optional - printf string. -+ -This function pops the region nesting stack on the current thread -and reports the elapsed time of the stack frame. -+ -The `category`, `label`, and `repo` fields are the same as above. -The `category` and `label` do not need to match the correpsonding -"region_enter" message, but it makes the data stream easier to -understand. - -`void trace2_data_string(const char *category, const struct repository *repo, const char *key, const char * value)`:: - -`void trace2_data_intmax(const char *category, const struct repository *repo, const char *key, intmax value)`:: - -`void trace2_data_json(const char *category, const struct repository *repo, const char *key, const struct json_writer *jw)`:: +over regions or spans of code. e.g: +`void trace2_region_enter(const char *category, const char *label, const struct repository *repo)`. - Emits a region- and thread-relative "data" or "data_json" message. -+ -This is a key/value pair message containing information about the -current thread, region stack, and repository. This could be used -to print the number of files in a directory during a multi-threaded -recursive tree walk. - -`void trace2_printf(const char *fmt, ...)`:: - -`void trace2_printf_va(const char *fmt, va_list ap)`:: - - Emits a region- and thread-relative "printf" message. +Refer to trace2.h for details about all trace2 functions. == Trace2 Target Formats @@ -605,17 +379,35 @@ only present on the "start" and "atexit" events. ==== Event-Specific Key/Value Pairs `"version"`:: - This event gives the version of the executable and the EVENT format. + This event gives the version of the executable and the EVENT format. It + should always be the first event in a trace session. The EVENT format + version will be incremented if new event types are added, if existing + fields are removed, or if there are significant changes in + interpretation of existing events or fields. Smaller changes, such as + adding a new field to an existing event, will not require an increment + to the EVENT format version. + ------------ { "event":"version", ... - "evt":"1", # EVENT format version + "evt":"2", # EVENT format version "exe":"2.20.1.155.g426c96fcdb" # git version } ------------ +`"discard"`:: + This event is written to the git-trace2-discard sentinel file if there + are too many files in the target trace directory (see the + trace2.maxFiles config option). ++ +------------ +{ + "event":"discard", + ... +} +------------ + `"start"`:: This event contains the complete argv received by main(). + @@ -668,7 +460,7 @@ completed.) "event":"signal", ... "t_abs":0.001227, # elapsed time in seconds - "signal":13 # SIGTERM, SIGINT, etc. + "signo":13 # SIGTERM, SIGINT, etc. } ------------ @@ -799,7 +591,7 @@ with "?". Note that the session-id of the child process is not available to the current/spawning process, so the child's PID is reported here as a hint for post-processing. (But it is only a hint because the child -proces may be a shell script which doesn't have a session-id.) +process may be a shell script which doesn't have a session-id.) + Note that the `t_rel` field contains the observed run time in seconds for the child process (starting before the fork/exec/spawn and @@ -864,7 +656,8 @@ The "exec_id" field is a command-unique id and is only useful if the ------------ `"def_param"`:: - This event is generated to log a global parameter. + This event is generated to log a global parameter, such as a config + setting, command-line flag, or environment variable. + ------------ { @@ -1159,7 +952,7 @@ d0 | main | atexit | | 0.028809 | | + Regions may be nested. This causes messages to be indented in the PERF target, for example. -Elapsed times are relative to the start of the correpsonding nesting +Elapsed times are relative to the start of the corresponding nesting level as expected. For example, if we add region message to: + ---------------- @@ -1354,7 +1147,7 @@ d0 | main | atexit | | 0.030027 | | In this example, the preload region took 0.009122 seconds. The 7 threads took between 0.006069 and 0.008947 seconds to work on their portion of the index. Thread "th01" worked on 508 items at offset 0. Thread "th02" -worked on 508 items at offset 2032. Thread "th04" worked on 508 itemts +worked on 508 items at offset 2032. Thread "th04" worked on 508 items at offset 508. + This example also shows that thread names are assigned in a racy manner diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt deleted file mode 100644 index bde18622a8..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,147 +0,0 @@ -tree walking API -================ - -The tree walking API is used to traverse and inspect trees. - -Data Structures ---------------- - -`struct name_entry`:: - - An entry in a tree. Each entry has a sha1 identifier, pathname, and - mode. - -`struct tree_desc`:: - - A semi-opaque data structure used to maintain the current state of the - walk. -+ -* `buffer` is a pointer into the memory representation of the tree. It always -points at the current entry being visited. - -* `size` counts the number of bytes left in the `buffer`. - -* `entry` points to the current entry being visited. - -`struct traverse_info`:: - - A structure used to maintain the state of a traversal. -+ -* `prev` points to the traverse_info which was used to descend into the -current tree. If this is the top-level tree `prev` will point to -a dummy traverse_info. - -* `name` is the entry for the current tree (if the tree is a subtree). - -* `pathlen` is the length of the full path for the current tree. - -* `conflicts` can be used by callbacks to maintain directory-file conflicts. - -* `fn` is a callback called for each entry in the tree. See Traversing for more -information. - -* `data` can be anything the `fn` callback would want to use. - -* `show_all_errors` tells whether to stop at the first error or not. - -Initializing ------------- - -`init_tree_desc`:: - - Initialize a `tree_desc` and decode its first entry. The buffer and - size parameters are assumed to be the same as the buffer and size - members of `struct tree`. - -`fill_tree_descriptor`:: - - Initialize a `tree_desc` and decode its first entry given the - object ID of a tree. Returns the `buffer` member if the latter - is a valid tree identifier and NULL otherwise. - -`setup_traverse_info`:: - - Initialize a `traverse_info` given the pathname of the tree to start - traversing from. The `base` argument is assumed to be the `path` - member of the `name_entry` being recursed into unless the tree is a - top-level tree in which case the empty string ("") is used. - -Walking -------- - -`tree_entry`:: - - Visit the next entry in a tree. Returns 1 when there are more entries - left to visit and 0 when all entries have been visited. This is - commonly used in the test of a while loop. - -`tree_entry_len`:: - - Calculate the length of a tree entry's pathname. This utilizes the - memory structure of a tree entry to avoid the overhead of using a - generic strlen(). - -`update_tree_entry`:: - - Walk to the next entry in a tree. This is commonly used in conjunction - with `tree_entry_extract` to inspect the current entry. - -`tree_entry_extract`:: - - Decode the entry currently being visited (the one pointed to by - `tree_desc's` `entry` member) and return the sha1 of the entry. The - `pathp` and `modep` arguments are set to the entry's pathname and mode - respectively. - -`get_tree_entry`:: - - Find an entry in a tree given a pathname and the sha1 of a tree to - search. Returns 0 if the entry is found and -1 otherwise. The third - and fourth parameters are set to the entry's sha1 and mode - respectively. - -Traversing ----------- - -`traverse_trees`:: - - Traverse `n` number of trees in parallel. The `fn` callback member of - `traverse_info` is called once for each tree entry. - -`traverse_callback_t`:: - The arguments passed to the traverse callback are as follows: -+ -* `n` counts the number of trees being traversed. - -* `mask` has its nth bit set if something exists in the nth entry. - -* `dirmask` has its nth bit set if the nth tree's entry is a directory. - -* `entry` is an array of size `n` where the nth entry is from the nth tree. - -* `info` maintains the state of the traversal. - -+ -Returning a negative value will terminate the traversal. Otherwise the -return value is treated as an update mask. If the nth bit is set the nth tree -will be updated and if the bit is not set the nth tree entry will be the -same in the next callback invocation. - -`make_traverse_path`:: - - Generate the full pathname of a tree entry based from the root of the - traversal. For example, if the traversal has recursed into another - tree named "bar" the pathname of an entry "baz" in the "bar" - tree would be "bar/baz". - -`traverse_path_len`:: - - Calculate the length of a pathname returned by `make_traverse_path`. - This utilizes the memory structure of a tree entry to avoid the - overhead of using a generic strlen(). - -Authors -------- - -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and Linus Torvalds -<torvalds@linux-foundation.org> diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-xdiff-interface.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-xdiff-interface.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6296ecad1d..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-xdiff-interface.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7 +0,0 @@ -xdiff interface API -=================== - -Talk about our calling convention to xdiff library, including -xdiff_emit_consume_fn. - -(Dscho, JC) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/bundle-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/bundle-format.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0e828151a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/bundle-format.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ += Git bundle v2 format + +The Git bundle format is a format that represents both refs and Git objects. + +== Format + +We will use ABNF notation to define the Git bundle format. See +protocol-common.txt for the details. + +---- +bundle = signature *prerequisite *reference LF pack +signature = "# v2 git bundle" LF + +prerequisite = "-" obj-id SP comment LF +comment = *CHAR +reference = obj-id SP refname LF + +pack = ... ; packfile +---- + +== Semantics + +A Git bundle consists of three parts. + +* "Prerequisites" lists the objects that are NOT included in the bundle and the + reader of the bundle MUST already have, in order to use the data in the + bundle. The objects stored in the bundle may refer to prerequisite objects and + anything reachable from them (e.g. a tree object in the bundle can reference + a blob that is reachable from a prerequisite) and/or expressed as a delta + against prerequisite objects. + +* "References" record the tips of the history graph, iow, what the reader of the + bundle CAN "git fetch" from it. + +* "Pack" is the pack data stream "git fetch" would send, if you fetch from a + repository that has the references recorded in the "References" above into a + repository that has references pointing at the objects listed in + "Prerequisites" above. + +In the bundle format, there can be a comment following a prerequisite obj-id. +This is a comment and it has no specific meaning. The writer of the bundle MAY +put any string here. The reader of the bundle MUST ignore the comment. + +=== Note on the shallow clone and a Git bundle + +Note that the prerequisites does not represent a shallow-clone boundary. The +semantics of the prerequisites and the shallow-clone boundaries are different, +and the Git bundle v2 format cannot represent a shallow clone repository. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/commit-graph-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph-format.txt index 16452a0504..a4f17441ae 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/commit-graph-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph-format.txt @@ -44,8 +44,9 @@ HEADER: 1-byte number (C) of "chunks" - 1-byte (reserved for later use) - Current clients should ignore this value. + 1-byte number (B) of base commit-graphs + We infer the length (H*B) of the Base Graphs chunk + from this value. CHUNK LOOKUP: @@ -92,6 +93,12 @@ CHUNK DATA: positions for the parents until reaching a value with the most-significant bit on. The other bits correspond to the position of the last parent. + Base Graphs List (ID: {'B', 'A', 'S', 'E'}) [Optional] + This list of H-byte hashes describe a set of B commit-graph files that + form a commit-graph chain. The graph position for the ith commit in this + file's OID Lookup chunk is equal to i plus the number of commits in all + base graphs. If B is non-zero, this chunk must exist. + TRAILER: H-byte HASH-checksum of all of the above. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt index 7805b0968c..808fa30b99 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt @@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ as "commit-graph" either in the .git/objects/info directory or in the info directory of an alternate. The commit-graph file stores the commit graph structure along with some -extra metadata to speed up graph walks. By listing commit OIDs in lexi- -cographic order, we can identify an integer position for each commit and -refer to the parents of a commit using those integer positions. We use -binary search to find initial commits and then use the integer positions -for fast lookups during the walk. +extra metadata to speed up graph walks. By listing commit OIDs in +lexicographic order, we can identify an integer position for each commit +and refer to the parents of a commit using those integer positions. We +use binary search to find initial commits and then use the integer +positions for fast lookups during the walk. A consumer may load the following info for a commit from the graph: @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ have generation number represented by the macro GENERATION_NUMBER_ZERO = 0. Since the commit-graph file is closed under reachability, we can guarantee the following weaker condition on all commits: - If A and B are commits with generation numbers N amd M, respectively, + If A and B are commits with generation numbers N and M, respectively, and N < M, then A cannot reach B. Note how the strict inequality differs from the inequality when we have @@ -127,36 +127,210 @@ Design Details helpful for these clones, anyway. The commit-graph will not be read or written when shallow commits are present. -Future Work ------------ - -- After computing and storing generation numbers, we must make graph - walks aware of generation numbers to gain the performance benefits they - enable. This will mostly be accomplished by swapping a commit-date-ordered - priority queue with one ordered by generation number. The following - operations are important candidates: - - - 'log --topo-order' - - 'tag --merged' - -- A server could provide a commit-graph file as part of the network protocol - to avoid extra calculations by clients. This feature is only of benefit if - the user is willing to trust the file, because verifying the file is correct - is as hard as computing it from scratch. +Commit Graphs Chains +-------------------- + +Typically, repos grow with near-constant velocity (commits per day). Over time, +the number of commits added by a fetch operation is much smaller than the +number of commits in the full history. By creating a "chain" of commit-graphs, +we enable fast writes of new commit data without rewriting the entire commit +history -- at least, most of the time. + +## File Layout + +A commit-graph chain uses multiple files, and we use a fixed naming convention +to organize these files. Each commit-graph file has a name +`$OBJDIR/info/commit-graphs/graph-{hash}.graph` where `{hash}` is the hex- +valued hash stored in the footer of that file (which is a hash of the file's +contents before that hash). For a chain of commit-graph files, a plain-text +file at `$OBJDIR/info/commit-graphs/commit-graph-chain` contains the +hashes for the files in order from "lowest" to "highest". + +For example, if the `commit-graph-chain` file contains the lines + +``` + {hash0} + {hash1} + {hash2} +``` + +then the commit-graph chain looks like the following diagram: + + +-----------------------+ + | graph-{hash2}.graph | + +-----------------------+ + | + +-----------------------+ + | | + | graph-{hash1}.graph | + | | + +-----------------------+ + | + +-----------------------+ + | | + | | + | | + | graph-{hash0}.graph | + | | + | | + | | + +-----------------------+ + +Let X0 be the number of commits in `graph-{hash0}.graph`, X1 be the number of +commits in `graph-{hash1}.graph`, and X2 be the number of commits in +`graph-{hash2}.graph`. If a commit appears in position i in `graph-{hash2}.graph`, +then we interpret this as being the commit in position (X0 + X1 + i), and that +will be used as its "graph position". The commits in `graph-{hash2}.graph` use these +positions to refer to their parents, which may be in `graph-{hash1}.graph` or +`graph-{hash0}.graph`. We can navigate to an arbitrary commit in position j by checking +its containment in the intervals [0, X0), [X0, X0 + X1), [X0 + X1, X0 + X1 + +X2). + +Each commit-graph file (except the base, `graph-{hash0}.graph`) contains data +specifying the hashes of all files in the lower layers. In the above example, +`graph-{hash1}.graph` contains `{hash0}` while `graph-{hash2}.graph` contains +`{hash0}` and `{hash1}`. + +## Merging commit-graph files + +If we only added a new commit-graph file on every write, we would run into a +linear search problem through many commit-graph files. Instead, we use a merge +strategy to decide when the stack should collapse some number of levels. + +The diagram below shows such a collapse. As a set of new commits are added, it +is determined by the merge strategy that the files should collapse to +`graph-{hash1}`. Thus, the new commits, the commits in `graph-{hash2}` and +the commits in `graph-{hash1}` should be combined into a new `graph-{hash3}` +file. + + +---------------------+ + | | + | (new commits) | + | | + +---------------------+ + | | + +-----------------------+ +---------------------+ + | graph-{hash2} |->| | + +-----------------------+ +---------------------+ + | | | + +-----------------------+ +---------------------+ + | | | | + | graph-{hash1} |->| | + | | | | + +-----------------------+ +---------------------+ + | tmp_graphXXX + +-----------------------+ + | | + | | + | | + | graph-{hash0} | + | | + | | + | | + +-----------------------+ + +During this process, the commits to write are combined, sorted and we write the +contents to a temporary file, all while holding a `commit-graph-chain.lock` +lock-file. When the file is flushed, we rename it to `graph-{hash3}` +according to the computed `{hash3}`. Finally, we write the new chain data to +`commit-graph-chain.lock`: + +``` + {hash3} + {hash0} +``` + +We then close the lock-file. + +## Merge Strategy + +When writing a set of commits that do not exist in the commit-graph stack of +height N, we default to creating a new file at level N + 1. We then decide to +merge with the Nth level if one of two conditions hold: + + 1. `--size-multiple=<X>` is specified or X = 2, and the number of commits in + level N is less than X times the number of commits in level N + 1. + + 2. `--max-commits=<C>` is specified with non-zero C and the number of commits + in level N + 1 is more than C commits. + +This decision cascades down the levels: when we merge a level we create a new +set of commits that then compares to the next level. + +The first condition bounds the number of levels to be logarithmic in the total +number of commits. The second condition bounds the total number of commits in +a `graph-{hashN}` file and not in the `commit-graph` file, preventing +significant performance issues when the stack merges and another process only +partially reads the previous stack. + +The merge strategy values (2 for the size multiple, 64,000 for the maximum +number of commits) could be extracted into config settings for full +flexibility. + +## Deleting graph-{hash} files + +After a new tip file is written, some `graph-{hash}` files may no longer +be part of a chain. It is important to remove these files from disk, eventually. +The main reason to delay removal is that another process could read the +`commit-graph-chain` file before it is rewritten, but then look for the +`graph-{hash}` files after they are deleted. + +To allow holding old split commit-graphs for a while after they are unreferenced, +we update the modified times of the files when they become unreferenced. Then, +we scan the `$OBJDIR/info/commit-graphs/` directory for `graph-{hash}` +files whose modified times are older than a given expiry window. This window +defaults to zero, but can be changed using command-line arguments or a config +setting. + +## Chains across multiple object directories + +In a repo with alternates, we look for the `commit-graph-chain` file starting +in the local object directory and then in each alternate. The first file that +exists defines our chain. As we look for the `graph-{hash}` files for +each `{hash}` in the chain file, we follow the same pattern for the host +directories. + +This allows commit-graphs to be split across multiple forks in a fork network. +The typical case is a large "base" repo with many smaller forks. + +As the base repo advances, it will likely update and merge its commit-graph +chain more frequently than the forks. If a fork updates their commit-graph after +the base repo, then it should "reparent" the commit-graph chain onto the new +chain in the base repo. When reading each `graph-{hash}` file, we track +the object directory containing it. During a write of a new commit-graph file, +we check for any changes in the source object directory and read the +`commit-graph-chain` file for that source and create a new file based on those +files. During this "reparent" operation, we necessarily need to collapse all +levels in the fork, as all of the files are invalid against the new base file. + +It is crucial to be careful when cleaning up "unreferenced" `graph-{hash}.graph` +files in this scenario. It falls to the user to define the proper settings for +their custom environment: + + 1. When merging levels in the base repo, the unreferenced files may still be + referenced by chains from fork repos. + + 2. The expiry time should be set to a length of time such that every fork has + time to recompute their commit-graph chain to "reparent" onto the new base + file(s). + + 3. If the commit-graph chain is updated in the base, the fork will not have + access to the new chain until its chain is updated to reference those files. + (This may change in the future [5].) Related Links ------------- [0] https://bugs.chromium.org/p/git/issues/detail?id=8 Chromium work item for: Serialized Commit Graph -[1] https://public-inbox.org/git/20110713070517.GC18566@sigill.intra.peff.net/ +[1] https://lore.kernel.org/git/20110713070517.GC18566@sigill.intra.peff.net/ An abandoned patch that introduced generation numbers. -[2] https://public-inbox.org/git/20170908033403.q7e6dj7benasrjes@sigill.intra.peff.net/ +[2] https://lore.kernel.org/git/20170908033403.q7e6dj7benasrjes@sigill.intra.peff.net/ Discussion about generation numbers on commits and how they interact with fsck. -[3] https://public-inbox.org/git/20170908034739.4op3w4f2ma5s65ku@sigill.intra.peff.net/ +[3] https://lore.kernel.org/git/20170908034739.4op3w4f2ma5s65ku@sigill.intra.peff.net/ More discussion about generation numbers and not storing them inside commit objects. A valuable quote: @@ -168,5 +342,9 @@ Related Links commit objects (i.e., packv4 or something like the "metapacks" I proposed a few years ago)." -[4] https://public-inbox.org/git/20180108154822.54829-1-git@jeffhostetler.com/T/#u +[4] https://lore.kernel.org/git/20180108154822.54829-1-git@jeffhostetler.com/T/#u A patch to remove the ahead-behind calculation from 'status'. + +[5] https://lore.kernel.org/git/f27db281-abad-5043-6d71-cbb083b1c877@gmail.com/ + A discussion of a "two-dimensional graph position" that can allow reading + multiple commit-graph chains at the same time. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/hash-function-transition.txt b/Documentation/technical/hash-function-transition.txt index bc2ace2a6e..5b2db3be1e 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/hash-function-transition.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/hash-function-transition.txt @@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ packfile marked as UNREACHABLE_GARBAGE (using the PSRC field; see below). To avoid the race when writing new objects referring to an about-to-be-deleted object, code paths that write new objects will need to copy any objects from UNREACHABLE_GARBAGE packs that they -refer to to new, non-UNREACHABLE_GARBAGE packs (or loose objects). +refer to new, non-UNREACHABLE_GARBAGE packs (or loose objects). UNREACHABLE_GARBAGE are then safe to delete if their creation time (as indicated by the file's mtime) is long enough ago. @@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ Until Git protocol gains SHA-256 support, using SHA-256 based storage on public-facing Git servers is strongly discouraged. Once Git protocol gains SHA-256 support, SHA-256 based servers are likely not to support SHA-1 compatibility, to avoid what may be a very expensive -hash reencode during clone and to encourage peers to modernize. +hash re-encode during clone and to encourage peers to modernize. The design described here allows fetches by SHA-1 clients of a personal SHA-256 repository because it's not much more difficult than @@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ git --output-format=sha1 log abac87a^{sha1}..f787cac^{sha256} Choice of Hash -------------- -In early 2005, around the time that Git was written, Xiaoyun Wang, +In early 2005, around the time that Git was written, Xiaoyun Wang, Yiqun Lisa Yin, and Hongbo Yu announced an attack finding SHA-1 collisions in 2^69 operations. In August they published details. Luckily, no practical demonstrations of a collision in full SHA-1 were @@ -730,7 +730,7 @@ adoption. Using hash functions in parallel ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -(e.g. https://public-inbox.org/git/22708.8913.864049.452252@chiark.greenend.org.uk/ ) +(e.g. https://lore.kernel.org/git/22708.8913.864049.452252@chiark.greenend.org.uk/ ) Objects newly created would be addressed by the new hash, but inside such an object (e.g. commit) it is still possible to address objects using the old hash function. @@ -783,7 +783,7 @@ bmwill@google.com, jonathantanmy@google.com, jrnieder@gmail.com, sbeller@google.com Initial version sent to -http://public-inbox.org/git/20170304011251.GA26789@aiede.mtv.corp.google.com +http://lore.kernel.org/git/20170304011251.GA26789@aiede.mtv.corp.google.com 2017-03-03 jrnieder@gmail.com Incorporated suggestions from jonathantanmy and sbeller: @@ -820,8 +820,8 @@ Later history: edits. This document history is no longer being maintained as it would now be superfluous to the commit log -[1] http://public-inbox.org/git/CA+55aFzJtejiCjV0e43+9oR3QuJK2PiFiLQemytoLpyJWe6P9w@mail.gmail.com/ -[2] http://public-inbox.org/git/CA+55aFz+gkAsDZ24zmePQuEs1XPS9BP_s8O7Q4wQ7LV7X5-oDA@mail.gmail.com/ -[3] http://public-inbox.org/git/20170306084353.nrns455dvkdsfgo5@sigill.intra.peff.net/ -[4] http://public-inbox.org/git/20170304224936.rqqtkdvfjgyezsht@genre.crustytoothpaste.net -[5] https://public-inbox.org/git/CAJo=hJtoX9=AyLHHpUJS7fueV9ciZ_MNpnEPHUz8Whui6g9F0A@mail.gmail.com/ +[1] http://lore.kernel.org/git/CA+55aFzJtejiCjV0e43+9oR3QuJK2PiFiLQemytoLpyJWe6P9w@mail.gmail.com/ +[2] http://lore.kernel.org/git/CA+55aFz+gkAsDZ24zmePQuEs1XPS9BP_s8O7Q4wQ7LV7X5-oDA@mail.gmail.com/ +[3] http://lore.kernel.org/git/20170306084353.nrns455dvkdsfgo5@sigill.intra.peff.net/ +[4] http://lore.kernel.org/git/20170304224936.rqqtkdvfjgyezsht@genre.crustytoothpaste.net +[5] https://lore.kernel.org/git/CAJo=hJtoX9=AyLHHpUJS7fueV9ciZ_MNpnEPHUz8Whui6g9F0A@mail.gmail.com/ diff --git a/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt index 7c4d67aa6a..faa25c5c52 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt @@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ The remaining data of each directory block is grouped by type: == End of Index Entry The End of Index Entry (EOIE) is used to locate the end of the variable - length index entries and the begining of the extensions. Code can take + length index entries and the beginning of the extensions. Code can take advantage of this to quickly locate the index extensions without having to parse through all of the index entries. @@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ The remaining data of each directory block is grouped by type: - A number of index offset entries each consisting of: - - 32-bit offset from the begining of the file to the first cache entry + - 32-bit offset from the beginning of the file to the first cache entry in this block of entries. - 32-bit count of cache entries in this block diff --git a/Documentation/technical/multi-pack-index.txt b/Documentation/technical/multi-pack-index.txt index d7e57639f7..4e7631437a 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/multi-pack-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/multi-pack-index.txt @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Design Details directory of an alternate. It refers only to packfiles in that same directory. -- The pack.multiIndex config setting must be on to consume MIDX files. +- The core.multiPackIndex config setting must be on to consume MIDX files. - The file format includes parameters for the object ID hash function, so a future change of hash algorithm does not require @@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ Related Links [0] https://bugs.chromium.org/p/git/issues/detail?id=6 Chromium work item for: Multi-Pack Index (MIDX) -[1] https://public-inbox.org/git/20180107181459.222909-1-dstolee@microsoft.com/ +[1] https://lore.kernel.org/git/20180107181459.222909-1-dstolee@microsoft.com/ An earlier RFC for the multi-pack-index feature -[2] https://public-inbox.org/git/alpine.DEB.2.20.1803091557510.23109@alexmv-linux/ +[2] https://lore.kernel.org/git/alpine.DEB.2.20.1803091557510.23109@alexmv-linux/ Git Merge 2018 Contributor's summit notes (includes discussion of MIDX) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt index cab5bdd2ff..d3a142c652 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt @@ -315,10 +315,11 @@ CHUNK DATA: Stores two 4-byte values for every object. 1: The pack-int-id for the pack storing this object. 2: The offset within the pack. - If all offsets are less than 2^31, then the large offset chunk + If all offsets are less than 2^32, then the large offset chunk will not exist and offsets are stored as in IDX v1. If there is at least one offset value larger than 2^32-1, then - the large offset chunk must exist. If the large offset chunk + the large offset chunk must exist, and offsets larger than + 2^31-1 must be stored in it instead. If the large offset chunk exists and the 31st bit is on, then removing that bit reveals the row in the large offsets containing the 8-byte offset of this object. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt index c73e72de0e..d5ce4eea8a 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt @@ -644,7 +644,7 @@ update was successful, or 'ng [refname] [error]' if the update was not. command-ok = PKT-LINE("ok" SP refname) command-fail = PKT-LINE("ng" SP refname SP error-msg) - error-msg = 1*(OCTECT) ; where not "ok" + error-msg = 1*(OCTET) ; where not "ok" ---- Updates can be unsuccessful for a number of reasons. The reference can have diff --git a/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt b/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt index 896c7b3878..b9e17e7a28 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt @@ -30,12 +30,20 @@ advance* during clone and fetch operations and thereby reduce download times and disk usage. Missing objects can later be "demand fetched" if/when needed. +A remote that can later provide the missing objects is called a +promisor remote, as it promises to send the objects when +requested. Initially Git supported only one promisor remote, the origin +remote from which the user cloned and that was configured in the +"extensions.partialClone" config option. Later support for more than +one promisor remote has been implemented. + Use of partial clone requires that the user be online and the origin -remote be available for on-demand fetching of missing objects. This may -or may not be problematic for the user. For example, if the user can -stay within the pre-selected subset of the source tree, they may not -encounter any missing objects. Alternatively, the user could try to -pre-fetch various objects if they know that they are going offline. +remote or other promisor remotes be available for on-demand fetching +of missing objects. This may or may not be problematic for the user. +For example, if the user can stay within the pre-selected subset of +the source tree, they may not encounter any missing objects. +Alternatively, the user could try to pre-fetch various objects if they +know that they are going offline. Non-Goals @@ -100,18 +108,18 @@ or commits that reference missing trees. Handling Missing Objects ------------------------ -- An object may be missing due to a partial clone or fetch, or missing due - to repository corruption. To differentiate these cases, the local - repository specially indicates such filtered packfiles obtained from the - promisor remote as "promisor packfiles". +- An object may be missing due to a partial clone or fetch, or missing + due to repository corruption. To differentiate these cases, the + local repository specially indicates such filtered packfiles + obtained from promisor remotes as "promisor packfiles". + These promisor packfiles consist of a "<name>.promisor" file with arbitrary contents (like the "<name>.keep" files), in addition to their "<name>.pack" and "<name>.idx" files. - The local repository considers a "promisor object" to be an object that - it knows (to the best of its ability) that the promisor remote has promised - that it has, either because the local repository has that object in one of + it knows (to the best of its ability) that promisor remotes have promised + that they have, either because the local repository has that object in one of its promisor packfiles, or because another promisor object refers to it. + When Git encounters a missing object, Git can see if it is a promisor object @@ -123,12 +131,12 @@ expensive-to-modify list of missing objects.[a] - Since almost all Git code currently expects any referenced object to be present locally and because we do not want to force every command to do a dry-run first, a fallback mechanism is added to allow Git to attempt - to dynamically fetch missing objects from the promisor remote. + to dynamically fetch missing objects from promisor remotes. + When the normal object lookup fails to find an object, Git invokes -fetch-object to try to get the object from the server and then retry -the object lookup. This allows objects to be "faulted in" without -complicated prediction algorithms. +promisor_remote_get_direct() to try to get the object from a promisor +remote and then retry the object lookup. This allows objects to be +"faulted in" without complicated prediction algorithms. + For efficiency reasons, no check as to whether the missing object is actually a promisor object is performed. @@ -157,8 +165,7 @@ and prefetch those objects in bulk. + We are not happy with this global variable and would like to remove it, but that requires significant refactoring of the object code to pass an -additional flag. We hope that concurrent efforts to add an ODB API can -encompass this. +additional flag. Fetching Missing Objects @@ -182,21 +189,63 @@ has been updated to not use any object flags when the corresponding argument though they are not necessary. +Using many promisor remotes +--------------------------- + +Many promisor remotes can be configured and used. + +This allows for example a user to have multiple geographically-close +cache servers for fetching missing blobs while continuing to do +filtered `git-fetch` commands from the central server. + +When fetching objects, promisor remotes are tried one after the other +until all the objects have been fetched. + +Remotes that are considered "promisor" remotes are those specified by +the following configuration variables: + +- `extensions.partialClone = <name>` + +- `remote.<name>.promisor = true` + +- `remote.<name>.partialCloneFilter = ...` + +Only one promisor remote can be configured using the +`extensions.partialClone` config variable. This promisor remote will +be the last one tried when fetching objects. + +We decided to make it the last one we try, because it is likely that +someone using many promisor remotes is doing so because the other +promisor remotes are better for some reason (maybe they are closer or +faster for some kind of objects) than the origin, and the origin is +likely to be the remote specified by extensions.partialClone. + +This justification is not very strong, but one choice had to be made, +and anyway the long term plan should be to make the order somehow +fully configurable. + +For now though the other promisor remotes will be tried in the order +they appear in the config file. + Current Limitations ------------------- -- The remote used for a partial clone (or the first partial fetch - following a regular clone) is marked as the "promisor remote". +- It is not possible to specify the order in which the promisor + remotes are tried in other ways than the order in which they appear + in the config file. + -We are currently limited to a single promisor remote and only that -remote may be used for subsequent partial fetches. +It is also not possible to specify an order to be used when fetching +from one remote and a different order when fetching from another +remote. + +- It is not possible to push only specific objects to a promisor + remote. + -We accept this limitation because we believe initial users of this -feature will be using it on repositories with a strong single central -server. +It is not possible to push at the same time to multiple promisor +remote in a specific order. -- Dynamic object fetching will only ask the promisor remote for missing - objects. We assume that the promisor remote has a complete view of the +- Dynamic object fetching will only ask promisor remotes for missing + objects. We assume that promisor remotes have a complete view of the repository and can satisfy all such requests. - Repack essentially treats promisor and non-promisor packfiles as 2 @@ -218,15 +267,17 @@ server. Future Work ----------- -- Allow more than one promisor remote and define a strategy for fetching - missing objects from specific promisor remotes or of iterating over the - set of promisor remotes until a missing object is found. +- Improve the way to specify the order in which promisor remotes are + tried. + -A user might want to have multiple geographically-close cache servers -for fetching missing blobs while continuing to do filtered `git-fetch` -commands from the central server, for example. +For example this could allow to specify explicitly something like: +"When fetching from this remote, I want to use these promisor remotes +in this order, though, when pushing or fetching to that remote, I want +to use those promisor remotes in that order." + +- Allow pushing to promisor remotes. + -Or the user might want to work in a triangular work flow with multiple +The user might want to work in a triangular work flow with multiple promisor remotes that each have an incomplete view of the repository. - Allow repack to work on promisor packfiles (while keeping them distinct @@ -299,26 +350,26 @@ Related Links [0] https://crbug.com/git/2 Bug#2: Partial Clone -[1] https://public-inbox.org/git/20170113155253.1644-1-benpeart@microsoft.com/ + +[1] https://lore.kernel.org/git/20170113155253.1644-1-benpeart@microsoft.com/ + Subject: [RFC] Add support for downloading blobs on demand + Date: Fri, 13 Jan 2017 10:52:53 -0500 -[2] https://public-inbox.org/git/cover.1506714999.git.jonathantanmy@google.com/ + +[2] https://lore.kernel.org/git/cover.1506714999.git.jonathantanmy@google.com/ + Subject: [PATCH 00/18] Partial clone (from clone to lazy fetch in 18 patches) + Date: Fri, 29 Sep 2017 13:11:36 -0700 -[3] https://public-inbox.org/git/20170426221346.25337-1-jonathantanmy@google.com/ + +[3] https://lore.kernel.org/git/20170426221346.25337-1-jonathantanmy@google.com/ + Subject: Proposal for missing blob support in Git repos + Date: Wed, 26 Apr 2017 15:13:46 -0700 -[4] https://public-inbox.org/git/1488999039-37631-1-git-send-email-git@jeffhostetler.com/ + +[4] https://lore.kernel.org/git/1488999039-37631-1-git-send-email-git@jeffhostetler.com/ + Subject: [PATCH 00/10] RFC Partial Clone and Fetch + Date: Wed, 8 Mar 2017 18:50:29 +0000 -[5] https://public-inbox.org/git/20170505152802.6724-1-benpeart@microsoft.com/ + +[5] https://lore.kernel.org/git/20170505152802.6724-1-benpeart@microsoft.com/ + Subject: [PATCH v7 00/10] refactor the filter process code into a reusable module + Date: Fri, 5 May 2017 11:27:52 -0400 -[6] https://public-inbox.org/git/20170714132651.170708-1-benpeart@microsoft.com/ + +[6] https://lore.kernel.org/git/20170714132651.170708-1-benpeart@microsoft.com/ + Subject: [RFC/PATCH v2 0/1] Add support for downloading blobs on demand + Date: Fri, 14 Jul 2017 09:26:50 -0400 diff --git a/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt b/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt index 03264c7d9a..7e3766cafb 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt @@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ Capabilities ------------ There are two different types of capabilities: normal capabilities, -which can be used to to convey information or alter the behavior of a +which can be used to convey information or alter the behavior of a request, and commands, which are the core actions that a client wants to perform (fetch, push, etc). @@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ A `fetch` request can take the following arguments: ofs-delta Indicate that the client understands PACKv2 with delta referring to its base by position in pack rather than by an oid. That is, - they can read OBJ_OFS_DELTA (ake type 6) in a packfile. + they can read OBJ_OFS_DELTA (aka type 6) in a packfile. If the 'shallow' feature is advertised the following arguments can be included in the clients request as well as the potential addition of the diff --git a/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt b/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt index 4a8be4d144..ceda4bbfda 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tglx/history.git only fixes the issue for file systems with exactly 1 ns or 1 s resolution. Other file systems are still broken in current Linux kernels (e.g. CEPH, CIFS, NTFS, UDF), see -https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/6/9/714 +https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/5577240D.7020309@gmail.com/ Racy Git -------- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/rerere.txt b/Documentation/technical/rerere.txt index aa22d7ace8..af5f9fc24f 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/rerere.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/rerere.txt @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ early A became C or B, a late X became Y or Z". We can see there are 4 combinations of ("B or C", "C or B") x ("X or Y", "Y or X"). By sorting, the conflict is given its canonical name, namely, "an -early part became B or C, a late part becames X or Y", and whenever +early part became B or C, a late part became X or Y", and whenever any of these four patterns appear, and we can get to the same conflict and resolution that we saw earlier. diff --git a/Documentation/trace2-target-values.txt b/Documentation/trace2-target-values.txt index 27d3c64e66..3985b6d3c2 100644 --- a/Documentation/trace2-target-values.txt +++ b/Documentation/trace2-target-values.txt @@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ * `0` or `false` - Disables the target. * `1` or `true` - Writes to `STDERR`. * `[2-9]` - Writes to the already opened file descriptor. -* `<absolute-pathname>` - Writes to the file in append mode. +* `<absolute-pathname>` - Writes to the file in append mode. If the target +already exists and is a directory, the traces will be written to files (one +per process) underneath the given directory. * `af_unix:[<socket_type>:]<absolute-pathname>` - Write to a Unix DomainSocket (on platforms that support them). Socket type can be either `stream` or `dgram`; if omitted Git will diff --git a/Documentation/urls.txt b/Documentation/urls.txt index bc354fe2dc..1c229d7581 100644 --- a/Documentation/urls.txt +++ b/Documentation/urls.txt @@ -53,6 +53,9 @@ These two syntaxes are mostly equivalent, except the former implies --local option. endif::git-clone[] +'git clone', 'git fetch' and 'git pull', but not 'git push', will also +accept a suitable bundle file. See linkgit:git-bundle[1]. + When Git doesn't know how to handle a certain transport protocol, it attempts to use the 'remote-<transport>' remote helper, if one exists. To explicitly request a remote helper, the following syntax diff --git a/Documentation/user-manual.conf b/Documentation/user-manual.conf index d87294de2f..0148f126dc 100644 --- a/Documentation/user-manual.conf +++ b/Documentation/user-manual.conf @@ -9,13 +9,3 @@ tilde=~ [linkgit-inlinemacro] <ulink url="{target}.html">{target}{0?({0})}</ulink> - -ifdef::backend-docbook[] -# "unbreak" docbook-xsl v1.68 for manpages. v1.69 works with or without this. -[listingblock] -<example><title>{title}</title> -<literallayout class="monospaced"> -| -</literallayout> -{title#}</example> -endif::backend-docbook[] diff --git a/Documentation/user-manual.txt b/Documentation/user-manual.txt index eff7890274..833652983f 100644 --- a/Documentation/user-manual.txt +++ b/Documentation/user-manual.txt @@ -1,5 +1,4 @@ -Git User Manual -=============== += Git User Manual Git is a fast distributed revision control system. @@ -41,12 +40,10 @@ complete. [[repositories-and-branches]] -Repositories and Branches -========================= +== Repositories and Branches [[how-to-get-a-git-repository]] -How to get a Git repository ---------------------------- +=== How to get a Git repository It will be useful to have a Git repository to experiment with as you read this manual. @@ -73,8 +70,7 @@ top-level directory named `.git`, which contains all the information about the history of the project. [[how-to-check-out]] -How to check out a different version of a project -------------------------------------------------- +=== How to check out a different version of a project Git is best thought of as a tool for storing the history of a collection of files. It stores the history as a compressed collection of @@ -122,10 +118,10 @@ Tags are expected to always point at the same version of a project, while heads are expected to advance as development progresses. Create a new branch head pointing to one of these versions and check it -out using linkgit:git-checkout[1]: +out using linkgit:git-switch[1]: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git checkout -b new v2.6.13 +$ git switch -c new v2.6.13 ------------------------------------------------ The working directory then reflects the contents that the project had @@ -151,8 +147,7 @@ with no way to find the history it used to point to; so use this command carefully. [[understanding-commits]] -Understanding History: Commits ------------------------------- +=== Understanding History: Commits Every change in the history of a project is represented by a commit. The linkgit:git-show[1] command shows the most recent commit on the @@ -202,8 +197,7 @@ history, including file data and directory contents, is stored in an object with a name that is a hash of its contents. [[understanding-reachability]] -Understanding history: commits, parents, and reachability -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Understanding history: commits, parents, and reachability Every commit (except the very first commit in a project) also has a parent commit which shows what happened before this commit. @@ -227,8 +221,7 @@ that Y is a descendant of X, or that there is a chain of parents leading from commit Y to commit X. [[history-diagrams]] -Understanding history: History diagrams -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Understanding history: History diagrams We will sometimes represent Git history using diagrams like the one below. Commits are shown as "o", and the links between them with @@ -247,8 +240,7 @@ If we need to talk about a particular commit, the character "o" may be replaced with another letter or number. [[what-is-a-branch]] -Understanding history: What is a branch? -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Understanding history: What is a branch? When we need to be precise, we will use the word "branch" to mean a line of development, and "branch head" (or just "head") to mean a reference @@ -261,8 +253,7 @@ However, when no confusion will result, we often just use the term "branch" both for branches and for branch heads. [[manipulating-branches]] -Manipulating branches ---------------------- +=== Manipulating branches Creating, deleting, and modifying branches is quick and easy; here's a summary of the commands: @@ -282,10 +273,10 @@ a summary of the commands: this command will fail with a warning. `git branch -D <branch>`:: delete the branch `<branch>` irrespective of its merged status. -`git checkout <branch>`:: +`git switch <branch>`:: make the current branch `<branch>`, updating the working directory to reflect the version referenced by `<branch>`. -`git checkout -b <new> <start-point>`:: +`git switch -c <new> <start-point>`:: create a new branch `<new>` referencing `<start-point>`, and check it out. @@ -299,25 +290,24 @@ ref: refs/heads/master ------------------------------------------------ [[detached-head]] -Examining an old version without creating a new branch ------------------------------------------------------- +=== Examining an old version without creating a new branch -The `git checkout` command normally expects a branch head, but will also -accept an arbitrary commit; for example, you can check out the commit -referenced by a tag: +The `git switch` command normally expects a branch head, but will also +accept an arbitrary commit when invoked with --detach; for example, +you can check out the commit referenced by a tag: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git checkout v2.6.17 +$ git switch --detach v2.6.17 Note: checking out 'v2.6.17'. You are in 'detached HEAD' state. You can look around, make experimental changes and commit them, and you can discard any commits you make in this -state without impacting any branches by performing another checkout. +state without impacting any branches by performing another switch. If you want to create a new branch to retain commits you create, you may -do so (now or later) by using -b with the checkout command again. Example: +do so (now or later) by using -c with the switch command again. Example: - git checkout -b new_branch_name + git switch -c new_branch_name HEAD is now at 427abfa Linux v2.6.17 ------------------------------------------------ @@ -340,8 +330,7 @@ make up a name for the new branch. You can still create a new branch (or tag) for this version later if you decide to. [[examining-remote-branches]] -Examining branches from a remote repository -------------------------------------------- +=== Examining branches from a remote repository The "master" branch that was created at the time you cloned is a copy of the HEAD in the repository that you cloned from. That repository @@ -373,7 +362,7 @@ You might want to build on one of these remote-tracking branches on a branch of your own, just as you would for a tag: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git checkout -b my-todo-copy origin/todo +$ git switch -c my-todo-copy origin/todo ------------------------------------------------ You can also check out `origin/todo` directly to examine it or @@ -383,8 +372,7 @@ Note that the name "origin" is just the name that Git uses by default to refer to the repository that you cloned from. [[how-git-stores-references]] -Naming branches, tags, and other references -------------------------------------------- +=== Naming branches, tags, and other references Branches, remote-tracking branches, and tags are all references to commits. All references are named with a slash-separated path name @@ -413,8 +401,7 @@ references with the same shorthand name, see the "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section of linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. [[Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch]] -Updating a repository with git fetch ------------------------------------- +=== Updating a repository with git fetch After you clone a repository and commit a few changes of your own, you may wish to check the original repository for updates. @@ -425,8 +412,7 @@ repository. It will not touch any of your own branches--not even the "master" branch that was created for you on clone. [[fetching-branches]] -Fetching branches from other repositories ------------------------------------------ +=== Fetching branches from other repositories You can also track branches from repositories other than the one you cloned from, using linkgit:git-remote[1]: @@ -474,8 +460,7 @@ text editor. (See the "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of linkgit:git-config[1] for details.) [[exploring-git-history]] -Exploring Git history -===================== +== Exploring Git history Git is best thought of as a tool for storing the history of a collection of files. It does this by storing compressed snapshots of @@ -489,8 +474,7 @@ We start with one specialized tool that is useful for finding the commit that introduced a bug into a project. [[using-bisect]] -How to use bisect to find a regression --------------------------------------- +=== How to use bisect to find a regression Suppose version 2.6.18 of your project worked, but the version at "master" crashes. Sometimes the best way to find the cause of such a @@ -572,8 +556,7 @@ linkgit:git-bisect[1] for more information about this and other `git bisect` features. [[naming-commits]] -Naming commits --------------- +=== Naming commits We have seen several ways of naming commits already: @@ -637,8 +620,7 @@ e05db0fd4f31dde7005f075a84f96b360d05984b ------------------------------------------------- [[creating-tags]] -Creating tags -------------- +=== Creating tags We can also create a tag to refer to a particular commit; after running @@ -655,8 +637,7 @@ should create a tag object instead; see the linkgit:git-tag[1] man page for details. [[browsing-revisions]] -Browsing revisions ------------------- +=== Browsing revisions The linkgit:git-log[1] command can show lists of commits. On its own, it shows all commits reachable from the parent commit; but you @@ -697,8 +678,7 @@ multiple independent lines of development, the particular order that commits are listed in may be somewhat arbitrary. [[generating-diffs]] -Generating diffs ----------------- +=== Generating diffs You can generate diffs between any two versions using linkgit:git-diff[1]: @@ -726,8 +706,7 @@ will generate a file with a patch for each commit reachable from test but not from master. [[viewing-old-file-versions]] -Viewing old file versions -------------------------- +=== Viewing old file versions You can always view an old version of a file by just checking out the correct revision first. But sometimes it is more convenient to be @@ -742,12 +721,10 @@ Before the colon may be anything that names a commit, and after it may be any path to a file tracked by Git. [[history-examples]] -Examples --------- +=== Examples [[counting-commits-on-a-branch]] -Counting the number of commits on a branch -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Counting the number of commits on a branch Suppose you want to know how many commits you've made on `mybranch` since it diverged from `origin`: @@ -765,8 +742,7 @@ $ git rev-list origin..mybranch | wc -l ------------------------------------------------- [[checking-for-equal-branches]] -Check whether two branches point at the same history -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Check whether two branches point at the same history Suppose you want to check whether two branches point at the same point in history. @@ -798,8 +774,7 @@ $ git log origin...master will return no commits when the two branches are equal. [[finding-tagged-descendants]] -Find first tagged version including a given fix -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Find first tagged version including a given fix Suppose you know that the commit e05db0fd fixed a certain problem. You'd like to find the earliest tagged release that contains that @@ -883,8 +858,7 @@ shows that e05db0fd is reachable from itself, from v1.5.0-rc1, and from v1.5.0-rc2, and not from v1.5.0-rc0. [[showing-commits-unique-to-a-branch]] -Showing commits unique to a given branch -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Showing commits unique to a given branch Suppose you would like to see all the commits reachable from the branch head named `master` but not from any other head in your repository. @@ -931,8 +905,7 @@ $ gitk $( git show-ref --heads ) --not $( git show-ref --tags ) syntax such as `--not`.) [[making-a-release]] -Creating a changelog and tarball for a software release -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Creating a changelog and tarball for a software release The linkgit:git-archive[1] command can create a tar or zip archive from any version of a project; for example: @@ -983,8 +956,7 @@ and then he just cut-and-pastes the output commands after verifying that they look OK. [[Finding-commits-With-given-Content]] -Finding commits referencing a file with given content -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Finding commits referencing a file with given content Somebody hands you a copy of a file, and asks which commits modified a file such that it contained the given content either before or after the @@ -1000,12 +972,10 @@ student. The linkgit:git-log[1], linkgit:git-diff-tree[1], and linkgit:git-hash-object[1] man pages may prove helpful. [[Developing-With-git]] -Developing with Git -=================== +== Developing with Git [[telling-git-your-name]] -Telling Git your name ---------------------- +=== Telling Git your name Before creating any commits, you should introduce yourself to Git. The easiest way to do so is to use linkgit:git-config[1]: @@ -1030,8 +1000,7 @@ also edit it with your favorite editor. [[creating-a-new-repository]] -Creating a new repository -------------------------- +=== Creating a new repository Creating a new repository from scratch is very easy: @@ -1052,8 +1021,7 @@ $ git commit ------------------------------------------------- [[how-to-make-a-commit]] -How to make a commit --------------------- +=== How to make a commit Creating a new commit takes three steps: @@ -1148,8 +1116,7 @@ for inclusion in the index (by right-clicking on the diff hunk and choosing "Stage Hunk For Commit"). [[creating-good-commit-messages]] -Creating good commit messages ------------------------------ +=== Creating good commit messages Though not required, it's a good idea to begin the commit message with a single short (less than 50 character) line summarizing the @@ -1162,8 +1129,7 @@ rest of the commit in the body. [[ignoring-files]] -Ignoring files --------------- +=== Ignoring files A project will often generate files that you do 'not' want to track with Git. This typically includes files generated by a build process or temporary @@ -1205,8 +1171,7 @@ Some Git commands can also take exclude patterns directly on the command line. See linkgit:gitignore[5] for the details. [[how-to-merge]] -How to merge ------------- +=== How to merge You can rejoin two diverging branches of development using linkgit:git-merge[1]: @@ -1254,8 +1219,7 @@ has two parents, one pointing to the top of the current branch, and one to the top of the other branch. [[resolving-a-merge]] -Resolving a merge ------------------ +=== Resolving a merge When a merge isn't resolved automatically, Git leaves the index and the working tree in a special state that gives you all the @@ -1297,8 +1261,7 @@ The above is all you need to know to resolve a simple merge. But Git also provides more information to help resolve conflicts: [[conflict-resolution]] -Getting conflict-resolution help during a merge -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Getting conflict-resolution help during a merge All of the changes that Git was able to merge automatically are already added to the index file, so linkgit:git-diff[1] shows only @@ -1401,14 +1364,13 @@ the different stages of that file will be "collapsed", after which `git diff` will (by default) no longer show diffs for that file. [[undoing-a-merge]] -Undoing a merge ---------------- +=== Undoing a merge If you get stuck and decide to just give up and throw the whole mess away, you can always return to the pre-merge state with ------------------------------------------------- -$ git reset --hard HEAD +$ git merge --abort ------------------------------------------------- Or, if you've already committed the merge that you want to throw away, @@ -1423,8 +1385,7 @@ itself have been merged into another branch, as doing so may confuse further merges. [[fast-forwards]] -Fast-forward merges -------------------- +=== Fast-forward merges There is one special case not mentioned above, which is treated differently. Normally, a merge results in a merge commit, with two @@ -1438,15 +1399,14 @@ to point at the head of the merged-in branch, without any new commits being created. [[fixing-mistakes]] -Fixing mistakes ---------------- +=== Fixing mistakes If you've messed up the working tree, but haven't yet committed your mistake, you can return the entire working tree to the last committed state with ------------------------------------------------- -$ git reset --hard HEAD +$ git restore --staged --worktree :/ ------------------------------------------------- If you make a commit that you later wish you hadn't, there are two @@ -1463,8 +1423,7 @@ fundamentally different ways to fix the problem: a branch that has had its history changed. [[reverting-a-commit]] -Fixing a mistake with a new commit -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Fixing a mistake with a new commit Creating a new commit that reverts an earlier change is very easy; just pass the linkgit:git-revert[1] command a reference to the bad @@ -1490,8 +1449,7 @@ conflicts manually, just as in the case of <<resolving-a-merge, resolving a merge>>. [[fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history]] -Fixing a mistake by rewriting history -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Fixing a mistake by rewriting history If the problematic commit is the most recent commit, and you have not yet made that commit public, then you may just @@ -1518,17 +1476,14 @@ this is an advanced topic to be left for <<cleaning-up-history,another chapter>>. [[checkout-of-path]] -Checking out an old version of a file -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Checking out an old version of a file In the process of undoing a previous bad change, you may find it useful to check out an older version of a particular file using -linkgit:git-checkout[1]. We've used `git checkout` before to switch -branches, but it has quite different behavior if it is given a path -name: the command +linkgit:git-restore[1]. The command ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout HEAD^ path/to/file +$ git restore --source=HEAD^ path/to/file ------------------------------------------------- replaces path/to/file by the contents it had in the commit HEAD^, and @@ -1545,8 +1500,7 @@ $ git show HEAD^:path/to/file which will display the given version of the file. [[interrupted-work]] -Temporarily setting aside work in progress -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Temporarily setting aside work in progress While you are in the middle of working on something complicated, you find an unrelated but obvious and trivial bug. You would like to fix it @@ -1577,8 +1531,7 @@ $ git stash pop [[ensuring-good-performance]] -Ensuring good performance -------------------------- +=== Ensuring good performance On large repositories, Git depends on compression to keep the history information from taking up too much space on disk or in memory. Some @@ -1589,12 +1542,10 @@ to avoid automatic compression kicking in when it is not convenient. [[ensuring-reliability]] -Ensuring reliability --------------------- +=== Ensuring reliability [[checking-for-corruption]] -Checking the repository for corruption -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Checking the repository for corruption The linkgit:git-fsck[1] command runs a number of self-consistency checks on the repository, and reports on any problems. This may take some @@ -1620,12 +1571,10 @@ You can run `git fsck --no-dangling` to suppress these messages, and still view real errors. [[recovering-lost-changes]] -Recovering lost changes -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Recovering lost changes [[reflogs]] -Reflogs -^^^^^^^ +===== Reflogs Say you modify a branch with <<fixing-mistakes,`git reset --hard`>>, and then realize that the branch was the only reference you had to @@ -1672,8 +1621,7 @@ same project, the reflog history is not shared: it tells you only about how the branches in your local repository have changed over time. [[dangling-object-recovery]] -Examining dangling objects -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +===== Examining dangling objects In some situations the reflog may not be able to save you. For example, suppose you delete a branch, then realize you need the history it @@ -1717,12 +1665,10 @@ dangling objects can arise in other situations. [[sharing-development]] -Sharing development with others -=============================== +== Sharing development with others [[getting-updates-With-git-pull]] -Getting updates with git pull ------------------------------ +=== Getting updates with git pull After you clone a repository and commit a few changes of your own, you may wish to check the original repository for updates and merge them @@ -1785,8 +1731,7 @@ $ git merge branch are roughly equivalent. [[submitting-patches]] -Submitting patches to a project -------------------------------- +=== Submitting patches to a project If you just have a few changes, the simplest way to submit them may just be to send them as patches in email: @@ -1814,8 +1759,7 @@ Consult the mailing list for your project first to determine their requirements for submitting patches. [[importing-patches]] -Importing patches to a project ------------------------------- +=== Importing patches to a project Git also provides a tool called linkgit:git-am[1] (am stands for "apply mailbox"), for importing such an emailed series of patches. @@ -1847,8 +1791,7 @@ the original mailbox, with authorship and commit log message each taken from the message containing each patch. [[public-repositories]] -Public Git repositories ------------------------ +=== Public Git repositories Another way to submit changes to a project is to tell the maintainer of that project to pull the changes from your repository using @@ -1888,21 +1831,22 @@ pull from that repository. So the flow of changes, in a situation where there is one other developer with a public repository, looks like this: - you push - your personal repo ------------------> your public repo - ^ | - | | - | you pull | they pull - | | - | | - | they push V - their public repo <------------------- their repo +.... + you push +your personal repo ------------------> your public repo + ^ | + | | + | you pull | they pull + | | + | | + | they push V +their public repo <------------------- their repo +.... We explain how to do this in the following sections. [[setting-up-a-public-repository]] -Setting up a public repository -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Setting up a public repository Assume your personal repository is in the directory `~/proj`. We first create a new clone of the repository and tell `git daemon` that it @@ -1922,8 +1866,7 @@ public repository. You can use scp, rsync, or whatever is most convenient. [[exporting-via-git]] -Exporting a Git repository via the Git protocol -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Exporting a Git repository via the Git protocol This is the preferred method. @@ -1944,8 +1887,7 @@ linkgit:git-daemon[1] man page for details. (See especially the examples section.) [[exporting-via-http]] -Exporting a git repository via HTTP -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Exporting a git repository via HTTP The Git protocol gives better performance and reliability, but on a host with a web server set up, HTTP exports may be simpler to set up. @@ -1977,8 +1919,7 @@ for a slightly more sophisticated setup using WebDAV which also allows pushing over HTTP.) [[pushing-changes-to-a-public-repository]] -Pushing changes to a public repository -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Pushing changes to a public repository Note that the two techniques outlined above (exporting via <<exporting-via-http,http>> or <<exporting-via-git,git>>) allow other @@ -2037,8 +1978,7 @@ See the explanations of the `remote.<name>.url`, linkgit:git-config[1] for details. [[forcing-push]] -What to do when a push fails -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== What to do when a push fails If a push would not result in a <<fast-forwards,fast-forward>> of the remote branch, then it will fail with an error like: @@ -2092,8 +2032,7 @@ pull, or by a fetch followed by a rebase; see the linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7] for more. [[setting-up-a-shared-repository]] -Setting up a shared repository -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Setting up a shared repository Another way to collaborate is by using a model similar to that commonly used in CVS, where several developers with special rights @@ -2123,8 +2062,7 @@ advantages over the central shared repository: "out". [[setting-up-gitweb]] -Allowing web browsing of a repository -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Allowing web browsing of a repository The gitweb cgi script provides users an easy way to browse your project's revisions, file contents and logs without having to install @@ -2140,8 +2078,7 @@ linkgit:gitweb[1] for instructions on details setting up a permanent installation with a CGI or Perl capable server. [[how-to-get-a-git-repository-with-minimal-history]] -How to get a Git repository with minimal history ------------------------------------------------- +=== How to get a Git repository with minimal history A <<def_shallow_clone,shallow clone>>, with its truncated history, is useful when one is interested only in recent history @@ -2160,12 +2097,10 @@ have to result in huge conflicts. This limitation may make such a repository unsuitable to be used in merge based workflows. [[sharing-development-examples]] -Examples --------- +=== Examples [[maintaining-topic-branches]] -Maintaining topic branches for a Linux subsystem maintainer -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Maintaining topic branches for a Linux subsystem maintainer This describes how Tony Luck uses Git in his role as maintainer of the IA64 architecture for the Linux kernel. @@ -2211,8 +2146,8 @@ $ git branch --track release origin/master These can be easily kept up to date using linkgit:git-pull[1]. ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout test && git pull -$ git checkout release && git pull +$ git switch test && git pull +$ git switch release && git pull ------------------------------------------------- Important note! If you have any local changes in these branches, then @@ -2264,7 +2199,7 @@ tested changes 2) help future bug hunters that use `git bisect` to find problems ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout -b speed-up-spinlocks v2.6.35 +$ git switch -c speed-up-spinlocks v2.6.35 ------------------------------------------------- Now you apply the patch(es), run some tests, and commit the change(s). If @@ -2279,7 +2214,7 @@ When you are happy with the state of this change, you can merge it into the "test" branch in preparation to make it public: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout test && git merge speed-up-spinlocks +$ git switch test && git merge speed-up-spinlocks ------------------------------------------------- It is unlikely that you would have any conflicts here ... but you might if you @@ -2291,7 +2226,7 @@ see the value of keeping each patch (or patch series) in its own branch. It means that the patches can be moved into the `release` tree in any order. ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout release && git merge speed-up-spinlocks +$ git switch release && git merge speed-up-spinlocks ------------------------------------------------- After a while, you will have a number of branches, and despite the @@ -2461,8 +2396,7 @@ done [[cleaning-up-history]] -Rewriting history and maintaining patch series -============================================== +== Rewriting history and maintaining patch series Normally commits are only added to a project, never taken away or replaced. Git is designed with this assumption, and violating it will @@ -2472,8 +2406,7 @@ However, there is a situation in which it can be useful to violate this assumption. [[patch-series]] -Creating the perfect patch series ---------------------------------- +=== Creating the perfect patch series Suppose you are a contributor to a large project, and you want to add a complicated feature, and to present it to the other developers in a way @@ -2505,14 +2438,13 @@ use them, and then explain some of the problems that can arise because you are rewriting history. [[using-git-rebase]] -Keeping a patch series up to date using git rebase --------------------------------------------------- +=== Keeping a patch series up to date using git rebase Suppose that you create a branch `mywork` on a remote-tracking branch `origin`, and create some commits on top of it: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout -b mywork origin +$ git switch -c mywork origin $ vi file.txt $ git commit $ vi otherfile.txt @@ -2552,7 +2484,7 @@ commits without any merges, you may instead choose to use linkgit:git-rebase[1]: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout mywork +$ git switch mywork $ git rebase origin ------------------------------------------------- @@ -2593,8 +2525,7 @@ the rebase. See <<interactive-rebase>> for details, and <<reordering-patch-series>> for alternatives. [[rewriting-one-commit]] -Rewriting a single commit -------------------------- +=== Rewriting a single commit We saw in <<fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history>> that you can replace the most recent commit using @@ -2612,8 +2543,7 @@ If you need to amend commits from deeper in your history, you can use <<interactive-rebase,interactive rebase's `edit` instruction>>. [[reordering-patch-series]] -Reordering or selecting from a patch series -------------------------------------------- +=== Reordering or selecting from a patch series Sometimes you want to edit a commit deeper in your history. One approach is to use `git format-patch` to create a series of patches @@ -2632,8 +2562,7 @@ $ git am *.patch ------------------------------------------------- [[interactive-rebase]] -Using interactive rebases -------------------------- +=== Using interactive rebases You can also edit a patch series with an interactive rebase. This is the same as <<reordering-patch-series,reordering a patch series using @@ -2690,16 +2619,14 @@ For a more detailed discussion of the procedure and additional tips, see the "INTERACTIVE MODE" section of linkgit:git-rebase[1]. [[patch-series-tools]] -Other tools ------------ +=== Other tools There are numerous other tools, such as StGit, which exist for the purpose of maintaining a patch series. These are outside of the scope of this manual. [[problems-With-rewriting-history]] -Problems with rewriting history -------------------------------- +=== Problems with rewriting history The primary problem with rewriting the history of a branch has to do with merging. Suppose somebody fetches your branch and merges it into @@ -2747,8 +2674,7 @@ For true distributed development that supports proper merging, published branches should never be rewritten. [[bisect-merges]] -Why bisecting merge commits can be harder than bisecting linear history ------------------------------------------------------------------------ +=== Why bisecting merge commits can be harder than bisecting linear history The linkgit:git-bisect[1] command correctly handles history that includes merge commits. However, when the commit that it finds is a @@ -2813,12 +2739,10 @@ linear by rebasing against the latest upstream version before publishing. [[advanced-branch-management]] -Advanced branch management -========================== +== Advanced branch management [[fetching-individual-branches]] -Fetching individual branches ----------------------------- +=== Fetching individual branches Instead of using linkgit:git-remote[1], you can also choose just to update one branch at a time, and to store it locally under an @@ -2846,8 +2770,7 @@ already have a branch named example-master, it will attempt to master branch. In more detail: [[fetch-fast-forwards]] -git fetch and fast-forwards ---------------------------- +=== git fetch and fast-forwards In the previous example, when updating an existing branch, `git fetch` checks to make sure that the most recent commit on the remote @@ -2884,8 +2807,7 @@ unless you've already created a reference of your own pointing to them. [[forcing-fetch]] -Forcing git fetch to do non-fast-forward updates ------------------------------------------------- +=== Forcing git fetch to do non-fast-forward updates If git fetch fails because the new head of a branch is not a descendant of the old head, you may force the update with: @@ -2905,8 +2827,7 @@ Be aware that commits that the old version of example/master pointed at may be lost, as we saw in the previous section. [[remote-branch-configuration]] -Configuring remote-tracking branches ------------------------------------- +=== Configuring remote-tracking branches We saw above that `origin` is just a shortcut to refer to the repository that you originally cloned from. This information is @@ -2957,8 +2878,7 @@ the refspec syntax. [[git-concepts]] -Git concepts -============ +== Git concepts Git is built on a small number of simple but powerful ideas. While it is possible to get things done without understanding them, you will find @@ -2968,8 +2888,7 @@ We start with the most important, the <<def_object_database,object database>> and the <<def_index,index>>. [[the-object-database]] -The Object Database -------------------- +=== The Object Database We already saw in <<understanding-commits>> that all commits are stored @@ -3013,8 +2932,7 @@ There are four different types of objects: "blob", "tree", "commit", and The object types in some more detail: [[commit-object]] -Commit Object -~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Commit Object The "commit" object links a physical state of a tree with a description of how we got there and why. Use the `--pretty=raw` option to @@ -3066,8 +2984,7 @@ commit whose parent is normally the current HEAD, and whose tree is taken from the content currently stored in the index. [[tree-object]] -Tree Object -~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Tree Object The ever-versatile linkgit:git-show[1] command can also be used to examine tree objects, but linkgit:git-ls-tree[1] will give you more @@ -3106,8 +3023,7 @@ Note that the files all have mode 644 or 755: Git actually only pays attention to the executable bit. [[blob-object]] -Blob Object -~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Blob Object You can use linkgit:git-show[1] to examine the contents of a blob; take, for example, the blob in the entry for `COPYING` from the tree above: @@ -3136,8 +3052,7 @@ sometimes be useful for browsing the contents of a tree that is not currently checked out. [[trust]] -Trust -~~~~~ +==== Trust If you receive the SHA-1 name of a blob from one source, and its contents from another (possibly untrusted) source, you can still trust that those @@ -3166,8 +3081,7 @@ like GPG/PGP. To assist in this, Git also provides the tag object... [[tag-object]] -Tag Object -~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Tag Object A tag object contains an object, object type, tag name, the name of the person ("tagger") who created the tag, and a message, which may contain @@ -3196,8 +3110,7 @@ objects. (Note that linkgit:git-tag[1] can also be used to create references whose names begin with `refs/tags/`). [[pack-files]] -How Git stores objects efficiently: pack files -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== How Git stores objects efficiently: pack files Newly created objects are initially created in a file named after the object's SHA-1 hash (stored in `.git/objects`). @@ -3255,8 +3168,7 @@ The linkgit:git-gc[1] command performs packing, pruning, and more for you, so is normally the only high-level command you need. [[dangling-objects]] -Dangling objects -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Dangling objects The linkgit:git-fsck[1] command will sometimes complain about dangling objects. They are not a problem. @@ -3336,8 +3248,7 @@ don't want to do that while the filesystem is mounted. accesses to a repository but you might receive confusing or scary messages.) [[recovering-from-repository-corruption]] -Recovering from repository corruption -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Recovering from repository corruption By design, Git treats data trusted to it with caution. However, even in the absence of bugs in Git itself, it is still possible that hardware or @@ -3454,8 +3365,7 @@ whole thing. It's up to you--Git does *have* a lot of information, it is just missing one particular blob version. [[the-index]] -The index ---------- +=== The index The index is a binary file (generally kept in `.git/index`) containing a sorted list of path names, each with permissions and the SHA-1 of a blob @@ -3513,8 +3423,7 @@ If you blow the index away entirely, you generally haven't lost any information as long as you have the name of the tree that it described. [[submodules]] -Submodules -========== +== Submodules Large projects are often composed of smaller, self-contained modules. For example, an embedded Linux distribution's source tree would include every @@ -3668,13 +3577,13 @@ change within the submodule, and then update the superproject to reference the new commit: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout master +$ git switch master ------------------------------------------------- or ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout -b fix-up +$ git switch -c fix-up ------------------------------------------------- then @@ -3700,8 +3609,8 @@ $ git push You have to run `git submodule update` after `git pull` if you want to update submodules, too. -Pitfalls with submodules ------------------------- +[[pitfalls-with-submodules]] +=== Pitfalls with submodules Always publish the submodule change before publishing the change to the superproject that references it. If you forget to publish the submodule change, @@ -3770,8 +3679,7 @@ submodule update` will not overwrite them. Instead, you get the usual warning about not being able switch from a dirty branch. [[low-level-operations]] -Low-level Git operations -======================== +== Low-level Git operations Many of the higher-level commands were originally implemented as shell scripts using a smaller core of low-level Git commands. These can still @@ -3779,8 +3687,7 @@ be useful when doing unusual things with Git, or just as a way to understand its inner workings. [[object-manipulation]] -Object access and manipulation ------------------------------- +=== Object access and manipulation The linkgit:git-cat-file[1] command can show the contents of any object, though the higher-level linkgit:git-show[1] is usually more useful. @@ -3797,11 +3704,10 @@ verified by linkgit:git-verify-tag[1], though it is normally simpler to use linkgit:git-tag[1] for both. [[the-workflow]] -The Workflow ------------- +=== The Workflow -High-level operations such as linkgit:git-commit[1], -linkgit:git-checkout[1] and linkgit:git-reset[1] work by moving data +High-level operations such as linkgit:git-commit[1] and +linkgit:git-restore[1] work by moving data between the working tree, the index, and the object database. Git provides low-level operations which perform each of these steps individually. @@ -3813,8 +3719,7 @@ the database or the working directory. Thus there are four main combinations: [[working-directory-to-index]] -working directory -> index -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== working directory -> index The linkgit:git-update-index[1] command updates the index with information from the working directory. You generally update the @@ -3850,8 +3755,7 @@ The previously introduced linkgit:git-add[1] is just a wrapper for linkgit:git-update-index[1]. [[index-to-object-database]] -index -> object database -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== index -> object database You write your current index file to a "tree" object with the program @@ -3866,8 +3770,7 @@ use that tree to re-generate the index at any time by going in the other direction: [[object-database-to-index]] -object database -> index -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== object database -> index You read a "tree" file from the object database, and use that to populate (and overwrite--don't do this if your index contains any @@ -3883,8 +3786,7 @@ earlier. However, that is only your 'index' file: your working directory contents have not been modified. [[index-to-working-directory]] -index -> working directory -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== index -> working directory You update your working directory from the index by "checking out" files. This is not a very common operation, since normally you'd just @@ -3913,8 +3815,7 @@ Finally, there are a few odds and ends which are not purely moving from one representation to the other: [[tying-it-all-together]] -Tying it all together -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Tying it all together To commit a tree you have instantiated with `git write-tree`, you'd create a "commit" object that refers to that tree and the history @@ -3988,8 +3889,7 @@ Here is a picture that illustrates how various pieces fit together: [[examining-the-data]] -Examining the data ------------------- +=== Examining the data You can examine the data represented in the object database and the index with various helper tools. For every object, you can use @@ -4024,8 +3924,7 @@ $ git cat-file commit HEAD to see what the top commit was. [[merging-multiple-trees]] -Merging multiple trees ----------------------- +=== Merging multiple trees Git can help you perform a three-way merge, which can in turn be used for a many-way merge by repeating the merge procedure several @@ -4075,8 +3974,7 @@ index file, and you can just write the result out with [[merging-multiple-trees-2]] -Merging multiple trees, continued ---------------------------------- +=== Merging multiple trees, continued Sadly, many merges aren't trivial. If there are files that have been added, moved or removed, or if both branches have modified the @@ -4146,15 +4044,13 @@ $ git merge-index git-merge-one-file hello.c and that is what higher level `git merge -s resolve` is implemented with. [[hacking-git]] -Hacking Git -=========== +== Hacking Git This chapter covers internal details of the Git implementation which probably only Git developers need to understand. [[object-details]] -Object storage format ---------------------- +=== Object storage format All objects have a statically determined "type" which identifies the format of the object (i.e. how it is used, and how it can refer to other @@ -4184,8 +4080,7 @@ of all objects, and verifies their internal consistency (in addition to just verifying their superficial consistency through the hash). [[birdview-on-the-source-code]] -A birds-eye view of Git's source code -------------------------------------- +=== A birds-eye view of Git's source code It is not always easy for new developers to find their way through Git's source code. This section gives you a little guidance to show where to @@ -4194,7 +4089,7 @@ start. A good place to start is with the contents of the initial commit, with: ---------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout e83c5163 +$ git switch --detach e83c5163 ---------------------------------------------------- The initial revision lays the foundation for almost everything Git has @@ -4394,25 +4289,22 @@ You see, Git is actually the best tool to find out about the source of Git itself! [[glossary]] -Git Glossary -============ +== Git Glossary [[git-explained]] -Git explained -------------- +=== Git explained include::glossary-content.txt[] [[git-quick-start]] -Appendix A: Git Quick Reference -=============================== +[appendix] +== Git Quick Reference This is a quick summary of the major commands; the previous chapters explain how these work in more detail. [[quick-creating-a-new-repository]] -Creating a new repository -------------------------- +=== Creating a new repository From a tarball: @@ -4433,14 +4325,13 @@ $ cd project ----------------------------------------------- [[managing-branches]] -Managing branches ------------------ +=== Managing branches ----------------------------------------------- -$ git branch # list all local branches in this repo -$ git checkout test # switch working directory to branch "test" -$ git branch new # create branch "new" starting at current HEAD -$ git branch -d new # delete branch "new" +$ git branch # list all local branches in this repo +$ git switch test # switch working directory to branch "test" +$ git branch new # create branch "new" starting at current HEAD +$ git branch -d new # delete branch "new" ----------------------------------------------- Instead of basing a new branch on current HEAD (the default), use: @@ -4456,7 +4347,7 @@ $ git branch new test~10 # ten commits before tip of branch "test" Create and switch to a new branch at the same time: ----------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout -b new v2.6.15 +$ git switch -c new v2.6.15 ----------------------------------------------- Update and examine branches from the repository you cloned from: @@ -4467,7 +4358,7 @@ $ git branch -r # list origin/master origin/next ... -$ git checkout -b masterwork origin/master +$ git switch -c masterwork origin/master ----------------------------------------------- Fetch a branch from a different repository, and give it a new @@ -4498,8 +4389,7 @@ $ git branch -r # list all remote branches [[exploring-history]] -Exploring history ------------------ +=== Exploring history ----------------------------------------------- $ gitk # visualize and browse history @@ -4534,8 +4424,7 @@ $ git bisect bad # if this revision is bad. ----------------------------------------------- [[making-changes]] -Making changes --------------- +=== Making changes Make sure Git knows who to blame: @@ -4565,8 +4454,7 @@ $ git commit -a # use latest content of all tracked files ----------------------------------------------- [[merging]] -Merging -------- +=== Merging ----------------------------------------------- $ git merge test # merge branch "test" into the current branch @@ -4576,8 +4464,7 @@ $ git pull . test # equivalent to git merge test ----------------------------------------------- [[sharing-your-changes]] -Sharing your changes --------------------- +=== Sharing your changes Importing or exporting patches: @@ -4622,8 +4509,7 @@ $ git push example test ----------------------------------------------- [[repository-maintenance]] -Repository maintenance ----------------------- +=== Repository maintenance Check for corruption: @@ -4639,12 +4525,11 @@ $ git gc [[todo]] -Appendix B: Notes and todo list for this manual -=============================================== +[appendix] +== Notes and todo list for this manual [[todo-list]] -Todo list ---------- +=== Todo list This is a work in progress. @@ -4689,5 +4574,5 @@ Write a chapter on using plumbing and writing scripts. Alternates, clone -reference, etc. More on recovery from repository corruption. See: - http://marc.info/?l=git&m=117263864820799&w=2 - http://marc.info/?l=git&m=117147855503798&w=2 + https://lore.kernel.org/git/Pine.LNX.4.64.0702272039540.12485@woody.linux-foundation.org/ + https://lore.kernel.org/git/Pine.LNX.4.64.0702141033400.3604@woody.linux-foundation.org/ |