Merge branch 'master' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git

* 'master' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git: (66 commits) Git 2.22-rc2 ...
author: Jiang Xin <worldhello.net@gmail.com> 2019-05-31 14:34:26 +0800
committer: Jiang Xin <worldhello.net@gmail.com> 2019-05-31 14:34:26 +0800
commit: a17177ce3ac74afc0b2e6fc6c80c1e1991b96a13 (patch)
tree: 0ff1a62d28a13bc8d8708148b85d3b0ba2632f92
parent: Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/Softcatala/git-po (diff)
parent: Git 2.22-rc2 (diff)
download: tgif-a17177ce3ac74afc0b2e6fc6c80c1e1991b96a13.tar.xz
95 files changed, 1001 insertions, 553 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.0.txt
index 114f147fd6..84e1ba6106 100644
--- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.0.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.0.txt
@@ -99,6 +99,18 @@ UI, Workflows & Features
    repositories now; also the pathname hash-cache is created by
    default to avoid making crappy deltas when repacking.
 
+ * "git branch new A...B" and "git checkout -b new A...B" have been
+   taught that in their contexts, the notation A...B means "the merge
+   base between these two commits", just like "git checkout A...B"
+   detaches HEAD at that commit.
+
+ * Update "git difftool" and "git mergetool" so that the combinations
+   of {diff,merge}.{tool,guitool} configuration variables serve as
+   fallback settings of each other in a sensible order.
+
+ * The "--dir-diff" mode of "git difftool" is not useful in "--no-index"
+   mode; they are now explicitly marked as mutually incompatible.
+
 
 Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc.
 
@@ -178,6 +190,27 @@ Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc.
  * The internal implementation of "git rebase -i" has been updated to
    avoid forking a separate "rebase--interactive" process.
 
+ * Allow DEP and ASLR for Windows build to for security hardening.
+
+ * Performance test framework has been broken and measured the version
+   of Git that happens to be on $PATH, not the specified one to
+   measure, for a while, which has been corrected.
+
+ * Optionally "make coccicheck" can feed multiple source files to
+   spatch, gaining performance while spending more memory.
+
+ * Attempt to use an abbreviated option in "git clone --recurs" is
+   responded by a request to disambiguate between --recursive and
+   --recurse-submodules, which is bad because these two are synonyms.
+   The parse-options API has been extended to define such synonyms
+   more easily and not produce an unnecessary failure.
+
+ * A pair of private functions in http.c that had names similar to
+   fread/fwrite did not return the number of elements, which was found
+   to be confusing.
+
+ * Update collision-detecting SHA-1 code to build properly on HP-UX.
+
 
 Fixes since v2.21
 -----------------
@@ -474,6 +507,41 @@ Fixes since v2.21
    files used by these commands in such a situation.
    (merge 4a72486de9 pw/clean-sequencer-state-upon-final-commit later to maint).
 
+ * On a filesystem like HFS+, the names of the refs stored as filesystem
+   entities may become different from what the end-user expects, just
+   like files in the working tree get "renamed".  Work around the
+   mismatch by paying attention to the core.precomposeUnicode
+   configuration.
+   (merge 8e712ef6fc en/unicode-in-refnames later to maint).
+
+ * The code to generate the multi-pack idx file was not prepared to
+   see too many packfiles and ran out of open file descriptor, which
+   has been corrected.
+
+ * To run tests for Git SVN, our scripts for CI used to install the
+   git-svn package (in the hope that it would bring in the right
+   dependencies).  This has been updated to install the more direct
+   dependency, namely, libsvn-perl.
+   (merge db864306cf sg/ci-libsvn-perl later to maint).
+
+ * "git cvsexportcommit" running on msys did not expect cvsnt showed
+   "cvs status" output with CRLF line endings.
+
+ * The fsmonitor interface got out of sync after the in-core index
+   file gets discarded, which has been corrected.
+   (merge 398a3b0899 js/fsmonitor-refresh-after-discarding-index later to maint).
+
+ * "git status" did not know that the "label" instruction in the
+   todo-list "rebase -i -r" uses should not be shown as a hex object
+   name.
+
+ * A prerequiste check in the test suite to see if a working jgit is
+   available was made more robust.
+   (merge abd0f28983 tz/test-lib-check-working-jgit later to maint).
+
+ * The codepath to parse :<path> that obtains the object name for an
+   indexed object has been made more robust.
+
  * Code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc.
    (merge 11f470aee7 jc/test-yes-doc later to maint).
    (merge 90503a240b js/doc-symref-in-proto-v1 later to maint).
@@ -510,3 +578,13 @@ Fixes since v2.21
    (merge d8083e4180 km/t3000-retitle later to maint).
    (merge 9e4cbccbd7 tz/git-svn-doc-markup-fix later to maint).
    (merge da9ca955a7 jk/ls-files-doc-markup-fix later to maint).
+   (merge 6804ba3a58 cw/diff-highlight later to maint).
+   (merge 1a8787144d nd/submodule-helper-incomplete-line-fix later to maint).
+   (merge d9ef573837 jk/apache-lsan later to maint).
+   (merge c871fbee2b js/t6500-use-windows-pid-on-mingw later to maint).
+   (merge ce4c7bfc90 bl/t4253-exit-code-from-format-patch later to maint).
+   (merge 397a46db78 js/t5580-unc-alternate-test later to maint).
+   (merge d4907720a2 cm/notes-comment-fix later to maint).
+   (merge 9dde06de13 cb/http-push-null-in-message-fix later to maint).
+   (merge 4c785c0edc js/rebase-config-bitfix later to maint).
+   (merge 8e9fe16c87 es/doc-gitsubmodules-markup later to maint).
diff --git a/Documentation/config/stash.txt b/Documentation/config/stash.txt
index c583d46d6b..7710758efb 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/stash.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/stash.txt
@@ -1,3 +1,18 @@
+stash.useBuiltin::
+       Set to `false` to use the legacy shell script implementation of
+       linkgit:git-stash[1]. Is `true` by default, which means use
+       the built-in rewrite of it in C.
++
+The C rewrite is first included with Git version 2.22 (and Git for Windows
+version 2.19). This option serves an an escape hatch to re-enable the
+legacy version in case any bugs are found in the rewrite. This option and
+the shell script version of linkgit:git-stash[1] will be removed in some
+future release.
++
+If you find some reason to set this option to `false`, other than
+one-off testing, you should report the behavior difference as a bug in
+Git (see https://git-scm.com/community for details).
+
 stash.showPatch::
 	If this is set to true, the `git stash show` command without an
 	option will show the stash entry in patch form.  Defaults to false.
diff --git a/Documentation/config/trace2.txt b/Documentation/config/trace2.txt
index a5f409c1c1..2edbfb02fe 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/trace2.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/trace2.txt
@@ -4,17 +4,17 @@ command line arguments are not respected.
 
 trace2.normalTarget::
 	This variable controls the normal target destination.
-	It may be overridden by the `GIT_TR2` environment variable.
+	It may be overridden by the `GIT_TRACE2` environment variable.
 	The following table shows possible values.
 
 trace2.perfTarget::
 	This variable controls the performance target destination.
-	It may be overridden by the `GIT_TR2_PERF` environment variable.
+	It may be overridden by the `GIT_TRACE2_PERF` environment variable.
 	The following table shows possible values.
 
 trace2.eventTarget::
 	This variable controls the event target destination.
-	It may be overridden by the `GIT_TR2_EVENT` environment variable.
+	It may be overridden by the `GIT_TRACE2_EVENT` environment variable.
 	The following table shows possible values.
 +
 include::../trace2-target-values.txt[]
@@ -22,22 +22,22 @@ include::../trace2-target-values.txt[]
 trace2.normalBrief::
 	Boolean.  When true `time`, `filename`, and `line` fields are
 	omitted from normal output.  May be overridden by the
-	`GIT_TR2_BRIEF` environment variable.  Defaults to false.
+	`GIT_TRACE2_BRIEF` environment variable.  Defaults to false.
 
 trace2.perfBrief::
 	Boolean.  When true `time`, `filename`, and `line` fields are
 	omitted from PERF output.  May be overridden by the
-	`GIT_TR2_PERF_BRIEF` environment variable.  Defaults to false.
+	`GIT_TRACE2_PERF_BRIEF` environment variable.  Defaults to false.
 
 trace2.eventBrief::
 	Boolean.  When true `time`, `filename`, and `line` fields are
 	omitted from event output.  May be overridden by the
-	`GIT_TR2_EVENT_BRIEF` environment variable.  Defaults to false.
+	`GIT_TRACE2_EVENT_BRIEF` environment variable.  Defaults to false.
 
 trace2.eventNesting::
 	Integer.  Specifies desired depth of nested regions in the
 	event output.  Regions deeper than this value will be
-	omitted.  May be overridden by the `GIT_TR2_EVENT_NESTING`
+	omitted.  May be overridden by the `GIT_TRACE2_EVENT_NESTING`
 	environment variable.  Defaults to 2.
 
 trace2.configParams::
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ trace2.configParams::
 	settings that should be recorded in the trace2 output.
 	For example, `core.*,remote.*.url` would cause the trace2
 	output to contain events listing each configured remote.
-	May be overridden by the `GIT_TR2_CONFIG_PARAMS` environment
+	May be overridden by the `GIT_TRACE2_CONFIG_PARAMS` environment
 	variable.  Unset by default.
 
 trace2.destinationDebug::
@@ -53,4 +53,4 @@ trace2.destinationDebug::
 	trace target destination cannot be opened for writing.
 	By default, these errors are suppressed and tracing is
 	silently disabled.  May be overridden by the
-	`GIT_TR2_DST_DEBUG` environment variable.
+	`GIT_TRACE2_DST_DEBUG` environment variable.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-branch.txt
index 0cd87ddeff..6ebd512b4f 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-branch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-branch.txt
@@ -45,7 +45,11 @@ argument is missing it defaults to `HEAD` (i.e. the tip of the current
 branch).
 
 The command's second form creates a new branch head named <branchname>
-which points to the current `HEAD`, or <start-point> if given.
+which points to the current `HEAD`, or <start-point> if given. As a
+special case, for <start-point>, you may use `"A...B"` as a shortcut for
+the merge base of `A` and `B` if there is exactly one merge base. You
+can leave out at most one of `A` and `B`, in which case it defaults to
+`HEAD`.
 
 Note that this will create the new branch, but it will not switch the
 working tree to it; use "git checkout <newbranch>" to switch to the
diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt
index 877e5f503a..964f912d29 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt
@@ -313,6 +313,10 @@ leave out at most one of `A` and `B`, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`.
 <start_point>::
 	The name of a commit at which to start the new branch; see
 	linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. Defaults to HEAD.
++
+As a special case, you may use `"A...B"` as a shortcut for the
+merge base of `A` and `B` if there is exactly one merge base. You can
+leave out at most one of `A` and `B`, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`.
 
 <tree-ish>::
 	Tree to checkout from (when paths are given). If not specified,
diff --git a/Documentation/git-difftool.txt b/Documentation/git-difftool.txt
index 96c26e6aa8..484c485fd0 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-difftool.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-difftool.txt
@@ -90,7 +90,9 @@ instead.  `--no-symlinks` is the default on Windows.
 	When 'git-difftool' is invoked with the `-g` or `--gui` option
 	the default diff tool will be read from the configured
 	`diff.guitool` variable instead of `diff.tool`. The `--no-gui`
-	option can be used to override this setting.
+	option can be used to override this setting. If `diff.guitool`
+	is not set, we will fallback in the order of `merge.guitool`,
+	`diff.tool`, `merge.tool` until a tool is found.
 
 --[no-]trust-exit-code::
 	'git-difftool' invokes a diff tool individually on each file.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-mergetool--lib.txt b/Documentation/git-mergetool--lib.txt
index 055550b2bc..4da9d24096 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-mergetool--lib.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-mergetool--lib.txt
@@ -28,7 +28,9 @@ to define the operation mode for the functions listed below.
 FUNCTIONS
 ---------
 get_merge_tool::
-	returns a merge tool.
+	returns a merge tool. the return code is 1 if we returned a guessed
+	merge tool, else 0. '$GIT_MERGETOOL_GUI' may be set to 'true' to
+	search for the appropriate guitool.
 
 get_merge_tool_cmd::
 	returns the custom command for a merge tool.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt b/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt
index 0c7975a050..6b14702e78 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt
@@ -83,7 +83,9 @@ success of the resolution after the custom tool has exited.
 --gui::
 	When 'git-mergetool' is invoked with the `-g` or `--gui` option
 	the default merge tool will be read from the configured
-	`merge.guitool` variable instead of `merge.tool`.
+	`merge.guitool` variable instead of `merge.tool`. If
+	`merge.guitool` is not set, we will fallback to the tool
+	configured under `merge.tool`.
 
 --no-gui::
 	This overrides a previous `-g` or `--gui` setting and reads the
diff --git a/Documentation/git-pull.txt b/Documentation/git-pull.txt
index 118d9d86f7..a5e9501a0a 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-pull.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-pull.txt
@@ -112,8 +112,9 @@ When set to `merges`, rebase using `git rebase --rebase-merges` so that
 the local merge commits are included in the rebase (see
 linkgit:git-rebase[1] for details).
 +
-When set to preserve, rebase with the `--preserve-merges` option passed
-to `git rebase` so that locally created merge commits will not be flattened.
+When set to `preserve` (deprecated in favor of `merges`), rebase with the
+`--preserve-merges` option passed to `git rebase` so that locally created
+merge commits will not be flattened.
 +
 When false, merge the current branch into the upstream branch.
 +
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
index f5e6ae3907..5e4e927647 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
@@ -675,7 +675,8 @@ $ git rebase -i HEAD~5
 
 And move the first patch to the end of the list.
 
-You might want to preserve merges, if you have a history like this:
+You might want to recreate merge commits, e.g. if you have a history
+like this:
 
 ------------------
            X
@@ -689,7 +690,7 @@ Suppose you want to rebase the side branch starting at "A" to "Q". Make
 sure that the current HEAD is "B", and call
 
 -----------------------------
-$ git rebase -i -p --onto Q O
+$ git rebase -i -r --onto Q O
 -----------------------------
 
 Reordering and editing commits usually creates untested intermediate
diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt
index 6d1f2fd9ae..6ddc1e2ca6 100644
--- a/Documentation/git.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git.txt
@@ -660,6 +660,54 @@ of clones and fetches.
 	When a curl trace is enabled (see `GIT_TRACE_CURL` above), do not dump
 	data (that is, only dump info lines and headers).
 
+`GIT_TRACE2`::
+	Enables more detailed trace messages from the "trace2" library.
+	Output from `GIT_TRACE2` is a simple text-based format for human
+	readability.
++
+If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
+is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
+stderr.
++
+If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
+and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
+value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
+trace messages into this file descriptor.
++
+Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
+(starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
+as a file path and will try to append the trace messages
+to it.  If the path already exists and is a directory, the
+trace messages will be written to files (one per process)
+in that directory, named according to the last component
+of the SID and an optional counter (to avoid filename
+collisions).
++
+In addition, if the variable is set to
+`af_unix:[<socket_type>:]<absolute-pathname>`, Git will try
+to open the path as a Unix Domain Socket.  The socket type
+can be either `stream` or `dgram`.
++
+Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
+"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
++
+See link:technical/api-trace2.html[Trace2 documentation]
+for full details.
+
+
+`GIT_TRACE2_EVENT`::
+	This setting writes a JSON-based format that is suited for machine
+	interpretation.
+	See `GIT_TRACE2` for available trace output options and
+	link:technical/api-trace2.html[Trace2 documentation] for full details.
+
+`GIT_TRACE2_PERF`::
+	In addition to the text-based messages available in `GIT_TRACE2`, this
+	setting writes a column-based format for understanding nesting
+	regions.
+	See `GIT_TRACE2` for available trace output options and
+	link:technical/api-trace2.html[Trace2 documentation] for full details.
+
 `GIT_REDACT_COOKIES`::
 	This can be set to a comma-separated list of strings. When a curl trace
 	is enabled (see `GIT_TRACE_CURL` above), whenever a "Cookies:" header
diff --git a/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt b/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt
index 57999e9f36..0a890205b8 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt
@@ -169,15 +169,15 @@ ACTIVE SUBMODULES
 
 A submodule is considered active,
 
-  a. if `submodule.<name>.active` is set to `true`
+  1. if `submodule.<name>.active` is set to `true`
 +
 or
 
-  b. if the submodule's path matches the pathspec in `submodule.active`
+  2. if the submodule's path matches the pathspec in `submodule.active`
 +
 or
 
-  c. if `submodule.<name>.url` is set.
+  3. if `submodule.<name>.url` is set.
 
 and these are evaluated in this order.
 
@@ -193,11 +193,11 @@ For example:
     url = https://example.org/baz
 
 In the above config only the submodule 'bar' and 'baz' are active,
-'bar' due to (a) and 'baz' due to (c). 'foo' is inactive because
-(a) takes precedence over (c)
+'bar' due to (1) and 'baz' due to (3). 'foo' is inactive because
+(1) takes precedence over (3)
 
-Note that (c) is a historical artefact and will be ignored if the
-(a) and (b) specify that the submodule is not active. In other words,
+Note that (3) is a historical artefact and will be ignored if the
+(1) and (2) specify that the submodule is not active. In other words,
 if we have a `submodule.<name>.active` set to `false` or if the
 submodule's path is excluded in the pathspec in `submodule.active`, the
 url doesn't matter whether it is present or not. This is illustrated in
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt
index 9e585b8e79..23c3cc7a37 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ formats in the future.  This might be used to define a binary format,
 for example.
 
 Trace2 is controlled using `trace2.*` config values in the system and
-global config files and `GIT_TR2*` environment variables.  Trace2 does
+global config files and `GIT_TRACE2*` environment variables.  Trace2 does
 not read from repo local or worktree config files or respect `-c`
 command line config settings.
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ config setting.
 For example
 
 ------------
-$ export GIT_TR2=~/log.normal
+$ export GIT_TRACE2=~/log.normal
 $ git version
 git version 2.20.1.155.g426c96fcdb
 ------------
@@ -71,13 +71,13 @@ $ cat ~/log.normal
 The performance format target (PERF) is a column-based format to
 replace GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE and is suitable for development and
 testing, possibly to complement tools like gprof.  This format is
-enabled with the `GIT_TR2_PERF` environment variable or the
+enabled with the `GIT_TRACE2_PERF` environment variable or the
 `trace2.perfTarget` system or global config setting.
 
 For example
 
 ------------
-$ export GIT_TR2_PERF=~/log.perf
+$ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF=~/log.perf
 $ git version
 git version 2.20.1.155.g426c96fcdb
 ------------
@@ -104,14 +104,14 @@ $ cat ~/log.perf
 === The Event Format Target
 
 The event format target is a JSON-based format of event data suitable
-for telemetry analysis.  This format is enabled with the `GIT_TR2_EVENT`
+for telemetry analysis.  This format is enabled with the `GIT_TRACE2_EVENT`
 environment variable or the `trace2.eventTarget` system or global config
 setting.
 
 For example
 
 ------------
-$ export GIT_TR2_EVENT=~/log.event
+$ export GIT_TRACE2_EVENT=~/log.event
 $ git version
 git version 2.20.1.155.g426c96fcdb
 ------------
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ significantly affects program performance or behavior, such as
 	Emits a "def_param" messages for "important" configuration
 	settings.
 +
-The environment variable `GIT_TR2_CONFIG_PARAMS` or the `trace2.configParams`
+The environment variable `GIT_TRACE2_CONFIG_PARAMS` or the `trace2.configParams`
 config value can be set to a
 list of patterns of important configuration settings, for example:
 `core.*,remote.*.url`.  This function will iterate over all config
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ Events are written as lines of the form:
 Note that this may contain embedded LF or CRLF characters that are
 not escaped, so the event may spill across multiple lines.
 
-If `GIT_TR2_BRIEF` or `trace2.normalBrief` is true, the `time`, `filename`,
+If `GIT_TRACE2_BRIEF` or `trace2.normalBrief` is true, the `time`, `filename`,
 and `line` fields are omitted.
 
 This target is intended to be more of a summary (like GIT_TRACE) and
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ This field is in anticipation of in-proc submodules in the future.
 15:33:33.532712 wt-status.c:2331                  | d0 | main                     | region_leave | r1  |  0.127568 |  0.001504 | status     | label:print
 ------------
 
-If `GIT_TR2_PERF_BRIEF` or `trace2.perfBrief` is true, the `time`, `file`,
+If `GIT_TRACE2_PERF_BRIEF` or `trace2.perfBrief` is true, the `time`, `file`,
 and `line` fields are omitted.
 
 ------------
@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ The following key/value pairs are common to all events:
 `"repo":<repo-id>`::
 	when present, is the integer repo-id as described previously.
 
-If `GIT_TR2_EVENT_BRIEF` or `trace2.eventBrief` is true, the `file`
+If `GIT_TRACE2_EVENT_BRIEF` or `trace2.eventBrief` is true, the `file`
 and `line` fields are omitted from all events and the `time` field is
 only present on the "start" and "atexit" events.
 
@@ -911,7 +911,7 @@ visited.
 The `category` field may be used in a future enhancement to
 do category-based filtering.
 +
-`GIT_TR2_EVENT_NESTING` or `trace2.eventNesting` can be used to
+`GIT_TRACE2_EVENT_NESTING` or `trace2.eventNesting` can be used to
 filter deeply nested regions and data events.  It defaults to "2".
 
 `"region_leave"`::
@@ -1039,8 +1039,8 @@ rev-list, and gc.  This example also shows that fetch took
 5.199 seconds and of that 4.932 was in ssh.
 +
 ----------------
-$ export GIT_TR2_BRIEF=1
-$ export GIT_TR2=~/log.normal
+$ export GIT_TRACE2_BRIEF=1
+$ export GIT_TRACE2=~/log.normal
 $ git fetch origin
 ...
 ----------------
@@ -1075,8 +1075,8 @@ its name as "gc", it also reports the hierarchy as "fetch/gc".
 indented for clarity.)
 +
 ----------------
-$ export GIT_TR2_BRIEF=1
-$ export GIT_TR2=~/log.normal
+$ export GIT_TRACE2_BRIEF=1
+$ export GIT_TRACE2=~/log.normal
 $ git fetch origin
 ...
 ----------------
@@ -1134,8 +1134,8 @@ In this example, scanning for untracked files ran from +0.012568 to
 +0.027149 (since the process started) and took 0.014581 seconds.
 +
 ----------------
-$ export GIT_TR2_PERF_BRIEF=1
-$ export GIT_TR2_PERF=~/log.perf
+$ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF_BRIEF=1
+$ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF=~/log.perf
 $ git status
 ...
 
@@ -1180,8 +1180,8 @@ static enum path_treatment read_directory_recursive(struct dir_struct *dir,
 We can further investigate the time spent scanning for untracked files.
 +
 ----------------
-$ export GIT_TR2_PERF_BRIEF=1
-$ export GIT_TR2_PERF=~/log.perf
+$ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF_BRIEF=1
+$ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF=~/log.perf
 $ git status
 ...
 $ cat ~/log.perf
@@ -1236,8 +1236,8 @@ int read_index_from(struct index_state *istate, const char *path,
 This example shows that the index contained 3552 entries.
 +
 ----------------
-$ export GIT_TR2_PERF_BRIEF=1
-$ export GIT_TR2_PERF=~/log.perf
+$ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF_BRIEF=1
+$ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF=~/log.perf
 $ git status
 ...
 $ cat ~/log.perf
@@ -1310,8 +1310,8 @@ Data events are tagged with the active thread name.  They are used
 to report the per-thread parameters.
 +
 ----------------
-$ export GIT_TR2_PERF_BRIEF=1
-$ export GIT_TR2_PERF=~/log.perf
+$ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF_BRIEF=1
+$ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF=~/log.perf
 $ git status
 ...
 $ cat ~/log.perf
diff --git a/GIT-VERSION-GEN b/GIT-VERSION-GEN
index 8a5009caf9..7a228b2a9c 100755
--- a/GIT-VERSION-GEN
+++ b/GIT-VERSION-GEN
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 GVF=GIT-VERSION-FILE
-DEF_VER=v2.22.0-rc0
+DEF_VER=v2.22.0-rc2
 
 LF='
 '
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index f965509b3c..8a7e235352 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -1171,8 +1171,11 @@ PTHREAD_CFLAGS =
 SPARSE_FLAGS ?=
 SP_EXTRA_FLAGS =
 
-# For the 'coccicheck' target
+# For the 'coccicheck' target; setting SPATCH_BATCH_SIZE higher will
+# usually result in less CPU usage at the cost of higher peak memory.
+# Setting it to 0 will feed all files in a single spatch invocation.
 SPATCH_FLAGS = --all-includes --patch .
+SPATCH_BATCH_SIZE = 1
 
 include config.mak.uname
 -include config.mak.autogen
@@ -2807,12 +2810,14 @@ endif
 
 %.cocci.patch: %.cocci $(COCCI_SOURCES)
 	@echo '    ' SPATCH $<; \
-	ret=0; \
-	for f in $(COCCI_SOURCES); do \
-		$(SPATCH) --sp-file $< $$f $(SPATCH_FLAGS) || \
-			{ ret=$$?; break; }; \
-	done >$@+ 2>$@.log; \
-	if test $$ret != 0; \
+	if test $(SPATCH_BATCH_SIZE) = 0; then \
+		limit=; \
+	else \
+		limit='-n $(SPATCH_BATCH_SIZE)'; \
+	fi; \
+	if ! echo $(COCCI_SOURCES) | xargs $$limit \
+		$(SPATCH) --sp-file $< $(SPATCH_FLAGS) \
+		>$@+ 2>$@.log; \
 	then \
 		cat $@.log; \
 		exit 1; \
diff --git a/branch.c b/branch.c
index 643694542a..a594cc23e2 100644
--- a/branch.c
+++ b/branch.c
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ void create_branch(struct repository *r,
 	}
 
 	real_ref = NULL;
-	if (get_oid(start_name, &oid)) {
+	if (get_oid_mb(start_name, &oid)) {
 		if (explicit_tracking) {
 			if (advice_set_upstream_failure) {
 				error(_(upstream_missing), start_name);
diff --git a/builtin/clone.c b/builtin/clone.c
index ffdd94e8f6..85b0d3155d 100644
--- a/builtin/clone.c
+++ b/builtin/clone.c
@@ -99,10 +99,7 @@ static struct option builtin_clone_options[] = {
 		    N_("don't use local hardlinks, always copy")),
 	OPT_BOOL('s', "shared", &option_shared,
 		    N_("setup as shared repository")),
-	{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "recursive", &option_recurse_submodules,
-	  N_("pathspec"), N_("initialize submodules in the clone"),
-	  PARSE_OPT_OPTARG | PARSE_OPT_HIDDEN, recurse_submodules_cb,
-	  (intptr_t)"." },
+	OPT_ALIAS(0, "recursive", "recurse-submodules"),
 	{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "recurse-submodules", &option_recurse_submodules,
 	  N_("pathspec"), N_("initialize submodules in the clone"),
 	  PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, recurse_submodules_cb, (intptr_t)"." },
diff --git a/builtin/difftool.c b/builtin/difftool.c
index 04ffa1d943..16eb8b70ea 100644
--- a/builtin/difftool.c
+++ b/builtin/difftool.c
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 #include "object-store.h"
 #include "dir.h"
 
-static char *diff_gui_tool;
 static int trust_exit_code;
 
 static const char *const builtin_difftool_usage[] = {
@@ -34,11 +33,6 @@ static const char *const builtin_difftool_usage[] = {
 
 static int difftool_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb)
 {
-	if (!strcmp(var, "diff.guitool")) {
-		diff_gui_tool = xstrdup(value);
-		return 0;
-	}
-
 	if (!strcmp(var, "difftool.trustexitcode")) {
 		trust_exit_code = git_config_bool(var, value);
 		return 0;
@@ -733,10 +727,14 @@ int cmd_difftool(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		setup_work_tree();
 		setenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT, absolute_path(get_git_dir()), 1);
 		setenv(GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT, absolute_path(get_git_work_tree()), 1);
-	}
+	} else if (dir_diff)
+		die(_("--dir-diff is incompatible with --no-index"));
+
+	if (use_gui_tool + !!difftool_cmd + !!extcmd > 1)
+		die(_("--gui, --tool and --extcmd are mutually exclusive"));
 
-	if (use_gui_tool && diff_gui_tool && *diff_gui_tool)
-		setenv("GIT_DIFF_TOOL", diff_gui_tool, 1);
+	if (use_gui_tool)
+		setenv("GIT_MERGETOOL_GUI", "true", 1);
 	else if (difftool_cmd) {
 		if (*difftool_cmd)
 			setenv("GIT_DIFF_TOOL", difftool_cmd, 1);
diff --git a/builtin/multi-pack-index.c b/builtin/multi-pack-index.c
index ae6e476ad5..72dfd3dadc 100644
--- a/builtin/multi-pack-index.c
+++ b/builtin/multi-pack-index.c
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ int cmd_multi_pack_index(int argc, const char **argv,
 	if (!strcmp(argv[0], "write"))
 		return write_midx_file(opts.object_dir);
 	if (!strcmp(argv[0], "verify"))
-		return verify_midx_file(opts.object_dir);
+		return verify_midx_file(the_repository, opts.object_dir);
 
 	die(_("unrecognized verb: %s"), argv[0]);
 }
diff --git a/builtin/pack-objects.c b/builtin/pack-objects.c
index 9f424aabab..41d7fc5983 100644
--- a/builtin/pack-objects.c
+++ b/builtin/pack-objects.c
@@ -1080,7 +1080,7 @@ static int want_object_in_pack(const struct object_id *oid,
 
 	for (m = get_multi_pack_index(the_repository); m; m = m->next) {
 		struct pack_entry e;
-		if (fill_midx_entry(oid, &e, m)) {
+		if (fill_midx_entry(the_repository, oid, &e, m)) {
 			struct packed_git *p = e.p;
 			off_t offset;
 
diff --git a/builtin/pack-refs.c b/builtin/pack-refs.c
index f3353564f9..cfbd5c36c7 100644
--- a/builtin/pack-refs.c
+++ b/builtin/pack-refs.c
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "builtin.h"
+#include "config.h"
 #include "parse-options.h"
 #include "refs.h"
 #include "repository.h"
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ int cmd_pack_refs(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		OPT_BIT(0, "prune", &flags, N_("prune loose refs (default)"), PACK_REFS_PRUNE),
 		OPT_END(),
 	};
+	git_config(git_default_config, NULL);
 	if (parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, opts, pack_refs_usage, 0))
 		usage_with_options(pack_refs_usage, opts);
 	return refs_pack_refs(get_main_ref_store(the_repository), flags);
diff --git a/builtin/rebase.c b/builtin/rebase.c
index ba3a574e40..db6ca9bd7d 100644
--- a/builtin/rebase.c
+++ b/builtin/rebase.c
@@ -1203,7 +1203,7 @@ static int rebase_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *data)
 		if (git_config_bool(var, value))
 			opts->flags |= REBASE_DIFFSTAT;
 		else
-			opts->flags &= !REBASE_DIFFSTAT;
+			opts->flags &= ~REBASE_DIFFSTAT;
 		return 0;
 	}
 
diff --git a/builtin/show-ref.c b/builtin/show-ref.c
index 6a706c02a6..6456da70cc 100644
--- a/builtin/show-ref.c
+++ b/builtin/show-ref.c
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "cache.h"
+#include "config.h"
 #include "refs.h"
 #include "object-store.h"
 #include "object.h"
@@ -182,6 +183,8 @@ static const struct option show_ref_options[] = {
 
 int cmd_show_ref(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
+	git_config(git_default_config, NULL);
+
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, show_ref_options,
 			     show_ref_usage, 0);
 
diff --git a/builtin/submodule--helper.c b/builtin/submodule--helper.c
index 8c72ea864c..0bf4aa088e 100644
--- a/builtin/submodule--helper.c
+++ b/builtin/submodule--helper.c
@@ -1301,7 +1301,7 @@ static int add_possible_reference_from_superproject(
 				die(_("submodule '%s' cannot add alternate: %s"),
 				    sas->submodule_name, err.buf);
 			case SUBMODULE_ALTERNATE_ERROR_INFO:
-				fprintf(stderr, _("submodule '%s' cannot add alternate: %s"),
+				fprintf_ln(stderr, _("submodule '%s' cannot add alternate: %s"),
 					sas->submodule_name, err.buf);
 			case SUBMODULE_ALTERNATE_ERROR_IGNORE:
 				; /* nothing */
diff --git a/builtin/tag.c b/builtin/tag.c
index 1debd3a11c..ef37dccf86 100644
--- a/builtin/tag.c
+++ b/builtin/tag.c
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ struct create_tag_options {
 };
 
 static const char message_advice_nested_tag[] =
-	N_("You have created a nested tag. The object referred to by your new is\n"
+	N_("You have created a nested tag. The object referred to by your new tag is\n"
 	   "already a tag. If you meant to tag the object that it points to, use:\n"
 	   "\n"
 	   "\tgit tag -f %s %s^{}");
diff --git a/cache.h b/cache.h
index fa8ede9a2d..b4bb2e2c11 100644
--- a/cache.h
+++ b/cache.h
@@ -341,7 +341,8 @@ struct index_state {
 		 initialized : 1,
 		 drop_cache_tree : 1,
 		 updated_workdir : 1,
-		 updated_skipworktree : 1;
+		 updated_skipworktree : 1,
+		 fsmonitor_has_run_once : 1;
 	struct hashmap name_hash;
 	struct hashmap dir_hash;
 	struct object_id oid;
diff --git a/ci/install-dependencies.sh b/ci/install-dependencies.sh
index 52a44c690a..7f6acdd803 100755
--- a/ci/install-dependencies.sh
+++ b/ci/install-dependencies.sh
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ case "$jobname" in
 linux-clang|linux-gcc)
 	sudo apt-add-repository -y "ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test"
 	sudo apt-get -q update
-	sudo apt-get -q -y install language-pack-is git-svn apache2
+	sudo apt-get -q -y install language-pack-is libsvn-perl apache2
 	case "$jobname" in
 	linux-gcc)
 		sudo apt-get -q -y install gcc-8
diff --git a/commit-graph.c b/commit-graph.c
index 7bcc9bb7e0..7c5e54875f 100644
--- a/commit-graph.c
+++ b/commit-graph.c
@@ -267,8 +267,10 @@ struct commit_graph *parse_commit_graph(void *graph_map, int fd,
 		last_chunk_offset = chunk_offset;
 	}
 
-	if (verify_commit_graph_lite(graph))
+	if (verify_commit_graph_lite(graph)) {
+		free(graph);
 		return NULL;
+	}
 
 	return graph;
 }
diff --git a/compat/mingw.c b/compat/mingw.c
index a2f74aca6a..9b6d2400e1 100644
--- a/compat/mingw.c
+++ b/compat/mingw.c
@@ -1714,142 +1714,10 @@ int mingw_putenv(const char *namevalue)
 	return result ? 0 : -1;
 }
 
-/*
- * Note, this isn't a complete replacement for getaddrinfo. It assumes
- * that service contains a numerical port, or that it is null. It
- * does a simple search using gethostbyname, and returns one IPv4 host
- * if one was found.
- */
-static int WSAAPI getaddrinfo_stub(const char *node, const char *service,
-				   const struct addrinfo *hints,
-				   struct addrinfo **res)
-{
-	struct hostent *h = NULL;
-	struct addrinfo *ai;
-	struct sockaddr_in *sin;
-
-	if (node) {
-		h = gethostbyname(node);
-		if (!h)
-			return WSAGetLastError();
-	}
-
-	ai = xmalloc(sizeof(struct addrinfo));
-	*res = ai;
-	ai->ai_flags = 0;
-	ai->ai_family = AF_INET;
-	ai->ai_socktype = hints ? hints->ai_socktype : 0;
-	switch (ai->ai_socktype) {
-	case SOCK_STREAM:
-		ai->ai_protocol = IPPROTO_TCP;
-		break;
-	case SOCK_DGRAM:
-		ai->ai_protocol = IPPROTO_UDP;
-		break;
-	default:
-		ai->ai_protocol = 0;
-		break;
-	}
-	ai->ai_addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
-	if (hints && (hints->ai_flags & AI_CANONNAME))
-		ai->ai_canonname = h ? xstrdup(h->h_name) : NULL;
-	else
-		ai->ai_canonname = NULL;
-
-	sin = xcalloc(1, ai->ai_addrlen);
-	sin->sin_family = AF_INET;
-	/* Note: getaddrinfo is supposed to allow service to be a string,
-	 * which should be looked up using getservbyname. This is
-	 * currently not implemented */
-	if (service)
-		sin->sin_port = htons(atoi(service));
-	if (h)
-		sin->sin_addr = *(struct in_addr *)h->h_addr;
-	else if (hints && (hints->ai_flags & AI_PASSIVE))
-		sin->sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
-	else
-		sin->sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_LOOPBACK;
-	ai->ai_addr = (struct sockaddr *)sin;
-	ai->ai_next = NULL;
-	return 0;
-}
-
-static void WSAAPI freeaddrinfo_stub(struct addrinfo *res)
-{
-	free(res->ai_canonname);
-	free(res->ai_addr);
-	free(res);
-}
-
-static int WSAAPI getnameinfo_stub(const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen,
-				   char *host, DWORD hostlen,
-				   char *serv, DWORD servlen, int flags)
-{
-	const struct sockaddr_in *sin = (const struct sockaddr_in *)sa;
-	if (sa->sa_family != AF_INET)
-		return EAI_FAMILY;
-	if (!host && !serv)
-		return EAI_NONAME;
-
-	if (host && hostlen > 0) {
-		struct hostent *ent = NULL;
-		if (!(flags & NI_NUMERICHOST))
-			ent = gethostbyaddr((const char *)&sin->sin_addr,
-					    sizeof(sin->sin_addr), AF_INET);
-
-		if (ent)
-			snprintf(host, hostlen, "%s", ent->h_name);
-		else if (flags & NI_NAMEREQD)
-			return EAI_NONAME;
-		else
-			snprintf(host, hostlen, "%s", inet_ntoa(sin->sin_addr));
-	}
-
-	if (serv && servlen > 0) {
-		struct servent *ent = NULL;
-		if (!(flags & NI_NUMERICSERV))
-			ent = getservbyport(sin->sin_port,
-					    flags & NI_DGRAM ? "udp" : "tcp");
-
-		if (ent)
-			snprintf(serv, servlen, "%s", ent->s_name);
-		else
-			snprintf(serv, servlen, "%d", ntohs(sin->sin_port));
-	}
-
-	return 0;
-}
-
-static HMODULE ipv6_dll = NULL;
-static void (WSAAPI *ipv6_freeaddrinfo)(struct addrinfo *res);
-static int (WSAAPI *ipv6_getaddrinfo)(const char *node, const char *service,
-				      const struct addrinfo *hints,
-				      struct addrinfo **res);
-static int (WSAAPI *ipv6_getnameinfo)(const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen,
-				      char *host, DWORD hostlen,
-				      char *serv, DWORD servlen, int flags);
-/*
- * gai_strerror is an inline function in the ws2tcpip.h header, so we
- * don't need to try to load that one dynamically.
- */
-
-static void socket_cleanup(void)
-{
-	WSACleanup();
-	if (ipv6_dll)
-		FreeLibrary(ipv6_dll);
-	ipv6_dll = NULL;
-	ipv6_freeaddrinfo = freeaddrinfo_stub;
-	ipv6_getaddrinfo = getaddrinfo_stub;
-	ipv6_getnameinfo = getnameinfo_stub;
-}
-
 static void ensure_socket_initialization(void)
 {
 	WSADATA wsa;
 	static int initialized = 0;
-	const char *libraries[] = { "ws2_32.dll", "wship6.dll", NULL };
-	const char **name;
 
 	if (initialized)
 		return;
@@ -1858,35 +1726,7 @@ static void ensure_socket_initialization(void)
 		die("unable to initialize winsock subsystem, error %d",
 			WSAGetLastError());
 
-	for (name = libraries; *name; name++) {
-		ipv6_dll = LoadLibraryExA(*name, NULL,
-					  LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32);
-		if (!ipv6_dll)
-			continue;
-
-		ipv6_freeaddrinfo = (void (WSAAPI *)(struct addrinfo *))
-			GetProcAddress(ipv6_dll, "freeaddrinfo");
-		ipv6_getaddrinfo = (int (WSAAPI *)(const char *, const char *,
-						   const struct addrinfo *,
-						   struct addrinfo **))
-			GetProcAddress(ipv6_dll, "getaddrinfo");
-		ipv6_getnameinfo = (int (WSAAPI *)(const struct sockaddr *,
-						   socklen_t, char *, DWORD,
-						   char *, DWORD, int))
-			GetProcAddress(ipv6_dll, "getnameinfo");
-		if (!ipv6_freeaddrinfo || !ipv6_getaddrinfo || !ipv6_getnameinfo) {
-			FreeLibrary(ipv6_dll);
-			ipv6_dll = NULL;
-		} else
-			break;
-	}
-	if (!ipv6_freeaddrinfo || !ipv6_getaddrinfo || !ipv6_getnameinfo) {
-		ipv6_freeaddrinfo = freeaddrinfo_stub;
-		ipv6_getaddrinfo = getaddrinfo_stub;
-		ipv6_getnameinfo = getnameinfo_stub;
-	}
-
-	atexit(socket_cleanup);
+	atexit((void(*)(void)) WSACleanup);
 	initialized = 1;
 }
 
@@ -1904,24 +1744,12 @@ struct hostent *mingw_gethostbyname(const char *host)
 	return gethostbyname(host);
 }
 
-void mingw_freeaddrinfo(struct addrinfo *res)
-{
-	ipv6_freeaddrinfo(res);
-}
-
+#undef getaddrinfo
 int mingw_getaddrinfo(const char *node, const char *service,
 		      const struct addrinfo *hints, struct addrinfo **res)
 {
 	ensure_socket_initialization();
-	return ipv6_getaddrinfo(node, service, hints, res);
-}
-
-int mingw_getnameinfo(const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen,
-		      char *host, DWORD hostlen, char *serv, DWORD servlen,
-		      int flags)
-{
-	ensure_socket_initialization();
-	return ipv6_getnameinfo(sa, salen, host, hostlen, serv, servlen, flags);
+	return getaddrinfo(node, service, hints, res);
 }
 
 int mingw_socket(int domain, int type, int protocol)
diff --git a/compat/mingw.h b/compat/mingw.h
index 4d73f8aa9d..593bdbffe6 100644
--- a/compat/mingw.h
+++ b/compat/mingw.h
@@ -295,18 +295,10 @@ int mingw_gethostname(char *host, int namelen);
 struct hostent *mingw_gethostbyname(const char *host);
 #define gethostbyname mingw_gethostbyname
 
-void mingw_freeaddrinfo(struct addrinfo *res);
-#define freeaddrinfo mingw_freeaddrinfo
-
 int mingw_getaddrinfo(const char *node, const char *service,
 		      const struct addrinfo *hints, struct addrinfo **res);
 #define getaddrinfo mingw_getaddrinfo
 
-int mingw_getnameinfo(const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen,
-		      char *host, DWORD hostlen, char *serv, DWORD servlen,
-		      int flags);
-#define getnameinfo mingw_getnameinfo
-
 int mingw_socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);
 #define socket mingw_socket
 
diff --git a/config.mak.uname b/config.mak.uname
index 19ce2f296a..b71688eeb7 100644
--- a/config.mak.uname
+++ b/config.mak.uname
@@ -576,13 +576,21 @@ else
 	ifneq ($(shell expr "$(uname_R)" : '1\.'),2)
 		# MSys2
 		prefix = /usr/
+		# Enable DEP
+		BASIC_LDFLAGS += -Wl,--nxcompat
+		# Enable ASLR (unless debugging)
+		ifneq (,$(findstring -O,$(filter-out -O0 -Og,$(CFLAGS))))
+			BASIC_LDFLAGS += -Wl,--dynamicbase
+		endif
 		ifeq (MINGW32,$(MSYSTEM))
 			prefix = /mingw32
 			HOST_CPU = i686
+			BASIC_LDFLAGS += -Wl,--pic-executable,-e,_mainCRTStartup
 		endif
 		ifeq (MINGW64,$(MSYSTEM))
 			prefix = /mingw64
 			HOST_CPU = x86_64
+			BASIC_LDFLAGS += -Wl,--pic-executable,-e,mainCRTStartup
 		else
 			COMPAT_CFLAGS += -D_USE_32BIT_TIME_T
 			BASIC_LDFLAGS += -Wl,--large-address-aware
diff --git a/contrib/diff-highlight/DiffHighlight.pm b/contrib/diff-highlight/DiffHighlight.pm
index 536754583b..7440aa1c46 100644
--- a/contrib/diff-highlight/DiffHighlight.pm
+++ b/contrib/diff-highlight/DiffHighlight.pm
@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@ use 5.008;
 use warnings FATAL => 'all';
 use strict;
 
+# Use the correct value for both UNIX and Windows (/dev/null vs nul)
+use File::Spec;
+
+my $NULL = File::Spec->devnull();
+
 # Highlight by reversing foreground and background. You could do
 # other things like bold or underline if you prefer.
 my @OLD_HIGHLIGHT = (
@@ -134,7 +139,7 @@ sub highlight_stdin {
 # fallback, which means we will work even if git can't be run.
 sub color_config {
 	my ($key, $default) = @_;
-	my $s = `git config --get-color $key 2>/dev/null`;
+	my $s = `git config --get-color $key 2>$NULL`;
 	return length($s) ? $s : $default;
 }
 
diff --git a/diff.c b/diff.c
index 4d3cf83a27..2068b1c06e 100644
--- a/diff.c
+++ b/diff.c
@@ -5211,9 +5211,11 @@ static int diff_opt_unified(const struct option *opt,
 
 	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
 
-	options->context = strtol(arg, &s, 10);
-	if (*s)
-		return error(_("%s expects a numerical value"), "--unified");
+	if (arg) {
+		options->context = strtol(arg, &s, 10);
+		if (*s)
+			return error(_("%s expects a numerical value"), "--unified");
+	}
 	enable_patch_output(&options->output_format);
 
 	return 0;
@@ -5272,7 +5274,7 @@ static void prep_parse_options(struct diff_options *options)
 			  DIFF_FORMAT_PATCH, DIFF_FORMAT_NO_OUTPUT),
 		OPT_CALLBACK_F('U', "unified", options, N_("<n>"),
 			       N_("generate diffs with <n> lines context"),
-			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG, diff_opt_unified),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, diff_opt_unified),
 		OPT_BOOL('W', "function-context", &options->flags.funccontext,
 			 N_("generate diffs with <n> lines context")),
 		OPT_BIT_F(0, "raw", &options->output_format,
@@ -5453,13 +5455,13 @@ static void prep_parse_options(struct diff_options *options)
 			       N_("equivalent to --word-diff=color --word-diff-regex=<regex>"),
 			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, diff_opt_color_words),
 		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "color-moved", options, N_("<mode>"),
-			       N_("move lines of code are colored differently"),
+			       N_("moved lines of code are colored differently"),
 			       PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, diff_opt_color_moved),
 		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "color-moved-ws", options, N_("<mode>"),
 			       N_("how white spaces are ignored in --color-moved"),
 			       0, diff_opt_color_moved_ws),
 
-		OPT_GROUP(N_("Diff other options")),
+		OPT_GROUP(N_("Other diff options")),
 		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "relative", options, N_("<prefix>"),
 			       N_("when run from subdir, exclude changes outside and show relative paths"),
 			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_OPTARG,
diff --git a/diff.h b/diff.h
index b20cbcc091..d5e44baa96 100644
--- a/diff.h
+++ b/diff.h
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ struct diff_options {
 	const char *prefix;
 	int prefix_length;
 	const char *stat_sep;
-	long xdl_opts;
+	int xdl_opts;
 
 	/* see Documentation/diff-options.txt */
 	char **anchors;
diff --git a/fetch-pack.c b/fetch-pack.c
index 3f24d0c8a6..1c10f54e78 100644
--- a/fetch-pack.c
+++ b/fetch-pack.c
@@ -1115,7 +1115,7 @@ static int send_fetch_request(struct fetch_negotiator *negotiator, int fd_out,
 	    server_supports_v2("server-option", 1)) {
 		int i;
 		for (i = 0; i < args->server_options->nr; i++)
-			packet_write_fmt(fd_out, "server-option=%s",
+			packet_buf_write(&req_buf, "server-option=%s",
 					 args->server_options->items[i].string);
 	}
 
diff --git a/fsmonitor.c b/fsmonitor.c
index 665bd2d425..1dee0aded1 100644
--- a/fsmonitor.c
+++ b/fsmonitor.c
@@ -129,7 +129,6 @@ static void fsmonitor_refresh_callback(struct index_state *istate, const char *n
 
 void refresh_fsmonitor(struct index_state *istate)
 {
-	static int has_run_once = 0;
 	struct strbuf query_result = STRBUF_INIT;
 	int query_success = 0;
 	size_t bol; /* beginning of line */
@@ -137,9 +136,9 @@ void refresh_fsmonitor(struct index_state *istate)
 	char *buf;
 	int i;
 
-	if (!core_fsmonitor || has_run_once)
+	if (!core_fsmonitor || istate->fsmonitor_has_run_once)
 		return;
-	has_run_once = 1;
+	istate->fsmonitor_has_run_once = 1;
 
 	trace_printf_key(&trace_fsmonitor, "refresh fsmonitor");
 	/*
diff --git a/git-cvsexportcommit.perl b/git-cvsexportcommit.perl
index d13f02da95..fc00d5946a 100755
--- a/git-cvsexportcommit.perl
+++ b/git-cvsexportcommit.perl
@@ -431,6 +431,7 @@ END
 sub safe_pipe_capture {
     my @output;
     if (my $pid = open my $child, '-|') {
+	binmode($child, ":crlf");
 	@output = (<$child>);
 	close $child or die join(' ',@_).": $! $?";
     } else {
diff --git a/git-difftool--helper.sh b/git-difftool--helper.sh
index 7bfb6737df..46af3e60b7 100755
--- a/git-difftool--helper.sh
+++ b/git-difftool--helper.sh
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ then
 	then
 		merge_tool="$GIT_DIFF_TOOL"
 	else
-		merge_tool="$(get_merge_tool)" || exit
+		merge_tool="$(get_merge_tool)"
 	fi
 fi
 
diff --git a/git-mergetool--lib.sh b/git-mergetool--lib.sh
index aaa4eed0bc..204a5acd66 100644
--- a/git-mergetool--lib.sh
+++ b/git-mergetool--lib.sh
@@ -80,14 +80,18 @@ show_tool_names () {
 	}
 }
 
-diff_mode() {
+diff_mode () {
 	test "$TOOL_MODE" = diff
 }
 
-merge_mode() {
+merge_mode () {
 	test "$TOOL_MODE" = merge
 }
 
+gui_mode () {
+	test "$GIT_MERGETOOL_GUI" = true
+}
+
 translate_merge_tool_path () {
 	echo "$1"
 }
@@ -351,20 +355,36 @@ guess_merge_tool () {
 }
 
 get_configured_merge_tool () {
-	# If first argument is true, find the guitool instead
-	if test "$1" = true
-	then
-		gui_prefix=gui
-	fi
-
-	# Diff mode first tries diff.(gui)tool and falls back to merge.(gui)tool.
-	# Merge mode only checks merge.(gui)tool
+	keys=
 	if diff_mode
 	then
-		merge_tool=$(git config diff.${gui_prefix}tool || git config merge.${gui_prefix}tool)
+		if gui_mode
+		then
+			keys="diff.guitool merge.guitool diff.tool merge.tool"
+		else
+			keys="diff.tool merge.tool"
+		fi
 	else
-		merge_tool=$(git config merge.${gui_prefix}tool)
+		if gui_mode
+		then
+			keys="merge.guitool merge.tool"
+		else
+			keys="merge.tool"
+		fi
 	fi
+
+	merge_tool=$(
+		IFS=' '
+		for key in $keys
+		do
+			selected=$(git config $key)
+			if test -n "$selected"
+			then
+				echo "$selected"
+				return
+			fi
+		done)
+
 	if test -n "$merge_tool" && ! valid_tool "$merge_tool"
 	then
 		echo >&2 "git config option $TOOL_MODE.${gui_prefix}tool set to unknown tool: $merge_tool"
@@ -404,14 +424,17 @@ get_merge_tool_path () {
 }
 
 get_merge_tool () {
+	is_guessed=false
 	# Check if a merge tool has been configured
 	merge_tool=$(get_configured_merge_tool)
 	# Try to guess an appropriate merge tool if no tool has been set.
 	if test -z "$merge_tool"
 	then
 		merge_tool=$(guess_merge_tool) || exit
+		is_guessed=true
 	fi
 	echo "$merge_tool"
+	test "$is_guessed" = false
 }
 
 mergetool_find_win32_cmd () {
diff --git a/git-mergetool.sh b/git-mergetool.sh
index 01b9ad59b2..88fa6a914a 100755
--- a/git-mergetool.sh
+++ b/git-mergetool.sh
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ print_noop_and_exit () {
 
 main () {
 	prompt=$(git config --bool mergetool.prompt)
-	gui_tool=false
+	GIT_MERGETOOL_GUI=false
 	guessed_merge_tool=false
 	orderfile=
 
@@ -416,10 +416,10 @@ main () {
 			esac
 			;;
 		--no-gui)
-			gui_tool=false
+			GIT_MERGETOOL_GUI=false
 			;;
 		-g|--gui)
-			gui_tool=true
+			GIT_MERGETOOL_GUI=true
 			;;
 		-y|--no-prompt)
 			prompt=false
@@ -449,12 +449,8 @@ main () {
 
 	if test -z "$merge_tool"
 	then
-		# Check if a merge tool has been configured
-		merge_tool=$(get_configured_merge_tool $gui_tool)
-		# Try to guess an appropriate merge tool if no tool has been set.
-		if test -z "$merge_tool"
+		if ! merge_tool=$(get_merge_tool)
 		then
-			merge_tool=$(guess_merge_tool) || exit
 			guessed_merge_tool=true
 		fi
 	fi
diff --git a/http-push.c b/http-push.c
index f675a96316..e36561a6db 100644
--- a/http-push.c
+++ b/http-push.c
@@ -526,8 +526,8 @@ static void finish_request(struct transfer_request *request)
 	if (request->headers != NULL)
 		curl_slist_free_all(request->headers);
 
-	/* URL is reused for MOVE after PUT */
-	if (request->state != RUN_PUT) {
+	/* URL is reused for MOVE after PUT and used during FETCH */
+	if (request->state != RUN_PUT && request->state != RUN_FETCH_PACKED) {
 		FREE_AND_NULL(request->url);
 	}
 
diff --git a/http.c b/http.c
index 98fb06df0b..27aa0a3192 100644
--- a/http.c
+++ b/http.c
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ size_t fread_buffer(char *ptr, size_t eltsize, size_t nmemb, void *buffer_)
 	memcpy(ptr, buffer->buf.buf + buffer->posn, size);
 	buffer->posn += size;
 
-	return size;
+	return size / eltsize;
 }
 
 #ifndef NO_CURL_IOCTL
@@ -204,12 +204,12 @@ size_t fwrite_buffer(char *ptr, size_t eltsize, size_t nmemb, void *buffer_)
 	struct strbuf *buffer = buffer_;
 
 	strbuf_add(buffer, ptr, size);
-	return size;
+	return nmemb;
 }
 
 size_t fwrite_null(char *ptr, size_t eltsize, size_t nmemb, void *strbuf)
 {
-	return eltsize * nmemb;
+	return nmemb;
 }
 
 static void closedown_active_slot(struct active_request_slot *slot)
@@ -2319,14 +2319,14 @@ static size_t fwrite_sha1_file(char *ptr, size_t eltsize, size_t nmemb,
 			BUG("curl_easy_getinfo for HTTP code failed: %s",
 				curl_easy_strerror(c));
 		if (slot->http_code >= 300)
-			return size;
+			return nmemb;
 	}
 
 	do {
 		ssize_t retval = xwrite(freq->localfile,
 					(char *) ptr + posn, size - posn);
 		if (retval < 0)
-			return posn;
+			return posn / eltsize;
 		posn += retval;
 	} while (posn < size);
 
@@ -2339,7 +2339,7 @@ static size_t fwrite_sha1_file(char *ptr, size_t eltsize, size_t nmemb,
 		the_hash_algo->update_fn(&freq->c, expn,
 					 sizeof(expn) - freq->stream.avail_out);
 	} while (freq->stream.avail_in && freq->zret == Z_OK);
-	return size;
+	return nmemb;
 }
 
 struct http_object_request *new_http_object_request(const char *base_url,
diff --git a/midx.c b/midx.c
index d5d2e9522f..e7e1fe4d65 100644
--- a/midx.c
+++ b/midx.c
@@ -192,18 +192,17 @@ void close_midx(struct multi_pack_index *m)
 	m->fd = -1;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < m->num_packs; i++) {
-		if (m->packs[i]) {
-			close_pack(m->packs[i]);
-			free(m->packs[i]);
-		}
+		if (m->packs[i])
+			m->packs[i]->multi_pack_index = 0;
 	}
 	FREE_AND_NULL(m->packs);
 	FREE_AND_NULL(m->pack_names);
 }
 
-int prepare_midx_pack(struct multi_pack_index *m, uint32_t pack_int_id)
+int prepare_midx_pack(struct repository *r, struct multi_pack_index *m, uint32_t pack_int_id)
 {
 	struct strbuf pack_name = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct packed_git *p;
 
 	if (pack_int_id >= m->num_packs)
 		die(_("bad pack-int-id: %u (%u total packs)"),
@@ -215,9 +214,18 @@ int prepare_midx_pack(struct multi_pack_index *m, uint32_t pack_int_id)
 	strbuf_addf(&pack_name, "%s/pack/%s", m->object_dir,
 		    m->pack_names[pack_int_id]);
 
-	m->packs[pack_int_id] = add_packed_git(pack_name.buf, pack_name.len, m->local);
+	p = add_packed_git(pack_name.buf, pack_name.len, m->local);
 	strbuf_release(&pack_name);
-	return !m->packs[pack_int_id];
+
+	if (!p)
+		return 1;
+
+	p->multi_pack_index = 1;
+	m->packs[pack_int_id] = p;
+	install_packed_git(r, p);
+	list_add_tail(&p->mru, &r->objects->packed_git_mru);
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 int bsearch_midx(const struct object_id *oid, struct multi_pack_index *m, uint32_t *result)
@@ -261,7 +269,10 @@ static uint32_t nth_midxed_pack_int_id(struct multi_pack_index *m, uint32_t pos)
 	return get_be32(m->chunk_object_offsets + pos * MIDX_CHUNK_OFFSET_WIDTH);
 }
 
-static int nth_midxed_pack_entry(struct multi_pack_index *m, struct pack_entry *e, uint32_t pos)
+static int nth_midxed_pack_entry(struct repository *r,
+				 struct multi_pack_index *m,
+				 struct pack_entry *e,
+				 uint32_t pos)
 {
 	uint32_t pack_int_id;
 	struct packed_git *p;
@@ -271,7 +282,7 @@ static int nth_midxed_pack_entry(struct multi_pack_index *m, struct pack_entry *
 
 	pack_int_id = nth_midxed_pack_int_id(m, pos);
 
-	if (prepare_midx_pack(m, pack_int_id))
+	if (prepare_midx_pack(r, m, pack_int_id))
 		die(_("error preparing packfile from multi-pack-index"));
 	p = m->packs[pack_int_id];
 
@@ -301,14 +312,17 @@ static int nth_midxed_pack_entry(struct multi_pack_index *m, struct pack_entry *
 	return 1;
 }
 
-int fill_midx_entry(const struct object_id *oid, struct pack_entry *e, struct multi_pack_index *m)
+int fill_midx_entry(struct repository * r,
+		    const struct object_id *oid,
+		    struct pack_entry *e,
+		    struct multi_pack_index *m)
 {
 	uint32_t pos;
 
 	if (!bsearch_midx(oid, m, &pos))
 		return 0;
 
-	return nth_midxed_pack_entry(m, e, pos);
+	return nth_midxed_pack_entry(r, m, e, pos);
 }
 
 /* Match "foo.idx" against either "foo.pack" _or_ "foo.idx". */
@@ -1020,7 +1034,7 @@ static int compare_pair_pos_vs_id(const void *_a, const void *_b)
 			display_progress(progress, _n); \
 	} while (0)
 
-int verify_midx_file(const char *object_dir)
+int verify_midx_file(struct repository *r, const char *object_dir)
 {
 	struct pair_pos_vs_id *pairs = NULL;
 	uint32_t i;
@@ -1034,7 +1048,7 @@ int verify_midx_file(const char *object_dir)
 	progress = start_progress(_("Looking for referenced packfiles"),
 				  m->num_packs);
 	for (i = 0; i < m->num_packs; i++) {
-		if (prepare_midx_pack(m, i))
+		if (prepare_midx_pack(r, m, i))
 			midx_report("failed to load pack in position %d", i);
 
 		display_progress(progress, i + 1);
@@ -1099,7 +1113,7 @@ int verify_midx_file(const char *object_dir)
 
 		nth_midxed_object_oid(&oid, m, pairs[i].pos);
 
-		if (!fill_midx_entry(&oid, &e, m)) {
+		if (!fill_midx_entry(r, &oid, &e, m)) {
 			midx_report(_("failed to load pack entry for oid[%d] = %s"),
 				    pairs[i].pos, oid_to_hex(&oid));
 			continue;
diff --git a/midx.h b/midx.h
index 26dd042d63..3eb29731f2 100644
--- a/midx.h
+++ b/midx.h
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 struct object_id;
 struct pack_entry;
+struct repository;
 
 #define GIT_TEST_MULTI_PACK_INDEX "GIT_TEST_MULTI_PACK_INDEX"
 
@@ -37,18 +38,18 @@ struct multi_pack_index {
 };
 
 struct multi_pack_index *load_multi_pack_index(const char *object_dir, int local);
-int prepare_midx_pack(struct multi_pack_index *m, uint32_t pack_int_id);
+int prepare_midx_pack(struct repository *r, struct multi_pack_index *m, uint32_t pack_int_id);
 int bsearch_midx(const struct object_id *oid, struct multi_pack_index *m, uint32_t *result);
 struct object_id *nth_midxed_object_oid(struct object_id *oid,
 					struct multi_pack_index *m,
 					uint32_t n);
-int fill_midx_entry(const struct object_id *oid, struct pack_entry *e, struct multi_pack_index *m);
+int fill_midx_entry(struct repository *r, const struct object_id *oid, struct pack_entry *e, struct multi_pack_index *m);
 int midx_contains_pack(struct multi_pack_index *m, const char *idx_or_pack_name);
 int prepare_multi_pack_index_one(struct repository *r, const char *object_dir, int local);
 
 int write_midx_file(const char *object_dir);
 void clear_midx_file(struct repository *r);
-int verify_midx_file(const char *object_dir);
+int verify_midx_file(struct repository *r, const char *object_dir);
 
 void close_midx(struct multi_pack_index *m);
 
diff --git a/notes.h b/notes.h
index 414bc6855a..76337f2384 100644
--- a/notes.h
+++ b/notes.h
@@ -276,12 +276,10 @@ void init_display_notes(struct display_notes_opt *opt);
 
 /*
  * Append notes for the given 'object_sha1' from all trees set up by
- * init_display_notes() to 'sb'.  The 'flags' are a bitwise
- * combination of
+ * init_display_notes() to 'sb'.
  *
- * - NOTES_SHOW_HEADER: add a 'Notes (refname):' header
- *
- * - NOTES_INDENT: indent the notes by 4 places
+ * If 'raw' is false the note will be indented by 4 places and
+ * a 'Notes (refname):' header added.
  *
  * You *must* call init_display_notes() before using this function.
  */
diff --git a/object-store.h b/object-store.h
index 46a1da79cc..272e01e452 100644
--- a/object-store.h
+++ b/object-store.h
@@ -76,7 +76,8 @@ struct packed_git {
 		 pack_keep_in_core:1,
 		 freshened:1,
 		 do_not_close:1,
-		 pack_promisor:1;
+		 pack_promisor:1,
+		 multi_pack_index:1;
 	unsigned char hash[GIT_MAX_RAWSZ];
 	struct revindex_entry *revindex;
 	/* something like ".git/objects/pack/xxxxx.pack" */
@@ -129,12 +130,6 @@ struct raw_object_store {
 	struct list_head packed_git_mru;
 
 	/*
-	 * A linked list containing all packfiles, starting with those
-	 * contained in the multi_pack_index.
-	 */
-	struct packed_git *all_packs;
-
-	/*
 	 * A fast, rough count of the number of objects in the repository.
 	 * These two fields are not meant for direct access. Use
 	 * approximate_object_count() instead.
diff --git a/packfile.c b/packfile.c
index 9f52af9281..49c8544ff4 100644
--- a/packfile.c
+++ b/packfile.c
@@ -994,8 +994,6 @@ static void prepare_packed_git(struct repository *r)
 	}
 	rearrange_packed_git(r);
 
-	r->objects->all_packs = NULL;
-
 	prepare_packed_git_mru(r);
 	r->objects->packed_git_initialized = 1;
 }
@@ -1026,26 +1024,16 @@ struct multi_pack_index *get_multi_pack_index(struct repository *r)
 
 struct packed_git *get_all_packs(struct repository *r)
 {
-	prepare_packed_git(r);
-
-	if (!r->objects->all_packs) {
-		struct packed_git *p = r->objects->packed_git;
-		struct multi_pack_index *m;
-
-		for (m = r->objects->multi_pack_index; m; m = m->next) {
-			uint32_t i;
-			for (i = 0; i < m->num_packs; i++) {
-				if (!prepare_midx_pack(m, i)) {
-					m->packs[i]->next = p;
-					p = m->packs[i];
-				}
-			}
-		}
+	struct multi_pack_index *m;
 
-		r->objects->all_packs = p;
+	prepare_packed_git(r);
+	for (m = r->objects->multi_pack_index; m; m = m->next) {
+		uint32_t i;
+		for (i = 0; i < m->num_packs; i++)
+			prepare_midx_pack(r, m, i);
 	}
 
-	return r->objects->all_packs;
+	return r->objects->packed_git;
 }
 
 struct list_head *get_packed_git_mru(struct repository *r)
@@ -1998,13 +1986,13 @@ int find_pack_entry(struct repository *r, const struct object_id *oid, struct pa
 		return 0;
 
 	for (m = r->objects->multi_pack_index; m; m = m->next) {
-		if (fill_midx_entry(oid, e, m))
+		if (fill_midx_entry(r, oid, e, m))
 			return 1;
 	}
 
 	list_for_each(pos, &r->objects->packed_git_mru) {
 		struct packed_git *p = list_entry(pos, struct packed_git, mru);
-		if (fill_pack_entry(oid, e, p)) {
+		if (!p->multi_pack_index && fill_pack_entry(oid, e, p)) {
 			list_move(&p->mru, &r->objects->packed_git_mru);
 			return 1;
 		}
diff --git a/parse-options-cb.c b/parse-options-cb.c
index 4b95d04a37..a3de795c58 100644
--- a/parse-options-cb.c
+++ b/parse-options-cb.c
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ int parse_opt_abbrev_cb(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
 	if (!arg) {
 		v = unset ? 0 : DEFAULT_ABBREV;
 	} else {
+		if (!*arg)
+			return error(_("option `%s' expects a numerical value"),
+				     opt->long_name);
 		v = strtol(arg, (char **)&arg, 10);
 		if (*arg)
 			return error(_("option `%s' expects a numerical value"),
diff --git a/parse-options.c b/parse-options.c
index cb24f1aa8a..87b26a1d92 100644
--- a/parse-options.c
+++ b/parse-options.c
@@ -195,6 +195,9 @@ static enum parse_opt_result get_value(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *p,
 		}
 		if (get_arg(p, opt, flags, &arg))
 			return -1;
+		if (!*arg)
+			return error(_("%s expects a numerical value"),
+				     optname(opt, flags));
 		*(int *)opt->value = strtol(arg, (char **)&s, 10);
 		if (*s)
 			return error(_("%s expects a numerical value"),
@@ -261,6 +264,35 @@ static enum parse_opt_result parse_short_opt(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *p,
 	return PARSE_OPT_UNKNOWN;
 }
 
+static int has_string(const char *it, const char **array)
+{
+	while (*array)
+		if (!strcmp(it, *(array++)))
+			return 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int is_alias(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *ctx,
+		    const struct option *one_opt,
+		    const struct option *another_opt)
+{
+	const char **group;
+
+	if (!ctx->alias_groups)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (!one_opt->long_name || !another_opt->long_name)
+		return 0;
+
+	for (group = ctx->alias_groups; *group; group += 3) {
+		/* it and other are from the same family? */
+		if (has_string(one_opt->long_name, group) &&
+		    has_string(another_opt->long_name, group))
+			return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static enum parse_opt_result parse_long_opt(
 	struct parse_opt_ctx_t *p, const char *arg,
 	const struct option *options)
@@ -298,7 +330,8 @@ again:
 			if (!(p->flags & PARSE_OPT_KEEP_UNKNOWN) &&
 			    !strncmp(long_name, arg, arg_end - arg)) {
 is_abbreviated:
-				if (abbrev_option) {
+				if (abbrev_option &&
+				    !is_alias(p, abbrev_option, options)) {
 					/*
 					 * If this is abbreviated, it is
 					 * ambiguous. So when there is no
@@ -447,6 +480,10 @@ static void parse_options_check(const struct option *opts)
 			if (opts->callback)
 				BUG("OPTION_LOWLEVEL_CALLBACK needs no high level callback");
 			break;
+		case OPTION_ALIAS:
+			BUG("OPT_ALIAS() should not remain at this point. "
+			    "Are you using parse_options_step() directly?\n"
+			    "That case is not supported yet.");
 		default:
 			; /* ok. (usually accepts an argument) */
 		}
@@ -458,11 +495,10 @@ static void parse_options_check(const struct option *opts)
 		exit(128);
 }
 
-void parse_options_start(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *ctx,
-			 int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix,
-			 const struct option *options, int flags)
+static void parse_options_start_1(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *ctx,
+				  int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix,
+				  const struct option *options, int flags)
 {
-	memset(ctx, 0, sizeof(*ctx));
 	ctx->argc = argc;
 	ctx->argv = argv;
 	if (!(flags & PARSE_OPT_ONE_SHOT)) {
@@ -484,6 +520,14 @@ void parse_options_start(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *ctx,
 	parse_options_check(options);
 }
 
+void parse_options_start(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *ctx,
+			 int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix,
+			 const struct option *options, int flags)
+{
+	memset(ctx, 0, sizeof(*ctx));
+	parse_options_start_1(ctx, argc, argv, prefix, options, flags);
+}
+
 static void show_negated_gitcomp(const struct option *opts, int nr_noopts)
 {
 	int printed_dashdash = 0;
@@ -575,6 +619,83 @@ static int show_gitcomp(const struct option *opts)
 	return PARSE_OPT_COMPLETE;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Scan and may produce a new option[] array, which should be used
+ * instead of the original 'options'.
+ *
+ * Right now this is only used to preprocess and substitue
+ * OPTION_ALIAS.
+ */
+static struct option *preprocess_options(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *ctx,
+					 const struct option *options)
+{
+	struct option *newopt;
+	int i, nr, alias;
+	int nr_aliases = 0;
+
+	for (nr = 0; options[nr].type != OPTION_END; nr++) {
+		if (options[nr].type == OPTION_ALIAS)
+			nr_aliases++;
+	}
+
+	if (!nr_aliases)
+		return NULL;
+
+	ALLOC_ARRAY(newopt, nr + 1);
+	COPY_ARRAY(newopt, options, nr + 1);
+
+	/* each alias has two string pointers and NULL */
+	CALLOC_ARRAY(ctx->alias_groups, 3 * (nr_aliases + 1));
+
+	for (alias = 0, i = 0; i < nr; i++) {
+		int short_name;
+		const char *long_name;
+		const char *source;
+		int j;
+
+		if (newopt[i].type != OPTION_ALIAS)
+			continue;
+
+		short_name = newopt[i].short_name;
+		long_name = newopt[i].long_name;
+		source = newopt[i].value;
+
+		if (!long_name)
+			BUG("An alias must have long option name");
+
+		for (j = 0; j < nr; j++) {
+			const char *name = options[j].long_name;
+
+			if (!name || strcmp(name, source))
+				continue;
+
+			if (options[j].type == OPTION_ALIAS)
+				BUG("No please. Nested aliases are not supported.");
+
+			/*
+			 * NEEDSWORK: this is a bit inconsistent because
+			 * usage_with_options() on the original options[] will print
+			 * help string as "alias of %s" but "git cmd -h" will
+			 * print the original help string.
+			 */
+			memcpy(newopt + i, options + j, sizeof(*newopt));
+			newopt[i].short_name = short_name;
+			newopt[i].long_name = long_name;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (j == nr)
+			BUG("could not find source option '%s' of alias '%s'",
+			    source, newopt[i].long_name);
+		ctx->alias_groups[alias * 3 + 0] = newopt[i].long_name;
+		ctx->alias_groups[alias * 3 + 1] = options[j].long_name;
+		ctx->alias_groups[alias * 3 + 2] = NULL;
+		alias++;
+	}
+
+	return newopt;
+}
+
 static int usage_with_options_internal(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *,
 				       const char * const *,
 				       const struct option *, int, int);
@@ -714,11 +835,16 @@ int parse_options(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix,
 		  int flags)
 {
 	struct parse_opt_ctx_t ctx;
+	struct option *real_options;
 
 	disallow_abbreviated_options =
 		git_env_bool("GIT_TEST_DISALLOW_ABBREVIATED_OPTIONS", 0);
 
-	parse_options_start(&ctx, argc, argv, prefix, options, flags);
+	memset(&ctx, 0, sizeof(ctx));
+	real_options = preprocess_options(&ctx, options);
+	if (real_options)
+		options = real_options;
+	parse_options_start_1(&ctx, argc, argv, prefix, options, flags);
 	switch (parse_options_step(&ctx, options, usagestr)) {
 	case PARSE_OPT_HELP:
 	case PARSE_OPT_ERROR:
@@ -741,6 +867,8 @@ int parse_options(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix,
 	}
 
 	precompose_argv(argc, argv);
+	free(real_options);
+	free(ctx.alias_groups);
 	return parse_options_end(&ctx);
 }
 
@@ -835,6 +963,12 @@ static int usage_with_options_internal(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *ctx,
 			fputc('\n', outfile);
 			pad = USAGE_OPTS_WIDTH;
 		}
+		if (opts->type == OPTION_ALIAS) {
+			fprintf(outfile, "%*s", pad + USAGE_GAP, "");
+			fprintf_ln(outfile, _("alias of --%s"),
+				   (const char *)opts->value);
+			continue;
+		}
 		fprintf(outfile, "%*s%s\n", pad + USAGE_GAP, "", _(opts->help));
 	}
 	fputc('\n', outfile);
diff --git a/parse-options.h b/parse-options.h
index bd00cf0049..ac6ba8abf9 100644
--- a/parse-options.h
+++ b/parse-options.h
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ enum parse_opt_type {
 	OPTION_ARGUMENT,
 	OPTION_GROUP,
 	OPTION_NUMBER,
+	OPTION_ALIAS,
 	/* options with no arguments */
 	OPTION_BIT,
 	OPTION_NEGBIT,
@@ -183,6 +184,9 @@ struct option {
 	  N_("no-op (backward compatibility)"),		\
 	  PARSE_OPT_HIDDEN | PARSE_OPT_NOARG, parse_opt_noop_cb }
 
+#define OPT_ALIAS(s, l, source_long_name) \
+	{ OPTION_ALIAS, (s), (l), (source_long_name) }
+
 /*
  * parse_options() will filter out the processed options and leave the
  * non-option arguments in argv[]. argv0 is assumed program name and
@@ -258,6 +262,8 @@ struct parse_opt_ctx_t {
 	const char *opt;
 	int flags;
 	const char *prefix;
+	const char **alias_groups; /* must be in groups of 3 elements! */
+	struct option *updated_options;
 };
 
 void parse_options_start(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *ctx,
@@ -286,7 +292,9 @@ int parse_opt_commit(const struct option *, const char *, int);
 int parse_opt_tertiary(const struct option *, const char *, int);
 int parse_opt_string_list(const struct option *, const char *, int);
 int parse_opt_noop_cb(const struct option *, const char *, int);
-int parse_opt_unknown_cb(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *ctx, const struct option *, const char *, int);
+enum parse_opt_result parse_opt_unknown_cb(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *ctx,
+					   const struct option *,
+					   const char *, int);
 int parse_opt_passthru(const struct option *, const char *, int);
 int parse_opt_passthru_argv(const struct option *, const char *, int);
 
diff --git a/pkt-line.c b/pkt-line.c
index c9ed780d0b..a0e87b1e81 100644
--- a/pkt-line.c
+++ b/pkt-line.c
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ void packet_buf_delim(struct strbuf *buf)
 	strbuf_add(buf, "0001", 4);
 }
 
-void set_packet_header(char *buf, const int size)
+void set_packet_header(char *buf, int size)
 {
 	static char hexchar[] = "0123456789abcdef";
 
diff --git a/progress.c b/progress.c
index 0318bdd41b..a2e8cf64a8 100644
--- a/progress.c
+++ b/progress.c
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ static void display(struct progress *progress, uint64_t n, const char *done)
 					(int) clear_len, eol);
 			} else if (!done && cols < progress_line_len) {
 				clear_len = progress->title_len + 1 < cols ?
-					    cols - progress->title_len : 0;
+					    cols - progress->title_len - 1 : 0;
 				fprintf(stderr, "%s:%*s\n  %s%s",
 					progress->title, (int) clear_len, "",
 					counters_sb->buf, eol);
diff --git a/read-cache.c b/read-cache.c
index 4fad4e3f9a..22e7b9944e 100644
--- a/read-cache.c
+++ b/read-cache.c
@@ -2326,6 +2326,7 @@ int discard_index(struct index_state *istate)
 	free_name_hash(istate);
 	cache_tree_free(&(istate->cache_tree));
 	istate->initialized = 0;
+	istate->fsmonitor_has_run_once = 0;
 	FREE_AND_NULL(istate->cache);
 	istate->cache_alloc = 0;
 	discard_split_index(istate);
diff --git a/sha1-name.c b/sha1-name.c
index 775a73d8ad..728e6f1f61 100644
--- a/sha1-name.c
+++ b/sha1-name.c
@@ -157,6 +157,9 @@ static void unique_in_pack(struct packed_git *p,
 	uint32_t num, i, first = 0;
 	const struct object_id *current = NULL;
 
+	if (p->multi_pack_index)
+		return;
+
 	if (open_pack_index(p) || !p->num_objects)
 		return;
 
@@ -625,6 +628,9 @@ static void find_abbrev_len_for_pack(struct packed_git *p,
 	struct object_id oid;
 	const struct object_id *mad_oid;
 
+	if (p->multi_pack_index)
+		return;
+
 	if (open_pack_index(p) || !p->num_objects)
 		return;
 
@@ -1837,7 +1843,7 @@ static enum get_oid_result get_oid_with_context_1(struct repository *repo,
 		if (flags & GET_OID_RECORD_PATH)
 			oc->path = xstrdup(cp);
 
-		if (!repo->index->cache)
+		if (!repo->index || !repo->index->cache)
 			repo_read_index(repo);
 		pos = index_name_pos(repo->index, cp, namelen);
 		if (pos < 0)
diff --git a/sha1collisiondetection b/sha1collisiondetection
-Subproject 16033998da4b273aebd92c84b1e1b12e4aaf700
+Subproject 855827c583bc30645ba427885caa40c5b81764d
diff --git a/sha1dc/sha1.c b/sha1dc/sha1.c
index 5931cf25d5..9d3cf81d4d 100644
--- a/sha1dc/sha1.c
+++ b/sha1dc/sha1.c
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
 #define SHA1DC_BIGENDIAN
 
 /* Not under GCC-alike or glibc or *BSD or newlib or <processor whitelist> */
-#elif (defined(_AIX))
+#elif (defined(_AIX) || defined(__hpux))
 
 /*
  * Defines Big Endian on a whitelist of OSs that are known to be Big
diff --git a/t/check-non-portable-shell.pl b/t/check-non-portable-shell.pl
index 166d64d4a2..38bfeebd88 100755
--- a/t/check-non-portable-shell.pl
+++ b/t/check-non-portable-shell.pl
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ for my $i (@ARGV) {
 	close $f;
 }
 
+my $line = '';
 while (<>) {
 	chomp;
+	$line .= $_;
 	# stitch together incomplete lines (those ending with "\")
-	while (s/\\$//) {
-		$_ .= readline;
-		chomp;
-	}
+	next if $line =~ s/\\$//;
 
+	$_ = $line;
 	/\bcp\s+-a/ and err 'cp -a is not portable';
 	/\bsed\s+-[^efn]\s+/ and err 'sed option not portable (use only -n, -e, -f)';
 	/\becho\s+-[neE]/ and err 'echo with option is not portable (use printf)';
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ while (<>) {
 	/\bexport\s+[A-Za-z0-9_]*=/ and err '"export FOO=bar" is not portable (use FOO=bar && export FOO)';
 	/^\s*([A-Z0-9_]+=(\w+|(["']).*?\3)\s+)+(\w+)/ and exists($func{$4}) and
 		err '"FOO=bar shell_func" assignment extends beyond "shell_func"';
+	$line = '';
 	# this resets our $. for each file
 	close ARGV if eof;
 }
diff --git a/t/helper/test-parse-options.c b/t/helper/test-parse-options.c
index 2232b2f79e..af82db06ac 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-parse-options.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-parse-options.c
@@ -149,6 +149,9 @@ int cmd__parse_options(int argc, const char **argv)
 		OPT_CALLBACK(0, "expect", &expect, "string",
 			     "expected output in the variable dump",
 			     collect_expect),
+		OPT_GROUP("Alias"),
+		OPT_STRING('A', "alias-source", &string, "string", "get a string"),
+		OPT_ALIAS('Z', "alias-target", "alias-source"),
 		OPT_END(),
 	};
 	int i;
diff --git a/t/helper/test-read-cache.c b/t/helper/test-read-cache.c
index d674c88ba0..7e79b555de 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-read-cache.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-read-cache.c
@@ -1,14 +1,36 @@
 #include "test-tool.h"
 #include "cache.h"
+#include "config.h"
 
 int cmd__read_cache(int argc, const char **argv)
 {
-	int i, cnt = 1;
+	int i, cnt = 1, namelen;
+	const char *name = NULL;
+
+	if (argc > 1 && skip_prefix(argv[1], "--print-and-refresh=", &name)) {
+		namelen = strlen(name);
+		argc--;
+		argv++;
+	}
+
 	if (argc == 2)
 		cnt = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 0);
 	setup_git_directory();
+	git_config(git_default_config, NULL);
 	for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
 		read_cache();
+		if (name) {
+			int pos;
+
+			refresh_index(&the_index, REFRESH_QUIET,
+				      NULL, NULL, NULL);
+			pos = index_name_pos(&the_index, name, namelen);
+			if (pos < 0)
+				die("%s not in index", name);
+			printf("%s is%s up to date\n", name,
+			       ce_uptodate(the_index.cache[pos]) ? "" : " not");
+			write_file(name, "%d\n", i);
+		}
 		discard_cache();
 	}
 	return 0;
diff --git a/t/lib-httpd/apache.conf b/t/lib-httpd/apache.conf
index 06a81b54c7..5c1c86c193 100644
--- a/t/lib-httpd/apache.conf
+++ b/t/lib-httpd/apache.conf
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ PassEnv GIT_VALGRIND
 PassEnv GIT_VALGRIND_OPTIONS
 PassEnv GNUPGHOME
 PassEnv ASAN_OPTIONS
+PassEnv LSAN_OPTIONS
 PassEnv GIT_TRACE
 PassEnv GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM
 PassEnv GIT_TEST_SIDEBAND_ALL
diff --git a/t/perf/README b/t/perf/README
index be12090c38..c7b70e2d28 100644
--- a/t/perf/README
+++ b/t/perf/README
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ call the aggregation script to summarize the results:
 
     $ ./p0001-rev-list.sh
     [...]
-    $ GIT_BUILD_DIR=/path/to/other/git ./p0001-rev-list.sh
+    $ ./run /path/to/other/git -- ./p0001-rev-list.sh
     [...]
     $ ./aggregate.perl . /path/to/other/git ./p0001-rev-list.sh
 
diff --git a/t/perf/aggregate.perl b/t/perf/aggregate.perl
index 76dd48f890..66554d2161 100755
--- a/t/perf/aggregate.perl
+++ b/t/perf/aggregate.perl
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use strict;
 use warnings;
 use Getopt::Long;
 use Git;
+use Cwd qw(realpath);
 
 sub get_times {
 	my $name = shift;
@@ -98,18 +99,21 @@ usage() unless $rc;
 while (scalar @ARGV) {
 	my $arg = $ARGV[0];
 	my $dir;
+	my $prefix = '';
 	last if -f $arg or $arg eq "--";
 	if (! -d $arg) {
 		my $rev = Git::command_oneline(qw(rev-parse --verify), $arg);
 		$dir = "build/".$rev;
+	} elsif ($arg eq '.') {
+		$dir = '.';
 	} else {
-		$arg =~ s{/*$}{};
-		$dir = $arg;
-		$dirabbrevs{$dir} = $dir;
+		$dir = realpath($arg);
+		$dirnames{$dir} = $dir;
+		$prefix .= 'bindir';
 	}
 	push @dirs, $dir;
-	$dirnames{$dir} = $arg;
-	my $prefix = $dir;
+	$dirnames{$dir} ||= $arg;
+	$prefix .= $dir;
 	$prefix =~ tr/^a-zA-Z0-9/_/c;
 	$prefixes{$dir} = $prefix . '.';
 	shift @ARGV;
@@ -311,9 +315,6 @@ sub print_codespeed_results {
 		$environment = $reponame;
 	} elsif (exists $ENV{GIT_PERF_REPO_NAME} and $ENV{GIT_PERF_REPO_NAME} ne "") {
 		$environment = $ENV{GIT_PERF_REPO_NAME};
-	} elsif (exists $ENV{GIT_TEST_INSTALLED} and $ENV{GIT_TEST_INSTALLED} ne "") {
-		$environment = $ENV{GIT_TEST_INSTALLED};
-		$environment =~ s|/bin-wrappers$||;
 	} else {
 		$environment = `uname -r`;
 		chomp $environment;
diff --git a/t/perf/perf-lib.sh b/t/perf/perf-lib.sh
index 169f92eae3..b58a43ea43 100644
--- a/t/perf/perf-lib.sh
+++ b/t/perf/perf-lib.sh
@@ -21,19 +21,21 @@
 # because it will change our working directory.
 TEST_DIRECTORY=$(pwd)/..
 TEST_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY=$(pwd)
-ABSOLUTE_GIT_TEST_INSTALLED=$(
-	test -n "$GIT_TEST_INSTALLED" && cd "$GIT_TEST_INSTALLED" && pwd)
 
 TEST_NO_CREATE_REPO=t
 TEST_NO_MALLOC_CHECK=t
 
 . ../test-lib.sh
 
-if test -z "$GIT_TEST_INSTALLED"; then
-	perf_results_prefix=
-else
-	perf_results_prefix=$(printf "%s" "${GIT_TEST_INSTALLED%/bin-wrappers}" | tr -c "[a-zA-Z0-9]" "[_*]")"."
-	GIT_TEST_INSTALLED=$ABSOLUTE_GIT_TEST_INSTALLED
+if test -n "$GIT_TEST_INSTALLED" -a -z "$PERF_SET_GIT_TEST_INSTALLED"
+then
+	error "Do not use GIT_TEST_INSTALLED with the perf tests.
+
+Instead use:
+
+    ./run <path-to-git> -- <tests>
+
+See t/perf/README for details."
 fi
 
 # Variables from test-lib that are normally internal to the tests; we
@@ -179,7 +181,7 @@ test_wrapper_ () {
 		base=$(basename "$0" .sh)
 		echo "$test_count" >>"$perf_results_dir"/$base.subtests
 		echo "$1" >"$perf_results_dir"/$base.$test_count.descr
-		base="$perf_results_dir"/"$perf_results_prefix$(basename "$0" .sh)"."$test_count"
+		base="$perf_results_dir"/"$PERF_RESULTS_PREFIX$(basename "$0" .sh)"."$test_count"
 		"$test_wrapper_func_" "$@"
 	fi
 
diff --git a/t/perf/run b/t/perf/run
index 9aaa733c77..c7b86104e1 100755
--- a/t/perf/run
+++ b/t/perf/run
@@ -70,6 +70,24 @@ build_git_rev () {
 	) || die "failed to build revision '$mydir'"
 }
 
+set_git_test_installed () {
+	mydir=$1
+
+	mydir_abs=$(cd $mydir && pwd)
+	mydir_abs_wrappers="$mydir_abs_wrappers/bin-wrappers"
+	if test -d "$mydir_abs_wrappers"
+	then
+		GIT_TEST_INSTALLED=$mydir_abs_wrappers
+	else
+		# Older versions of git lacked bin-wrappers;
+		# fallback to the files in the root.
+		GIT_TEST_INSTALLED=$mydir_abs
+	fi
+	export GIT_TEST_INSTALLED
+	PERF_SET_GIT_TEST_INSTALLED=true
+	export PERF_SET_GIT_TEST_INSTALLED
+}
+
 run_dirs_helper () {
 	mydir=${1%/}
 	shift
@@ -79,7 +97,16 @@ run_dirs_helper () {
 	if test $# -gt 0 -a "$1" = --; then
 		shift
 	fi
-	if [ ! -d "$mydir" ]; then
+
+	PERF_RESULTS_PREFIX=
+	if test "$mydir" = "."
+	then
+		unset GIT_TEST_INSTALLED
+	elif test -d "$mydir"
+	then
+		PERF_RESULTS_PREFIX=bindir$(cd $mydir && printf "%s" "$(pwd)" | tr -c "[a-zA-Z0-9]" "_").
+		set_git_test_installed "$mydir"
+	else
 		rev=$(git rev-parse --verify "$mydir" 2>/dev/null) ||
 		die "'$mydir' is neither a directory nor a valid revision"
 		if [ ! -d build/$rev ]; then
@@ -87,16 +114,12 @@ run_dirs_helper () {
 		fi
 		build_git_rev $rev "$mydir"
 		mydir=build/$rev
+
+		PERF_RESULTS_PREFIX=build_$rev.
+		set_git_test_installed "$mydir"
 	fi
-	if test "$mydir" = .; then
-		unset GIT_TEST_INSTALLED
-	else
-		GIT_TEST_INSTALLED="$mydir/bin-wrappers"
-		# Older versions of git lacked bin-wrappers; fallback to the
-		# files in the root.
-		test -d "$GIT_TEST_INSTALLED" || GIT_TEST_INSTALLED=$mydir
-		export GIT_TEST_INSTALLED
-	fi
+	export PERF_RESULTS_PREFIX
+
 	run_one_dir "$@"
 }
 
diff --git a/t/t0001-init.sh b/t/t0001-init.sh
index 1f462204ea..77a224aafb 100755
--- a/t/t0001-init.sh
+++ b/t/t0001-init.sh
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ test_expect_success 'No extra GIT_* on alias scripts' '
 		sed -n \
 			-e "/^GIT_PREFIX=/d" \
 			-e "/^GIT_TEXTDOMAINDIR=/d" \
-			-e "/^GIT_TR2_PARENT/d" \
+			-e "/^GIT_TRACE2_PARENT/d" \
 			-e "/^GIT_/s/=.*//p" |
 		sort
 	EOF
diff --git a/t/t0040-parse-options.sh b/t/t0040-parse-options.sh
index 800b3ea5f5..cebc77fab0 100755
--- a/t/t0040-parse-options.sh
+++ b/t/t0040-parse-options.sh
@@ -48,6 +48,12 @@ Standard options
     -q, --quiet           be quiet
     --expect <string>     expected output in the variable dump
 
+Alias
+    -A, --alias-source <string>
+                          get a string
+    -Z, --alias-target <string>
+                          get a string
+
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'test help' '
@@ -224,6 +230,17 @@ test_expect_success 'non ambiguous option (after two options it abbreviates)' '
 	test-tool parse-options --expect="string: 123" --st 123
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'Alias options do not contribute to abbreviation' '
+	test-tool parse-options --alias-source 123 >output &&
+	grep "^string: 123" output &&
+	test-tool parse-options --alias-target 123 >output &&
+	grep "^string: 123" output &&
+	test_must_fail test-tool parse-options --alias &&
+	GIT_TEST_DISALLOW_ABBREVIATED_OPTIONS=false \
+	test-tool parse-options --alias 123 >output &&
+	grep "^string: 123" output
+'
+
 cat >typo.err <<\EOF
 error: did you mean `--boolean` (with two dashes ?)
 EOF
diff --git a/t/t0210-trace2-normal.sh b/t/t0210-trace2-normal.sh
index 71194a3623..ce7574edb1 100755
--- a/t/t0210-trace2-normal.sh
+++ b/t/t0210-trace2-normal.sh
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ test_description='test trace2 facility (normal target)'
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 # Turn off any inherited trace2 settings for this test.
-sane_unset GIT_TR2 GIT_TR2_PERF GIT_TR2_EVENT
-sane_unset GIT_TR2_BRIEF
-sane_unset GIT_TR2_CONFIG_PARAMS
+sane_unset GIT_TRACE2 GIT_TRACE2_PERF GIT_TRACE2_EVENT
+sane_unset GIT_TRACE2_BRIEF
+sane_unset GIT_TRACE2_CONFIG_PARAMS
 
 # Add t/helper directory to PATH so that we can use a relative
 # path to run nested instances of test-tool.exe (see 004child).
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ V=$(git version | sed -e 's/^git version //') && export V
 # to whatever filtering that target decides to do).
 # This script tests the normal target in isolation.
 #
-# Defer setting GIT_TR2 until the actual command line we want to test
+# Defer setting GIT_TRACE2 until the actual command line we want to test
 # because hidden git and test-tool commands run by the test harness
 # can contaminate our output.
 
 # Enable "brief" feature which turns off "<clock> <file>:<line> " prefix.
-GIT_TR2_BRIEF=1 && export GIT_TR2_BRIEF
+GIT_TRACE2_BRIEF=1 && export GIT_TRACE2_BRIEF
 
 # Basic tests of the trace2 normal stream.  Since this stream is used
 # primarily with printf-style debugging/tracing, we do limited testing
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ GIT_TR2_BRIEF=1 && export GIT_TR2_BRIEF
 
 test_expect_success 'normal stream, return code 0' '
 	test_when_finished "rm trace.normal actual expect" &&
-	GIT_TR2="$(pwd)/trace.normal" test-tool trace2 001return 0 &&
+	GIT_TRACE2="$(pwd)/trace.normal" test-tool trace2 001return 0 &&
 	perl "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t0210/scrub_normal.perl" <trace.normal >actual &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
 		version $V
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ test_expect_success 'normal stream, return code 0' '
 
 test_expect_success 'normal stream, return code 1' '
 	test_when_finished "rm trace.normal actual expect" &&
-	test_must_fail env GIT_TR2="$(pwd)/trace.normal" test-tool trace2 001return 1 &&
+	test_must_fail env GIT_TRACE2="$(pwd)/trace.normal" test-tool trace2 001return 1 &&
 	perl "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t0210/scrub_normal.perl" <trace.normal >actual &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
 		version $V
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ test_expect_success 'normal stream, return code 1' '
 test_expect_success 'automatic filename' '
 	test_when_finished "rm -r traces actual expect" &&
 	mkdir traces &&
-	GIT_TR2="$(pwd)/traces" test-tool trace2 001return 0 &&
+	GIT_TRACE2="$(pwd)/traces" test-tool trace2 001return 0 &&
 	perl "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t0210/scrub_normal.perl" <"$(ls traces/*)" >actual &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
 		version $V
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ test_expect_success 'automatic filename' '
 
 test_expect_success 'normal stream, exit code 0' '
 	test_when_finished "rm trace.normal actual expect" &&
-	GIT_TR2="$(pwd)/trace.normal" test-tool trace2 002exit 0 &&
+	GIT_TRACE2="$(pwd)/trace.normal" test-tool trace2 002exit 0 &&
 	perl "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t0210/scrub_normal.perl" <trace.normal >actual &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
 		version $V
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ test_expect_success 'normal stream, exit code 0' '
 
 test_expect_success 'normal stream, exit code 1' '
 	test_when_finished "rm trace.normal actual expect" &&
-	test_must_fail env GIT_TR2="$(pwd)/trace.normal" test-tool trace2 002exit 1 &&
+	test_must_fail env GIT_TRACE2="$(pwd)/trace.normal" test-tool trace2 002exit 1 &&
 	perl "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t0210/scrub_normal.perl" <trace.normal >actual &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
 		version $V
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ test_expect_success 'normal stream, exit code 1' '
 
 test_expect_success 'normal stream, error event' '
 	test_when_finished "rm trace.normal actual expect" &&
-	GIT_TR2="$(pwd)/trace.normal" test-tool trace2 003error "hello world" "this is a test" &&
+	GIT_TRACE2="$(pwd)/trace.normal" test-tool trace2 003error "hello world" "this is a test" &&
 	perl "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t0210/scrub_normal.perl" <trace.normal >actual &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
 		version $V
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ test_expect_success 'normal stream, error event' '
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-sane_unset GIT_TR2_BRIEF
+sane_unset GIT_TRACE2_BRIEF
 
 # Now test without environment variables and get all Trace2 settings
 # from the global config.
diff --git a/t/t0211-trace2-perf.sh b/t/t0211-trace2-perf.sh
index b501e867af..2c3ad6e8c1 100755
--- a/t/t0211-trace2-perf.sh
+++ b/t/t0211-trace2-perf.sh
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ test_description='test trace2 facility (perf target)'
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 # Turn off any inherited trace2 settings for this test.
-sane_unset GIT_TR2 GIT_TR2_PERF GIT_TR2_EVENT
-sane_unset GIT_TR2_PERF_BRIEF
-sane_unset GIT_TR2_CONFIG_PARAMS
+sane_unset GIT_TRACE2 GIT_TRACE2_PERF GIT_TRACE2_EVENT
+sane_unset GIT_TRACE2_PERF_BRIEF
+sane_unset GIT_TRACE2_CONFIG_PARAMS
 
 # Add t/helper directory to PATH so that we can use a relative
 # path to run nested instances of test-tool.exe (see 004child).
@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ V=$(git version | sed -e 's/^git version //') && export V
 # to whatever filtering that target decides to do).
 # Test each target independently.
 #
-# Defer setting GIT_TR2_PERF until the actual command we want to
+# Defer setting GIT_TRACE2_PERF until the actual command we want to
 # test because hidden git and test-tool commands in the test
 # harness can contaminate our output.
 
 # Enable "brief" feature which turns off the prefix:
 #     "<clock> <file>:<line> | <nr_parents> | "
-GIT_TR2_PERF_BRIEF=1 && export GIT_TR2_PERF_BRIEF
+GIT_TRACE2_PERF_BRIEF=1 && export GIT_TRACE2_PERF_BRIEF
 
 # Repeat some of the t0210 tests using the perf target stream instead of
 # the normal stream.
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ GIT_TR2_PERF_BRIEF=1 && export GIT_TR2_PERF_BRIEF
 
 test_expect_success 'perf stream, return code 0' '
 	test_when_finished "rm trace.perf actual expect" &&
-	GIT_TR2_PERF="$(pwd)/trace.perf" test-tool trace2 001return 0 &&
+	GIT_TRACE2_PERF="$(pwd)/trace.perf" test-tool trace2 001return 0 &&
 	perl "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t0211/scrub_perf.perl" <trace.perf >actual &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
 		d0|main|version|||||$V
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ test_expect_success 'perf stream, return code 0' '
 
 test_expect_success 'perf stream, return code 1' '
 	test_when_finished "rm trace.perf actual expect" &&
-	test_must_fail env GIT_TR2_PERF="$(pwd)/trace.perf" test-tool trace2 001return 1 &&
+	test_must_fail env GIT_TRACE2_PERF="$(pwd)/trace.perf" test-tool trace2 001return 1 &&
 	perl "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t0211/scrub_perf.perl" <trace.perf >actual &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
 		d0|main|version|||||$V
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ test_expect_success 'perf stream, return code 1' '
 
 test_expect_success 'perf stream, error event' '
 	test_when_finished "rm trace.perf actual expect" &&
-	GIT_TR2_PERF="$(pwd)/trace.perf" test-tool trace2 003error "hello world" "this is a test" &&
+	GIT_TRACE2_PERF="$(pwd)/trace.perf" test-tool trace2 003error "hello world" "this is a test" &&
 	perl "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t0211/scrub_perf.perl" <trace.perf >actual &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
 		d0|main|version|||||$V
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ test_expect_success 'perf stream, error event' '
 
 test_expect_success 'perf stream, child processes' '
 	test_when_finished "rm trace.perf actual expect" &&
-	GIT_TR2_PERF="$(pwd)/trace.perf" test-tool trace2 004child test-tool trace2 004child test-tool trace2 001return 0 &&
+	GIT_TRACE2_PERF="$(pwd)/trace.perf" test-tool trace2 004child test-tool trace2 004child test-tool trace2 001return 0 &&
 	perl "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t0211/scrub_perf.perl" <trace.perf >actual &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
 		d0|main|version|||||$V
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ test_expect_success 'perf stream, child processes' '
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-sane_unset GIT_TR2_PERF_BRIEF
+sane_unset GIT_TRACE2_PERF_BRIEF
 
 # Now test without environment variables and get all Trace2 settings
 # from the global config.
diff --git a/t/t0212-trace2-event.sh b/t/t0212-trace2-event.sh
index 59adae8123..ff5b9cc729 100755
--- a/t/t0212-trace2-event.sh
+++ b/t/t0212-trace2-event.sh
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ test_description='test trace2 facility'
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 # Turn off any inherited trace2 settings for this test.
-sane_unset GIT_TR2 GIT_TR2_PERF GIT_TR2_EVENT
-sane_unset GIT_TR2_BARE
-sane_unset GIT_TR2_CONFIG_PARAMS
+sane_unset GIT_TRACE2 GIT_TRACE2_PERF GIT_TRACE2_EVENT
+sane_unset GIT_TRACE2_BARE
+sane_unset GIT_TRACE2_CONFIG_PARAMS
 
 perl -MJSON::PP -e 0 >/dev/null 2>&1 && test_set_prereq JSON_PP
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ V=$(git version | sed -e 's/^git version //') && export V
 # to whatever filtering that target decides to do).
 # Test each target independently.
 #
-# Defer setting GIT_TR2_PERF until the actual command we want to
+# Defer setting GIT_TRACE2_PERF until the actual command we want to
 # test because hidden git and test-tool commands in the test
 # harness can contaminate our output.
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ V=$(git version | sed -e 's/^git version //') && export V
 
 test_expect_success JSON_PP 'event stream, error event' '
 	test_when_finished "rm trace.event actual expect" &&
-	GIT_TR2_EVENT="$(pwd)/trace.event" test-tool trace2 003error "hello world" "this is a test" &&
+	GIT_TRACE2_EVENT="$(pwd)/trace.event" test-tool trace2 003error "hello world" "this is a test" &&
 	perl "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t0212/parse_events.perl" <trace.event >actual &&
 	sed -e "s/^|//" >expect <<-EOF &&
 	|VAR1 = {
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ test_expect_success JSON_PP 'event stream, error event' '
 
 test_expect_success JSON_PP 'event stream, return code 0' '
 	test_when_finished "rm trace.event actual expect" &&
-	GIT_TR2_EVENT="$(pwd)/trace.event" test-tool trace2 004child test-tool trace2 004child test-tool trace2 001return 0 &&
+	GIT_TRACE2_EVENT="$(pwd)/trace.event" test-tool trace2 004child test-tool trace2 004child test-tool trace2 001return 0 &&
 	perl "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t0212/parse_events.perl" <trace.event >actual &&
 	sed -e "s/^|//" >expect <<-EOF &&
 	|VAR1 = {
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ test_expect_success JSON_PP 'event stream, list config' '
 	test_when_finished "rm trace.event actual expect" &&
 	git config --local t0212.abc 1 &&
 	git config --local t0212.def "hello world" &&
-	GIT_TR2_EVENT="$(pwd)/trace.event" GIT_TR2_CONFIG_PARAMS="t0212.*" test-tool trace2 001return 0 &&
+	GIT_TRACE2_EVENT="$(pwd)/trace.event" GIT_TRACE2_CONFIG_PARAMS="t0212.*" test-tool trace2 001return 0 &&
 	perl "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t0212/parse_events.perl" <trace.event >actual &&
 	sed -e "s/^|//" >expect <<-EOF &&
 	|VAR1 = {
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ test_expect_success JSON_PP 'event stream, list config' '
 
 test_expect_success JSON_PP 'basic trace2_data' '
 	test_when_finished "rm trace.event actual expect" &&
-	GIT_TR2_EVENT="$(pwd)/trace.event" test-tool trace2 006data test_category k1 v1 test_category k2 v2 &&
+	GIT_TRACE2_EVENT="$(pwd)/trace.event" test-tool trace2 006data test_category k1 v1 test_category k2 v2 &&
 	perl "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t0212/parse_events.perl" <trace.event >actual &&
 	sed -e "s/^|//" >expect <<-EOF &&
 	|VAR1 = {
diff --git a/t/t0212/parse_events.perl b/t/t0212/parse_events.perl
index a2776ba216..6584bb5634 100644
--- a/t/t0212/parse_events.perl
+++ b/t/t0212/parse_events.perl
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ use Getopt::Long;
 
 # The version of the trace2 event target format that we understand.
 # This is reported in the 'version' event in the 'evt' field.
-# It comes from the GIT_TR2_EVENT_VERSION macro in trace2/tr2_tgt_event.c
+# It comes from the GIT_TRACE2_EVENT_VERSION macro in trace2/tr2_tgt_event.c
 my $evt_version = '1';
 
 my $show_children = 1;
diff --git a/t/t2018-checkout-branch.sh b/t/t2018-checkout-branch.sh
index c5014ad9a6..822381dd9d 100755
--- a/t/t2018-checkout-branch.sh
+++ b/t/t2018-checkout-branch.sh
@@ -60,38 +60,47 @@ test_expect_success 'setup' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'checkout -b to a new branch, set to HEAD' '
+	test_when_finished "
+		git checkout branch1 &&
+		test_might_fail git branch -D branch2" &&
 	do_checkout branch2
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'checkout -b to a new branch, set to an explicit ref' '
-	git checkout branch1 &&
-	git branch -D branch2 &&
+test_expect_success 'checkout -b to a merge base' '
+	test_when_finished "
+		git checkout branch1 &&
+		test_might_fail git branch -D branch2" &&
+	git checkout -b branch2 branch1...
+'
 
+test_expect_success 'checkout -b to a new branch, set to an explicit ref' '
+	test_when_finished "
+		git checkout branch1 &&
+		test_might_fail git branch -D branch2" &&
 	do_checkout branch2 $HEAD1
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'checkout -b to a new branch with unmergeable changes fails' '
-	git checkout branch1 &&
-
-	# clean up from previous test
-	git branch -D branch2 &&
-
 	setup_dirty_unmergeable &&
 	test_must_fail do_checkout branch2 $HEAD1 &&
 	test_dirty_unmergeable
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'checkout -f -b to a new branch with unmergeable changes discards changes' '
+	test_when_finished "
+		git checkout branch1 &&
+		test_might_fail git branch -D branch2" &&
+
 	# still dirty and on branch1
 	do_checkout branch2 $HEAD1 "-f -b" &&
 	test_must_fail test_dirty_unmergeable
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'checkout -b to a new branch preserves mergeable changes' '
-	git checkout branch1 &&
-
-	# clean up from previous test
-	git branch -D branch2 &&
+	test_when_finished "
+		git reset --hard &&
+		git checkout branch1 &&
+		test_might_fail git branch -D branch2" &&
 
 	setup_dirty_mergeable &&
 	do_checkout branch2 $HEAD1 &&
@@ -99,27 +108,18 @@ test_expect_success 'checkout -b to a new branch preserves mergeable changes' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'checkout -f -b to a new branch with mergeable changes discards changes' '
-	# clean up from previous test
-	git reset --hard &&
-
-	git checkout branch1 &&
-
-	# clean up from previous test
-	git branch -D branch2 &&
-
+	test_when_finished git reset --hard HEAD &&
 	setup_dirty_mergeable &&
 	do_checkout branch2 $HEAD1 "-f -b" &&
 	test_must_fail test_dirty_mergeable
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'checkout -b to an existing branch fails' '
-	git reset --hard HEAD &&
-
+	test_when_finished git reset --hard HEAD &&
 	test_must_fail do_checkout branch2 $HEAD2
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'checkout -b to @{-1} fails with the right branch name' '
-	git reset --hard HEAD &&
 	git checkout branch1 &&
 	git checkout branch2 &&
 	echo  >expect "fatal: A branch named '\''branch1'\'' already exists." &&
@@ -133,6 +133,12 @@ test_expect_success 'checkout -B to an existing branch resets branch to HEAD' '
 	do_checkout branch2 "" -B
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'checkout -B to a merge base' '
+	git checkout branch1 &&
+
+	git checkout -B branch2 branch1...
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'checkout -B to an existing branch from detached HEAD resets branch to HEAD' '
 	git checkout $(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
 
@@ -160,6 +166,7 @@ test_expect_success 'checkout -f -B to an existing branch with unmergeable chang
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'checkout -B to an existing branch preserves mergeable changes' '
+	test_when_finished git reset --hard &&
 	git checkout branch1 &&
 
 	setup_dirty_mergeable &&
@@ -168,9 +175,6 @@ test_expect_success 'checkout -B to an existing branch preserves mergeable chang
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'checkout -f -B to an existing branch with mergeable changes discards changes' '
-	# clean up from previous test
-	git reset --hard &&
-
 	git checkout branch1 &&
 
 	setup_dirty_mergeable &&
diff --git a/t/t3200-branch.sh b/t/t3200-branch.sh
index e9ad50b66d..e9d7084d19 100755
--- a/t/t3200-branch.sh
+++ b/t/t3200-branch.sh
@@ -42,6 +42,10 @@ test_expect_success 'git branch a/b/c should create a branch' '
 	git branch a/b/c && test_path_is_file .git/refs/heads/a/b/c
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'git branch mb master... should create a branch' '
+	git branch mb master... && test_path_is_file .git/refs/heads/mb
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'git branch HEAD should fail' '
 	test_must_fail git branch HEAD
 '
@@ -316,8 +320,8 @@ test_expect_success 'git branch --list -v with --abbrev' '
 test_expect_success 'git branch --column' '
 	COLUMNS=81 git branch --column=column >actual &&
 	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-  a/b/c     bam       foo       l       * master    n         o/p       r
-  abc       bar       j/k       m/m       master2   o/o       q
+  a/b/c     bam       foo       l       * master    mb        o/o       q
+  abc       bar       j/k       m/m       master2   n         o/p       r
 EOF
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
@@ -339,6 +343,7 @@ test_expect_success 'git branch --column with an extremely long branch name' '
   m/m
 * master
   master2
+  mb
   n
   o/o
   o/p
@@ -356,8 +361,8 @@ test_expect_success 'git branch with column.*' '
 	git config --unset column.branch &&
 	git config --unset column.ui &&
 	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-  a/b/c   bam   foo   l   * master    n     o/p   r
-  abc     bar   j/k   m/m   master2   o/o   q
+  a/b/c   bam   foo   l   * master    mb   o/o   q
+  abc     bar   j/k   m/m   master2   n    o/p   r
 EOF
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
@@ -381,6 +386,7 @@ test_expect_success 'git branch -v with column.ui ignored' '
   m/m
 * master
   master2
+  mb
   n
   o/o
   o/p
diff --git a/t/t3422-rebase-incompatible-options.sh b/t/t3422-rebase-incompatible-options.sh
index bb78a6ec86..a5868ea152 100755
--- a/t/t3422-rebase-incompatible-options.sh
+++ b/t/t3422-rebase-incompatible-options.sh
@@ -65,12 +65,13 @@ test_rebase_am_only --ignore-whitespace
 test_rebase_am_only --committer-date-is-author-date
 test_rebase_am_only -C4
 
-test_expect_success '--preserve-merges incompatible with --signoff' '
+test_expect_success REBASE_P '--preserve-merges incompatible with --signoff' '
 	git checkout B^0 &&
 	test_must_fail git rebase --preserve-merges --signoff A
 '
 
-test_expect_success '--preserve-merges incompatible with --rebase-merges' '
+test_expect_success REBASE_P \
+	'--preserve-merges incompatible with --rebase-merges' '
 	git checkout B^0 &&
 	test_must_fail git rebase --preserve-merges --rebase-merges A
 '
diff --git a/t/t3427-rebase-subtree.sh b/t/t3427-rebase-subtree.sh
index 3780877e4e..d8640522a0 100755
--- a/t/t3427-rebase-subtree.sh
+++ b/t/t3427-rebase-subtree.sh
@@ -38,7 +38,8 @@ test_expect_success 'setup' '
 '
 
 # FAILURE: Does not preserve master4.
-test_expect_failure 'Rebase -Xsubtree --preserve-merges --onto commit 4' '
+test_expect_failure REBASE_P \
+	'Rebase -Xsubtree --preserve-merges --onto commit 4' '
 	reset_rebase &&
 	git checkout -b rebase-preserve-merges-4 master &&
 	git filter-branch --prune-empty -f --subdirectory-filter files_subtree &&
@@ -48,7 +49,8 @@ test_expect_failure 'Rebase -Xsubtree --preserve-merges --onto commit 4' '
 '
 
 # FAILURE: Does not preserve master5.
-test_expect_failure 'Rebase -Xsubtree --preserve-merges --onto commit 5' '
+test_expect_failure REBASE_P \
+	'Rebase -Xsubtree --preserve-merges --onto commit 5' '
 	reset_rebase &&
 	git checkout -b rebase-preserve-merges-5 master &&
 	git filter-branch --prune-empty -f --subdirectory-filter files_subtree &&
@@ -58,7 +60,8 @@ test_expect_failure 'Rebase -Xsubtree --preserve-merges --onto commit 5' '
 '
 
 # FAILURE: Does not preserve master4.
-test_expect_failure 'Rebase -Xsubtree --keep-empty --preserve-merges --onto commit 4' '
+test_expect_failure REBASE_P \
+	'Rebase -Xsubtree --keep-empty --preserve-merges --onto commit 4' '
 	reset_rebase &&
 	git checkout -b rebase-keep-empty-4 master &&
 	git filter-branch --prune-empty -f --subdirectory-filter files_subtree &&
@@ -68,7 +71,8 @@ test_expect_failure 'Rebase -Xsubtree --keep-empty --preserve-merges --onto comm
 '
 
 # FAILURE: Does not preserve master5.
-test_expect_failure 'Rebase -Xsubtree --keep-empty --preserve-merges --onto commit 5' '
+test_expect_failure REBASE_P \
+	'Rebase -Xsubtree --keep-empty --preserve-merges --onto commit 5' '
 	reset_rebase &&
 	git checkout -b rebase-keep-empty-5 master &&
 	git filter-branch --prune-empty -f --subdirectory-filter files_subtree &&
@@ -78,7 +82,8 @@ test_expect_failure 'Rebase -Xsubtree --keep-empty --preserve-merges --onto comm
 '
 
 # FAILURE: Does not preserve Empty.
-test_expect_failure 'Rebase -Xsubtree --keep-empty --preserve-merges --onto empty commit' '
+test_expect_failure REBASE_P \
+	'Rebase -Xsubtree --keep-empty --preserve-merges --onto empty commit' '
 	reset_rebase &&
 	git checkout -b rebase-keep-empty-empty master &&
 	git filter-branch --prune-empty -f --subdirectory-filter files_subtree &&
diff --git a/t/t4013-diff-various.sh b/t/t4013-diff-various.sh
index 9f8f0e84ad..a9054d2db1 100755
--- a/t/t4013-diff-various.sh
+++ b/t/t4013-diff-various.sh
@@ -338,6 +338,8 @@ format-patch --inline --stdout initial..master^^
 format-patch --stdout --cover-letter -n initial..master^
 
 diff --abbrev initial..side
+diff -U initial..side
+diff -U1 initial..side
 diff -r initial..side
 diff --stat initial..side
 diff -r --stat initial..side
diff --git a/t/t4013/diff.diff_-U1_initial..side b/t/t4013/diff.diff_-U1_initial..side
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b69f8f048a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t4013/diff.diff_-U1_initial..side
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+$ git diff -U1 initial..side
+diff --git a/dir/sub b/dir/sub
+index 35d242b..7289e35 100644
+--- a/dir/sub
++++ b/dir/sub
+@@ -2 +2,3 @@ A
+ B
++1
++2
+diff --git a/file0 b/file0
+index 01e79c3..f4615da 100644
+--- a/file0
++++ b/file0
+@@ -3 +3,4 @@
+ 3
++A
++B
++C
+diff --git a/file3 b/file3
+new file mode 100644
+index 0000000..7289e35
+--- /dev/null
++++ b/file3
+@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
++A
++B
++1
++2
+$
diff --git a/t/t4013/diff.diff_-U2_initial..side b/t/t4013/diff.diff_-U2_initial..side
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8ffe04f203
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t4013/diff.diff_-U2_initial..side
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+$ git diff -U2 initial..side
+diff --git a/dir/sub b/dir/sub
+index 35d242b..7289e35 100644
+--- a/dir/sub
++++ b/dir/sub
+@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
+ A
+ B
++1
++2
+diff --git a/file0 b/file0
+index 01e79c3..f4615da 100644
+--- a/file0
++++ b/file0
+@@ -2,2 +2,5 @@
+ 2
+ 3
++A
++B
++C
+diff --git a/file3 b/file3
+new file mode 100644
+index 0000000..7289e35
+--- /dev/null
++++ b/file3
+@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
++A
++B
++1
++2
+$
diff --git a/t/t4013/diff.diff_-U_initial..side b/t/t4013/diff.diff_-U_initial..side
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c66c0dd5c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t4013/diff.diff_-U_initial..side
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+$ git diff -U initial..side
+diff --git a/dir/sub b/dir/sub
+index 35d242b..7289e35 100644
+--- a/dir/sub
++++ b/dir/sub
+@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
+ A
+ B
++1
++2
+diff --git a/file0 b/file0
+index 01e79c3..f4615da 100644
+--- a/file0
++++ b/file0
+@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+ 1
+ 2
+ 3
++A
++B
++C
+diff --git a/file3 b/file3
+new file mode 100644
+index 0000000..7289e35
+--- /dev/null
++++ b/file3
+@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
++A
++B
++1
++2
+$
diff --git a/t/t4253-am-keep-cr-dos.sh b/t/t4253-am-keep-cr-dos.sh
index 553fe3e88e..6e1b73ec3a 100755
--- a/t/t4253-am-keep-cr-dos.sh
+++ b/t/t4253-am-keep-cr-dos.sh
@@ -51,14 +51,16 @@ test_expect_success 'am with dos files without --keep-cr' '
 
 test_expect_success 'am with dos files with --keep-cr' '
 	git checkout -b dosfiles-keep-cr initial &&
-	git format-patch -k --stdout initial..master | git am --keep-cr -k -3 &&
+	git format-patch -k --stdout initial..master >output &&
+	git am --keep-cr -k -3 output &&
 	git diff --exit-code master
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'am with dos files config am.keepcr' '
 	git config am.keepcr 1 &&
 	git checkout -b dosfiles-conf-keepcr initial &&
-	git format-patch -k --stdout initial..master | git am -k -3 &&
+	git format-patch -k --stdout initial..master >output &&
+	git am -k -3 output &&
 	git diff --exit-code master
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t5580-clone-push-unc.sh b/t/t5580-clone-push-unc.sh
index 217adf3a63..b3c8a92450 100755
--- a/t/t5580-clone-push-unc.sh
+++ b/t/t5580-clone-push-unc.sh
@@ -62,4 +62,16 @@ test_expect_success MINGW 'remote nick cannot contain backslashes' '
 	test_i18ngrep ! "unable to access" err
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'unc alternates' '
+	tree="$(git rev-parse HEAD:)" &&
+	mkdir test-unc-alternate &&
+	(
+		cd test-unc-alternate &&
+		git init &&
+		test_must_fail git show $tree &&
+		echo "$UNCPATH/.git/objects" >.git/objects/info/alternates &&
+		git show $tree
+	)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t6500-gc.sh b/t/t6500-gc.sh
index 7411bf7fec..515c6735e9 100755
--- a/t/t6500-gc.sh
+++ b/t/t6500-gc.sh
@@ -181,7 +181,15 @@ test_expect_success 'background auto gc respects lock for all operations' '
 	# now fake a concurrent gc that holds the lock; we can use our
 	# shell pid so that it looks valid.
 	hostname=$(hostname || echo unknown) &&
-	printf "$$ %s" "$hostname" >.git/gc.pid &&
+	shell_pid=$$ &&
+	if test_have_prereq MINGW && test -f /proc/$shell_pid/winpid
+	then
+		# In Git for Windows, Bash (actually, the MSYS2 runtime) has a
+		# different idea of PIDs than git.exe (actually Windows). Use
+		# the Windows PID in this case.
+		shell_pid=$(cat /proc/$shell_pid/winpid)
+	fi &&
+	printf "%d %s" "$shell_pid" "$hostname" >.git/gc.pid &&
 
 	# our gc should exit zero without doing anything
 	run_and_wait_for_auto_gc &&
diff --git a/t/t7004-tag.sh b/t/t7004-tag.sh
index e285686662..6aeeb279a0 100755
--- a/t/t7004-tag.sh
+++ b/t/t7004-tag.sh
@@ -1702,7 +1702,7 @@ test_expect_success '--points-at finds annotated tags of tags' '
 
 test_expect_success 'recursive tagging should give advice' '
 	sed -e "s/|$//" <<-EOF >expect &&
-	hint: You have created a nested tag. The object referred to by your new is
+	hint: You have created a nested tag. The object referred to by your new tag is
 	hint: already a tag. If you meant to tag the object that it points to, use:
 	hint: |
 	hint: 	git tag -f nested annotated-v4.0^{}
diff --git a/t/t7411-submodule-config.sh b/t/t7411-submodule-config.sh
index fcc0fb82d8..ad28e93880 100755
--- a/t/t7411-submodule-config.sh
+++ b/t/t7411-submodule-config.sh
@@ -243,18 +243,14 @@ test_expect_success 'reading nested submodules config' '
 	)
 '
 
-# When this test eventually passes, before turning it into
-# test_expect_success, remember to replace the test_i18ngrep below with
-# a "test_must_be_empty warning" to be sure that the warning is actually
-# removed from the code.
-test_expect_failure 'reading nested submodules config when .gitmodules is not in the working tree' '
+test_expect_success 'reading nested submodules config when .gitmodules is not in the working tree' '
 	test_when_finished "git -C super/submodule checkout .gitmodules" &&
 	(cd super &&
 		echo "./nested_submodule" >expect &&
 		rm submodule/.gitmodules &&
 		test-tool submodule-nested-repo-config \
 			submodule submodule.nested_submodule.url >actual 2>warning &&
-		test_i18ngrep "nested submodules without %s in the working tree are not supported yet" warning &&
+		test_must_be_empty warning &&
 		test_cmp expect actual
 	)
 '
diff --git a/t/t7519-status-fsmonitor.sh b/t/t7519-status-fsmonitor.sh
index 3e0a61db23..81a375fa0f 100755
--- a/t/t7519-status-fsmonitor.sh
+++ b/t/t7519-status-fsmonitor.sh
@@ -346,4 +346,12 @@ test_expect_success UNTRACKED_CACHE 'ignore .git changes when invalidating UNTR'
 	test_cmp before after
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'discard_index() also discards fsmonitor info' '
+	test_config core.fsmonitor "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t7519/fsmonitor-all" &&
+	test_might_fail git update-index --refresh &&
+	test-tool read-cache --print-and-refresh=tracked 2 >actual &&
+	printf "tracked is%s up to date\n" "" " not" >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7610-mergetool.sh b/t/t7610-mergetool.sh
index a9fb971615..5b61c10a9c 100755
--- a/t/t7610-mergetool.sh
+++ b/t/t7610-mergetool.sh
@@ -130,14 +130,55 @@ test_expect_success 'custom mergetool' '
 	test_when_finished "git reset --hard" &&
 	git checkout -b test$test_count branch1 &&
 	git submodule update -N &&
-	test_must_fail git merge master >/dev/null 2>&1 &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool both >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
+	test_must_fail git merge master &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool both ) &&
 	( yes "" | git mergetool file1 file1 ) &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool file2 "spaced name" >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool subdir/file3 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "d" | git mergetool file12 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "l" | git mergetool submod >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool file2 "spaced name" ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool subdir/file3 ) &&
+	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 ) &&
+	( yes "d" | git mergetool file12 ) &&
+	( yes "l" | git mergetool submod ) &&
+	test "$(cat file1)" = "master updated" &&
+	test "$(cat file2)" = "master new" &&
+	test "$(cat subdir/file3)" = "master new sub" &&
+	test "$(cat submod/bar)" = "branch1 submodule" &&
+	git commit -m "branch1 resolved with mergetool"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'gui mergetool' '
+	test_config merge.guitool myguitool &&
+	test_config mergetool.myguitool.cmd "(printf \"gui \" && cat \"\$REMOTE\") >\"\$MERGED\"" &&
+	test_config mergetool.myguitool.trustExitCode true &&
+	test_when_finished "git reset --hard" &&
+	git checkout -b test$test_count branch1 &&
+	git submodule update -N &&
+	test_must_fail git merge master &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool --gui both ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool -g file1 file1 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool --gui file2 "spaced name" ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool --gui subdir/file3 ) &&
+	( yes "d" | git mergetool --gui file11 ) &&
+	( yes "d" | git mergetool --gui file12 ) &&
+	( yes "l" | git mergetool --gui submod ) &&
+	test "$(cat file1)" = "gui master updated" &&
+	test "$(cat file2)" = "gui master new" &&
+	test "$(cat subdir/file3)" = "gui master new sub" &&
+	test "$(cat submod/bar)" = "branch1 submodule" &&
+	git commit -m "branch1 resolved with mergetool"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'gui mergetool without merge.guitool set falls back to merge.tool' '
+	test_when_finished "git reset --hard" &&
+	git checkout -b test$test_count branch1 &&
+	git submodule update -N &&
+	test_must_fail git merge master &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool --gui both ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool -g file1 file1 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool --gui file2 "spaced name" ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool --gui subdir/file3 ) &&
+	( yes "d" | git mergetool --gui file11 ) &&
+	( yes "d" | git mergetool --gui file12 ) &&
+	( yes "l" | git mergetool --gui submod ) &&
 	test "$(cat file1)" = "master updated" &&
 	test "$(cat file2)" = "master new" &&
 	test "$(cat subdir/file3)" = "master new sub" &&
@@ -153,15 +194,15 @@ test_expect_success 'mergetool crlf' '
 	# test_when_finished is LIFO.)
 	test_config core.autocrlf true &&
 	git checkout -b test$test_count branch1 &&
-	test_must_fail git merge master >/dev/null 2>&1 &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool file1 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool file2 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool "spaced name" >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool both >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool subdir/file3 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "d" | git mergetool file12 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "r" | git mergetool submod >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
+	test_must_fail git merge master &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool file1 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool file2 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool "spaced name" ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool both ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool subdir/file3 ) &&
+	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 ) &&
+	( yes "d" | git mergetool file12 ) &&
+	( yes "r" | git mergetool submod ) &&
 	test "$(printf x | cat file1 -)" = "$(printf "master updated\r\nx")" &&
 	test "$(printf x | cat file2 -)" = "$(printf "master new\r\nx")" &&
 	test "$(printf x | cat subdir/file3 -)" = "$(printf "master new sub\r\nx")" &&
@@ -176,8 +217,8 @@ test_expect_success 'mergetool in subdir' '
 	git submodule update -N &&
 	(
 		cd subdir &&
-		test_must_fail git merge master >/dev/null 2>&1 &&
-		( yes "" | git mergetool file3 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
+		test_must_fail git merge master &&
+		( yes "" | git mergetool file3 ) &&
 		test "$(cat file3)" = "master new sub"
 	)
 '
@@ -188,14 +229,14 @@ test_expect_success 'mergetool on file in parent dir' '
 	git submodule update -N &&
 	(
 		cd subdir &&
-		test_must_fail git merge master >/dev/null 2>&1 &&
-		( yes "" | git mergetool file3 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-		( yes "" | git mergetool ../file1 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-		( yes "" | git mergetool ../file2 ../spaced\ name >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-		( yes "" | git mergetool ../both >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-		( yes "d" | git mergetool ../file11 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-		( yes "d" | git mergetool ../file12 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-		( yes "l" | git mergetool ../submod >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
+		test_must_fail git merge master &&
+		( yes "" | git mergetool file3 ) &&
+		( yes "" | git mergetool ../file1 ) &&
+		( yes "" | git mergetool ../file2 ../spaced\ name ) &&
+		( yes "" | git mergetool ../both ) &&
+		( yes "d" | git mergetool ../file11 ) &&
+		( yes "d" | git mergetool ../file12 ) &&
+		( yes "l" | git mergetool ../submod ) &&
 		test "$(cat ../file1)" = "master updated" &&
 		test "$(cat ../file2)" = "master new" &&
 		test "$(cat ../submod/bar)" = "branch1 submodule" &&
@@ -209,9 +250,9 @@ test_expect_success 'mergetool skips autoresolved' '
 	git submodule update -N &&
 	test_must_fail git merge master &&
 	test -n "$(git ls-files -u)" &&
-	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "d" | git mergetool file12 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "l" | git mergetool submod >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
+	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 ) &&
+	( yes "d" | git mergetool file12 ) &&
+	( yes "l" | git mergetool submod ) &&
 	output="$(git mergetool --no-prompt)" &&
 	test "$output" = "No files need merging"
 '
@@ -259,9 +300,9 @@ test_expect_success 'mergetool skips resolved paths when rerere is active' '
 	rm -rf .git/rr-cache &&
 	git checkout -b test$test_count branch1 &&
 	git submodule update -N &&
-	test_must_fail git merge master >/dev/null 2>&1 &&
-	( yes "l" | git mergetool --no-prompt submod >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "d" "d" | git mergetool --no-prompt >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
+	test_must_fail git merge master &&
+	( yes "l" | git mergetool --no-prompt submod ) &&
+	( yes "d" "d" | git mergetool --no-prompt ) &&
 	git submodule update -N &&
 	output="$(yes "n" | git mergetool --no-prompt)" &&
 	test "$output" = "No files need merging"
@@ -369,9 +410,9 @@ test_expect_success 'deleted vs modified submodule' '
 	git checkout -b test$test_count.a test$test_count &&
 	test_must_fail git merge master &&
 	test -n "$(git ls-files -u)" &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool file1 file2 spaced\ name subdir/file3 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool both >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 file12 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool file1 file2 spaced\ name subdir/file3 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool both ) &&
+	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 file12 ) &&
 	( yes "r" | git mergetool submod ) &&
 	rmdir submod && mv submod-movedaside submod &&
 	test "$(cat submod/bar)" = "branch1 submodule" &&
@@ -386,9 +427,9 @@ test_expect_success 'deleted vs modified submodule' '
 	git submodule update -N &&
 	test_must_fail git merge master &&
 	test -n "$(git ls-files -u)" &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool file1 file2 spaced\ name subdir/file3 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool both >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 file12 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool file1 file2 spaced\ name subdir/file3 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool both ) &&
+	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 file12 ) &&
 	( yes "l" | git mergetool submod ) &&
 	test ! -e submod &&
 	output="$(git mergetool --no-prompt)" &&
@@ -400,9 +441,9 @@ test_expect_success 'deleted vs modified submodule' '
 	git submodule update -N &&
 	test_must_fail git merge test$test_count &&
 	test -n "$(git ls-files -u)" &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool file1 file2 spaced\ name subdir/file3 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool both >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 file12 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool file1 file2 spaced\ name subdir/file3 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool both ) &&
+	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 file12 ) &&
 	( yes "r" | git mergetool submod ) &&
 	test ! -e submod &&
 	test -d submod.orig &&
@@ -416,9 +457,9 @@ test_expect_success 'deleted vs modified submodule' '
 	git submodule update -N &&
 	test_must_fail git merge test$test_count &&
 	test -n "$(git ls-files -u)" &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool file1 file2 spaced\ name subdir/file3 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool both >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 file12 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool file1 file2 spaced\ name subdir/file3 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool both ) &&
+	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 file12 ) &&
 	( yes "l" | git mergetool submod ) &&
 	test "$(cat submod/bar)" = "master submodule" &&
 	git submodule update -N &&
@@ -440,9 +481,9 @@ test_expect_success 'file vs modified submodule' '
 	git checkout -b test$test_count.a branch1 &&
 	test_must_fail git merge master &&
 	test -n "$(git ls-files -u)" &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool file1 file2 spaced\ name subdir/file3 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool both >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 file12 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool file1 file2 spaced\ name subdir/file3 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool both ) &&
+	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 file12 ) &&
 	( yes "r" | git mergetool submod ) &&
 	rmdir submod && mv submod-movedaside submod &&
 	test "$(cat submod/bar)" = "branch1 submodule" &&
@@ -456,9 +497,9 @@ test_expect_success 'file vs modified submodule' '
 	git checkout -b test$test_count.b test$test_count &&
 	test_must_fail git merge master &&
 	test -n "$(git ls-files -u)" &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool file1 file2 spaced\ name subdir/file3 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool both >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 file12 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool file1 file2 spaced\ name subdir/file3 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool both ) &&
+	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 file12 ) &&
 	( yes "l" | git mergetool submod ) &&
 	git submodule update -N &&
 	test "$(cat submod)" = "not a submodule" &&
@@ -472,9 +513,9 @@ test_expect_success 'file vs modified submodule' '
 	git submodule update -N &&
 	test_must_fail git merge test$test_count &&
 	test -n "$(git ls-files -u)" &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool file1 file2 spaced\ name subdir/file3 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool both >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 file12 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool file1 file2 spaced\ name subdir/file3 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool both ) &&
+	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 file12 ) &&
 	( yes "r" | git mergetool submod ) &&
 	test -d submod.orig &&
 	git submodule update -N &&
@@ -488,9 +529,9 @@ test_expect_success 'file vs modified submodule' '
 	git submodule update -N &&
 	test_must_fail git merge test$test_count &&
 	test -n "$(git ls-files -u)" &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool file1 file2 spaced\ name subdir/file3 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "" | git mergetool both>/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
-	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 file12 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool file1 file2 spaced\ name subdir/file3 ) &&
+	( yes "" | git mergetool both ) &&
+	( yes "d" | git mergetool file11 file12 ) &&
 	( yes "l" | git mergetool submod ) &&
 	test "$(cat submod/bar)" = "master submodule" &&
 	git submodule update -N &&
@@ -543,7 +584,7 @@ test_expect_success 'submodule in subdirectory' '
 	git add subdir/subdir_module &&
 	git commit -m "change submodule in subdirectory on test$test_count.b" &&
 
-	test_must_fail git merge test$test_count.a >/dev/null 2>&1 &&
+	test_must_fail git merge test$test_count.a &&
 	(
 		cd subdir &&
 		( yes "l" | git mergetool subdir_module )
@@ -554,7 +595,7 @@ test_expect_success 'submodule in subdirectory' '
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git submodule update -N &&
 
-	test_must_fail git merge test$test_count.a >/dev/null 2>&1 &&
+	test_must_fail git merge test$test_count.a &&
 	( yes "r" | git mergetool subdir/subdir_module ) &&
 	test "$(cat subdir/subdir_module/file15)" = "test$test_count.b" &&
 	git submodule update -N &&
@@ -641,7 +682,7 @@ test_expect_success 'filenames seen by tools start with ./' '
 	test_config mergetool.myecho.trustExitCode true &&
 	test_must_fail git merge master &&
 	git mergetool --no-prompt --tool myecho -- both >actual &&
-	grep ^\./both_LOCAL_ actual >/dev/null
+	grep ^\./both_LOCAL_ actual
 '
 
 test_lazy_prereq MKTEMP '
@@ -658,8 +699,8 @@ test_expect_success MKTEMP 'temporary filenames are used with mergetool.writeToT
 	test_config mergetool.myecho.trustExitCode true &&
 	test_must_fail git merge master &&
 	git mergetool --no-prompt --tool myecho -- both >actual &&
-	! grep ^\./both_LOCAL_ actual >/dev/null &&
-	grep /both_LOCAL_ actual >/dev/null
+	! grep ^\./both_LOCAL_ actual &&
+	grep /both_LOCAL_ actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'diff.orderFile configuration is honored' '
diff --git a/t/t7800-difftool.sh b/t/t7800-difftool.sh
index 480dd0633f..6bac9ed180 100755
--- a/t/t7800-difftool.sh
+++ b/t/t7800-difftool.sh
@@ -279,11 +279,27 @@ test_expect_success 'difftool + mergetool config variables' '
 	echo branch >expect &&
 	git difftool --no-prompt branch >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
+	git difftool --gui --no-prompt branch >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	# set merge.tool to something bogus, diff.tool to test-tool
 	test_config merge.tool bogus-tool &&
 	test_config diff.tool test-tool &&
 	git difftool --no-prompt branch >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+	git difftool --gui --no-prompt branch >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	# set merge.tool, diff.tool to something bogus, merge.guitool to test-tool
+	test_config diff.tool bogus-tool &&
+	test_config merge.guitool test-tool &&
+	git difftool --gui --no-prompt branch >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	# set merge.tool, diff.tool, merge.guitool to something bogus, diff.guitool to test-tool
+	test_config merge.guitool bogus-tool &&
+	test_config diff.guitool test-tool &&
+	git difftool --gui --no-prompt branch >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
@@ -715,4 +731,12 @@ test_expect_success 'outside worktree' '
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'difftool --gui, --tool and --extcmd are mutually exclusive' '
+	difftool_test_setup &&
+	test_must_fail git difftool --gui --tool=test-tool &&
+	test_must_fail git difftool --gui --extcmd=cat &&
+	test_must_fail git difftool --tool=test-tool --extcmd=cat &&
+	test_must_fail git difftool --gui --tool=test-tool --extcmd=cat
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/test-lib.sh b/t/test-lib.sh
index 908ddb9c46..599fd70e14 100644
--- a/t/test-lib.sh
+++ b/t/test-lib.sh
@@ -1522,7 +1522,7 @@ test_lazy_prereq NOT_ROOT '
 '
 
 test_lazy_prereq JGIT '
-	type jgit
+	jgit --version
 '
 
 # SANITY is about "can you correctly predict what the filesystem would
diff --git a/trace2.h b/trace2.h
index f189ef5984..050bf3c8c1 100644
--- a/trace2.h
+++ b/trace2.h
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ void trace2_cmd_alias_fl(const char *file, int line, const char *alias,
  * list of patterns configured important.  For example:
  *     git config --system trace2.configParams 'core.*,remote.*.url'
  * or:
- *     GIT_TR2_CONFIG_PARAMS=core.*,remote.*.url"
+ *     GIT_TRACE2_CONFIG_PARAMS=core.*,remote.*.url"
  *
  * Note: this routine does a read-only iteration on the config data
  * (using read_early_config()), so it must not be called until enough
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_cmd_name.c b/trace2/tr2_cmd_name.c
index e999592b4c..dd313204f5 100644
--- a/trace2/tr2_cmd_name.c
+++ b/trace2/tr2_cmd_name.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "trace2/tr2_cmd_name.h"
 
-#define TR2_ENVVAR_PARENT_NAME "GIT_TR2_PARENT_NAME"
+#define TR2_ENVVAR_PARENT_NAME "GIT_TRACE2_PARENT_NAME"
 
 static struct strbuf tr2cmdname_hierarchy = STRBUF_INIT;
 
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_sid.c b/trace2/tr2_sid.c
index 5047095478..6948fd4108 100644
--- a/trace2/tr2_sid.c
+++ b/trace2/tr2_sid.c
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #include "trace2/tr2_tbuf.h"
 #include "trace2/tr2_sid.h"
 
-#define TR2_ENVVAR_PARENT_SID "GIT_TR2_PARENT_SID"
+#define TR2_ENVVAR_PARENT_SID "GIT_TRACE2_PARENT_SID"
 
 static struct strbuf tr2sid_buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 static int tr2sid_nr_git_parents;
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_sysenv.c b/trace2/tr2_sysenv.c
index 9025b86303..5958cfc424 100644
--- a/trace2/tr2_sysenv.c
+++ b/trace2/tr2_sysenv.c
@@ -21,33 +21,33 @@ struct tr2_sysenv_entry {
  * The strings in this table are constant and must match the published
  * config and environment variable names as described in the documentation.
  *
- * We do not define entries for the GIT_TR2_PARENT_* environment
+ * We do not define entries for the GIT_TRACE2_PARENT_* environment
  * variables because they are transient and used to pass information
  * from parent to child git processes, rather than settings.
  */
 /* clang-format off */
 static struct tr2_sysenv_entry tr2_sysenv_settings[] = {
-	[TR2_SYSENV_CFG_PARAM]     = { "GIT_TR2_CONFIG_PARAMS",
+	[TR2_SYSENV_CFG_PARAM]     = { "GIT_TRACE2_CONFIG_PARAMS",
 				       "trace2.configparams" },
 
-	[TR2_SYSENV_DST_DEBUG]     = { "GIT_TR2_DST_DEBUG",
+	[TR2_SYSENV_DST_DEBUG]     = { "GIT_TRACE2_DST_DEBUG",
 				       "trace2.destinationdebug" },
 
-	[TR2_SYSENV_NORMAL]        = { "GIT_TR2",
+	[TR2_SYSENV_NORMAL]        = { "GIT_TRACE2",
 				       "trace2.normaltarget" },
-	[TR2_SYSENV_NORMAL_BRIEF]  = { "GIT_TR2_BRIEF",
+	[TR2_SYSENV_NORMAL_BRIEF]  = { "GIT_TRACE2_BRIEF",
 				       "trace2.normalbrief" },
 
-	[TR2_SYSENV_EVENT]         = { "GIT_TR2_EVENT",
+	[TR2_SYSENV_EVENT]         = { "GIT_TRACE2_EVENT",
 				       "trace2.eventtarget" },
-	[TR2_SYSENV_EVENT_BRIEF]   = { "GIT_TR2_EVENT_BRIEF",
+	[TR2_SYSENV_EVENT_BRIEF]   = { "GIT_TRACE2_EVENT_BRIEF",
 				       "trace2.eventbrief" },
-	[TR2_SYSENV_EVENT_NESTING] = { "GIT_TR2_EVENT_NESTING",
+	[TR2_SYSENV_EVENT_NESTING] = { "GIT_TRACE2_EVENT_NESTING",
 				       "trace2.eventnesting" },
 
-	[TR2_SYSENV_PERF]          = { "GIT_TR2_PERF",
+	[TR2_SYSENV_PERF]          = { "GIT_TRACE2_PERF",
 				       "trace2.perftarget" },
-	[TR2_SYSENV_PERF_BRIEF]    = { "GIT_TR2_PERF_BRIEF",
+	[TR2_SYSENV_PERF_BRIEF]    = { "GIT_TRACE2_PERF_BRIEF",
 				       "trace2.perfbrief" },
 };
 /* clang-format on */
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_sysenv.h b/trace2/tr2_sysenv.h
index 369b20bd87..8dd82a7a56 100644
--- a/trace2/tr2_sysenv.h
+++ b/trace2/tr2_sysenv.h
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
  *
  * Note that this set does not contain any of the transient
  * environment variables used to pass information from parent
- * to child git processes, such "GIT_TR2_PARENT_SID".
+ * to child git processes, such "GIT_TRACE2_PARENT_SID".
  */
 enum tr2_sysenv_variable {
 	TR2_SYSENV_CFG_PARAM = 0,
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_tls.c b/trace2/tr2_tls.c
index e76d8c5d92..067c23755f 100644
--- a/trace2/tr2_tls.c
+++ b/trace2/tr2_tls.c
@@ -61,7 +61,12 @@ struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *tr2tls_create_self(const char *thread_name,
 
 struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *tr2tls_get_self(void)
 {
-	struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *ctx = pthread_getspecific(tr2tls_key);
+	struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *ctx;
+
+	if (!HAVE_THREADS)
+		return tr2tls_thread_main;
+
+	ctx = pthread_getspecific(tr2tls_key);
 
 	/*
 	 * If the thread-proc did not call trace2_thread_start(), we won't
@@ -76,9 +81,10 @@ struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *tr2tls_get_self(void)
 
 int tr2tls_is_main_thread(void)
 {
-	struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *ctx = pthread_getspecific(tr2tls_key);
+	if (!HAVE_THREADS)
+		return 1;
 
-	return ctx == tr2tls_thread_main;
+	return pthread_getspecific(tr2tls_key) == tr2tls_thread_main;
 }
 
 void tr2tls_unset_self(void)
diff --git a/upload-pack.c b/upload-pack.c
index d2ea5eb20d..24298913c0 100644
--- a/upload-pack.c
+++ b/upload-pack.c
@@ -1069,6 +1069,8 @@ static int upload_pack_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *unused)
 		allow_ref_in_want = git_config_bool(var, value);
 	} else if (!strcmp("uploadpack.allowsidebandall", var)) {
 		allow_sideband_all = git_config_bool(var, value);
+	} else if (!strcmp("core.precomposeunicode", var)) {
+		precomposed_unicode = git_config_bool(var, value);
 	}
 
 	if (current_config_scope() != CONFIG_SCOPE_REPO) {
diff --git a/wt-status.c b/wt-status.c
index e065558c31..d2a1bec226 100644
--- a/wt-status.c
+++ b/wt-status.c
@@ -1215,7 +1215,9 @@ static void abbrev_sha1_in_line(struct strbuf *line)
 	int i;
 
 	if (starts_with(line->buf, "exec ") ||
-	    starts_with(line->buf, "x "))
+	    starts_with(line->buf, "x ") ||
+	    starts_with(line->buf, "label ") ||
+	    starts_with(line->buf, "l "))
 		return;
 
 	split = strbuf_split_max(line, ' ', 3);
author	Jiang Xin <worldhello.net@gmail.com>	2019-05-31 14:34:26 +0800
committer	Jiang Xin <worldhello.net@gmail.com>	2019-05-31 14:34:26 +0800
commit	a17177ce3ac74afc0b2e6fc6c80c1e1991b96a13 (patch)
tree	0ff1a62d28a13bc8d8708148b85d3b0ba2632f92
parent	Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/Softcatala/git-po (diff)
parent	Git 2.22-rc2 (diff)
download	tgif-a17177ce3ac74afc0b2e6fc6c80c1e1991b96a13.tar.xz