15 files changed, 545 insertions, 172 deletions

diff --git a/internal/media/ffmpeg.go b/internal/media/ffmpeg.go
index eb6dd9263..f6d74290c 100644
--- a/internal/media/ffmpeg.go
+++ b/internal/media/ffmpeg.go
@@ -66,26 +66,13 @@ func ffmpegClearMetadata(ctx context.Context, outpath, inpath string) error {
 	)
 }
 
-// ffmpegGenerateThumb generates a thumbnail webp from input media of any type, useful for any media.
-func ffmpegGenerateThumb(ctx context.Context, filepath string, width, height int) (string, error) {
-	var outpath string
-
-	// Generate thumb output path REPLACING extension.
-	if i := strings.IndexByte(filepath, '.'); i != -1 {
-		outpath = filepath[:i] + "_thumb.webp"
-	} else {
-		return "", gtserror.New("input file missing extension")
-	}
-
+// ffmpegGenerateWebpThumb generates a thumbnail webp from input media of any type, useful for any media.
+func ffmpegGenerateWebpThumb(ctx context.Context, filepath, outpath string, width, height int, pixfmt string) error {
 	// Get directory from filepath.
 	dirpath := path.Dir(filepath)
 
-	// Thumbnail size scaling argument.
-	scale := strconv.Itoa(width) + ":" +
-		strconv.Itoa(height)
-
 	// Generate thumb with ffmpeg.
-	if err := ffmpeg(ctx, dirpath,
+	return ffmpeg(ctx, dirpath,
 
 		// Only log errors.
 		"-loglevel", "error",
@@ -97,36 +84,36 @@ func ffmpegGenerateThumb(ctx context.Context, filepath string, width, height int
 		// (NOT as libwebp_anim).
 		"-codec:v", "libwebp",
 
-		// Select thumb from first 10 frames
+		// Select thumb from first 7 frames.
+		// (in particular <= 7 reduced memory usage, marginally)
 		// (thumb filter: https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-filters.html#thumbnail)
-		"-filter:v", "thumbnail=n=10,"+
+		"-filter:v", "thumbnail=n=7,"+
 
-			// scale to dimensions
+			// Scale to dimensions
 			// (scale filter: https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-filters.html#scale)
-			"scale="+scale+","+
+			"scale="+strconv.Itoa(width)+
+			":"+strconv.Itoa(height)+","+
 
-			// YUVA 4:2:0 pixel format
+			// Attempt to use original pixel format
 			// (format filter: https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-filters.html#format)
-			"format=pix_fmts=yuva420p",
+			"format=pix_fmts="+pixfmt,
 
 		// Only one frame
 		"-frames:v", "1",
 
-		// ~40% webp quality
+		// Quality not specified,
+		// i.e. use default which
+		// should be 75% webp quality.
 		// (codec options: https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-codecs.html#toc-Codec-Options)
 		// (libwebp codec: https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-codecs.html#Options-36)
-		"-qscale:v", "40",
+		// "-qscale:v", "75",
 
 		// Overwrite.
 		"-y",
 
 		// Output.
 		outpath,
-	); err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	return outpath, nil
+	)
 }
 
 // ffmpegGenerateStatic generates a static png from input image of any type, useful for emoji.
@@ -219,12 +206,11 @@ func ffprobe(ctx context.Context, filepath string) (*result, error) {
 			// Show specifically container format, total duration and bitrate.
 			"-show_entries", "format=format_name,duration,bit_rate" + ":" +
 
-				// Show specifically stream codec names, types, frame rate, duration and dimens.
-				"stream=codec_name,codec_type,r_frame_rate,duration_ts,width,height" + ":" +
+				// Show specifically stream codec names, types, frame rate, duration, dimens, and pixel format.
+				"stream=codec_name,codec_type,r_frame_rate,duration_ts,width,height,pix_fmt" + ":" +
 
-				// Show any rotation
-				// side data stored.
-				"side_data=rotation",
+				// Show orientation.
+				"tags=orientation",
 
 			// Limit to reading the first
 			// 1s of data looking for "rotation"
@@ -262,15 +248,35 @@ func ffprobe(ctx context.Context, filepath string) (*result, error) {
 	return res, nil
 }
 
+const (
+	// possible orientation values
+	// specified in "orientation"
+	// tag of images.
+	//
+	// FlipH      = flips horizontally
+	// FlipV      = flips vertically
+	// Transpose  = flips horizontally and rotates 90 counter-clockwise.
+	// Transverse = flips vertically and rotates 90 counter-clockwise.
+	orientationUnspecified = 0
+	orientationNormal      = 1
+	orientationFlipH       = 2
+	orientationRotate180   = 3
+	orientationFlipV       = 4
+	orientationTranspose   = 5
+	orientationRotate270   = 6
+	orientationTransverse  = 7
+	orientationRotate90    = 8
+)
+
 // result contains parsed ffprobe result
 // data in a more useful data format.
 type result struct {
-	format   string
-	audio    []audioStream
-	video    []videoStream
-	duration float64
-	bitrate  uint64
-	rotation int
+	format      string
+	audio       []audioStream
+	video       []videoStream
+	duration    float64
+	bitrate     uint64
+	orientation int
 }
 
 type stream struct {
@@ -283,6 +289,7 @@ type audioStream struct {
 
 type videoStream struct {
 	stream
+	pixfmt    string
 	width     int
 	height    int
 	framerate float32
@@ -403,14 +410,28 @@ func (res *result) ImageMeta() (width int, height int, framerate float32) {
 	// any odd multiples of 90,
 	// flip width / height to
 	// get the correct scale.
-	switch res.rotation {
-	case -90, 90, -270, 270:
+	switch res.orientation {
+	case orientationRotate90,
+		orientationRotate270,
+		orientationTransverse,
+		orientationTranspose:
 		width, height = height, width
 	}
 
 	return
 }
 
+// PixFmt returns the first valid pixel format
+// contained among the result vidoe streams.
+func (res *result) PixFmt() string {
+	for _, str := range res.video {
+		if str.pixfmt != "" {
+			return str.pixfmt
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
 // Process converts raw ffprobe result data into our more usable result{} type.
 func (res *ffprobeResult) Process() (*result, error) {
 	if res.Error != nil {
@@ -446,37 +467,29 @@ func (res *ffprobeResult) Process() (*result, error) {
 	// Check extra packet / frame information
 	// for provided orientation (not always set).
 	for _, pf := range res.PacketsAndFrames {
-		for _, d := range pf.SideDataList {
 
-			// Ensure frame side
-			// data IS rotation data.
-			if d.Rotation == 0 {
-				continue
-			}
+		// Ensure frame contains tags.
+		if pf.Tags.Orientation == "" {
+			continue
+		}
 
-			// Ensure rotation not
-			// already been specified.
-			if r.rotation != 0 {
-				return nil, errors.New("multiple sets of rotation data")
-			}
+		// Ensure orientation not
+		// already been specified.
+		if r.orientation != 0 {
+			return nil, errors.New("multiple sets of orientation data")
+		}
 
-			// Drop any decimal
-			// rotation value.
-			rot := int(d.Rotation)
+		// Trim any space from orientation value.
+		str := strings.TrimSpace(pf.Tags.Orientation)
 
-			// Round rotation to multiple of 90.
-			// More granularity is not needed.
-			if q := rot % 90; q > 45 {
-				rot += (90 - q)
-			} else {
-				rot -= q
-			}
-
-			// Drop any value above 360
-			// or below -360, these are
-			// just repeat full turns.
-			r.rotation = (rot % 360)
+		// Parse as integer value.
+		i, _ := strconv.Atoi(str)
+		if i <= 0 || i >= 9 {
+			return nil, errors.New("invalid orientation data")
 		}
+
+		// Set orientation.
+		r.orientation = i
 	}
 
 	// Preallocate streams to max possible lengths.
@@ -519,6 +532,7 @@ func (res *ffprobeResult) Process() (*result, error) {
 			// Append video stream data to result.
 			r.video = append(r.video, videoStream{
 				stream:    stream{codec: s.CodecName},
+				pixfmt:    s.PixFmt,
 				width:     s.Width,
 				height:    s.Height,
 				framerate: framerate,
@@ -539,17 +553,18 @@ type ffprobeResult struct {
 }
 
 type ffprobePacketOrFrame struct {
-	Type         string            `json:"type"`
-	SideDataList []ffprobeSideData `json:"side_data_list"`
+	Type string      `json:"type"`
+	Tags ffprobeTags `json:"tags"`
 }
 
-type ffprobeSideData struct {
-	Rotation float64 `json:"rotation"`
+type ffprobeTags struct {
+	Orientation string `json:"orientation"`
 }
 
 type ffprobeStream struct {
 	CodecName  string `json:"codec_name"`
 	CodecType  string `json:"codec_type"`
+	PixFmt     string `json:"pix_fmt"`
 	RFrameRate string `json:"r_frame_rate"`
 	DurationTS uint   `json:"duration_ts"`
 	Width      int    `json:"width"`
diff --git a/internal/media/manager_test.go b/internal/media/manager_test.go
index d988ae274..87777ea30 100644
--- a/internal/media/manager_test.go
+++ b/internal/media/manager_test.go
@@ -273,10 +273,10 @@ func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestSimpleJpegProcess() {
 		Width: 512, Height: 288, Size: 147456, Aspect: 1.7777777777777777,
 	}, attachment.FileMeta.Small)
 	suite.Equal("image/jpeg", attachment.File.ContentType)
-	suite.Equal("image/webp", attachment.Thumbnail.ContentType)
+	suite.Equal("image/jpeg", attachment.Thumbnail.ContentType)
 	suite.Equal(269739, attachment.File.FileSize)
-	suite.Equal(8536, attachment.Thumbnail.FileSize)
-	suite.Equal("LcBzLU#6RkRn~qvzRjWF?urqV@jc", attachment.Blurhash)
+	suite.Equal(22858, attachment.Thumbnail.FileSize)
+	suite.Equal("LjCGfG#6RkRn_NvzRjWF?urqV@a$", attachment.Blurhash)
 
 	// now make sure the attachment is in the database
 	dbAttachment, err := suite.db.GetAttachmentByID(ctx, attachment.ID)
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestSimpleJpegProcess() {
 
 	// ensure the files contain the expected data.
 	equalFiles(suite.T(), suite.state.Storage, dbAttachment.File.Path, "./test/test-jpeg-processed.jpg")
-	equalFiles(suite.T(), suite.state.Storage, dbAttachment.Thumbnail.Path, "./test/test-jpeg-thumbnail.webp")
+	equalFiles(suite.T(), suite.state.Storage, dbAttachment.Thumbnail.Path, "./test/test-jpeg-thumbnail.jpeg")
 }
 
 func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestSimpleJpegProcessTooLarge() {
@@ -428,8 +428,8 @@ func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestSlothVineProcess() {
 	suite.Equal("video/mp4", attachment.File.ContentType)
 	suite.Equal("image/webp", attachment.Thumbnail.ContentType)
 	suite.Equal(312453, attachment.File.FileSize)
-	suite.Equal(3746, attachment.Thumbnail.FileSize)
-	suite.Equal("LhIrNMt6Nsj[t7aybFj[_4WBspoe", attachment.Blurhash)
+	suite.Equal(5648, attachment.Thumbnail.FileSize)
+	suite.Equal("LhIrNMt6Nsj[t7ayW.j[_4WBsWkB", attachment.Blurhash)
 
 	// now make sure the attachment is in the database
 	dbAttachment, err := suite.db.GetAttachmentByID(ctx, attachment.ID)
@@ -488,8 +488,8 @@ func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestLongerMp4Process() {
 	suite.Equal("video/mp4", attachment.File.ContentType)
 	suite.Equal("image/webp", attachment.Thumbnail.ContentType)
 	suite.Equal(109569, attachment.File.FileSize)
-	suite.Equal(2128, attachment.Thumbnail.FileSize)
-	suite.Equal("L8Q0aP~qnM_3~qD%ozRjRiofWXRj", attachment.Blurhash)
+	suite.Equal(2976, attachment.Thumbnail.FileSize)
+	suite.Equal("L8QJfm~qD%_3_3D%t7RjM{j[ofRj", attachment.Blurhash)
 
 	// now make sure the attachment is in the database
 	dbAttachment, err := suite.db.GetAttachmentByID(ctx, attachment.ID)
@@ -548,8 +548,8 @@ func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestBirdnestMp4Process() {
 	suite.Equal("video/mp4", attachment.File.ContentType)
 	suite.Equal("image/webp", attachment.Thumbnail.ContentType)
 	suite.Equal(1409625, attachment.File.FileSize)
-	suite.Equal(9446, attachment.Thumbnail.FileSize)
-	suite.Equal("LKF~w1RjRO.99DRORPaetkV?WCMw", attachment.Blurhash)
+	suite.Equal(14478, attachment.Thumbnail.FileSize)
+	suite.Equal("LKF~w1RjRO.99DM_RPaetkV?WCMw", attachment.Blurhash)
 
 	// now make sure the attachment is in the database
 	dbAttachment, err := suite.db.GetAttachmentByID(ctx, attachment.ID)
@@ -654,10 +654,10 @@ func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestPngNoAlphaChannelProcess() {
 		Width: 186, Height: 187, Size: 34782, Aspect: 0.9946524064171123,
 	}, attachment.FileMeta.Small)
 	suite.Equal("image/png", attachment.File.ContentType)
-	suite.Equal("image/webp", attachment.Thumbnail.ContentType)
+	suite.Equal("image/jpeg", attachment.Thumbnail.ContentType)
 	suite.Equal(17471, attachment.File.FileSize)
-	suite.Equal(2630, attachment.Thumbnail.FileSize)
-	suite.Equal("LBOW$@%i-=aj%go#RSRP_1av~Tt2", attachment.Blurhash)
+	suite.Equal(6446, attachment.Thumbnail.FileSize)
+	suite.Equal("LDQcrD%i-?aj%ho#M~RP~nf3~nt2", attachment.Blurhash)
 
 	// now make sure the attachment is in the database
 	dbAttachment, err := suite.db.GetAttachmentByID(ctx, attachment.ID)
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestPngNoAlphaChannelProcess() {
 
 	// ensure the files contain the expected data.
 	equalFiles(suite.T(), suite.state.Storage, dbAttachment.File.Path, "./test/test-png-noalphachannel-processed.png")
-	equalFiles(suite.T(), suite.state.Storage, dbAttachment.Thumbnail.Path, "./test/test-png-noalphachannel-thumbnail.webp")
+	equalFiles(suite.T(), suite.state.Storage, dbAttachment.Thumbnail.Path, "./test/test-png-noalphachannel-thumbnail.jpeg")
 }
 
 func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestPngAlphaChannelProcess() {
@@ -712,8 +712,8 @@ func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestPngAlphaChannelProcess() {
 	suite.Equal("image/png", attachment.File.ContentType)
 	suite.Equal("image/webp", attachment.Thumbnail.ContentType)
 	suite.Equal(18832, attachment.File.FileSize)
-	suite.Equal(2630, attachment.Thumbnail.FileSize)
-	suite.Equal("LBOW$@%i-=aj%go#RSRP_1av~Tt2", attachment.Blurhash)
+	suite.Equal(3592, attachment.Thumbnail.FileSize)
+	suite.Equal("LBOW$@%i-rak%go#RSRP_1av~Ts+", attachment.Blurhash)
 
 	// now make sure the attachment is in the database
 	dbAttachment, err := suite.db.GetAttachmentByID(ctx, attachment.ID)
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@ func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestPngAlphaChannelProcess() {
 
 	// ensure the files contain the expected data.
 	equalFiles(suite.T(), suite.state.Storage, dbAttachment.File.Path, "./test/test-png-alphachannel-processed.png")
-	equalFiles(suite.T(), suite.state.Storage, dbAttachment.Thumbnail.Path, "./test/test-png-alphachannel-thumbnail.webp")
+	equalFiles(suite.T(), suite.state.Storage, dbAttachment.Thumbnail.Path, "./test/test-png-alphachannel-thumbnail.jpeg")
 }
 
 func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestSimpleJpegProcessWithCallback() {
@@ -766,10 +766,10 @@ func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestSimpleJpegProcessWithCallback() {
 		Width: 512, Height: 288, Size: 147456, Aspect: 1.7777777777777777,
 	}, attachment.FileMeta.Small)
 	suite.Equal("image/jpeg", attachment.File.ContentType)
-	suite.Equal("image/webp", attachment.Thumbnail.ContentType)
+	suite.Equal("image/jpeg", attachment.Thumbnail.ContentType)
 	suite.Equal(269739, attachment.File.FileSize)
-	suite.Equal(8536, attachment.Thumbnail.FileSize)
-	suite.Equal("LcBzLU#6RkRn~qvzRjWF?urqV@jc", attachment.Blurhash)
+	suite.Equal(22858, attachment.Thumbnail.FileSize)
+	suite.Equal("LjCGfG#6RkRn_NvzRjWF?urqV@a$", attachment.Blurhash)
 
 	// now make sure the attachment is in the database
 	dbAttachment, err := suite.db.GetAttachmentByID(ctx, attachment.ID)
@@ -778,7 +778,7 @@ func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestSimpleJpegProcessWithCallback() {
 
 	// ensure the files contain the expected data.
 	equalFiles(suite.T(), suite.state.Storage, dbAttachment.File.Path, "./test/test-jpeg-processed.jpg")
-	equalFiles(suite.T(), suite.state.Storage, dbAttachment.Thumbnail.Path, "./test/test-jpeg-thumbnail.webp")
+	equalFiles(suite.T(), suite.state.Storage, dbAttachment.Thumbnail.Path, "./test/test-jpeg-thumbnail.jpeg")
 }
 
 func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestSimpleJpegProcessWithDiskStorage() {
@@ -844,10 +844,10 @@ func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestSimpleJpegProcessWithDiskStorage() {
 		Width: 512, Height: 288, Size: 147456, Aspect: 1.7777777777777777,
 	}, attachment.FileMeta.Small)
 	suite.Equal("image/jpeg", attachment.File.ContentType)
-	suite.Equal("image/webp", attachment.Thumbnail.ContentType)
+	suite.Equal("image/jpeg", attachment.Thumbnail.ContentType)
 	suite.Equal(269739, attachment.File.FileSize)
-	suite.Equal(8536, attachment.Thumbnail.FileSize)
-	suite.Equal("LcBzLU#6RkRn~qvzRjWF?urqV@jc", attachment.Blurhash)
+	suite.Equal(22858, attachment.Thumbnail.FileSize)
+	suite.Equal("LjCGfG#6RkRn_NvzRjWF?urqV@a$", attachment.Blurhash)
 
 	// now make sure the attachment is in the database
 	dbAttachment, err := suite.db.GetAttachmentByID(ctx, attachment.ID)
@@ -856,7 +856,7 @@ func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestSimpleJpegProcessWithDiskStorage() {
 
 	// ensure the files contain the expected data.
 	equalFiles(suite.T(), storage, dbAttachment.File.Path, "./test/test-jpeg-processed.jpg")
-	equalFiles(suite.T(), storage, dbAttachment.Thumbnail.Path, "./test/test-jpeg-thumbnail.webp")
+	equalFiles(suite.T(), storage, dbAttachment.Thumbnail.Path, "./test/test-jpeg-thumbnail.jpeg")
 }
 
 func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestSmallSizedMediaTypeDetection_issue2263() {
diff --git a/internal/media/metadata.go b/internal/media/metadata.go
index cccfc8296..e9256f1b1 100644
--- a/internal/media/metadata.go
+++ b/internal/media/metadata.go
@@ -47,9 +47,14 @@ func clearMetadata(ctx context.Context, filepath string) error {
 		// cleaning exif data using a native Go library.
 		log.Debug(ctx, "cleaning with exif-terminator")
 		err := terminateExif(outpath, filepath, ext)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
+		if err == nil {
+			// No problem.
+			break
 		}
+
+		log.Warnf(ctx, "error cleaning with exif-terminator, falling back to ffmpeg: %v", err)
+		fallthrough
+
 	default:
 		// For all other types, best-effort clean with ffmpeg.
 		log.Debug(ctx, "cleaning with ffmpeg -map_metadata -1")
diff --git a/internal/media/processingmedia.go b/internal/media/processingmedia.go
index 1d286bda7..b89bbb41d 100644
--- a/internal/media/processingmedia.go
+++ b/internal/media/processingmedia.go
@@ -230,31 +230,26 @@ func (p *ProcessingMedia) store(ctx context.Context) error {
 		p.media.FileMeta.Small.Size = (thumbWidth * thumbHeight)
 		p.media.FileMeta.Small.Aspect = aspect
 
-		// Generate a thumbnail image from input image path.
-		thumbpath, err = ffmpegGenerateThumb(ctx, temppath,
+		// Determine if blurhash needs generating.
+		needBlurhash := (p.media.Blurhash == "")
+		var newBlurhash string
+
+		// Generate thumbnail, and new blurhash if need from media.
+		thumbpath, newBlurhash, err = generateThumb(ctx, temppath,
 			thumbWidth,
 			thumbHeight,
+			result.orientation,
+			result.PixFmt(),
+			needBlurhash,
 		)
 		if err != nil {
 			return gtserror.Newf("error generating image thumb: %w", err)
 		}
 
-		if p.media.Blurhash == "" {
-			// Generate blurhash (if not already) from thumbnail.
-			p.media.Blurhash, err = generateBlurhash(thumbpath)
-			if err != nil {
-				return gtserror.Newf("error generating thumb blurhash: %w", err)
-			}
+		if needBlurhash {
+			// Set newly determined blurhash.
+			p.media.Blurhash = newBlurhash
 		}
-
-		// Calculate final media attachment thumbnail path.
-		p.media.Thumbnail.Path = uris.StoragePathForAttachment(
-			p.media.AccountID,
-			string(TypeAttachment),
-			string(SizeSmall),
-			p.media.ID,
-			"webp",
-		)
 	}
 
 	// Calculate final media attachment file path.
@@ -279,6 +274,18 @@ func (p *ProcessingMedia) store(ctx context.Context) error {
 	p.media.File.FileSize = int(filesz)
 
 	if thumbpath != "" {
+		// Determine final thumbnail ext.
+		thumbExt := getExtension(thumbpath)
+
+		// Calculate final media attachment thumbnail path.
+		p.media.Thumbnail.Path = uris.StoragePathForAttachment(
+			p.media.AccountID,
+			string(TypeAttachment),
+			string(SizeSmall),
+			p.media.ID,
+			thumbExt,
+		)
+
 		// Copy thumbnail file into storage at path.
 		thumbsz, err := p.mgr.state.Storage.PutFile(ctx,
 			p.media.Thumbnail.Path,
@@ -290,6 +297,18 @@ func (p *ProcessingMedia) store(ctx context.Context) error {
 
 		// Set final determined thumbnail size.
 		p.media.Thumbnail.FileSize = int(thumbsz)
+
+		// Determine thumbnail content-type from thumb ext.
+		p.media.Thumbnail.ContentType = getMimeType(thumbExt)
+
+		// Generate a media attachment thumbnail URL.
+		p.media.Thumbnail.URL = uris.URIForAttachment(
+			p.media.AccountID,
+			string(TypeAttachment),
+			string(SizeSmall),
+			p.media.ID,
+			thumbExt,
+		)
 	}
 
 	// Generate a media attachment URL.
@@ -301,22 +320,10 @@ func (p *ProcessingMedia) store(ctx context.Context) error {
 		ext,
 	)
 
-	// Generate a media attachment thumbnail URL.
-	p.media.Thumbnail.URL = uris.URIForAttachment(
-		p.media.AccountID,
-		string(TypeAttachment),
-		string(SizeSmall),
-		p.media.ID,
-		"webp",
-	)
-
 	// Get mimetype for the file container
 	// type, falling back to generic data.
 	p.media.File.ContentType = getMimeType(ext)
 
-	// Set the known thumbnail content type.
-	p.media.Thumbnail.ContentType = "image/webp"
-
 	// We can now consider this cached.
 	p.media.Cached = util.Ptr(true)
 
diff --git a/internal/media/test/birdnest-thumbnail.webp b/internal/media/test/birdnest-thumbnail.webp
index 882e813b6..d59e5c26e 100644
--- a/internal/media/test/birdnest-thumbnail.webp
+++ b/internal/media/test/birdnest-thumbnail.webp
diff --git a/internal/media/test/longer-mp4-thumbnail.webp b/internal/media/test/longer-mp4-thumbnail.webp
index 4406f7f46..a7527c1ec 100644
--- a/internal/media/test/longer-mp4-thumbnail.webp
+++ b/internal/media/test/longer-mp4-thumbnail.webp
diff --git a/internal/media/test/test-jpeg-thumbnail.jpeg b/internal/media/test/test-jpeg-thumbnail.jpeg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..80170e7c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/media/test/test-jpeg-thumbnail.jpeg
diff --git a/internal/media/test/test-jpeg-thumbnail.webp b/internal/media/test/test-jpeg-thumbnail.webp
deleted file mode 100644
index 5bc741037..000000000
--- a/internal/media/test/test-jpeg-thumbnail.webp
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/internal/media/test/test-mp4-thumbnail.webp b/internal/media/test/test-mp4-thumbnail.webp
index 7041837bf..8b28714c6 100644
--- a/internal/media/test/test-mp4-thumbnail.webp
+++ b/internal/media/test/test-mp4-thumbnail.webp
diff --git a/internal/media/test/test-png-alphachannel-thumbnail.jpeg b/internal/media/test/test-png-alphachannel-thumbnail.jpeg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b70613f0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/media/test/test-png-alphachannel-thumbnail.jpeg
diff --git a/internal/media/test/test-png-alphachannel-thumbnail.webp b/internal/media/test/test-png-alphachannel-thumbnail.webp
deleted file mode 100644
index d78c45433..000000000
--- a/internal/media/test/test-png-alphachannel-thumbnail.webp
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/internal/media/test/test-png-noalphachannel-thumbnail.jpeg b/internal/media/test/test-png-noalphachannel-thumbnail.jpeg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca62f4ea6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/media/test/test-png-noalphachannel-thumbnail.jpeg
diff --git a/internal/media/test/test-png-noalphachannel-thumbnail.webp b/internal/media/test/test-png-noalphachannel-thumbnail.webp
deleted file mode 100644
index d78c45433..000000000
--- a/internal/media/test/test-png-noalphachannel-thumbnail.webp
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/internal/media/thumbnail.go b/internal/media/thumbnail.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..36ef24a01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/media/thumbnail.go
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+// GoToSocial
+// Copyright (C) GoToSocial Authors admin@gotosocial.org
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package media
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"image"
+	"image/gif"
+	"image/jpeg"
+	"image/png"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/buckket/go-blurhash"
+	"github.com/disintegration/imaging"
+	"github.com/superseriousbusiness/gotosocial/internal/gtserror"
+	"github.com/superseriousbusiness/gotosocial/internal/log"
+	"golang.org/x/image/webp"
+)
+
+// generateThumb generates a thumbnail for the
+// input file at path, resizing it to the given
+// dimensions and generating a blurhash if needed.
+// This wraps much of the complex thumbnailing
+// logic in which where possible we use native
+// Go libraries for generating thumbnails, else
+// always falling back to slower but much more
+// widely supportive ffmpeg.
+func generateThumb(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	filepath string,
+	width, height int,
+	orientation int,
+	pixfmt string,
+	needBlurhash bool,
+) (
+	outpath string,
+	blurhash string,
+	err error,
+) {
+	var ext string
+
+	// Generate thumb output path REPLACING extension.
+	if i := strings.IndexByte(filepath, '.'); i != -1 {
+		outpath = filepath[:i] + "_thumb.webp"
+		ext = filepath[i+1:] // old extension
+	} else {
+		return "", "", gtserror.New("input file missing extension")
+	}
+
+	// Check for the few media types we
+	// have native Go decoding that allow
+	// us to generate thumbs natively.
+	switch {
+
+	case ext == "jpeg":
+		// Replace the "webp" with "jpeg", as we'll
+		// use our native Go thumbnailing generation.
+		outpath = outpath[:len(outpath)-4] + "jpeg"
+
+		log.Debug(ctx, "generating thumb from jpeg")
+		blurhash, err := generateNativeThumb(
+			filepath,
+			outpath,
+			width,
+			height,
+			orientation,
+			jpeg.Decode,
+			needBlurhash,
+		)
+		return outpath, blurhash, err
+
+	// We specifically only allow generating native
+	// thumbnails from gif IF it doesn't contain an
+	// alpha channel. We'll ultimately be encoding to
+	// jpeg which doesn't support transparency layers.
+	case ext == "gif" && !containsAlpha(pixfmt):
+
+		// Replace the "webp" with "jpeg", as we'll
+		// use our native Go thumbnailing generation.
+		outpath = outpath[:len(outpath)-4] + "jpeg"
+
+		log.Debug(ctx, "generating thumb from gif")
+		blurhash, err := generateNativeThumb(
+			filepath,
+			outpath,
+			width,
+			height,
+			orientation,
+			gif.Decode,
+			needBlurhash,
+		)
+		return outpath, blurhash, err
+
+	// We specifically only allow generating native
+	// thumbnails from png IF it doesn't contain an
+	// alpha channel. We'll ultimately be encoding to
+	// jpeg which doesn't support transparency layers.
+	case ext == "png" && !containsAlpha(pixfmt):
+
+		// Replace the "webp" with "jpeg", as we'll
+		// use our native Go thumbnailing generation.
+		outpath = outpath[:len(outpath)-4] + "jpeg"
+
+		log.Debug(ctx, "generating thumb from png")
+		blurhash, err := generateNativeThumb(
+			filepath,
+			outpath,
+			width,
+			height,
+			orientation,
+			png.Decode,
+			needBlurhash,
+		)
+		return outpath, blurhash, err
+
+	// We specifically only allow generating native
+	// thumbnails from webp IF it doesn't contain an
+	// alpha channel. We'll ultimately be encoding to
+	// jpeg which doesn't support transparency layers.
+	case ext == "webp" && !containsAlpha(pixfmt):
+
+		// Replace the "webp" with "jpeg", as we'll
+		// use our native Go thumbnailing generation.
+		outpath = outpath[:len(outpath)-4] + "jpeg"
+
+		log.Debug(ctx, "generating thumb from webp")
+		blurhash, err := generateNativeThumb(
+			filepath,
+			outpath,
+			width,
+			height,
+			orientation,
+			webp.Decode,
+			needBlurhash,
+		)
+		return outpath, blurhash, err
+	}
+
+	// The fallback for thumbnail generation, which
+	// encompasses most media types is with ffmpeg.
+	log.Debug(ctx, "generating thumb with ffmpeg")
+	if err := ffmpegGenerateWebpThumb(ctx,
+		filepath,
+		outpath,
+		width,
+		height,
+		pixfmt,
+	); err != nil {
+		return outpath, "", err
+	}
+
+	if needBlurhash {
+		// Generate new blurhash from webp output thumb.
+		blurhash, err = generateWebpBlurhash(outpath)
+		if err != nil {
+			return outpath, "", gtserror.Newf("error generating blurhash: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return outpath, blurhash, err
+}
+
+// generateNativeThumb generates a thumbnail
+// using native Go code, using given decode
+// function to get image, resize to given dimens,
+// and write to output filepath as JPEG. If a
+// blurhash is required it will also generate
+// this from the image.Image while in-memory.
+func generateNativeThumb(
+	inpath, outpath string,
+	width, height int,
+	orientation int,
+	decode func(io.Reader) (image.Image, error),
+	needBlurhash bool,
+) (
+	string, // blurhash
+	error,
+) {
+	// Open input file at given path.
+	infile, err := os.Open(inpath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", gtserror.Newf("error opening input file %s: %w", inpath, err)
+	}
+
+	// Decode image into memory.
+	img, err := decode(infile)
+
+	// Done with file.
+	_ = infile.Close()
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", gtserror.Newf("error decoding file %s: %w", inpath, err)
+	}
+
+	// Apply orientation BEFORE any resize,
+	// as our image dimensions are calculated
+	// taking orientation into account.
+	switch orientation {
+	case orientationFlipH:
+		img = imaging.FlipH(img)
+	case orientationFlipV:
+		img = imaging.FlipV(img)
+	case orientationRotate90:
+		img = imaging.Rotate90(img)
+	case orientationRotate180:
+		img = imaging.Rotate180(img)
+	case orientationRotate270:
+		img = imaging.Rotate270(img)
+	case orientationTranspose:
+		img = imaging.Transpose(img)
+	case orientationTransverse:
+		img = imaging.Transverse(img)
+	}
+
+	// Resize image to dimens.
+	img = imaging.Resize(img,
+		width, height,
+		imaging.Linear,
+	)
+
+	// Open output file at given path.
+	outfile, err := os.Create(outpath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", gtserror.Newf("error opening output file %s: %w", outpath, err)
+	}
+
+	// Encode in-memory image to output file.
+	// (nil uses defaults, i.e. quality=75).
+	err = jpeg.Encode(outfile, img, nil)
+
+	// Done with file.
+	_ = outfile.Close()
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", gtserror.Newf("error encoding image: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if needBlurhash {
+		// for generating blurhashes, it's more cost effective to
+		// lose detail since it's blurry, so make a tiny version.
+		tiny := imaging.Resize(img, 64, 64, imaging.NearestNeighbor)
+
+		// Drop the larger image
+		// ref as soon as possible
+		// to allow GC to claim.
+		img = nil //nolint
+
+		// Generate blurhash for the tiny thumbnail.
+		blurhash, err := blurhash.Encode(4, 3, tiny)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", gtserror.Newf("error generating blurhash: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		return blurhash, nil
+	}
+
+	return "", nil
+}
+
+// generateWebpBlurhash generates a blurhash for Webp at filepath.
+func generateWebpBlurhash(filepath string) (string, error) {
+	// Open the file at given path.
+	file, err := os.Open(filepath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", gtserror.Newf("error opening input file %s: %w", filepath, err)
+	}
+
+	// Decode image from file.
+	img, err := webp.Decode(file)
+
+	// Done with file.
+	_ = file.Close()
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", gtserror.Newf("error decoding file %s: %w", filepath, err)
+	}
+
+	// for generating blurhashes, it's more cost effective to
+	// lose detail since it's blurry, so make a tiny version.
+	tiny := imaging.Resize(img, 64, 64, imaging.NearestNeighbor)
+
+	// Drop the larger image
+	// ref as soon as possible
+	// to allow GC to claim.
+	img = nil //nolint
+
+	// Generate blurhash for the tiny thumbnail.
+	blurhash, err := blurhash.Encode(4, 3, tiny)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", gtserror.Newf("error generating blurhash: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return blurhash, nil
+}
+
+// List of pixel formats that have an alpha layer.
+// Derived from the following very messy command:
+//
+//	for res in $(ffprobe -show_entries pixel_format=name:flags=alpha | grep -B1 alpha=1 | grep name); do echo $res | sed 's/name=//g' | sed 's/^/"/g' | sed 's/$/",/g'; done
+var alphaPixelFormats = []string{
+	"pal8",
+	"argb",
+	"rgba",
+	"abgr",
+	"bgra",
+	"yuva420p",
+	"ya8",
+	"yuva422p",
+	"yuva444p",
+	"yuva420p9be",
+	"yuva420p9le",
+	"yuva422p9be",
+	"yuva422p9le",
+	"yuva444p9be",
+	"yuva444p9le",
+	"yuva420p10be",
+	"yuva420p10le",
+	"yuva422p10be",
+	"yuva422p10le",
+	"yuva444p10be",
+	"yuva444p10le",
+	"yuva420p16be",
+	"yuva420p16le",
+	"yuva422p16be",
+	"yuva422p16le",
+	"yuva444p16be",
+	"yuva444p16le",
+	"rgba64be",
+	"rgba64le",
+	"bgra64be",
+	"bgra64le",
+	"ya16be",
+	"ya16le",
+	"gbrap",
+	"gbrap16be",
+	"gbrap16le",
+	"ayuv64le",
+	"ayuv64be",
+	"gbrap12be",
+	"gbrap12le",
+	"gbrap10be",
+	"gbrap10le",
+	"gbrapf32be",
+	"gbrapf32le",
+	"yuva422p12be",
+	"yuva422p12le",
+	"yuva444p12be",
+	"yuva444p12le",
+}
+
+// containsAlpha returns whether given pixfmt
+// (i.e. colorspace) contains an alpha channel.
+func containsAlpha(pixfmt string) bool {
+	if pixfmt == "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, checkfmt := range alphaPixelFormats {
+		if pixfmt == checkfmt {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
diff --git a/internal/media/util.go b/internal/media/util.go
index fa170965f..17d396a0b 100644
--- a/internal/media/util.go
+++ b/internal/media/util.go
@@ -21,20 +21,24 @@ import (
 	"cmp"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"image"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 
-	"golang.org/x/image/webp"
-
 	"codeberg.org/gruf/go-bytesize"
 	"codeberg.org/gruf/go-iotools"
 	"codeberg.org/gruf/go-mimetypes"
-
-	"github.com/buckket/go-blurhash"
-	"github.com/disintegration/imaging"
 )
 
+// getExtension splits file extension from path.
+func getExtension(path string) string {
+	for i := len(path) - 1; i >= 0 && path[i] != '/'; i-- {
+		if path[i] == '.' {
+			return path[i+1:]
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
 // thumbSize returns the dimensions to use for an input
 // image of given width / height, for its outgoing thumbnail.
 // This attempts to maintains the original image aspect ratio.
@@ -68,44 +72,6 @@ func thumbSize(width, height int, aspect float32) (int, int) {
 	}
 }
 
-// webpDecode decodes the WebP at filepath into parsed image.Image.
-func webpDecode(filepath string) (image.Image, error) {
-	// Open the file at given path.
-	file, err := os.Open(filepath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	// Decode image from file.
-	img, err := webp.Decode(file)
-
-	// Done with file.
-	_ = file.Close()
-
-	return img, err
-}
-
-// generateBlurhash generates a blurhash for JPEG at filepath.
-func generateBlurhash(filepath string) (string, error) {
-	// Decode JPEG file at given path.
-	img, err := webpDecode(filepath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	// for generating blurhashes, it's more cost effective to
-	// lose detail since it's blurry, so make a tiny version.
-	tiny := imaging.Resize(img, 64, 64, imaging.NearestNeighbor)
-
-	// Drop the larger image
-	// ref as soon as possible
-	// to allow GC to claim.
-	img = nil //nolint
-
-	// Generate blurhash for thumbnail.
-	return blurhash.Encode(4, 3, tiny)
-}
-
 // getMimeType returns a suitable mimetype for file extension.
 func getMimeType(ext string) string {
 	const defaultType = "application/octet-stream"