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Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation/git-rebase.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/git-rebase.txt | 213 |
1 files changed, 181 insertions, 32 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt index 5e4e927647..8c1f4b8268 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt @@ -8,16 +8,16 @@ git-rebase - Reapply commits on top of another base tip SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [<options>] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] - [<upstream> [<branch>]] +'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [<options>] [--exec <cmd>] + [--onto <newbase> | --keep-base] [<upstream> [<branch>]] 'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [<options>] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] --root [<branch>] -'git rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --edit-todo | --show-current-patch +'git rebase' (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --edit-todo | --show-current-patch) DESCRIPTION ----------- If <branch> is specified, 'git rebase' will perform an automatic -`git checkout <branch>` before doing anything else. Otherwise +`git switch <branch>` before doing anything else. Otherwise it remains on the current branch. If <upstream> is not specified, the upstream configured in @@ -217,6 +217,24 @@ As a special case, you may use "A\...B" as a shortcut for the merge base of A and B if there is exactly one merge base. You can leave out at most one of A and B, in which case it defaults to HEAD. +--keep-base:: + Set the starting point at which to create the new commits to the + merge base of <upstream> <branch>. Running + 'git rebase --keep-base <upstream> <branch>' is equivalent to + running 'git rebase --onto <upstream>... <upstream>'. ++ +This option is useful in the case where one is developing a feature on +top of an upstream branch. While the feature is being worked on, the +upstream branch may advance and it may not be the best idea to keep +rebasing on top of the upstream but to keep the base commit as-is. ++ +Although both this option and --fork-point find the merge base between +<upstream> and <branch>, this option uses the merge base as the _starting +point_ on which new commits will be created, whereas --fork-point uses +the merge base to determine the _set of commits_ which will be rebased. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. + <upstream>:: Upstream branch to compare against. May be any valid commit, not just an existing branch name. Defaults to the configured @@ -240,16 +258,45 @@ leave out at most one of A and B, in which case it defaults to HEAD. original branch. The index and working tree are also left unchanged as a result. ---keep-empty:: - Keep the commits that do not change anything from its - parents in the result. +--apply: + Use applying strategies to rebase (calling `git-am` + internally). This option may become a no-op in the future + once the merge backend handles everything the apply one does. + See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. +--empty={drop,keep,ask}:: + How to handle commits that are not empty to start and are not + clean cherry-picks of any upstream commit, but which become + empty after rebasing (because they contain a subset of already + upstream changes). With drop (the default), commits that + become empty are dropped. With keep, such commits are kept. + With ask (implied by --interactive), the rebase will halt when + an empty commit is applied allowing you to choose whether to + drop it, edit files more, or just commit the empty changes. + Other options, like --exec, will use the default of drop unless + -i/--interactive is explicitly specified. ++ +Note that commits which start empty are kept, and commits which are +clean cherry-picks (as determined by `git log --cherry-mark ...`) are +always dropped. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. + +--keep-empty:: + No-op. Rebasing commits that started empty (had no change + relative to their parent) used to fail and this option would + override that behavior, allowing commits with empty changes to + be rebased. Now commits with no changes do not cause rebasing + to halt. ++ +See also BEHAVIORAL DIFFERENCES and INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. + --allow-empty-message:: - By default, rebasing commits with an empty message will fail. - This option overrides that behavior, allowing commits with empty - messages to be rebased. + No-op. Rebasing commits with an empty message used to fail + and this option would override that behavior, allowing commits + with empty messages to be rebased. Now commits with an empty + message do not cause rebasing to halt. + See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. @@ -268,7 +315,7 @@ See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. --merge:: Use merging strategies to rebase. When the recursive (default) merge strategy is used, this allows rebase to be aware of renames on the - upstream side. + upstream side. This is the default. + Note that a rebase merge works by replaying each commit from the working branch on top of the <upstream> branch. Because of this, when a merge @@ -338,7 +385,7 @@ See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. Ensure at least <n> lines of surrounding context match before and after each change. When fewer lines of surrounding context exist they all must match. By default no context is - ever ignored. + ever ignored. Implies --apply. + See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. @@ -369,11 +416,16 @@ ends up being empty, the <upstream> will be used as a fallback. + If either <upstream> or --root is given on the command line, then the default is `--no-fork-point`, otherwise the default is `--fork-point`. ++ +If your branch was based on <upstream> but <upstream> was rewound and +your branch contains commits which were dropped, this option can be used +with `--keep-base` in order to drop those commits from your branch. --ignore-whitespace:: --whitespace=<option>:: - These flag are passed to the 'git apply' program + These flags are passed to the 'git apply' program (see linkgit:git-apply[1]) that applies the patch. + Implies --apply. + See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. @@ -421,8 +473,8 @@ the `rebase-cousins` mode is turned on, such commits are instead rebased onto `<upstream>` (or `<onto>`, if specified). + The `--rebase-merges` mode is similar in spirit to the deprecated -`--preserve-merges`, but in contrast to that option works well in interactive -rebases: commits can be reordered, inserted and dropped at will. +`--preserve-merges` but works with interactive rebases, +where commits can be reordered, inserted and dropped at will. + It is currently only possible to recreate the merge commits using the `recursive` merge strategy; Different merge strategies can be used only via @@ -517,10 +569,11 @@ INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS The following options: + * --apply * --committer-date-is-author-date * --ignore-date - * --whitespace * --ignore-whitespace + * --whitespace * -C are incompatible with the following options: @@ -535,6 +588,7 @@ are incompatible with the following options: * --interactive * --exec * --keep-empty + * --empty= * --edit-todo * --root when used in combination with --onto @@ -543,33 +597,127 @@ In addition, the following pairs of options are incompatible: * --preserve-merges and --interactive * --preserve-merges and --signoff * --preserve-merges and --rebase-merges - * --rebase-merges and --strategy - * --rebase-merges and --strategy-option + * --preserve-merges and --empty= + * --keep-base and --onto + * --keep-base and --root BEHAVIORAL DIFFERENCES ----------------------- -There are some subtle differences how the backends behave. +git rebase has two primary backends: apply and merge. (The apply +backend used to known as the 'am' backend, but the name led to +confusion as it looks like a verb instead of a noun. Also, the merge +backend used to be known as the interactive backend, but it is now +used for non-interactive cases as well. Both were renamed based on +lower-level functionality that underpinned each.) There are some +subtle differences in how these two backends behave: Empty commits ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The am backend drops any "empty" commits, regardless of whether the -commit started empty (had no changes relative to its parent to -start with) or ended empty (all changes were already applied -upstream in other commits). +The apply backend unfortunately drops intentionally empty commits, i.e. +commits that started empty, though these are rare in practice. It +also drops commits that become empty and has no option for controlling +this behavior. -The interactive backend drops commits by default that -started empty and halts if it hits a commit that ended up empty. -The `--keep-empty` option exists for the interactive backend to allow -it to keep commits that started empty. +The merge backend keeps intentionally empty commits. Similar to the +apply backend, by default the merge backend drops commits that become +empty unless -i/--interactive is specified (in which case it stops and +asks the user what to do). The merge backend also has an +--empty={drop,keep,ask} option for changing the behavior of handling +commits that become empty. Directory rename detection ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Directory rename heuristics are enabled in the merge and interactive -backends. Due to the lack of accurate tree information, directory -rename detection is disabled in the am backend. +Due to the lack of accurate tree information (arising from +constructing fake ancestors with the limited information available in +patches), directory rename detection is disabled in the apply backend. +Disabled directory rename detection means that if one side of history +renames a directory and the other adds new files to the old directory, +then the new files will be left behind in the old directory without +any warning at the time of rebasing that you may want to move these +files into the new directory. + +Directory rename detection works with the merge backend to provide you +warnings in such cases. + +Context +~~~~~~~ + +The apply backend works by creating a sequence of patches (by calling +`format-patch` internally), and then applying the patches in sequence +(calling `am` internally). Patches are composed of multiple hunks, +each with line numbers, a context region, and the actual changes. The +line numbers have to be taken with some fuzz, since the other side +will likely have inserted or deleted lines earlier in the file. The +context region is meant to help find how to adjust the line numbers in +order to apply the changes to the right lines. However, if multiple +areas of the code have the same surrounding lines of context, the +wrong one can be picked. There are real-world cases where this has +caused commits to be reapplied incorrectly with no conflicts reported. +Setting diff.context to a larger value may prevent such types of +problems, but increases the chance of spurious conflicts (since it +will require more lines of matching context to apply). + +The merge backend works with a full copy of each relevant file, +insulating it from these types of problems. + +Labelling of conflicts markers +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When there are content conflicts, the merge machinery tries to +annotate each side's conflict markers with the commits where the +content came from. Since the apply backend drops the original +information about the rebased commits and their parents (and instead +generates new fake commits based off limited information in the +generated patches), those commits cannot be identified; instead it has +to fall back to a commit summary. Also, when merge.conflictStyle is +set to diff3, the apply backend will use "constructed merge base" to +label the content from the merge base, and thus provide no information +about the merge base commit whatsoever. + +The merge backend works with the full commits on both sides of history +and thus has no such limitations. + +Hooks +~~~~~ + +The apply backend has not traditionally called the post-commit hook, +while the merge backend has. However, this was by accident of +implementation rather than by design. Both backends should have the +same behavior, though it is not clear which one is correct. + +Interruptability +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The apply backend has safety problems with an ill-timed interrupt; if +the user presses Ctrl-C at the wrong time to try to abort the rebase, +the rebase can enter a state where it cannot be aborted with a +subsequent `git rebase --abort`. The merge backend does not appear to +suffer from the same shortcoming. (See +https://lore.kernel.org/git/20200207132152.GC2868@szeder.dev/ for +details.) + +Miscellaneous differences +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +There are a few more behavioral differences that most folks would +probably consider inconsequential but which are mentioned for +completeness: + +* Reflog: The two backends will use different wording when describing + the changes made in the reflog, though both will make use of the + word "rebase". + +* Progress, informational, and error messages: The two backends + provide slightly different progress and informational messages. + Also, the apply backend writes error messages (such as "Your files + would be overwritten...") to stdout, while the merge backend writes + them to stderr. + +* State directories: The two backends keep their state in different + directories under .git/ include::merge-strategies.txt[] @@ -832,7 +980,8 @@ Hard case: The changes are not the same.:: This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase had conflicts, or used `--interactive` to omit, edit, squash, or fixup commits; or if the upstream used one of `commit --amend`, `reset`, or - `filter-branch`. + a full history rewriting command like + https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[`filter-repo`]. The easy case @@ -870,7 +1019,7 @@ NOTE: While an "easy case recovery" sometimes appears to be successful --interactive` will be **resurrected**! The idea is to manually tell 'git rebase' "where the old 'subsystem' -ended and your 'topic' began", that is, what the old merge-base +ended and your 'topic' began", that is, what the old merge base between them was. You will have to find a way to name the last commit of the old 'subsystem', for example: |