diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
160 files changed, 5784 insertions, 1313 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines index 559d5f9ebf..4d90c77c7b 100644 --- a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines +++ b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines @@ -18,6 +18,14 @@ code. For Git in general, three rough rules are: judgement call, the decision based more on real world constraints people face than what the paper standard says. + - Fixing style violations while working on a real change as a + preparatory clean-up step is good, but otherwise avoid useless code + churn for the sake of conforming to the style. + + "Once it _is_ in the tree, it's not really worth the patch noise to + go and fix it up." + Cf. http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/943020 + Make your code readable and sensible, and don't try to be clever. As for more concrete guidelines, just imitate the existing code @@ -34,7 +42,17 @@ For shell scripts specifically (not exhaustive): - We use tabs for indentation. - - Case arms are indented at the same depth as case and esac lines. + - Case arms are indented at the same depth as case and esac lines, + like this: + + case "$variable" in + pattern1) + do this + ;; + pattern2) + do that + ;; + esac - Redirection operators should be written with space before, but no space after them. In other words, write 'echo test >"$file"' @@ -43,6 +61,14 @@ For shell scripts specifically (not exhaustive): redirection target in a variable (as shown above), our code does so because some versions of bash issue a warning without the quotes. + (incorrect) + cat hello > world < universe + echo hello >$world + + (correct) + cat hello >world <universe + echo hello >"$world" + - We prefer $( ... ) for command substitution; unlike ``, it properly nests. It should have been the way Bourne spelled it from day one, but unfortunately isn't. @@ -81,23 +107,42 @@ For shell scripts specifically (not exhaustive): "then" should be on the next line for if statements, and "do" should be on the next line for "while" and "for". + (incorrect) + if test -f hello; then + do this + fi + + (correct) + if test -f hello + then + do this + fi + - We prefer "test" over "[ ... ]". - We do not write the noiseword "function" in front of shell functions. - - We prefer a space between the function name and the parentheses. The - opening "{" should also be on the same line. - E.g.: my_function () { + - We prefer a space between the function name and the parentheses, + and no space inside the parentheses. The opening "{" should also + be on the same line. + + (incorrect) + my_function(){ + ... + + (correct) + my_function () { + ... - As to use of grep, stick to a subset of BRE (namely, no \{m,n\}, - [::], [==], nor [..]) for portability. + [::], [==], or [..]) for portability. - We do not use \{m,n\}; - We do not use -E; - - We do not use ? nor + (which are \{0,1\} and \{1,\} + - We do not use ? or + (which are \{0,1\} and \{1,\} respectively in BRE) but that goes without saying as these are ERE elements not BRE (note that \? and \+ are not even part of BRE -- making them accessible from BRE is a GNU extension). @@ -106,6 +151,19 @@ For shell scripts specifically (not exhaustive): interface translatable. See "Marking strings for translation" in po/README. + - We do not write our "test" command with "-a" and "-o" and use "&&" + or "||" to concatenate multiple "test" commands instead, because + the use of "-a/-o" is often error-prone. E.g. + + test -n "$x" -a "$a" = "$b" + + is buggy and breaks when $x is "=", but + + test -n "$x" && test "$a" = "$b" + + does not have such a problem. + + For C programs: - We use tabs to indent, and interpret tabs as taking up to @@ -126,6 +184,17 @@ For C programs: "char * string". This makes it easier to understand code like "char *string, c;". + - Use whitespace around operators and keywords, but not inside + parentheses and not around functions. So: + + while (condition) + func(bar + 1); + + and not: + + while( condition ) + func (bar+1); + - We avoid using braces unnecessarily. I.e. if (bla) { @@ -138,16 +207,116 @@ For C programs: of "else if" statements, it can make sense to add braces to single line blocks. - - We try to avoid assignments inside if(). + - We try to avoid assignments in the condition of an "if" statement. - Try to make your code understandable. You may put comments in, but comments invariably tend to stale out when the code they were describing changes. Often splitting a function into two makes the intention of the code much clearer. + - Multi-line comments include their delimiters on separate lines from + the text. E.g. + + /* + * A very long + * multi-line comment. + */ + + Note however that a comment that explains a translatable string to + translators uses a convention of starting with a magic token + "TRANSLATORS: " immediately after the opening delimiter, even when + it spans multiple lines. We do not add an asterisk at the beginning + of each line, either. E.g. + + /* TRANSLATORS: here is a comment that explains the string + to be translated, that follows immediately after it */ + _("Here is a translatable string explained by the above."); + - Double negation is often harder to understand than no negation at all. + - There are two schools of thought when it comes to comparison, + especially inside a loop. Some people prefer to have the less stable + value on the left hand side and the more stable value on the right hand + side, e.g. if you have a loop that counts variable i down to the + lower bound, + + while (i > lower_bound) { + do something; + i--; + } + + Other people prefer to have the textual order of values match the + actual order of values in their comparison, so that they can + mentally draw a number line from left to right and place these + values in order, i.e. + + while (lower_bound < i) { + do something; + i--; + } + + Both are valid, and we use both. However, the more "stable" the + stable side becomes, the more we tend to prefer the former + (comparison with a constant, "i > 0", is an extreme example). + Just do not mix styles in the same part of the code and mimic + existing styles in the neighbourhood. + + - There are two schools of thought when it comes to splitting a long + logical line into multiple lines. Some people push the second and + subsequent lines far enough to the right with tabs and align them: + + if (the_beginning_of_a_very_long_expression_that_has_to || + span_more_than_a_single_line_of || + the_source_text) { + ... + + while other people prefer to align the second and the subsequent + lines with the column immediately inside the opening parenthesis, + with tabs and spaces, following our "tabstop is always a multiple + of 8" convention: + + if (the_beginning_of_a_very_long_expression_that_has_to || + span_more_than_a_single_line_of || + the_source_text) { + ... + + Both are valid, and we use both. Again, just do not mix styles in + the same part of the code and mimic existing styles in the + neighbourhood. + + - When splitting a long logical line, some people change line before + a binary operator, so that the result looks like a parse tree when + you turn your head 90-degrees counterclockwise: + + if (the_beginning_of_a_very_long_expression_that_has_to + || span_more_than_a_single_line_of_the_source_text) { + + while other people prefer to leave the operator at the end of the + line: + + if (the_beginning_of_a_very_long_expression_that_has_to || + span_more_than_a_single_line_of_the_source_text) { + + Both are valid, but we tend to use the latter more, unless the + expression gets fairly complex, in which case the former tends to + be easier to read. Again, just do not mix styles in the same part + of the code and mimic existing styles in the neighbourhood. + + - When splitting a long logical line, with everything else being + equal, it is preferable to split after the operator at higher + level in the parse tree. That is, this is more preferable: + + if (a_very_long_variable * that_is_used_in + + a_very_long_expression) { + ... + + than + + if (a_very_long_variable * + that_is_used_in + a_very_long_expression) { + ... + - Some clever tricks, like using the !! operator with arithmetic constructs, can be extremely confusing to others. Avoid them, unless there is a compelling reason to use them. @@ -242,11 +411,21 @@ Writing Documentation: processed into HTML and manpages (e.g. git.html and git.1 in the same directory). + The documentation liberally mixes US and UK English (en_US/UK) + norms for spelling and grammar, which is somewhat unfortunate. + In an ideal world, it would have been better if it consistently + used only one and not the other, and we would have picked en_US + (if you wish to correct the English of some of the existing + documentation, please see the documentation-related advice in the + Documentation/SubmittingPatches file). + Every user-visible change should be reflected in the documentation. The same general rule as for code applies -- imitate the existing - conventions. A few commented examples follow to provide reference - when writing or modifying command usage strings and synopsis sections - in the manual pages: + conventions. + + A few commented examples follow to provide reference when writing or + modifying command usage strings and synopsis sections in the manual + pages: Placeholders are spelled in lowercase and enclosed in angle brackets: <file> @@ -296,3 +475,29 @@ Writing Documentation: Use 'git' (all lowercase) when talking about commands i.e. something the user would type into a shell and use 'Git' (uppercase first letter) when talking about the version control system and its properties. + + A few commented examples follow to provide reference when writing or + modifying paragraphs or option/command explanations that contain options + or commands: + + Literal examples (e.g. use of command-line options, command names, and + configuration variables) are typeset in monospace, and if you can use + `backticks around word phrases`, do so. + `--pretty=oneline` + `git rev-list` + `remote.pushdefault` + + Word phrases enclosed in `backtick characters` are rendered literally + and will not be further expanded. The use of `backticks` to achieve the + previous rule means that literal examples should not use AsciiDoc + escapes. + Correct: + `--pretty=oneline` + Incorrect: + `\--pretty=oneline` + + If some place in the documentation needs to typeset a command usage + example with inline substitutions, it is fine to use +monospaced and + inline substituted text+ instead of `monospaced literal text`, and with + the former, the part that should not get substituted must be + quoted/escaped. diff --git a/Documentation/Makefile b/Documentation/Makefile index 0cfdc36b44..cea0e7ae3d 100644 --- a/Documentation/Makefile +++ b/Documentation/Makefile @@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ MAN1_TXT = MAN5_TXT = MAN7_TXT = +TECH_DOCS = +ARTICLES = +SP_ARTICLES = MAN1_TXT += $(filter-out \ $(addsuffix .txt, $(ARTICLES) $(SP_ARTICLES)), \ @@ -37,12 +40,12 @@ MAN_HTML = $(patsubst %.txt,%.html,$(MAN_TXT)) OBSOLETE_HTML = git-remote-helpers.html DOC_HTML = $(MAN_HTML) $(OBSOLETE_HTML) -ARTICLES = howto-index +ARTICLES += howto-index ARTICLES += everyday ARTICLES += git-tools ARTICLES += git-bisect-lk2009 # with their own formatting rules. -SP_ARTICLES = user-manual +SP_ARTICLES += user-manual SP_ARTICLES += howto/new-command SP_ARTICLES += howto/revert-branch-rebase SP_ARTICLES += howto/using-merge-subtree @@ -53,13 +56,16 @@ SP_ARTICLES += howto/setup-git-server-over-http SP_ARTICLES += howto/separating-topic-branches SP_ARTICLES += howto/revert-a-faulty-merge SP_ARTICLES += howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object +SP_ARTICLES += howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder SP_ARTICLES += howto/rebuild-from-update-hook SP_ARTICLES += howto/rebase-from-internal-branch +SP_ARTICLES += howto/keep-canonical-history-correct SP_ARTICLES += howto/maintain-git API_DOCS = $(patsubst %.txt,%,$(filter-out technical/api-index-skel.txt technical/api-index.txt, $(wildcard technical/api-*.txt))) SP_ARTICLES += $(API_DOCS) -TECH_DOCS = technical/index-format +TECH_DOCS += technical/http-protocol +TECH_DOCS += technical/index-format TECH_DOCS += technical/pack-format TECH_DOCS += technical/pack-heuristics TECH_DOCS += technical/pack-protocol @@ -103,6 +109,7 @@ MAKEINFO = makeinfo INSTALL_INFO = install-info DOCBOOK2X_TEXI = docbook2x-texi DBLATEX = dblatex +ASCIIDOC_DBLATEX_DIR = /etc/asciidoc/dblatex ifndef PERL_PATH PERL_PATH = /usr/bin/perl endif @@ -322,7 +329,7 @@ manpage-base-url.xsl: manpage-base-url.xsl.in user-manual.xml: user-manual.txt user-manual.conf $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ - $(ASCIIDOC) $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) -b docbook -d book -o $@+ $< && \ + $(ASCIIDOC) $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) -b docbook -d article -o $@+ $< && \ mv $@+ $@ technical/api-index.txt: technical/api-index-skel.txt \ @@ -354,7 +361,7 @@ user-manual.texi: user-manual.xml user-manual.pdf: user-manual.xml $(QUIET_DBLATEX)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ - $(DBLATEX) -o $@+ -p /etc/asciidoc/dblatex/asciidoc-dblatex.xsl -s /etc/asciidoc/dblatex/asciidoc-dblatex.sty $< && \ + $(DBLATEX) -o $@+ -p $(ASCIIDOC_DBLATEX_DIR)/asciidoc-dblatex.xsl -s $(ASCIIDOC_DBLATEX_DIR)/asciidoc-dblatex.sty $< && \ mv $@+ $@ gitman.texi: $(MAN_XML) cat-texi.perl diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt index a0d24d1270..f0cfd02d6f 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Fixes since v1.7.11.1 * "git diff --no-index" did not work with pagers correctly. * "git diff COPYING HEAD:COPYING" gave a nonsense error message that - claimed that the treeish HEAD did not have COPYING in it. + claimed that the tree-ish HEAD did not have COPYING in it. * When "git log" gets "--simplify-merges/by-decoration" together with "--first-parent", the combination of these options makes the diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3aa25a2743 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +Git v1.8.4.1 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v1.8.4 +------------------ + + * Some old versions of bash do not grok some constructs like + 'printf -v varname' which the prompt and completion code started + to use recently. The completion and prompt scripts have been + adjusted to work better with these old versions of bash. + + * In FreeBSD's and NetBSD's "sh", a return in a dot script in a + function returns from the function, not only in the dot script, + breaking "git rebase" on these platforms (regression introduced + in 1.8.4-rc1). + + * "git rebase -i" and other scripted commands were feeding a + random, data dependant error message to 'echo' and expecting it + to come out literally. + + * Setting the "submodule.<name>.path" variable to the empty + "true" caused the configuration parser to segfault. + + * Output from "git log --full-diff -- <pathspec>" looked strange + because comparison was done with the previous ancestor that + touched the specified <pathspec>, causing the patches for paths + outside the pathspec to show more than the single commit has + changed. + + * The auto-tag-following code in "git fetch" tries to reuse the + same transport twice when the serving end does not cooperate and + does not give tags that point to commits that are asked for as + part of the primary transfer. Unfortunately, Git-aware transport + helper interface is not designed to be used more than once, hence + this did not work over smart-http transfer. Fixed. + + * Send a large request to read(2)/write(2) as a smaller but still + reasonably large chunks, which would improve the latency when the + operation needs to be killed and incidentally works around broken + 64-bit systems that cannot take a 2GB write or read in one go. + + * A ".mailmap" file that ends with an incomplete line, when read + from a blob, was not handled properly. + + * The recent "short-cut clone connectivity check" topic broke a + shallow repository when a fetch operation tries to auto-follow + tags. + + * When send-email comes up with an error message to die with upon + failure to start an SSL session, it tried to read the error + string from a wrong place. + + * A call to xread() was used without a loop to cope with short + read in the codepath to stream large blobs to a pack. + + * On platforms with fgetc() and friends defined as macros, the + configuration parser did not compile. + + * New versions of MediaWiki introduced a new API for returning + more than 500 results in response to a query, which would cause + the MediaWiki remote helper to go into an infinite loop. + + * Subversion's serf access method (the only one available in + Subversion 1.8) for http and https URLs in skelta mode tells its + caller to open multiple files at a time, which made "git svn + fetch" complain that "Temp file with moniker 'svn_delta' already + in use" instead of fetching. + + +Also contains a handful of trivial code clean-ups, documentation +updates, updates to the test suite, etc. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9adccb1efb --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +Git v1.8.4.2 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v1.8.4.1 +-------------------- + + * "git clone" gave some progress messages to the standard output, not + to the standard error, and did not allow suppressing them with the + "--no-progress" option. + + * "format-patch --from=<whom>" forgot to omit unnecessary in-body + from line, i.e. when <whom> is the same as the real author. + + * "git shortlog" used to choke and die when there is a malformed + commit (e.g. missing authors); it now simply ignore such a commit + and keeps going. + + * "git merge-recursive" did not parse its "--diff-algorithm=" command + line option correctly. + + * "git branch --track" had a minor regression in v1.8.3.2 and later + that made it impossible to base your local work on anything but a + local branch of the upstream repository you are tracking from. + + * "git ls-files -k" needs to crawl only the part of the working tree + that may overlap the paths in the index to find killed files, but + shared code with the logic to find all the untracked files, which + made it unnecessarily inefficient. + + * When there is no sufficient overlap between old and new history + during a "git fetch" into a shallow repository, objects that the + sending side knows the receiving end has were unnecessarily sent. + + * When running "fetch -q", a long silence while the sender side + computes the set of objects to send can be mistaken by proxies as + dropped connection. The server side has been taught to send a + small empty messages to keep the connection alive. + + * When the webserver responds with "405 Method Not Allowed", "git + http-backend" should tell the client what methods are allowed with + the "Allow" header. + + * "git cvsserver" computed the permission mode bits incorrectly for + executable files. + + * The implementation of "add -i" has a crippling code to work around + ActiveState Perl limitation but it by mistake also triggered on Git + for Windows where MSYS perl is used. + + * We made sure that we notice the user-supplied GIT_DIR is actually a + gitfile, but did not do the same when the default ".git" is a + gitfile. + + * When an object is not found after checking the packfiles and then + loose object directory, read_sha1_file() re-checks the packfiles to + prevent racing with a concurrent repacker; teach the same logic to + has_sha1_file(). + + * "git commit --author=$name", when $name is not in the canonical + "A. U. Thor <au.thor@example.xz>" format, looks for a matching name + from existing history, but did not consult mailmap to grab the + preferred author name. + + * The commit object names in the insn sheet that was prepared at the + beginning of "rebase -i" session can become ambiguous as the + rebasing progresses and the repository gains more commits. Make + sure the internal record is kept with full 40-hex object names. + + * "git rebase --preserve-merges" internally used the merge machinery + and as a side effect, left merge summary message in the log, but + when rebasing, there should not be a need for merge summary. + + * "git rebase -i" forgot that the comment character can be + configurable while reading its insn sheet. + +Also contains a handful of trivial code clean-ups, documentation +updates, updates to the test suite, etc. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..03f3d17751 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +Git v1.8.4.3 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v1.8.4.2 +-------------------- + + * The interaction between use of Perl in our test suite and NO_PERL + has been clarified a bit. + + * A fast-import stream expresses a pathname with funny characters by + quoting them in C style; remote-hg remote helper (in contrib/) + forgot to unquote such a path. + + * One long-standing flaw in the pack transfer protocol used by "git + clone" was that there was no way to tell the other end which branch + "HEAD" points at, and the receiving end needed to guess. A new + capability has been defined in the pack protocol to convey this + information so that cloning from a repository with more than one + branches pointing at the same commit where the HEAD is at now + reliably sets the initial branch in the resulting repository. + + * We did not handle cases where http transport gets redirected during + the authorization request (e.g. from http:// to https://). + + * "git rev-list --objects ^v1.0^ v1.0" gave v1.0 tag itself in the + output, but "git rev-list --objects v1.0^..v1.0" did not. + + * The fall-back parsing of commit objects with broken author or + committer lines were less robust than ideal in picking up the + timestamps. + + * Bash prompting code to deal with an SVN remote as an upstream + were coded in a way not supported by older Bash versions (3.x). + + * "git checkout topic", when there is not yet a local "topic" branch + but there is a unique remote-tracking branch for a remote "topic" + branch, pretended as if "git checkout -t -b topic remote/$r/topic" + (for that unique remote $r) was run. This hack however was not + implemented for "git checkout topic --". + + * Coloring around octopus merges in "log --graph" output was screwy. + + * We did not generate HTML version of documentation to "git subtree" + in contrib/. + + * The synopsis section of "git unpack-objects" documentation has been + clarified a bit. + + * An ancient How-To on serving Git repositories on an HTTP server + lacked a warning that it has been mostly superseded with more + modern way. + +Also contains a handful of trivial code clean-ups, documentation +updates, updates to the test suite, etc. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7bc4c5dcc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Git v1.8.4.4 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v1.8.4.3 +-------------------- + + * The fix in v1.8.4.3 to the pack transfer protocol to propagate + the target of symbolic refs broke "git clone/git fetch" from a + repository with too many symbolic refs. As a hotfix/workaround, + we transfer only the information on HEAD. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..215bd1a7a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +Git v1.8.4.5 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.4.4 +-------------------- + + * Recent update to remote-hg that attempted to make it work better + with non ASCII pathnames fed Unicode strings to the underlying Hg + API, which was wrong. + + * "git submodule init" copied "submodule.$name.update" settings from + .gitmodules to .git/config without making sure if the suggested + value was sensible. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7236aaf232 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +Git v1.8.5.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.5 +------------------ + + * "git submodule init" copied "submodule.$name.update" settings from + .gitmodules to .git/config without making sure if the suggested + value was sensible. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3ac4984f10 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Git v1.8.5.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.5.1 +-------------------- + + * "git diff -- ':(icase)makefile'" was unnecessarily rejected at the + command line parser. + + * "git cat-file --batch-check=ok" did not check the existence of + the named object. + + * "git am --abort" sometimes complained about not being able to write + a tree with an 0{40} object in it. + + * Two processes creating loose objects at the same time could have + failed unnecessarily when the name of their new objects started + with the same byte value, due to a race condition. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3de2dd0f19 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Git v1.8.5.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.5.2 +-------------------- + + * The "--[no-]informative-errors" options to "git daemon" were parsed + a bit too loosely, allowing any other string after these option + names. + + * A "gc" process running as a different user should be able to stop a + new "gc" process from starting. + + * An earlier "clean-up" introduced an unnecessary memory leak to the + credential subsystem. + + * "git mv A B/", when B does not exist as a directory, should error + out, but it didn't. + + * "git rev-parse <revs> -- <paths>" did not implement the usual + disambiguation rules the commands in the "git log" family used in + the same way. + + * "git cat-file --batch=", an admittedly useless command, did not + behave very well. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d18c40389e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +Git v1.8.5.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.5.3 +-------------------- + + * "git fetch --depth=0" was a no-op, and was silently ignored. + Diagnose it as an error. + + * Remote repository URL expressed in scp-style host:path notation are + parsed more carefully (e.g. "foo/bar:baz" is local, "[::1]:/~user" asks + to connect to user's home directory on host at address ::1. + + * SSL-related options were not passed correctly to underlying socket + layer in "git send-email". + + * "git commit -v" appends the patch to the log message before + editing, and then removes the patch when the editor returned + control. However, the patch was not stripped correctly when the + first modified path was a submodule. + + * "git mv A B/", when B does not exist as a directory, should error + out, but it didn't. + + * When we figure out how many file descriptors to allocate for + keeping packfiles open, a system with non-working getrlimit() could + cause us to die(), but because we make this call only to get a + rough estimate of how many is available and we do not even attempt + to use up all file descriptors available ourselves, it is nicer to + fall back to a reasonable low value rather than dying. + + * "git log --decorate" did not handle a tag pointed by another tag + nicely. + + * "git add -A" (no other arguments) in a totally empty working tree + used to emit an error. + + * There is no reason to have a hardcoded upper limit of the number of + parents for an octopus merge, created via the graft mechanism, but + there was. + + * The implementation of 'git stash $cmd "stash@{...}"' did not quote + the stash argument properly and left it split at IFS whitespace. + + * The documentation to "git pull" hinted there is an "-m" option + because it incorrectly shared the documentation with "git merge". + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9191ce948f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Git v1.8.5.5 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.5.4 +-------------------- + + * The pathspec matching code, while comparing two trees (e.g. "git + diff A B -- path1 path2") was too aggressive and failed to match + some paths when multiple pathspecs were involved. + + * "git repack --max-pack-size=8g" stopped being parsed correctly when + the command was reimplemented in C. + + * A recent update to "git send-email" broke platforms where + /etc/ssl/certs/ directory exists but cannot be used as SSL_ca_path + (e.g. Fedora rawhide). + + * A handful of bugs around interpreting $branch@{upstream} notation + and its lookalike, when $branch part has interesting characters, + e.g. "@", and ":", have been fixed. + + * "git clone" would fail to clone from a repository that has a ref + directly under "refs/", e.g. "refs/stash", because different + validation paths do different things on such a refname. Loosen the + client side's validation to allow such a ref. + + * "git log --left-right A...B" lost the "leftness" of commits + reachable from A when A is a tag as a side effect of a recent + bugfix. This is a regression in 1.8.4.x series. + + * "git merge-base --octopus" used to leave cleaning up suboptimal + result to the caller, but now it does the clean-up itself. + + * "git mv A B/", when B does not exist as a directory, should error + out, but it didn't. + +Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..602df0cac2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,456 @@ +Git v1.8.5 Release Notes +======================== + +Backward compatibility notes (for Git 2.0) +------------------------------------------ + +When "git push [$there]" does not say what to push, we have used the +traditional "matching" semantics so far (all your branches were sent +to the remote as long as there already are branches of the same name +over there). In Git 2.0, the default will change to the "simple" +semantics, which pushes: + + - only the current branch to the branch with the same name, and only + when the current branch is set to integrate with that remote + branch, if you are pushing to the same remote as you fetch from; or + + - only the current branch to the branch with the same name, if you + are pushing to a remote that is not where you usually fetch from. + +Use the user preference configuration variable "push.default" to +change this. If you are an old-timer who is used to the "matching" +semantics, you can set the variable to "matching" to keep the +traditional behaviour. If you want to live in the future early, you +can set it to "simple" today without waiting for Git 2.0. + +When "git add -u" (and "git add -A") is run inside a subdirectory and +does not specify which paths to add on the command line, it +will operate on the entire tree in Git 2.0 for consistency +with "git commit -a" and other commands. There will be no +mechanism to make plain "git add -u" behave like "git add -u .". +Current users of "git add -u" (without a pathspec) should start +training their fingers to explicitly say "git add -u ." +before Git 2.0 comes. A warning is issued when these commands are +run without a pathspec and when you have local changes outside the +current directory, because the behaviour in Git 2.0 will be different +from today's version in such a situation. + +In Git 2.0, "git add <path>" will behave as "git add -A <path>", so +that "git add dir/" will notice paths you removed from the directory +and record the removal. Versions before Git 2.0, including this +release, will keep ignoring removals, but the users who rely on this +behaviour are encouraged to start using "git add --ignore-removal <path>" +now before 2.0 is released. + +The default prefix for "git svn" will change in Git 2.0. For a long +time, "git svn" created its remote-tracking branches directly under +refs/remotes, but it will place them under refs/remotes/origin/ unless +it is told otherwise with its --prefix option. + + +Updates since v1.8.4 +-------------------- + +Foreign interfaces, subsystems and ports. + + * "git-svn" has been taught to use the serf library, which is the + only option SVN 1.8.0 offers us when talking the HTTP protocol. + + * "git-svn" talking over an https:// connection using the serf library + dumped core due to a bug in the serf library that SVN uses. Work + around it on our side, even though the SVN side is being fixed. + + * On MacOS X, we detected if the filesystem needs the "pre-composed + unicode strings" workaround, but did not automatically enable it. + Now we do. + + * remote-hg remote helper misbehaved when interacting with a local Hg + repository relative to the home directory, e.g. "clone hg::~/there". + + * imap-send ported to OS X uses Apple's security framework instead of + OpenSSL's. + + * "git fast-import" treats an empty path given to "ls" as the root of + the tree. + + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * xdg-open can be used as a browser backend for "git web-browse" + (hence to show "git help -w" output), when available. + + * "git grep" and "git show" pay attention to the "--textconv" option + when these commands are told to operate on blob objects (e.g. "git + grep -e pattern --textconv HEAD:Makefile"). + + * "git replace" helper no longer allows an object to be replaced with + another object of a different type to avoid confusion (you can + still manually craft such a replacement using "git update-ref", as an + escape hatch). + + * "git status" no longer prints the dirty status information of + submodules for which submodule.$name.ignore is set to "all". + + * "git rebase -i" honours core.abbrev when preparing the insn sheet + for editing. + + * "git status" during a cherry-pick shows which original commit is + being picked. + + * Instead of typing four capital letters "HEAD", you can say "@" now, + e.g. "git log @". + + * "git check-ignore" follows the same rule as "git add" and "git + status" in that the ignore/exclude mechanism does not take effect + on paths that are already tracked. With the "--no-index" option, it + can be used to diagnose which paths that should have been ignored + have been mistakenly added to the index. + + * Some irrelevant "advice" messages that are shared with "git status" + output have been removed from the commit log template. + + * "update-refs" learned a "--stdin" option to read multiple update + requests and perform them in an all-or-none fashion. + + * Just like "make -C <directory>", "git -C <directory> ..." tells Git + to go there before doing anything else. + + * Just like "git checkout -" knows to check out, and "git merge -" + knows to merge, the branch you were previously on, "git cherry-pick" + now understands "git cherry-pick -" to pick from the previous + branch. + + * "git status" now omits the prefix to make its output a comment in a + commit log editor, which is not necessary for human consumption. + Scripts that parse the output of "git status" are advised to use + "git status --porcelain" instead, as its format is stable and easier + to parse. + + * The ref syntax "foo^{tag}" (with the literal string "{tag}") peels a + tag ref to itself, i.e. it's a no-op., and fails if + "foo" is not a tag. "git rev-parse --verify v1.0^{tag}" is + a more convenient way than "test $(git cat-file -t v1.0) = tag" to + check if v1.0 is a tag. + + * "git branch -v -v" (and "git status") did not distinguish among a + branch that is not based on any other branch, a branch that is in + sync with its upstream branch, and a branch that is configured with an + upstream branch that no longer exists. + + * Earlier we started rejecting any attempt to add the 0{40} object name to + the index and to tree objects, but it sometimes is necessary to + allow this to be able to use tools like filter-branch to correct such + broken tree objects. "filter-branch" can again be used to do this. + + * "git config" did not provide a way to set or access numbers larger + than a native "int" on the platform; it now provides 64-bit signed + integers on all platforms. + + * "git pull --rebase" always chose to do the bog-standard flattening + rebase. You can tell it to run "rebase --preserve-merges" with + "git pull --rebase=preserve" or by + setting "pull.rebase" configuration to "preserve". + + * "git push --no-thin" actually disables the "thin pack transfer" + optimization. + + * Magic pathspecs like ":(icase)makefile" (matches both Makefile + and makefile) and ":(glob)foo/**/bar" (matches "bar" in "foo" + and any subdirectory of "foo") can be used in more places. + + * The "http.*" variables can now be specified for individual URLs. + For example, + + [http] + sslVerify = true + [http "https://weak.example.com/"] + sslVerify = false + + would flip http.sslVerify off only when talking to that specific + site. + + * "git mv A B" when moving a submodule has been taught to + relocate the submodule's working tree and to adjust the paths in the + .gitmodules file. + + * "git blame" can now take more than one -L option to discover the + origin of multiple blocks of lines. + + * The http transport clients can optionally ask to save cookies + with the http.savecookies configuration variable. + + * "git push" learned a more fine grained control over a blunt + "--force" when requesting a non-fast-forward update with the + "--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expected object name>" option. + + * "git diff --diff-filter=<classes of changes>" can now take + lowercase letters (e.g. "--diff-filter=d") to mean "show + everything but these classes". "git diff-files -q" is now a + deprecated synonym for "git diff-files --diff-filter=d". + + * "git fetch" (hence "git pull" as well) learned to check + "fetch.prune" and "remote.*.prune" configuration variables and + to behave as if the "--prune" command line option was given. + + * "git check-ignore -z" applied the NUL termination to both its input + (with --stdin) and its output, but "git check-attr -z" ignored the + option on the output side. Make both honor -z on the input and + output side the same way. + + * "git whatchanged" may still be used by old timers, but mention of + it in documents meant for new users will only waste readers' time + wondering what the difference is between it and "git log". Make it + less prominent in the general part of the documentation and explain + that it is merely a "git log" with different default behaviour in + its own document. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, etc. + + * "git for-each-ref" when asking for merely the object name does not + have to parse the object pointed at by the refs; the codepath has + been optimized. + + * The HTTP transport will try to use TCP keepalive when able. + + * "git repack" is now written in C. + + * Build procedure for MSVC has been updated. + + * If a build-time fallback is set to "cat" instead of "less", we + should apply the same "no subprocess or pipe" optimization as we + apply to user-supplied GIT_PAGER=cat. + + * Many commands use a --dashed-option as an operation mode selector + (e.g. "git tag --delete") that excludes other operation modes + (e.g. "git tag --delete --verify" is nonsense) and that cannot be + negated (e.g. "git tag --no-delete" is nonsense). The parse-options + API learned a new OPT_CMDMODE macro to make it easier to implement + such a set of options. + + * OPT_BOOLEAN() in the parse-options API was misdesigned to be "counting + up" but many subcommands expect it to behave as "on/off". Update + them to use OPT_BOOL() which is a proper boolean. + + * "git gc" exits early without doing any work when it detects + that another instance of itself is already running. + + * Under memory pressure and/or file descriptor pressure, we used to + close pack windows that are not used and also closed filehandles to + open but unused packfiles. These are now controlled separately + to better cope with the load. + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v1.8.4 +------------------ + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v1.8.4 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' notes for +details). + + * An ancient How-To on serving Git repositories on an HTTP server + lacked a warning that it has been mostly superseded with a more + modern way. + (merge 6d52bc3 sc/doc-howto-dumb-http later to maint). + + * The interaction between the use of Perl in our test suite and NO_PERL + has been clarified a bit. + (merge f8fc0ee jn/test-prereq-perl-doc later to maint). + + * The synopsis section of the "git unpack-objects" documentation has been + clarified a bit. + (merge 61e2e22 vd/doc-unpack-objects later to maint). + + * We did not generate the HTML version of the documentation to "git subtree" + in contrib/. + (merge 95c62fb jk/subtree-install-fix later to maint). + + * A fast-import stream expresses a pathname with funny characters by + quoting them in C style; the remote-hg remote helper forgot to unquote + such a path. + (merge 1136265 ap/remote-hg-unquote-cquote later to maint). + + * "git reset -p HEAD" has a codepath to special-case it to behave + differently from resetting to contents of other commits, but a + recent change broke it. + + * Coloring around octopus merges in "log --graph" output was screwy. + (merge 339c17b hn/log-graph-color-octopus later to maint). + + * "git checkout topic", when there is not yet a local "topic" branch + but there is a unique remote-tracking branch for a remote "topic" + branch, pretended as if "git checkout -t -b topic remote/$r/topic" + (for that unique remote $r) was run. This hack however was not + implemented for "git checkout topic --". + (merge bca3969 mm/checkout-auto-track-fix later to maint). + + * One long-standing flaw in the pack transfer protocol used by "git + clone" was that there was no way to tell the other end which branch + "HEAD" points at, and the receiving end needed to guess. A new + capability has been defined in the pack protocol to convey this + information so that cloning from a repository with more than one + branch pointing at the same commit where the HEAD is at now + reliably sets the initial branch in the resulting repository. + (merge 360a326 jc/upload-pack-send-symref later to maint). + + * We did not handle cases where the http transport gets redirected during + the authorization request (e.g. from http:// to https://). + (merge 70900ed jk/http-auth-redirects later to maint). + + * Bash prompting code to deal with an SVN remote as an upstream + was coded in a way unsupported by older Bash versions (3.x). + (merge 52ec889 sg/prompt-svn-remote-fix later to maint). + + * The fall-back parsing of commit objects with broken author or + committer lines was less robust than ideal in picking up the + timestamps. + (merge 03818a4 jk/split-broken-ident later to maint). + + * "git rev-list --objects ^v1.0^ v1.0" gave the v1.0 tag itself in the + output, but "git rev-list --objects v1.0^..v1.0" did not. + (merge 895c5ba jc/revision-range-unpeel later to maint). + + * "git clone" wrote some progress messages to standard output, not + to standard error, and did not suppress them with the + --no-progress option. + (merge 643f918 jk/clone-progress-to-stderr later to maint). + + * "format-patch --from=<whom>" forgot to omit an unnecessary in-body + from line, i.e. when <whom> is the same as the real author. + (merge 662cc30 jk/format-patch-from later to maint). + + * "git shortlog" used to choke and die when there is a malformed + commit (e.g. missing authors); it now simply ignores such a commit + and keeps going. + (merge cd4f09e jk/shortlog-tolerate-broken-commit later to maint). + + * "git merge-recursive" did not parse its "--diff-algorithm=" command + line option correctly. + (merge 6562928 jk/diff-algo later to maint). + + * When running "fetch -q", a long silence while the sender side + computes the set of objects to send can be mistaken by proxies as + dropped connection. The server side has been taught to send a + small empty messages to keep the connection alive. + (merge 115dedd jk/upload-pack-keepalive later to maint). + + * "git rebase" had a portability regression in v1.8.4 that triggered a + bug in some BSD shell implementations. + (merge 99855dd mm/rebase-continue-freebsd-WB later to maint). + + * "git branch --track" had a minor regression in v1.8.3.2 and later + that made it impossible to base your local work on anything but a + local branch of the upstream repository you are tracking. + (merge b0f49ff jh/checkout-auto-tracking later to maint). + + * When the web server responds with "405 Method Not Allowed", "git + http-backend" should tell the client what methods are allowed with + the "Allow" header. + (merge 9247be0 bc/http-backend-allow-405 later to maint). + + * When there is no sufficient overlap between old and new history + during a "git fetch" into a shallow repository, objects that the + sending side knows the receiving end has were unnecessarily sent. + (merge f21d2a7 nd/fetch-into-shallow later to maint). + + * "git cvsserver" computed the permission mode bits incorrectly for + executable files. + (merge 1b48d56 jc/cvsserver-perm-bit-fix later to maint). + + * When send-email obtains an error message to die with upon + failure to start an SSL session, it tried to read the error string + from a wrong place. + (merge 6cb0c88 bc/send-email-ssl-die-message-fix later to maint). + + * The implementation of "add -i" has some crippling code to work around an + ActiveState Perl limitation but it by mistake also triggered on Git + for Windows where MSYS perl is used. + (merge df17e77 js/add-i-mingw later to maint). + + * We made sure that we notice when the user-supplied GIT_DIR is actually a + gitfile, but did not do the same when the default ".git" is a + gitfile. + (merge 487a2b7 nd/git-dir-pointing-at-gitfile later to maint). + + * When an object is not found after checking the packfiles and the + loose object directory, read_sha1_file() re-checks the packfiles to + prevent racing with a concurrent repacker; teach the same logic to + has_sha1_file(). + (merge 45e8a74 jk/has-sha1-file-retry-packed later to maint). + + * "git commit --author=$name", when $name is not in the canonical + "A. U. Thor <au.thor@example.xz>" format, looks for a matching name + from existing history, but did not consult mailmap to grab the + preferred author name. + (merge ea16794 ap/commit-author-mailmap later to maint). + + * "git ls-files -k" needs to crawl only the part of the working tree + that may overlap the paths in the index to find killed files, but + shared code with the logic to find all the untracked files, which + made it unnecessarily inefficient. + (merge 680be04 jc/ls-files-killed-optim later to maint). + + * The shortened commit object names in the insn sheet that is prepared at the + beginning of a "rebase -i" session can become ambiguous as the + rebasing progresses and the repository gains more commits. Make + sure the internal record is kept with full 40-hex object names. + (merge 75c6976 es/rebase-i-no-abbrev later to maint). + + * "git rebase --preserve-merges" internally used the merge machinery + and as a side effect left the merge summary message in the log, but + when rebasing there is no need for the merge summary. + (merge a9f739c rt/rebase-p-no-merge-summary later to maint). + + * A call to xread() was used without a loop around it to cope with short + reads in the codepath to stream new contents to a pack. + (merge e92527c js/xread-in-full later to maint). + + * "git rebase -i" forgot that the comment character is + configurable while reading its insn sheet. + (merge 7bca7af es/rebase-i-respect-core-commentchar later to maint). + + * The mailmap support code read past the allocated buffer when the + mailmap file ended with an incomplete line. + (merge f972a16 jk/mailmap-incomplete-line later to maint). + + * We used to send a large request to read(2)/write(2) as a single + system call, which was bad from the latency point of view when + the operation needs to be killed, and also triggered an error on + broken 64-bit systems that refuse to read or write more than 2GB + in one go. + (merge a487916 sp/clip-read-write-to-8mb later to maint). + + * "git fetch" that auto-followed tags incorrectly reused the + connection with Git-aware transport helper (like the sample "ext::" + helper shipped with Git). + (merge 0f73f8b jc/transport-do-not-use-connect-twice-in-fetch later to maint). + + * "git log --full-diff -- <pathspec>" showed a huge diff for paths + outside the given <pathspec> for each commit, instead of showing + the change relative to the parent of the commit. "git reflog -p" + had a similar problem. + (merge 838f9a1 tr/log-full-diff-keep-true-parents later to maint). + + * Setting a submodule.*.path configuration variable to true (without + giving "= value") caused Git to segfault. + (merge 4b05440 jl/some-submodule-config-are-not-boolean later to maint). + + * "git rebase -i" (there could be others, as the root cause is pretty + generic) fed a random, data dependent string to 'echo' and + expected it to come out literally, corrupting its error message. + (merge 89b0230 mm/no-shell-escape-in-die-message later to maint). + + * Some people still use rather old versions of bash, which cannot + grok some constructs like 'printf -v varname' which the prompt and + completion code started to use recently. + (merge a44aa69 bc/completion-for-bash-3.0 later to maint). + + * Code to read configuration from a blob object did not compile on + platforms with fgetc() etc. implemented as macros. + (merge 49d6cfa hv/config-from-blob later to maint-1.8.3). + + * The recent "short-cut clone connectivity check" topic broke a + shallow repository when a fetch operation tries to auto-follow tags. + (merge 6da8bdc nd/fetch-pack-shallow-fix later to maint-1.8.3). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..752d79127a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,345 @@ +Git v1.9.0 Release Notes +======================== + +Backward compatibility notes +---------------------------- + +"git submodule foreach $cmd $args" used to treat "$cmd $args" the same +way "ssh" did, concatenating them into a single string and letting the +shell unquote. Careless users who forget to sufficiently quote $args +get their argument split at $IFS whitespaces by the shell, and got +unexpected results due to this. Starting from this release, the +command line is passed directly to the shell, if it has an argument. + +Read-only support for experimental loose-object format, in which users +could optionally choose to write their loose objects for a short +while between v1.4.3 and v1.5.3 era, has been dropped. + +The meanings of the "--tags" option to "git fetch" has changed; the +command fetches tags _in addition to_ what is fetched by the same +command line without the option. + +The way "git push $there $what" interprets the $what part given on the +command line, when it does not have a colon that explicitly tells us +what ref at the $there repository is to be updated, has been enhanced. + +A handful of ancient commands that have long been deprecated are +finally gone (repo-config, tar-tree, lost-found, and peek-remote). + + +Backward compatibility notes (for Git 2.0.0) +-------------------------------------------- + +When "git push [$there]" does not say what to push, we have used the +traditional "matching" semantics so far (all your branches were sent +to the remote as long as there already are branches of the same name +over there). In Git 2.0, the default will change to the "simple" +semantics, which pushes: + + - only the current branch to the branch with the same name, and only + when the current branch is set to integrate with that remote + branch, if you are pushing to the same remote as you fetch from; or + + - only the current branch to the branch with the same name, if you + are pushing to a remote that is not where you usually fetch from. + +Use the user preference configuration variable "push.default" to +change this. If you are an old-timer who is used to the "matching" +semantics, you can set the variable to "matching" to keep the +traditional behaviour. If you want to live in the future early, you +can set it to "simple" today without waiting for Git 2.0. + +When "git add -u" (and "git add -A") is run inside a subdirectory and +does not specify which paths to add on the command line, it +will operate on the entire tree in Git 2.0 for consistency +with "git commit -a" and other commands. There will be no +mechanism to make plain "git add -u" behave like "git add -u .". +Current users of "git add -u" (without a pathspec) should start +training their fingers to explicitly say "git add -u ." +before Git 2.0 comes. A warning is issued when these commands are +run without a pathspec and when you have local changes outside the +current directory, because the behaviour in Git 2.0 will be different +from today's version in such a situation. + +In Git 2.0, "git add <path>" will behave as "git add -A <path>", so +that "git add dir/" will notice paths you removed from the directory +and record the removal. Versions before Git 2.0, including this +release, will keep ignoring removals, but the users who rely on this +behaviour are encouraged to start using "git add --ignore-removal <path>" +now before 2.0 is released. + +The default prefix for "git svn" will change in Git 2.0. For a long +time, "git svn" created its remote-tracking branches directly under +refs/remotes, but it will place them under refs/remotes/origin/ unless +it is told otherwise with its --prefix option. + + +Updates since v1.8.5 +-------------------- + +Foreign interfaces, subsystems and ports. + + * The HTTP transport, when talking GSS-Negotiate, uses "100 + Continue" response to avoid having to rewind and resend a large + payload, which may not be always doable. + + * Various bugfixes to remote-bzr and remote-hg (in contrib/). + + * The build procedure is aware of MirBSD now. + + * Various "git p4", "git svn" and "gitk" updates. + + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * Fetching from a shallowly-cloned repository used to be forbidden, + primarily because the codepaths involved were not carefully vetted + and we did not bother supporting such usage. This release attempts + to allow object transfer out of a shallowly-cloned repository in a + more controlled way (i.e. the receiver becomes a shallow repository + with a truncated history). + + * Just like we give a reasonable default for "less" via the LESS + environment variable, we now specify a reasonable default for "lv" + via the "LV" environment variable when spawning the pager. + + * Two-level configuration variable names in "branch.*" and "remote.*" + hierarchies, whose variables are predominantly three-level, were + not completed by hitting a <TAB> in bash and zsh completions. + + * Fetching a 'frotz' branch with "git fetch", while a 'frotz/nitfol' + remote-tracking branch from an earlier fetch was still there, would + error out, primarily because the command was not told that it is + allowed to lose any information on our side. "git fetch --prune" + now can be used to remove 'frotz/nitfol' to make room for fetching and + storing the 'frotz' remote-tracking branch. + + * "diff.orderfile=<file>" configuration variable can be used to + pretend as if the "-O<file>" option were given from the command + line of "git diff", etc. + + * The negative pathspec syntax allows "git log -- . ':!dir'" to tell + us "I am interested in everything but 'dir' directory". + + * "git difftool" shows how many different paths there are in total, + and how many of them have been shown so far, to indicate progress. + + * "git push origin master" used to push our 'master' branch to update + the 'master' branch at the 'origin' repository. This has been + enhanced to use the same ref mapping "git push origin" would use to + determine what ref at the 'origin' to be updated with our 'master'. + For example, with this configuration + + [remote "origin"] + push = refs/heads/*:refs/review/* + + that would cause "git push origin" to push out our local branches + to corresponding refs under refs/review/ hierarchy at 'origin', + "git push origin master" would update 'refs/review/master' over + there. Alternatively, if push.default is set to 'upstream' and our + 'master' is set to integrate with 'topic' from the 'origin' branch, + running "git push origin" while on our 'master' would update their + 'topic' branch, and running "git push origin master" while on any + of our branches does the same. + + * "gitweb" learned to treat ref hierarchies other than refs/heads as + if they are additional branch namespaces (e.g. refs/changes/ in + Gerrit). + + * "git for-each-ref --format=..." learned a few formatting directives; + e.g. "%(color:red)%(HEAD)%(color:reset) %(refname:short) %(subject)". + + * The command string given to "git submodule foreach" is passed + directly to the shell, without being eval'ed. This is a backward + incompatible change that may break existing users. + + * "git log" and friends learned the "--exclude=<glob>" option, to + allow people to say "list history of all branches except those that + match this pattern" with "git log --exclude='*/*' --branches". + + * "git rev-parse --parseopt" learned a new "--stuck-long" option to + help scripts parse options with an optional parameter. + + * The "--tags" option to "git fetch" no longer tells the command to + fetch _only_ the tags. It instead fetches tags _in addition to_ + what are fetched by the same command line without the option. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, etc. + + * When parsing a 40-hex string into the object name, the string is + checked to see if it can be interpreted as a ref so that a warning + can be given for ambiguity. The code kicked in even when the + core.warnambiguousrefs is set to false to squelch this warning, in + which case the cycles spent to look at the ref namespace were an + expensive no-op, as the result was discarded without being used. + + * The naming convention of the packfiles has been updated; it used to + be based on the enumeration of names of the objects that are + contained in the pack, but now it also depends on how the packed + result is represented---packing the same set of objects using + different settings (or delta order) would produce a pack with + different name. + + * "git diff --no-index" mode used to unnecessarily attempt to read + the index when there is one. + + * The deprecated parse-options macro OPT_BOOLEAN has been removed; + use OPT_BOOL or OPT_COUNTUP in new code. + + * A few duplicate implementations of prefix/suffix string comparison + functions have been unified to starts_with() and ends_with(). + + * The new PERLLIB_EXTRA makefile variable can be used to specify + additional directories Perl modules (e.g. the ones necessary to run + git-svn) are installed on the platform when building. + + * "git merge-base" learned the "--fork-point" mode, that implements + the same logic used in "git pull --rebase" to find a suitable fork + point out of the reflog entries for the remote-tracking branch the + work has been based on. "git rebase" has the same logic that can be + triggered with the "--fork-point" option. + + * A third-party "receive-pack" (the responder to "git push") can + advertise the "no-thin" capability to tell "git push" not to use + the thin-pack optimization. Our receive-pack has always been + capable of accepting and fattening a thin-pack, and will continue + not to ask "git push" to use a non-thin pack. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v1.8.5 +------------------ + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v1.8.5 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' notes +for details). + + * The pathspec matching code, while comparing two trees (e.g. "git + diff A B -- path1 path2") was too aggressive and failed to match + some paths when multiple pathspecs were involved. + + * "git repack --max-pack-size=8g" stopped being parsed correctly when + the command was reimplemented in C. + + * An earlier update in v1.8.4.x to "git rev-list --objects" with + negative ref had a performance regression. + (merge 200abe7 jk/mark-edges-uninteresting later to maint). + + * A recent update to "git send-email" broke platforms where + /etc/ssl/certs/ directory exists but cannot be used as SSL_ca_path + (e.g. Fedora rawhide). + + * A handful of bugs around interpreting $branch@{upstream} notation + and its lookalike, when $branch part has interesting characters, + e.g. "@", and ":", have been fixed. + + * "git clone" would fail to clone from a repository that has a ref + directly under "refs/", e.g. "refs/stash", because different + validation paths do different things on such a refname. Loosen the + client side's validation to allow such a ref. + + * "git log --left-right A...B" lost the "leftness" of commits + reachable from A when A is a tag as a side effect of a recent + bugfix. This is a regression in 1.8.4.x series. + + * documentations to "git pull" hinted there is an "-m" option because + it incorrectly shared the documentation with "git merge". + + * "git diff A B submod" and "git diff A B submod/" ought to have done + the same for a submodule "submod", but didn't. + + * "git clone $origin foo\bar\baz" on Windows failed to create the + leading directories (i.e. a moral-equivalent of "mkdir -p"). + + * "submodule.*.update=checkout", when propagated from .gitmodules to + .git/config, turned into a "submodule.*.update=none", which did not + make much sense. + (merge efa8fd7 fp/submodule-checkout-mode later to maint). + + * The implementation of 'git stash $cmd "stash@{...}"' did not quote + the stash argument properly and left it split at IFS whitespace. + + * The "--[no-]informative-errors" options to "git daemon" were parsed + a bit too loosely, allowing any other string after these option + names. + + * There is no reason to have a hardcoded upper limit for the number of + parents of an octopus merge, created via the graft mechanism, but + there was. + + * The basic test used to leave unnecessary trash directories in the + t/ directory. + (merge 738a8be jk/test-framework-updates later to maint). + + * "git merge-base --octopus" used to leave cleaning up suboptimal + result to the caller, but now it does the clean-up itself. + + * A "gc" process running as a different user should be able to stop a + new "gc" process from starting, but it didn't. + + * An earlier "clean-up" introduced an unnecessary memory leak. + + * "git add -A" (no other arguments) in a totally empty working tree + used to emit an error. + + * "git log --decorate" did not handle a tag pointed by another tag + nicely. + + * When we figure out how many file descriptors to allocate for + keeping packfiles open, a system with non-working getrlimit() could + cause us to die(), but because we make this call only to get a + rough estimate of how many are available and we do not even attempt + to use up all available file descriptors ourselves, it is nicer to + fall back to a reasonable low value rather than dying. + + * read_sha1_file(), that is the workhorse to read the contents given + an object name, honoured object replacements, but there was no + corresponding mechanism to sha1_object_info() that was used to + obtain the metainfo (e.g. type & size) about the object. This led + callers to weird inconsistencies. + (merge 663a856 cc/replace-object-info later to maint). + + * "git cat-file --batch=", an admittedly useless command, did not + behave very well. + + * "git rev-parse <revs> -- <paths>" did not implement the usual + disambiguation rules the commands in the "git log" family used in + the same way. + + * "git mv A B/", when B does not exist as a directory, should error + out, but it didn't. + + * A workaround to an old bug in glibc prior to glibc 2.17 has been + retired; this would remove a side effect of the workaround that + corrupts system error messages in non-C locales. + + * SSL-related options were not passed correctly to underlying socket + layer in "git send-email". + + * "git commit -v" appends the patch to the log message before + editing, and then removes the patch when the editor returned + control. However, the patch was not stripped correctly when the + first modified path was a submodule. + + * "git fetch --depth=0" was a no-op, and was silently ignored. + Diagnose it as an error. + + * Remote repository URLs expressed in scp-style host:path notation are + parsed more carefully (e.g. "foo/bar:baz" is local, "[::1]:/~user" asks + to connect to user's home directory on host at address ::1. + + * "git diff -- ':(icase)makefile'" was unnecessarily rejected at the + command line parser. + + * "git cat-file --batch-check=ok" did not check the existence of + the named object. + + * "git am --abort" sometimes complained about not being able to write + a tree with an 0{40} object in it. + + * Two processes creating loose objects at the same time could have + failed unnecessarily when the name of their new objects started + with the same byte value, due to a race condition. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5b0602053c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +Git v1.9.1 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v1.9.0 +------------------ + + * "git clean -d pathspec" did not use the given pathspec correctly + and ended up cleaning too much. + + * "git difftool" misbehaved when the repository is bound to the + working tree with the ".git file" mechanism, where a textual file + ".git" tells us where it is. + + * "git push" did not pay attention to branch.*.pushremote if it is + defined earlier than remote.pushdefault; the order of these two + variables in the configuration file should not matter, but it did + by mistake. + + * Codepaths that parse timestamps in commit objects have been + tightened. + + * "git diff --external-diff" incorrectly fed the submodule directory + in the working tree to the external diff driver when it knew it is + the same as one of the versions being compared. + + * "git reset" needs to refresh the index when working in a working + tree (it can also be used to match the index to the HEAD in an + otherwise bare repository), but it failed to set up the working + tree properly, causing GIT_WORK_TREE to be ignored. + + * "git check-attr" when working on a repository with a working tree + did not work well when the working tree was specified via the + --work-tree (and obviously with --git-dir) option. + + * "merge-recursive" was broken in 1.7.7 era and stopped working in + an empty (temporary) working tree, when there are renames + involved. This has been corrected. + + * "git rev-parse" was loose in rejecting command line arguments + that do not make sense, e.g. "--default" without the required + value for that option. + + * include.path variable (or any variable that expects a path that + can use ~username expansion) in the configuration file is not a + boolean, but the code failed to check it. + + * "git diff --quiet -- pathspec1 pathspec2" sometimes did not return + correct status value. + + * Attempting to deepen a shallow repository by fetching over smart + HTTP transport failed in the protocol exchange, when no-done + extension was used. The fetching side waited for the list of + shallow boundary commits after the sending end stopped talking to + it. + + * Allow "git cmd path/", when the 'path' is where a submodule is + bound to the top-level working tree, to match 'path', despite the + extra and unnecessary trailing slash (such a slash is often + given by command line completion). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..47a34ca964 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +Git v1.9.2 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v1.9.1 +------------------ + + * Documentation and in-code comments had many instances of mistaken + use of "nor", which have been corrected. + + * "git fetch --prune", when the right-hand-side of multiple fetch + refspecs overlap (e.g. storing "refs/heads/*" to + "refs/remotes/origin/*", while storing "refs/frotz/*" to + "refs/remotes/origin/fr/*"), aggressively thought that lack of + "refs/heads/fr/otz" on the origin site meant we should remove + "refs/remotes/origin/fr/otz" from us, without checking their + "refs/frotz/otz" first. + + Note that such a configuration is inherently unsafe (think what + should happen when "refs/heads/fr/otz" does appear on the origin + site), but that is not a reason not to be extra careful. + + * "git update-ref --stdin" did not fail a request to create a ref + when the ref already existed. + + * "git diff --no-index -Mq a b" fell into an infinite loop. + + * When it is not necessary to edit a commit log message (e.g. "git + commit -m" is given a message without specifying "-e"), we used to + disable the spawning of the editor by overriding GIT_EDITOR, but + this means all the uses of the editor, other than to edit the + commit log message, are also affected. + + * "git status --porcelain --branch" showed its output with labels + "ahead/behind/gone" translated to the user's locale. + + * "git mv" that moves a submodule forgot to adjust the array that + uses to keep track of which submodules were to be moved to update + its configuration. + + * Length limit for the pathname used when removing a path in a deep + subdirectory has been removed to avoid buffer overflows. + + * The test helper lib-terminal always run an actual test_expect_* + when included, which screwed up with the use of skil-all that may + have to be done later. + + * "git index-pack" used a wrong variable to name the keep-file in an + error message when the file cannot be written or closed. + + * "rebase -i" produced a broken insn sheet when the title of a commit + happened to contain '\n' (or ended with '\c') due to a careless use + of 'echo'. + + * There were a few instances of 'git-foo' remaining in the + documentation that should have been spelled 'git foo'. + + * Serving objects from a shallow repository needs to write a + new file to hold the temporary shallow boundaries but it was not + cleaned when we exit due to die() or a signal. + + * When "git stash pop" stops after failing to apply the stash + (e.g. due to conflicting changes), the stash is not dropped. State + that explicitly in the output to let the users know. + + * The labels in "git status" output that describe the nature of + conflicts (e.g. "both deleted") were limited to 20 bytes, which was + too short for some l10n (e.g. fr). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..17b05ca7b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +Git v1.9.3 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v1.9.2 +------------------ + + * "git p4" dealing with changes in binary files were broken by a + change in 1.9 release. + + * The shell prompt script (in contrib/), when using the PROMPT_COMMAND + interface, used an unsafe construct when showing the branch name in + $PS1. + + * "git rebase" used a POSIX shell construct FreeBSD /bin/sh does not + work well with. + + * Some more Unicode codepoints defined in Unicode 6.3 as having + zero width have been taught to our display column counting logic. + + * Some tests used shell constructs that did not work well on + FreeBSD. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e1d1835436 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +Git v1.9.4 Release Notes +======================== + +Fixes since v1.9.3 +------------------ + + * Commands that take pathspecs on the command line misbehaved when + the pathspec is given as an absolute pathname (which is a + practice not particularly encouraged) that points at a symbolic + link in the working tree. + + * An earlier fix to the shell prompt script (in contrib/) for using + the PROMPT_COMMAND interface did not correctly check if the extra + code path needs to trigger, causing the branch name not to appear + when 'promptvars' option is disabled in bash or PROMPT_SUBST is + unset in zsh. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2617372a0c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,364 @@ +Git v2.0 Release Notes +====================== + +Backward compatibility notes +---------------------------- + +When "git push [$there]" does not say what to push, we have used the +traditional "matching" semantics so far (all your branches were sent +to the remote as long as there already are branches of the same name +over there). In Git 2.0, the default is now the "simple" semantics, +which pushes: + + - only the current branch to the branch with the same name, and only + when the current branch is set to integrate with that remote + branch, if you are pushing to the same remote as you fetch from; or + + - only the current branch to the branch with the same name, if you + are pushing to a remote that is not where you usually fetch from. + +You can use the configuration variable "push.default" to change +this. If you are an old-timer who wants to keep using the +"matching" semantics, you can set the variable to "matching", for +example. Read the documentation for other possibilities. + +When "git add -u" and "git add -A" are run inside a subdirectory +without specifying which paths to add on the command line, they +operate on the entire tree for consistency with "git commit -a" and +other commands (these commands used to operate only on the current +subdirectory). Say "git add -u ." or "git add -A ." if you want to +limit the operation to the current directory. + +"git add <path>" is the same as "git add -A <path>" now, so that +"git add dir/" will notice paths you removed from the directory and +record the removal. In older versions of Git, "git add <path>" used +to ignore removals. You can say "git add --ignore-removal <path>" to +add only added or modified paths in <path>, if you really want to. + +The "-q" option to "git diff-files", which does *NOT* mean "quiet", +has been removed (it told Git to ignore deletion, which you can do +with "git diff-files --diff-filter=d"). + +"git request-pull" lost a few "heuristics" that often led to mistakes. + +The default prefix for "git svn" has changed in Git 2.0. For a long +time, "git svn" created its remote-tracking branches directly under +refs/remotes, but it now places them under refs/remotes/origin/ unless +it is told otherwise with its "--prefix" option. + + +Updates since v1.9 series +------------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * The "multi-mail" post-receive hook (in contrib/) has been updated + to a more recent version from upstream. + + * The "remote-hg/bzr" remote-helper interfaces (used to be in + contrib/) are no more. They are now maintained separately as + third-party plug-ins in their own repositories. + + * "git gc --aggressive" learned "--depth" option and + "gc.aggressiveDepth" configuration variable to allow use of a less + insane depth than the built-in default value of 250. + + * "git log" learned the "--show-linear-break" option to show where a + single strand-of-pearls is broken in its output. + + * The "rev-parse --parseopt" mechanism used by scripted Porcelains to + parse command-line options and to give help text learned to take + the argv-help (the placeholder string for an option parameter, + e.g. "key-id" in "--gpg-sign=<key-id>"). + + * The pattern to find where the function begins in C/C++ used in + "diff" and "grep -p" has been updated to improve viewing C++ + sources. + + * "git rebase" learned to interpret a lone "-" as "@{-1}", the + branch that we were previously on. + + * "git commit --cleanup=<mode>" learned a new mode, scissors. + + * "git tag --list" output can be sorted using "version sort" with + "--sort=version:refname". + + * Discard the accumulated "heuristics" to guess from which branch the + result wants to be pulled from and make sure that what the end user + specified is not second-guessed by "git request-pull", to avoid + mistakes. When you pushed out your 'master' branch to your public + repository as 'for-linus', use the new "master:for-linus" syntax to + denote the branch to be pulled. + + * "git grep" learned to behave in a way similar to native grep when + "-h" (no header) and "-c" (count) options are given. + + * "git push" via transport-helper interface has been updated to + allow forced ref updates in a way similar to the natively + supported transports. + + * The "simple" mode is the default for "git push". + + * "git add -u" and "git add -A", when run without any pathspec, is a + tree-wide operation even when run inside a subdirectory of a + working tree. + + * "git add <path>" is the same as "git add -A <path>" now. + + * "core.statinfo" configuration variable, which is a + never-advertised synonym to "core.checkstat", has been removed. + + * The "-q" option to "git diff-files", which does *NOT* mean + "quiet", has been removed (it told Git to ignore deletion, which + you can do with "git diff-files --diff-filter=d"). + + * Server operators can loosen the "tips of refs only" restriction for + the remote archive service with the uploadarchive.allowUnreachable + configuration option. + + * The progress indicators from various time-consuming commands have + been marked for i18n/l10n. + + * "git notes -C <blob>" diagnoses as an error an attempt to use an + object that is not a blob. + + * "git config" learned to read from the standard input when "-" is + given as the value to its "--file" parameter (attempting an + operation to update the configuration in the standard input is + rejected, of course). + + * Trailing whitespaces in .gitignore files, unless they are quoted + for fnmatch(3), e.g. "path\ ", are warned and ignored. Strictly + speaking, this is a backward-incompatible change, but very unlikely + to bite any sane user and adjusting should be obvious and easy. + + * Many commands that create commits, e.g. "pull" and "rebase", + learned to take the "--gpg-sign" option on the command line. + + * "git commit" can be told to always GPG sign the resulting commit + by setting the "commit.gpgsign" configuration variable to "true" + (the command-line option "--no-gpg-sign" should override it). + + * "git pull" can be told to only accept fast-forward by setting the + new "pull.ff" configuration variable. + + * "git reset" learned the "-N" option, which does not reset the index + fully for paths the index knows about but the tree-ish the command + resets to does not (these paths are kept as intend-to-add entries). + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, etc. + + * The compilation options to port to AIX and to MSVC have been + updated. + + * We started using wildmatch() in place of fnmatch(3) a few releases + ago; complete the process and stop using fnmatch(3). + + * Uses of curl's "multi" interface and "easy" interface do not mix + well when we attempt to reuse outgoing connections. Teach the RPC + over HTTP code, used in the smart HTTP transport, not to use the + "easy" interface. + + * The bitmap-index feature from JGit has been ported, which should + significantly improve performance when serving objects from a + repository that uses it. + + * The way "git log --cc" shows a combined diff against multiple + parents has been optimized. + + * The prefixcmp() and suffixcmp() functions are gone. Use + starts_with() and ends_with(), and also consider if skip_prefix() + suits your needs better when using the former. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. Many +of them came from flurry of activities as GSoC candidate microproject +exercises. + + +Fixes since v1.9 series +----------------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v1.9 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' +notes for details). + + * "git p4" was broken in 1.9 release to deal with changes in binary + files. + (merge 749b668 cl/p4-use-diff-tree later to maint). + + * The shell prompt script (in contrib/), when using the PROMPT_COMMAND + interface, used an unsafe construct when showing the branch name in + $PS1. + (merge 1e4119c8 rh/prompt-pcmode-avoid-eval-on-refname later to maint). + + * "git rebase" used a POSIX shell construct FreeBSD's /bin/sh does not + work well with. + (merge 8cd6596 km/avoid-non-function-return-in-rebase later to maint). + + * zsh prompt (in contrib/) leaked unnecessary error messages. + + * Bash completion (in contrib/) did not complete the refs and remotes + correctly given "git pu<TAB>" when "pu" is aliased to "push". + + * Some more Unicode code points, defined in Unicode 6.3 as having zero + width, have been taught to our display column counting logic. + (merge d813ab9 tb/unicode-6.3-zero-width later to maint). + + * Some tests used shell constructs that did not work well on FreeBSD + (merge ff7a1c6 km/avoid-bs-in-shell-glob later to maint). + (merge 00764ca km/avoid-cp-a later to maint). + + * "git update-ref --stdin" did not fail a request to create a ref + when the ref already existed. + (merge b9d56b5 mh/update-ref-batch-create-fix later to maint). + + * "git diff --no-index -Mq a b" fell into an infinite loop. + (merge ad1c3fb jc/fix-diff-no-index-diff-opt-parse later to maint). + + * "git fetch --prune", when the right-hand side of multiple fetch + refspecs overlap (e.g. storing "refs/heads/*" to + "refs/remotes/origin/*", while storing "refs/frotz/*" to + "refs/remotes/origin/fr/*"), aggressively thought that lack of + "refs/heads/fr/otz" on the origin site meant we should remove + "refs/remotes/origin/fr/otz" from us, without checking their + "refs/frotz/otz" first. + + Note that such a configuration is inherently unsafe (think what + should happen when "refs/heads/fr/otz" does appear on the origin + site), but that is not a reason not to be extra careful. + (merge e6f6371 cn/fetch-prune-overlapping-destination later to maint). + + * "git status --porcelain --branch" showed its output with labels + "ahead/behind/gone" translated to the user's locale. + (merge 7a76c28 mm/status-porcelain-format-i18n-fix later to maint). + + * A stray environment variable $prefix could have leaked into and + affected the behaviour of the "subtree" script (in contrib/). + + * When it is not necessary to edit a commit log message (e.g. "git + commit -m" is given a message without specifying "-e"), we used to + disable the spawning of the editor by overriding GIT_EDITOR, but + this means all the uses of the editor, other than to edit the + commit log message, are also affected. + (merge b549be0 bp/commit-p-editor later to maint). + + * "git mv" that moves a submodule forgot to adjust the array that + uses to keep track of which submodules were to be moved to update + its configuration. + (merge fb8a4e8 jk/mv-submodules-fix later to maint). + + * Length limit for the pathname used when removing a path in a deep + subdirectory has been removed to avoid buffer overflows. + (merge 2f29e0c mh/remove-subtree-long-pathname-fix later to maint). + + * The test helper lib-terminal always run an actual test_expect_* + when included, which screwed up with the use of skil-all that may + have to be done later. + (merge 7e27173 jk/lib-terminal-lazy later to maint). + + * "git index-pack" used a wrong variable to name the keep-file in an + error message when the file cannot be written or closed. + (merge de983a0 nd/index-pack-error-message later to maint). + + * "rebase -i" produced a broken insn sheet when the title of a commit + happened to contain '\n' (or ended with '\c') due to a careless use + of 'echo'. + (merge cb1aefd us/printf-not-echo later to maint). + + * There were a few instances of 'git-foo' remaining in the + documentation that should have been spelled 'git foo'. + (merge 3c3e6f5 rr/doc-merge-strategies later to maint). + + * Serving objects from a shallow repository needs to write a + new file to hold the temporary shallow boundaries, but it was not + cleaned when we exit due to die() or a signal. + (merge 7839632 jk/shallow-update-fix later to maint). + + * When "git stash pop" stops after failing to apply the stash + (e.g. due to conflicting changes), the stash is not dropped. State + that explicitly in the output to let the users know. + (merge 2d4c993 jc/stash-pop-not-popped later to maint). + + * The labels in "git status" output that describe the nature of + conflicts (e.g. "both deleted") were limited to 20 bytes, which was + too short for some l10n (e.g. fr). + (merge c7cb333 jn/wt-status later to maint). + + * "git clean -d pathspec" did not use the given pathspec correctly + and ended up cleaning too much. + (merge 1f2e108 jk/clean-d-pathspec later to maint). + + * "git difftool" misbehaved when the repository is bound to the + working tree with the ".git file" mechanism, where a textual file + ".git" tells us where it is. + (merge fcfec8b da/difftool-git-files later to maint). + + * "git push" did not pay attention to "branch.*.pushremote" if it is + defined earlier than "remote.pushdefault"; the order of these two + variables in the configuration file should not matter, but it did + by mistake. + (merge 98b406f jk/remote-pushremote-config-reading later to maint). + + * Code paths that parse timestamps in commit objects have been + tightened. + (merge f80d1f9 jk/commit-dates-parsing-fix later to maint). + + * "git diff --external-diff" incorrectly fed the submodule directory + in the working tree to the external diff driver when it knew that it + is the same as one of the versions being compared. + (merge aba4727 tr/diff-submodule-no-reuse-worktree later to maint). + + * "git reset" needs to refresh the index when working in a working + tree (it can also be used to match the index to the HEAD in an + otherwise bare repository), but it failed to set up the working + tree properly, causing GIT_WORK_TREE to be ignored. + (merge b7756d4 nd/reset-setup-worktree later to maint). + + * "git check-attr" when working on a repository with a working tree + did not work well when the working tree was specified via the + "--work-tree" (and obviously with "--git-dir") option. + (merge cdbf623 jc/check-attr-honor-working-tree later to maint). + + * "merge-recursive" was broken in 1.7.7 era and stopped working in + an empty (temporary) working tree, when there are renames + involved. This has been corrected. + (merge 6e2068a bk/refresh-missing-ok-in-merge-recursive later to maint.) + + * "git rev-parse" was loose in rejecting command-line arguments + that do not make sense, e.g. "--default" without the required + value for that option. + (merge a43219f ds/rev-parse-required-args later to maint.) + + * "include.path" variable (or any variable that expects a path that + can use ~username expansion) in the configuration file is not a + boolean, but the code failed to check it. + (merge 67beb60 jk/config-path-include-fix later to maint.) + + * Commands that take pathspecs on the command line misbehaved when + the pathspec is given as an absolute pathname (which is a + practice not particularly encouraged) that points at a symbolic + link in the working tree. + (merge 6127ff6 mw/symlinks later to maint.) + + * "git diff --quiet -- pathspec1 pathspec2" sometimes did not return + the correct status value. + (merge f34b205 nd/diff-quiet-stat-dirty later to maint.) + + * Attempting to deepen a shallow repository by fetching over smart + HTTP transport failed in the protocol exchange, when the no-done + extension was used. The fetching side waited for the list of + shallow boundary commits after the sending side stopped talking to + it. + (merge 0232852 nd/http-fetch-shallow-fix later to maint.) + + * Allow "git cmd path/", when the 'path' is where a submodule is + bound to the top-level working tree, to match 'path', despite the + extra and unnecessary trailing slash (such a slash is often + given by command-line completion). + (merge 2e70c01 nd/submodule-pathspec-ending-with-slash later to maint.) + + * Documentation and in-code comments had many instances of mistaken + use of "nor", which have been corrected. + (merge 235e8d5 jl/nor-or-nand-and later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..527b07e9b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.1.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ +Git v2.1 Release Notes +====================== + +Backward compatibility notes +---------------------------- + + * The default value we give to the environment variable LESS has been + changed from "FRSX" to "FRX", losing "S" (chop long lines instead + of wrapping). Existing users who prefer not to see line-wrapped + output may want to set + + $ git config core.pager "less -S" + + to restore the traditional behaviour. It is expected that people + find output from the most subcommands easier to read with the new + default, except for "blame" which tends to produce really long + lines. To override the new default only for "git blame", you can + do this: + + $ git config pager.blame "less -S" + + * A few disused directories in contrib/ have been retired. + + +Updates since v2.0 +------------------ + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * Since the very beginning of Git, we gave the LESS environment a + default value "FRSX" when we spawn "less" as the pager. "S" (chop + long lines instead of wrapping) has been removed from this default + set of options, because it is more or less a personal taste thing, + as opposed to others that have good justifications (i.e. "R" is + very much justified because many kinds of output we produce are + colored and "FX" is justified because output we produce is often + shorter than a page). + + * The logic and data used to compute the display width needed for + UTF-8 strings have been updated to match Unicode 6.3 better. + + * "git commit --date=<date>" option learned to read from more + timestamp formats, including "--date=now". + + * The `core.commentChar` configuration variable is used to specify a + custom comment character other than the default "#" to be used in + the commit log editor. This can be set to `auto` to attempt to + choose a different character that does not conflict with what + already starts a line in the message being edited for cases like + "git commit --amend". + + * "git grep" learned grep.fullname configuration variable to force + "--full-name" to be default. This may cause regressions on + scripted users that do not expect this new behaviour. + + * "git imap-send" learned to ask the credential helper for auth + material. + + * "git merge" without argument, even when there is an upstream + defined for the current branch, refused to run until + merge.defaultToUpstream is set to true. Flip the default of that + configuration variable to true. + + * "git mergetool" learned to drive the vimdiff3 backend. + + * mergetool.prompt used to default to 'true', always asking "do you + really want to run the tool on this path?". Among the two + purposes this prompt serves, ignore the use case to confirm that + the user wants to view particular path with the named tool, and + redefine the meaning of the prompt only to confirm the choice of + the tool made by the autodetection (for those who configured the + tool explicitly, the prompt shown for the latter purpose is + simply annoying). + + Strictly speaking, this is a backward incompatible change and the + users need to explicitly set the variable to 'true' if they want + to resurrect the now-ignored use case. + + * "git svn" learned to cope with malformed timestamps with only one + digit in the hour part, e.g. 2014-01-07T5:01:02.048176Z, emitted + by some broken subversion server implementations. + + * "git tag" when editing the tag message shows the name of the tag + being edited as a comment in the editor. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, etc. + + * Build procedure for 'subtree' (in contrib/) has been cleaned up. + + * The `core.deltabasecachelimit` used to default to 16 MiB , but this + proved to be too small, and has been bumped to 96 MiB. + + * "git blame" has been optimized greatly by reorganising the data + structure that is used to keep track of the work to be done, thanks + to David Karstrup <dak@gnu.org>. + + * "git diff" that compares 3-or-more trees (e.g. parents and the + result of a merge) have been optimized. + + * The API to update/delete references are being converted to handle + updates to multiple references in a transactional way. As an + example, "update-ref --stdin [-z]" has been updated to use this + API. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v2.0 +---------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v2.0 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases' +notes for details). + + * We used to unconditionally disable the pager in the pager process + we spawn to feed out output, but that prevented people who want to + run "less" within "less" from doing so. + (merge c0459ca je/pager-do-not-recurse later to maint). + + * "--ignore-space-change" option of "git apply" ignored the spaces + at the beginning of line too aggressively, which is inconsistent + with the option of the same name "diff" and "git diff" have. + (merge 14d3bb4 jc/apply-ignore-whitespace later to maint). + + * "git blame" miscounted number of columns needed to show localized + timestamps, resulting in jaggy left-side-edge of the source code + lines in its output. + (merge dd75553 jx/blame-align-relative-time later to maint). + + * "git blame" assigned the blame to the copy in the working-tree if + the repository is set to core.autocrlf=input and the file used CRLF + line endings. + (merge 4d4813a bc/blame-crlf-test later to maint). + + * "git commit --allow-empty-messag -C $commit" did not work when the + commit did not have any log message. + (merge 076cbd6 jk/commit-C-pick-empty later to maint). + + * "git grep -O" to show the lines that hit in the pager did not work + well with case insensitive search. We now spawn "less" with its + "-I" option when it is used as the pager (which is the default). + (merge f7febbe sk/spawn-less-case-insensitively-from-grep-O-i later to maint). + + * We used to disable threaded "git index-pack" on platforms without + thread-safe pread(); use a different workaround for such + platforms to allow threaded "git index-pack". + (merge 3953949 nd/index-pack-one-fd-per-thread later to maint). + + * The error reporting from "git index-pack" has been improved to + distinguish missing objects from type errors. + (merge 77583e7 jk/index-pack-report-missing later to maint). + + * On a case insensitive filesystem, merge-recursive incorrectly + deleted the file that is to be renamed to a name that is the same + except for case differences. + (merge baa37bf dt/merge-recursive-case-insensitive later to maint). + + * "git rerere forget" did not work well when merge.conflictstyle + was set to a non-default value. + (merge de3d8bb fc/rerere-conflict-style later to maint). + + * "git show -s" (i.e. show log message only) used to incorrectly emit + an extra blank line after a merge commit. + (merge ad2f725 mk/show-s-no-extra-blank-line-for-merges later to maint). + + * "git status", even though it is a read-only operation, tries to + update the index with refreshed lstat(2) info to optimize future + accesses to the working tree opportunistically, but this could + race with a "read-write" operation that modify the index while it + is running. Detect such a race and avoid overwriting the index. + (merge 426ddee ym/fix-opportunistic-index-update-race later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches index d0a4733e45..e6d46edbe7 100644 --- a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +++ b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches @@ -65,7 +65,20 @@ feature does not trigger when it shouldn't. Also make sure that the test suite passes after your commit. Do not forget to update the documentation to describe the updated behaviour. -Oh, another thing. I am picky about whitespaces. Make sure your +Speaking of the documentation, it is currently a liberal mixture of US +and UK English norms for spelling and grammar, which is somewhat +unfortunate. A huge patch that touches the files all over the place +only to correct the inconsistency is not welcome, though. Potential +clashes with other changes that can result from such a patch are not +worth it. We prefer to gradually reconcile the inconsistencies in +favor of US English, with small and easily digestible patches, as a +side effect of doing some other real work in the vicinity (e.g. +rewriting a paragraph for clarity, while turning en_UK spelling to +en_US). Obvious typographical fixes are much more welcomed ("teh -> +"the"), preferably submitted as independent patches separate from +other documentation changes. + +Oh, another thing. We are picky about whitespaces. Make sure your changes do not trigger errors with the sample pre-commit hook shipped in templates/hooks--pre-commit. To help ensure this does not happen, run git diff --check on your changes before you commit. @@ -126,8 +139,15 @@ People on the Git mailing list need to be able to read and comment on the changes you are submitting. It is important for a developer to be able to "quote" your changes, using standard e-mail tools, so that they may comment on specific portions of -your code. For this reason, all patches should be submitted -"inline". If your log message (including your name on the +your code. For this reason, each patch should be submitted +"inline" in a separate message. + +Multiple related patches should be grouped into their own e-mail +thread to help readers find all parts of the series. To that end, +send them as replies to either an additional "cover letter" message +(see below), the first patch, or the respective preceding patch. + +If your log message (including your name on the Signed-off-by line) is not writable in ASCII, make sure that you send off a message in the correct encoding. diff --git a/Documentation/blame-options.txt b/Documentation/blame-options.txt index 4e55b1564e..0cebc4f692 100644 --- a/Documentation/blame-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/blame-options.txt @@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ -L <start>,<end>:: -L :<regex>:: - Annotate only the given line range. <start> and <end> are optional. - ``-L <start>'' or ``-L <start>,'' spans from <start> to end of file. - ``-L ,<end>'' spans from start of file to <end>. + Annotate only the given line range. May be specified multiple times. + Overlapping ranges are allowed. ++ +<start> and <end> are optional. ``-L <start>'' or ``-L <start>,'' spans from +<start> to end of file. ``-L ,<end>'' spans from start of file to <end>. + -<start> and <end> can take one of these forms: - include::line-range-format.txt[] -l:: diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt index ec57a15ac5..cd2d6514e1 100644 --- a/Documentation/config.txt +++ b/Documentation/config.txt @@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ be escaped: use `\"` for `"` and `\\` for `\`. The following escape sequences (beside `\"` and `\\`) are recognized: `\n` for newline character (NL), `\t` for horizontal tabulation (HT, TAB) -and `\b` for backspace (BS). No other char escape sequence, nor octal -char sequences are valid. +and `\b` for backspace (BS). Other char escape sequences (including octal +escape sequences) are invalid. Variable values ending in a `\` are continued on the next line in the customary UNIX fashion. @@ -131,8 +131,13 @@ Variables Note that this list is non-comprehensive and not necessarily complete. For command-specific variables, you will find a more detailed description -in the appropriate manual page. You will find a description of non-core -porcelain configuration variables in the respective porcelain documentation. +in the appropriate manual page. + +Other git-related tools may and do use their own variables. When +inventing new variables for use in your own tool, make sure their +names do not conflict with those that are used by Git itself and +other popular tools, and describe them in your documentation. + advice.*:: These variables control various optional help messages designed to @@ -142,19 +147,13 @@ advice.*:: -- pushUpdateRejected:: Set this variable to 'false' if you want to disable - 'pushNonFFCurrent', 'pushNonFFDefault', + 'pushNonFFCurrent', 'pushNonFFMatching', 'pushAlreadyExists', 'pushFetchFirst', and 'pushNeedsForce' simultaneously. pushNonFFCurrent:: Advice shown when linkgit:git-push[1] fails due to a non-fast-forward update to the current branch. - pushNonFFDefault:: - Advice to set 'push.default' to 'upstream' or 'current' - when you ran linkgit:git-push[1] and pushed 'matching - refs' by default (i.e. you did not provide an explicit - refspec, and no 'push.default' configuration was set) - and it resulted in a non-fast-forward error. pushNonFFMatching:: Advice shown when you ran linkgit:git-push[1] and pushed 'matching refs' explicitly (i.e. you used ':', or @@ -170,8 +169,8 @@ advice.*:: pushNeedsForce:: Shown when linkgit:git-push[1] rejects an update that tries to overwrite a remote ref that points at an - object that is not a committish, or make the remote - ref point at an object that is not a committish. + object that is not a commit-ish, or make the remote + ref point at an object that is not a commit-ish. statusHints:: Show directions on how to proceed from the current state in the output of linkgit:git-status[1], in @@ -382,7 +381,7 @@ false), while all other repositories are assumed to be bare (bare core.worktree:: Set the path to the root of the working tree. This can be overridden by the GIT_WORK_TREE environment - variable and the '--work-tree' command line option. + variable and the '--work-tree' command-line option. The value can be an absolute path or relative to the path to the .git directory, which is either specified by --git-dir or GIT_DIR, or automatically discovered. @@ -490,7 +489,7 @@ core.deltaBaseCacheLimit:: to avoid unpacking and decompressing frequently used base objects multiple times. + -Default is 16 MiB on all platforms. This should be reasonable +Default is 96 MiB on all platforms. This should be reasonable for all users/operating systems, except on the largest projects. You probably do not need to adjust this value. + @@ -524,7 +523,7 @@ core.askpass:: environment variable. If not set, fall back to the value of the 'SSH_ASKPASS' environment variable or, failing that, a simple password prompt. The external program shall be given a suitable prompt as - command line argument and write the password on its STDOUT. + command-line argument and write the password on its STDOUT. core.attributesfile:: In addition to '.gitattributes' (per-directory) and @@ -545,6 +544,9 @@ core.commentchar:: messages consider a line that begins with this character commented, and removes them after the editor returns (default '#'). ++ +If set to "auto", `git-commit` would select a character that is not +the beginning character of any line in existing commit messages. sequence.editor:: Text editor used by `git rebase -i` for editing the rebase instruction file. @@ -553,22 +555,29 @@ sequence.editor:: When not configured the default commit message editor is used instead. core.pager:: - The command that Git will use to paginate output. Can - be overridden with the `GIT_PAGER` environment - variable. Note that Git sets the `LESS` environment - variable to `FRSX` if it is unset when it runs the - pager. One can change these settings by setting the - `LESS` variable to some other value. Alternately, - these settings can be overridden on a project or - global basis by setting the `core.pager` option. - Setting `core.pager` has no effect on the `LESS` - environment variable behaviour above, so if you want - to override Git's default settings this way, you need - to be explicit. For example, to disable the S option - in a backward compatible manner, set `core.pager` - to `less -+S`. This will be passed to the shell by - Git, which will translate the final command to - `LESS=FRSX less -+S`. + Text viewer for use by Git commands (e.g., 'less'). The value + is meant to be interpreted by the shell. The order of preference + is the `$GIT_PAGER` environment variable, then `core.pager` + configuration, then `$PAGER`, and then the default chosen at + compile time (usually 'less'). ++ +When the `LESS` environment variable is unset, Git sets it to `FRX` +(if `LESS` environment variable is set, Git does not change it at +all). If you want to selectively override Git's default setting +for `LESS`, you can set `core.pager` to e.g. `less -S`. This will +be passed to the shell by Git, which will translate the final +command to `LESS=FRX less -S`. The environment does not set the +`S` option but the command line does, instructing less to truncate +long lines. Similarly, setting `core.pager` to `less -+F` will +deactivate the `F` option specified by the environment from the +command-line, deactivating the "quit if one screen" behavior of +`less`. One can specifically activate some flags for particular +commands: for example, setting `pager.blame` to `less -S` enables +line truncation only for `git blame`. ++ +Likewise, when the `LV` environment variable is unset, Git sets it +to `-c`. You can override this setting by exporting `LV` with +another value or setting `core.pager` to `lv +c`. core.whitespace:: A comma separated list of common whitespace problems to @@ -726,6 +735,8 @@ branch.<name>.remote:: overridden by `branch.<name>.pushremote`. If no remote is configured, or if you are not on any branch, it defaults to `origin` for fetching and `remote.pushdefault` for pushing. + Additionally, `.` (a period) is the current local repository + (a dot-repository), see `branch.<name>.merge`'s final note below. branch.<name>.pushremote:: When on branch <name>, it overrides `branch.<name>.remote` for @@ -751,8 +762,8 @@ branch.<name>.merge:: Specify multiple values to get an octopus merge. If you wish to setup 'git pull' so that it merges into <name> from another branch in the local repository, you can point - branch.<name>.merge to the desired branch, and use the special setting - `.` (a period) for branch.<name>.remote. + branch.<name>.merge to the desired branch, and use the relative path + setting `.` (a period) for branch.<name>.remote. branch.<name>.mergeoptions:: Sets default options for merging into branch <name>. The syntax and @@ -766,6 +777,10 @@ branch.<name>.rebase:: "git pull" is run. See "pull.rebase" for doing this in a non branch-specific manner. + + When preserve, also pass `--preserve-merges` along to 'git rebase' + so that locally committed merge commits will not be flattened + by running 'git pull'. ++ *NOTE*: this is a possibly dangerous operation; do *not* use it unless you understand the implications (see linkgit:git-rebase[1] for details). @@ -787,8 +802,8 @@ browser.<tool>.path:: working repository in gitweb (see linkgit:git-instaweb[1]). clean.requireForce:: - A boolean to make git-clean do nothing unless given -f - or -n. Defaults to true. + A boolean to make git-clean do nothing unless given -f, + -i or -n. Defaults to true. color.branch:: A boolean to enable/disable color in the output of @@ -819,7 +834,7 @@ color.diff:: commands will only use color when output is to the terminal. Defaults to false. + -This does not affect linkgit:git-format-patch[1] nor the +This does not affect linkgit:git-format-patch[1] or the 'git-diff-{asterisk}' plumbing commands. Can be overridden on the command line with the `--color[=<when>]` option. @@ -984,6 +999,14 @@ commit.cleanup:: have to remove the help lines that begin with `#` in the commit log template yourself, if you do this). +commit.gpgsign:: + + A boolean to specify whether all commits should be GPG signed. + Use of this option when doing operations such as rebase can + result in a large number of commits being signed. It may be + convenient to use an agent to avoid typing your GPG passphrase + several times. + commit.status:: A boolean to enable/disable inclusion of status information in the commit message template when using an editor to prepare the commit @@ -1061,6 +1084,10 @@ fetch.unpackLimit:: especially on slow filesystems. If not set, the value of `transfer.unpackLimit` is used instead. +fetch.prune:: + If true, fetch will automatically behave as if the `--prune` + option was given on the command line. See also `remote.<name>.prune`. + format.attach:: Enable multipart/mixed attachments as the default for 'format-patch'. The value can also be a double quoted string @@ -1137,6 +1164,11 @@ filter.<driver>.smudge:: object to a worktree file upon checkout. See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. +gc.aggressiveDepth:: + The depth parameter used in the delta compression + algorithm used by 'git gc --aggressive'. This defaults + to 250. + gc.aggressiveWindow:: The window size parameter used in the delta compression algorithm used by 'git gc --aggressive'. This defaults @@ -1155,6 +1187,10 @@ gc.autopacklimit:: --auto` consolidates them into one larger pack. The default value is 50. Setting this to 0 disables it. +gc.autodetach:: + Make `git gc --auto` return immediately andrun in background + if the system supports it. Default is true. + gc.packrefs:: Running `git pack-refs` in a repository renders it unclonable by Git versions prior to 1.5.1.2 over dumb @@ -1296,7 +1332,7 @@ grep.extendedRegexp:: gpg.program:: Use this custom program instead of "gpg" found on $PATH when making or verifying a PGP signature. The program must support the - same command line interface as GPG, namely, to verify a detached + same command-line interface as GPG, namely, to verify a detached signature, "gpg --verify $file - <$signature" is run, and the program is expected to signal a good signature by exiting with code 0, and to generate an ascii-armored detached signature, the @@ -1312,6 +1348,10 @@ gui.diffcontext:: Specifies how many context lines should be used in calls to diff made by the linkgit:git-gui[1]. The default is "5". +gui.displayuntracked:: + Determines if linkgit::git-gui[1] shows untracked files + in the file list. The default is "true". + gui.encoding:: Specifies the default encoding to use for displaying of file contents in linkgit:git-gui[1] and linkgit:gitk[1]. @@ -1445,7 +1485,11 @@ http.cookiefile:: of the file to read cookies from should be plain HTTP headers or the Netscape/Mozilla cookie file format (see linkgit:curl[1]). NOTE that the file specified with http.cookiefile is only used as - input. No cookies will be stored in the file. + input unless http.saveCookies is set. + +http.savecookies:: + If set, store cookies received during requests to the file specified by + http.cookiefile. Has no effect if http.cookiefile is unset. http.sslVerify:: Whether to verify the SSL certificate when fetching or pushing @@ -1525,6 +1569,51 @@ http.useragent:: of common USER_AGENT strings (but not including those like git/1.7.1). Can be overridden by the 'GIT_HTTP_USER_AGENT' environment variable. +http.<url>.*:: + Any of the http.* options above can be applied selectively to some urls. + For a config key to match a URL, each element of the config key is + compared to that of the URL, in the following order: ++ +-- +. Scheme (e.g., `https` in `https://example.com/`). This field + must match exactly between the config key and the URL. + +. Host/domain name (e.g., `example.com` in `https://example.com/`). + This field must match exactly between the config key and the URL. + +. Port number (e.g., `8080` in `http://example.com:8080/`). + This field must match exactly between the config key and the URL. + Omitted port numbers are automatically converted to the correct + default for the scheme before matching. + +. Path (e.g., `repo.git` in `https://example.com/repo.git`). The + path field of the config key must match the path field of the URL + either exactly or as a prefix of slash-delimited path elements. This means + a config key with path `foo/` matches URL path `foo/bar`. A prefix can only + match on a slash (`/`) boundary. Longer matches take precedence (so a config + key with path `foo/bar` is a better match to URL path `foo/bar` than a config + key with just path `foo/`). + +. User name (e.g., `user` in `https://user@example.com/repo.git`). If + the config key has a user name it must match the user name in the + URL exactly. If the config key does not have a user name, that + config key will match a URL with any user name (including none), + but at a lower precedence than a config key with a user name. +-- ++ +The list above is ordered by decreasing precedence; a URL that matches +a config key's path is preferred to one that matches its user name. For example, +if the URL is `https://user@example.com/foo/bar` a config key match of +`https://example.com/foo` will be preferred over a config key match of +`https://user@example.com`. ++ +All URLs are normalized before attempting any matching (the password part, +if embedded in the URL, is always ignored for matching purposes) so that +equivalent urls that are simply spelled differently will match properly. +Environment variable settings always override any matches. The urls that are +matched against are those given directly to Git commands. This means any URLs +visited as a result of a redirection do not participate in matching. + i18n.commitEncoding:: Character encoding the commit messages are stored in; Git itself does not care per se, but this information is necessary e.g. when @@ -1540,6 +1629,10 @@ imap:: The configuration variables in the 'imap' section are described in linkgit:git-imap-send[1]. +index.version:: + Specify the version with which new index files should be + initialized. This does not affect existing repositories. + init.templatedir:: Specify the directory from which templates will be copied. (See the "TEMPLATE DIRECTORY" section of linkgit:git-init[1].) @@ -1572,7 +1665,7 @@ interactive.singlekey:: linkgit:git-add[1], linkgit:git-checkout[1], linkgit:git-commit[1], linkgit:git-reset[1], and linkgit:git-stash[1]. Note that this setting is silently ignored if portable keystroke input - is not available. + is not available; requires the Perl module Term::ReadKey. log.abbrevCommit:: If true, makes linkgit:git-log[1], linkgit:git-show[1], and @@ -1801,6 +1894,31 @@ pack.packSizeLimit:: Common unit suffixes of 'k', 'm', or 'g' are supported. +pack.useBitmaps:: + When true, git will use pack bitmaps (if available) when packing + to stdout (e.g., during the server side of a fetch). Defaults to + true. You should not generally need to turn this off unless + you are debugging pack bitmaps. + +pack.writebitmaps:: + When true, git will write a bitmap index when packing all + objects to disk (e.g., when `git repack -a` is run). This + index can speed up the "counting objects" phase of subsequent + packs created for clones and fetches, at the cost of some disk + space and extra time spent on the initial repack. Defaults to + false. + +pack.writeBitmapHashCache:: + When true, git will include a "hash cache" section in the bitmap + index (if one is written). This cache can be used to feed git's + delta heuristics, potentially leading to better deltas between + bitmapped and non-bitmapped objects (e.g., when serving a fetch + between an older, bitmapped pack and objects that have been + pushed since the last gc). The downside is that it consumes 4 + bytes per object of disk space, and that JGit's bitmap + implementation does not understand it, causing it to complain if + Git and JGit are used on the same repository. Defaults to false. + pager.<cmd>:: If the value is boolean, turns on or off pagination of the output of a particular Git subcommand when writing to a tty. @@ -1820,12 +1938,26 @@ pretty.<name>:: Note that an alias with the same name as a built-in format will be silently ignored. +pull.ff:: + By default, Git does not create an extra merge commit when merging + a commit that is a descendant of the current commit. Instead, the + tip of the current branch is fast-forwarded. When set to `false`, + this variable tells Git to create an extra merge commit in such + a case (equivalent to giving the `--no-ff` option from the command + line). When set to `only`, only such fast-forward merges are + allowed (equivalent to giving the `--ff-only` option from the + command line). + pull.rebase:: When true, rebase branches on top of the fetched branch, instead of merging the default branch from the default remote when "git pull" is run. See "branch.<name>.rebase" for setting this on a per-branch basis. + + When preserve, also pass `--preserve-merges` along to 'git rebase' + so that locally committed merge commits will not be flattened + by running 'git pull'. ++ *NOTE*: this is a possibly dangerous operation; do *not* use it unless you understand the implications (see linkgit:git-rebase[1] for details). @@ -1868,7 +2000,7 @@ When pushing to a remote that is different from the remote you normally pull from, work as `current`. This is the safest option and is suited for beginners. + -This mode will become the default in Git 2.0. +This mode has become the default in Git 2.0. * `matching` - push all branches having the same name on both ends. This makes the repository you are pushing to remember the set of @@ -1887,8 +2019,8 @@ suitable for pushing into a shared central repository, as other people may add new branches there, or update the tip of existing branches outside your control. + -This is currently the default, but Git 2.0 will change the default -to `simple`. +This used to be the default, but not since Git 2.0 (`simple` is the +new default). -- @@ -1965,6 +2097,10 @@ receive.updateserverinfo:: If set to true, git-receive-pack will run git-update-server-info after receiving data from git-push and updating refs. +receive.shallowupdate:: + If set to true, .git/shallow can be updated when new refs + require new shallow roots. Otherwise those refs are rejected. + remote.pushdefault:: The remote to push to by default. Overrides `branch.<name>.remote` for all branches, and is overridden by @@ -2024,6 +2160,12 @@ remote.<name>.vcs:: Setting this to a value <vcs> will cause Git to interact with the remote with the git-remote-<vcs> helper. +remote.<name>.prune:: + When set to true, fetching from this remote by default will also + remove any remote-tracking references that no longer exist on the + remote (as if the `--prune` option was given on the command line). + Overrides `fetch.prune` settings, if any. + remotes.<group>:: The list of remotes which are fetched by "git remote update <group>". See linkgit:git-remote[1]. @@ -2036,6 +2178,13 @@ repack.usedeltabaseoffset:: "false" and repack. Access from old Git versions over the native protocol are unaffected by this option. +repack.packKeptObjects:: + If set to true, makes `git repack` act as if + `--pack-kept-objects` was passed. See linkgit:git-repack[1] for + details. Defaults to `false` normally, but `true` if a bitmap + index is being written (either via `--write-bitmap-index` or + `pack.writeBitmaps`). + rerere.autoupdate:: When set to true, `git-rerere` updates the index with the resulting contents after it cleanly resolves conflicts using @@ -2118,6 +2267,13 @@ status.branch:: Set to true to enable --branch by default in linkgit:git-status[1]. The option --no-branch takes precedence over this variable. +status.displayCommentPrefix:: + If set to true, linkgit:git-status[1] will insert a comment + prefix before each output line (starting with + `core.commentChar`, i.e. `#` by default). This was the + behavior of linkgit:git-status[1] in Git 1.8.4 and previous. + Defaults to false. + status.showUntrackedFiles:: By default, linkgit:git-status[1] and linkgit:git-commit[1] show files which are not currently tracked by Git. Directories which @@ -2142,7 +2298,14 @@ status.submodulesummary:: If this is set to a non zero number or true (identical to -1 or an unlimited number), the submodule summary will be enabled and a summary of commits for modified submodules will be shown (see - --summary-limit option of linkgit:git-submodule[1]). + --summary-limit option of linkgit:git-submodule[1]). Please note + that the summary output command will be suppressed for all + submodules when `diff.ignoreSubmodules` is set to 'all' or only + for those submodules where `submodule.<name>.ignore=all`. To + also view the summary for ignored submodules you can either use + the --ignore-submodules=dirty command-line option or the 'git + submodule summary' command, which shows a similar output but does + not honor these settings. submodule.<name>.path:: submodule.<name>.url:: @@ -2162,7 +2325,7 @@ submodule.<name>.branch:: submodule.<name>.fetchRecurseSubmodules:: This option can be used to control recursive fetching of this submodule. It can be overridden by using the --[no-]recurse-submodules - command line option to "git fetch" and "git pull". + command-line option to "git fetch" and "git pull". This setting will override that from in the linkgit:gitmodules[5] file. @@ -2177,7 +2340,8 @@ submodule.<name>.ignore:: submodules that have untracked files in their work tree as changed. This setting overrides any setting made in .gitmodules for this submodule, both settings can be overridden on the command line by using the - "--ignore-submodules" option. + "--ignore-submodules" option. The 'git submodule' commands are not + affected by this setting. tar.umask:: This variable can be used to restrict the permission bits of @@ -2201,6 +2365,13 @@ transfer.unpackLimit:: not set, the value of this variable is used instead. The default value is 100. +uploadarchive.allowUnreachable:: + If true, allow clients to use `git archive --remote` to request + any tree, whether reachable from the ref tips or not. See the + discussion in the `SECURITY` section of + linkgit:git-upload-archive[1] for more details. Defaults to + `false`. + uploadpack.hiderefs:: String(s) `upload-pack` uses to decide which refs to omit from its initial advertisement. Use more than one @@ -2216,6 +2387,17 @@ uploadpack.allowtipsha1inwant:: of a hidden ref (by default, such a request is rejected). see also `uploadpack.hiderefs`. +uploadpack.keepalive:: + When `upload-pack` has started `pack-objects`, there may be a + quiet period while `pack-objects` prepares the pack. Normally + it would output progress information, but if `--quiet` was used + for the fetch, `pack-objects` will output nothing at all until + the pack data begins. Some clients and networks may consider + the server to be hung and give up. Setting this option instructs + `upload-pack` to send an empty keepalive packet every + `uploadpack.keepalive` seconds. Setting this option to 0 + disables keepalive packets entirely. The default is 5 seconds. + url.<base>.insteadOf:: Any URL that starts with this value will be rewritten to start, instead, with <base>. In cases where some site serves a @@ -2251,11 +2433,11 @@ user.name:: environment variables. See linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]. user.signingkey:: - If linkgit:git-tag[1] is not selecting the key you want it to - automatically when creating a signed tag, you can override the - default selection with this variable. This option is passed - unchanged to gpg's --local-user parameter, so you may specify a key - using any method that gpg supports. + If linkgit:git-tag[1] or linkgit:git-commit[1] is not selecting the + key you want it to automatically when creating a signed tag or + commit, you can override the default selection with this variable. + This option is passed unchanged to gpg's --local-user parameter, + so you may specify a key using any method that gpg supports. web.browser:: Specify a web browser that may be used by some commands. diff --git a/Documentation/date-formats.txt b/Documentation/date-formats.txt index c000f08a9d..ccd1fc8122 100644 --- a/Documentation/date-formats.txt +++ b/Documentation/date-formats.txt @@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ endif::git-commit[] support the following date formats: Git internal format:: - It is `<unix timestamp> <timezone offset>`, where `<unix + It is `<unix timestamp> <time zone offset>`, where `<unix timestamp>` is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch. - `<timezone offset>` is a positive or negative offset from UTC. + `<time zone offset>` is a positive or negative offset from UTC. For example CET (which is 2 hours ahead UTC) is `+0200`. RFC 2822:: diff --git a/Documentation/diff-config.txt b/Documentation/diff-config.txt index ac77050255..b001779520 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-config.txt @@ -73,7 +73,11 @@ diff.ignoreSubmodules:: Sets the default value of --ignore-submodules. Note that this affects only 'git diff' Porcelain, and not lower level 'diff' commands such as 'git diff-files'. 'git checkout' also honors - this setting when reporting uncommitted changes. + this setting when reporting uncommitted changes. Setting it to + 'all' disables the submodule summary normally shown by 'git commit' + and 'git status' when 'status.submodulesummary' is set unless it is + overridden by using the --ignore-submodules command-line option. + The 'git submodule' commands are not affected by this setting. diff.mnemonicprefix:: If set, 'git diff' uses a prefix pair that is different from the @@ -94,6 +98,11 @@ diff.mnemonicprefix:: diff.noprefix:: If set, 'git diff' does not show any source or destination prefix. +diff.orderfile:: + File indicating how to order files within a diff, using + one shell glob pattern per line. + Can be overridden by the '-O' option to linkgit:git-diff[1]. + diff.renameLimit:: The number of files to consider when performing the copy/rename detection; equivalent to the 'git diff' option '-l'. diff --git a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt index 55f499a160..843a20bac2 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt @@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ added, from the point of view of that parent). In the above example output, the function signature was changed from both files (hence two `-` removals from both file1 and file2, plus `++` to mean one line that was added does not appear -in either file1 nor file2). Also eight other lines are the same +in either file1 or file2). Also eight other lines are the same from file1 but do not appear in file2 (hence prefixed with `+`). When shown by `git diff-tree -c`, it compares the parents of a diff --git a/Documentation/diff-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-options.txt index bbed2cd79c..6cb083aae5 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-options.txt @@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ endif::git-log[] --irreversible-delete:: Omit the preimage for deletes, i.e. print only the header but not the diff between the preimage and `/dev/null`. The resulting patch - is not meant to be applied with `patch` nor `git apply`; this is + is not meant to be applied with `patch` or `git apply`; this is solely for people who want to just concentrate on reviewing the text after the change. In addition, the output obviously lack enough information to apply such a patch in reverse, even manually, @@ -432,6 +432,9 @@ endif::git-format-patch[] -O<orderfile>:: Output the patch in the order specified in the <orderfile>, which has one shell glob pattern per line. + This overrides the `diff.orderfile` configuration variable + (see linkgit:git-config[1]). To cancel `diff.orderfile`, + use `-O/dev/null`. ifndef::git-format-patch[] -R:: diff --git a/Documentation/everyday.txt b/Documentation/everyday.txt index e1fba85660..b2548ef4e6 100644 --- a/Documentation/everyday.txt +++ b/Documentation/everyday.txt @@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ that are not quite ready. <5> create topic branch as needed and apply, again with my sign-offs. <6> rebase internal topic branch that has not been merged to the -master, nor exposed as a part of a stable branch. +master or exposed as a part of a stable branch. <7> restart `pu` every time from the next. <8> and bundle topic branches still cooking. <9> backport a critical fix. @@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ and maintain access to the repository by developers. * linkgit:git-shell[1] can be used as a 'restricted login shell' for shared central repository users. -link:howto/update-hook-example.txt[update hook howto] has a good +link:howto/update-hook-example.html[update hook howto] has a good example of managing a shared central repository. diff --git a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt index ba1fe49582..92c68c3fda 100644 --- a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt @@ -14,8 +14,18 @@ branch history. Tags for the deepened commits are not fetched. --unshallow:: - Convert a shallow repository to a complete one, removing all - the limitations imposed by shallow repositories. + If the source repository is complete, convert a shallow + repository to a complete one, removing all the limitations + imposed by shallow repositories. ++ +If the source repository is shallow, fetch as much as possible so that +the current repository has the same history as the source repository. + +--update-shallow:: + By default when fetching from a shallow repository, + `git fetch` refuses refs that require updating + .git/shallow. This option updates .git/shallow and accept such + refs. ifndef::git-pull[] --dry-run:: @@ -41,17 +51,20 @@ ifndef::git-pull[] -p:: --prune:: - After fetching, remove any remote-tracking branches which - no longer exist on the remote. + After fetching, remove any remote-tracking references that no + longer exist on the remote. Tags are not subject to pruning + if they are fetched only because of the default tag + auto-following or due to a --tags option. However, if tags + are fetched due to an explicit refspec (either on the command + line or in the remote configuration, for example if the remote + was cloned with the --mirror option), then they are also + subject to pruning. endif::git-pull[] -ifdef::git-pull[] ---no-tags:: -endif::git-pull[] ifndef::git-pull[] -n:: ---no-tags:: endif::git-pull[] +--no-tags:: By default, tags that point at objects that are downloaded from the remote repository are fetched and stored locally. This option disables this automatic tag following. The default @@ -61,11 +74,12 @@ endif::git-pull[] ifndef::git-pull[] -t:: --tags:: - This is a short-hand for giving `refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*` - refspec from the command line, to ask all tags to be fetched - and stored locally. Because this acts as an explicit - refspec, the default refspecs (configured with the - remote.$name.fetch variable) are overridden and not used. + Fetch all tags from the remote (i.e., fetch remote tags + `refs/tags/*` into local tags with the same name), in addition + to whatever else would otherwise be fetched. Using this + option alone does not subject tags to pruning, even if --prune + is used (though tags may be pruned anyway if they are also the + destination of an explicit refspec; see '--prune'). --recurse-submodules[=yes|on-demand|no]:: This option controls if and under what conditions new commits of diff --git a/Documentation/git-add.txt b/Documentation/git-add.txt index 48754cbc67..9631526110 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-add.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-add.txt @@ -53,8 +53,14 @@ OPTIONS Files to add content from. Fileglobs (e.g. `*.c`) can be given to add all matching files. Also a leading directory name (e.g. `dir` to add `dir/file1` - and `dir/file2`) can be given to add all files in the - directory, recursively. + and `dir/file2`) can be given to update the index to + match the current state of the directory as a whole (e.g. + specifying `dir` will record not just a file `dir/file1` + modified in the working tree, a file `dir/file2` added to + the working tree, but also a file `dir/file3` removed from + the working tree. Note that older versions of Git used + to ignore removed files; use `--no-all` option if you want + to add modified or new files but ignore removed ones. -n:: --dry-run:: @@ -104,10 +110,10 @@ apply to the index. See EDITING PATCHES below. <pathspec>. This removes as well as modifies index entries to match the working tree, but adds no new files. + -If no <pathspec> is given, the current version of Git defaults to -"."; in other words, update all tracked files in the current directory -and its subdirectories. This default will change in a future version -of Git, hence the form without <pathspec> should not be used. +If no <pathspec> is given when `-u` option is used, all +tracked files in the entire working tree are updated (old versions +of Git used to limit the update to the current directory and its +subdirectories). -A:: --all:: @@ -117,10 +123,10 @@ of Git, hence the form without <pathspec> should not be used. entry. This adds, modifies, and removes index entries to match the working tree. + -If no <pathspec> is given, the current version of Git defaults to -"."; in other words, update all files in the current directory -and its subdirectories. This default will change in a future version -of Git, hence the form without <pathspec> should not be used. +If no <pathspec> is given when `-A` option is used, all +files in the entire working tree are updated (old versions +of Git used to limit the update to the current directory and its +subdirectories). --no-all:: --ignore-removal:: @@ -129,11 +135,9 @@ of Git, hence the form without <pathspec> should not be used. files that have been removed from the working tree. This option is a no-op when no <pathspec> is used. + -This option is primarily to help the current users of Git, whose -"git add <pathspec>..." ignores removed files. In future versions -of Git, "git add <pathspec>..." will be a synonym to "git add -A -<pathspec>..." and "git add --ignore-removal <pathspec>..." will behave like -today's "git add <pathspec>...", ignoring removed files. +This option is primarily to help users who are used to older +versions of Git, whose "git add <pathspec>..." was a synonym +for "git add --no-all <pathspec>...", i.e. ignored removed files. -N:: --intent-to-add:: @@ -296,9 +300,9 @@ patch:: y - stage this hunk n - do not stage this hunk - q - quit; do not stage this hunk nor any of the remaining ones + q - quit; do not stage this hunk or any of the remaining ones a - stage this hunk and all later hunks in the file - d - do not stage this hunk nor any of the later hunks in the file + d - do not stage this hunk or any of the later hunks in the file g - select a hunk to go to / - search for a hunk matching the given regex j - leave this hunk undecided, see next undecided hunk diff --git a/Documentation/git-am.txt b/Documentation/git-am.txt index 54d8461d61..9adce372ec 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-am.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-am.txt @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [--ignore-date] [--ignore-space-change | --ignore-whitespace] [--whitespace=<option>] [-C<n>] [-p<n>] [--directory=<dir>] [--exclude=<path>] [--include=<path>] [--reject] [-q | --quiet] - [--[no-]scissors] + [--[no-]scissors] [-S[<keyid>]] [--patch-format=<format>] [(<mbox> | <Maildir>)...] 'git am' (--continue | --skip | --abort) @@ -97,6 +97,12 @@ default. You can use `--no-utf8` to override this. program that applies the patch. +--patch-format:: + By default the command will try to detect the patch format + automatically. This option allows the user to bypass the automatic + detection and specify the patch format that the patch(es) should be + interpreted as. Valid formats are mbox, stgit, stgit-series and hg. + -i:: --interactive:: Run interactively. @@ -119,6 +125,10 @@ default. You can use `--no-utf8` to override this. Skip the current patch. This is only meaningful when restarting an aborted patch. +-S[<keyid>]:: +--gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: + GPG-sign commits. + --continue:: -r:: --resolved:: @@ -189,6 +199,11 @@ commits, like running 'git am' on the wrong branch or an error in the commits that is more easily fixed by changing the mailbox (e.g. errors in the "From:" lines). +HOOKS +----- +This command can run `applypatch-msg`, `pre-applypatch`, +and `post-applypatch` hooks. See linkgit:githooks[5] for more +information. SEE ALSO -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-archive.txt b/Documentation/git-archive.txt index b97aaab4ed..cfa1e4ebe4 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-archive.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-archive.txt @@ -65,7 +65,10 @@ OPTIONS --remote=<repo>:: Instead of making a tar archive from the local repository, - retrieve a tar archive from a remote repository. + retrieve a tar archive from a remote repository. Note that the + remote repository may place restrictions on which sha1 + expressions may be allowed in `<tree-ish>`. See + linkgit:git-upload-archive[1] for details. --exec=<git-upload-archive>:: Used with --remote to specify the path to the diff --git a/Documentation/git-bisect.txt b/Documentation/git-bisect.txt index f986c5cb3a..4cb52a7302 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-bisect.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-bisect.txt @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ $ git bisect visualize `view` may also be used as a synonym for `visualize`. If the 'DISPLAY' environment variable is not set, 'git log' is used -instead. You can also give command line options such as `-p` and +instead. You can also give command-line options such as `-p` and `--stat`. ------------ diff --git a/Documentation/git-blame.txt b/Documentation/git-blame.txt index 6cea7f1ce1..9f23a861ce 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-blame.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-blame.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git blame' [-c] [-b] [-l] [--root] [-t] [-f] [-n] [-s] [-e] [-p] [-w] [--incremental] - [-L n,m | -L :fn] [-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>] + [-L <range>] [-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>] [--abbrev=<n>] [<rev> | --contents <file> | --reverse <rev>] [--] <file> DESCRIPTION @@ -18,7 +18,8 @@ DESCRIPTION Annotates each line in the given file with information from the revision which last modified the line. Optionally, start annotating from the given revision. -The command can also limit the range of lines annotated. +When specified one or more times, `-L` restricts annotation to the requested +lines. The origin of lines is automatically followed across whole-file renames (currently there is no option to turn the rename-following @@ -34,7 +35,8 @@ Apart from supporting file annotation, Git also supports searching the development history for when a code snippet occurred in a change. This makes it possible to track when a code snippet was added to a file, moved or copied between files, and eventually deleted or replaced. It works by searching for -a text string in the diff. A small example: +a text string in the diff. A small example of the pickaxe interface +that searches for `blame_usage`: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- $ git log --pretty=oneline -S'blame_usage' @@ -102,7 +104,7 @@ This header line is followed by the following information at least once for each commit: - the author name ("author"), email ("author-mail"), time - ("author-time"), and timezone ("author-tz"); similarly + ("author-time"), and time zone ("author-tz"); similarly for committer. - the filename in the commit that the line is attributed to. - the first line of the commit log message ("summary"). @@ -130,7 +132,10 @@ SPECIFYING RANGES Unlike 'git blame' and 'git annotate' in older versions of git, the extent of the annotation can be limited to both line ranges and revision -ranges. When you are interested in finding the origin for +ranges. The `-L` option, which limits annotation to a range of lines, may be +specified multiple times. + +When you are interested in finding the origin for lines 40-60 for file `foo`, you can use the `-L` option like so (they mean the same thing -- both ask for 21 lines starting at line 40): diff --git a/Documentation/git-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-branch.txt index b7cb625b89..311b33674e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-branch.txt @@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ working tree to it; use "git checkout <newbranch>" to switch to the new branch. When a local branch is started off a remote-tracking branch, Git sets up the -branch so that 'git pull' will appropriately merge from +branch (specifically the `branch.<name>.remote` and `branch.<name>.merge` +configuration entries) so that 'git pull' will appropriately merge from the remote-tracking branch. This behavior may be changed via the global `branch.autosetupmerge` configuration flag. That setting can be overridden by using the `--track` and `--no-track` options, and @@ -156,7 +157,8 @@ This option is only applicable in non-verbose mode. -t:: --track:: - When creating a new branch, set up configuration to mark the + When creating a new branch, set up `branch.<name>.remote` and + `branch.<name>.merge` configuration entries to mark the start-point branch as "upstream" from the new branch. This configuration will tell git to show the relationship between the two branches in `git status` and `git branch -v`. Furthermore, diff --git a/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt b/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt index 10fbc6a373..f6a16f4300 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ OPTIONS --textconv:: Show the content as transformed by a textconv filter. In this case, - <object> has be of the form <treeish>:<path>, or :<path> in order + <object> has be of the form <tree-ish>:<path>, or :<path> in order to apply the filter to the content recorded in the index at <path>. --batch:: @@ -86,10 +86,9 @@ BATCH OUTPUT ------------ If `--batch` or `--batch-check` is given, `cat-file` will read objects -from stdin, one per line, and print information about them. - -Each line is considered as a whole object name, and is parsed as if -given to linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. +from stdin, one per line, and print information about them. By default, +the whole line is considered as an object, as if it were fed to +linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. You can specify the information shown for each object by using a custom `<format>`. The `<format>` is copied literally to stdout for each @@ -110,6 +109,18 @@ newline. The available atoms are: The size, in bytes, that the object takes up on disk. See the note about on-disk sizes in the `CAVEATS` section below. +`deltabase`:: + If the object is stored as a delta on-disk, this expands to the + 40-hex sha1 of the delta base object. Otherwise, expands to the + null sha1 (40 zeroes). See `CAVEATS` below. + +`rest`:: + If this atom is used in the output string, input lines are split + at the first whitespace boundary. All characters before that + whitespace are considered to be the object name; characters + after that first run of whitespace (i.e., the "rest" of the + line) are output in place of the `%(rest)` atom. + If no format is specified, the default format is `%(objectname) %(objecttype) %(objectsize)`. @@ -146,10 +157,11 @@ should be taken in drawing conclusions about which refs or objects are responsible for disk usage. The size of a packed non-delta object may be much larger than the size of objects which delta against it, but the choice of which object is the base and which is the delta is arbitrary -and is subject to change during a repack. Note also that multiple copies -of an object may be present in the object database; in this case, it is -undefined which copy's size will be reported. +and is subject to change during a repack. +Note also that multiple copies of an object may be present in the object +database; in this case, it is undefined which copy's size or delta base +will be reported. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt b/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt index a7be80d48b..00e2aa2df2 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt @@ -31,8 +31,9 @@ OPTIONS Read file names from stdin instead of from the command-line. -z:: - Only meaningful with `--stdin`; paths are separated with a - NUL character instead of a linefeed character. + The output format is modified to be machine-parseable. + If `--stdin` is also given, input paths are separated + with a NUL character instead of a linefeed character. \--:: Interpret all preceding arguments as attributes and all following @@ -48,6 +49,10 @@ OUTPUT The output is of the form: <path> COLON SP <attribute> COLON SP <info> LF +unless `-z` is in effect, in which case NUL is used as delimiter: +<path> NUL <attribute> NUL <info> NUL + + <path> is the path of a file being queried, <attribute> is an attribute being queried and <info> can be either: diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt b/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt index d2df487aa2..ee2e091704 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt @@ -45,6 +45,13 @@ OPTIONS not be possible to distinguish between paths which match a pattern and those which don't. +--no-index:: + Don't look in the index when undertaking the checks. This can + be used to debug why a path became tracked by e.g. `git add .` + and was not ignored by the rules as expected by the user or when + developing patterns including negation to match a path previously + added with `git add -f`. + OUTPUT ------ diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt b/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt index a49be1bab4..fc02959ba4 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt @@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ Git imposes the following rules on how references are named: . They cannot contain a sequence `@{`. +. They cannot be the single character `@`. + . They cannot contain a `\`. These rules make it easy for shell script based tools to parse diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt index ca118ac6bf..33ad2adf5c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt @@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [<branch>] -'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [--detach] [<commit>] +'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] --detach [<branch>] +'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [--detach] <commit> 'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [[-b|-B|--orphan] <new_branch>] [<start_point>] 'git checkout' [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>... 'git checkout' [-p|--patch] [<tree-ish>] [--] [<paths>...] @@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ that is to say, the branch is not reset/created unless "git checkout" is successful. 'git checkout' --detach [<branch>]:: -'git checkout' <commit>:: +'git checkout' [--detach] <commit>:: Prepare to work on top of <commit>, by detaching HEAD at it (see "DETACHED HEAD" section), and updating the index and the @@ -71,10 +72,11 @@ successful. tree will be the state recorded in the commit plus the local modifications. + -Passing `--detach` forces this behavior in the case of a <branch> (without -the option, giving a branch name to the command would check out the branch, -instead of detaching HEAD at it), or the current commit, -if no <branch> is specified. +When the <commit> argument is a branch name, the `--detach` option can +be used to detach HEAD at the tip of the branch (`git checkout +<branch>` would check out that branch without detaching HEAD). ++ +Omitting <branch> detaches HEAD at the tip of the current branch. 'git checkout' [-p|--patch] [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>...:: @@ -230,8 +232,8 @@ section of linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode. commit, your HEAD becomes "detached" and you are no longer on any branch (see below for details). + -As a special case, the `"@{-N}"` syntax for the N-th last branch -checks out the branch (instead of detaching). You may also specify +As a special case, the `"@{-N}"` syntax for the N-th last branch/commit +checks out branches (instead of detaching). You may also specify `-` which is synonymous with `"@{-1}"`. + As a further special case, you may use `"A...B"` as a shortcut for the diff --git a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt index c205d2363e..1c03c792b0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt @@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ git-cherry-pick - Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git cherry-pick' [--edit] [-n] [-m parent-number] [-s] [-x] [--ff] <commit>... +'git cherry-pick' [--edit] [-n] [-m parent-number] [-s] [-x] [--ff] + [-S[<key-id>]] <commit>... 'git cherry-pick' --continue 'git cherry-pick' --quit 'git cherry-pick' --abort @@ -100,6 +101,10 @@ effect to your index in a row. --signoff:: Add Signed-off-by line at the end of the commit message. +-S[<key-id>]:: +--gpg-sign[=<key-id>]:: + GPG-sign commits. + --ff:: If the current HEAD is the same as the parent of the cherry-pick'ed commit, then a fast forward to this commit will diff --git a/Documentation/git-cherry.txt b/Documentation/git-cherry.txt index f6c19c734d..0ea921a593 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cherry.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cherry.txt @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ git-cherry(1) NAME ---- -git-cherry - Find commits not merged upstream +git-cherry - Find commits yet to be applied to upstream SYNOPSIS -------- @@ -12,47 +12,26 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -The changeset (or "diff") of each commit between the fork-point and <head> -is compared against each commit between the fork-point and <upstream>. -The commits are compared with their 'patch id', obtained from -the 'git patch-id' program. +Determine whether there are commits in `<head>..<upstream>` that are +equivalent to those in the range `<limit>..<head>`. -Every commit that doesn't exist in the <upstream> branch -has its id (sha1) reported, prefixed by a symbol. The ones that have -equivalent change already -in the <upstream> branch are prefixed with a minus (-) sign, and those -that only exist in the <head> branch are prefixed with a plus (+) symbol: - - __*__*__*__*__> <upstream> - / - fork-point - \__+__+__-__+__+__-__+__> <head> - - -If a <limit> has been given then the commits along the <head> branch up -to and including <limit> are not reported: - - __*__*__*__*__> <upstream> - / - fork-point - \__*__*__<limit>__-__+__> <head> - - -Because 'git cherry' compares the changeset rather than the commit id -(sha1), you can use 'git cherry' to find out if a commit you made locally -has been applied <upstream> under a different commit id. For example, -this will happen if you're feeding patches <upstream> via email rather -than pushing or pulling commits directly. +The equivalence test is based on the diff, after removing whitespace +and line numbers. git-cherry therefore detects when commits have been +"copied" by means of linkgit:git-cherry-pick[1], linkgit:git-am[1] or +linkgit:git-rebase[1]. +Outputs the SHA1 of every commit in `<limit>..<head>`, prefixed with +`-` for commits that have an equivalent in <upstream>, and `+` for +commits that do not. OPTIONS ------- -v:: - Verbose. + Show the commit subjects next to the SHA1s. <upstream>:: - Upstream branch to compare against. - Defaults to the first tracked remote branch, if available. + Upstream branch to search for equivalent commits. + Defaults to the upstream branch of HEAD. <head>:: Working branch; defaults to HEAD. @@ -60,6 +39,103 @@ OPTIONS <limit>:: Do not report commits up to (and including) limit. +EXAMPLES +-------- + +Patch workflows +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +git-cherry is frequently used in patch-based workflows (see +linkgit:gitworkflows[7]) to determine if a series of patches has been +applied by the upstream maintainer. In such a workflow you might +create and send a topic branch like this: + +------------ +$ git checkout -b topic origin/master +# work and create some commits +$ git format-patch origin/master +$ git send-email ... 00* +------------ + +Later, you can see whether your changes have been applied by saying +(still on `topic`): + +------------ +$ git fetch # update your notion of origin/master +$ git cherry -v +------------ + +Concrete example +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +In a situation where topic consisted of three commits, and the +maintainer applied two of them, the situation might look like: + +------------ +$ git log --graph --oneline --decorate --boundary origin/master...topic +* 7654321 (origin/master) upstream tip commit +[... snip some other commits ...] +* cccc111 cherry-pick of C +* aaaa111 cherry-pick of A +[... snip a lot more that has happened ...] +| * cccc000 (topic) commit C +| * bbbb000 commit B +| * aaaa000 commit A +|/ +o 1234567 branch point +------------ + +In such cases, git-cherry shows a concise summary of what has yet to +be applied: + +------------ +$ git cherry origin/master topic +- cccc000... commit C ++ bbbb000... commit B +- aaaa000... commit A +------------ + +Here, we see that the commits A and C (marked with `-`) can be +dropped from your `topic` branch when you rebase it on top of +`origin/master`, while the commit B (marked with `+`) still needs to +be kept so that it will be sent to be applied to `origin/master`. + + +Using a limit +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The optional <limit> is useful in cases where your topic is based on +other work that is not in upstream. Expanding on the previous +example, this might look like: + +------------ +$ git log --graph --oneline --decorate --boundary origin/master...topic +* 7654321 (origin/master) upstream tip commit +[... snip some other commits ...] +* cccc111 cherry-pick of C +* aaaa111 cherry-pick of A +[... snip a lot more that has happened ...] +| * cccc000 (topic) commit C +| * bbbb000 commit B +| * aaaa000 commit A +| * 0000fff (base) unpublished stuff F +[... snip ...] +| * 0000aaa unpublished stuff A +|/ +o 1234567 merge-base between upstream and topic +------------ + +By specifying `base` as the limit, you can avoid listing commits +between `base` and `topic`: + +------------ +$ git cherry origin/master topic base +- cccc000... commit C ++ bbbb000... commit B +- aaaa000... commit A +------------ + + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-patch-id[1] diff --git a/Documentation/git-clone.txt b/Documentation/git-clone.txt index 450f158779..0363d0039b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-clone.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-clone.txt @@ -55,15 +55,12 @@ repository is specified as a URL, then this flag is ignored (and we never use the local optimizations). Specifying `--no-local` will override the default when `/path/to/repo` is given, using the regular Git transport instead. -+ -To force copying instead of hardlinking (which may be desirable if you -are trying to make a back-up of your repository), but still avoid the -usual "Git aware" transport mechanism, `--no-hardlinks` can be used. --no-hardlinks:: - Optimize the cloning process from a repository on a - local filesystem by copying files under `.git/objects` - directory. + Force the cloning process from a repository on a local + filesystem to copy the files under the `.git/objects` + directory instead of using hardlinks. This may be desirable + if you are trying to make a back-up of your repository. --shared:: -s:: @@ -181,12 +178,7 @@ objects from the source repository into a pack in the cloned repository. --depth <depth>:: Create a 'shallow' clone with a history truncated to the - specified number of revisions. A shallow repository has a - number of limitations (you cannot clone or fetch from - it, nor push from nor into it), but is adequate if you - are only interested in the recent history of a large project - with a long history, and would want to send in fixes - as patches. + specified number of revisions. --[no-]single-branch:: Clone only the history leading to the tip of a single branch, @@ -213,7 +205,7 @@ objects from the source repository into a pack in the cloned repository. --separate-git-dir=<git dir>:: Instead of placing the cloned repository where it is supposed to be, place the cloned repository at the specified directory, - then make a filesytem-agnostic Git symbolic link to there. + then make a filesystem-agnostic Git symbolic link to there. The result is Git repository can be separated from working tree. diff --git a/Documentation/git-column.txt b/Documentation/git-column.txt index 5d6f1cc464..03d18465d4 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-column.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-column.txt @@ -43,11 +43,6 @@ OPTIONS --padding=<N>:: The number of spaces between columns. One space by default. - -Author ------- -Written by Nguyen Thai Ngoc Duy <pclouds@gmail.com> - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt index cafdc9642d..a469eab066 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt @@ -55,8 +55,13 @@ OPTIONS from the standard input. -S[<keyid>]:: +--gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: GPG-sign commit. +--no-gpg-sign:: + Countermand `commit.gpgsign` configuration variable that is + set to force each and every commit to be signed. + Commit Information ------------------ diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit.txt b/Documentation/git-commit.txt index 1a7616c73a..0bbc8f55f9 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit.txt @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty] [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>] [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status] - [-i | -o] [-S[<keyid>]] [--] [<file>...] + [-i | -o] [-S[<key-id>]] [--] [<file>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ OPTIONS --cleanup=<mode>:: This option determines how the supplied commit message should be cleaned up before committing. The '<mode>' can be `strip`, - `whitespace`, `verbatim`, or `default`. + `whitespace`, `verbatim`, `scissors` or `default`. + -- strip:: @@ -186,6 +186,12 @@ whitespace:: Same as `strip` except #commentary is not removed. verbatim:: Do not change the message at all. +scissors:: + Same as `whitespace`, except that everything from (and + including) the line + "`# ------------------------ >8 ------------------------`" + is truncated if the message is to be edited. "`#`" can be + customized with core.commentChar. default:: Same as `strip` if the message is to be edited. Otherwise `whitespace`. @@ -302,6 +308,10 @@ configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: GPG-sign commit. +--no-gpg-sign:: + Countermand `commit.gpgsign` configuration variable that is + set to force each and every commit to be signed. + \--:: Do not interpret any more arguments as options. diff --git a/Documentation/git-config.txt b/Documentation/git-config.txt index 2dbe486eb1..9dfa1a5ce2 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-config.txt @@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [-z|--null] --get name [value_regex] 'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [-z|--null] --get-all name [value_regex] 'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [-z|--null] --get-regexp name_regex [value_regex] +'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [-z|--null] --get-urlmatch name URL 'git config' [<file-option>] --unset name [value_regex] 'git config' [<file-option>] --unset-all name [value_regex] 'git config' [<file-option>] --rename-section old_name new_name @@ -95,6 +96,14 @@ OPTIONS in which section and variable names are lowercased, but subsection names are not. +--get-urlmatch name URL:: + When given a two-part name section.key, the value for + section.<url>.key whose <url> part matches the best to the + given URL is returned (if no such key exists, the value for + section.key is used as a fallback). When given just the + section as name, do so for all the keys in the section and + list them. + --global:: For writing options: write to global `~/.gitconfig` file rather than the repository `.git/config`, write to @@ -247,7 +256,7 @@ All writing options will per default write to the repository specific configuration file. Note that this also affects options like '--replace-all' and '--unset'. *'git config' will only ever change one file at a time*. -You can override these rules either by command line options or by environment +You can override these rules either by command-line options or by environment variables. The '--global' and the '--system' options will limit the file used to the global or system-wide file respectively. The GIT_CONFIG environment variable has a similar effect, but you can specify any filename you want. @@ -295,6 +304,13 @@ Given a .git/config like this: gitproxy=proxy-command for kernel.org gitproxy=default-proxy ; for all the rest + ; HTTP + [http] + sslVerify + [http "https://weak.example.com"] + sslVerify = false + cookieFile = /tmp/cookie.txt + you can set the filemode to true with ------------ @@ -380,6 +396,19 @@ RESET=$(git config --get-color "" "reset") echo "${WS}your whitespace color or blue reverse${RESET}" ------------ +For URLs in `https://weak.example.com`, `http.sslVerify` is set to +false, while it is set to `true` for all others: + +------------ +% git config --bool --get-urlmatch http.sslverify https://good.example.com +true +% git config --bool --get-urlmatch http.sslverify https://weak.example.com +false +% git config --get-urlmatch http https://weak.example.com +http.cookiefile /tmp/cookie.txt +http.sslverify false +------------ + include::config.txt[] GIT diff --git a/Documentation/git-count-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-count-objects.txt index b300e846f1..2ff35683e5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-count-objects.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-count-objects.txt @@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ size-pack: disk space consumed by the packs, in KiB (unless -H is specified) prune-packable: the number of loose objects that are also present in the packs. These objects could be pruned using `git prune-packed`. + -garbage: the number of files in object database that are not valid -loose objects nor valid packs +garbage: the number of files in object database that are neither valid loose +objects nor valid packs + size-garbage: disk space consumed by garbage files, in KiB (unless -H is specified) diff --git a/Documentation/git-credential.txt b/Documentation/git-credential.txt index 7da0f13a5c..b211440373 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-credential.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-credential.txt @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ usernames and passwords. The git-credential command exposes this interface to scripts which may want to retrieve, store, or prompt for credentials in the same manner as Git. The design of this scriptable interface models the internal C API; see -link:technical/api-credentials.txt[the Git credential API] for more +link:technical/api-credentials.html[the Git credential API] for more background on the concepts. git-credential takes an "action" option on the command-line (one of diff --git a/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt b/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt index d1bcda28f4..260f39fd40 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt @@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ DESCRIPTION *WARNING:* `git cvsimport` uses cvsps version 2, which is considered deprecated; it does not work with cvsps version 3 and later. If you are performing a one-shot import of a CVS repository consider using -link:http://cvs2svn.tigris.org/cvs2git.html[cvs2git] or -link:https://github.com/BartMassey/parsecvs[parsecvs]. +http://cvs2svn.tigris.org/cvs2git.html[cvs2git] or +https://github.com/BartMassey/parsecvs[parsecvs]. Imports a CVS repository into Git. It will either create a new repository, or incrementally import into an existing one. @@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ This option can be used several times to provide several detection regexes. CVS by default uses the Unix username when writing its commit logs. Using this option and an author-conv-file maps the name recorded in CVS to author name, e-mail and - optional timezone: + optional time zone: + --------- exon=Andreas Ericsson <ae@op5.se> @@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ This option can be used several times to provide several detection regexes. + 'git cvsimport' will make it appear as those authors had their GIT_AUTHOR_NAME and GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL set properly -all along. If a timezone is specified, GIT_AUTHOR_DATE will +all along. If a time zone is specified, GIT_AUTHOR_DATE will have the corresponding offset applied. + For convenience, this data is saved to `$GIT_DIR/cvs-authors` diff --git a/Documentation/git-daemon.txt b/Documentation/git-daemon.txt index 223f731523..a69b3616ec 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-daemon.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-daemon.txt @@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ Git configuration files in that directory are readable by `<user>`. --forbid-override=<service>:: Allow/forbid overriding the site-wide default with per repository configuration. By default, all the services - are overridable. + may be overridden. --[no-]informative-errors:: When informative errors are turned on, git-daemon will report @@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ Git configuration files in that directory are readable by `<user>`. Every time a client connects, first run an external command specified by the <path> with service name (e.g. "upload-pack"), path to the repository, hostname (%H), canonical hostname - (%CH), ip address (%IP), and tcp port (%P) as its command line + (%CH), IP address (%IP), and TCP port (%P) as its command-line arguments. The external command can decide to decline the service by exiting with a non-zero status (or to allow it by exiting with a zero status). It can also look at the $REMOTE_ADDR @@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ SERVICES -------- These services can be globally enabled/disabled using the -command line options of this command. If a finer-grained +command-line options of this command. If finer-grained control is desired (e.g. to allow 'git archive' to be run against only in a few selected repositories the daemon serves), the per-repository configuration file can be used to enable or diff --git a/Documentation/git-describe.txt b/Documentation/git-describe.txt index 9439cd6d56..d20ca402a1 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-describe.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-describe.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-describe - Show the most recent tag that is reachable from a commit SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git describe' [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] <committish>... +'git describe' [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] <commit-ish>... 'git describe' [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<mark>] DESCRIPTION @@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ see the -a and -s options to linkgit:git-tag[1]. OPTIONS ------- -<committish>...:: - Committish object names to describe. +<commit-ish>...:: + Commit-ish object names to describe. --dirty[=<mark>]:: Describe the working tree. @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ OPTIONS --candidates=<n>:: Instead of considering only the 10 most recent tags as - candidates to describe the input committish consider + candidates to describe the input commit-ish consider up to <n> candidates. Increasing <n> above 10 will take slightly longer but may produce a more accurate result. An <n> of 0 will cause only exact matches to be output. @@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ be sufficient to disambiguate these commits. SEARCH STRATEGY --------------- -For each committish supplied, 'git describe' will first look for +For each commit-ish supplied, 'git describe' will first look for a tag which tags exactly that commit. Annotated tags will always be preferred over lightweight tags, and tags with newer dates will always be preferred over tags with older dates. If an exact match @@ -154,12 +154,12 @@ is found, its name will be output and searching will stop. If an exact match was not found, 'git describe' will walk back through the commit history to locate an ancestor commit which has been tagged. The ancestor's tag will be output along with an -abbreviation of the input committish's SHA-1. If '--first-parent' was +abbreviation of the input commit-ish's SHA-1. If '--first-parent' was specified then the walk will only consider the first parent of each commit. If multiple tags were found during the walk then the tag which -has the fewest commits different from the input committish will be +has the fewest commits different from the input commit-ish will be selected and output. Here fewest commits different is defined as the number of commits which would be shown by `git log tag..input` will be the smallest number of commits possible. diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff.txt b/Documentation/git-diff.txt index 78d6d50489..bbab35fcaf 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff.txt @@ -28,10 +28,15 @@ two blob objects, or changes between two files on disk. words, the differences are what you _could_ tell Git to further add to the index but you still haven't. You can stage these changes by using linkgit:git-add[1]. -+ -If exactly two paths are given and at least one points outside -the current repository, 'git diff' will compare the two files / -directories. This behavior can be forced by --no-index. + +'git diff' --no-index [--options] [--] [<path>...]:: + + This form is to compare the given two paths on the + filesystem. You can omit the `--no-index` option when + running the command in a working tree controlled by Git and + at least one of the paths points outside the working tree, + or when running the command outside a working tree + controlled by Git. 'git diff' [--options] --cached [<commit>] [--] [<path>...]:: @@ -39,7 +44,7 @@ directories. This behavior can be forced by --no-index. commit relative to the named <commit>. Typically you would want comparison with the latest commit, so if you do not give <commit>, it defaults to HEAD. - If HEAD does not exist (e.g. unborned branches) and + If HEAD does not exist (e.g. unborn branches) and <commit> is not given, it shows all staged changes. --staged is a synonym of --cached. @@ -153,8 +158,8 @@ $ git diff --name-status <2> $ git diff arch/i386 include/asm-i386 <3> ------------ + -<1> Show only modification, rename and copy, but not addition -nor deletion. +<1> Show only modification, rename, and copy, but not addition +or deletion. <2> Show only names and the nature of change, but not actual diff output. <3> Limit diff output to named subtrees. diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt index bf1a02a80d..3ffa2fa2c8 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt @@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ Date Formats ~~~~~~~~~~~~ The following date formats are supported. A frontend should select the format it will use for this import by passing the format name -in the \--date-format=<fmt> command line option. +in the \--date-format=<fmt> command-line option. `raw`:: This is the Git native format and is `<time> SP <offutc>`. @@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ advisement to help formatting routines display the timestamp. If the local offset is not available in the source material, use ``+0000'', or the most common local offset. For example many organizations have a CVS repository which has only ever been accessed -by users who are located in the same location and timezone. In this +by users who are located in the same location and time zone. In this case a reasonable offset from UTC could be assumed. + Unlike the `rfc2822` format, this format is very strict. Any @@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ the malformed string. There are also some types of malformed strings which Git will parse wrong, and yet consider valid. Seriously malformed strings will be rejected. + -Unlike the `raw` format above, the timezone/UTC offset information +Unlike the `raw` format above, the time zone/UTC offset information contained in an RFC 2822 date string is used to adjust the date value to UTC prior to storage. Therefore it is important that this information be as accurate as possible. @@ -287,13 +287,13 @@ format, or its format is easily convertible to it, as there is no ambiguity in parsing. `now`:: - Always use the current time and timezone. The literal + Always use the current time and time zone. The literal `now` must always be supplied for `<when>`. + -This is a toy format. The current time and timezone of this system +This is a toy format. The current time and time zone of this system is always copied into the identity string at the time it is being created by fast-import. There is no way to specify a different time or -timezone. +time zone. + This particular format is supplied as it's short to implement and may be useful to a process that wants to create a new commit @@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ and control the current import process. More detailed discussion `done`:: Marks the end of the stream. This command is optional unless the `done` feature was requested using the - `--done` command line option or `feature done` command. + `--done` command-line option or `feature done` command. `cat-blob`:: Causes fast-import to print a blob in 'cat-file --batch' @@ -361,8 +361,8 @@ and control the current import process. More detailed discussion `--cat-blob-fd` or `stdout` if unspecified. `feature`:: - Require that fast-import supports the specified feature, or - abort if it does not. + Enable the specified feature. This requires that fast-import + supports the specified feature, and aborts if it does not. `option`:: Specify any of the options listed under OPTIONS that do not @@ -380,8 +380,8 @@ change to the project. ('author' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF)? 'committer' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF data - ('from' SP <committish> LF)? - ('merge' SP <committish> LF)? + ('from' SP <commit-ish> LF)? + ('merge' SP <commit-ish> LF)? (filemodify | filedelete | filecopy | filerename | filedeleteall | notemodify)* LF? .... @@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ the email address from the other fields in the line. Note that of bytes, except `LT`, `GT` and `LF`. `<name>` is typically UTF-8 encoded. The time of the change is specified by `<when>` using the date format -that was selected by the \--date-format=<fmt> command line option. +that was selected by the \--date-format=<fmt> command-line option. See ``Date Formats'' above for the set of supported formats, and their syntax. @@ -460,9 +460,9 @@ as the current commit on that branch is automatically assumed to be the first ancestor of the new commit. As `LF` is not valid in a Git refname or SHA-1 expression, no -quoting or escaping syntax is supported within `<committish>`. +quoting or escaping syntax is supported within `<commit-ish>`. -Here `<committish>` is any of the following: +Here `<commit-ish>` is any of the following: * The name of an existing branch already in fast-import's internal branch table. If fast-import doesn't know the name, it's treated as a SHA-1 @@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ additional ancestors (forming a 16-way merge). For this reason it is suggested that frontends do not use more than 15 `merge` commands per commit; 16, if starting a new, empty branch. -Here `<committish>` is any of the commit specification expressions +Here `<commit-ish>` is any of the commit specification expressions also accepted by `from` (see above). `filemodify` @@ -677,8 +677,8 @@ paths for a commit are encouraged to do so. `notemodify` ^^^^^^^^^^^^ Included in a `commit` `<notes_ref>` command to add a new note -annotating a `<committish>` or change this annotation contents. -Internally it is similar to filemodify 100644 on `<committish>` +annotating a `<commit-ish>` or change this annotation contents. +Internally it is similar to filemodify 100644 on `<commit-ish>` path (maybe split into subdirectories). It's not advised to use any other commands to write to the `<notes_ref>` tree except `filedeleteall` to delete all existing notes in this tree. @@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ External data format:: commit that is to be annotated. + .... - 'N' SP <dataref> SP <committish> LF + 'N' SP <dataref> SP <commit-ish> LF .... + Here `<dataref>` can be either a mark reference (`:<idnum>`) @@ -704,13 +704,13 @@ Inline data format:: command. + .... - 'N' SP 'inline' SP <committish> LF + 'N' SP 'inline' SP <commit-ish> LF data .... + See below for a detailed description of the `data` command. -In both formats `<committish>` is any of the commit specification +In both formats `<commit-ish>` is any of the commit specification expressions also accepted by `from` (see above). `mark` @@ -741,7 +741,7 @@ lightweight (non-annotated) tags see the `reset` command below. .... 'tag' SP <name> LF - 'from' SP <committish> LF + 'from' SP <commit-ish> LF 'tagger' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF data .... @@ -786,11 +786,11 @@ branch from an existing commit without creating a new commit. .... 'reset' SP <ref> LF - ('from' SP <committish> LF)? + ('from' SP <commit-ish> LF)? LF? .... -For a detailed description of `<ref>` and `<committish>` see above +For a detailed description of `<ref>` and `<commit-ish>` see above under `commit` and `from`. The `LF` after the command is optional (it used to be required). @@ -1085,7 +1085,7 @@ Option commands must be the first commands on the input (not counting feature commands), to give an option command after any non-option command is an error. -The following commandline options change import semantics and may therefore +The following command-line options change import semantics and may therefore not be passed as option: * date-format @@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@ not be passed as option: If the `done` feature is not in use, treated as if EOF was read. This can be used to tell fast-import to finish early. -If the `--done` command line option or `feature done` command is +If the `--done` command-line option or `feature done` command is in use, the `done` command is mandatory and marks the end of the stream. diff --git a/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt index 1e71754347..93b5067946 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git fetch-pack' [--all] [--quiet|-q] [--keep|-k] [--thin] [--include-tag] [--upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>] [--depth=<n>] [--no-progress] - [-v] [<host>:]<directory> [<refs>...] + [-v] <repository> [<refs>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -90,22 +90,25 @@ be in a separate packet, and the list must end with a flush packet. --no-progress:: Do not show the progress. +--check-self-contained-and-connected:: + Output "connectivity-ok" if the received pack is + self-contained and connected. + -v:: Run verbosely. -<host>:: - A remote host that houses the repository. When this - part is specified, 'git-upload-pack' is invoked via - ssh. - -<directory>:: - The repository to sync from. +<repository>:: + The URL to the remote repository. <refs>...:: The remote heads to update from. This is relative to $GIT_DIR (e.g. "HEAD", "refs/heads/master"). When unspecified, update from all heads the remote side has. +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-fetch[1] + GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-fetch.txt b/Documentation/git-fetch.txt index e08a028946..5809aa4eb9 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fetch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fetch.txt @@ -24,19 +24,22 @@ The ref names and their object names of fetched refs are stored in `.git/FETCH_HEAD`. This information is left for a later merge operation done by 'git merge'. -When <refspec> stores the fetched result in remote-tracking branches, -the tags that point at these branches are automatically -followed. This is done by first fetching from the remote using -the given <refspec>s, and if the repository has objects that are -pointed by remote tags that it does not yet have, then fetch -those missing tags. If the other end has tags that point at -branches you are not interested in, you will not get them. +By default, tags are auto-followed. This means that when fetching +from a remote, any tags on the remote that point to objects that exist +in the local repository are fetched. The effect is to fetch tags that +point at branches that you are interested in. This default behavior +can be changed by using the --tags or --no-tags options, by +configuring remote.<name>.tagopt, or by using a refspec that fetches +tags explicitly. 'git fetch' can fetch from either a single named repository, or from several repositories at once if <group> is given and there is a remotes.<group> entry in the configuration file. (See linkgit:git-config[1]). +When no remote is specified, by default the `origin` remote will be used, +unless there's an upstream branch configured for the current branch. + OPTIONS ------- include::fetch-options.txt[] diff --git a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt index e4c8e82660..09535f2a08 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt @@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ git filter-branch --index-filter \ Checklist for Shrinking a Repository ------------------------------------ -git-filter-branch is often used to get rid of a subset of files, +git-filter-branch can be used to get rid of a subset of files, usually with some combination of `--index-filter` and `--subdirectory-filter`. People expect the resulting repository to be smaller than the original, but you need a few more steps to @@ -429,6 +429,37 @@ warned. (or if your git-gc is not new enough to support arguments to `--prune`, use `git repack -ad; git prune` instead). +Notes +----- + +git-filter-branch allows you to make complex shell-scripted rewrites +of your Git history, but you probably don't need this flexibility if +you're simply _removing unwanted data_ like large files or passwords. +For those operations you may want to consider +http://rtyley.github.io/bfg-repo-cleaner/[The BFG Repo-Cleaner], +a JVM-based alternative to git-filter-branch, typically at least +10-50x faster for those use-cases, and with quite different +characteristics: + +* Any particular version of a file is cleaned exactly _once_. The BFG, + unlike git-filter-branch, does not give you the opportunity to + handle a file differently based on where or when it was committed + within your history. This constraint gives the core performance + benefit of The BFG, and is well-suited to the task of cleansing bad + data - you don't care _where_ the bad data is, you just want it + _gone_. + +* By default The BFG takes full advantage of multi-core machines, + cleansing commit file-trees in parallel. git-filter-branch cleans + commits sequentially (ie in a single-threaded manner), though it + _is_ possible to write filters that include their own parallellism, + in the scripts executed against each commit. + +* The http://rtyley.github.io/bfg-repo-cleaner/#examples[command options] + are much more restrictive than git-filter branch, and dedicated just + to the tasks of removing unwanted data- e.g: + `--strip-blobs-bigger-than 1M`. + GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt index f2e08d11c1..42408752d0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt @@ -91,7 +91,19 @@ objectname:: upstream:: The name of a local ref which can be considered ``upstream'' from the displayed ref. Respects `:short` in the same way as - `refname` above. + `refname` above. Additionally respects `:track` to show + "[ahead N, behind M]" and `:trackshort` to show the terse + version: ">" (ahead), "<" (behind), "<>" (ahead and behind), + or "=" (in sync). Has no effect if the ref does not have + tracking information associated with it. + +HEAD:: + '*' if HEAD matches current ref (the checked out branch), ' ' + otherwise. + +color:: + Change output color. Followed by `:<colorname>`, where names + are described in `color.branch.*`. In addition to the above, for commit and tag objects, the header field names (`tree`, `parent`, `object`, `type`, and `tag`) can @@ -207,13 +219,9 @@ eval=`git for-each-ref --shell --format="$fmt" \ eval "$eval" ------------ -Author ------- -Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>. - -Documentation -------------- -Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-show-ref[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt index e394276b1a..5c0a4ab2d6 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt @@ -242,6 +242,7 @@ configuration options in linkgit:git-notes[1] to use this workflow). Note that the leading character does not have to be a dot; for example, you can use `--suffix=-patch` to get `0001-description-of-my-change-patch`. +-q:: --quiet:: Do not print the names of the generated files to standard output. @@ -437,7 +438,8 @@ Edit..Preferences..Composition, wrap plain text messages at 0 In Thunderbird 3: Edit..Preferences..Advanced..Config Editor. Search for "mail.wrap_long_lines". -Toggle it to make sure it is set to `false`. +Toggle it to make sure it is set to `false`. Also, search for +"mailnews.wraplength" and set the value to 0. 3. Disable the use of format=flowed: Edit..Preferences..Advanced..Config Editor. Search for diff --git a/Documentation/git-gc.txt b/Documentation/git-gc.txt index 2402ed6828..273c4663c8 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-gc.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-gc.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-gc - Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git gc' [--aggressive] [--auto] [--quiet] [--prune=<date> | --no-prune] +'git gc' [--aggressive] [--auto] [--quiet] [--prune=<date> | --no-prune] [--force] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -72,6 +72,10 @@ automatic consolidation of packs. --quiet:: Suppress all progress reports. +--force:: + Force `git gc` to run even if there may be another `git gc` + instance running on this repository. + Configuration ------------- @@ -120,6 +124,9 @@ the value, the more time is spent optimizing the delta compression. See the documentation for the --window' option in linkgit:git-repack[1] for more details. This defaults to 250. +Similarly, the optional configuration variable 'gc.aggressiveDepth' +controls --depth option in linkgit:git-repack[1]. This defaults to 250. + The optional configuration variable 'gc.pruneExpire' controls how old the unreferenced loose objects have to be before they are pruned. The default is "2 weeks ago". diff --git a/Documentation/git-grep.txt b/Documentation/git-grep.txt index 8497aa4494..31811f16bd 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-grep.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-grep.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-grep - Print lines matching a pattern SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git grep' [-a | --text] [-I] [-i | --ignore-case] [-w | --word-regexp] +'git grep' [-a | --text] [-I] [--textconv] [-i | --ignore-case] [-w | --word-regexp] [-v | --invert-match] [-h|-H] [--full-name] [-E | --extended-regexp] [-G | --basic-regexp] [-P | --perl-regexp] @@ -53,6 +53,9 @@ grep.extendedRegexp:: option is ignored when the 'grep.patternType' option is set to a value other than 'default'. +grep.fullName:: + If set to true, enable '--full-name' option by default. + OPTIONS ------- @@ -80,6 +83,13 @@ OPTIONS --text:: Process binary files as if they were text. +--textconv:: + Honor textconv filter settings. + +--no-textconv:: + Do not honor textconv filter settings. + This is the default. + -i:: --ignore-case:: Ignore case differences between the patterns and the diff --git a/Documentation/git-help.txt b/Documentation/git-help.txt index b21e9d79be..3956525218 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-help.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-help.txt @@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ CONFIGURATION VARIABLES help.format ~~~~~~~~~~~ -If no command line option is passed, the 'help.format' configuration +If no command-line option is passed, the 'help.format' configuration variable will be checked. The following values are supported for this -variable; they make 'git help' behave as their corresponding command +variable; they make 'git help' behave as their corresponding command- line option: * "man" corresponds to '-m|--man', @@ -93,15 +93,15 @@ help.browser, web.browser and browser.<tool>.path ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The 'help.browser', 'web.browser' and 'browser.<tool>.path' will also -be checked if the 'web' format is chosen (either by command line +be checked if the 'web' format is chosen (either by command-line option or configuration variable). See '-w|--web' in the OPTIONS section above and linkgit:git-web{litdd}browse[1]. man.viewer ~~~~~~~~~~ -The 'man.viewer' config variable will be checked if the 'man' format -is chosen. The following values are currently supported: +The 'man.viewer' configuration variable will be checked if the 'man' +format is chosen. The following values are currently supported: * "man": use the 'man' program as usual, * "woman": use 'emacsclient' to launch the "woman" mode in emacs @@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ For example, this configuration: viewer = woman ------------------------------------------------ -will try to use konqueror first. But this may fail (for example if +will try to use konqueror first. But this may fail (for example, if DISPLAY is not set) and in that case emacs' woman mode will be tried. If everything fails, or if no viewer is configured, the viewer specified diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt b/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt index e3bcdb50e3..d422ba4b59 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt @@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ ScriptAlias /git/ /var/www/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/ ---------------------------------------------------------------- Lighttpd:: - Ensure that `mod_cgi`, `mod_alias, `mod_auth`, `mod_setenv` are + Ensure that `mod_cgi`, `mod_alias`, `mod_auth`, `mod_setenv` are loaded, then set `GIT_PROJECT_ROOT` appropriately and redirect all requests to the CGI: + @@ -263,14 +263,6 @@ identifying information of the remote user who performed the push. All CGI environment variables are available to each of the hooks invoked by the 'git-receive-pack'. -Author ------- -Written by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>. - -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>. - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-log.txt b/Documentation/git-log.txt index ac2694d04c..1f7bc67d6c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-log.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-log.txt @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ DESCRIPTION ----------- Shows the commit logs. -The command takes options applicable to the 'git rev-list' +The command takes options applicable to the `git rev-list` command to control what is shown and how, and options applicable to -the 'git diff-*' commands to control how the changes +the `git diff-*` commands to control how the changes each commit introduces are shown. @@ -42,28 +42,27 @@ OPTIONS --use-mailmap:: Use mailmap file to map author and committer names and email - to canonical real names and email addresses. See + addresses to canonical real names and email addresses. See linkgit:git-shortlog[1]. --full-diff:: - Without this flag, "git log -p <path>..." shows commits that + Without this flag, `git log -p <path>...` shows commits that touch the specified paths, and diffs about the same specified paths. With this, the full diff is shown for commits that touch the specified paths; this means that "<path>..." limits only commits, and doesn't limit diff for those commits. + Note that this affects all diff-based output types, e.g. those -produced by --stat etc. +produced by `--stat`, etc. --log-size:: - Before the log message print out its size in bytes. Intended - mainly for porcelain tools consumption. If Git is unable to - produce a valid value size is set to zero. - Note that only message is considered, if also a diff is shown - its size is not included. - --L <start>,<end>:<file>, -L :<regex>:<file>:: + Include a line ``log size <number>'' in the output for each commit, + where <number> is the length of that commit's message in bytes. + Intended to speed up tools that read log messages from `git log` + output by allowing them to allocate space in advance. +-L <start>,<end>:<file>:: +-L :<regex>:<file>:: Trace the evolution of the line range given by "<start>,<end>" (or the funcname regex <regex>) within the <file>. You may not give any pathspec limiters. This is currently limited to @@ -71,8 +70,6 @@ produced by --stat etc. give zero or one positive revision arguments. You can specify this option more than once. + -<start> and <end> can take one of these forms: - include::line-range-format.txt[] <revision range>:: @@ -81,16 +78,16 @@ include::line-range-format.txt[] whole history leading to the current commit). `origin..HEAD` specifies all the commits reachable from the current commit (i.e. `HEAD`), but not from `origin`. For a complete list of - ways to spell <revision range>, see the "Specifying Ranges" + ways to spell <revision range>, see the 'Specifying Ranges' section of linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. [\--] <path>...:: Show only commits that are enough to explain how the files - that match the specified paths came to be. See "History - Simplification" below for details and other simplification + that match the specified paths came to be. See 'History + Simplification' below for details and other simplification modes. + -Paths may need to be prefixed with "\-- " to separate them from +Paths may need to be prefixed with ``\-- '' to separate them from options or the revision range, when confusion arises. include::rev-list-options.txt[] @@ -114,12 +111,12 @@ EXAMPLES `git log v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi`:: Show all commits since version 'v2.6.12' that changed any file - in the include/scsi or drivers/scsi subdirectories + in the `include/scsi` or `drivers/scsi` subdirectories `git log --since="2 weeks ago" -- gitk`:: Show the changes during the last two weeks to the file 'gitk'. - The "--" is necessary to avoid confusion with the *branch* named + The ``--'' is necessary to avoid confusion with the *branch* named 'gitk' `git log --name-status release..test`:: @@ -130,7 +127,7 @@ EXAMPLES `git log --follow builtin/rev-list.c`:: - Shows the commits that changed builtin/rev-list.c, including + Shows the commits that changed `builtin/rev-list.c`, including those commits that occurred before the file was given its present name. @@ -148,17 +145,18 @@ EXAMPLES `git log -p -m --first-parent`:: Shows the history including change diffs, but only from the - "main branch" perspective, skipping commits that come from merged + ``main branch'' perspective, skipping commits that come from merged branches, and showing full diffs of changes introduced by the merges. This makes sense only when following a strict policy of merging all topic branches when staying on a single integration branch. `git log -L '/int main/',/^}/:main.c`:: - Shows how the function `main()` in the file 'main.c' evolved + Shows how the function `main()` in the file `main.c` evolved over time. `git log -3`:: + Limits the number of commits to show to 3. DISCUSSION @@ -173,12 +171,12 @@ See linkgit:git-config[1] for core variables and linkgit:git-diff[1] for settings related to diff generation. format.pretty:: - Default for the `--format` option. (See "PRETTY FORMATS" above.) - Defaults to "medium". + Default for the `--format` option. (See 'Pretty Formats' above.) + Defaults to `medium`. i18n.logOutputEncoding:: - Encoding to use when displaying logs. (See "Discussion", above.) - Defaults to the value of `i18n.commitEncoding` if set, UTF-8 + Encoding to use when displaying logs. (See 'Discussion' above.) + Defaults to the value of `i18n.commitEncoding` if set, and UTF-8 otherwise. log.date:: @@ -187,7 +185,7 @@ log.date:: dates like `Sat May 8 19:35:34 2010 -0500`. log.showroot:: - If `false`, 'git log' and related commands will not treat the + If `false`, `git log` and related commands will not treat the initial commit as a big creation event. Any root commits in `git log -p` output would be shown without a diff attached. The default is `true`. @@ -198,7 +196,7 @@ mailmap.*:: notes.displayRef:: Which refs, in addition to the default set by `core.notesRef` or 'GIT_NOTES_REF', to read notes from when showing commit - messages with the 'log' family of commands. See + messages with the `log` family of commands. See linkgit:git-notes[1]. + May be an unabbreviated ref name or a glob and may be specified diff --git a/Documentation/git-lost-found.txt b/Documentation/git-lost-found.txt deleted file mode 100644 index d54932889f..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/git-lost-found.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,74 +0,0 @@ -git-lost-found(1) -================= - -NAME ----- -git-lost-found - Recover lost refs that luckily have not yet been pruned - -SYNOPSIS --------- -[verse] -'git lost-found' - -DESCRIPTION ------------ - -*NOTE*: this command is deprecated. Use linkgit:git-fsck[1] with -the option '--lost-found' instead. - -Finds dangling commits and tags from the object database, and -creates refs to them in the .git/lost-found/ directory. Commits and -tags that dereference to commits are stored in .git/lost-found/commit, -and other objects are stored in .git/lost-found/other. - - -OUTPUT ------- -Prints to standard output the object names and one-line descriptions -of any commits or tags found. - -EXAMPLE -------- - -Suppose you run 'git tag -f' and mistype the tag to overwrite. -The ref to your tag is overwritten, but until you run 'git -prune', the tag itself is still there. - ------------- -$ git lost-found -[1ef2b196d909eed523d4f3c9bf54b78cdd6843c6] GIT 0.99.9c -... ------------- - -Also you can use gitk to browse how any tags found relate to each -other. - ------------- -$ gitk $(cd .git/lost-found/commit && echo ??*) ------------- - -After making sure you know which the object is the tag you are looking -for, you can reconnect it to your regular `refs` hierarchy by using -the `update-ref` command. - ------------- -$ git cat-file -t 1ef2b196 -tag -$ git cat-file tag 1ef2b196 -object fa41bbce8e38c67a218415de6cfa510c7e50032a -type commit -tag v0.99.9c -tagger Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> 1131059594 -0800 - -GIT 0.99.9c - -This contains the following changes from the "master" branch, since -... -$ git update-ref refs/tags/not-lost-anymore 1ef2b196 -$ git rev-parse not-lost-anymore -1ef2b196d909eed523d4f3c9bf54b78cdd6843c6 ------------- - -GIT ---- -Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt index c0856a6e0a..e26f01fb1d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt @@ -185,15 +185,15 @@ specifies the format of exclude patterns. These exclude patterns come from these places, in order: - 1. The command line flag --exclude=<pattern> specifies a + 1. The command-line flag --exclude=<pattern> specifies a single pattern. Patterns are ordered in the same order they appear in the command line. - 2. The command line flag --exclude-from=<file> specifies a + 2. The command-line flag --exclude-from=<file> specifies a file containing a list of patterns. Patterns are ordered in the same order they appear in the file. - 3. The command line flag --exclude-per-directory=<name> specifies + 3. The command-line flag --exclude-per-directory=<name> specifies a name of the file in each directory 'git ls-files' examines, normally `.gitignore`. Files in deeper directories take precedence. Patterns are ordered in the diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt index 87842e33f8..808426faac 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt @@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git merge-base' [-a|--all] --octopus <commit>... 'git merge-base' --is-ancestor <commit> <commit> 'git merge-base' --independent <commit>... +'git merge-base' --fork-point <ref> [<commit>] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -24,8 +25,8 @@ that does not have any better common ancestor is a 'best common ancestor', i.e. a 'merge base'. Note that there can be more than one merge base for a pair of commits. -OPERATION MODE --------------- +OPERATION MODES +--------------- As the most common special case, specifying only two commits on the command line means computing the merge base between the given two commits. @@ -56,6 +57,14 @@ from linkgit:git-show-branch[1] when used with the `--merge-base` option. and exit with status 0 if true, or with status 1 if not. Errors are signaled by a non-zero status that is not 1. +--fork-point:: + Find the point at which a branch (or any history that leads + to <commit>) forked from another branch (or any reference) + <ref>. This does not just look for the common ancestor of + the two commits, but also takes into account the reflog of + <ref> to see if the history leading to <commit> forked from + an earlier incarnation of the branch <ref> (see discussion + on this mode below). OPTIONS ------- @@ -137,6 +146,31 @@ In modern git, you can say this in a more direct way: instead. +Discussion on fork-point mode +----------------------------- + +After working on the `topic` branch created with `git checkout -b +topic origin/master`, the history of remote-tracking branch +`origin/master` may have been rewound and rebuilt, leading to a +history of this shape: + + o---B1 + / + ---o---o---B2--o---o---o---B (origin/master) + \ + B3 + \ + Derived (topic) + +where `origin/master` used to point at commits B3, B2, B1 and now it +points at B, and your `topic` branch was started on top of it back +when `origin/master` was at B3. This mode uses the reflog of +`origin/master` to find B3 as the fork point, so that the `topic` +can be rebased on top of the updated `origin/master` by: + + $ fork_point=$(git merge-base --fork-point origin/master topic) + $ git rebase --onto origin/master $fork_point topic + See also -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt index d7db2a3737..d2fc12ec77 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [verse] 'git merge-file' [-L <current-name> [-L <base-name> [-L <other-name>]]] [--ours|--theirs|--union] [-p|--stdout] [-q|--quiet] [--marker-size=<n>] - <current-file> <base-file> <other-file> + [--[no-]diff3] <current-file> <base-file> <other-file> DESCRIPTION @@ -66,6 +66,9 @@ OPTIONS -q:: Quiet; do not warn about conflicts. +--diff3:: + Show conflicts in "diff3" style. + --ours:: --theirs:: --union:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt index c5f84b6495..58731c1942 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -Reads three treeish, and output trivial merge results and +Reads three tree-ish, and output trivial merge results and conflicting stages to the standard output. This is similar to what three-way 'git read-tree -m' does, but instead of storing the results in the index, the command outputs the entries to the diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge.txt b/Documentation/git-merge.txt index 8c7f2f66d8..cf2c374b71 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge.txt @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git merge' [-n] [--stat] [--no-commit] [--squash] [--[no-]edit] - [-s <strategy>] [-X <strategy-option>] + [-s <strategy>] [-X <strategy-option>] [-S[<key-id>]] [--[no-]rerere-autoupdate] [-m <msg>] [<commit>...] 'git merge' <msg> HEAD <commit>... 'git merge' --abort @@ -65,6 +65,10 @@ OPTIONS ------- include::merge-options.txt[] +-S[<keyid>]:: +--gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: + GPG-sign the resulting merge commit. + -m <msg>:: Set the commit message to be used for the merge commit (in case one is created). @@ -97,9 +101,8 @@ commit or stash your changes before running 'git merge'. Specifying more than one commit will create a merge with more than two parents (affectionately called an Octopus merge). + -If no commit is given from the command line, and if `merge.defaultToUpstream` -configuration variable is set, merge the remote-tracking branches -that the current branch is configured to use as its upstream. +If no commit is given from the command line, merge the remote-tracking +branches that the current branch is configured to use as its upstream. See also the configuration section of this manual page. @@ -186,11 +189,11 @@ In such a case, you can "unwrap" the tag yourself before feeding it to `git merge`, or pass `--ff-only` when you do not have any work on your own. e.g. ---- +---- git fetch origin git merge v1.2.3^0 git merge --ff-only v1.2.3 ---- +---- HOW CONFLICTS ARE PRESENTED diff --git a/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt b/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt index 07137f252b..e846c2ed7f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt @@ -71,11 +71,13 @@ success of the resolution after the custom tool has exited. --no-prompt:: Don't prompt before each invocation of the merge resolution program. + This is the default if the merge resolution program is + explicitly specified with the `--tool` option or with the + `merge.tool` configuration variable. --prompt:: - Prompt before each invocation of the merge resolution program. - This is the default behaviour; the option is provided to - override any configuration settings. + Prompt before each invocation of the merge resolution program + to give the user a chance to skip the path. TEMPORARY FILES --------------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-mv.txt b/Documentation/git-mv.txt index e93fcb49fd..e4531325cd 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mv.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mv.txt @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -This script is used to move or rename a file, directory or symlink. +Move or rename a file, directory or symlink. git mv [-v] [-f] [-n] [-k] <source> <destination> git mv [-v] [-f] [-n] [-k] <source> ... <destination directory> @@ -44,6 +44,26 @@ OPTIONS --verbose:: Report the names of files as they are moved. +SUBMODULES +---------- +Moving a submodule using a gitfile (which means they were cloned +with a Git version 1.7.8 or newer) will update the gitfile and +core.worktree setting to make the submodule work in the new location. +It also will attempt to update the submodule.<name>.path setting in +the linkgit:gitmodules[5] file and stage that file (unless -n is used). + +BUGS +---- +Each time a superproject update moves a populated submodule (e.g. when +switching between commits before and after the move) a stale submodule +checkout will remain in the old location and an empty directory will +appear in the new location. To populate the submodule again in the new +location the user will have to run "git submodule update" +afterwards. Removing the old directory is only safe when it uses a +gitfile, as otherwise the history of the submodule will be deleted +too. Both steps will be obsolete when recursive submodule update has +been implemented. + GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt b/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt index 15b00e0991..ca28fb8e2a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git name-rev' [--tags] [--refs=<pattern>] - ( --all | --stdin | <committish>... ) + ( --all | --stdin | <commit-ish>... ) DESCRIPTION ----------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-notes.txt b/Documentation/git-notes.txt index 46ef0466be..310f0a5e8c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-notes.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-notes.txt @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git notes' append [-F <file> | -m <msg> | (-c | -C) <object>] [<object>] 'git notes' edit [<object>] 'git notes' show [<object>] -'git notes' merge [-v | -q] [-s <strategy> ] <notes_ref> +'git notes' merge [-v | -q] [-s <strategy> ] <notes-ref> 'git notes' merge --commit [-v | -q] 'git notes' merge --abort [-v | -q] 'git notes' remove [--ignore-missing] [--stdin] [<object>...] @@ -375,16 +375,6 @@ does not match any refs is silently ignored. If not set in the environment, the list of notes to copy depends on the `notes.rewrite.<command>` and `notes.rewriteRef` settings. - -Author ------- -Written by Johannes Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de> and -Johan Herland <johan@herland.net> - -Documentation -------------- -Documentation by Johannes Schindelin and Johan Herland - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-p4.txt b/Documentation/git-p4.txt index 8cba16d67f..6ab5f9497a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-p4.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-p4.txt @@ -168,7 +168,8 @@ All commands except clone accept these options. --git-dir <dir>:: Set the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable. See linkgit:git[1]. ---verbose, -v:: +-v:: +--verbose:: Provide more progress information. Sync options @@ -279,7 +280,8 @@ These options can be used to modify 'git p4 submit' behavior. Export tags from Git as p4 labels. Tags found in Git are applied to the perforce working directory. ---dry-run, -n:: +-n:: +--dry-run:: Show just what commits would be submitted to p4; do not change state in Git or p4. diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt index d94edcd4b4..d2d8f4792a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt @@ -51,8 +51,7 @@ base-name:: <base-name> to determine the name of the created file. When this option is used, the two files are written in <base-name>-<SHA-1>.{pack,idx} files. <SHA-1> is a hash - of the sorted object names to make the resulting filename - based on the pack content, and written to the standard + based on the pack content and is written to the standard output of the command. --stdout:: @@ -65,6 +64,8 @@ base-name:: the same way as 'git rev-list' with the `--objects` flag uses its `commit` arguments to build the list of objects it outputs. The objects on the resulting list are packed. + Besides revisions, `--not` or `--shallow <SHA-1>` lines are + also accepted. --unpacked:: This implies `--revs`. When processing the list of diff --git a/Documentation/git-peek-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-peek-remote.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 87ea3fb054..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/git-peek-remote.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,43 +0,0 @@ -git-peek-remote(1) -================== - -NAME ----- -git-peek-remote - List the references in a remote repository - - -SYNOPSIS --------- -[verse] -'git peek-remote' [--upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>] [<host>:]<directory> - -DESCRIPTION ------------ -This command is deprecated; use 'git ls-remote' instead. - -OPTIONS -------- ---upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>:: - Use this to specify the path to 'git-upload-pack' on the - remote side, if it is not found on your $PATH. Some - installations of sshd ignores the user's environment - setup scripts for login shells (e.g. .bash_profile) and - your privately installed git may not be found on the system - default $PATH. Another workaround suggested is to set - up your $PATH in ".bashrc", but this flag is for people - who do not want to pay the overhead for non-interactive - shells, but prefer having a lean .bashrc file (they set most of - the things up in .bash_profile). - -<host>:: - A remote host that houses the repository. When this - part is specified, 'git-upload-pack' is invoked via - ssh. - -<directory>:: - The repository to sync from. - - -GIT ---- -Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt b/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt index 80dc022ede..6738055bd3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -This program searches the `$GIT_OBJECT_DIR` for all objects that currently +This program searches the `$GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY` for all objects that currently exist in a pack file as well as the independent object directories. All such extra objects are removed. diff --git a/Documentation/git-prune.txt b/Documentation/git-prune.txt index bf824108c1..7a493c80f7 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-prune.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-prune.txt @@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ objects unreachable from any of these head objects from the object database. In addition, it prunes the unpacked objects that are also found in packs by running 'git prune-packed'. +It also removes entries from .git/shallow that are not reachable by +any ref. Note that unreachable, packed objects will remain. If this is not desired, see linkgit:git-repack[1]. @@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ OPTIONS EXAMPLE ------- -To prune objects not used by your repository nor another that +To prune objects not used by your repository or another that borrows from your repository via its `.git/objects/info/alternates`: diff --git a/Documentation/git-pull.txt b/Documentation/git-pull.txt index 6ef8d599d3..200eb22260 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pull.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pull.txt @@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ Assume the following history exists and the current branch is A---B---C master on origin / D---E---F---G master + ^ + origin/master in your repository ------------ Then "`git pull`" will fetch and replay the changes from the remote @@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ result in a new commit along with the names of the two parent commits and a log message from the user describing the changes. ------------ - A---B---C remotes/origin/master + A---B---C origin/master / \ D---E---F---G---H master ------------ @@ -97,17 +99,23 @@ must be given before the options meant for 'git fetch'. Options related to merging ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -include::merge-options.txt[] - :git-pull: 1 +include::merge-options.txt[] + -r:: ---rebase:: - Rebase the current branch on top of the upstream branch after - fetching. If there is a remote-tracking branch corresponding to - the upstream branch and the upstream branch was rebased since last - fetched, the rebase uses that information to avoid rebasing - non-local changes. +--rebase[=false|true|preserve]:: + When true, rebase the current branch on top of the upstream + branch after fetching. If there is a remote-tracking branch + corresponding to the upstream branch and the upstream branch + was rebased since last fetched, the rebase uses that information + to avoid rebasing non-local changes. ++ +When preserve, also rebase the current branch on top of the upstream +branch, but pass `--preserve-merges` along to `git rebase` so that +locally created merge commits will not be flattened. ++ +When false, merge the current branch into the upstream branch. + See `pull.rebase`, `branch.<name>.rebase` and `branch.autosetuprebase` in linkgit:git-config[1] if you want to make `git pull` always use diff --git a/Documentation/git-push.txt b/Documentation/git-push.txt index f7dfe48d28..21cd455508 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-push.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-push.txt @@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [verse] 'git push' [--all | --mirror | --tags] [--follow-tags] [-n | --dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>] [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [--prune] [-v | --verbose] [-u | --set-upstream] + [--force-with-lease[=<refname>[:<expect>]]] [--no-verify] [<repository> [<refspec>...]] DESCRIPTION @@ -55,8 +56,13 @@ it can be any arbitrary "SHA-1 expression", such as `master~4` or + The <dst> tells which ref on the remote side is updated with this push. Arbitrary expressions cannot be used here, an actual ref must -be named. If `:`<dst> is omitted, the same ref as <src> will be -updated. +be named. +If `git push [<repository>]` without any `<refspec>` argument is set to +update some ref at the destination with `<src>` with +`remote.<repository>.push` configuration variable, `:<dst>` part can +be omitted---such a push will update a ref that `<src>` normally updates +without any `<refspec>` on the command line. Otherwise, missing +`:<dst>` means to update the same ref as the `<src>`. + The object referenced by <src> is used to update the <dst> reference on the remote side. By default this is only allowed if <dst> is not @@ -77,8 +83,8 @@ the local side, the remote side is updated if a branch of the same name already exists on the remote side. --all:: - Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all - refs under `refs/heads/` be pushed. + Push all branches (i.e. refs under `refs/heads/`); cannot be + used with other <refspec>. --prune:: Remove remote branches that don't have a local counterpart. For example @@ -120,7 +126,7 @@ already exists on the remote side. --follow-tags:: Push all the refs that would be pushed without this option, and also push annotated tags in `refs/tags` that are missing - from the remote but are pointing at committish that are + from the remote but are pointing at commit-ish that are reachable from the refs being pushed. --receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>:: @@ -130,21 +136,75 @@ already exists on the remote side. repository over ssh, and you do not have the program in a directory on the default $PATH. +--[no-]force-with-lease:: +--force-with-lease=<refname>:: +--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>:: + Usually, "git push" refuses to update a remote ref that is + not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it. ++ +This option bypasses the check, but instead requires that the +current value of the ref to be the expected value. "git push" +fails otherwise. ++ +Imagine that you have to rebase what you have already published. +You will have to bypass the "must fast-forward" rule in order to +replace the history you originally published with the rebased history. +If somebody else built on top of your original history while you are +rebasing, the tip of the branch at the remote may advance with her +commit, and blindly pushing with `--force` will lose her work. ++ +This option allows you to say that you expect the history you are +updating is what you rebased and want to replace. If the remote ref +still points at the commit you specified, you can be sure that no +other people did anything to the ref (it is like taking a "lease" on +the ref without explicitly locking it, and you update the ref while +making sure that your earlier "lease" is still valid). ++ +`--force-with-lease` alone, without specifying the details, will protect +all remote refs that are going to be updated by requiring their +current value to be the same as the remote-tracking branch we have +for them, unless specified with a `--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>` +option that explicitly states what the expected value is. ++ +`--force-with-lease=<refname>`, without specifying the expected value, will +protect the named ref (alone), if it is going to be updated, by +requiring its current value to be the same as the remote-tracking +branch we have for it. ++ +`--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>` will protect the named ref (alone), +if it is going to be updated, by requiring its current value to be +the same as the specified value <expect> (which is allowed to be +different from the remote-tracking branch we have for the refname, +or we do not even have to have such a remote-tracking branch when +this form is used). ++ +Note that all forms other than `--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>` +that specifies the expected current value of the ref explicitly are +still experimental and their semantics may change as we gain experience +with this feature. ++ +"--no-force-with-lease" will cancel all the previous --force-with-lease on the +command line. + -f:: --force:: Usually, the command refuses to update a remote ref that is not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it. - This flag disables the check. This can cause the - remote repository to lose commits; use it with care. - Note that `--force` applies to all the refs that are pushed, - hence using it with `push.default` set to `matching` or with - multiple push destinations configured with `remote.*.push` - may overwrite refs other than the current branch (including - local refs that are strictly behind their remote counterpart). - To force a push to only one branch, use a `+` in front of the - refspec to push (e.g `git push origin +master` to force a push - to the `master` branch). See the `<refspec>...` section above - for details. + Also, when `--force-with-lease` option is used, the command refuses + to update a remote ref whose current value does not match + what is expected. ++ +This flag disables these checks, and can cause the remote repository +to lose commits; use it with care. ++ +Note that `--force` applies to all the refs that are pushed, hence +using it with `push.default` set to `matching` or with multiple push +destinations configured with `remote.*.push` may overwrite refs +other than the current branch (including local refs that are +strictly behind their remote counterpart). To force a push to only +one branch, use a `+` in front of the refspec to push (e.g `git push +origin +master` to force a push to the `master` branch). See the +`<refspec>...` section above for details. --repo=<repository>:: This option is only relevant if no <repository> argument is @@ -325,7 +385,7 @@ will now start building on top of B. The command by default does not allow an update that is not a fast-forward to prevent such loss of history. -If you do not want to lose your work (history from X to B) nor the work by +If you do not want to lose your work (history from X to B) or the work by the other person (history from X to A), you would need to first fetch the history from the repository, create a history that contains changes done by both parties, and push the result back. @@ -382,8 +442,10 @@ Examples configured for the current branch). `git push origin`:: - Without additional configuration, works like - `git push origin :`. + Without additional configuration, pushes the current branch to + the configured upstream (`remote.origin.merge` configuration + variable) if it has the same name as the current branch, and + errors out without pushing otherwise. + The default behavior of this command when no <refspec> is given can be configured by setting the `push` option of the remote, or the `push.default` diff --git a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt index c4bde6509e..fa1d557e5b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ OPTIONS -n:: --dry-run:: Check if the command would error out, without updating the index - nor the files in the working tree for real. + or the files in the working tree for real. -v:: Show the progress of checking files out. @@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ merge. The different stages represent the "result tree" (stage 0, aka you are trying to merge (stage 2 and 3 respectively). The order of stages 1, 2 and 3 (hence the order of three -<tree-ish> command line arguments) are significant when you +<tree-ish> command-line arguments) are significant when you start a 3-way merge with an index file that is already populated. Here is an outline of how the algorithm works: diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt index 6b2e1c86ab..2a93c645bd 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt @@ -281,6 +281,10 @@ which makes little sense. specified, `-s recursive`. Note the reversal of 'ours' and 'theirs' as noted above for the `-m` option. +-S[<keyid>]:: +--gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: + GPG-sign commits. + -q:: --quiet:: Be quiet. Implies --no-stat. @@ -322,7 +326,17 @@ You may find this (or --no-ff with an interactive rebase) helpful after reverting a topic branch merge, as this option recreates the topic branch with fresh commits so it can be remerged successfully without needing to "revert the reversion" (see the -link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for details). +link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for details). + +--fork-point:: +--no-fork-point:: + Use 'git merge-base --fork-point' to find a better common ancestor + between `upstream` and `branch` when calculating which commits have + have been introduced by `branch` (see linkgit:git-merge-base[1]). ++ +If no non-option arguments are given on the command line, then the default is +`--fork-point @{u}` otherwise the `upstream` argument is interpreted literally +unless the `--fork-point` option is specified. --ignore-whitespace:: --whitespace=<option>:: @@ -416,7 +430,7 @@ Without --interactive, this is a synonym for --force-rebase. You may find this helpful after reverting a topic branch merge, as this option recreates the topic branch with fresh commits so it can be remerged successfully without needing to "revert the reversion" (see the -link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for details). +link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for details). include::merge-strategies.txt[] diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-ext.txt b/Documentation/git-remote-ext.txt index 8cfc748ae2..cd0bb77e4a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-remote-ext.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-remote-ext.txt @@ -116,11 +116,6 @@ begins with `ext::`. Examples: determined by the helper using environment variables (see above). -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Ilari Liusvaara, Jonathan Nieder and the Git list -<git@vger.kernel.org> - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-fd.txt b/Documentation/git-remote-fd.txt index 933c2adaf6..bcd37668e3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-remote-fd.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-remote-fd.txt @@ -50,10 +50,6 @@ EXAMPLES `git push fd::7,8/bar master`:: Same as above. -Documentation --------------- -Documentation by Ilari Liusvaara and the Git list <git@vger.kernel.org> - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-remote.txt index 9c3e3bf83a..cb103c8b6f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-remote.txt @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ git-remote(1) NAME ---- -git-remote - manage set of tracked repositories +git-remote - Manage set of tracked repositories SYNOPSIS @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git remote add' [-t <branch>] [-m <master>] [-f] [--[no-]tags] [--mirror=<fetch|push>] <name> <url> 'git remote rename' <old> <new> 'git remote remove' <name> -'git remote set-head' <name> (-a | -d | <branch>) +'git remote set-head' <name> (-a | --auto | -d | --delete | <branch>) 'git remote set-branches' [--add] <name> <branch>... 'git remote set-url' [--push] <name> <newurl> [<oldurl>] 'git remote set-url --add' [--push] <name> <newurl> @@ -101,9 +101,9 @@ branch. For example, if the default branch for `origin` is set to `master`, then `origin` may be specified wherever you would normally specify `origin/master`. + -With `-d`, the symbolic ref `refs/remotes/<name>/HEAD` is deleted. +With `-d` or `--delete`, the symbolic ref `refs/remotes/<name>/HEAD` is deleted. + -With `-a`, the remote is queried to determine its `HEAD`, then the +With `-a` or `--auto`, the remote is queried to determine its `HEAD`, then the symbolic-ref `refs/remotes/<name>/HEAD` is set to the same branch. e.g., if the remote `HEAD` is pointed at `next`, "`git remote set-head origin -a`" will set the symbolic-ref `refs/remotes/origin/HEAD` to `refs/remotes/origin/next`. This will diff --git a/Documentation/git-repack.txt b/Documentation/git-repack.txt index 4c1aff65e6..4786a780b5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-repack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-repack.txt @@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ git-repack - Pack unpacked objects in a repository SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git repack' [-a] [-A] [-d] [-f] [-F] [-l] [-n] [-q] [--window=<n>] [--depth=<n>] +'git repack' [-a] [-A] [-d] [-f] [-F] [-l] [-n] [-q] [-b] [--window=<n>] [--depth=<n>] DESCRIPTION ----------- -This script is used to combine all objects that do not currently +This command is used to combine all objects that do not currently reside in a "pack", into a pack. It can also be used to re-organize existing packs into a single, more efficient pack. @@ -110,6 +110,21 @@ other objects in that pack they already have locally. The default is unlimited, unless the config variable `pack.packSizeLimit` is set. +-b:: +--write-bitmap-index:: + Write a reachability bitmap index as part of the repack. This + only makes sense when used with `-a` or `-A`, as the bitmaps + must be able to refer to all reachable objects. This option + overrides the setting of `pack.writebitmaps`. + +--pack-kept-objects:: + Include objects in `.keep` files when repacking. Note that we + still do not delete `.keep` packs after `pack-objects` finishes. + This means that we may duplicate objects, but this makes the + option safe to use when there are concurrent pushes or fetches. + This option is generally only useful if you are writing bitmaps + with `-b` or `pack.writebitmaps`, as it ensures that the + bitmapped packfile has the necessary objects. Configuration ------------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-replace.txt b/Documentation/git-replace.txt index e0b4057976..0a02f70657 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-replace.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-replace.txt @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [verse] 'git replace' [-f] <object> <replacement> 'git replace' -d <object>... -'git replace' -l [<pattern>] +'git replace' [--format=<format>] [-l [<pattern>]] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -20,8 +20,14 @@ The name of the 'replace' reference is the SHA-1 of the object that is replaced. The content of the 'replace' reference is the SHA-1 of the replacement object. +The replaced object and the replacement object must be of the same type. +This restriction can be bypassed using `-f`. + Unless `-f` is given, the 'replace' reference must not yet exist. +There is no other restriction on the replaced and replacement objects. +Merge commits can be replaced by non-merge commits and vice versa. + Replacement references will be used by default by all Git commands except those doing reachability traversal (prune, pack transfer and fsck). @@ -49,18 +55,51 @@ achieve the same effect as the `--no-replace-objects` option. OPTIONS ------- -f:: +--force:: If an existing replace ref for the same object exists, it will be overwritten (instead of failing). -d:: +--delete:: Delete existing replace refs for the given objects. -l <pattern>:: +--list <pattern>:: List replace refs for objects that match the given pattern (or all if no pattern is given). Typing "git replace" without arguments, also lists all replace refs. +--format=<format>:: + When listing, use the specified <format>, which can be one of + 'short', 'medium' and 'long'. When omitted, the format + defaults to 'short'. + +FORMATS +------- + +The following format are available: + +* 'short': + <replaced sha1> +* 'medium': + <replaced sha1> -> <replacement sha1> +* 'long': + <replaced sha1> (<replaced type>) -> <replacement sha1> (<replacement type>) + +CREATING REPLACEMENT OBJECTS +---------------------------- + +linkgit:git-filter-branch[1], linkgit:git-hash-object[1] and +linkgit:git-rebase[1], among other git commands, can be used to create +replacement objects from existing objects. + +If you want to replace many blobs, trees or commits that are part of a +string of commits, you may just want to create a replacement string of +commits and then only replace the commit at the tip of the target +string of commits with the commit at the tip of the replacement string +of commits. + BUGS ---- Comparing blobs or trees that have been replaced with those that @@ -69,12 +108,13 @@ go back to a replaced commit will move the branch to the replacement commit instead of the replaced commit. There may be other problems when using 'git rev-list' related to -pending objects. And of course things may break if an object of one -type is replaced by an object of another type (for example a blob -replaced by a commit). +pending objects. SEE ALSO -------- +linkgit:git-hash-object[1] +linkgit:git-filter-branch[1] +linkgit:git-rebase[1] linkgit:git-tag[1] linkgit:git-branch[1] linkgit:git[1] diff --git a/Documentation/git-repo-config.txt b/Documentation/git-repo-config.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 9ec115b9e0..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/git-repo-config.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -git-repo-config(1) -================== - -NAME ----- -git-repo-config - Get and set repository or global options - - -SYNOPSIS --------- -[verse] -'git repo-config' ... - - -DESCRIPTION ------------ - -This is a synonym for linkgit:git-config[1]. Please refer to the -documentation of that command. - -GIT ---- -Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt b/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt index b99681ce85..283577b0b6 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt @@ -13,22 +13,65 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -Summarizes the changes between two commits to the standard output, and includes -the given URL in the generated summary. +Generate a request asking your upstream project to pull changes into +their tree. The request, printed to the standard output, summarizes +the changes and indicates from where they can be pulled. + +The upstream project is expected to have the commit named by +`<start>` and the output asks it to integrate the changes you made +since that commit, up to the commit named by `<end>`, by visiting +the repository named by `<url>`. + OPTIONS ------- -p:: - Show patch text + Include patch text in the output. <start>:: - Commit to start at. + Commit to start at. This names a commit that is already in + the upstream history. <url>:: - URL to include in the summary. + The repository URL to be pulled from. <end>:: - Commit to end at; defaults to HEAD. + Commit to end at (defaults to HEAD). This names the commit + at the tip of the history you are asking to be pulled. ++ +When the repository named by `<url>` has the commit at a tip of a +ref that is different from the ref you have locally, you can use the +`<local>:<remote>` syntax, to have its local name, a colon `:`, and +its remote name. + + +EXAMPLE +------- + +Imagine that you built your work on your `master` branch on top of +the `v1.0` release, and want it to be integrated to the project. +First you push that change to your public repository for others to +see: + + git push https://git.ko.xz/project master + +Then, you run this command: + + git request-pull v1.0 https://git.ko.xz/project master + +which will produce a request to the upstream, summarizing the +changes between the `v1.0` release and your `master`, to pull it +from your public repository. + +If you pushed your change to a branch whose name is different from +the one you have locally, e.g. + + git push https://git.ko.xz/project master:for-linus + +then you can ask that to be pulled with + + git request-pull v1.0 https://git.ko.xz/project master:for-linus + GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-reset.txt b/Documentation/git-reset.txt index f445cb38fa..25432d9257 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-reset.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-reset.txt @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [verse] 'git reset' [-q] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>... 'git reset' (--patch | -p) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<paths>...] -'git reset' [--soft | --mixed | --hard | --merge | --keep] [-q] [<commit>] +'git reset' [--soft | --mixed [-N] | --hard | --merge | --keep] [-q] [<commit>] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ to HEAD in all forms. 'git reset' [-q] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>...:: This form resets the index entries for all <paths> to their - state at <tree-ish>. (It does not affect the working tree, nor + state at <tree-ish>. (It does not affect the working tree or the current branch.) + This means that `git reset <paths>` is the opposite of `git add @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ section of linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode. + -- --soft:: - Does not touch the index file nor the working tree at all (but + Does not touch the index file or the working tree at all (but resets the head to <commit>, just like all modes do). This leaves all your changed files "Changes to be committed", as 'git status' would put it. @@ -60,6 +60,9 @@ section of linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode. Resets the index but not the working tree (i.e., the changed files are preserved but not marked for commit) and reports what has not been updated. This is the default action. ++ +If `-N` is specified, removed paths are marked as intent-to-add (see +linkgit:git-add[1]). --hard:: Resets the index and working tree. Any changes to tracked files in the @@ -115,7 +118,7 @@ and changes with these files are distracting. <2> Somebody asks you to pull, and the changes sounds worthy of merging. <3> However, you already dirtied the index (i.e. your index does not match the HEAD commit). But you know the pull you are going -to make does not affect frotz.c nor filfre.c, so you revert the +to make does not affect frotz.c or filfre.c, so you revert the index changes for these two files. Your changes in working tree remain there. <4> Then you can pull and merge, leaving frotz.c and filfre.c diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt index 045b37b82e..7a1585def0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt @@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [ \--reverse ] [ \--walk-reflogs ] [ \--no-walk ] [ \--do-walk ] + [ \--use-bitmap-index ] <commit>... [ \-- <paths>... ] DESCRIPTION diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt index 2b126c0a77..987395d22a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt @@ -24,9 +24,23 @@ distinguish between them. OPTIONS ------- + +Operation Modes +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Each of these options must appear first on the command line. + --parseopt:: Use 'git rev-parse' in option parsing mode (see PARSEOPT section below). +--sq-quote:: + Use 'git rev-parse' in shell quoting mode (see SQ-QUOTE + section below). In contrast to the `--sq` option below, this + mode does only quoting. Nothing else is done to command input. + +Options for --parseopt +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + --keep-dashdash:: Only meaningful in `--parseopt` mode. Tells the option parser to echo out the first `--` met instead of skipping it. @@ -36,10 +50,12 @@ OPTIONS the first non-option argument. This can be used to parse sub-commands that take options themselves. ---sq-quote:: - Use 'git rev-parse' in shell quoting mode (see SQ-QUOTE - section below). In contrast to the `--sq` option below, this - mode does only quoting. Nothing else is done to command input. +--stuck-long:: + Only meaningful in `--parseopt` mode. Output the options in their + long form if available, and with their arguments stuck. + +Options for Filtering +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ --revs-only:: Do not output flags and parameters not meant for @@ -55,6 +71,9 @@ OPTIONS --no-flags:: Do not output flag parameters. +Options for Output +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + --default <arg>:: If there is no parameter given by the user, use `<arg>` instead. @@ -110,6 +129,17 @@ can be used. strip '{caret}' prefix from the object names that already have one. +--abbrev-ref[=(strict|loose)]:: + A non-ambiguous short name of the objects name. + The option core.warnAmbiguousRefs is used to select the strict + abbreviation mode. + +--short:: +--short=number:: + Instead of outputting the full SHA-1 values of object names try to + abbreviate them to a shorter unique name. When no length is specified + 7 is used. The minimum length is 4. + --symbolic:: Usually the object names are output in SHA-1 form (with possible '{caret}' prefix); this option makes them output in a @@ -123,16 +153,8 @@ can be used. unfortunately named tag "master"), and show them as full refnames (e.g. "refs/heads/master"). ---abbrev-ref[=(strict|loose)]:: - A non-ambiguous short name of the objects name. - The option core.warnAmbiguousRefs is used to select the strict - abbreviation mode. - ---disambiguate=<prefix>:: - Show every object whose name begins with the given prefix. - The <prefix> must be at least 4 hexadecimal digits long to - avoid listing each and every object in the repository by - mistake. +Options for Objects +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ --all:: Show all refs found in `refs/`. @@ -155,18 +177,34 @@ shown. If the pattern does not contain a globbing character (`?`, character (`?`, `*`, or `[`), it is turned into a prefix match by appending `/*`. ---show-toplevel:: - Show the absolute path of the top-level directory. +--exclude=<glob-pattern>:: + Do not include refs matching '<glob-pattern>' that the next `--all`, + `--branches`, `--tags`, `--remotes`, or `--glob` would otherwise + consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns + up to the next `--all`, `--branches`, `--tags`, `--remotes`, or + `--glob` option (other options or arguments do not clear + accumlated patterns). ++ +The patterns given should not begin with `refs/heads`, `refs/tags`, or +`refs/remotes` when applied to `--branches`, `--tags`, or `--remotes`, +respectively, and they must begin with `refs/` when applied to `--glob` +or `--all`. If a trailing '/{asterisk}' is intended, it must be given +explicitly. ---show-prefix:: - When the command is invoked from a subdirectory, show the - path of the current directory relative to the top-level - directory. +--disambiguate=<prefix>:: + Show every object whose name begins with the given prefix. + The <prefix> must be at least 4 hexadecimal digits long to + avoid listing each and every object in the repository by + mistake. ---show-cdup:: - When the command is invoked from a subdirectory, show the - path of the top-level directory relative to the current - directory (typically a sequence of "../", or an empty string). +Options for Files +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +--local-env-vars:: + List the GIT_* environment variables that are local to the + repository (e.g. GIT_DIR or GIT_WORK_TREE, but not GIT_EDITOR). + Only the names of the variables are listed, not their value, + even if they are set. --git-dir:: Show `$GIT_DIR` if defined. Otherwise show the path to @@ -188,17 +226,27 @@ print a message to stderr and exit with nonzero status. --is-bare-repository:: When the repository is bare print "true", otherwise "false". ---local-env-vars:: - List the GIT_* environment variables that are local to the - repository (e.g. GIT_DIR or GIT_WORK_TREE, but not GIT_EDITOR). - Only the names of the variables are listed, not their value, - even if they are set. +--resolve-git-dir <path>:: + Check if <path> is a valid repository or a gitfile that + points at a valid repository, and print the location of the + repository. If <path> is a gitfile then the resolved path + to the real repository is printed. ---short:: ---short=number:: - Instead of outputting the full SHA-1 values of object names try to - abbreviate them to a shorter unique name. When no length is specified - 7 is used. The minimum length is 4. +--show-cdup:: + When the command is invoked from a subdirectory, show the + path of the top-level directory relative to the current + directory (typically a sequence of "../", or an empty string). + +--show-prefix:: + When the command is invoked from a subdirectory, show the + path of the current directory relative to the top-level + directory. + +--show-toplevel:: + Show the absolute path of the top-level directory. + +Other Options +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ --since=datestring:: --after=datestring:: @@ -213,12 +261,6 @@ print a message to stderr and exit with nonzero status. <args>...:: Flags and parameters to be parsed. ---resolve-git-dir <path>:: - Check if <path> is a valid repository or a gitfile that - points at a valid repository, and print the location of the - repository. If <path> is a gitfile then the resolved path - to the real repository is printed. - include::revisions.txt[] @@ -242,26 +284,28 @@ Input Format 'git rev-parse --parseopt' input format is fully text based. It has two parts, separated by a line that contains only `--`. The lines before the separator -(should be more than one) are used for the usage. +(should be one or more) are used for the usage. The lines after the separator describe the options. Each line of options has this format: ------------ -<opt_spec><flags>* SP+ help LF +<opt-spec><flags>*<arg-hint>? SP+ help LF ------------ -`<opt_spec>`:: +`<opt-spec>`:: its format is the short option character, then the long option name separated by a comma. Both parts are not required, though at least one is necessary. `h,help`, `dry-run` and `f` are all three correct - `<opt_spec>`. + `<opt-spec>`. `<flags>`:: `<flags>` are of `*`, `=`, `?` or `!`. * Use `=` if the option takes an argument. - * Use `?` to mean that the option is optional (though its use is discouraged). + * Use `?` to mean that the option takes an optional argument. You + probably want to use the `--stuck-long` mode to be able to + unambiguously parse the optional argument. * Use `*` to mean that this option should not be listed in the usage generated for the `-h` argument. It's shown for `--help-all` as @@ -269,6 +313,12 @@ Each line of options has this format: * Use `!` to not make the corresponding negated long option available. +`<arg-hint>`:: + `<arg-hint>`, if specified, is used as a name of the argument in the + help output, for options that take arguments. `<arg-hint>` is + terminated by the first whitespace. It is customary to use a + dash to separate words in a multi-word argument hint. + The remainder of the line, after stripping the spaces, is used as the help associated to the option. @@ -289,6 +339,8 @@ h,help show the help foo some nifty option --foo bar= some cool option --bar with an argument +baz=arg another cool option --baz with a named argument +qux?path qux may take a path argument but has meaning by itself An option group Header C? option C with an optional argument" @@ -296,6 +348,28 @@ C? option C with an optional argument" eval "$(echo "$OPTS_SPEC" | git rev-parse --parseopt -- "$@" || echo exit $?)" ------------ + +Usage text +~~~~~~~~~~ + +When `"$@"` is `-h` or `--help` in the above example, the following +usage text would be shown: + +------------ +usage: some-command [options] <args>... + + some-command does foo and bar! + + -h, --help show the help + --foo some nifty option --foo + --bar ... some cool option --bar with an argument + --baz <arg> another cool option --baz with a named argument + --qux[=<path>] qux may take a path argument but has meaning by itself + +An option group Header + -C[...] option C with an optional argument +------------ + SQ-QUOTE -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-revert.txt b/Documentation/git-revert.txt index f79c9d8583..cceb5f2f7f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-revert.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-revert.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-revert - Revert some existing commits SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git revert' [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m parent-number] [-s] <commit>... +'git revert' [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m parent-number] [-s] [-S[<key-id>]] <commit>... 'git revert' --continue 'git revert' --quit 'git revert' --abort @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ brought in by the merge. As a result, later merges will only bring in tree changes introduced by commits that are not ancestors of the previously reverted merge. This may or may not be what you want. + -See the link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for +See the link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for more details. --no-edit:: @@ -80,6 +80,10 @@ more details. This is useful when reverting more than one commits' effect to your index in a row. +-S[<key-id>]:: +--gpg-sign[=<key-id>]:: + GPG-sign commits. + -s:: --signoff:: Add Signed-off-by line at the end of the commit message. diff --git a/Documentation/git-rm.txt b/Documentation/git-rm.txt index 1d876c2619..f1efc116eb 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rm.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rm.txt @@ -134,14 +134,16 @@ use the following command: git diff --name-only --diff-filter=D -z | xargs -0 git rm --cached ---------------- -Submodules -~~~~~~~~~~ +SUBMODULES +---------- Only submodules using a gitfile (which means they were cloned with a Git version 1.7.8 or newer) will be removed from the work tree, as their repository lives inside the .git directory of the superproject. If a submodule (or one of those nested inside it) still uses a .git directory, `git rm` will fail - no matter if forced -or not - to protect the submodule's history. +or not - to protect the submodule's history. If it exists the +submodule.<name> section in the linkgit:gitmodules[5] file will also +be removed and that file will be staged (unless --cached or -n are used). A submodule is considered up-to-date when the HEAD is the same as recorded in the index, no tracked files are modified and no untracked @@ -168,6 +170,15 @@ of files and subdirectories under the `Documentation/` directory. (i.e. you are listing the files explicitly), it does not remove `subdir/git-foo.sh`. +BUGS +---- +Each time a superproject update removes a populated submodule +(e.g. when switching between commits before and after the removal) a +stale submodule checkout will remain in the old location. Removing the +old directory is only safe when it uses a gitfile, as otherwise the +history of the submodule will be deleted too. This step will be +obsolete when recursive submodule update has been implemented. + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-add[1] diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt index f0e57a597b..d0fa18aaa8 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ files in the directory), or directly as a revision list. In the last case, any format accepted by linkgit:git-format-patch[1] can be passed to git send-email. -The header of the email is configurable by command line options. If not +The header of the email is configurable via command-line options. If not specified on the command line, the user will be prompted with a ReadLine enabled interface to provide the necessary information. @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ The --cc option must be repeated for each user you want on the cc list. When '--compose' is used, git send-email will use the From, Subject, and In-Reply-To headers specified in the message. If the body of the message (what you type after the headers and a blank line) only contains blank -(or Git: prefixed) lines the summary won't be sent, but From, Subject, +(or Git: prefixed) lines, the summary won't be sent, but From, Subject, and In-Reply-To headers will be used unless they are removed. + Missing From or In-Reply-To headers will be prompted for. @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ See the CONFIGURATION section for 'sendemail.multiedit'. --from=<address>:: Specify the sender of the emails. If not specified on the command line, the value of the 'sendemail.from' configuration option is used. If - neither the command line option nor 'sendemail.from' are set, then the + neither the command-line option nor 'sendemail.from' are set, then the user will be prompted for the value. The default for the prompt will be the value of GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT, or GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT if that is not set, as returned by "git var -l". diff --git a/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt b/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt index 5d709d02c3..4f67c4cde6 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt @@ -41,9 +41,11 @@ usage:: die with the usage message. set_reflog_action:: - set the message that will be recorded to describe the - end-user action in the reflog, when the script updates a - ref. + Set GIT_REFLOG_ACTION environment to a given string (typically + the name of the program) unless it is already set. Whenever + the script runs a `git` command that updates refs, a reflog + entry is created using the value of this string to leave the + record of what command updated the ref. git_editor:: runs an editor of user's choice (GIT_EDITOR, core.editor, VISUAL or diff --git a/Documentation/git-shell.txt b/Documentation/git-shell.txt index c35051ba58..e4bdd2235c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-shell.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-shell.txt @@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ EXAMPLE ------- To disable interactive logins, displaying a greeting instead: -+ + ---------------- $ chsh -s /usr/bin/git-shell $ mkdir $HOME/git-shell-commands diff --git a/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt index a515648ab0..b91d4e545b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ and/or refs/tags) semi-visually. It cannot show more than 29 branches and commits at a time. It uses `showbranch.default` multi-valued configuration items if -no <rev> nor <glob> is given on the command line. +no <rev> or <glob> is given on the command line. OPTIONS diff --git a/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt index b0a309b117..2a6f89b235 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ OPTIONS Show references matching one or more patterns. Patterns are matched from the end of the full name, and only complete parts are matched, e.g. 'master' matches 'refs/heads/master', 'refs/remotes/origin/master', - 'refs/tags/jedi/master' but not 'refs/heads/mymaster' nor + 'refs/tags/jedi/master' but not 'refs/heads/mymaster' or 'refs/remotes/master/jedi'. OUTPUT @@ -175,6 +175,7 @@ FILES SEE ALSO -------- +linkgit:git-for-each-ref[1], linkgit:git-ls-remote[1], linkgit:git-update-ref[1], linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] diff --git a/Documentation/git-stash.txt b/Documentation/git-stash.txt index db7e803038..375213fe46 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-stash.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-stash.txt @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ is also possible). OPTIONS ------- -save [-p|--patch] [--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [<message>]:: +save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [<message>]:: Save your local modifications to a new 'stash', and run `git reset --hard` to revert them. The <message> part is optional and gives diff --git a/Documentation/git-status.txt b/Documentation/git-status.txt index 9046df98a0..def635f578 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-status.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-status.txt @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. OUTPUT ------ The output from this command is designed to be used as a commit -template comment, and all the output lines are prefixed with '#'. +template comment. The default, long format, is designed to be human readable, verbose and descriptive. Its contents and format are subject to change at any time. @@ -210,7 +210,13 @@ directory. If `status.submodulesummary` is set to a non zero number or true (identical to -1 or an unlimited number), the submodule summary will be enabled for the long format and a summary of commits for modified submodules will be -shown (see --summary-limit option of linkgit:git-submodule[1]). +shown (see --summary-limit option of linkgit:git-submodule[1]). Please note +that the summary output from the status command will be suppressed for all +submodules when `diff.ignoreSubmodules` is set to 'all' or only for those +submodules where `submodule.<name>.ignore=all`. To also view the summary for +ignored submodules you can either use the --ignore-submodules=dirty command +line option or the 'git submodule summary' command, which shows a similar +output but does not honor these settings. SEE ALSO -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt index bfef8a0c62..89c4d3e394 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt @@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git submodule' [--quiet] init [--] [<path>...] 'git submodule' [--quiet] deinit [-f|--force] [--] <path>... 'git submodule' [--quiet] update [--init] [--remote] [-N|--no-fetch] - [-f|--force] [--rebase] [--reference <repository>] [--depth <depth>] - [--merge] [--recursive] [--] [<path>...] + [-f|--force] [--rebase|--merge] [--reference <repository>] + [--depth <depth>] [--recursive] [--] [<path>...] 'git submodule' [--quiet] summary [--cached|--files] [(-n|--summary-limit) <n>] [commit] [--] [<path>...] 'git submodule' [--quiet] foreach [--recursive] <command> @@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ OPTIONS -b:: --branch:: Branch of repository to add as submodule. - The name of the branch is recorded as `submodule.<path>.branch` in + The name of the branch is recorded as `submodule.<name>.branch` in `.gitmodules` for `update --remote`. -f:: @@ -281,12 +281,31 @@ In order to ensure a current tracking branch state, `update --remote` fetches the submodule's remote repository before calculating the SHA-1. If you don't want to fetch, you should use `submodule update --remote --no-fetch`. ++ +Use this option to integrate changes from the upstream subproject with +your submodule's current HEAD. Alternatively, you can run `git pull` +from the submodule, which is equivalent except for the remote branch +name: `update --remote` uses the default upstream repository and +`submodule.<name>.branch`, while `git pull` uses the submodule's +`branch.<name>.merge`. Prefer `submodule.<name>.branch` if you want +to distribute the default upstream branch with the superproject and +`branch.<name>.merge` if you want a more native feel while working in +the submodule itself. -N:: --no-fetch:: This option is only valid for the update command. Don't fetch new objects from the remote site. +--checkout:: + This option is only valid for the update command. + Checkout the commit recorded in the superproject on a detached HEAD + in the submodule. This is the default behavior, the main use of + this option is to override `submodule.$name.update` when set to + `merge`, `rebase` or `none`. + If the key `submodule.$name.update` is either not explicitly set or + set to `checkout`, this option is implicit. + --merge:: This option is only valid for the update command. Merge the commit recorded in the superproject into the current branch diff --git a/Documentation/git-svn.txt b/Documentation/git-svn.txt index 4dd3bcb511..44c970ce18 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-svn.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-svn.txt @@ -79,8 +79,22 @@ COMMANDS trailing slash, so be sure you include one in the argument if that is what you want. If --branches/-b is specified, the prefix must include a trailing slash. - Setting a prefix is useful if you wish to track multiple - projects that share a common repository. + Setting a prefix (with a trailing slash) is strongly + encouraged in any case, as your SVN-tracking refs will + then be located at "refs/remotes/$prefix/*", which is + compatible with Git's own remote-tracking ref layout + (refs/remotes/$remote/*). Setting a prefix is also useful + if you wish to track multiple projects that share a common + repository. + By default, the prefix is set to 'origin/'. ++ +NOTE: Before Git v2.0, the default prefix was "" (no prefix). This +meant that SVN-tracking refs were put at "refs/remotes/*", which is +incompatible with how Git's own remote-tracking refs are organized. +If you still want the old default, you can get it by passing +`--prefix ""` on the command line (`--prefix=""` may not work if +your Perl's Getopt::Long is < v2.37). + --ignore-paths=<regex>;; When passed to 'init' or 'clone' this regular expression will be preserved as a config key. See 'fetch' for a description @@ -104,19 +118,22 @@ COMMANDS 'fetch':: Fetch unfetched revisions from the Subversion remote we are tracking. The name of the [svn-remote "..."] section in the - .git/config file may be specified as an optional command-line - argument. + $GIT_DIR/config file may be specified as an optional + command-line argument. ++ +This automatically updates the rev_map if needed (see +'$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*' in the FILES section below for details). --localtime;; - Store Git commit times in the local timezone instead of UTC. This + Store Git commit times in the local time zone instead of UTC. This makes 'git log' (even without --date=local) show the same times - that `svn log` would in the local timezone. + that `svn log` would in the local time zone. + This doesn't interfere with interoperating with the Subversion repository you cloned from, but if you wish for your local Git repository to be able to interoperate with someone else's local Git repository, either don't use this option or you should both use it in -the same local timezone. +the same local time zone. --parent;; Fetch only from the SVN parent of the current HEAD. @@ -131,8 +148,8 @@ the same local timezone. [verse] config key: svn-remote.<name>.ignore-paths + -If the ignore-paths config key is set and the command line option is -also given, both regular expressions will be used. +If the ignore-paths configuration key is set, and the command-line +option is also given, both regular expressions will be used. + Examples: + @@ -159,11 +176,11 @@ Skip "branches" and "tags" of first level directories;; precedence over '--include-paths'. --log-window-size=<n>;; - Fetch <n> log entries per request when scanning Subversion history. - The default is 100. For very large Subversion repositories, larger - values may be needed for 'clone'/'fetch' to complete in reasonable - time. But overly large values may lead to higher memory usage and - request timeouts. + Fetch <n> log entries per request when scanning Subversion history. + The default is 100. For very large Subversion repositories, larger + values may be needed for 'clone'/'fetch' to complete in reasonable + time. But overly large values may lead to higher memory usage and + request timeouts. 'clone':: Runs 'init' and 'fetch'. It will automatically create a @@ -201,6 +218,9 @@ accept. However, '--fetch-all' only fetches from the current + Like 'git rebase'; this requires that the working tree be clean and have no uncommitted changes. ++ +This automatically updates the rev_map if needed (see +'$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*' in the FILES section below for details). -l;; --local;; @@ -256,7 +276,7 @@ first have already been pushed into SVN. For each patch, one may answer "yes" (accept this patch), "no" (discard this patch), "all" (accept all patches), or "quit". + - 'git svn dcommit' returns immediately if answer is "no" or "quit", without + 'git svn dcommit' returns immediately if answer is "no" or "quit", without committing anything to SVN. 'branch':: @@ -347,12 +367,12 @@ environment). This command has the same behaviour. Any other arguments are passed directly to 'git log' 'blame':: - Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file. The - output of this mode is format-compatible with the output of - `svn blame' by default. Like the SVN blame command, - local uncommitted changes in the working tree are ignored; - the version of the file in the HEAD revision is annotated. Unknown - arguments are passed directly to 'git blame'. + Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file. The + output of this mode is format-compatible with the output of + `svn blame' by default. Like the SVN blame command, + local uncommitted changes in the working tree are ignored; + the version of the file in the HEAD revision is annotated. Unknown + arguments are passed directly to 'git blame'. + --git-format;; Produce output in the same format as 'git blame', but with @@ -435,8 +455,8 @@ Any other arguments are passed directly to 'git log' specific revision. 'gc':: - Compress $GIT_DIR/svn/<refname>/unhandled.log files in .git/svn - and remove $GIT_DIR/svn/<refname>index files in .git/svn. + Compress $GIT_DIR/svn/<refname>/unhandled.log files and remove + $GIT_DIR/svn/<refname>/index files. 'reset':: Undoes the effects of 'fetch' back to the specified revision. @@ -449,9 +469,10 @@ Any other arguments are passed directly to 'git log' file cannot be ignored forever (with --ignore-paths) the only way to repair the repo is to use 'reset'. + -Only the rev_map and refs/remotes/git-svn are changed. Follow 'reset' -with a 'fetch' and then 'git reset' or 'git rebase' to move local -branches onto the new tree. +Only the rev_map and refs/remotes/git-svn are changed (see +'$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*' in the FILES section below for details). +Follow 'reset' with a 'fetch' and then 'git reset' or 'git rebase' to +move local branches onto the new tree. -r <n>;; --revision=<n>;; @@ -684,7 +705,7 @@ svn-remote.<name>.noMetadata:: + This option can only be used for one-shot imports as 'git svn' will not be able to fetch again without metadata. Additionally, -if you lose your .git/svn/**/.rev_map.* files, 'git svn' will not +if you lose your '$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*' files, 'git svn' will not be able to rebuild them. + The 'git svn log' command will not work on repositories using @@ -804,16 +825,16 @@ Tracking and contributing to an entire Subversion-managed project ------------------------------------------------------------------------ # Clone a repo with standard SVN directory layout (like git clone): - git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project --stdlayout + git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project --stdlayout --prefix svn/ # Or, if the repo uses a non-standard directory layout: - git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project -T tr -b branch -t tag + git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project -T tr -b branch -t tag --prefix svn/ # View all branches and tags you have cloned: git branch -r # Create a new branch in SVN - git svn branch waldo + git svn branch waldo # Reset your master to trunk (or any other branch, replacing 'trunk' # with the appropriate name): - git reset --hard remotes/trunk + git reset --hard svn/trunk # You may only dcommit to one branch/tag/trunk at a time. The usage # of dcommit/rebase/show-ignore should be the same as above. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ @@ -827,7 +848,7 @@ have each person clone that repository with 'git clone': ------------------------------------------------------------------------ # Do the initial import on a server - ssh server "cd /pub && git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project + ssh server "cd /pub && git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project [options...]" # Clone locally - make sure the refs/remotes/ space matches the server mkdir project cd project @@ -840,8 +861,9 @@ have each person clone that repository with 'git clone': git config --remove-section remote.origin # Create a local branch from one of the branches just fetched git checkout -b master FETCH_HEAD -# Initialize 'git svn' locally (be sure to use the same URL and -T/-b/-t options as were used on server) - git svn init http://svn.example.com/project +# Initialize 'git svn' locally (be sure to use the same URL and +# --stdlayout/-T/-b/-t/--prefix options as were used on server) + git svn init http://svn.example.com/project [options...] # Pull the latest changes from Subversion git svn rebase ------------------------------------------------------------------------ @@ -977,8 +999,8 @@ When using multiple --branches or --tags, 'git svn' does not automatically handle name collisions (for example, if two branches from different paths have the same name, or if a branch and a tag have the same name). In these cases, use 'init' to set up your Git repository then, before your first 'fetch', edit -the .git/config file so that the branches and tags are associated with -different name spaces. For example: +the $GIT_DIR/config file so that the branches and tags are associated +with different name spaces. For example: branches = stable/*:refs/remotes/svn/stable/* branches = debug/*:refs/remotes/svn/debug/* @@ -1006,7 +1028,7 @@ CONFIGURATION ------------- 'git svn' stores [svn-remote] configuration information in the -repository .git/config file. It is similar the core Git +repository $GIT_DIR/config file. It is similar the core Git [remote] sections except 'fetch' keys do not accept glob arguments; but they are instead handled by the 'branches' and 'tags' keys. Since some SVN repositories are oddly @@ -1035,8 +1057,8 @@ comma-separated list of names within braces. For example: [svn-remote "huge-project"] url = http://server.org/svn fetch = trunk/src:refs/remotes/trunk - branches = branches/{red,green}/src:refs/remotes/branches/* - tags = tags/{1.0,2.0}/src:refs/remotes/tags/* + branches = branches/{red,green}/src:refs/remotes/project-a/branches/* + tags = tags/{1.0,2.0}/src:refs/remotes/project-a/tags/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Multiple fetch, branches, and tags keys are supported: @@ -1060,8 +1082,21 @@ $ git svn branch -d branches/server release-2-3-0 Note that git-svn keeps track of the highest revision in which a branch or tag has appeared. If the subset of branches or tags is changed after -fetching, then .git/svn/.metadata must be manually edited to remove (or -reset) branches-maxRev and/or tags-maxRev as appropriate. +fetching, then $GIT_DIR/svn/.metadata must be manually edited to remove +(or reset) branches-maxRev and/or tags-maxRev as appropriate. + +FILES +----- +$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*:: + Mapping between Subversion revision numbers and Git commit + names. In a repository where the noMetadata option is not set, + this can be rebuilt from the git-svn-id: lines that are at the + end of every commit (see the 'svn.noMetadata' section above for + details). ++ +'git svn fetch' and 'git svn rebase' automatically update the rev_map +if it is missing or not up to date. 'git svn reset' automatically +rewinds it. SEE ALSO -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-tag.txt index c418c44d40..b424a1bc48 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-tag.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-tag.txt @@ -95,6 +95,12 @@ OPTIONS using fnmatch(3)). Multiple patterns may be given; if any of them matches, the tag is shown. +--sort=<type>:: + Sort in a specific order. Supported type is "refname" + (lexicographic order), "version:refname" or "v:refname" (tag + names are treated as versions). Prepend "-" to reverse sort + order. + --column[=<options>]:: --no-column:: Display tag listing in columns. See configuration variable @@ -103,8 +109,9 @@ OPTIONS + This option is only applicable when listing tags without annotation lines. ---contains <commit>:: - Only list tags which contain the specified commit. +--contains [<commit>]:: + Only list tags which contain the specified commit (HEAD if not + specified). --points-at <object>:: Only list tags of the given object. diff --git a/Documentation/git-tar-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-tar-tree.txt deleted file mode 100644 index f7362dc2d1..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/git-tar-tree.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,82 +0,0 @@ -git-tar-tree(1) -=============== - -NAME ----- -git-tar-tree - Create a tar archive of the files in the named tree object - - -SYNOPSIS --------- -[verse] -'git tar-tree' [--remote=<repo>] <tree-ish> [ <base> ] - -DESCRIPTION ------------ -THIS COMMAND IS DEPRECATED. Use 'git archive' with `--format=tar` -option instead (and move the <base> argument to `--prefix=base/`). - -Creates a tar archive containing the tree structure for the named tree. -When <base> is specified it is added as a leading path to the files in the -generated tar archive. - -'git tar-tree' behaves differently when given a tree ID versus when given -a commit ID or tag ID. In the first case the current time is used as -modification time of each file in the archive. In the latter case the -commit time as recorded in the referenced commit object is used instead. -Additionally the commit ID is stored in a global extended pax header. -It can be extracted using 'git get-tar-commit-id'. - -OPTIONS -------- - -<tree-ish>:: - The tree or commit to produce tar archive for. If it is - the object name of a commit object. - -<base>:: - Leading path to the files in the resulting tar archive. - ---remote=<repo>:: - Instead of making a tar archive from local repository, - retrieve a tar archive from a remote repository. - -CONFIGURATION -------------- - -tar.umask:: - This variable can be used to restrict the permission bits of - tar archive entries. The default is 0002, which turns off the - world write bit. The special value "user" indicates that the - archiving user's umask will be used instead. See umask(2) for - details. - -EXAMPLES --------- -`git tar-tree HEAD junk | (cd /var/tmp/ && tar xf -)`:: - - Create a tar archive that contains the contents of the - latest commit on the current branch, and extracts it in - `/var/tmp/junk` directory. - -`git tar-tree v1.4.0 git-1.4.0 | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz`:: - - Create a tarball for v1.4.0 release. - -`git tar-tree v1.4.0^{tree} git-1.4.0 | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz`:: - - Create a tarball for v1.4.0 release, but without a - global extended pax header. - -`git tar-tree --remote=example.com:git.git v1.4.0 >git-1.4.0.tar`:: - - Get a tarball v1.4.0 from example.com. - -`git tar-tree HEAD:Documentation/ git-docs > git-1.4.0-docs.tar`:: - - Put everything in the current head's Documentation/ directory - into 'git-1.4.0-docs.tar', with the prefix 'git-docs/'. - -GIT ---- -Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-unpack-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-unpack-objects.txt index ff23494e70..12cb108b85 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-unpack-objects.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-unpack-objects.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-unpack-objects - Unpack objects from a packed archive SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git unpack-objects' [-n] [-q] [-r] [--strict] <pack-file +'git unpack-objects' [-n] [-q] [-r] [--strict] < <pack-file> DESCRIPTION diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt index e0a87029cd..d6de4a008c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git update-index' [--add] [--remove | --force-remove] [--replace] [--refresh] [-q] [--unmerged] [--ignore-missing] - [(--cacheinfo <mode> <object> <file>)...] + [(--cacheinfo <mode>,<object>,<file>)...] [--chmod=(+|-)x] [--[no-]assume-unchanged] [--[no-]skip-worktree] @@ -68,8 +68,12 @@ OPTIONS --ignore-missing:: Ignores missing files during a --refresh +--cacheinfo <mode>,<object>,<path>:: --cacheinfo <mode> <object> <path>:: - Directly insert the specified info into the index. + Directly insert the specified info into the index. For + backward compatibility, you can also give these three + arguments as three separate parameters, but new users are + encouraged to use a single-parameter form. --index-info:: Read index information from stdin. diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt index 0df13ff6f4..c8f5ae5cb3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-update-ref - Update the object name stored in a ref safely SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git update-ref' [-m <reason>] (-d <ref> [<oldvalue>] | [--no-deref] <ref> <newvalue> [<oldvalue>]) +'git update-ref' [-m <reason>] (-d <ref> [<oldvalue>] | [--no-deref] <ref> <newvalue> [<oldvalue>] | --stdin [-z]) DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -58,6 +58,64 @@ archive by creating a symlink tree). With `-d` flag, it deletes the named <ref> after verifying it still contains <oldvalue>. +With `--stdin`, update-ref reads instructions from standard input and +performs all modifications together. Specify commands of the form: + + update SP <ref> SP <newvalue> [SP <oldvalue>] LF + create SP <ref> SP <newvalue> LF + delete SP <ref> [SP <oldvalue>] LF + verify SP <ref> [SP <oldvalue>] LF + option SP <opt> LF + +Quote fields containing whitespace as if they were strings in C source +code; i.e., surrounded by double-quotes and with backslash escapes. +Use 40 "0" characters or the empty string to specify a zero value. To +specify a missing value, omit the value and its preceding SP entirely. + +Alternatively, use `-z` to specify in NUL-terminated format, without +quoting: + + update SP <ref> NUL <newvalue> NUL [<oldvalue>] NUL + create SP <ref> NUL <newvalue> NUL + delete SP <ref> NUL [<oldvalue>] NUL + verify SP <ref> NUL [<oldvalue>] NUL + option SP <opt> NUL + +In this format, use 40 "0" to specify a zero value, and use the empty +string to specify a missing value. + +In either format, values can be specified in any form that Git +recognizes as an object name. Commands in any other format or a +repeated <ref> produce an error. Command meanings are: + +update:: + Set <ref> to <newvalue> after verifying <oldvalue>, if given. + Specify a zero <newvalue> to ensure the ref does not exist + after the update and/or a zero <oldvalue> to make sure the + ref does not exist before the update. + +create:: + Create <ref> with <newvalue> after verifying it does not + exist. The given <newvalue> may not be zero. + +delete:: + Delete <ref> after verifying it exists with <oldvalue>, if + given. If given, <oldvalue> may not be zero. + +verify:: + Verify <ref> against <oldvalue> but do not change it. If + <oldvalue> zero or missing, the ref must not exist. + +option:: + Modify behavior of the next command naming a <ref>. + The only valid option is `no-deref` to avoid dereferencing + a symbolic ref. + +If all <ref>s can be locked with matching <oldvalue>s +simultaneously, all modifications are performed. Otherwise, no +modifications are performed. Note that while each individual +<ref> is updated or deleted atomically, a concurrent reader may +still see a subset of the modifications. Logging Updates --------------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt b/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt index d09bbb52b1..cbef61ba88 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt @@ -20,6 +20,38 @@ This command is usually not invoked directly by the end user. The UI for the protocol is on the 'git archive' side, and the program pair is meant to be used to get an archive from a remote repository. +SECURITY +-------- + +In order to protect the privacy of objects that have been removed from +history but may not yet have been pruned, `git-upload-archive` avoids +serving archives for commits and trees that are not reachable from the +repository's refs. However, because calculating object reachability is +computationally expensive, `git-upload-archive` implements a stricter +but easier-to-check set of rules: + + 1. Clients may request a commit or tree that is pointed to directly by + a ref. E.g., `git archive --remote=origin v1.0`. + + 2. Clients may request a sub-tree within a commit or tree using the + `ref:path` syntax. E.g., `git archive --remote=origin v1.0:Documentation`. + + 3. Clients may _not_ use other sha1 expressions, even if the end + result is reachable. E.g., neither a relative commit like `master^` + nor a literal sha1 like `abcd1234` is allowed, even if the result + is reachable from the refs. + +Note that rule 3 disallows many cases that do not have any privacy +implications. These rules are subject to change in future versions of +git, and the server accessed by `git archive --remote` may or may not +follow these exact rules. + +If the config option `uploadArchive.allowUnreachable` is true, these +rules are ignored, and clients may use arbitrary sha1 expressions. +This is useful if you do not care about the privacy of unreachable +objects, or if your object database is already publicly available for +access via non-smart-http. + OPTIONS ------- <directory>:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt b/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt index 5aec4ecffb..16ede5b4c3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt @@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ The following browsers (or commands) are currently supported: * open (this is the default under Mac OS X GUI) * start (this is the default under MinGW) * cygstart (this is the default under Cygwin) +* xdg-open Custom commands may also be specified. @@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ CONF.VAR (from -c option) and web.browser ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The web browser can be specified using a configuration variable passed -with the -c (or --config) command line option, or the 'web.browser' +with the -c (or --config) command-line option, or the 'web.browser' configuration variable if the former is not used. browser.<tool>.path @@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ the URLs passed as arguments. Note about konqueror -------------------- -When 'konqueror' is specified by a command line option or a +When 'konqueror' is specified by a command-line option or a configuration variable, we launch 'kfmclient' to try to open the HTML man page on an already opened konqueror in a new tab if possible. diff --git a/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt b/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt index c600b61e2b..8b63ceb00e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt @@ -13,43 +13,17 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -Shows commit logs and diff output each commit introduces. The -command internally invokes 'git rev-list' piped to -'git diff-tree', and takes command line options for both of -these commands. -This manual page describes only the most frequently used options. +Shows commit logs and diff output each commit introduces. +New users are encouraged to use linkgit:git-log[1] instead. The +`whatchanged` command is essentially the same as linkgit:git-log[1] +but defaults to show the raw format diff output and to skip merges. -OPTIONS -------- --p:: - Show textual diffs, instead of the Git internal diff - output format that is useful only to tell the changed - paths and their nature of changes. +The command is kept primarily for historical reasons; fingers of +many people who learned Git long before `git log` was invented by +reading Linux kernel mailing list are trained to type it. --<n>:: - Limit output to <n> commits. - -<since>..<until>:: - Limit output to between the two named commits (bottom - exclusive, top inclusive). - --r:: - Show Git internal diff output, but for the whole tree, - not just the top level. - --m:: - By default, differences for merge commits are not shown. - With this flag, show differences to that commit from all - of its parents. -+ -However, it is not very useful in general, although it -*is* useful on a file-by-file basis. - -include::pretty-options.txt[] - -include::pretty-formats.txt[] Examples -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt index dca11cc96e..3bd68b0167 100644 --- a/Documentation/git.txt +++ b/Documentation/git.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git - the stupid content tracker SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>] +'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>] [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path] [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare] [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>] @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ in-depth introduction. After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7] -manual page gives you an overview of the command line command syntax. +manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax. Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`. @@ -39,13 +39,42 @@ ifdef::stalenotes[] ============ You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly -unreleased) version of Git, that is available from 'master' +unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master' branch of the `git.git` repository. Documentation for older releases are available here: -* link:v1.8.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4] +* link:v2.0.0/git.html[documentation for release 2.0] * release notes for + link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0]. + +* link:v1.9.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.4] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes/1.9.4.txt[1.9.4], + link:RelNotes/1.9.3.txt[1.9.3], + link:RelNotes/1.9.2.txt[1.9.2], + link:RelNotes/1.9.1.txt[1.9.1], + link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0]. + +* link:v1.8.5.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.5] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt[1.8.5.5], + link:RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt[1.8.5.4], + link:RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt[1.8.5.3], + link:RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt[1.8.5.2], + link:RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt[1.8.5.1], + link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5]. + +* link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5], + link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4], + link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3], + link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2], + link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1], link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4]. * link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4] @@ -395,6 +424,20 @@ displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information, because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git help ...`. +-C <path>:: + Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working + directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent + non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C + <path>`. ++ +This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and +`--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be +made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For +example the following invocations are equivalent: + + git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status + git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status + -c <name>=<value>:: Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value given will override values from configuration files. @@ -457,10 +500,25 @@ help ...`. linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information. --literal-pathspecs:: - Treat pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. This is - equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment + Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic). + This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. +--glob-pathspecs:: + Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting + the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling + globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec + magic ":(literal)" + +--noglob-pathspecs:: + Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting + the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling + globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec + magic ":(glob)" + +--icase-pathspecs:: + Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting + the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. GIT COMMANDS ------------ @@ -671,6 +729,11 @@ Git so take care if using Cogito etc. index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index` is used. +'GIT_INDEX_VERSION':: + This environment variable allows the specification of an index + version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index + files. By default index file version [23] is used. + 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY':: If the object storage directory is specified via this environment variable then the sha1 directories are created @@ -692,7 +755,7 @@ Git so take care if using Cogito etc. 'GIT_WORK_TREE':: Set the path to the root of the working tree. - This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line + This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command-line option and the core.worktree configuration variable. 'GIT_NAMESPACE':: @@ -766,6 +829,15 @@ temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits. + For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1 parameter, <path>. ++ +For each path 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called, two environment variables, +'GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER' and 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL' are set. + +'GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER':: + A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path. + +'GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL':: + The total number of paths. other ~~~~~ @@ -808,7 +880,7 @@ for further details. 'GIT_ASKPASS':: If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication) - will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument + will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass' option in linkgit:git-config[1]. @@ -823,7 +895,7 @@ for further details. 'GIT_FLUSH':: If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log', - 'git check-attr', 'git check-ignore', and 'git whatchanged' will + 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will force a flush of the output stream after each record have been flushed. If this variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done @@ -867,6 +939,28 @@ GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS:: literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc). +GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS:: + Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all + pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic). + +GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS:: + Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all + pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic). + +GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS:: + Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all + pathspecs as case-insensitive. + +'GIT_REFLOG_ACTION':: + When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep + track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is + typically the name of the high-level command that updated + the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref. + A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action + helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this + variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the + end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog. + Discussion[[Discussion]] ------------------------ diff --git a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt index b322a2666c..643c1ba929 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt @@ -930,9 +930,12 @@ state. DEFINING MACRO ATTRIBUTES ------------------------- -Custom macro attributes can be defined only in the `.gitattributes` -file at the toplevel (i.e. not in any subdirectory). The built-in -macro attribute "binary" is equivalent to: +Custom macro attributes can be defined only in top-level gitattributes +files (`$GIT_DIR/info/attributes`, the `.gitattributes` file at the +top level of the working tree, or the global or system-wide +gitattributes files), not in `.gitattributes` files in working tree +subdirectories. The built-in macro attribute "binary" is equivalent +to: ------------ [attr]binary -diff -merge -text diff --git a/Documentation/gitcli.txt b/Documentation/gitcli.txt index 9ac5088acd..dfe7d83727 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitcli.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcli.txt @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ gitcli(7) NAME ---- -gitcli - Git command line interface and conventions +gitcli - Git command-line interface and conventions SYNOPSIS -------- @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ arguments. Here are the rules: they can be disambiguated by placing `--` between them. E.g. `git diff -- HEAD` is, "I have a file called HEAD in my work tree. Please show changes between the version I staged in the index - and what I have in the work tree for that file". not "show difference + and what I have in the work tree for that file", not "show difference between the HEAD commit and the work tree as a whole". You can say `git diff HEAD --` to ask for the latter. @@ -59,32 +59,36 @@ working tree. After running `git add hello.c; rm hello.c`, you will _not_ see `hello.c` in your working tree with the former, but with the latter you will. + * Just as the filesystem '.' (period) refers to the current directory, + using a '.' as a repository name in Git (a dot-repository) is a relative + path and means your current repository. + Here are the rules regarding the "flags" that you should follow when you are scripting Git: - * it's preferred to use the non dashed form of Git commands, which means that + * it's preferred to use the non-dashed form of Git commands, which means that you should prefer `git foo` to `git-foo`. * splitting short options to separate words (prefer `git foo -a -b` to `git foo -ab`, the latter may not even work). - * when a command line option takes an argument, use the 'sticked' form. In + * when a command-line option takes an argument, use the 'stuck' form. In other words, write `git foo -oArg` instead of `git foo -o Arg` for short options, and `git foo --long-opt=Arg` instead of `git foo --long-opt Arg` for long options. An option that takes optional option-argument must be - written in the 'sticked' form. + written in the 'stuck' form. * when you give a revision parameter to a command, make sure the parameter is not ambiguous with a name of a file in the work tree. E.g. do not write `git log -1 HEAD` but write `git log -1 HEAD --`; the former will not work if you happen to have a file called `HEAD` in the work tree. - * many commands allow a long option "--option" to be abbreviated + * many commands allow a long option `--option` to be abbreviated only to their unique prefix (e.g. if there is no other option - whose name begins with "opt", you may be able to spell "--opt" to - invoke the "--option" flag), but you should fully spell them out + whose name begins with `opt`, you may be able to spell `--opt` to + invoke the `--option` flag), but you should fully spell them out when writing your scripts; later versions of Git may introduce a - new option whose name shares the same prefix, e.g. "--optimize", + new option whose name shares the same prefix, e.g. `--optimize`, to make a short prefix that used to be unique no longer unique. @@ -99,14 +103,14 @@ Here is a list of the facilities provided by this option parser. Magic Options ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Commands which have the enhanced option parser activated all understand a -couple of magic command line options: +couple of magic command-line options: -h:: gives a pretty printed usage of the command. + --------------------------------------------- $ git describe -h -usage: git describe [options] <committish>* +usage: git describe [options] <commit-ish>* or: git describe [options] --dirty --contains find the tag that comes after the commit @@ -145,7 +149,7 @@ prefix of a long option as if it is fully spelled out, but use this with a caution. For example, `git commit --amen` behaves as if you typed `git commit --amend`, but that is true only until a later version of Git introduces another option that shares the same prefix, -e.g `git commit --amenity" option. +e.g. `git commit --amenity` option. Separating argument from the option @@ -161,7 +165,7 @@ $ git foo -o Arg ---------------------------- However, this is *NOT* allowed for switches with an optional value, where the -'sticked' form must be used: +'stuck' form must be used: ---------------------------- $ git describe --abbrev HEAD # correct $ git describe --abbrev=10 HEAD # correct diff --git a/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt b/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt index f538a870c7..d2d7c213dd 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt @@ -534,42 +534,9 @@ all, but just show the actual commit message. In fact, together with the 'git rev-list' program (which generates a list of revisions), 'git diff-tree' ends up being a veritable fount of -changes. A trivial (but very useful) script called 'git whatchanged' is -included with Git which does exactly this, and shows a log of recent -activities. - -To see the whole history of our pitiful little git-tutorial project, you -can do - ----------------- -$ git log ----------------- - -which shows just the log messages, or if we want to see the log together -with the associated patches use the more complex (and much more -powerful) - ----------------- -$ git whatchanged -p ----------------- - -and you will see exactly what has changed in the repository over its -short history. - -[NOTE] -When using the above two commands, the initial commit will be shown. -If this is a problem because it is huge, you can hide it by setting -the log.showroot configuration variable to false. Having this, you -can still show it for each command just adding the `--root` option, -which is a flag for 'git diff-tree' accepted by both commands. - -With that, you should now be having some inkling of what Git does, and -can explore on your own. - -[NOTE] -Most likely, you are not directly using the core -Git Plumbing commands, but using Porcelain such as 'git add', `git-rm' -and `git-commit'. +changes. You can emulate `git log`, `git log -p`, etc. with a trivial +script that pipes the output of `git rev-list` to `git diff-tree --stdin`, +which was exactly how early versions of `git log` were implemented. Tagging a version @@ -1476,7 +1443,7 @@ Although Git is a truly distributed system, it is often convenient to organize your project with an informal hierarchy of developers. Linux kernel development is run this way. There is a nice illustration (page 17, "Merges to Mainline") in -link:http://www.xenotime.net/linux/mentor/linux-mentoring-2006.pdf[Randy Dunlap's presentation]. +http://www.xenotime.net/linux/mentor/linux-mentoring-2006.pdf[Randy Dunlap's presentation]. It should be stressed that this hierarchy is purely *informal*. There is nothing fundamental in Git that enforces the "chain of diff --git a/Documentation/gitcvs-migration.txt b/Documentation/gitcvs-migration.txt index 5ab5b0727f..5f4e89005c 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitcvs-migration.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcvs-migration.txt @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ Importing a CVS archive ----------------------- First, install version 2.1 or higher of cvsps from -link:http://www.cobite.com/cvsps/[http://www.cobite.com/cvsps/] and make +http://www.cobite.com/cvsps/[http://www.cobite.com/cvsps/] and make sure it is in your path. Then cd to a checked out CVS working directory of the project you are interested in and run linkgit:git-cvsimport[1]: @@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ points. You can use these, for example, to send all commits to the shared repository to a mailing list. See linkgit:githooks[5]. You can enforce finer grained permissions using update hooks. See -link:howto/update-hook-example.txt[Controlling access to branches using +link:howto/update-hook-example.html[Controlling access to branches using update hooks]. Providing CVS Access to a Git Repository diff --git a/Documentation/githooks.txt b/Documentation/githooks.txt index d48bf4d6fa..d954bf6ba8 100644 --- a/Documentation/githooks.txt +++ b/Documentation/githooks.txt @@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ three parameters: - the name of the ref being updated, - the old object name stored in the ref, - - and the new objectname to be stored in the ref. + - and the new object name to be stored in the ref. A zero exit from the update hook allows the ref to be updated. Exiting with a non-zero status prevents 'git-receive-pack' diff --git a/Documentation/gitignore.txt b/Documentation/gitignore.txt index 54e334e3af..8734c1566c 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitignore.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitignore.txt @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ gitignore - Specifies intentionally untracked files to ignore SYNOPSIS -------- -$GIT_DIR/info/exclude, .gitignore +$HOME/.config/git/ignore, $GIT_DIR/info/exclude, .gitignore DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -77,10 +77,15 @@ PATTERN FORMAT Put a backslash ("`\`") in front of the first hash for patterns that begin with a hash. + - Trailing spaces are ignored unless they are quoted with backlash + ("`\`"). + - An optional prefix "`!`" which negates the pattern; any matching file excluded by a previous pattern will become - included again. If a negated pattern matches, this will - override lower precedence patterns sources. + included again. It is not possible to re-include a file if a parent + directory of that file is excluded. Git doesn't list excluded + directories for performance reasons, so any patterns on contained + files have no effect, no matter where they are defined. Put a backslash ("`\`") in front of the first "`!`" for patterns that begin with a literal "`!`", for example, "`\!important!.txt`". @@ -113,12 +118,12 @@ full pathname may have special meaning: - A leading "`**`" followed by a slash means match in all directories. For example, "`**/foo`" matches file or directory - "`foo`" anywhere, the same as pattern "`foo`". "**/foo/bar" + "`foo`" anywhere, the same as pattern "`foo`". "`**/foo/bar`" matches file or directory "`bar`" anywhere that is directly under directory "`foo`". - - A trailing "/**" matches everything inside. For example, - "abc/**" matches all files inside directory "abc", relative + - A trailing "`/**`" matches everything inside. For example, + "`abc/**`" matches all files inside directory "`abc`", relative to the location of the `.gitignore` file, with infinite depth. - A slash followed by two consecutive asterisks then a slash @@ -182,6 +187,19 @@ Another example: The second .gitignore prevents Git from ignoring `arch/foo/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S`. +Example to exclude everything except a specific directory `foo/bar` +(note the `/*` - without the slash, the wildcard would also exclude +everything within `foo/bar`): + +-------------------------------------------------------------- + $ cat .gitignore + # exclude everything except directory foo/bar + /* + !/foo + /foo/* + !/foo/bar +-------------------------------------------------------------- + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-rm[1], diff --git a/Documentation/gitk.txt b/Documentation/gitk.txt index c17e760184..7ae50aa26a 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitk.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitk.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ gitk - The Git repository browser SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'gitk' [<option>...] [<revs>] [--] [<path>...] +'gitk' [<options>] [<revision range>] [\--] [<path>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -16,21 +16,38 @@ Displays changes in a repository or a selected set of commits. This includes visualizing the commit graph, showing information related to each commit, and the files in the trees of each revision. -Historically, gitk was the first repository browser. It's written in tcl/tk -and started off in a separate repository but was later merged into the main -Git repository. - OPTIONS ------- -To control which revisions to show, the command takes options applicable to -the 'git rev-list' command (see linkgit:git-rev-list[1]). -This manual page describes only the most -frequently used options. --n <number>:: ---max-count=<number>:: +To control which revisions to show, gitk supports most options +applicable to the 'git rev-list' command. It also supports a few +options applicable to the 'git diff-*' commands to control how the +changes each commit introduces are shown. Finally, it supports some +gitk-specific options. + +gitk generally only understands options with arguments in the +'sticked' form (see linkgit:gitcli[7]) due to limitations in the +command-line parser. + +rev-list options and arguments +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This manual page describes only the most frequently used options. See +linkgit:git-rev-list[1] for a complete list. + +--all:: + + Show all refs (branches, tags, etc.). + +--branches[=<pattern>]:: +--tags[=<pattern>]:: +--remotes[=<pattern>]:: - Limits the number of commits to show. + Pretend as if all the branches (tags, remote branches, resp.) + are listed on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' + is given, limit refs to ones matching given shell glob. If + pattern lacks '?', '{asterisk}', or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the + end is implied. --since=<date>:: @@ -40,9 +57,9 @@ frequently used options. Show commits older than a specific date. ---all:: +--date-order:: - Show all branches. + Sort commits by date when possible. --merge:: @@ -51,19 +68,53 @@ frequently used options. that modify the conflicted files and do not exist on all the heads being merged. ---argscmd=<command>:: - Command to be run each time gitk has to determine the list of - <revs> to show. The command is expected to print on its standard - output a list of additional revs to be shown, one per line. - Use this instead of explicitly specifying <revs> if the set of - commits to show may vary between refreshes. +--left-right:: ---select-commit=<ref>:: + Mark which side of a symmetric diff a commit is reachable + from. Commits from the left side are prefixed with a `<` + symbol and those from the right with a `>` symbol. - Automatically select the specified commit after loading the graph. - Default behavior is equivalent to specifying '--select-commit=HEAD'. +--full-history:: + + When filtering history with '<path>...', does not prune some + history. (See "History simplification" in linkgit:git-log[1] + for a more detailed explanation.) + +--simplify-merges:: + + Additional option to '--full-history' to remove some needless + merges from the resulting history, as there are no selected + commits contributing to this merge. (See "History + simplification" in linkgit:git-log[1] for a more detailed + explanation.) + +--ancestry-path:: -<revs>:: + When given a range of commits to display + (e.g. 'commit1..commit2' or 'commit2 {caret}commit1'), only + display commits that exist directly on the ancestry chain + between the 'commit1' and 'commit2', i.e. commits that are + both descendants of 'commit1', and ancestors of 'commit2'. + (See "History simplification" in linkgit:git-log[1] for a more + detailed explanation.) + +-L<start>,<end>:<file>:: +-L:<regex>:<file>:: + + Trace the evolution of the line range given by "<start>,<end>" + (or the funcname regex <regex>) within the <file>. You may + not give any pathspec limiters. This is currently limited to + a walk starting from a single revision, i.e., you may only + give zero or one positive revision arguments. + You can specify this option more than once. ++ +*Note:* gitk (unlike linkgit:git-log[1]) currently only understands +this option if you specify it "glued together" with its argument. Do +*not* put a space after `-L`. ++ +include::line-range-format.txt[] + +<revision range>:: Limit the revisions to show. This can be either a single revision meaning show from the given revision and back, or it can be a range in @@ -78,6 +129,23 @@ frequently used options. avoid ambiguity with respect to revision names use "--" to separate the paths from any preceding options. +gitk-specific options +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +--argscmd=<command>:: + + Command to be run each time gitk has to determine the revision + range to show. The command is expected to print on its + standard output a list of additional revisions to be shown, + one per line. Use this instead of explicitly specifying a + '<revision range>' if the set of commits to show may vary + between refreshes. + +--select-commit=<ref>:: + + Select the specified commit after loading the graph. + Default behavior is equivalent to specifying '--select-commit=HEAD'. + Examples -------- gitk v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi:: @@ -98,8 +166,21 @@ gitk --max-count=100 --all \-- Makefile:: Files ----- -Gitk creates the .gitk file in your $HOME directory to store preferences -such as display options, font, and colors. +User configuration and preferences are stored at: + +* '$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/gitk' if it exists, otherwise +* '$HOME/.gitk' if it exists + +If neither of the above exist then '$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/gitk' is created and +used by default. If '$XDG_CONFIG_HOME' is not set it defaults to +'$HOME/.config' in all cases. + +History +------- +Gitk was the first graphical repository browser. It's written in +tcl/tk and started off in a separate repository but was later merged +into the main Git repository. + SEE ALSO -------- diff --git a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt index 6a1ca4abad..347a9f76ee 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt @@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ submodule.<name>.url:: linkgit:git-clone[1] or (if it begins with ./ or ../) a location relative to the superproject's origin repository. +In addition, there are a number of optional keys: + submodule.<name>.update:: Defines what to do when the submodule is updated by the superproject. If 'checkout' (the default), the new commit specified in the @@ -75,7 +77,8 @@ submodule.<name>.ignore:: the superproject, the setting there will override the one found in .gitmodules. Both settings can be overridden on the command line by using the - "--ignore-submodule" option. + "--ignore-submodule" option. The 'git submodule' commands are not + affected by this setting. EXAMPLES diff --git a/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt index 0827f69139..64f7ad26b4 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt @@ -120,6 +120,11 @@ connecting (see the 'connect' command under COMMANDS). When choosing between 'push' and 'export', Git prefers 'push'. Other frontends may have some other order of preference. +'no-private-update':: + When using the 'refspec' capability, git normally updates the + private ref on successful push. This update is disabled when + the remote-helper declares the capability 'no-private-update'. + Capabilities for Fetching ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ @@ -143,6 +148,10 @@ Supported commands: 'list', 'fetch'. + Supported commands: 'list', 'import'. +'check-connectivity':: + Can guarantee that when a clone is requested, the received + pack is self contained and is connected. + If a helper advertises 'connect', Git will use it if possible and fall back to another capability if the helper requests so when connecting (see the 'connect' command under COMMANDS). @@ -176,6 +185,12 @@ applicable refspec takes precedence. The left-hand of refspecs advertised with this capability must cover all refs reported by the list command. If no 'refspec' capability is advertised, there is an implied `refspec *:*`. ++ +When writing remote-helpers for decentralized version control +systems, it is advised to keep a local copy of the repository to +interact with, and to let the private namespace refs point to this +local repository, while the refs/remotes namespace is used to track +the remote repository. 'bidi-import':: This modifies the 'import' capability. @@ -270,6 +285,9 @@ Optionally may output a 'lock <file>' line indicating a file under GIT_DIR/objects/pack which is keeping a pack until refs can be suitably updated. + +If option 'check-connectivity' is requested, the helper must output +'connectivity-ok' if the clone is self-contained and connected. ++ Supported if the helper has the "fetch" capability. 'push' +<src>:<dst>:: @@ -416,6 +434,20 @@ set by Git if the remote helper has the 'option' capability. must not rely on this option being set before connect request occurs. +'option check-connectivity' \{'true'|'false'\}:: + Request the helper to check connectivity of a clone. + +'option force' \{'true'|'false'\}:: + Request the helper to perform a force update. Defaults to + 'false'. + +'option cloning \{'true'|'false'\}:: + Notify the helper this is a clone request (i.e. the current + repository is guaranteed empty). + +'option update-shallow \{'true'|'false'\}:: + Allow to extend .git/shallow if the new refs require it. + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-remote[1] diff --git a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt index aa03882ddb..17d2ea6c1e 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt @@ -176,6 +176,10 @@ info/grafts:: per line describes a commit and its fake parents by listing their 40-byte hexadecimal object names separated by a space and terminated by a newline. ++ +Note that the grafts mechanism is outdated and can lead to problems +transferring objects between repositories; see linkgit:git-replace[1] +for a more flexible and robust system to do the same thing. info/exclude:: This file, by convention among Porcelains, stores the diff --git a/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt b/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt index 305db633cc..ebe7a6c24c 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt @@ -630,13 +630,13 @@ need to set this element to empty list i.e. `[]`. override:: If this field has a true value then the given feature is - overriddable, which means that it can be configured + overridable, which means that it can be configured (or enabled/disabled) on a per-repository basis. + Usually given "<feature>" is configurable via the `gitweb.<feature>` config variable in the per-repository Git configuration file. + -*Note* that no feature is overriddable by default. +*Note* that no feature is overridable by default. sub:: Internal detail of implementation. What is important is that @@ -822,18 +822,18 @@ timed:: Project specific override is not supported. javascript-timezone:: - Enable and configure the ability to change a common timezone for dates + Enable and configure the ability to change a common time zone for dates in gitweb output via JavaScript. Dates in gitweb output include authordate and committerdate in "commit", "commitdiff" and "log" views, and taggerdate in "tag" view. Enabled by default. + -The value is a list of three values: a default timezone (for if the client -hasn't selected some other timezone and saved it in a cookie), a name of cookie -where to store selected timezone, and a CSS class used to mark up +The value is a list of three values: a default time zone (for if the client +hasn't selected some other time zone and saved it in a cookie), a name of cookie +where to store selected time zone, and a CSS class used to mark up dates for manipulation. If you want to turn this feature off, set "default" to empty list: `[]`. + -Typical gitweb config files will only change starting (default) timezone, +Typical gitweb config files will only change starting (default) time zone, and leave other elements at their default values: + --------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -843,12 +843,49 @@ $feature{'javascript-timezone'}{'default'}[0] = "utc"; The example configuration presented here is guaranteed to be backwards and forward compatible. + -Timezone values can be "local" (for local timezone that browser uses), "utc" +Time zone values can be "local" (for local time zone that browser uses), "utc" (what gitweb uses when JavaScript or this feature is disabled), or numerical -timezones in the form of "+/-HHMM", such as "+0200". +time zones in the form of "+/-HHMM", such as "+0200". + Project specific override is not supported. +extra-branch-refs:: + List of additional directories under "refs" which are going to + be used as branch refs. For example if you have a gerrit setup + where all branches under refs/heads/ are official, + push-after-review ones and branches under refs/sandbox/, + refs/wip and refs/other are user ones where permissions are + much wider, then you might want to set this variable as + follows: ++ +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +$feature{'extra-branch-refs'}{'default'} = + ['sandbox', 'wip', 'other']; +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +This feature can be configured on per-repository basis after setting +$feature{'extra-branch-refs'}{'override'} to true, via repository's +`gitweb.extraBranchRefs` configuration variable, which contains a +space separated list of refs. An example: ++ +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +[gitweb] + extraBranchRefs = sandbox wip other +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +The gitweb.extraBranchRefs is actually a multi-valued configuration +variable, so following example is also correct and the result is the +same as of the snippet above: ++ +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +[gitweb] + extraBranchRefs = sandbox + extraBranchRefs = wip other +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +It is an error to specify a ref that does not pass "git check-ref-format" +scrutiny. Duplicated values are filtered. + EXAMPLES -------- @@ -867,7 +904,7 @@ the following in your GITWEB_CONFIG file: $feature{'snapshot'}{'override'} = 1; If you allow overriding for the snapshot feature, you can specify which -snapshot formats are globally disabled. You can also add any command line +snapshot formats are globally disabled. You can also add any command-line options you want (such as setting the compression level). For instance, you can disable Zip compressed snapshots and set *gzip*(1) to run at level 6 by adding the following lines to your gitweb configuration file: diff --git a/Documentation/gitweb.txt b/Documentation/gitweb.txt index cca14b8cc3..cd9c8951b2 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitweb.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitweb.txt @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ separator (rules for Perl's "`split(" ", $line)`"). * Fields use modified URI encoding, defined in RFC 3986, section 2.1 (Percent-Encoding), or rather "Query string encoding" (see -link:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_string#URL_encoding[]), the difference +http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_string#URL_encoding[]), the difference being that SP (" ") can be encoded as "{plus}" (and therefore "{plus}" has to be also percent-encoded). + diff --git a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt index dba5062b37..be0858c188 100644 --- a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt +++ b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt @@ -82,6 +82,18 @@ to point at the new commit. to the top <<def_directory,directory>> of the stored revision. +[[def_commit-ish]]commit-ish (also committish):: + A <<def_commit_object,commit object>> or an + <<def_object,object>> that can be recursively dereferenced to + a commit object. + The following are all commit-ishes: + a commit object, + a <<def_tag_object,tag object>> that points to a commit + object, + a tag object that points to a tag object that points to a + commit object, + etc. + [[def_core_git]]core Git:: Fundamental data structures and utilities of Git. Exposes only limited source code management tools. @@ -164,6 +176,10 @@ current branch integrates with) obviously do not work, as there is no you can make Git pretend the set of <<def_parent,parents>> a <<def_commit,commit>> has is different from what was recorded when the commit was created. Configured via the `.git/info/grafts` file. ++ +Note that the grafts mechanism is outdated and can lead to problems +transferring objects between repositories; see linkgit:git-replace[1] +for a more flexible and robust system to do the same thing. [[def_hash]]hash:: In Git's context, synonym for <<def_object_name,object name>>. @@ -311,24 +327,68 @@ including Documentation/chapter_1/figure_1.jpg. A pathspec that begins with a colon `:` has special meaning. In the short form, the leading colon `:` is followed by zero or more "magic signature" letters (which optionally is terminated by another colon `:`), -and the remainder is the pattern to match against the path. The optional -colon that terminates the "magic signature" can be omitted if the pattern -begins with a character that cannot be a "magic signature" and is not a -colon. +and the remainder is the pattern to match against the path. +The "magic signature" consists of ASCII symbols that are neither +alphanumeric, glob, regex special charaters nor colon. +The optional colon that terminates the "magic signature" can be +omitted if the pattern begins with a character that does not belong to +"magic signature" symbol set and is not a colon. + In the long form, the leading colon `:` is followed by a open parenthesis `(`, a comma-separated list of zero or more "magic words", and a close parentheses `)`, and the remainder is the pattern to match against the path. + -The "magic signature" consists of an ASCII symbol that is not -alphanumeric. Currently only the slash `/` is recognized as a -"magic signature": it makes the pattern match from the root of -the working tree, even when you are running the command from -inside a subdirectory. -+ A pathspec with only a colon means "there is no pathspec". This form should not be combined with other pathspec. ++ +-- +top;; + The magic word `top` (magic signature: `/`) makes the pattern + match from the root of the working tree, even when you are + running the command from inside a subdirectory. + +literal;; + Wildcards in the pattern such as `*` or `?` are treated + as literal characters. + +icase;; + Case insensitive match. + +glob;; + Git treats the pattern as a shell glob suitable for + consumption by fnmatch(3) with the FNM_PATHNAME flag: + wildcards in the pattern will not match a / in the pathname. + For example, "Documentation/{asterisk}.html" matches + "Documentation/git.html" but not "Documentation/ppc/ppc.html" + or "tools/perf/Documentation/perf.html". ++ +Two consecutive asterisks ("`**`") in patterns matched against +full pathname may have special meaning: + + - A leading "`**`" followed by a slash means match in all + directories. For example, "`**/foo`" matches file or directory + "`foo`" anywhere, the same as pattern "`foo`". "`**/foo/bar`" + matches file or directory "`bar`" anywhere that is directly + under directory "`foo`". + + - A trailing "`/**`" matches everything inside. For example, + "`abc/**`" matches all files inside directory "abc", relative + to the location of the `.gitignore` file, with infinite depth. + + - A slash followed by two consecutive asterisks then a slash + matches zero or more directories. For example, "`a/**/b`" + matches "`a/b`", "`a/x/b`", "`a/x/y/b`" and so on. + + - Other consecutive asterisks are considered invalid. ++ +Glob magic is incompatible with literal magic. + +exclude;; + After a path matches any non-exclude pathspec, it will be run + through all exclude pathspec (magic signature: `!`). If it + matches, the path is ignored. +-- [[def_parent]]parent:: A <<def_commit_object,commit object>> contains a (possibly empty) list @@ -383,10 +443,20 @@ should not be combined with other pathspec. to the result. [[def_ref]]ref:: - A 40-byte hex representation of a <<def_SHA1,SHA-1>> or a name that - denotes a particular <<def_object,object>>. They may be stored in - a file under `$GIT_DIR/refs/` directory, or - in the `$GIT_DIR/packed-refs` file. + A name that begins with `refs/` (e.g. `refs/heads/master`) + that points to an <<def_object_name,object name>> or another + ref (the latter is called a <<def_symref,symbolic ref>>). + For convenience, a ref can sometimes be abbreviated when used + as an argument to a Git command; see linkgit:gitrevisions[7] + for details. + Refs are stored in the <<def_repository,repository>>. ++ +The ref namespace is hierarchical. +Different subhierarchies are used for different purposes (e.g. the +`refs/heads/` hierarchy is used to represent local branches). ++ +There are a few special-purpose refs that do not begin with `refs/`. +The most notable example is `HEAD`. [[def_reflog]]reflog:: A reflog shows the local "history" of a ref. In other words, @@ -486,10 +556,19 @@ should not be combined with other pathspec. with refs to the associated blob and/or tree objects. A <<def_tree,tree>> is equivalent to a <<def_directory,directory>>. -[[def_tree-ish]]tree-ish:: - A <<def_ref,ref>> pointing to either a <<def_commit_object,commit - object>>, a <<def_tree_object,tree object>>, or a <<def_tag_object,tag - object>> pointing to a tag or commit or tree object. +[[def_tree-ish]]tree-ish (also treeish):: + A <<def_tree_object,tree object>> or an <<def_object,object>> + that can be recursively dereferenced to a tree object. + Dereferencing a <<def_commit_object,commit object>> yields the + tree object corresponding to the <<def_revision,revision>>'s + top <<def_directory,directory>>. + The following are all tree-ishes: + a <<def_commit-ish,commit-ish>>, + a tree object, + a <<def_tag_object,tag object>> that points to a tree object, + a tag object that points to a tag object that points to a tree + object, + etc. [[def_unmerged_index]]unmerged index:: An <<def_index,index>> which contains unmerged diff --git a/Documentation/howto-index.sh b/Documentation/howto-index.sh index a2340864b5..167b363668 100755 --- a/Documentation/howto-index.sh +++ b/Documentation/howto-index.sh @@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ EOF for txt do - title=`expr "$txt" : '.*/\(.*\)\.txt$'` - from=`sed -ne ' + title=$(expr "$txt" : '.*/\(.*\)\.txt$') + from=$(sed -ne ' /^$/q /^From:[ ]/{ s/// @@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ do s/^/by / p } - ' "$txt"` + ' "$txt") - abstract=`sed -ne ' + abstract=$(sed -ne ' /^Abstract:[ ]/{ s/^[^ ]*// x @@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ do x p q - }' "$txt"` + }' "$txt") if grep 'Content-type: text/asciidoc' >/dev/null $txt then - file=`expr "$txt" : '\(.*\)\.txt$'`.html + file=$(expr "$txt" : '\(.*\)\.txt$').html else file="$txt" fi diff --git a/Documentation/howto/keep-canonical-history-correct.txt b/Documentation/howto/keep-canonical-history-correct.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..35d48ef714 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/howto/keep-canonical-history-correct.txt @@ -0,0 +1,216 @@ +From: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> +Date: Wed, 07 May 2014 13:15:39 -0700 +Subject: Beginner question on "Pull is mostly evil" +Abstract: This how-to explains a method for keeping a + project's history correct when using git pull. +Content-type: text/asciidoc + +Keep authoritative canonical history correct with git pull +========================================================== + +Sometimes a new project integrator will end up with project history +that appears to be "backwards" from what other project developers +expect. This howto presents a suggested integration workflow for +maintaining a central repository. + +Suppose that that central repository has this history: + +------------ + ---o---o---A +------------ + +which ends at commit `A` (time flows from left to right and each node +in the graph is a commit, lines between them indicating parent-child +relationship). + +Then you clone it and work on your own commits, which leads you to +have this history in *your* repository: + +------------ + ---o---o---A---B---C +------------ + +Imagine your coworker did the same and built on top of `A` in *his* +repository in the meantime, and then pushed it to the +central repository: + +------------ + ---o---o---A---X---Y---Z +------------ + +Now, if you `git push` at this point, because your history that leads +to `C` lacks `X`, `Y` and `Z`, it will fail. You need to somehow make +the tip of your history a descendant of `Z`. + +One suggested way to solve the problem is "fetch and then merge", aka +`git pull`. When you fetch, your repository will have a history like +this: + +------------ + ---o---o---A---B---C + \ + X---Y---Z +------------ + +Once you run merge after that, while still on *your* branch, i.e. `C`, +you will create a merge `M` and make the history look like this: + +------------ + ---o---o---A---B---C---M + \ / + X---Y---Z +------------ + +`M` is a descendant of `Z`, so you can push to update the central +repository. Such a merge `M` does not lose any commit in both +histories, so in that sense it may not be wrong, but when people want +to talk about "the authoritative canonical history that is shared +among the project participants", i.e. "the trunk", they often view +it as "commits you see by following the first-parent chain", and use +this command to view it: + +------------ + $ git log --first-parent +------------ + +For all other people who observed the central repository after your +coworker pushed `Z` but before you pushed `M`, the commit on the trunk +used to be `o-o-A-X-Y-Z`. But because you made `M` while you were on +`C`, `M`'s first parent is `C`, so by pushing `M` to advance the +central repository, you made `X-Y-Z` a side branch, not on the trunk. + +You would rather want to have a history of this shape: + +------------ + ---o---o---A---X---Y---Z---M' + \ / + B-----------C +------------ + +so that in the first-parent chain, it is clear that the project first +did `X` and then `Y` and then `Z` and merged a change that consists of +two commits `B` and `C` that achieves a single goal. You may have +worked on fixing the bug #12345 with these two patches, and the merge +`M'` with swapped parents can say in its log message "Merge +fix-bug-12345". Having a way to tell `git pull` to create a merge +but record the parents in reverse order may be a way to do so. + +Note that I said "achieves a single goal" above, because this is +important. "Swapping the merge order" only covers a special case +where the project does not care too much about having unrelated +things done on a single merge but cares a lot about first-parent +chain. + +There are multiple schools of thought about the "trunk" management. + + 1. Some projects want to keep a completely linear history without any + merges. Obviously, swapping the merge order would not match their + taste. You would need to flatten your history on top of the + updated upstream to result in a history of this shape instead: ++ +------------ + ---o---o---A---X---Y---Z---B---C +------------ ++ +with `git pull --rebase` or something. + + 2. Some projects tolerate merges in their history, but do not worry + too much about the first-parent order, and allow fast-forward + merges. To them, swapping the merge order does not hurt, but + it is unnecessary. + + 3. Some projects want each commit on the "trunk" to do one single + thing. The output of `git log --first-parent` in such a project + would show either a merge of a side branch that completes a single + theme, or a single commit that completes a single theme by itself. + If your two commits `B` and `C` (or they may even be two groups of + commits) were solving two independent issues, then the merge `M'` + we made in the earlier example by swapping the merge order is + still not up to the project standard. It merges two unrelated + efforts `B` and `C` at the same time. + +For projects in the last category (Git itself is one of them), +individual developers would want to prepare a history more like +this: + +------------ + C0--C1--C2 topic-c + / + ---o---o---A master + \ + B0--B1--B2 topic-b +------------ + +That is, keeping separate topics on separate branches, perhaps like +so: + +------------ + $ git clone $URL work && cd work + $ git checkout -b topic-b master + $ ... work to create B0, B1 and B2 to complete one theme + $ git checkout -b topic-c master + $ ... same for the theme of topic-c +------------ + +And then + +------------ + $ git checkout master + $ git pull --ff-only +------------ + +would grab `X`, `Y` and `Z` from the upstream and advance your master +branch: + +------------ + C0--C1--C2 topic-c + / + ---o---o---A---X---Y---Z master + \ + B0--B1--B2 topic-b +------------ + +And then you would merge these two branches separately: + +------------ + $ git merge topic-b + $ git merge topic-c +------------ + +to result in + +------------ + C0--C1---------C2 + / \ + ---o---o---A---X---Y---Z---M---N + \ / + B0--B1-----B2 +------------ + +and push it back to the central repository. + +It is very much possible that while you are merging topic-b and +topic-c, somebody again advanced the history in the central repository +to put `W` on top of `Z`, and make your `git push` fail. + +In such a case, you would rewind to discard `M` and `N`, update the +tip of your 'master' again and redo the two merges: + +------------ + $ git reset --hard origin/master + $ git pull --ff-only + $ git merge topic-b + $ git merge topic-c +------------ + +The procedure will result in a history that looks like this: + +------------ + C0--C1--------------C2 + / \ + ---o---o---A---X---Y---Z---W---M'--N' + \ / + B0--B1---------B2 +------------ + +See also http://git-blame.blogspot.com/2013/09/fun-with-first-parent-history.html diff --git a/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt b/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt index 33ae69c11f..ca4378740c 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt @@ -39,26 +39,26 @@ The policy on Integration is informally mentioned in "A Note from the maintainer" message, which is periodically posted to this mailing list after each feature release is made. - - Feature releases are numbered as vX.Y.Z and are meant to + - Feature releases are numbered as vX.Y.0 and are meant to contain bugfixes and enhancements in any area, including functionality, performance and usability, without regression. - One release cycle for a feature release is expected to last for eight to ten weeks. - - Maintenance releases are numbered as vX.Y.Z.W and are meant - to contain only bugfixes for the corresponding vX.Y.Z feature - release and earlier maintenance releases vX.Y.Z.V (V < W). + - Maintenance releases are numbered as vX.Y.Z and are meant + to contain only bugfixes for the corresponding vX.Y.0 feature + release and earlier maintenance releases vX.Y.W (W < Z). - 'master' branch is used to prepare for the next feature release. In other words, at some point, the tip of 'master' - branch is tagged with vX.Y.Z. + branch is tagged with vX.Y.0. - 'maint' branch is used to prepare for the next maintenance - release. After the feature release vX.Y.Z is made, the tip + release. After the feature release vX.Y.0 is made, the tip of 'maint' branch is set to that release, and bugfixes will accumulate on the branch, and at some point, the tip of the - branch is tagged with vX.Y.Z.1, vX.Y.Z.2, and so on. + branch is tagged with vX.Y.1, vX.Y.2, and so on. - 'next' branch is used to publish changes (both enhancements and fixes) that (1) have worthwhile goal, (2) are in a fairly @@ -86,6 +86,10 @@ this mailing list after each feature release is made. users are encouraged to test it so that regressions and bugs are found before new topics are merged to 'master'. +Note that before v1.9.0 release, the version numbers used to be +structured slightly differently. vX.Y.Z were feature releases while +vX.Y.Z.W were maintenance releases for vX.Y.Z. + A Typical Git Day ----------------- diff --git a/Documentation/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.txt b/Documentation/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.txt index 19ab604f1f..02cb5f758d 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.txt @@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ You fetch from upstream, but not merge. $ git fetch upstream This leaves the updated upstream head in .git/FETCH_HEAD but -does not touch your .git/HEAD nor .git/refs/heads/master. +does not touch your .git/HEAD or .git/refs/heads/master. You run "git rebase" now. $ git rebase FETCH_HEAD master diff --git a/Documentation/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.txt b/Documentation/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6f33dac0e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.txt @@ -0,0 +1,242 @@ +Date: Wed, 16 Oct 2013 04:34:01 -0400 +From: Jeff King <peff@peff.net> +Subject: pack corruption post-mortem +Abstract: Recovering a corrupted object when no good copy is available. +Content-type: text/asciidoc + +How to recover an object from scratch +===================================== + +I was recently presented with a repository with a corrupted packfile, +and was asked if the data was recoverable. This post-mortem describes +the steps I took to investigate and fix the problem. I thought others +might find the process interesting, and it might help somebody in the +same situation. + +******************************** +Note: In this case, no good copy of the repository was available. For +the much easier case where you can get the corrupted object from +elsewhere, see link:recover-corrupted-blob-object.html[this howto]. +******************************** + +I started with an fsck, which found a problem with exactly one object +(I've used $pack and $obj below to keep the output readable, and also +because I'll refer to them later): + +----------- + $ git fsck + error: $pack SHA1 checksum mismatch + error: index CRC mismatch for object $obj from $pack at offset 51653873 + error: inflate: data stream error (incorrect data check) + error: cannot unpack $obj from $pack at offset 51653873 +----------- + +The pack checksum failing means a byte is munged somewhere, and it is +presumably in the object mentioned (since both the index checksum and +zlib were failing). + +Reading the zlib source code, I found that "incorrect data check" means +that the adler-32 checksum at the end of the zlib data did not match the +inflated data. So stepping the data through zlib would not help, as it +did not fail until the very end, when we realize the crc does not match. +The problematic bytes could be anywhere in the object data. + +The first thing I did was pull the broken data out of the packfile. I +needed to know how big the object was, which I found out with: + +------------ + $ git show-index <$idx | cut -d' ' -f1 | sort -n | grep -A1 51653873 + 51653873 + 51664736 +------------ + +Show-index gives us the list of objects and their offsets. We throw away +everything but the offsets, and then sort them so that our interesting +offset (which we got from the fsck output above) is followed immediately +by the offset of the next object. Now we know that the object data is +10863 bytes long, and we can grab it with: + +------------ + dd if=$pack of=object bs=1 skip=51653873 count=10863 +------------ + +I inspected a hexdump of the data, looking for any obvious bogosity +(e.g., a 4K run of zeroes would be a good sign of filesystem +corruption). But everything looked pretty reasonable. + +Note that the "object" file isn't fit for feeding straight to zlib; it +has the git packed object header, which is variable-length. We want to +strip that off so we can start playing with the zlib data directly. You +can either work your way through it manually (the format is described in +link:../technical/pack-format.html[Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt]), +or you can walk through it in a debugger. I did the latter, creating a +valid pack like: + +------------ + # pack magic and version + printf 'PACK\0\0\0\2' >tmp.pack + # pack has one object + printf '\0\0\0\1' >>tmp.pack + # now add our object data + cat object >>tmp.pack + # and then append the pack trailer + /path/to/git.git/test-sha1 -b <tmp.pack >trailer + cat trailer >>tmp.pack +------------ + +and then running "git index-pack tmp.pack" in the debugger (stop at +unpack_raw_entry). Doing this, I found that there were 3 bytes of header +(and the header itself had a sane type and size). So I stripped those +off with: + +------------ + dd if=object of=zlib bs=1 skip=3 +------------ + +I ran the result through zlib's inflate using a custom C program. And +while it did report the error, I did get the right number of output +bytes (i.e., it matched git's size header that we decoded above). But +feeding the result back to "git hash-object" didn't produce the same +sha1. So there were some wrong bytes, but I didn't know which. The file +happened to be C source code, so I hoped I could notice something +obviously wrong with it, but I didn't. I even got it to compile! + +I also tried comparing it to other versions of the same path in the +repository, hoping that there would be some part of the diff that didn't +make sense. Unfortunately, this happened to be the only revision of this +particular file in the repository, so I had nothing to compare against. + +So I took a different approach. Working under the guess that the +corruption was limited to a single byte, I wrote a program to munge each +byte individually, and try inflating the result. Since the object was +only 10K compressed, that worked out to about 2.5M attempts, which took +a few minutes. + +The program I used is here: + +---------------------------------------------- +#include <stdio.h> +#include <unistd.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <signal.h> +#include <zlib.h> + +static int try_zlib(unsigned char *buf, int len) +{ + /* make this absurdly large so we don't have to loop */ + static unsigned char out[1024*1024]; + z_stream z; + int ret; + + memset(&z, 0, sizeof(z)); + inflateInit(&z); + + z.next_in = buf; + z.avail_in = len; + z.next_out = out; + z.avail_out = sizeof(out); + + ret = inflate(&z, 0); + inflateEnd(&z); + return ret >= 0; +} + +/* eye candy */ +static int counter = 0; +static void progress(int sig) +{ + fprintf(stderr, "\r%d", counter); + alarm(1); +} + +int main(void) +{ + /* oversized so we can read the whole buffer in */ + unsigned char buf[1024*1024]; + int len; + unsigned i, j; + + signal(SIGALRM, progress); + alarm(1); + + len = read(0, buf, sizeof(buf)); + for (i = 0; i < len; i++) { + unsigned char c = buf[i]; + for (j = 0; j <= 0xff; j++) { + buf[i] = j; + + counter++; + if (try_zlib(buf, len)) + printf("i=%d, j=%x\n", i, j); + } + buf[i] = c; + } + + alarm(0); + fprintf(stderr, "\n"); + return 0; +} +---------------------------------------------- + +I compiled and ran with: + +------- + gcc -Wall -Werror -O3 munge.c -o munge -lz + ./munge <zlib +------- + + +There were a few false positives early on (if you write "no data" in the +zlib header, zlib thinks it's just fine :) ). But I got a hit about +halfway through: + +------- + i=5642, j=c7 +------- + +I let it run to completion, and got a few more hits at the end (where it +was munging the crc to match our broken data). So there was a good +chance this middle hit was the source of the problem. + +I confirmed by tweaking the byte in a hex editor, zlib inflating the +result (no errors!), and then piping the output into "git hash-object", +which reported the sha1 of the broken object. Success! + +I fixed the packfile itself with: + +------- + chmod +w $pack + printf '\xc7' | dd of=$pack bs=1 seek=51659518 conv=notrunc + chmod -w $pack +------- + +The `\xc7` comes from the replacement byte our "munge" program found. +The offset 51659518 is derived by taking the original object offset +(51653873), adding the replacement offset found by "munge" (5642), and +then adding back in the 3 bytes of git header we stripped. + +After that, "git fsck" ran clean. + +As for the corruption itself, I was lucky that it was indeed a single +byte. In fact, it turned out to be a single bit. The byte 0xc7 was +corrupted to 0xc5. So presumably it was caused by faulty hardware, or a +cosmic ray. + +And the aborted attempt to look at the inflated output to see what was +wrong? I could have looked forever and never found it. Here's the diff +between what the corrupted data inflates to, versus the real data: + +-------------- + - cp = strtok (arg, "+"); + + cp = strtok (arg, "."); +-------------- + +It tweaked one byte and still ended up as valid, readable C that just +happened to do something totally different! One takeaway is that on a +less unlucky day, looking at the zlib output might have actually been +helpful, as most random changes would actually break the C code. + +But more importantly, git's hashing and checksumming noticed a problem +that easily could have gone undetected in another system. The result +still compiled, but would have caused an interesting bug (that would +have been blamed on some random commit). diff --git a/Documentation/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt b/Documentation/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt index 075418eeeb..462255ed5d 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ where A and B are on the side development that was not so good, M is the merge that brings these premature changes into the mainline, x are changes unrelated to what the side branch did and already made on the mainline, and W is the "revert of the merge M" (doesn't W look M upside down?). -IOW, "diff W^..W" is similar to "diff -R M^..M". +IOW, `"diff W^..W"` is similar to `"diff -R M^..M"`. Such a "revert" of a merge can be made with: @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ where C and D are to fix what was broken in A and B, and you may already have some other changes on the mainline after W. If you merge the updated side branch (with D at its tip), none of the -changes made in A nor B will be in the result, because they were reverted +changes made in A or B will be in the result, because they were reverted by W. That is what Alan saw. Linus explains the situation: @@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ with: $ git revert W This history would (ignoring possible conflicts between what W and W..Y -changed) be equivalent to not having W nor Y at all in the history: +changed) be equivalent to not having W or Y at all in the history: ---o---o---o---M---x---x-------x---- / @@ -121,9 +121,9 @@ If you reverted the revert in such a case as in the previous example: ---A---B A'--B'--C' where Y is the revert of W, A' and B' are rerolled A and B, and there may -also be a further fix-up C' on the side branch. "diff Y^..Y" is similar -to "diff -R W^..W" (which in turn means it is similar to "diff M^..M"), -and "diff A'^..C'" by definition would be similar but different from that, +also be a further fix-up C' on the side branch. `"diff Y^..Y"` is similar +to `"diff -R W^..W"` (which in turn means it is similar to `"diff M^..M"`), +and `"diff A'^..C'"` by definition would be similar but different from that, because it is a rerolled series of the earlier change. There will be a lot of overlapping changes that result in conflicts. So do not do "revert of revert" blindly without thinking.. diff --git a/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt b/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt index 0d5419e1a9..149508e13b 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ $ make clean test ;# make sure it did not cause other breakage. ------------------------------------------------ Everything is in the good order. I do not need the temporary branch -nor tag anymore, so remove them: +or tag anymore, so remove them: ------------------------------------------------ $ rm -f .git/refs/tags/pu-anchor @@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ $ git pull . master Packing 0 objects Unpacking 0 objects -* committish: e3a693c... refs/heads/master from . +* commit-ish: e3a693c... refs/heads/master from . Trying to merge e3a693c... into 8c1f5f0... using 10d781b... Committed merge 7fb9b7262a1d1e0a47bbfdcbbcf50ce0635d3f8f cache.h | 8 ++++---- diff --git a/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt b/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt index 7f4943e102..f44e5e9458 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt @@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ Content-type: text/asciidoc How to setup Git server over http ================================= +NOTE: This document is from 2006. A lot has happened since then, and this +document is now relevant mainly if your web host is not CGI capable. +Almost everyone else should instead look at linkgit:git-http-backend[1]. + Since Apache is one of those packages people like to compile themselves while others prefer the bureaucrat's dream Debian, it is impossible to give guidelines which will work for everyone. Just send @@ -81,8 +85,8 @@ Initialize a bare repository $ git --bare init -Change the ownership to your web-server's credentials. Use "grep ^User -httpd.conf" and "grep ^Group httpd.conf" to find out: +Change the ownership to your web-server's credentials. Use `"grep ^User +httpd.conf"` and `"grep ^Group httpd.conf"` to find out: $ chown -R www.www . @@ -177,7 +181,7 @@ On Debian: Most tests should pass. -A command line tool to test WebDAV is cadaver. If you prefer GUIs, for +A command-line tool to test WebDAV is cadaver. If you prefer GUIs, for example, konqueror can open WebDAV URLs as "webdav://..." or "webdavs://...". diff --git a/Documentation/install-webdoc.sh b/Documentation/install-webdoc.sh index 76d69a907b..ed8b4ff3e5 100755 --- a/Documentation/install-webdoc.sh +++ b/Documentation/install-webdoc.sh @@ -18,17 +18,17 @@ do else echo >&2 "# install $h $T/$h" rm -f "$T/$h" - mkdir -p `dirname "$T/$h"` + mkdir -p $(dirname "$T/$h") cp "$h" "$T/$h" fi done -strip_leading=`echo "$T/" | sed -e 's|.|.|g'` +strip_leading=$(echo "$T/" | sed -e 's|.|.|g') for th in \ "$T"/*.html "$T"/*.txt \ "$T"/howto/*.txt "$T"/howto/*.html \ "$T"/technical/*.txt "$T"/technical/*.html do - h=`expr "$th" : "$strip_leading"'\(.*\)'` + h=$(expr "$th" : "$strip_leading"'\(.*\)') case "$h" in RelNotes-*.txt | index.html) continue ;; esac diff --git a/Documentation/line-range-format.txt b/Documentation/line-range-format.txt index 3e7ce72daa..d7f26039ca 100644 --- a/Documentation/line-range-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/line-range-format.txt @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +<start> and <end> can take one of these forms: + - number + If <start> or <end> is a number, it specifies an @@ -7,7 +9,10 @@ absolute line number (lines count from 1). - /regex/ + This form will use the first line matching the given -POSIX regex. If <end> is a regex, it will search +POSIX regex. If <start> is a regex, it will search from the end of +the previous `-L` range, if any, otherwise from the start of file. +If <start> is ``^/regex/'', it will search from the start of file. +If <end> is a regex, it will search starting at the line given by <start>. + @@ -15,11 +20,10 @@ starting at the line given by <start>. + This is only valid for <end> and will specify a number of lines before or after the line given by <start>. -+ -- :regex + -If the option's argument is of the form :regex, it denotes the range +If ``:<regex>'' is given in place of <start> and <end>, it denotes the range from the first funcname line that matches <regex>, up to the next -funcname line. -+ +funcname line. ``:<regex>'' searches from the end of the previous `-L` range, +if any, otherwise from the start of file. +``^:<regex>'' searches from the start of file. diff --git a/Documentation/merge-options.txt b/Documentation/merge-options.txt index afba8d4f3b..f08e9b80c5 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-options.txt @@ -14,9 +14,12 @@ inspect and further tweak the merge result before committing. further edit the auto-generated merge message, so that the user can explain and justify the merge. The `--no-edit` option can be used to accept the auto-generated message (this is generally - discouraged). The `--edit` (or `-e`) option is still useful if you are - giving a draft message with the `-m` option from the command line - and want to edit it in the editor. + discouraged). +ifndef::git-pull[] +The `--edit` (or `-e`) option is still useful if you are +giving a draft message with the `-m` option from the command line +and want to edit it in the editor. +endif::git-pull[] + Older scripts may depend on the historical behaviour of not allowing the user to edit the merge log message. They will see an editor opened when @@ -60,14 +63,13 @@ merge. --squash:: --no-squash:: - Produce the working tree and index state as if a real - merge happened (except for the merge information), - but do not actually make a commit or - move the `HEAD`, nor record `$GIT_DIR/MERGE_HEAD` to - cause the next `git commit` command to create a merge - commit. This allows you to create a single commit on - top of the current branch whose effect is the same as - merging another branch (or more in case of an octopus). + Produce the working tree and index state as if a real merge + happened (except for the merge information), but do not actually + make a commit, move the `HEAD`, or record `$GIT_DIR/MERGE_HEAD` + (to cause the next `git commit` command to create a merge + commit). This allows you to create a single commit on top of + the current branch whose effect is the same as merging another + branch (or more in case of an octopus). + With --no-squash perform the merge and commit the result. This option can be used to override --squash. diff --git a/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt b/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt index 49a9a7d53f..7bbd19b300 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ MERGE STRATEGIES ---------------- -The merge mechanism ('git-merge' and 'git-pull' commands) allows the +The merge mechanism (`git merge` and `git pull` commands) allows the backend 'merge strategies' to be chosen with `-s` option. Some strategies can also take their own options, which can be passed by giving `-X<option>` -arguments to 'git-merge' and/or 'git-pull'. +arguments to `git merge` and/or `git pull`. resolve:: This can only resolve two heads (i.e. the current branch @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ recursive:: merged tree of the common ancestors and uses that as the reference tree for the 3-way merge. This has been reported to result in fewer merge conflicts without - causing mis-merges by tests done on actual merge commits + causing mismerges by tests done on actual merge commits taken from Linux 2.6 kernel development history. Additionally this can detect and handle merges involving renames. This is the default merge strategy when @@ -113,3 +113,11 @@ subtree:: match the tree structure of A, instead of reading the trees at the same level. This adjustment is also done to the common ancestor tree. + +With the strategies that use 3-way merge (including the default, 'recursive'), +if a change is made on both branches, but later reverted on one of the +branches, that change will be present in the merged result; some people find +this behavior confusing. It occurs because only the heads and the merge base +are considered when performing a merge, not the individual commits. The merge +algorithm therefore considers the reverted change as no change at all, and +substitutes the changed version instead. diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt index 1d174fd0b6..85d63532a3 100644 --- a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt +++ b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ The 'raw' format shows the entire commit exactly as stored in the commit object. Notably, the SHA-1s are displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or --no-abbrev are used, and 'parents' information show the -true parent commits, without taking grafts nor history +true parent commits, without taking grafts or history simplification into account. * 'format:<string>' diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-options.txt b/Documentation/pretty-options.txt index eea0e306a8..8569e29d08 100644 --- a/Documentation/pretty-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/pretty-options.txt @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ people using 80-column terminals. Show the notes (see linkgit:git-notes[1]) that annotate the commit, when showing the commit log message. This is the default for `git log`, `git show` and `git whatchanged` commands when - there is no `--pretty`, `--format` nor `--oneline` option given + there is no `--pretty`, `--format`, or `--oneline` option given on the command line. + By default, the notes shown are from the notes refs listed in the diff --git a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt index 5bdfb42852..deb8cca917 100644 --- a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt @@ -18,33 +18,27 @@ ordering and formatting options, such as `--reverse`. -<number>:: -n <number>:: --max-count=<number>:: - Limit the number of commits to output. --skip=<number>:: - Skip 'number' commits before starting to show the commit output. --since=<date>:: --after=<date>:: - Show commits more recent than a specific date. --until=<date>:: --before=<date>:: - Show commits older than a specific date. ifdef::git-rev-list[] --max-age=<timestamp>:: --min-age=<timestamp>:: - Limit the commits output to specified time range. endif::git-rev-list[] --author=<pattern>:: --committer=<pattern>:: - Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer header lines that match the specified pattern (regular expression). With more than one `--author=<pattern>`, @@ -52,7 +46,6 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] chosen (similarly for multiple `--committer=<pattern>`). --grep-reflog=<pattern>:: - Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that match the specified pattern (regular expression). With more than one `--grep-reflog`, commits whose reflog message @@ -60,7 +53,6 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] error to use this option unless `--walk-reflogs` is in use. --grep=<pattern>:: - Limit the commits output to ones with log message that matches the specified pattern (regular expression). With more than one `--grep=<pattern>`, commits whose message @@ -71,46 +63,39 @@ When `--show-notes` is in effect, the message from the notes as if it is part of the log message. --all-match:: - Limit the commits output to ones that match all given --grep, + Limit the commits output to ones that match all given `--grep`, instead of ones that match at least one. -i:: --regexp-ignore-case:: - - Match the regexp limiting patterns without regard to letters case. + Match the regular expression limiting patterns without regard to letter + case. --basic-regexp:: - Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions; this is the default. -E:: --extended-regexp:: - Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions instead of the default basic regular expressions. -F:: --fixed-strings:: - Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don't interpret pattern as a regular expression). --perl-regexp:: - - Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regexp. + Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular expressions. Requires libpcre to be compiled in. --remove-empty:: - Stop when a given path disappears from the tree. --merges:: - Print only merge commits. This is exactly the same as `--min-parents=2`. --no-merges:: - Do not print commits with more than one parent. This is exactly the same as `--max-parents=1`. @@ -118,7 +103,6 @@ if it is part of the log message. --max-parents=<number>:: --no-min-parents:: --no-max-parents:: - Show only commits which have at least (or at most) that many parent commits. In particular, `--max-parents=1` is the same as `--no-merges`, `--min-parents=2` is the same as `--merges`. `--max-parents=0` @@ -138,31 +122,26 @@ parents) and `--max-parents=-1` (negative numbers denote no upper limit). brought in to your history by such a merge. --not:: - Reverses the meaning of the '{caret}' prefix (or lack thereof) - for all following revision specifiers, up to the next '--not'. + for all following revision specifiers, up to the next `--not`. --all:: - Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/` are listed on the command line as '<commit>'. --branches[=<pattern>]:: - Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/heads` are listed on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' is given, limit branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks '?', '{asterisk}', or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied. --tags[=<pattern>]:: - Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/tags` are listed on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' is given, limit tags to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks '?', '{asterisk}', or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied. --remotes[=<pattern>]:: - Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/remotes` are listed on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' is given, limit remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob. @@ -174,14 +153,27 @@ parents) and `--max-parents=-1` (negative numbers denote no upper limit). is automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks '?', '{asterisk}', or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied. ---ignore-missing:: +--exclude=<glob-pattern>:: + + Do not include refs matching '<glob-pattern>' that the next `--all`, + `--branches`, `--tags`, `--remotes`, or `--glob` would otherwise + consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns + up to the next `--all`, `--branches`, `--tags`, `--remotes`, or + `--glob` option (other options or arguments do not clear + accumlated patterns). ++ +The patterns given should not begin with `refs/heads`, `refs/tags`, or +`refs/remotes` when applied to `--branches`, `--tags`, or `--remotes`, +respectively, and they must begin with `refs/` when applied to `--glob` +or `--all`. If a trailing '/{asterisk}' is intended, it must be given +explicitly. +--ignore-missing:: Upon seeing an invalid object name in the input, pretend as if the bad input was not given. ifndef::git-rev-list[] --bisect:: - Pretend as if the bad bisection ref `refs/bisect/bad` was listed and as if it was followed by `--not` and the good bisection refs `refs/bisect/good-*` on the command @@ -189,7 +181,6 @@ ifndef::git-rev-list[] endif::git-rev-list[] --stdin:: - In addition to the '<commit>' listed on the command line, read them from the standard input. If a '--' separator is seen, stop reading commits and start reading paths to limit the @@ -197,36 +188,32 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] ifdef::git-rev-list[] --quiet:: - Don't print anything to standard output. This form is primarily meant to allow the caller to test the exit status to see if a range of objects is fully connected (or not). It is faster than redirecting stdout - to /dev/null as the output does not have to be formatted. + to `/dev/null` as the output does not have to be formatted. endif::git-rev-list[] --cherry-mark:: - Like `--cherry-pick` (see below) but mark equivalent commits with `=` rather than omitting them, and inequivalent ones with `+`. --cherry-pick:: - Omit any commit that introduces the same change as - another commit on the "other side" when the set of + another commit on the ``other side'' when the set of commits are limited with symmetric difference. + For example, if you have two branches, `A` and `B`, a usual way to list all commits on only one side of them is with `--left-right` (see the example below in the description of -the `--left-right` option). It however shows the commits that were cherry-picked -from the other branch (for example, "3rd on b" may be cherry-picked -from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are +the `--left-right` option). However, it shows the commits that were +cherry-picked from the other branch (for example, ``3rd on b'' may be +cherry-picked from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are excluded from the output. --left-only:: --right-only:: - List only commits on the respective side of a symmetric range, i.e. only those which would be marked `<` resp. `>` by `--left-right`. @@ -238,7 +225,6 @@ More precisely, `--cherry-pick --right-only --no-merges` gives the exact list. --cherry:: - A synonym for `--right-only --cherry-mark --no-merges`; useful to limit the output to the commits on our side and mark those that have been applied to the other side of a forked history with @@ -247,33 +233,38 @@ list. -g:: --walk-reflogs:: - Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones. When this option is used you cannot specify commits to exclude (that is, '{caret}commit', 'commit1..commit2', - nor 'commit1\...commit2' notations cannot be used). + and 'commit1\...commit2' notations cannot be used). + -With '\--pretty' format other than oneline (for obvious reasons), +With `--pretty` format other than `oneline` (for obvious reasons), this causes the output to have two extra lines of information taken from the reflog. By default, 'commit@\{Nth}' notation is used in the output. When the starting commit is specified as 'commit@\{now}', output also uses 'commit@\{timestamp}' notation -instead. Under '\--pretty=oneline', the commit message is +instead. Under `--pretty=oneline`, the commit message is prefixed with this information on the same line. -This option cannot be combined with '\--reverse'. +This option cannot be combined with `--reverse`. See also linkgit:git-reflog[1]. --merge:: - After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a conflict and don't exist on all heads to merge. --boundary:: - Output excluded boundary commits. Boundary commits are prefixed with `-`. +ifdef::git-rev-list[] +--use-bitmap-index:: + + Try to speed up the traversal using the pack bitmap index (if + one is available). Note that when traversing with `--objects`, + trees and blobs will not have their associated path printed. +endif::git-rev-list[] + -- History Simplification @@ -287,11 +278,9 @@ is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the history. The following options select the commits to be shown: <paths>:: - Commits modifying the given <paths> are selected. --simplify-by-decoration:: - Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected. Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history. @@ -299,33 +288,27 @@ Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history. The following options affect the way the simplification is performed: Default mode:: - Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the final state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side branches if the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches with the same content) --full-history:: - Same as the default mode, but does not prune some history. --dense:: - Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a meaningful history. --sparse:: - All commits in the simplified history are shown. --simplify-merges:: - - Additional option to '--full-history' to remove some needless + Additional option to `--full-history` to remove some needless merges from the resulting history, as there are no selected commits contributing to this merge. --ancestry-path:: - When given a range of commits to display (e.g. 'commit1..commit2' or 'commit2 {caret}commit1'), only display commits that exist directly on the ancestry chain between the 'commit1' and @@ -352,36 +335,35 @@ The horizontal line of history A---Q is taken to be the first parent of each merge. The commits are: * `I` is the initial commit, in which `foo` exists with contents - "asdf", and a file `quux` exists with contents "quux". Initial + ``asdf'', and a file `quux` exists with contents ``quux''. Initial commits are compared to an empty tree, so `I` is !TREESAME. -* In `A`, `foo` contains just "foo". +* In `A`, `foo` contains just ``foo''. * `B` contains the same change as `A`. Its merge `M` is trivial and hence TREESAME to all parents. -* `C` does not change `foo`, but its merge `N` changes it to "foobar", +* `C` does not change `foo`, but its merge `N` changes it to ``foobar'', so it is not TREESAME to any parent. -* `D` sets `foo` to "baz". Its merge `O` combines the strings from - `N` and `D` to "foobarbaz"; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent. +* `D` sets `foo` to ``baz''. Its merge `O` combines the strings from + `N` and `D` to ``foobarbaz''; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent. -* `E` changes `quux` to "xyzzy", and its merge `P` combines the - strings to "quux xyzzy". `P` is TREESAME to `O`, but not to `E`. +* `E` changes `quux` to ``xyzzy'', and its merge `P` combines the + strings to ``quux xyzzy''. `P` is TREESAME to `O`, but not to `E`. * `X` is an independent root commit that added a new file `side`, and `Y` modified it. `Y` is TREESAME to `X`. Its merge `Q` added `side` to `P`, and `Q` is TREESAME to `P`, but not to `Y`. -'rev-list' walks backwards through history, including or excluding -commits based on whether '\--full-history' and/or parent rewriting -(via '\--parents' or '\--children') are used. The following settings +`rev-list` walks backwards through history, including or excluding +commits based on whether `--full-history` and/or parent rewriting +(via `--parents` or `--children`) are used. The following settings are available. Default mode:: - Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent - (though this can be changed, see '\--sparse' below). If the + (though this can be changed, see `--sparse` below). If the commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow only that parent. (Even if there are several TREESAME parents, follow only one of them.) Otherwise, follow all @@ -400,12 +382,11 @@ available, removed `B` from consideration entirely. `C` was considered via `N`, but is TREESAME. Root commits are compared to an empty tree, so `I` is !TREESAME. + -Parent/child relations are only visible with --parents, but that does +Parent/child relations are only visible with `--parents`, but that does not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the parent lines. --full-history without parent rewriting:: - This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow all parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them. Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are @@ -425,9 +406,8 @@ about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so we show them disconnected. --full-history with parent rewriting:: - Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME - (though this can be changed, see '\--sparse' below). + (though this can be changed, see `--sparse` below). + Merges are always included. However, their parent list is rewritten: Along each parent, prune away commits that are not included @@ -441,7 +421,7 @@ themselves. This results in `-------------' ----------------------------------------------------------------------- + -Compare to '\--full-history' without rewriting above. Note that `E` +Compare to `--full-history` without rewriting above. Note that `E` was pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was rewritten to contain `E`'s parent `I`. The same happened for `C` and `N`, and `X`, `Y` and `Q`. @@ -450,22 +430,19 @@ In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME affects inclusion: --dense:: - Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent. --sparse:: - All commits that are walked are included. + -Note that without '\--full-history', this still simplifies merges: if +Note that without `--full-history`, this still simplifies merges: if one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other sides of the merge are never walked. --simplify-merges:: - First, build a history graph in the same way that - '\--full-history' with parent rewriting does (see above). + `--full-history` with parent rewriting does (see above). + Then simplify each commit `C` to its replacement `C'` in the final history according to the following rules: @@ -484,7 +461,7 @@ history according to the following rules: -- + The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to -'\--full-history' with parent rewriting. The example turns into: +`--full-history` with parent rewriting. The example turns into: + ----------------------------------------------------------------------- .-A---M---N---O @@ -494,7 +471,7 @@ The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to `---------' ----------------------------------------------------------------------- + -Note the major differences in `N`, `P` and `Q` over '--full-history': +Note the major differences in `N`, `P`, and `Q` over `--full-history`: + -- * `N`'s parent list had `I` removed, because it is an ancestor of the @@ -511,11 +488,10 @@ Note the major differences in `N`, `P` and `Q` over '--full-history': Finally, there is a fifth simplification mode available: --ancestry-path:: - Limit the displayed commits to those directly on the ancestry - chain between the "from" and "to" commits in the given commit - range. I.e. only display commits that are ancestor of the "to" - commit, and descendants of the "from" commit. + chain between the ``from'' and ``to'' commits in the given commit + range. I.e. only display commits that are ancestor of the ``to'' + commit and descendants of the ``from'' commit. + As an example use case, consider the following commit history: + @@ -530,14 +506,14 @@ As an example use case, consider the following commit history: A regular 'D..M' computes the set of commits that are ancestors of `M`, but excludes the ones that are ancestors of `D`. This is useful to see what happened to the history leading to `M` since `D`, in the sense -that "what does `M` have that did not exist in `D`". The result in this +that ``what does `M` have that did not exist in `D`''. The result in this example would be all the commits, except `A` and `B` (and `D` itself, of course). + When we want to find out what commits in `M` are contaminated with the bug introduced by `D` and need fixing, however, we might want to view only the subset of 'D..M' that are actually descendants of `D`, i.e. -excluding `C` and `K`. This is exactly what the '--ancestry-path' +excluding `C` and `K`. This is exactly what the `--ancestry-path` option does. Applied to the 'D..M' range, it results in: + ----------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -548,7 +524,7 @@ option does. Applied to the 'D..M' range, it results in: L--M ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -The '\--simplify-by-decoration' option allows you to view only the +The `--simplify-by-decoration` option allows you to view only the big picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits that are not referenced by tags. Commits are marked as !TREESAME (in other words, kept after history simplification rules described @@ -561,50 +537,47 @@ Bisection Helpers ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ --bisect:: - -Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between -included and excluded commits. Note that the bad bisection ref -`refs/bisect/bad` is added to the included commits (if it -exists) and the good bisection refs `refs/bisect/good-*` are -added to the excluded commits (if they exist). Thus, supposing there -are no refs in `refs/bisect/`, if - + Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between + included and excluded commits. Note that the bad bisection ref + `refs/bisect/bad` is added to the included commits (if it + exists) and the good bisection refs `refs/bisect/good-*` are + added to the excluded commits (if they exist). Thus, supposing there + are no refs in `refs/bisect/`, if ++ ----------------------------------------------------------------------- $ git rev-list --bisect foo ^bar ^baz ----------------------------------------------------------------------- - ++ outputs 'midpoint', the output of the two commands - ++ ----------------------------------------------------------------------- $ git rev-list foo ^midpoint $ git rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz ----------------------------------------------------------------------- - ++ would be of roughly the same length. Finding the change which introduces a regression is thus reduced to a binary search: repeatedly generate and test new 'midpoint's until the commit chain is of length one. --bisect-vars:: - -This calculates the same as `--bisect`, except that refs in -`refs/bisect/` are not used, and except that this outputs -text ready to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the -name of the midpoint revision to the variable `bisect_rev`, and the -expected number of commits to be tested after `bisect_rev` is tested -to `bisect_nr`, the expected number of commits to be tested if -`bisect_rev` turns out to be good to `bisect_good`, the expected -number of commits to be tested if `bisect_rev` turns out to be bad to -`bisect_bad`, and the number of commits we are bisecting right now to -`bisect_all`. + This calculates the same as `--bisect`, except that refs in + `refs/bisect/` are not used, and except that this outputs + text ready to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the + name of the midpoint revision to the variable `bisect_rev`, and the + expected number of commits to be tested after `bisect_rev` is tested + to `bisect_nr`, the expected number of commits to be tested if + `bisect_rev` turns out to be good to `bisect_good`, the expected + number of commits to be tested if `bisect_rev` turns out to be bad to + `bisect_bad`, and the number of commits we are bisecting right now to + `bisect_all`. --bisect-all:: - -This outputs all the commit objects between the included and excluded -commits, ordered by their distance to the included and excluded -commits. Refs in `refs/bisect/` are not used. The farthest -from them is displayed first. (This is the only one displayed by -`--bisect`.) + This outputs all the commit objects between the included and excluded + commits, ordered by their distance to the included and excluded + commits. Refs in `refs/bisect/` are not used. The farthest + from them is displayed first. (This is the only one displayed by + `--bisect`.) + This is useful because it makes it easy to choose a good commit to test when you want to avoid to test some of them for some reason (they @@ -654,9 +627,8 @@ avoid showing the commits from two parallel development track mixed together. --reverse:: - Output the commits in reverse order. - Cannot be combined with '\--walk-reflogs'. + Cannot be combined with `--walk-reflogs`. Object Traversal ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -664,37 +636,32 @@ Object Traversal These options are mostly targeted for packing of Git repositories. --objects:: - Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed - commits. '--objects foo ^bar' thus means "send me + commits. `--objects foo ^bar` thus means ``send me all object IDs which I need to download if I have the commit - object 'bar', but not 'foo'". + object _bar_ but not _foo_''. --objects-edge:: - - Similar to '--objects', but also print the IDs of excluded - commits prefixed with a "-" character. This is used by - linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] to build "thin" pack, which records + Similar to `--objects`, but also print the IDs of excluded + commits prefixed with a ``-'' character. This is used by + linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] to build ``thin'' pack, which records objects in deltified form based on objects contained in these excluded commits to reduce network traffic. --unpacked:: - - Only useful with '--objects'; print the object IDs that are not + Only useful with `--objects`; print the object IDs that are not in packs. --no-walk[=(sorted|unsorted)]:: - Only show the given commits, but do not traverse their ancestors. This has no effect if a range is specified. If the argument - "unsorted" is given, the commits are show in the order they were - given on the command line. Otherwise (if "sorted" or no argument - was given), the commits are show in reverse chronological order + `unsorted` is given, the commits are shown in the order they were + given on the command line. Otherwise (if `sorted` or no argument + was given), the commits are shown in reverse chronological order by commit time. --do-walk:: - - Overrides a previous --no-walk. + Overrides a previous `--no-walk`. Commit Formatting ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -708,46 +675,41 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] include::pretty-options.txt[] --relative-date:: - Synonym for `--date=relative`. --date=(relative|local|default|iso|rfc|short|raw):: - Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such - as when using "--pretty". `log.date` config variable sets a default - value for log command's --date option. + as when using `--pretty`. `log.date` config variable sets a default + value for the log command's `--date` option. + `--date=relative` shows dates relative to the current time, -e.g. "2 hours ago". +e.g. ``2 hours ago''. + -`--date=local` shows timestamps in user's local timezone. +`--date=local` shows timestamps in user's local time zone. + `--date=iso` (or `--date=iso8601`) shows timestamps in ISO 8601 format. + `--date=rfc` (or `--date=rfc2822`) shows timestamps in RFC 2822 -format, often found in E-mail messages. +format, often found in email messages. + -`--date=short` shows only date but not time, in `YYYY-MM-DD` format. +`--date=short` shows only the date, but not the time, in `YYYY-MM-DD` format. + `--date=raw` shows the date in the internal raw Git format `%s %z` format. + -`--date=default` shows timestamps in the original timezone +`--date=default` shows timestamps in the original time zone (either committer's or author's). ifdef::git-rev-list[] --header:: - Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is separated with a NUL character. endif::git-rev-list[] --parents:: - Print also the parents of the commit (in the form "commit parent..."). Also enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below. --children:: - Print also the children of the commit (in the form "commit child..."). Also enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below. @@ -757,7 +719,6 @@ ifdef::git-rev-list[] endif::git-rev-list[] --left-right:: - Mark which side of a symmetric diff a commit is reachable from. Commits from the left side are prefixed with `<` and those from the right with `>`. If combined with `--boundary`, those @@ -787,7 +748,6 @@ you would get an output like this: ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --graph:: - Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history on the left hand side of the output. This may cause extra lines to be printed in between commits, in order for the graph history @@ -795,31 +755,36 @@ you would get an output like this: + This enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below. + -This implies the '--topo-order' option by default, but the -'--date-order' option may also be specified. +This implies the `--topo-order` option by default, but the +`--date-order` option may also be specified. + +--show-linear-break[=<barrier>]:: + When --graph is not used, all history branches are flattened + which can make it hard to see that the two consecutive commits + do not belong to a linear branch. This option puts a barrier + in between them in that case. If `<barrier>` is specified, it + is the string that will be shown instead of the default one. ifdef::git-rev-list[] --count:: Print a number stating how many commits would have been listed, and suppress all other output. When used together - with '--left-right', instead print the counts for left and + with `--left-right`, instead print the counts for left and right commits, separated by a tab. When used together with - '--cherry-mark', omit patch equivalent commits from these + `--cherry-mark`, omit patch equivalent commits from these counts and print the count for equivalent commits separated by a tab. endif::git-rev-list[] - ifndef::git-rev-list[] Diff Formatting ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Below are listed options that control the formatting of diff output. +Listed below are options that control the formatting of diff output. Some of them are specific to linkgit:git-rev-list[1], however other diff options may be given. See linkgit:git-diff-files[1] for more options. -c:: - With this option, diff output for a merge commit shows the differences from each of the parents to the merge result simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between a parent @@ -827,26 +792,22 @@ options may be given. See linkgit:git-diff-files[1] for more options. which were modified from all parents. --cc:: - - This flag implies the '-c' option and further compresses the + This flag implies the `-c` option and further compresses the patch output by omitting uninteresting hunks whose contents in the parents have only two variants and the merge result picks one of them without modification. -m:: - This flag makes the merge commits show the full diff like regular commits; for each merge parent, a separate log entry and diff is generated. An exception is that only diff against - the first parent is shown when '--first-parent' option is given; + the first parent is shown when `--first-parent` option is given; in that case, the output represents the changes the merge brought _into_ the then-current branch. -r:: - Show recursive diffs. -t:: - - Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies '-r'. + Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies `-r`. endif::git-rev-list[] diff --git a/Documentation/revisions.txt b/Documentation/revisions.txt index d477b3f6bc..07961185fe 100644 --- a/Documentation/revisions.txt +++ b/Documentation/revisions.txt @@ -58,6 +58,9 @@ the '$GIT_DIR/refs' directory or from the '$GIT_DIR/packed-refs' file. While the ref name encoding is unspecified, UTF-8 is preferred as some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8. +'@':: + '@' alone is a shortcut for 'HEAD'. + '<refname>@\{<date>\}', e.g. 'master@\{yesterday\}', 'HEAD@\{5 minutes ago\}':: A ref followed by the suffix '@' with a date specification enclosed in a brace @@ -85,13 +88,15 @@ some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8. branch 'blabla' then '@\{1\}' means the same as 'blabla@\{1\}'. '@\{-<n>\}', e.g. '@\{-1\}':: - The construct '@\{-<n>\}' means the <n>th branch checked out + The construct '@\{-<n>\}' means the <n>th branch/commit checked out before the current one. '<branchname>@\{upstream\}', e.g. 'master@\{upstream\}', '@\{u\}':: The suffix '@\{upstream\}' to a branchname (short form '<branchname>@\{u\}') refers to the branch that the branch specified by branchname is set to build on - top of. A missing branchname defaults to the current one. + top of (configured with `branch.<name>.remote` and + `branch.<name>.merge`). A missing branchname defaults to the + current one. '<rev>{caret}', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}, v1.5.1{caret}0':: A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter means the first parent of @@ -111,16 +116,23 @@ some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8. '<rev>{caret}\{<type>\}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}\{commit\}':: A suffix '{caret}' followed by an object type name enclosed in - brace pair means the object - could be a tag, and dereference the tag recursively until an - object of that type is found or the object cannot be - dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf). '<rev>{caret}0' + brace pair means dereference the object at '<rev>' recursively until + an object of type '<type>' is found or the object cannot be + dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf). + For example, if '<rev>' is a commit-ish, '<rev>{caret}\{commit\}' + describes the corresponding commit object. + Similarly, if '<rev>' is a tree-ish, '<rev>{caret}\{tree\}' + describes the corresponding tree object. + '<rev>{caret}0' is a short-hand for '<rev>{caret}\{commit\}'. + 'rev{caret}\{object\}' can be used to make sure 'rev' names an object that exists, without requiring 'rev' to be a tag, and without dereferencing 'rev'; because a tag is already an object, it does not have to be dereferenced even once to get to an object. ++ +'rev{caret}\{tag\}' can be used to ensure that 'rev' identifies an +existing tag object. '<rev>{caret}\{\}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}\{\}':: A suffix '{caret}' followed by an empty brace pair diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-builtin.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-builtin.txt index f3c1357b7c..22a39b9299 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-builtin.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-builtin.txt @@ -14,19 +14,22 @@ Git: . Add the external declaration for the function to `builtin.h`. -. Add the command to `commands[]` table in `handle_internal_command()`, - defined in `git.c`. The entry should look like: +. Add the command to the `commands[]` table defined in `git.c`. + The entry should look like: { "foo", cmd_foo, <options> }, + where options is the bitwise-or of: `RUN_SETUP`:: - - Make sure there is a Git directory to work on, and if there is a - work tree, chdir to the top of it if the command was invoked - in a subdirectory. If there is no work tree, no chdir() is - done. + If there is not a Git directory to work on, abort. If there + is a work tree, chdir to the top of it if the command was + invoked in a subdirectory. If there is no work tree, no + chdir() is done. + +`RUN_SETUP_GENTLY`:: + If there is a Git directory, chdir as per RUN_SETUP, otherwise, + don't chdir anywhere. `USE_PAGER`:: diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-diff.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-diff.txt index 2d2ebc04b7..8b001de0db 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-diff.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-diff.txt @@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ Calling sequence * Call `diff_setup_done()`; this inspects the options set up so far for internal consistency and make necessary tweaking to it (e.g. if - textual patch output was asked, recursive behaviour is turned on). + textual patch output was asked, recursive behaviour is turned on); + the callback set_default in diff_options can be used to tweak this more. * As you find different pairs of files, call `diff_change()` to feed modified files, `diff_addremove()` to feed created or deleted files, @@ -115,6 +116,13 @@ Notable members are: operation, but some do not have anything to do with the diffcore library. +`touched_flags`:: + Records whether a flag has been changed due to user request + (rather than just set/unset by default). + +`set_default`:: + Callback which allows tweaking the options in diff_setup_done(). + BINARY, TEXT;; Affects the way how a file that is seemingly binary is treated. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt index ce363b6305..2602668677 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ static void setup_check(void) The attribute is Unset, by listing the name of the attribute prefixed with a dash - for the path. } else if (ATTR_UNSET(value)) { - The attribute is not set nor unset for the path. + The attribute is neither set nor unset for the path. } else if (!strcmp(value, "input")) { If none of ATTR_TRUE(), ATTR_FALSE(), or ATTR_UNSET() is true, the value is a string set in the gitattributes diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-hash.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-hash.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e5061e0677..0000000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-hash.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,52 +0,0 @@ -hash API -======== - -The hash API is a collection of simple hash table functions. Users are expected -to implement their own hashing. - -Data Structures ---------------- - -`struct hash_table`:: - - The hash table structure. The `array` member points to the hash table - entries. The `size` member counts the total number of valid and invalid - entries in the table. The `nr` member keeps track of the number of - valid entries. - -`struct hash_table_entry`:: - - An opaque structure representing an entry in the hash table. The `hash` - member is the entry's hash key and the `ptr` member is the entry's - value. - -Functions ---------- - -`init_hash`:: - - Initialize the hash table. - -`free_hash`:: - - Release memory associated with the hash table. - -`insert_hash`:: - - Insert a pointer into the hash table. If an entry with that hash - already exists, a pointer to the existing entry's value is returned. - Otherwise NULL is returned. This allows callers to implement - chaining, etc. - -`lookup_hash`:: - - Lookup an entry in the hash table. If an entry with that hash exists - the entry's value is returned. Otherwise NULL is returned. - -`for_each_hash`:: - - Call a function for each entry in the hash table. The function is - expected to take the entry's value as its only argument and return an - int. If the function returns a negative int the loop is aborted - immediately. Otherwise, the return value is accumulated and the sum - returned upon completion of the loop. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-hashmap.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-hashmap.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b977ae8bbb --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-hashmap.txt @@ -0,0 +1,234 @@ +hashmap API +=========== + +The hashmap API is a generic implementation of hash-based key-value mappings. + +Data Structures +--------------- + +`struct hashmap`:: + + The hash table structure. ++ +The `size` member keeps track of the total number of entries. The `cmpfn` +member is a function used to compare two entries for equality. The `table` and +`tablesize` members store the hash table and its size, respectively. + +`struct hashmap_entry`:: + + An opaque structure representing an entry in the hash table, which must + be used as first member of user data structures. Ideally it should be + followed by an int-sized member to prevent unused memory on 64-bit + systems due to alignment. ++ +The `hash` member is the entry's hash code and the `next` member points to the +next entry in case of collisions (i.e. if multiple entries map to the same +bucket). + +`struct hashmap_iter`:: + + An iterator structure, to be used with hashmap_iter_* functions. + +Types +----- + +`int (*hashmap_cmp_fn)(const void *entry, const void *entry_or_key, const void *keydata)`:: + + User-supplied function to test two hashmap entries for equality. Shall + return 0 if the entries are equal. ++ +This function is always called with non-NULL `entry` / `entry_or_key` +parameters that have the same hash code. When looking up an entry, the `key` +and `keydata` parameters to hashmap_get and hashmap_remove are always passed +as second and third argument, respectively. Otherwise, `keydata` is NULL. + +Functions +--------- + +`unsigned int strhash(const char *buf)`:: +`unsigned int strihash(const char *buf)`:: +`unsigned int memhash(const void *buf, size_t len)`:: +`unsigned int memihash(const void *buf, size_t len)`:: + + Ready-to-use hash functions for strings, using the FNV-1 algorithm (see + http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/fnv). ++ +`strhash` and `strihash` take 0-terminated strings, while `memhash` and +`memihash` operate on arbitrary-length memory. ++ +`strihash` and `memihash` are case insensitive versions. + +`void hashmap_init(struct hashmap *map, hashmap_cmp_fn equals_function, size_t initial_size)`:: + + Initializes a hashmap structure. ++ +`map` is the hashmap to initialize. ++ +The `equals_function` can be specified to compare two entries for equality. +If NULL, entries are considered equal if their hash codes are equal. ++ +If the total number of entries is known in advance, the `initial_size` +parameter may be used to preallocate a sufficiently large table and thus +prevent expensive resizing. If 0, the table is dynamically resized. + +`void hashmap_free(struct hashmap *map, int free_entries)`:: + + Frees a hashmap structure and allocated memory. ++ +`map` is the hashmap to free. ++ +If `free_entries` is true, each hashmap_entry in the map is freed as well +(using stdlib's free()). + +`void hashmap_entry_init(void *entry, unsigned int hash)`:: + + Initializes a hashmap_entry structure. ++ +`entry` points to the entry to initialize. ++ +`hash` is the hash code of the entry. + +`void *hashmap_get(const struct hashmap *map, const void *key, const void *keydata)`:: + + Returns the hashmap entry for the specified key, or NULL if not found. ++ +`map` is the hashmap structure. ++ +`key` is a hashmap_entry structure (or user data structure that starts with +hashmap_entry) that has at least been initialized with the proper hash code +(via `hashmap_entry_init`). ++ +If an entry with matching hash code is found, `key` and `keydata` are passed +to `hashmap_cmp_fn` to decide whether the entry matches the key. + +`void *hashmap_get_next(const struct hashmap *map, const void *entry)`:: + + Returns the next equal hashmap entry, or NULL if not found. This can be + used to iterate over duplicate entries (see `hashmap_add`). ++ +`map` is the hashmap structure. ++ +`entry` is the hashmap_entry to start the search from, obtained via a previous +call to `hashmap_get` or `hashmap_get_next`. + +`void hashmap_add(struct hashmap *map, void *entry)`:: + + Adds a hashmap entry. This allows to add duplicate entries (i.e. + separate values with the same key according to hashmap_cmp_fn). ++ +`map` is the hashmap structure. ++ +`entry` is the entry to add. + +`void *hashmap_put(struct hashmap *map, void *entry)`:: + + Adds or replaces a hashmap entry. If the hashmap contains duplicate + entries equal to the specified entry, only one of them will be replaced. ++ +`map` is the hashmap structure. ++ +`entry` is the entry to add or replace. ++ +Returns the replaced entry, or NULL if not found (i.e. the entry was added). + +`void *hashmap_remove(struct hashmap *map, const void *key, const void *keydata)`:: + + Removes a hashmap entry matching the specified key. If the hashmap + contains duplicate entries equal to the specified key, only one of + them will be removed. ++ +`map` is the hashmap structure. ++ +`key` is a hashmap_entry structure (or user data structure that starts with +hashmap_entry) that has at least been initialized with the proper hash code +(via `hashmap_entry_init`). ++ +If an entry with matching hash code is found, `key` and `keydata` are +passed to `hashmap_cmp_fn` to decide whether the entry matches the key. ++ +Returns the removed entry, or NULL if not found. + +`void hashmap_iter_init(struct hashmap *map, struct hashmap_iter *iter)`:: +`void *hashmap_iter_next(struct hashmap_iter *iter)`:: +`void *hashmap_iter_first(struct hashmap *map, struct hashmap_iter *iter)`:: + + Used to iterate over all entries of a hashmap. ++ +`hashmap_iter_init` initializes a `hashmap_iter` structure. ++ +`hashmap_iter_next` returns the next hashmap_entry, or NULL if there are no +more entries. ++ +`hashmap_iter_first` is a combination of both (i.e. initializes the iterator +and returns the first entry, if any). + +Usage example +------------- + +Here's a simple usage example that maps long keys to double values. +------------ +struct hashmap map; + +struct long2double { + struct hashmap_entry ent; /* must be the first member! */ + long key; + double value; +}; + +static int long2double_cmp(const struct long2double *e1, const struct long2double *e2, const void *unused) +{ + return !(e1->key == e2->key); +} + +void long2double_init(void) +{ + hashmap_init(&map, (hashmap_cmp_fn) long2double_cmp, 0); +} + +void long2double_free(void) +{ + hashmap_free(&map, 1); +} + +static struct long2double *find_entry(long key) +{ + struct long2double k; + hashmap_entry_init(&k, memhash(&key, sizeof(long))); + k.key = key; + return hashmap_get(&map, &k, NULL); +} + +double get_value(long key) +{ + struct long2double *e = find_entry(key); + return e ? e->value : 0; +} + +void set_value(long key, double value) +{ + struct long2double *e = find_entry(key); + if (!e) { + e = malloc(sizeof(struct long2double)); + hashmap_entry_init(e, memhash(&key, sizeof(long))); + e->key = key; + hashmap_add(&map, e); + } + e->value = value; +} +------------ + +Using variable-sized keys +------------------------- + +The `hashmap_entry_get` and `hashmap_entry_remove` functions expect an ordinary +`hashmap_entry` structure as key to find the correct entry. If the key data is +variable-sized (e.g. a FLEX_ARRAY string) or quite large, it is undesirable +to create a full-fledged entry structure on the heap and copy all the key data +into the structure. + +In this case, the `keydata` parameter can be used to pass +variable-sized key data directly to the comparison function, and the `key` +parameter can be a stripped-down, fixed size entry structure allocated on the +stack. + +See test-hashmap.c for an example using arbitrary-length strings as keys. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt index 0be2b5159f..1f2db31312 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt @@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ that allow to change the behavior of a command. The parse-options API allows: -* 'sticked' and 'separate form' of options with arguments. - `-oArg` is sticked, `-o Arg` is separate form. - `--option=Arg` is sticked, `--option Arg` is separate form. +* 'stuck' and 'separate form' of options with arguments. + `-oArg` is stuck, `-o Arg` is separate form. + `--option=Arg` is stuck, `--option Arg` is separate form. * Long options may be 'abbreviated', as long as the abbreviation is unambiguous. @@ -160,10 +160,6 @@ There are some macros to easily define options: `int_var` is set to `integer` with `--option`, and reset to zero with `--no-option`. -`OPT_SET_PTR(short, long, &ptr_var, description, ptr)`:: - Introduce a boolean option. - If used, set `ptr_var` to `ptr`. - `OPT_STRING(short, long, &str_var, arg_str, description)`:: Introduce an option with string argument. The string argument is put into `str_var`. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt index aa1c50f181..02adfd45d3 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt @@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ submodules object database. You can do this by a code-snippet like this: const char *path = "path/to/submodule" - if (!add_submodule_odb(path)) + if (add_submodule_odb(path)) die("Error submodule '%s' not populated.", path); -`add_submodule_odb()` will return an non-zero value on success. If you +`add_submodule_odb()` will return zero on success. If you do not do this you will get an error for each ref that it does not point to a valid object. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-remote.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-remote.txt index 4be87768f6..5d245aa9d1 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-remote.txt @@ -58,16 +58,16 @@ default remote, given the current branch and configuration. struct refspec -------------- -A struct refspec holds the parsed interpretation of a refspec. If it -will force updates (starts with a '+'), force is true. If it is a -pattern (sides end with '*') pattern is true. src and dest are the two -sides (if a pattern, only the part outside of the wildcards); if there -is only one side, it is src, and dst is NULL; if sides exist but are -empty (i.e., the refspec either starts or ends with ':'), the -corresponding side is "". - -This parsing can be done to an array of strings to give an array of -struct refpsecs with parse_ref_spec(). +A struct refspec holds the parsed interpretation of a refspec. If it +will force updates (starts with a '+'), force is true. If it is a +pattern (sides end with '*') pattern is true. src and dest are the +two sides (including '*' characters if present); if there is only one +side, it is src, and dst is NULL; if sides exist but are empty (i.e., +the refspec either starts or ends with ':'), the corresponding side is +"". + +An array of strings can be parsed into an array of struct refspecs +using parse_fetch_refspec() or parse_push_refspec(). remote_find_tracking(), given a remote and a struct refspec with either src or dst filled out, will fill out the other such that the diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-setup.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-setup.txt index 4f63a04d7d..540e455689 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-setup.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-setup.txt @@ -8,6 +8,42 @@ Talk about * is_inside_git_dir() * is_inside_work_tree() * setup_work_tree() -* get_pathspec() (Dscho) + +Pathspec +-------- + +See glossary-context.txt for the syntax of pathspec. In memory, a +pathspec set is represented by "struct pathspec" and is prepared by +parse_pathspec(). This function takes several arguments: + +- magic_mask specifies what features that are NOT supported by the + following code. If a user attempts to use such a feature, + parse_pathspec() can reject it early. + +- flags specifies other things that the caller wants parse_pathspec to + perform. + +- prefix and args come from cmd_* functions + +get_pathspec() is obsolete and should never be used in new code. + +parse_pathspec() helps catch unsupported features and reject them +politely. At a lower level, different pathspec-related functions may +not support the same set of features. Such pathspec-sensitive +functions are guarded with GUARD_PATHSPEC(), which will die in an +unfriendly way when an unsupported feature is requested. + +The command designers are supposed to make sure that GUARD_PATHSPEC() +never dies. They have to make sure all unsupported features are caught +by parse_pathspec(), not by GUARD_PATHSPEC. grepping GUARD_PATHSPEC() +should give the designers all pathspec-sensitive codepaths and what +features they support. + +A similar process is applied when a new pathspec magic is added. The +designer lifts the GUARD_PATHSPEC restriction in the functions that +support the new magic. At the same time (s)he has to make sure this +new feature will be caught at parse_pathspec() in commands that cannot +handle the new magic in some cases. grepping parse_pathspec() should +help. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt index 3350d97dda..4396be9dda 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt @@ -121,10 +121,19 @@ Functions * Related to the contents of the buffer +`strbuf_trim`:: + + Strip whitespace from the beginning and end of a string. + Equivalent to performing `strbuf_rtrim()` followed by `strbuf_ltrim()`. + `strbuf_rtrim`:: Strip whitespace from the end of a string. +`strbuf_ltrim`:: + + Strip whitespace from the beginning of a string. + `strbuf_cmp`:: Compare two buffers. Returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater diff --git a/Documentation/technical/bitmap-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/bitmap-format.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f8c18a0f7a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/bitmap-format.txt @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +GIT bitmap v1 format +==================== + + - A header appears at the beginning: + + 4-byte signature: {'B', 'I', 'T', 'M'} + + 2-byte version number (network byte order) + The current implementation only supports version 1 + of the bitmap index (the same one as JGit). + + 2-byte flags (network byte order) + + The following flags are supported: + + - BITMAP_OPT_FULL_DAG (0x1) REQUIRED + This flag must always be present. It implies that the bitmap + index has been generated for a packfile with full closure + (i.e. where every single object in the packfile can find + its parent links inside the same packfile). This is a + requirement for the bitmap index format, also present in JGit, + that greatly reduces the complexity of the implementation. + + - BITMAP_OPT_HASH_CACHE (0x4) + If present, the end of the bitmap file contains + `N` 32-bit name-hash values, one per object in the + pack. The format and meaning of the name-hash is + described below. + + 4-byte entry count (network byte order) + + The total count of entries (bitmapped commits) in this bitmap index. + + 20-byte checksum + + The SHA1 checksum of the pack this bitmap index belongs to. + + - 4 EWAH bitmaps that act as type indexes + + Type indexes are serialized after the hash cache in the shape + of four EWAH bitmaps stored consecutively (see Appendix A for + the serialization format of an EWAH bitmap). + + There is a bitmap for each Git object type, stored in the following + order: + + - Commits + - Trees + - Blobs + - Tags + + In each bitmap, the `n`th bit is set to true if the `n`th object + in the packfile is of that type. + + The obvious consequence is that the OR of all 4 bitmaps will result + in a full set (all bits set), and the AND of all 4 bitmaps will + result in an empty bitmap (no bits set). + + - N entries with compressed bitmaps, one for each indexed commit + + Where `N` is the total amount of entries in this bitmap index. + Each entry contains the following: + + - 4-byte object position (network byte order) + The position **in the index for the packfile** where the + bitmap for this commit is found. + + - 1-byte XOR-offset + The xor offset used to compress this bitmap. For an entry + in position `x`, a XOR offset of `y` means that the actual + bitmap representing this commit is composed by XORing the + bitmap for this entry with the bitmap in entry `x-y` (i.e. + the bitmap `y` entries before this one). + + Note that this compression can be recursive. In order to + XOR this entry with a previous one, the previous entry needs + to be decompressed first, and so on. + + The hard-limit for this offset is 160 (an entry can only be + xor'ed against one of the 160 entries preceding it). This + number is always positive, and hence entries are always xor'ed + with **previous** bitmaps, not bitmaps that will come afterwards + in the index. + + - 1-byte flags for this bitmap + At the moment the only available flag is `0x1`, which hints + that this bitmap can be re-used when rebuilding bitmap indexes + for the repository. + + - The compressed bitmap itself, see Appendix A. + +== Appendix A: Serialization format for an EWAH bitmap + +Ewah bitmaps are serialized in the same protocol as the JAVAEWAH +library, making them backwards compatible with the JGit +implementation: + + - 4-byte number of bits of the resulting UNCOMPRESSED bitmap + + - 4-byte number of words of the COMPRESSED bitmap, when stored + + - N x 8-byte words, as specified by the previous field + + This is the actual content of the compressed bitmap. + + - 4-byte position of the current RLW for the compressed + bitmap + +All words are stored in network byte order for their corresponding +sizes. + +The compressed bitmap is stored in a form of run-length encoding, as +follows. It consists of a concatenation of an arbitrary number of +chunks. Each chunk consists of one or more 64-bit words + + H L_1 L_2 L_3 .... L_M + +H is called RLW (run length word). It consists of (from lower to higher +order bits): + + - 1 bit: the repeated bit B + + - 32 bits: repetition count K (unsigned) + + - 31 bits: literal word count M (unsigned) + +The bitstream represented by the above chunk is then: + + - K repetitions of B + + - The bits stored in `L_1` through `L_M`. Within a word, bits at + lower order come earlier in the stream than those at higher + order. + +The next word after `L_M` (if any) must again be a RLW, for the next +chunk. For efficient appending to the bitstream, the EWAH stores a +pointer to the last RLW in the stream. + + +== Appendix B: Optional Bitmap Sections + +These sections may or may not be present in the `.bitmap` file; their +presence is indicated by the header flags section described above. + +Name-hash cache +--------------- + +If the BITMAP_OPT_HASH_CACHE flag is set, the end of the bitmap contains +a cache of 32-bit values, one per object in the pack. The value at +position `i` is the hash of the pathname at which the `i`th object +(counting in index order) in the pack can be found. This can be fed +into the delta heuristics to compare objects with similar pathnames. + +The hash algorithm used is: + + hash = 0; + while ((c = *name++)) + if (!isspace(c)) + hash = (hash >> 2) + (c << 24); + +Note that this hashing scheme is tied to the BITMAP_OPT_HASH_CACHE flag. +If implementations want to choose a different hashing scheme, they are +free to do so, but MUST allocate a new header flag (because comparing +hashes made under two different schemes would be pointless). diff --git a/Documentation/technical/http-protocol.txt b/Documentation/technical/http-protocol.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..59be59b0eb --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/http-protocol.txt @@ -0,0 +1,506 @@ +HTTP transfer protocols +======================= + +Git supports two HTTP based transfer protocols. A "dumb" protocol +which requires only a standard HTTP server on the server end of the +connection, and a "smart" protocol which requires a Git aware CGI +(or server module). This document describes both protocols. + +As a design feature smart clients can automatically upgrade "dumb" +protocol URLs to smart URLs. This permits all users to have the +same published URL, and the peers automatically select the most +efficient transport available to them. + + +URL Format +---------- + +URLs for Git repositories accessed by HTTP use the standard HTTP +URL syntax documented by RFC 1738, so they are of the form: + + http://<host>:<port>/<path>?<searchpart> + +Within this documentation the placeholder `$GIT_URL` will stand for +the http:// repository URL entered by the end-user. + +Servers SHOULD handle all requests to locations matching `$GIT_URL`, as +both the "smart" and "dumb" HTTP protocols used by Git operate +by appending additional path components onto the end of the user +supplied `$GIT_URL` string. + +An example of a dumb client requesting for a loose object: + + $GIT_URL: http://example.com:8080/git/repo.git + URL request: http://example.com:8080/git/repo.git/objects/d0/49f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355 + +An example of a smart request to a catch-all gateway: + + $GIT_URL: http://example.com/daemon.cgi?svc=git&q= + URL request: http://example.com/daemon.cgi?svc=git&q=/info/refs&service=git-receive-pack + +An example of a request to a submodule: + + $GIT_URL: http://example.com/git/repo.git/path/submodule.git + URL request: http://example.com/git/repo.git/path/submodule.git/info/refs + +Clients MUST strip a trailing `/`, if present, from the user supplied +`$GIT_URL` string to prevent empty path tokens (`//`) from appearing +in any URL sent to a server. Compatible clients MUST expand +`$GIT_URL/info/refs` as `foo/info/refs` and not `foo//info/refs`. + + +Authentication +-------------- + +Standard HTTP authentication is used if authentication is required +to access a repository, and MAY be configured and enforced by the +HTTP server software. + +Because Git repositories are accessed by standard path components +server administrators MAY use directory based permissions within +their HTTP server to control repository access. + +Clients SHOULD support Basic authentication as described by RFC 2616. +Servers SHOULD support Basic authentication by relying upon the +HTTP server placed in front of the Git server software. + +Servers SHOULD NOT require HTTP cookies for the purposes of +authentication or access control. + +Clients and servers MAY support other common forms of HTTP based +authentication, such as Digest authentication. + + +SSL +--- + +Clients and servers SHOULD support SSL, particularly to protect +passwords when relying on Basic HTTP authentication. + + +Session State +------------- + +The Git over HTTP protocol (much like HTTP itself) is stateless +from the perspective of the HTTP server side. All state MUST be +retained and managed by the client process. This permits simple +round-robin load-balancing on the server side, without needing to +worry about state management. + +Clients MUST NOT require state management on the server side in +order to function correctly. + +Servers MUST NOT require HTTP cookies in order to function correctly. +Clients MAY store and forward HTTP cookies during request processing +as described by RFC 2616 (HTTP/1.1). Servers SHOULD ignore any +cookies sent by a client. + + +General Request Processing +-------------------------- + +Except where noted, all standard HTTP behavior SHOULD be assumed +by both client and server. This includes (but is not necessarily +limited to): + +If there is no repository at `$GIT_URL`, or the resource pointed to by a +location matching `$GIT_URL` does not exist, the server MUST NOT respond +with `200 OK` response. A server SHOULD respond with +`404 Not Found`, `410 Gone`, or any other suitable HTTP status code +which does not imply the resource exists as requested. + +If there is a repository at `$GIT_URL`, but access is not currently +permitted, the server MUST respond with the `403 Forbidden` HTTP +status code. + +Servers SHOULD support both HTTP 1.0 and HTTP 1.1. +Servers SHOULD support chunked encoding for both request and response +bodies. + +Clients SHOULD support both HTTP 1.0 and HTTP 1.1. +Clients SHOULD support chunked encoding for both request and response +bodies. + +Servers MAY return ETag and/or Last-Modified headers. + +Clients MAY revalidate cached entities by including If-Modified-Since +and/or If-None-Match request headers. + +Servers MAY return `304 Not Modified` if the relevant headers appear +in the request and the entity has not changed. Clients MUST treat +`304 Not Modified` identical to `200 OK` by reusing the cached entity. + +Clients MAY reuse a cached entity without revalidation if the +Cache-Control and/or Expires header permits caching. Clients and +servers MUST follow RFC 2616 for cache controls. + + +Discovering References +---------------------- + +All HTTP clients MUST begin either a fetch or a push exchange by +discovering the references available on the remote repository. + +Dumb Clients +~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +HTTP clients that only support the "dumb" protocol MUST discover +references by making a request for the special info/refs file of +the repository. + +Dumb HTTP clients MUST make a `GET` request to `$GIT_URL/info/refs`, +without any search/query parameters. + + C: GET $GIT_URL/info/refs HTTP/1.0 + + S: 200 OK + S: + S: 95dcfa3633004da0049d3d0fa03f80589cbcaf31 refs/heads/maint + S: d049f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355 refs/heads/master + S: 2cb58b79488a98d2721cea644875a8dd0026b115 refs/tags/v1.0 + S: a3c2e2402b99163d1d59756e5f207ae21cccba4c refs/tags/v1.0^{} + +The Content-Type of the returned info/refs entity SHOULD be +`text/plain; charset=utf-8`, but MAY be any content type. +Clients MUST NOT attempt to validate the returned Content-Type. +Dumb servers MUST NOT return a return type starting with +`application/x-git-`. + +Cache-Control headers MAY be returned to disable caching of the +returned entity. + +When examining the response clients SHOULD only examine the HTTP +status code. Valid responses are `200 OK`, or `304 Not Modified`. + +The returned content is a UNIX formatted text file describing +each ref and its known value. The file SHOULD be sorted by name +according to the C locale ordering. The file SHOULD NOT include +the default ref named `HEAD`. + + info_refs = *( ref_record ) + ref_record = any_ref / peeled_ref + + any_ref = obj-id HTAB refname LF + peeled_ref = obj-id HTAB refname LF + obj-id HTAB refname "^{}" LF + +Smart Clients +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +HTTP clients that support the "smart" protocol (or both the +"smart" and "dumb" protocols) MUST discover references by making +a parameterized request for the info/refs file of the repository. + +The request MUST contain exactly one query parameter, +`service=$servicename`, where `$servicename` MUST be the service +name the client wishes to contact to complete the operation. +The request MUST NOT contain additional query parameters. + + C: GET $GIT_URL/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack HTTP/1.0 + +dumb server reply: + + S: 200 OK + S: + S: 95dcfa3633004da0049d3d0fa03f80589cbcaf31 refs/heads/maint + S: d049f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355 refs/heads/master + S: 2cb58b79488a98d2721cea644875a8dd0026b115 refs/tags/v1.0 + S: a3c2e2402b99163d1d59756e5f207ae21cccba4c refs/tags/v1.0^{} + +smart server reply: + + S: 200 OK + S: Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-advertisement + S: Cache-Control: no-cache + S: + S: 001e# service=git-upload-pack\n + S: 004895dcfa3633004da0049d3d0fa03f80589cbcaf31 refs/heads/maint\0multi_ack\n + S: 0042d049f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355 refs/heads/master\n + S: 003c2cb58b79488a98d2721cea644875a8dd0026b115 refs/tags/v1.0\n + S: 003fa3c2e2402b99163d1d59756e5f207ae21cccba4c refs/tags/v1.0^{}\n + +Dumb Server Response +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +Dumb servers MUST respond with the dumb server reply format. + +See the prior section under dumb clients for a more detailed +description of the dumb server response. + +Smart Server Response +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +If the server does not recognize the requested service name, or the +requested service name has been disabled by the server administrator, +the server MUST respond with the `403 Forbidden` HTTP status code. + +Otherwise, smart servers MUST respond with the smart server reply +format for the requested service name. + +Cache-Control headers SHOULD be used to disable caching of the +returned entity. + +The Content-Type MUST be `application/x-$servicename-advertisement`. +Clients SHOULD fall back to the dumb protocol if another content +type is returned. When falling back to the dumb protocol clients +SHOULD NOT make an additional request to `$GIT_URL/info/refs`, but +instead SHOULD use the response already in hand. Clients MUST NOT +continue if they do not support the dumb protocol. + +Clients MUST validate the status code is either `200 OK` or +`304 Not Modified`. + +Clients MUST validate the first five bytes of the response entity +matches the regex `^[0-9a-f]{4}#`. If this test fails, clients +MUST NOT continue. + +Clients MUST parse the entire response as a sequence of pkt-line +records. + +Clients MUST verify the first pkt-line is `# service=$servicename`. +Servers MUST set $servicename to be the request parameter value. +Servers SHOULD include an LF at the end of this line. +Clients MUST ignore an LF at the end of the line. + +Servers MUST terminate the response with the magic `0000` end +pkt-line marker. + +The returned response is a pkt-line stream describing each ref and +its known value. The stream SHOULD be sorted by name according to +the C locale ordering. The stream SHOULD include the default ref +named `HEAD` as the first ref. The stream MUST include capability +declarations behind a NUL on the first ref. + + smart_reply = PKT-LINE("# service=$servicename" LF) + ref_list + "0000" + ref_list = empty_list / non_empty_list + + empty_list = PKT-LINE(zero-id SP "capabilities^{}" NUL cap-list LF) + + non_empty_list = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name NUL cap_list LF) + *ref_record + + cap-list = capability *(SP capability) + capability = 1*(LC_ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "_") + LC_ALPHA = %x61-7A + + ref_record = any_ref / peeled_ref + any_ref = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name LF) + peeled_ref = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name LF) + PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name "^{}" LF + + +Smart Service git-upload-pack +------------------------------ +This service reads from the repository pointed to by `$GIT_URL`. + +Clients MUST first perform ref discovery with +`$GIT_URL/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack`. + + C: POST $GIT_URL/git-upload-pack HTTP/1.0 + C: Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-request + C: + C: 0032want 0a53e9ddeaddad63ad106860237bbf53411d11a7\n + C: 0032have 441b40d833fdfa93eb2908e52742248faf0ee993\n + C: 0000 + + S: 200 OK + S: Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-result + S: Cache-Control: no-cache + S: + S: ....ACK %s, continue + S: ....NAK + +Clients MUST NOT reuse or revalidate a cached response. +Servers MUST include sufficient Cache-Control headers +to prevent caching of the response. + +Servers SHOULD support all capabilities defined here. + +Clients MUST send at least one "want" command in the request body. +Clients MUST NOT reference an id in a "want" command which did not +appear in the response obtained through ref discovery unless the +server advertises capability `allow-tip-sha1-in-want`. + + compute_request = want_list + have_list + request_end + request_end = "0000" / "done" + + want_list = PKT-LINE(want NUL cap_list LF) + *(want_pkt) + want_pkt = PKT-LINE(want LF) + want = "want" SP id + cap_list = *(SP capability) SP + + have_list = *PKT-LINE("have" SP id LF) + +TODO: Document this further. + +The Negotiation Algorithm +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The computation to select the minimal pack proceeds as follows +(C = client, S = server): + +'init step:' + +C: Use ref discovery to obtain the advertised refs. + +C: Place any object seen into set `advertised`. + +C: Build an empty set, `common`, to hold the objects that are later + determined to be on both ends. + +C: Build a set, `want`, of the objects from `advertised` the client + wants to fetch, based on what it saw during ref discovery. + +C: Start a queue, `c_pending`, ordered by commit time (popping newest + first). Add all client refs. When a commit is popped from + the queue its parents SHOULD be automatically inserted back. + Commits MUST only enter the queue once. + +'one compute step:' + +C: Send one `$GIT_URL/git-upload-pack` request: + + C: 0032want <want #1>............................... + C: 0032want <want #2>............................... + .... + C: 0032have <common #1>............................. + C: 0032have <common #2>............................. + .... + C: 0032have <have #1>............................... + C: 0032have <have #2>............................... + .... + C: 0000 + +The stream is organized into "commands", with each command +appearing by itself in a pkt-line. Within a command line, +the text leading up to the first space is the command name, +and the remainder of the line to the first LF is the value. +Command lines are terminated with an LF as the last byte of +the pkt-line value. + +Commands MUST appear in the following order, if they appear +at all in the request stream: + +* "want" +* "have" + +The stream is terminated by a pkt-line flush (`0000`). + +A single "want" or "have" command MUST have one hex formatted +SHA-1 as its value. Multiple SHA-1s MUST be sent by sending +multiple commands. + +The `have` list is created by popping the first 32 commits +from `c_pending`. Less can be supplied if `c_pending` empties. + +If the client has sent 256 "have" commits and has not yet +received one of those back from `s_common`, or the client has +emptied `c_pending` it SHOULD include a "done" command to let +the server know it won't proceed: + + C: 0009done + +S: Parse the git-upload-pack request: + +Verify all objects in `want` are directly reachable from refs. + +The server MAY walk backwards through history or through +the reflog to permit slightly stale requests. + +If no "want" objects are received, send an error: +TODO: Define error if no "want" lines are requested. + +If any "want" object is not reachable, send an error: +TODO: Define error if an invalid "want" is requested. + +Create an empty list, `s_common`. + +If "have" was sent: + +Loop through the objects in the order supplied by the client. + +For each object, if the server has the object reachable from +a ref, add it to `s_common`. If a commit is added to `s_common`, +do not add any ancestors, even if they also appear in `have`. + +S: Send the git-upload-pack response: + +If the server has found a closed set of objects to pack or the +request ends with "done", it replies with the pack. +TODO: Document the pack based response + + S: PACK... + +The returned stream is the side-band-64k protocol supported +by the git-upload-pack service, and the pack is embedded into +stream 1. Progress messages from the server side MAY appear +in stream 2. + +Here a "closed set of objects" is defined to have at least +one path from every "want" to at least one "common" object. + +If the server needs more information, it replies with a +status continue response: +TODO: Document the non-pack response + +C: Parse the upload-pack response: + TODO: Document parsing response + +'Do another compute step.' + + +Smart Service git-receive-pack +------------------------------ +This service reads from the repository pointed to by `$GIT_URL`. + +Clients MUST first perform ref discovery with +`$GIT_URL/info/refs?service=git-receive-pack`. + + C: POST $GIT_URL/git-receive-pack HTTP/1.0 + C: Content-Type: application/x-git-receive-pack-request + C: + C: ....0a53e9ddeaddad63ad106860237bbf53411d11a7 441b40d833fdfa93eb2908e52742248faf0ee993 refs/heads/maint\0 report-status + C: 0000 + C: PACK.... + + S: 200 OK + S: Content-Type: application/x-git-receive-pack-result + S: Cache-Control: no-cache + S: + S: .... + +Clients MUST NOT reuse or revalidate a cached response. +Servers MUST include sufficient Cache-Control headers +to prevent caching of the response. + +Servers SHOULD support all capabilities defined here. + +Clients MUST send at least one command in the request body. +Within the command portion of the request body clients SHOULD send +the id obtained through ref discovery as old_id. + + update_request = command_list + "PACK" <binary data> + + command_list = PKT-LINE(command NUL cap_list LF) + *(command_pkt) + command_pkt = PKT-LINE(command LF) + cap_list = *(SP capability) SP + + command = create / delete / update + create = zero-id SP new_id SP name + delete = old_id SP zero-id SP name + update = old_id SP new_id SP name + +TODO: Document this further. + + +References +---------- + +http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1738.txt[RFC 1738: Uniform Resource Locators (URL)] +http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt[RFC 2616: Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1] +link:technical/pack-protocol.html +link:technical/protocol-capabilities.html diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-heuristics.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-heuristics.txt index 8b7ae1c140..95a07db6e8 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/pack-heuristics.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-heuristics.txt @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ - Concerning Git's Packing Heuristics - =================================== +Concerning Git's Packing Heuristics +=================================== Oh, here's a really stupid question: @@ -366,12 +366,6 @@ been detailed! <linus> Yes, we always write out most recent first -For the other record: - - <pasky> njs`: http://pastebin.com/547965 - -The 'net never forgets, so that should be good until the end of time. - <njs`> And, yeah, I got the part about deeper-in-history stuff having worse IO characteristics, one sort of doesn't care. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt index b898e97988..18dea8d15f 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt @@ -161,6 +161,7 @@ MUST peel the ref if it's an annotated tag. ---- advertised-refs = (no-refs / list-of-refs) + *shallow flush-pkt no-refs = PKT-LINE(zero-id SP "capabilities^{}" @@ -174,6 +175,8 @@ MUST peel the ref if it's an annotated tag. other-tip = obj-id SP refname LF other-peeled = obj-id SP refname "^{}" LF + shallow = PKT-LINE("shallow" SP obj-id) + capability-list = capability *(SP capability) capability = 1*(LC_ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "_") LC_ALPHA = %x61-7A @@ -234,10 +237,10 @@ The client now sends the maximum commit history depth it wants for this transaction, which is the number of commits it wants from the tip of the history, if any, as a 'deepen' line. A depth of 0 is the same as not making a depth request. The client does not want to receive -any commits beyond this depth, nor objects needed only to complete -those commits. Commits whose parents are not received as a result are -defined as shallow and marked as such in the server. This information -is sent back to the client in the next step. +any commits beyond this depth, nor does it want objects needed only to +complete those commits. Commits whose parents are not received as a +result are defined as shallow and marked as such in the server. This +information is sent back to the client in the next step. Once all the 'want's and 'shallow's (and optional 'deepen') are transferred, clients MUST send a flush-pkt, to tell the server side @@ -335,7 +338,8 @@ during a prior round. This helps to ensure that at least one common ancestor is found before we give up entirely. Once the 'done' line is read from the client, the server will either -send a final 'ACK obj-id' or it will send a 'NAK'. The server only sends +send a final 'ACK obj-id' or it will send a 'NAK'. 'obj-id' is the object +name of the last commit determined to be common. The server only sends ACK after 'done' if there is at least one common base and multi_ack or multi_ack_detailed is enabled. The server always sends NAK after 'done' if there is no common base found. @@ -461,7 +465,9 @@ contain all the objects that the server will need to complete the new references. ---- - update-request = command-list [pack-file] + update-request = *shallow command-list [pack-file] + + shallow = PKT-LINE("shallow" SP obj-id) command-list = PKT-LINE(command NUL capability-list LF) *PKT-LINE(command LF) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/protocol-capabilities.txt b/Documentation/technical/protocol-capabilities.txt index fd8ffa5df3..e174343847 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/protocol-capabilities.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/protocol-capabilities.txt @@ -69,17 +69,50 @@ ends. Without multi_ack the client would have sent that c-b-a chain anyway, interleaved with S-R-Q. +multi_ack_detailed +------------------ +This is an extension of multi_ack that permits client to better +understand the server's in-memory state. See pack-protocol.txt, +section "Packfile Negotiation" for more information. + +no-done +------- +This capability should only be used with the smart HTTP protocol. If +multi_ack_detailed and no-done are both present, then the sender is +free to immediately send a pack following its first "ACK obj-id ready" +message. + +Without no-done in the smart HTTP protocol, the server session would +end and the client has to make another trip to send "done" before +the server can send the pack. no-done removes the last round and +thus slightly reduces latency. + thin-pack --------- -This capability means that the server can send a 'thin' pack, a pack -which does not contain base objects; if those base objects are available -on client side. Client requests 'thin-pack' capability when it -understands how to "thicken" it by adding required delta bases making -it self-contained. - -Client MUST NOT request 'thin-pack' capability if it cannot turn a thin -pack into a self-contained pack. +A thin pack is one with deltas which reference base objects not +contained within the pack (but are known to exist at the receiving +end). This can reduce the network traffic significantly, but it +requires the receiving end to know how to "thicken" these packs by +adding the missing bases to the pack. + +The upload-pack server advertises 'thin-pack' when it can generate +and send a thin pack. A client requests the 'thin-pack' capability +when it understands how to "thicken" it, notifying the server that +it can receive such a pack. A client MUST NOT request the +'thin-pack' capability if it cannot turn a thin pack into a +self-contained pack. + +Receive-pack, on the other hand, is assumed by default to be able to +handle thin packs, but can ask the client not to use the feature by +advertising the 'no-thin' capability. A client MUST NOT send a thin +pack if the server advertises the 'no-thin' capability. + +The reasons for this asymmetry are historical. The receive-pack +program did not exist until after the invention of thin packs, so +historically the reference implementation of receive-pack always +understood thin packs. Adding 'no-thin' later allowed receive-pack +to disable the feature in a backwards-compatible manner. side-band, side-band-64k diff --git a/Documentation/technical/protocol-common.txt b/Documentation/technical/protocol-common.txt index fb7ff084f8..889985f707 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/protocol-common.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/protocol-common.txt @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ More specifically, they: caret `^`, colon `:`, question-mark `?`, asterisk `*`, or open bracket `[` anywhere. -. They cannot end with a slash `/` nor a dot `.`. +. They cannot end with a slash `/` or a dot `.`. . They cannot end with the sequence `.lock`. diff --git a/Documentation/user-manual.txt b/Documentation/user-manual.txt index fe723e4722..d33f8849b5 100644 --- a/Documentation/user-manual.txt +++ b/Documentation/user-manual.txt @@ -1,6 +1,5 @@ -Git User's Manual (for version 1.5.3 or newer) -______________________________________________ - +Git User Manual +=============== Git is a fast distributed revision control system. @@ -220,7 +219,7 @@ of development leading to that point. The best way to see how this works is using the linkgit:gitk[1] command; running gitk now on a Git repository and looking for merge -commits will help understand how the Git organizes history. +commits will help understand how Git organizes history. In the following, we say that commit X is "reachable" from commit Y if commit X is an ancestor of commit Y. Equivalently, you could say @@ -269,27 +268,23 @@ Creating, deleting, and modifying branches is quick and easy; here's a summary of the commands: `git branch`:: - list all branches + list all branches. `git branch <branch>`:: create a new branch named `<branch>`, referencing the same - point in history as the current branch + point in history as the current branch. `git branch <branch> <start-point>`:: create a new branch named `<branch>`, referencing `<start-point>`, which may be specified any way you like, - including using a branch name or a tag name + including using a branch name or a tag name. `git branch -d <branch>`:: - delete the branch `<branch>`; if the branch you are deleting - points to a commit which is not reachable from the current - branch, this command will fail with a warning. + delete the branch `<branch>`; if the branch is not fully + merged in its upstream branch or contained in the current branch, + this command will fail with a warning. `git branch -D <branch>`:: - even if the branch points to a commit not reachable - from the current branch, you may know that that commit - is still reachable from some other branch or tag. In that - case it is safe to use this command to force Git to delete - the branch. + delete the branch `<branch>` irrespective of its merged status. `git checkout <branch>`:: make the current branch `<branch>`, updating the working - directory to reflect the version referenced by `<branch>` + directory to reflect the version referenced by `<branch>`. `git checkout -b <new> <start-point>`:: create a new branch `<new>` referencing `<start-point>`, and check it out. @@ -313,10 +308,17 @@ referenced by a tag: ------------------------------------------------ $ git checkout v2.6.17 -Note: moving to "v2.6.17" which isn't a local branch -If you want to create a new branch from this checkout, you may do so -(now or later) by using -b with the checkout command again. Example: - git checkout -b <new_branch_name> +Note: checking out 'v2.6.17'. + +You are in 'detached HEAD' state. You can look around, make experimental +changes and commit them, and you can discard any commits you make in this +state without impacting any branches by performing another checkout. + +If you want to create a new branch to retain commits you create, you may +do so (now or later) by using -b with the checkout command again. Example: + + git checkout -b new_branch_name + HEAD is now at 427abfa... Linux v2.6.17 ------------------------------------------------ @@ -327,7 +329,7 @@ and git branch shows that you are no longer on a branch: $ cat .git/HEAD 427abfa28afedffadfca9dd8b067eb6d36bac53f $ git branch -* (no branch) +* (detached from v2.6.17) master ------------------------------------------------ @@ -787,7 +789,7 @@ e05db0fd4f31dde7005f075a84f96b360d05984b ------------------------------------------------- Or you could recall that the `...` operator selects all commits -contained reachable from either one reference or the other but not +reachable from either one reference or the other but not both; so ------------------------------------------------- @@ -814,7 +816,7 @@ You could just visually inspect the commits since e05db0fd: $ gitk e05db0fd.. ------------------------------------------------- -Or you can use linkgit:git-name-rev[1], which will give the commit a +or you can use linkgit:git-name-rev[1], which will give the commit a name based on any tag it finds pointing to one of the commit's descendants: @@ -858,8 +860,8 @@ because it outputs only commits that are not reachable from v1.5.0-rc1. As yet another alternative, the linkgit:git-show-branch[1] command lists the commits reachable from its arguments with a display on the left-hand -side that indicates which arguments that commit is reachable from. So, -you can run something like +side that indicates which arguments that commit is reachable from. +So, if you run something like ------------------------------------------------- $ git show-branch e05db0fd v1.5.0-rc0 v1.5.0-rc1 v1.5.0-rc2 @@ -871,15 +873,15 @@ available ... ------------------------------------------------- -then search for a line that looks like +then a line like ------------------------------------------------- + ++ [e05db0fd] Fix warnings in sha1_file.c - use C99 printf format if available ------------------------------------------------- -Which shows that e05db0fd is reachable from itself, from v1.5.0-rc1, and -from v1.5.0-rc2, but not from v1.5.0-rc0. +shows that e05db0fd is reachable from itself, from v1.5.0-rc1, +and from v1.5.0-rc2, and not from v1.5.0-rc0. [[showing-commits-unique-to-a-branch]] Showing commits unique to a given branch @@ -1074,19 +1076,13 @@ produce no output at that point. Modifying the index is easy: -To update the index with the new contents of a modified file, use - -------------------------------------------------- -$ git add path/to/file -------------------------------------------------- - -To add the contents of a new file to the index, use +To update the index with the contents of a new or modified file, use ------------------------------------------------- $ git add path/to/file ------------------------------------------------- -To remove a file from the index and from the working tree, +To remove a file from the index and from the working tree, use ------------------------------------------------- $ git rm path/to/file @@ -1787,7 +1783,7 @@ $ git pull . branch $ git merge branch ------------------------------------------------- -are roughly equivalent. The former is actually very commonly used. +are roughly equivalent. [[submitting-patches]] Submitting patches to a project @@ -1977,7 +1973,7 @@ $ git clone http://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git ------------------------------------------------- (See also -link:howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt[setup-git-server-over-http] +link:howto/setup-git-server-over-http.html[setup-git-server-over-http] for a slightly more sophisticated setup using WebDAV which also allows pushing over HTTP.) @@ -2249,11 +2245,11 @@ commit to this branch. $ ... patch ... test ... commit [ ... patch ... test ... commit ]* ------------------------------------------------- -When you are happy with the state of this change, you can pull it into the +When you are happy with the state of this change, you can merge it into the "test" branch in preparation to make it public: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout test && git pull . speed-up-spinlocks +$ git checkout test && git merge speed-up-spinlocks ------------------------------------------------- It is unlikely that you would have any conflicts here ... but you might if you @@ -2265,7 +2261,7 @@ see the value of keeping each patch (or patch series) in its own branch. It means that the patches can be moved into the `release` tree in any order. ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout release && git pull . speed-up-spinlocks +$ git checkout release && git merge speed-up-spinlocks ------------------------------------------------- After a while, you will have a number of branches, and despite the @@ -3191,23 +3187,21 @@ those "loose" objects. You can save space and make Git faster by moving these loose objects in to a "pack file", which stores a group of objects in an efficient compressed format; the details of how pack files are formatted can be -found in link:technical/pack-format.txt[technical/pack-format.txt]. +found in link:technical/pack-format.html[pack format]. To put the loose objects into a pack, just run git repack: ------------------------------------------------ $ git repack -Generating pack... -Done counting 6020 objects. -Deltifying 6020 objects. - 100% (6020/6020) done -Writing 6020 objects. - 100% (6020/6020) done -Total 6020, written 6020 (delta 4070), reused 0 (delta 0) -Pack pack-3e54ad29d5b2e05838c75df582c65257b8d08e1c created. +Counting objects: 6020, done. +Delta compression using up to 4 threads. +Compressing objects: 100% (6020/6020), done. +Writing objects: 100% (6020/6020), done. +Total 6020 (delta 4070), reused 0 (delta 0) ------------------------------------------------ -You can then run +This creates a single "pack file" in .git/objects/pack/ +containing all currently unpacked objects. You can then run ------------------------------------------------ $ git prune @@ -3305,17 +3299,11 @@ state, you can just prune all unreachable objects: $ git prune ------------------------------------------------ -and they'll be gone. But you should only run `git prune` on a quiescent +and they'll be gone. (You should only run `git prune` on a quiescent repository--it's kind of like doing a filesystem fsck recovery: you don't want to do that while the filesystem is mounted. - -(The same is true of `git fsck` itself, btw, but since -`git fsck` never actually *changes* the repository, it just reports -on what it found, `git fsck` itself is never 'dangerous' to run. -Running it while somebody is actually changing the repository can cause -confusing and scary messages, but it won't actually do anything bad. In -contrast, running `git prune` while somebody is actively changing the -repository is a *BAD* idea). +`git prune` is designed not to cause any harm in such cases of concurrent +accesses to a repository but you might receive confusing or scary messages.) [[recovering-from-repository-corruption]] Recovering from repository corruption @@ -3538,7 +3526,7 @@ with Git 1.5.2 can look up the submodule commits in the repository and manually check them out; earlier versions won't recognize the submodules at all. -To see how submodule support works, create (for example) four example +To see how submodule support works, create four example repositories that can be used later as a submodule: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -3640,7 +3628,7 @@ working on a branch. ------------------------------------------------- $ git branch -* (no branch) +* (detached from d266b98) master ------------------------------------------------- @@ -3807,7 +3795,7 @@ like so: $ git update-index filename ------------------------------------------------- -but to avoid common mistakes with filename globbing etc, the command +but to avoid common mistakes with filename globbing etc., the command will not normally add totally new entries or remove old entries, i.e. it will normally just update existing cache entries. @@ -3910,7 +3898,7 @@ fact that such a commit brings together ("merges") two or more previous states represented by other commits. In other words, while a "tree" represents a particular directory state -of a working directory, a "commit" represents that state in "time", +of a working directory, a "commit" represents that state in time, and explains how we got there. You create a commit object by giving it the tree that describes the @@ -3930,8 +3918,7 @@ save the note about that state, in practice we tend to just write the result to the file pointed at by `.git/HEAD`, so that we can always see what the last committed state was. -Here is an ASCII art by Jon Loeliger that illustrates how -various pieces fit together. +Here is a picture that illustrates how various pieces fit together: ------------ @@ -4010,27 +3997,26 @@ to see what the top commit was. Merging multiple trees ---------------------- -Git helps you do a three-way merge, which you can expand to n-way by -repeating the merge procedure arbitrary times until you finally -"commit" the state. The normal situation is that you'd only do one -three-way merge (two parents), and commit it, but if you like to, you -can do multiple parents in one go. +Git can help you perform a three-way merge, which can in turn be +used for a many-way merge by repeating the merge procedure several +times. The usual situation is that you only do one three-way merge +(reconciling two lines of history) and commit the result, but if +you like to, you can merge several branches in one go. -To do a three-way merge, you need the two sets of "commit" objects -that you want to merge, use those to find the closest common parent (a -third "commit" object), and then use those commit objects to find the -state of the directory ("tree" object) at these points. +To perform a three-way merge, you start with the two commits you +want to merge, find their closest common parent (a third commit), +and compare the trees corresponding to these three commits. -To get the "base" for the merge, you first look up the common parent -of two commits with +To get the "base" for the merge, look up the common parent of two +commits: ------------------------------------------------- $ git merge-base <commit1> <commit2> ------------------------------------------------- -which will return you the commit they are both based on. You should -now look up the "tree" objects of those commits, which you can easily -do with (for example) +This prints the name of a commit they are both based on. You should +now look up the tree objects of those commits, which you can easily +do with ------------------------------------------------- $ git cat-file commit <commitname> | head -1 @@ -4088,7 +4074,7 @@ the `HEAD` tree, and stage 3 to the `$target` tree. Earlier we said that trivial merges are done inside `git read-tree -m`. For example, if the file did not change -from `$orig` to `HEAD` nor `$target`, or if the file changed +from `$orig` to `HEAD` or `$target`, or if the file changed from `$orig` to `HEAD` and `$orig` to `$target` the same way, obviously the final outcome is what is in `HEAD`. What the above example shows is that file `hello.c` was changed from @@ -4152,8 +4138,6 @@ about the data in the object. It's worth noting that the SHA-1 hash that is used to name the object is the hash of the original data plus this header, so `sha1sum` 'file' does not match the object name for 'file'. -(Historical note: in the dawn of the age of Git the hash -was the SHA-1 of the 'compressed' object.) As a result, the general consistency of an object can always be tested independently of the contents or the type of the object: all objects can @@ -4247,9 +4231,9 @@ Most of what `git rev-list` did is contained in `revision.c` and controls how and what revisions are walked, and more. The original job of `git rev-parse` is now taken by the function -`setup_revisions()`, which parses the revisions and the common command line +`setup_revisions()`, which parses the revisions and the common command-line options for the revision walker. This information is stored in the struct -`rev_info` for later consumption. You can do your own command line option +`rev_info` for later consumption. You can do your own command-line option parsing after calling `setup_revisions()`. After that, you have to call `prepare_revision_walk()` for initialization, and then you can get the commits one by one with the function `get_revision()`. |