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-<p align="center">
- <a href="https://uptrace.dev/?utm_source=gh-pg&utm_campaign=gh-pg-banner1">
- <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/uptrace/roadmap/master/banner1.png">
- </a>
-</p>
-
-# PostgreSQL client and ORM for Golang
-
-[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/go-pg/pg.svg?branch=v10)](https://travis-ci.org/go-pg/pg)
-[![PkgGoDev](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10)](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10)
-[![Documentation](https://img.shields.io/badge/pg-documentation-informational)](https://pg.uptrace.dev/)
-[![Chat](https://discordapp.com/api/guilds/752070105847955518/widget.png)](https://discord.gg/rWtp5Aj)
-
-**Important**. Please check [Bun](https://bun.uptrace.dev/guide/pg-migration.html) - the next
-iteration of go-pg built on top of `sql.DB`.
-
-- Join [Discord](https://discord.gg/rWtp5Aj) to ask questions.
-- [Documentation](https://pg.uptrace.dev)
-- [Reference](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc)
-- [Examples](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#pkg-examples)
-- Example projects:
- - [treemux](https://github.com/uptrace/go-treemux-realworld-example-app)
- - [gin](https://github.com/gogjango/gjango)
- - [go-kit](https://github.com/Tsovak/rest-api-demo)
- - [aah framework](https://github.com/kieusonlam/golamapi)
-- [GraphQL Tutorial on YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzQWIQOqeUSNwXcneWYJHUREAIucJ5UZn).
-
-## Ecosystem
-
-- Migrations by [vmihailenco](https://github.com/go-pg/migrations) and
- [robinjoseph08](https://github.com/robinjoseph08/go-pg-migrations).
-- [Genna - cli tool for generating go-pg models](https://github.com/dizzyfool/genna).
-- [bigint](https://github.com/d-fal/bigint) - big.Int type for go-pg.
-- [urlstruct](https://github.com/go-pg/urlstruct) to decode `url.Values` into structs.
-- [Sharding](https://github.com/go-pg/sharding).
-- [go-pg-monitor](https://github.com/hypnoglow/go-pg-monitor) - Prometheus metrics based on go-pg
- client stats.
-
-## Features
-
-- Basic types: integers, floats, string, bool, time.Time, net.IP, net.IPNet.
-- sql.NullBool, sql.NullString, sql.NullInt64, sql.NullFloat64 and
- [pg.NullTime](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#NullTime).
-- [sql.Scanner](http://golang.org/pkg/database/sql/#Scanner) and
- [sql/driver.Valuer](http://golang.org/pkg/database/sql/driver/#Valuer) interfaces.
-- Structs, maps and arrays are marshalled as JSON by default.
-- PostgreSQL multidimensional Arrays using
- [array tag](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB-Model-PostgresArrayStructTag)
- and [Array wrapper](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-Array).
-- Hstore using
- [hstore tag](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB-Model-HstoreStructTag)
- and [Hstore wrapper](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-Hstore).
-- [Composite types](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB-Model-CompositeType).
-- All struct fields are nullable by default and zero values (empty string, 0, zero time, empty map
- or slice, nil ptr) are marshalled as SQL `NULL`. `pg:",notnull"` is used to add SQL `NOT NULL`
- constraint and `pg:",use_zero"` to allow Go zero values.
-- [Transactions](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB-Begin).
-- [Prepared statements](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB-Prepare).
-- [Notifications](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-Listener) using
- `LISTEN` and `NOTIFY`.
-- [Copying data](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB-CopyFrom) using
- `COPY FROM` and `COPY TO`.
-- [Timeouts](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#Options) and canceling queries using
- context.Context.
-- Automatic connection pooling with
- [circuit breaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breaker_design_pattern) support.
-- Queries retry on network errors.
-- Working with models using
- [ORM](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB.Model) and
- [SQL](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB.Query).
-- Scanning variables using
- [ORM](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB.Model-SelectSomeColumnsIntoVars)
- and [SQL](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-Scan).
-- [SelectOrInsert](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB.Model-InsertSelectOrInsert)
- using on-conflict.
-- [INSERT ... ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB.Model-InsertOnConflictDoUpdate)
- using ORM.
-- Bulk/batch
- [inserts](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB.Model-BulkInsert),
- [updates](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB.Model-BulkUpdate), and
- [deletes](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB.Model-BulkDelete).
-- Common table expressions using
- [WITH](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB.Model-SelectWith) and
- [WrapWith](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB.Model-SelectWrapWith).
-- [CountEstimate](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB.Model-CountEstimate)
- using `EXPLAIN` to get
- [estimated number of matching rows](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Count_estimate).
-- ORM supports
- [has one](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB.Model-HasOne),
- [belongs to](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB.Model-BelongsTo),
- [has many](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB.Model-HasMany), and
- [many to many](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB.Model-ManyToMany)
- with composite/multi-column primary keys.
-- [Soft deletes](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB.Model-SoftDelete).
-- [Creating tables from structs](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB.Model-CreateTable).
-- [ForEach](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-pg/pg/v10?tab=doc#example-DB.Model-ForEach) that calls
- a function for each row returned by the query without loading all rows into the memory.
-
-## Installation
-
-go-pg supports 2 last Go versions and requires a Go version with
-[modules](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Modules) support. So make sure to initialize a Go
-module:
-
-```shell
-go mod init github.com/my/repo
-```
-
-And then install go-pg (note _v10_ in the import; omitting it is a popular mistake):
-
-```shell
-go get github.com/go-pg/pg/v10
-```
-
-## Quickstart
-
-```go
-package pg_test
-
-import (
- "fmt"
-
- "github.com/go-pg/pg/v10"
- "github.com/go-pg/pg/v10/orm"
-)
-
-type User struct {
- Id int64
- Name string
- Emails []string
-}
-
-func (u User) String() string {
- return fmt.Sprintf("User<%d %s %v>", u.Id, u.Name, u.Emails)
-}
-
-type Story struct {
- Id int64
- Title string
- AuthorId int64
- Author *User `pg:"rel:has-one"`
-}
-
-func (s Story) String() string {
- return fmt.Sprintf("Story<%d %s %s>", s.Id, s.Title, s.Author)
-}
-
-func ExampleDB_Model() {
- db := pg.Connect(&pg.Options{
- User: "postgres",
- })
- defer db.Close()
-
- err := createSchema(db)
- if err != nil {
- panic(err)
- }
-
- user1 := &User{
- Name: "admin",
- Emails: []string{"admin1@admin", "admin2@admin"},
- }
- _, err = db.Model(user1).Insert()
- if err != nil {
- panic(err)
- }
-
- _, err = db.Model(&User{
- Name: "root",
- Emails: []string{"root1@root", "root2@root"},
- }).Insert()
- if err != nil {
- panic(err)
- }
-
- story1 := &Story{
- Title: "Cool story",
- AuthorId: user1.Id,
- }
- _, err = db.Model(story1).Insert()
- if err != nil {
- panic(err)
- }
-
- // Select user by primary key.
- user := &User{Id: user1.Id}
- err = db.Model(user).WherePK().Select()
- if err != nil {
- panic(err)
- }
-
- // Select all users.
- var users []User
- err = db.Model(&users).Select()
- if err != nil {
- panic(err)
- }
-
- // Select story and associated author in one query.
- story := new(Story)
- err = db.Model(story).
- Relation("Author").
- Where("story.id = ?", story1.Id).
- Select()
- if err != nil {
- panic(err)
- }
-
- fmt.Println(user)
- fmt.Println(users)
- fmt.Println(story)
- // Output: User<1 admin [admin1@admin admin2@admin]>
- // [User<1 admin [admin1@admin admin2@admin]> User<2 root [root1@root root2@root]>]
- // Story<1 Cool story User<1 admin [admin1@admin admin2@admin]>>
-}
-
-// createSchema creates database schema for User and Story models.
-func createSchema(db *pg.DB) error {
- models := []interface{}{
- (*User)(nil),
- (*Story)(nil),
- }
-
- for _, model := range models {
- err := db.Model(model).CreateTable(&orm.CreateTableOptions{
- Temp: true,
- })
- if err != nil {
- return err
- }
- }
- return nil
-}
-```
-
-## See also
-
-- [Fast and flexible HTTP router](https://github.com/vmihailenco/treemux)
-- [Golang msgpack](https://github.com/vmihailenco/msgpack)
-- [Golang message task queue](https://github.com/vmihailenco/taskq)