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diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..470fdc5ecd --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git.txt @@ -0,0 +1,649 @@ +git(1) +====== + +NAME +---- +git - the stupid content tracker + + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [--html-path] + [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] + [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--work-tree=GIT_WORK_TREE] + [--help] COMMAND [ARGS] + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an +unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations +and full access to internals. + +See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see +link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and +"man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may +also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See +the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth +introduction. + +The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias +as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]). + +Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git +documentation can be viewed at +`http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`. + +ifdef::stalenotes[] +[NOTE] +============ + +You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly +unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master' +branch of the `git.git` repository. +Documentation for older releases are available here: + +* link:v1.6.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.2.3] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3], + link:RelNotes-1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2], + link:RelNotes-1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1], + link:RelNotes-1.6.2.txt[1.6.2]. + +* link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3], + link:RelNotes-1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2], + link:RelNotes-1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1], + link:RelNotes-1.6.1.txt[1.6.1]. + +* link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6], + link:RelNotes-1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5], + link:RelNotes-1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4], + link:RelNotes-1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3], + link:RelNotes-1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2], + link:RelNotes-1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1], + link:RelNotes-1.6.0.txt[1.6.0]. + +* link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6], + link:RelNotes-1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5], + link:RelNotes-1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4], + link:RelNotes-1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3], + link:RelNotes-1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2], + link:RelNotes-1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1], + link:RelNotes-1.5.6.txt[1.5.6]. + +* link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6], + link:RelNotes-1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5], + link:RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4], + link:RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3], + link:RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2], + link:RelNotes-1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1], + link:RelNotes-1.5.5.txt[1.5.5]. + +* link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7], + link:RelNotes-1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6], + link:RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5], + link:RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4], + link:RelNotes-1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3], + link:RelNotes-1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2], + link:RelNotes-1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1], + link:RelNotes-1.5.4.txt[1.5.4]. + +* link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8], + link:RelNotes-1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7], + link:RelNotes-1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6], + link:RelNotes-1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5], + link:RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4], + link:RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3], + link:RelNotes-1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2], + link:RelNotes-1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1], + link:RelNotes-1.5.3.txt[1.5.3]. + +* link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5], + link:RelNotes-1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4], + link:RelNotes-1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3], + link:RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2], + link:RelNotes-1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1], + link:RelNotes-1.5.2.txt[1.5.2]. + +* link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6], + link:RelNotes-1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5], + link:RelNotes-1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4], + link:RelNotes-1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3], + link:RelNotes-1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2], + link:RelNotes-1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1], + link:RelNotes-1.5.1.txt[1.5.1]. + +* link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7], + link:RelNotes-1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6], + link:RelNotes-1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5], + link:RelNotes-1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3], + link:RelNotes-1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2], + link:RelNotes-1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1], + link:RelNotes-1.5.0.txt[1.5.0]. + +* documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4], + link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3], + link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6], + link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13]. + +============ + +endif::stalenotes[] + +OPTIONS +------- +--version:: + Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from. + +--help:: + Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used + commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all + available commands are printed. If a git command is named this + option will bring up the manual page for that command. ++ +Other options are available to control how the manual page is +displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information, +because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git +help ...`. + +--exec-path:: + Path to wherever your core git programs are installed. + This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH + environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print + the current setting and then exit. + +--html-path:: + Print the path to wherever your git HTML documentation is installed + and exit. + +-p:: +--paginate:: + Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER). + +--no-pager:: + Do not pipe git output into a pager. + +--git-dir=<path>:: + Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by + setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute + path or relative path to current working directory. + +--work-tree=<path>:: + Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be + used in combination with repositories found automatically in + a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set). + This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE + environment variable and the core.worktree configuration + variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to + the directory specified by --git-dir or GIT_DIR. + Note: If --git-dir or GIT_DIR are specified but none of + --work-tree, GIT_WORK_TREE and core.worktree is specified, + the current working directory is regarded as the top directory + of your working tree. + +--bare:: + Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR + environment is not set, it is set to the current working + directory. + + +FURTHER DOCUMENTATION +--------------------- + +See the references above to get started using git. The following is +probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user. + +The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the +user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide +introductions to the underlying git architecture. + +See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful +examples. + +The internals are documented in the +link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation]. + +GIT COMMANDS +------------ + +We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level +("plumbing") commands. + +High-level commands (porcelain) +------------------------------- + +We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some +ancillary user utilities. + +Main porcelain commands +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[] + +Ancillary Commands +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Manipulators: + +include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[] + +Interrogators: + +include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[] + + +Interacting with Others +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other +people via patch over e-mail. + +include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[] + + +Low-level commands (plumbing) +----------------------------- + +Although git includes its +own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support +development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains +might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and +linkgit:git-read-tree[1]. + +The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics) +to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable +than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are +primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands +on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the +end user experience. + +The following description divides +the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in +the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and +compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between +repositories. + + +Manipulation commands +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[] + + +Interrogation commands +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[] + +In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in +the working tree. + + +Synching repositories +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[] + +The following are helper programs used by the above; end users +typically do not use them directly. + +include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[] + + +Internal helper commands +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end +users typically do not use them directly. + +include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[] + + +Configuration Mechanism +----------------------- + +Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file +is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a +simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some +people. Here is an example: + +------------ +# +# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment. +# + +; core variables +[core] + ; Don't trust file modes + filemode = false + +; user identity +[user] + name = "Junio C Hamano" + email = "junkio@twinsun.com" + +------------ + +Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust +their operation accordingly. + + +Identifier Terminology +---------------------- +<object>:: + Indicates the object name for any type of object. + +<blob>:: + Indicates a blob object name. + +<tree>:: + Indicates a tree object name. + +<commit>:: + Indicates a commit object name. + +<tree-ish>:: + Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A + command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to + operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences + <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>. + +<commit-ish>:: + Indicates a commit or tag object name. A + command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to + operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences + <tag> objects that point at a <commit>. + +<type>:: + Indicates that an object type is required. + Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`. + +<file>:: + Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the + root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes. + +Symbolic Identifiers +-------------------- +Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following +symbolic notation: + +HEAD:: + indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the + contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`). + +<tag>:: + a valid tag 'name' + (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`). + +<head>:: + a valid head 'name' + (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`). + +For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see +"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. + + +File/Directory Structure +------------------------ + +Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document. + +Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook. + +Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the +`$GIT_DIR`. + + +Terminology +----------- +Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7]. + + +Environment Variables +--------------------- +Various git commands use the following environment variables: + +The git Repository +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it +is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above +git so take care if using Cogito etc. + +'GIT_INDEX_FILE':: + This environment allows the specification of an alternate + index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index` + is used. + +'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY':: + If the object storage directory is specified via this + environment variable then the sha1 directories are created + underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects` + directory is used. + +'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES':: + Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be + archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable + specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list + of git object directories which can be used to search for git + objects. New objects will not be written to these directories. + +'GIT_DIR':: + If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it + specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git` + for the base of the repository. + +'GIT_WORK_TREE':: + Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be + used in combination with repositories found automatically in + a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set). + This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line + option and the core.worktree configuration variable. + +'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES':: + This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. + If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir + up into while looking for a repository directory. + It will not exclude the current working directory or + a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment. + (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.) + +git Commits +~~~~~~~~~~~ +'GIT_AUTHOR_NAME':: +'GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL':: +'GIT_AUTHOR_DATE':: +'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME':: +'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL':: +'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE':: +'EMAIL':: + see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] + +git Diffs +~~~~~~~~~ +'GIT_DIFF_OPTS':: + Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the + number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created. + This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option + value passed on the git diff command line. + +'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF':: + When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the + program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation + described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified, + 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters: + + path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode ++ +where: + + <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the + contents of <old|new>, + <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes, + <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes. + ++ +The file parameters can point at the user's working file +(e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file` +when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the +index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the +temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits. ++ +For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1 +parameter, <path>. + +other +~~~~~ +'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY':: + A number controlling the amount of output shown by + the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity. + See linkgit:git-merge[1] + +'GIT_PAGER':: + This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set + to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch + a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in + linkgit:git-config[1]. + +'GIT_SSH':: + If this environment variable is set then 'git-fetch' + and 'git-push' will use this command instead + of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system. + The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments: + the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the + shell command to execute on that remote system. ++ +To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH +you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script, +then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script. ++ +Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your +personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation +for further details. + +'GIT_FLUSH':: + If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such + as 'git-blame' (in incremental mode), 'git-rev-list', 'git-log', + and 'git-whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream + after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this + variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done + using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is + not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing + based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not. + +'GIT_TRACE':: + If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison + is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on + stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command + execution and external command execution. + If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1 + and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this + value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the + trace messages into this file descriptor. + Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path + (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this + as a file path and will try to write the trace messages + into it. + +Discussion[[Discussion]] +------------------------ + +More detail on the following is available from the +link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the +user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7]. + +A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git" +subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other +things, a compressed object database representing the complete history +of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current +contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such +as tags and branch heads. + +The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which +hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up +directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree +and some number of parent commits. + +The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or +"version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent +represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one +parent represent merges of independent lines of development. + +All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally +written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique. +The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing +just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this +purpose. + +When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for +efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files". + +Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref +may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs +with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most +recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of +tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named +`HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch. + +The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each +path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents +the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The +attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the +corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the +working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may +be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the +content stored in the index. + +The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages") +for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various +unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress. + +Authors +------- +* git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>. +* The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>. +* The git potty was written by Andreas Ericsson <ae@op5.se>. +* General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. + +Documentation +-------------- +The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves +<david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the +contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7], +link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7], +linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7], +linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite |