[chore] media pipeline improvements (#3110)

* don't set emoji / media image paths on failed download, migrate FileType from string to integer

* fix incorrect uses of util.PtrOr, fix returned frontend media

* fix migration not setting arguments correctly in where clause

* fix not providing default with not null column

* whoops

* ensure a default gets set for media attachment file type

* remove the exclusive flag from writing files in disk storage

* rename PtrOr -> PtrOrZero, and rename PtrValueOr -> PtrOrValue to match

* slight wording changes

* use singular / plural word forms (no parentheses), is better for screen readers

* update testmodels with unknown media type to have unset file details, update attachment focus handling converting to frontend, update tests

* store first instance in ffmpeg wasm pool, fill remaining with closed instances

29 files changed, 665 insertions, 395 deletions

diff --git a/cmd/process-emoji/main.go b/cmd/process-emoji/main.go
index b06eb84f8..0e999503e 100644
--- a/cmd/process-emoji/main.go
+++ b/cmd/process-emoji/main.go
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"os/signal"
 	"syscall"
 
+	"codeberg.org/gruf/go-logger/v2/level"
 	"codeberg.org/gruf/go-storage/memory"
 	"github.com/superseriousbusiness/gotosocial/internal/config"
 	"github.com/superseriousbusiness/gotosocial/internal/db/bundb"
@@ -40,6 +41,8 @@ func main() {
 	ctx, cncl := signal.NotifyContext(ctx, syscall.SIGTERM, syscall.SIGINT)
 	defer cncl()
 
+	log.SetLevel(level.INFO)
+
 	if len(os.Args) != 3 {
 		log.Panic(ctx, "Usage: go run ./cmd/process-emoji <input-file> <output-static>")
 	}
diff --git a/cmd/process-media/main.go b/cmd/process-media/main.go
index 096d718f9..7487917bf 100644
--- a/cmd/process-media/main.go
+++ b/cmd/process-media/main.go
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"os/signal"
 	"syscall"
 
+	"codeberg.org/gruf/go-logger/v2/level"
 	"codeberg.org/gruf/go-storage/memory"
 	"github.com/superseriousbusiness/gotosocial/internal/config"
 	"github.com/superseriousbusiness/gotosocial/internal/db/bundb"
@@ -39,6 +40,8 @@ func main() {
 	ctx, cncl := signal.NotifyContext(ctx, syscall.SIGTERM, syscall.SIGINT)
 	defer cncl()
 
+	log.SetLevel(level.INFO)
+
 	if len(os.Args) != 4 {
 		log.Panic(ctx, "Usage: go run ./cmd/process-media <input-file> <output-processed> <output-thumbnail>")
 	}
diff --git a/internal/api/client/accounts/mute.go b/internal/api/client/accounts/mute.go
index 37cd3bbff..affb0f055 100644
--- a/internal/api/client/accounts/mute.go
+++ b/internal/api/client/accounts/mute.go
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ func (m *Module) AccountMutePOSTHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 
 func normalizeCreateUpdateMute(form *apimodel.UserMuteCreateUpdateRequest) error {
 	// Apply defaults for missing fields.
-	form.Notifications = util.Ptr(util.PtrValueOr(form.Notifications, false))
+	form.Notifications = util.Ptr(util.PtrOrValue(form.Notifications, false))
 
 	// Normalize mute duration if necessary.
 	// If we parsed this as JSON, expires_in
diff --git a/internal/api/client/filters/v1/validate.go b/internal/api/client/filters/v1/validate.go
index 550df54fa..cce00fdc4 100644
--- a/internal/api/client/filters/v1/validate.go
+++ b/internal/api/client/filters/v1/validate.go
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ func validateNormalizeCreateUpdateFilter(form *model.FilterCreateUpdateRequestV1
 	}
 
 	// Apply defaults for missing fields.
-	form.WholeWord = util.Ptr(util.PtrValueOr(form.WholeWord, false))
-	form.Irreversible = util.Ptr(util.PtrValueOr(form.Irreversible, false))
+	form.WholeWord = util.Ptr(util.PtrOrValue(form.WholeWord, false))
+	form.Irreversible = util.Ptr(util.PtrOrValue(form.Irreversible, false))
 
 	if *form.Irreversible {
 		return errors.New("irreversible aka server-side drop filters are not supported yet")
diff --git a/internal/api/client/filters/v2/filterkeywordget_test.go b/internal/api/client/filters/v2/filterkeywordget_test.go
index a5d8754a6..13e90c0c2 100644
--- a/internal/api/client/filters/v2/filterkeywordget_test.go
+++ b/internal/api/client/filters/v2/filterkeywordget_test.go
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ func (suite *FiltersTestSuite) TestGetFilterKeyword() {
 	suite.NotEmpty(filterKeyword)
 	suite.Equal(expectedFilterKeyword.ID, filterKeyword.ID)
 	suite.Equal(expectedFilterKeyword.Keyword, filterKeyword.Keyword)
-	suite.Equal(util.PtrValueOr(expectedFilterKeyword.WholeWord, false), filterKeyword.WholeWord)
+	suite.Equal(util.PtrOrValue(expectedFilterKeyword.WholeWord, false), filterKeyword.WholeWord)
 }
 
 func (suite *FiltersTestSuite) TestGetAnotherAccountsFilterKeyword() {
diff --git a/internal/api/client/filters/v2/filterkeywordpost.go b/internal/api/client/filters/v2/filterkeywordpost.go
index fab7dc812..ba8f80135 100644
--- a/internal/api/client/filters/v2/filterkeywordpost.go
+++ b/internal/api/client/filters/v2/filterkeywordpost.go
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ func validateNormalizeCreateUpdateFilterKeyword(form *apimodel.FilterKeywordCrea
 		return err
 	}
 
-	form.WholeWord = util.Ptr(util.PtrValueOr(form.WholeWord, false))
+	form.WholeWord = util.Ptr(util.PtrOrValue(form.WholeWord, false))
 
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/internal/api/client/filters/v2/filterpost.go b/internal/api/client/filters/v2/filterpost.go
index 732b81041..13270b1e5 100644
--- a/internal/api/client/filters/v2/filterpost.go
+++ b/internal/api/client/filters/v2/filterpost.go
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ func validateNormalizeCreateFilter(form *apimodel.FilterCreateRequestV2) error {
 	if err := validate.FilterTitle(form.Title); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	action := util.PtrValueOr(form.FilterAction, apimodel.FilterActionWarn)
+	action := util.PtrOrValue(form.FilterAction, apimodel.FilterActionWarn)
 	if err := validate.FilterAction(action); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ func validateNormalizeCreateFilter(form *apimodel.FilterCreateRequestV2) error {
 		if err := validate.FilterKeyword(formKeyword.Keyword); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		form.Keywords[i].WholeWord = util.Ptr(util.PtrValueOr(formKeyword.WholeWord, false))
+		form.Keywords[i].WholeWord = util.Ptr(util.PtrOrValue(formKeyword.WholeWord, false))
 	}
 	for _, formStatus := range form.Statuses {
 		if err := validate.ULID(formStatus.StatusID, "status_id"); err != nil {
diff --git a/internal/api/client/filters/v2/filterput.go b/internal/api/client/filters/v2/filterput.go
index cc3531838..c86dc36dc 100644
--- a/internal/api/client/filters/v2/filterput.go
+++ b/internal/api/client/filters/v2/filterput.go
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ func validateNormalizeUpdateFilter(form *apimodel.FilterUpdateRequestV2) error {
 			}
 		}
 
-		destroy := util.PtrValueOr(formKeyword.Destroy, false)
+		destroy := util.PtrOrValue(formKeyword.Destroy, false)
 		form.Keywords[i].Destroy = &destroy
 
 		if destroy && formKeyword.ID == nil {
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ func validateNormalizeUpdateFilter(form *apimodel.FilterUpdateRequestV2) error {
 			}
 		}
 
-		destroy := util.PtrValueOr(formStatus.Destroy, false)
+		destroy := util.PtrOrValue(formStatus.Destroy, false)
 		form.Statuses[i].Destroy = &destroy
 
 		switch {
diff --git a/internal/db/bundb/migrations/20240318115336_account_settings.go b/internal/db/bundb/migrations/20240318115336_account_settings.go
index 25c64e826..3bf58e21e 100644
--- a/internal/db/bundb/migrations/20240318115336_account_settings.go
+++ b/internal/db/bundb/migrations/20240318115336_account_settings.go
@@ -78,12 +78,12 @@ func init() {
 					CreatedAt:         account.CreatedAt,
 					Reason:            account.Reason,
 					Privacy:           newgtsmodel.Visibility(account.Privacy),
-					Sensitive:         util.Ptr(util.PtrValueOr(account.Sensitive, false)),
+					Sensitive:         util.Ptr(util.PtrOrValue(account.Sensitive, false)),
 					Language:          account.Language,
 					StatusContentType: account.StatusContentType,
 					CustomCSS:         account.CustomCSS,
-					EnableRSS:         util.Ptr(util.PtrValueOr(account.EnableRSS, false)),
-					HideCollections:   util.Ptr(util.PtrValueOr(account.HideCollections, false)),
+					EnableRSS:         util.Ptr(util.PtrOrValue(account.EnableRSS, false)),
+					HideCollections:   util.Ptr(util.PtrOrValue(account.HideCollections, false)),
 				}
 
 				// Insert the settings model.
diff --git a/internal/db/bundb/migrations/20240715204203_media_pipeline_improvements.go b/internal/db/bundb/migrations/20240715204203_media_pipeline_improvements.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f01f53ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/db/bundb/migrations/20240715204203_media_pipeline_improvements.go
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// GoToSocial
+// Copyright (C) GoToSocial Authors admin@gotosocial.org
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package migrations
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	old_gtsmodel "github.com/superseriousbusiness/gotosocial/internal/db/bundb/migrations/20240715204203_media_pipeline_improvements"
+	new_gtsmodel "github.com/superseriousbusiness/gotosocial/internal/gtsmodel"
+
+	"github.com/uptrace/bun"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	up := func(ctx context.Context, db *bun.DB) error {
+		if err := db.RunInTx(ctx, nil, func(ctx context.Context, tx bun.Tx) error {
+			if _, err := tx.NewAddColumn().
+				Table("media_attachments").
+				ColumnExpr("? INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT ?", bun.Ident("type_new"), 0).
+				Exec(ctx); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			for old, new := range map[old_gtsmodel.FileType]new_gtsmodel.FileType{
+				old_gtsmodel.FileTypeAudio:   new_gtsmodel.FileTypeAudio,
+				old_gtsmodel.FileTypeImage:   new_gtsmodel.FileTypeImage,
+				old_gtsmodel.FileTypeGifv:    new_gtsmodel.FileTypeImage,
+				old_gtsmodel.FileTypeVideo:   new_gtsmodel.FileTypeVideo,
+				old_gtsmodel.FileTypeUnknown: new_gtsmodel.FileTypeUnknown,
+			} {
+				if _, err := tx.NewUpdate().
+					Table("media_attachments").
+					Where("? = ?", bun.Ident("type"), old).
+					Set("? = ?", bun.Ident("type_new"), new).
+					Exec(ctx); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+
+			if _, err := tx.NewDropColumn().
+				Table("media_attachments").
+				ColumnExpr("?", bun.Ident("type")).
+				Exec(ctx); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			if _, err := tx.NewRaw(
+				"ALTER TABLE ? RENAME COLUMN ? TO ?",
+				bun.Ident("media_attachments"),
+				bun.Ident("type_new"),
+				bun.Ident("type"),
+			).Exec(ctx); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			return nil
+		}); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		// Zero-out attachment data
+		// for "unknown" non-locally
+		// stored media attachments.
+		if _, err := db.NewUpdate().
+			Table("media_attachments").
+			Where("? = ?", bun.Ident("type"), new_gtsmodel.FileTypeUnknown).
+			Set("? = ?", bun.Ident("url"), "").
+			Set("? = ?", bun.Ident("file_path"), "").
+			Set("? = ?", bun.Ident("file_content_type"), "").
+			Set("? = ?", bun.Ident("file_file_size"), 0).
+			Set("? = ?", bun.Ident("thumbnail_path"), "").
+			Set("? = ?", bun.Ident("thumbnail_content_type"), "").
+			Set("? = ?", bun.Ident("thumbnail_file_size"), 0).
+			Set("? = ?", bun.Ident("thumbnail_url"), "").
+			Exec(ctx); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		// Zero-out emoji data for
+		// non-locally stored emoji.
+		if _, err := db.NewUpdate().
+			Table("emojis").
+			WhereOr("? = ?", bun.Ident("image_url"), "").
+			WhereOr("? = ?", bun.Ident("image_path"), "").
+			Set("? = ?", bun.Ident("image_path"), "").
+			Set("? = ?", bun.Ident("image_url"), "").
+			Set("? = ?", bun.Ident("image_file_size"), 0).
+			Set("? = ?", bun.Ident("image_content_type"), "").
+			Set("? = ?", bun.Ident("image_static_path"), "").
+			Set("? = ?", bun.Ident("image_static_url"), "").
+			Set("? = ?", bun.Ident("image_static_file_size"), 0).
+			Set("? = ?", bun.Ident("image_static_content_type"), "").
+			Exec(ctx); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	down := func(ctx context.Context, db *bun.DB) error {
+		return db.RunInTx(ctx, nil, func(ctx context.Context, tx bun.Tx) error {
+			return nil
+		})
+	}
+
+	if err := Migrations.Register(up, down); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/db/bundb/migrations/20240715204203_media_pipeline_improvements/emoji.go b/internal/db/bundb/migrations/20240715204203_media_pipeline_improvements/emoji.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4567ab25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/db/bundb/migrations/20240715204203_media_pipeline_improvements/emoji.go
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// GoToSocial
+// Copyright (C) GoToSocial Authors admin@gotosocial.org
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package gtsmodel
+
+import "time"
+
+// Emoji represents a custom emoji that's been uploaded through the admin UI or downloaded from a remote instance.
+type Emoji struct {
+	ID                     string         `bun:"type:CHAR(26),pk,nullzero,notnull,unique"`                    // id of this item in the database
+	CreatedAt              time.Time      `bun:"type:timestamptz,nullzero,notnull,default:current_timestamp"` // when was item created
+	UpdatedAt              time.Time      `bun:"type:timestamptz,nullzero,notnull,default:current_timestamp"` // when was item last updated
+	Shortcode              string         `bun:",nullzero,notnull,unique:domainshortcode"`                    // String shortcode for this emoji -- the part that's between colons. This should be a-zA-Z_  eg., 'blob_hug' 'purple_heart' 'Gay_Otter' Must be unique with domain.
+	Domain                 string         `bun:",nullzero,unique:domainshortcode"`                            // Origin domain of this emoji, eg 'example.org', 'queer.party'. empty string for local emojis.
+	ImageRemoteURL         string         `bun:",nullzero"`                                                   // Where can this emoji be retrieved remotely? Null for local emojis.
+	ImageStaticRemoteURL   string         `bun:",nullzero"`                                                   // Where can a static / non-animated version of this emoji be retrieved remotely? Null for local emojis.
+	ImageURL               string         `bun:",nullzero"`                                                   // Where can this emoji be retrieved from the local server? Null for remote emojis.
+	ImageStaticURL         string         `bun:",nullzero"`                                                   // Where can a static version of this emoji be retrieved from the local server? Null for remote emojis.
+	ImagePath              string         `bun:",notnull"`                                                    // Path of the emoji image in the server storage system.
+	ImageStaticPath        string         `bun:",notnull"`                                                    // Path of a static version of the emoji image in the server storage system
+	ImageContentType       string         `bun:",notnull"`                                                    // MIME content type of the emoji image
+	ImageStaticContentType string         `bun:",notnull"`                                                    // MIME content type of the static version of the emoji image.
+	ImageFileSize          int            `bun:",notnull"`                                                    // Size of the emoji image file in bytes, for serving purposes.
+	ImageStaticFileSize    int            `bun:",notnull"`                                                    // Size of the static version of the emoji image file in bytes, for serving purposes.
+	Disabled               *bool          `bun:",nullzero,notnull,default:false"`                             // Has a moderation action disabled this emoji from being shown?
+	URI                    string         `bun:",nullzero,notnull,unique"`                                    // ActivityPub uri of this emoji. Something like 'https://example.org/emojis/1234'
+	VisibleInPicker        *bool          `bun:",nullzero,notnull,default:true"`                              // Is this emoji visible in the admin emoji picker?
+	Category               *EmojiCategory `bun:"rel:belongs-to"`                                              // In which emoji category is this emoji visible?
+	CategoryID             string         `bun:"type:CHAR(26),nullzero"`                                      // ID of the category this emoji belongs to.
+	Cached                 *bool          `bun:",nullzero,notnull,default:false"`                             // whether emoji is cached in locally in gotosocial storage.
+}
+
+// IsLocal returns true if the emoji is
+// local to this instance., ie., it did
+// not originate from a remote instance.
+func (e *Emoji) IsLocal() bool {
+	return e.Domain == ""
+}
+
+// ShortcodeDomain returns the [shortcode]@[domain] for the given emoji.
+func (e *Emoji) ShortcodeDomain() string {
+	return e.Shortcode + "@" + e.Domain
+}
+
+// EmojiCategory represents a grouping of custom emojis.
+type EmojiCategory struct {
+	ID        string    `bun:"type:CHAR(26),pk,nullzero,notnull,unique"`                    // id of this item in the database
+	CreatedAt time.Time `bun:"type:timestamptz,nullzero,notnull,default:current_timestamp"` // when was item created
+	UpdatedAt time.Time `bun:"type:timestamptz,nullzero,notnull,default:current_timestamp"` // when was item last updated
+	Name      string    `bun:",nullzero,notnull,unique"`                                    // name of this category
+}
diff --git a/internal/db/bundb/migrations/20240715204203_media_pipeline_improvements/media.go b/internal/db/bundb/migrations/20240715204203_media_pipeline_improvements/media.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..471a5abd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/db/bundb/migrations/20240715204203_media_pipeline_improvements/media.go
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// GoToSocial
+// Copyright (C) GoToSocial Authors admin@gotosocial.org
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package gtsmodel
+
+import (
+	"time"
+)
+
+// MediaAttachment represents a user-uploaded media attachment: an image/video/audio/gif that is
+// somewhere in storage and that can be retrieved and served by the router.
+type MediaAttachment struct {
+	ID                string           `bun:"type:CHAR(26),pk,nullzero,notnull,unique"`                    // id of this item in the database
+	CreatedAt         time.Time        `bun:"type:timestamptz,nullzero,notnull,default:current_timestamp"` // when was item created
+	UpdatedAt         time.Time        `bun:"type:timestamptz,nullzero,notnull,default:current_timestamp"` // when was item last updated
+	StatusID          string           `bun:"type:CHAR(26),nullzero"`                                      // ID of the status to which this is attached
+	URL               string           `bun:",nullzero"`                                                   // Where can the attachment be retrieved on *this* server
+	RemoteURL         string           `bun:",nullzero"`                                                   // Where can the attachment be retrieved on a remote server (empty for local media)
+	Type              FileType         `bun:",notnull"`                                                    // Type of file (image/gifv/audio/video/unknown)
+	FileMeta          FileMeta         `bun:",embed:,notnull"`                                             // Metadata about the file
+	AccountID         string           `bun:"type:CHAR(26),nullzero,notnull"`                              // To which account does this attachment belong
+	Description       string           `bun:""`                                                            // Description of the attachment (for screenreaders)
+	ScheduledStatusID string           `bun:"type:CHAR(26),nullzero"`                                      // To which scheduled status does this attachment belong
+	Blurhash          string           `bun:",nullzero"`                                                   // What is the generated blurhash of this attachment
+	Processing        ProcessingStatus `bun:",notnull,default:2"`                                          // What is the processing status of this attachment
+	File              File             `bun:",embed:file_,notnull,nullzero"`                               // metadata for the whole file
+	Thumbnail         Thumbnail        `bun:",embed:thumbnail_,notnull,nullzero"`                          // small image thumbnail derived from a larger image, video, or audio file.
+	Avatar            *bool            `bun:",nullzero,notnull,default:false"`                             // Is this attachment being used as an avatar?
+	Header            *bool            `bun:",nullzero,notnull,default:false"`                             // Is this attachment being used as a header?
+	Cached            *bool            `bun:",nullzero,notnull,default:false"`                             // Is this attachment currently cached by our instance?
+}
+
+// IsLocal returns whether media attachment is local.
+func (m *MediaAttachment) IsLocal() bool {
+	return m.RemoteURL == ""
+}
+
+// IsRemote returns whether media attachment is remote.
+func (m *MediaAttachment) IsRemote() bool {
+	return m.RemoteURL != ""
+}
+
+// File refers to the metadata for the whole file
+type File struct {
+	Path        string `bun:",notnull"` // Path of the file in storage.
+	ContentType string `bun:",notnull"` // MIME content type of the file.
+	FileSize    int    `bun:",notnull"` // File size in bytes
+}
+
+// Thumbnail refers to a small image thumbnail derived from a larger image, video, or audio file.
+type Thumbnail struct {
+	Path        string `bun:",notnull"`  // Path of the file in storage.
+	ContentType string `bun:",notnull"`  // MIME content type of the file.
+	FileSize    int    `bun:",notnull"`  // File size in bytes
+	URL         string `bun:",nullzero"` // What is the URL of the thumbnail on the local server
+	RemoteURL   string `bun:",nullzero"` // What is the remote URL of the thumbnail (empty for local media)
+}
+
+// ProcessingStatus refers to how far along in the processing stage the attachment is.
+type ProcessingStatus int
+
+// MediaAttachment processing states.
+const (
+	ProcessingStatusReceived   ProcessingStatus = 0   // ProcessingStatusReceived indicates the attachment has been received and is awaiting processing. No thumbnail available yet.
+	ProcessingStatusProcessing ProcessingStatus = 1   // ProcessingStatusProcessing indicates the attachment is currently being processed. Thumbnail is available but full media is not.
+	ProcessingStatusProcessed  ProcessingStatus = 2   // ProcessingStatusProcessed indicates the attachment has been fully processed and is ready to be served.
+	ProcessingStatusError      ProcessingStatus = 666 // ProcessingStatusError indicates something went wrong processing the attachment and it won't be tried again--these can be deleted.
+)
+
+// FileType refers to the file type of the media attaachment.
+type FileType string
+
+// MediaAttachment file types.
+const (
+	FileTypeImage   FileType = "Image"   // FileTypeImage is for jpegs, pngs, and standard gifs
+	FileTypeGifv    FileType = "Gifv"    // FileTypeGif is for soundless looping videos that behave like gifs
+	FileTypeAudio   FileType = "Audio"   // FileTypeAudio is for audio-only files (no video)
+	FileTypeVideo   FileType = "Video"   // FileTypeVideo is for files with audio + visual
+	FileTypeUnknown FileType = "Unknown" // FileTypeUnknown is for unknown file types (surprise surprise!)
+)
+
+// FileMeta describes metadata about the actual contents of the file.
+type FileMeta struct {
+	Original Original `bun:"embed:original_"`
+	Small    Small    `bun:"embed:small_"`
+	Focus    Focus    `bun:"embed:focus_"`
+}
+
+// Small can be used for a thumbnail of any media type
+type Small struct {
+	Width  int     // width in pixels
+	Height int     // height in pixels
+	Size   int     // size in pixels (width * height)
+	Aspect float32 // aspect ratio (width / height)
+}
+
+// Original can be used for original metadata for any media type
+type Original struct {
+	Width     int      // width in pixels
+	Height    int      // height in pixels
+	Size      int      // size in pixels (width * height)
+	Aspect    float32  // aspect ratio (width / height)
+	Duration  *float32 // video-specific: duration of the video in seconds
+	Framerate *float32 // video-specific: fps
+	Bitrate   *uint64  // video-specific: bitrate
+}
+
+// Focus describes the 'center' of the image for display purposes.
+// X and Y should each be between -1 and 1
+type Focus struct {
+	X float32
+	Y float32
+}
diff --git a/internal/gtsmodel/mediaattachment.go b/internal/gtsmodel/mediaattachment.go
index 471a5abd1..eb792ae3b 100644
--- a/internal/gtsmodel/mediaattachment.go
+++ b/internal/gtsmodel/mediaattachment.go
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ type MediaAttachment struct {
 	StatusID          string           `bun:"type:CHAR(26),nullzero"`                                      // ID of the status to which this is attached
 	URL               string           `bun:",nullzero"`                                                   // Where can the attachment be retrieved on *this* server
 	RemoteURL         string           `bun:",nullzero"`                                                   // Where can the attachment be retrieved on a remote server (empty for local media)
-	Type              FileType         `bun:",notnull"`                                                    // Type of file (image/gifv/audio/video/unknown)
+	Type              FileType         `bun:",notnull,default:0"`                                          // Type of file (image/gifv/audio/video/unknown)
 	FileMeta          FileMeta         `bun:",embed:,notnull"`                                             // Metadata about the file
 	AccountID         string           `bun:"type:CHAR(26),nullzero,notnull"`                              // To which account does this attachment belong
 	Description       string           `bun:""`                                                            // Description of the attachment (for screenreaders)
@@ -81,18 +81,34 @@ const (
 	ProcessingStatusError      ProcessingStatus = 666 // ProcessingStatusError indicates something went wrong processing the attachment and it won't be tried again--these can be deleted.
 )
 
-// FileType refers to the file type of the media attaachment.
-type FileType string
+// FileType refers to the file
+// type of the media attaachment.
+type FileType int
 
-// MediaAttachment file types.
 const (
-	FileTypeImage   FileType = "Image"   // FileTypeImage is for jpegs, pngs, and standard gifs
-	FileTypeGifv    FileType = "Gifv"    // FileTypeGif is for soundless looping videos that behave like gifs
-	FileTypeAudio   FileType = "Audio"   // FileTypeAudio is for audio-only files (no video)
-	FileTypeVideo   FileType = "Video"   // FileTypeVideo is for files with audio + visual
-	FileTypeUnknown FileType = "Unknown" // FileTypeUnknown is for unknown file types (surprise surprise!)
+	// MediaAttachment file types.
+	FileTypeUnknown FileType = 0 // FileTypeUnknown is for unknown file types (surprise surprise!)
+	FileTypeImage   FileType = 1 // FileTypeImage is for jpegs, pngs, and standard gifs
+	FileTypeAudio   FileType = 2 // FileTypeAudio is for audio-only files (no video)
+	FileTypeVideo   FileType = 3 // FileTypeVideo is for files with audio + visual
 )
 
+// String returns a stringified, frontend API compatible form of FileType.
+func (t FileType) String() string {
+	switch t {
+	case FileTypeUnknown:
+		return "unknown"
+	case FileTypeImage:
+		return "image"
+	case FileTypeAudio:
+		return "audio"
+	case FileTypeVideo:
+		return "video"
+	default:
+		panic("invalid filetype")
+	}
+}
+
 // FileMeta describes metadata about the actual contents of the file.
 type FileMeta struct {
 	Original Original `bun:"embed:original_"`
diff --git a/internal/media/ffmpeg/pool.go b/internal/media/ffmpeg/pool.go
index 9f6446be3..e63b10e69 100644
--- a/internal/media/ffmpeg/pool.go
+++ b/internal/media/ffmpeg/pool.go
@@ -34,14 +34,33 @@ type wasmInstancePool struct {
 }
 
 func (p *wasmInstancePool) Init(ctx context.Context, sz int) error {
+	// Initialize for first time
+	// to preload module into the
+	// wazero compilation cache.
+	inst, err := p.inst.New(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Clamp to 1.
+	if sz <= 0 {
+		sz = 1
+	}
+
+	// Allocate new pool instance channel.
 	p.pool = make(chan *wasm.Instance, sz)
-	for i := 0; i < sz; i++ {
-		inst, err := p.inst.New(ctx)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		p.pool <- inst
+
+	// Store only one
+	// open instance
+	// at init time.
+	p.pool <- inst
+
+	// Fill reminaing with closed
+	// instances for later opening.
+	for i := 0; i < sz-1; i++ {
+		p.pool <- new(wasm.Instance)
 	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/internal/media/manager.go b/internal/media/manager.go
index 82b066edc..13bcebe79 100644
--- a/internal/media/manager.go
+++ b/internal/media/manager.go
@@ -102,74 +102,19 @@ func (m *Manager) CreateMedia(
 ) {
 	now := time.Now()
 
-	// Generate new ID.
-	id := id.NewULID()
-
-	// Placeholder URL for attachment.
-	url := uris.URIForAttachment(
-		accountID,
-		string(TypeAttachment),
-		string(SizeOriginal),
-		id,
-		"unknown",
-	)
-
-	// Placeholder storage path for attachment.
-	path := uris.StoragePathForAttachment(
-		accountID,
-		string(TypeAttachment),
-		string(SizeOriginal),
-		id,
-		"unknown",
-	)
-
-	// Calculate attachment thumbnail file path
-	thumbPath := uris.StoragePathForAttachment(
-		accountID,
-		string(TypeAttachment),
-		string(SizeSmall),
-		id,
-
-		// Always encode attachment
-		// thumbnails as jpeg.
-		"jpeg",
-	)
-
-	// Calculate attachment thumbnail URL.
-	thumbURL := uris.URIForAttachment(
-		accountID,
-		string(TypeAttachment),
-		string(SizeSmall),
-		id,
-
-		// Always encode attachment
-		// thumbnails as jpeg.
-		"jpeg",
-	)
-
 	// Populate initial fields on the new media,
 	// leaving out fields with values we don't know
 	// yet. These will be overwritten as we go.
 	attachment := &gtsmodel.MediaAttachment{
-		ID:         id,
-		CreatedAt:  now,
-		UpdatedAt:  now,
-		URL:        url,
-		Type:       gtsmodel.FileTypeUnknown,
+		ID:         id.NewULID(),
 		AccountID:  accountID,
+		Type:       gtsmodel.FileTypeUnknown,
 		Processing: gtsmodel.ProcessingStatusReceived,
-		File: gtsmodel.File{
-			ContentType: "application/octet-stream",
-			Path:        path,
-		},
-		Thumbnail: gtsmodel.Thumbnail{
-			ContentType: "image/jpeg",
-			Path:        thumbPath,
-			URL:         thumbURL,
-		},
-		Avatar: util.Ptr(false),
-		Header: util.Ptr(false),
-		Cached: util.Ptr(false),
+		Avatar:     util.Ptr(false),
+		Header:     util.Ptr(false),
+		Cached:     util.Ptr(false),
+		CreatedAt:  now,
+		UpdatedAt:  now,
 	}
 
 	// Check if we were provided additional info
@@ -252,56 +197,23 @@ func (m *Manager) CreateEmoji(
 	// Generate new ID.
 	id := id.NewULID()
 
-	// Fetch the local instance account for emoji path generation.
-	instanceAcc, err := m.state.DB.GetInstanceAccount(ctx, "")
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, gtserror.Newf("error fetching instance account: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	if domain == "" && info.URI == nil {
 		// Generate URI for local emoji.
 		uri := uris.URIForEmoji(id)
 		info.URI = &uri
 	}
 
-	// Generate static URL for attachment.
-	staticURL := uris.URIForAttachment(
-		instanceAcc.ID,
-		string(TypeEmoji),
-		string(SizeStatic),
-		id,
-
-		// All static emojis
-		// are encoded as png.
-		"png",
-	)
-
-	// Generate static image path for attachment.
-	staticPath := uris.StoragePathForAttachment(
-		instanceAcc.ID,
-		string(TypeEmoji),
-		string(SizeStatic),
-		id,
-
-		// All static emojis
-		// are encoded as png.
-		"png",
-	)
-
 	// Populate initial fields on the new emoji,
 	// leaving out fields with values we don't know
 	// yet. These will be overwritten as we go.
 	emoji := &gtsmodel.Emoji{
-		ID:                     id,
-		Shortcode:              shortcode,
-		Domain:                 domain,
-		ImageStaticURL:         staticURL,
-		ImageStaticPath:        staticPath,
-		ImageStaticContentType: "image/png",
-		Disabled:               util.Ptr(false),
-		VisibleInPicker:        util.Ptr(true),
-		CreatedAt:              now,
-		UpdatedAt:              now,
+		ID:              id,
+		Shortcode:       shortcode,
+		Domain:          domain,
+		Disabled:        util.Ptr(false),
+		VisibleInPicker: util.Ptr(true),
+		CreatedAt:       now,
+		UpdatedAt:       now,
 	}
 
 	// Finally, create new emoji.
@@ -327,12 +239,6 @@ func (m *Manager) RefreshEmoji(
 	*ProcessingEmoji,
 	error,
 ) {
-	// Fetch the local instance account for emoji path generation.
-	instanceAcc, err := m.state.DB.GetInstanceAccount(ctx, "")
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, gtserror.Newf("error fetching instance account: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	// Create references to old emoji image
 	// paths before they get updated with new
 	// path ID. These are required for later
@@ -380,38 +286,6 @@ func (m *Manager) RefreshEmoji(
 		return rct, nil
 	}
 
-	// Use a new ID to create a new path
-	// for the new images, to get around
-	// needing to do cache invalidation.
-	newPathID, err := id.NewRandomULID()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, gtserror.Newf("error generating newPathID for emoji refresh: %s", err)
-	}
-
-	// Generate new static URL for emoji.
-	emoji.ImageStaticURL = uris.URIForAttachment(
-		instanceAcc.ID,
-		string(TypeEmoji),
-		string(SizeStatic),
-		newPathID,
-
-		// All static emojis
-		// are encoded as png.
-		"png",
-	)
-
-	// Generate new static image storage path for emoji.
-	emoji.ImageStaticPath = uris.StoragePathForAttachment(
-		instanceAcc.ID,
-		string(TypeEmoji),
-		string(SizeStatic),
-		newPathID,
-
-		// All static emojis
-		// are encoded as png.
-		"png",
-	)
-
 	// Finally, create new emoji in database.
 	processingEmoji, err := m.createEmoji(ctx,
 		func(ctx context.Context, emoji *gtsmodel.Emoji) error {
@@ -425,8 +299,8 @@ func (m *Manager) RefreshEmoji(
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	// Set the refreshed path ID used.
-	processingEmoji.newPathID = newPathID
+	// Generate a new path ID to use instead.
+	processingEmoji.newPathID = id.NewULID()
 
 	return processingEmoji, nil
 }
@@ -441,6 +315,12 @@ func (m *Manager) createEmoji(
 	*ProcessingEmoji,
 	error,
 ) {
+	// Fetch the local instance account for emoji path generation.
+	instanceAcc, err := m.state.DB.GetInstanceAccount(ctx, "")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, gtserror.Newf("error fetching instance account: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	// Check if we have additional info to add to the emoji,
 	// and overwrite some of the emoji fields if so.
 	if info.URI != nil {
@@ -475,9 +355,10 @@ func (m *Manager) createEmoji(
 
 	// Return wrapped emoji for later processing.
 	processingEmoji := &ProcessingEmoji{
-		emoji:  emoji,
-		dataFn: data,
-		mgr:    m,
+		instAccID: instanceAcc.ID,
+		emoji:     emoji,
+		dataFn:    data,
+		mgr:       m,
 	}
 
 	return processingEmoji, nil
diff --git a/internal/media/manager_test.go b/internal/media/manager_test.go
index 24e0ddd1e..c908b2994 100644
--- a/internal/media/manager_test.go
+++ b/internal/media/manager_test.go
@@ -358,11 +358,10 @@ func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestPDFProcess() {
 	suite.Equal(processing.ID(), attachment.ID)
 	suite.Equal(accountID, attachment.AccountID)
 
-	// file meta should be correctly derived from the image
 	suite.Zero(attachment.FileMeta)
-	suite.Equal("application/octet-stream", attachment.File.ContentType)
-	suite.Equal("image/jpeg", attachment.Thumbnail.ContentType)
-	suite.Empty(attachment.Blurhash)
+	suite.Zero(attachment.File.ContentType)
+	suite.Zero(attachment.Thumbnail.ContentType)
+	suite.Zero(attachment.Blurhash)
 
 	// now make sure the attachment is in the database
 	dbAttachment, err := suite.db.GetAttachmentByID(ctx, attachment.ID)
@@ -376,7 +375,6 @@ func (suite *ManagerTestSuite) TestPDFProcess() {
 	stored, err := suite.storage.Has(ctx, attachment.File.Path)
 	suite.NoError(err)
 	suite.False(stored)
-
 	stored, err = suite.storage.Has(ctx, attachment.Thumbnail.Path)
 	suite.NoError(err)
 	suite.False(stored)
diff --git a/internal/media/processingemoji.go b/internal/media/processingemoji.go
index 996a3aa03..f4265759b 100644
--- a/internal/media/processingemoji.go
+++ b/internal/media/processingemoji.go
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/superseriousbusiness/gotosocial/internal/gtserror"
 	"github.com/superseriousbusiness/gotosocial/internal/gtsmodel"
 	"github.com/superseriousbusiness/gotosocial/internal/log"
-	"github.com/superseriousbusiness/gotosocial/internal/regexes"
 	"github.com/superseriousbusiness/gotosocial/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/superseriousbusiness/gotosocial/internal/uris"
 	"github.com/superseriousbusiness/gotosocial/internal/util"
@@ -36,6 +35,7 @@ import (
 // various functions for retrieving data from the process.
 type ProcessingEmoji struct {
 	emoji     *gtsmodel.Emoji   // processing emoji details
+	instAccID string            // instance account ID
 	newPathID string            // new emoji path ID to use when being refreshed
 	dataFn    DataFunc          // load-data function, returns media stream
 	done      bool              // done is set when process finishes with non ctx canceled type error
@@ -191,21 +191,24 @@ func (p *ProcessingEmoji) store(ctx context.Context) error {
 		pathID = p.emoji.ID
 	}
 
-	// Determine instance account ID from generated image static path.
-	instanceAccID, ok := getInstanceAccountID(p.emoji.ImageStaticPath)
-	if !ok {
-		return gtserror.Newf("invalid emoji static path; no instance account id: %s", p.emoji.ImageStaticPath)
-	}
-
-	// Calculate final media attachment file path.
+	// Calculate final emoji media file path.
 	p.emoji.ImagePath = uris.StoragePathForAttachment(
-		instanceAccID,
+		p.instAccID,
 		string(TypeEmoji),
 		string(SizeOriginal),
 		pathID,
 		ext,
 	)
 
+	// Calculate final emoji static media file path.
+	p.emoji.ImageStaticPath = uris.StoragePathForAttachment(
+		p.instAccID,
+		string(TypeEmoji),
+		string(SizeStatic),
+		pathID,
+		"png",
+	)
+
 	// Copy temporary file into storage at path.
 	filesz, err := p.mgr.state.Storage.PutFile(ctx,
 		p.emoji.ImagePath,
@@ -228,19 +231,31 @@ func (p *ProcessingEmoji) store(ctx context.Context) error {
 	p.emoji.ImageFileSize = int(filesz)
 	p.emoji.ImageStaticFileSize = int(staticsz)
 
-	// Fill in remaining emoji data now it's stored.
+	// Generate an emoji media static URL.
 	p.emoji.ImageURL = uris.URIForAttachment(
-		instanceAccID,
+		p.instAccID,
 		string(TypeEmoji),
 		string(SizeOriginal),
 		pathID,
 		ext,
 	)
 
+	// Generate an emoji image static URL.
+	p.emoji.ImageStaticURL = uris.URIForAttachment(
+		p.instAccID,
+		string(TypeEmoji),
+		string(SizeStatic),
+		pathID,
+		"png",
+	)
+
 	// Get mimetype for the file container
 	// type, falling back to generic data.
 	p.emoji.ImageContentType = getMimeType(ext)
 
+	// Set the known emoji static content type.
+	p.emoji.ImageStaticContentType = "image/png"
+
 	// We can now consider this cached.
 	p.emoji.Cached = util.Ptr(true)
 
@@ -268,16 +283,16 @@ func (p *ProcessingEmoji) cleanup(ctx context.Context) {
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Unset processor-calculated fields.
+	p.emoji.ImageStaticContentType = ""
+	p.emoji.ImageStaticFileSize = 0
+	p.emoji.ImageStaticPath = ""
+	p.emoji.ImageStaticURL = ""
+	p.emoji.ImageContentType = ""
+	p.emoji.ImageFileSize = 0
+	p.emoji.ImagePath = ""
+	p.emoji.ImageURL = ""
+
 	// Ensure marked as not cached.
 	p.emoji.Cached = util.Ptr(false)
 }
-
-// getInstanceAccountID determines the instance account ID from
-// emoji static image storage path. returns false on failure.
-func getInstanceAccountID(staticPath string) (string, bool) {
-	matches := regexes.FilePath.FindStringSubmatch(staticPath)
-	if len(matches) < 2 {
-		return "", false
-	}
-	return matches[1], true
-}
diff --git a/internal/media/processingmedia.go b/internal/media/processingmedia.go
index e5af46a2f..393f7d715 100644
--- a/internal/media/processingmedia.go
+++ b/internal/media/processingmedia.go
@@ -248,6 +248,15 @@ func (p *ProcessingMedia) store(ctx context.Context) error {
 				return gtserror.Newf("error generating thumb blurhash: %w", err)
 			}
 		}
+
+		// Calculate final media attachment thumbnail path.
+		p.media.Thumbnail.Path = uris.StoragePathForAttachment(
+			p.media.AccountID,
+			string(TypeAttachment),
+			string(SizeSmall),
+			p.media.ID,
+			"jpeg",
+		)
 	}
 
 	// Calculate final media attachment file path.
@@ -285,8 +294,7 @@ func (p *ProcessingMedia) store(ctx context.Context) error {
 		p.media.Thumbnail.FileSize = int(thumbsz)
 	}
 
-	// Fill in correct attachment
-	// data now we've parsed it.
+	// Generate a media attachment URL.
 	p.media.URL = uris.URIForAttachment(
 		p.media.AccountID,
 		string(TypeAttachment),
@@ -295,10 +303,22 @@ func (p *ProcessingMedia) store(ctx context.Context) error {
 		ext,
 	)
 
+	// Generate a media attachment thumbnail URL.
+	p.media.Thumbnail.URL = uris.URIForAttachment(
+		p.media.AccountID,
+		string(TypeAttachment),
+		string(SizeSmall),
+		p.media.ID,
+		"jpeg",
+	)
+
 	// Get mimetype for the file container
 	// type, falling back to generic data.
 	p.media.File.ContentType = getMimeType(ext)
 
+	// Set the known thumbnail content type.
+	p.media.Thumbnail.ContentType = "image/jpeg"
+
 	// We can now consider this cached.
 	p.media.Cached = util.Ptr(true)
 
@@ -329,6 +349,18 @@ func (p *ProcessingMedia) cleanup(ctx context.Context) {
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Unset all processor-calculated media fields.
+	p.media.FileMeta.Original = gtsmodel.Original{}
+	p.media.FileMeta.Small = gtsmodel.Small{}
+	p.media.File.ContentType = ""
+	p.media.File.FileSize = 0
+	p.media.File.Path = ""
+	p.media.Thumbnail.FileSize = 0
+	p.media.Thumbnail.ContentType = ""
+	p.media.Thumbnail.Path = ""
+	p.media.Thumbnail.URL = ""
+	p.media.URL = ""
+
 	// Also ensure marked as unknown and finished
 	// processing so gets inserted as placeholder URL.
 	p.media.Processing = gtsmodel.ProcessingStatusProcessed
diff --git a/internal/processing/account/follow.go b/internal/processing/account/follow.go
index 6c066d6a6..59de8834b 100644
--- a/internal/processing/account/follow.go
+++ b/internal/processing/account/follow.go
@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ func (p *Processor) FollowCreate(ctx context.Context, requestingAccount *gtsmode
 	if targetAccount.IsLocal() && !*targetAccount.Locked {
 		rel.Requested = false
 		rel.Following = true
-		rel.ShowingReblogs = util.PtrValueOr(fr.ShowReblogs, true)
-		rel.Notifying = util.PtrValueOr(fr.Notify, false)
+		rel.ShowingReblogs = util.PtrOrValue(fr.ShowReblogs, true)
+		rel.Notifying = util.PtrOrValue(fr.Notify, false)
 	}
 
 	// Handle side effects async.
diff --git a/internal/processing/admin/emoji.go b/internal/processing/admin/emoji.go
index cf5bacef8..66193ccfe 100644
--- a/internal/processing/admin/emoji.go
+++ b/internal/processing/admin/emoji.go
@@ -325,8 +325,8 @@ func (p *Processor) emojiUpdateCopy(
 
 	// Attempt to create the new local emoji.
 	emoji, errWithCode := p.createEmoji(ctx,
-		util.PtrValueOr(shortcode, ""),
-		util.PtrValueOr(categoryName, ""),
+		util.PtrOrValue(shortcode, ""),
+		util.PtrOrValue(categoryName, ""),
 		data,
 	)
 	if errWithCode != nil {
diff --git a/internal/processing/filters/v1/create.go b/internal/processing/filters/v1/create.go
index 4d8ffc3e1..18367dfce 100644
--- a/internal/processing/filters/v1/create.go
+++ b/internal/processing/filters/v1/create.go
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func (p *Processor) Create(ctx context.Context, account *gtsmodel.Account, form
 		FilterID:  filter.ID,
 		Filter:    filter,
 		Keyword:   form.Phrase,
-		WholeWord: util.Ptr(util.PtrValueOr(form.WholeWord, false)),
+		WholeWord: util.Ptr(util.PtrOrValue(form.WholeWord, false)),
 	}
 	filter.Keywords = []*gtsmodel.FilterKeyword{filterKeyword}
 
diff --git a/internal/processing/filters/v1/update.go b/internal/processing/filters/v1/update.go
index 2c2fe5574..81340b4be 100644
--- a/internal/processing/filters/v1/update.go
+++ b/internal/processing/filters/v1/update.go
@@ -108,11 +108,11 @@ func (p *Processor) Update(
 		if expiresAt != filter.ExpiresAt {
 			forbiddenFields = append(forbiddenFields, "expires_in")
 		}
-		if contextHome != util.PtrValueOr(filter.ContextHome, false) ||
-			contextNotifications != util.PtrValueOr(filter.ContextNotifications, false) ||
-			contextPublic != util.PtrValueOr(filter.ContextPublic, false) ||
-			contextThread != util.PtrValueOr(filter.ContextThread, false) ||
-			contextAccount != util.PtrValueOr(filter.ContextAccount, false) {
+		if contextHome != util.PtrOrValue(filter.ContextHome, false) ||
+			contextNotifications != util.PtrOrValue(filter.ContextNotifications, false) ||
+			contextPublic != util.PtrOrValue(filter.ContextPublic, false) ||
+			contextThread != util.PtrOrValue(filter.ContextThread, false) ||
+			contextAccount != util.PtrOrValue(filter.ContextAccount, false) {
 			forbiddenFields = append(forbiddenFields, "context")
 		}
 		if len(forbiddenFields) > 0 {
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ func (p *Processor) Update(
 	filter.ContextThread = &contextThread
 	filter.ContextAccount = &contextAccount
 	filterKeyword.Keyword = form.Phrase
-	filterKeyword.WholeWord = util.Ptr(util.PtrValueOr(form.WholeWord, false))
+	filterKeyword.WholeWord = util.Ptr(util.PtrOrValue(form.WholeWord, false))
 
 	// We only want to update the relevant filter keyword.
 	filter.Keywords = []*gtsmodel.FilterKeyword{filterKeyword}
diff --git a/internal/processing/filters/v2/update.go b/internal/processing/filters/v2/update.go
index d8297de38..0d443d58e 100644
--- a/internal/processing/filters/v2/update.go
+++ b/internal/processing/filters/v2/update.go
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ func applyKeywordChanges(filter *gtsmodel.Filter, formKeywords []apimodel.Filter
 			FilterID:  filter.ID,
 			Filter:    filter,
 			Keyword:   *formKeyword.Keyword,
-			WholeWord: util.Ptr(util.PtrValueOr(formKeyword.WholeWord, false)),
+			WholeWord: util.Ptr(util.PtrOrValue(formKeyword.WholeWord, false)),
 		}
 		filterKeywordsByID[filterKeyword.ID] = filterKeyword
 		// Don't need to set columns, as we're using all of them.
diff --git a/internal/storage/storage.go b/internal/storage/storage.go
index d05fe3519..508433c1a 100644
--- a/internal/storage/storage.go
+++ b/internal/storage/storage.go
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ import (
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"path"
-	"syscall"
 	"time"
 
 	"codeberg.org/gruf/go-bytesize"
@@ -245,13 +244,9 @@ func NewFileStorage() (*Driver, error) {
 	// Load runtime configuration
 	basePath := config.GetStorageLocalBasePath()
 
-	// Use default disk config but with
-	// increased write buffer size and
-	// 'exclusive' bit sets when creating
-	// files to ensure we don't overwrite
-	// existing files unless intending to.
+	// Use default disk config with
+	// increased write buffer size.
 	diskCfg := disk.DefaultConfig()
-	diskCfg.OpenWrite.Flags |= syscall.O_EXCL
 	diskCfg.WriteBufSize = int(16 * bytesize.KiB)
 
 	// Open the disk storage implementation
diff --git a/internal/typeutils/internaltofrontend.go b/internal/typeutils/internaltofrontend.go
index 6350f3269..f11c4af21 100644
--- a/internal/typeutils/internaltofrontend.go
+++ b/internal/typeutils/internaltofrontend.go
@@ -21,8 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"math"
-	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
@@ -321,9 +319,9 @@ func (c *Converter) accountToAPIAccountPublic(ctx context.Context, a *gtsmodel.A
 	}
 
 	var (
-		locked       = util.PtrValueOr(a.Locked, true)
-		discoverable = util.PtrValueOr(a.Discoverable, false)
-		bot          = util.PtrValueOr(a.Bot, false)
+		locked       = util.PtrOrValue(a.Locked, true)
+		discoverable = util.PtrOrValue(a.Discoverable, false)
+		bot          = util.PtrOrValue(a.Bot, false)
 	)
 
 	// Remaining properties are simple and
@@ -565,84 +563,59 @@ func (c *Converter) AppToAPIAppPublic(ctx context.Context, a *gtsmodel.Applicati
 }
 
 // AttachmentToAPIAttachment converts a gts model media attacahment into its api representation for serialization on the API.
-func (c *Converter) AttachmentToAPIAttachment(ctx context.Context, a *gtsmodel.MediaAttachment) (apimodel.Attachment, error) {
-	apiAttachment := apimodel.Attachment{
-		ID:   a.ID,
-		Type: strings.ToLower(string(a.Type)),
-	}
+func (c *Converter) AttachmentToAPIAttachment(ctx context.Context, media *gtsmodel.MediaAttachment) (apimodel.Attachment, error) {
+	var api apimodel.Attachment
+	api.Type = media.Type.String()
+	api.ID = media.ID
+
+	// Only add file details if
+	// we have stored locally.
+	if media.File.Path != "" {
+		api.Meta = new(apimodel.MediaMeta)
+		api.Meta.Original = apimodel.MediaDimensions{
+			Width:     media.FileMeta.Original.Width,
+			Height:    media.FileMeta.Original.Height,
+			Aspect:    media.FileMeta.Original.Aspect,
+			Size:      toAPISize(media.FileMeta.Original.Width, media.FileMeta.Original.Height),
+			FrameRate: toAPIFrameRate(media.FileMeta.Original.Framerate),
+			Duration:  util.PtrOrZero(media.FileMeta.Original.Duration),
+			Bitrate:   int(util.PtrOrZero(media.FileMeta.Original.Bitrate)),
+		}
+
+		// Copy over local file URL.
+		api.URL = util.Ptr(media.URL)
+		api.TextURL = util.Ptr(media.URL)
+
+		// Set file focus details.
+		// (this doesn't make much sense if media
+		// has no image, but the API doesn't yet
+		// distinguish between zero values vs. none).
+		api.Meta.Focus = new(apimodel.MediaFocus)
+		api.Meta.Focus.X = media.FileMeta.Focus.X
+		api.Meta.Focus.Y = media.FileMeta.Focus.Y
+
+		// Only add thumbnail details if
+		// we have thumbnail stored locally.
+		if media.Thumbnail.Path != "" {
+			api.Meta.Small = apimodel.MediaDimensions{
+				Width:  media.FileMeta.Small.Width,
+				Height: media.FileMeta.Small.Height,
+				Aspect: media.FileMeta.Small.Aspect,
+				Size:   toAPISize(media.FileMeta.Small.Width, media.FileMeta.Small.Height),
+			}
 
-	// Don't try to serialize meta for
-	// unknown attachments, there's no point.
-	if a.Type != gtsmodel.FileTypeUnknown {
-		apiAttachment.Meta = &apimodel.MediaMeta{
-			Original: apimodel.MediaDimensions{
-				Width:  a.FileMeta.Original.Width,
-				Height: a.FileMeta.Original.Height,
-			},
-			Small: apimodel.MediaDimensions{
-				Width:  a.FileMeta.Small.Width,
-				Height: a.FileMeta.Small.Height,
-				Size:   strconv.Itoa(a.FileMeta.Small.Width) + "x" + strconv.Itoa(a.FileMeta.Small.Height),
-				Aspect: float32(a.FileMeta.Small.Aspect),
-			},
+			// Copy over local thumbnail file URL.
+			api.PreviewURL = util.Ptr(media.Thumbnail.URL)
 		}
 	}
 
-	if i := a.Blurhash; i != "" {
-		apiAttachment.Blurhash = &i
-	}
-
-	if i := a.URL; i != "" {
-		apiAttachment.URL = &i
-		apiAttachment.TextURL = &i
-	}
-
-	if i := a.Thumbnail.URL; i != "" {
-		apiAttachment.PreviewURL = &i
-	}
-
-	if i := a.RemoteURL; i != "" {
-		apiAttachment.RemoteURL = &i
-	}
-
-	if i := a.Thumbnail.RemoteURL; i != "" {
-		apiAttachment.PreviewRemoteURL = &i
-	}
-
-	if i := a.Description; i != "" {
-		apiAttachment.Description = &i
-	}
-
-	// Type-specific fields.
-	switch a.Type {
-
-	case gtsmodel.FileTypeImage:
-		apiAttachment.Meta.Original.Size = strconv.Itoa(a.FileMeta.Original.Width) + "x" + strconv.Itoa(a.FileMeta.Original.Height)
-		apiAttachment.Meta.Original.Aspect = float32(a.FileMeta.Original.Aspect)
-		apiAttachment.Meta.Focus = &apimodel.MediaFocus{
-			X: a.FileMeta.Focus.X,
-			Y: a.FileMeta.Focus.Y,
-		}
-
-	case gtsmodel.FileTypeVideo, gtsmodel.FileTypeAudio:
-		if i := a.FileMeta.Original.Duration; i != nil {
-			apiAttachment.Meta.Original.Duration = *i
-		}
+	// Set remaining API attachment fields.
+	api.Blurhash = util.PtrIf(media.Blurhash)
+	api.RemoteURL = util.PtrIf(media.RemoteURL)
+	api.PreviewRemoteURL = util.PtrIf(media.Thumbnail.RemoteURL)
+	api.Description = util.PtrIf(media.Description)
 
-		if i := a.FileMeta.Original.Framerate; i != nil {
-			// The masto api expects this as a string in
-			// the format `integer/1`, so 30fps is `30/1`.
-			round := math.Round(float64(*i))
-			fr := strconv.Itoa(int(round))
-			apiAttachment.Meta.Original.FrameRate = fr + "/1"
-		}
-
-		if i := a.FileMeta.Original.Bitrate; i != nil {
-			apiAttachment.Meta.Original.Bitrate = int(*i)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return apiAttachment, nil
+	return api, nil
 }
 
 // MentionToAPIMention converts a gts model mention into its api (frontend) representation for serialization on the API.
@@ -681,6 +654,7 @@ func (c *Converter) MentionToAPIMention(ctx context.Context, m *gtsmodel.Mention
 // EmojiToAPIEmoji converts a gts model emoji into its api (frontend) representation for serialization on the API.
 func (c *Converter) EmojiToAPIEmoji(ctx context.Context, e *gtsmodel.Emoji) (apimodel.Emoji, error) {
 	var category string
+
 	if e.CategoryID != "" {
 		if e.Category == nil {
 			var err error
@@ -778,14 +752,15 @@ func (c *Converter) StatusToAPIStatus(
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	// Normalize status for the API by pruning
-	// out unknown attachment types and replacing
-	// them with a helpful message.
+	// Normalize status for API by pruning
+	// attachments that were not locally
+	// stored, replacing them with a helpful
+	// message + links to remote.
 	var aside string
-	aside, apiStatus.MediaAttachments = placeholdUnknownAttachments(apiStatus.MediaAttachments)
+	aside, apiStatus.MediaAttachments = placeholderAttachments(apiStatus.MediaAttachments)
 	apiStatus.Content += aside
 	if apiStatus.Reblog != nil {
-		aside, apiStatus.Reblog.MediaAttachments = placeholdUnknownAttachments(apiStatus.Reblog.MediaAttachments)
+		aside, apiStatus.Reblog.MediaAttachments = placeholderAttachments(apiStatus.Reblog.MediaAttachments)
 		apiStatus.Reblog.Content += aside
 	}
 
@@ -962,15 +937,15 @@ func filterableTextFields(s *gtsmodel.Status) []string {
 func filterAppliesInContext(filter *gtsmodel.Filter, filterContext statusfilter.FilterContext) bool {
 	switch filterContext {
 	case statusfilter.FilterContextHome:
-		return util.PtrValueOr(filter.ContextHome, false)
+		return util.PtrOrValue(filter.ContextHome, false)
 	case statusfilter.FilterContextNotifications:
-		return util.PtrValueOr(filter.ContextNotifications, false)
+		return util.PtrOrValue(filter.ContextNotifications, false)
 	case statusfilter.FilterContextPublic:
-		return util.PtrValueOr(filter.ContextPublic, false)
+		return util.PtrOrValue(filter.ContextPublic, false)
 	case statusfilter.FilterContextThread:
-		return util.PtrValueOr(filter.ContextThread, false)
+		return util.PtrOrValue(filter.ContextThread, false)
 	case statusfilter.FilterContextAccount:
-		return util.PtrValueOr(filter.ContextAccount, false)
+		return util.PtrOrValue(filter.ContextAccount, false)
 	}
 	return false
 }
@@ -2083,7 +2058,7 @@ func (c *Converter) FilterKeywordToAPIFilterV1(ctx context.Context, filterKeywor
 		ID:           filterKeyword.ID,
 		Phrase:       filterKeyword.Keyword,
 		Context:      filterToAPIFilterContexts(filter),
-		WholeWord:    util.PtrValueOr(filterKeyword.WholeWord, false),
+		WholeWord:    util.PtrOrValue(filterKeyword.WholeWord, false),
 		ExpiresAt:    filterExpiresAtToAPIFilterExpiresAt(filter.ExpiresAt),
 		Irreversible: filter.Action == gtsmodel.FilterActionHide,
 	}, nil
@@ -2121,19 +2096,19 @@ func filterExpiresAtToAPIFilterExpiresAt(expiresAt time.Time) *string {
 
 func filterToAPIFilterContexts(filter *gtsmodel.Filter) []apimodel.FilterContext {
 	apiContexts := make([]apimodel.FilterContext, 0, apimodel.FilterContextNumValues)
-	if util.PtrValueOr(filter.ContextHome, false) {
+	if util.PtrOrValue(filter.ContextHome, false) {
 		apiContexts = append(apiContexts, apimodel.FilterContextHome)
 	}
-	if util.PtrValueOr(filter.ContextNotifications, false) {
+	if util.PtrOrValue(filter.ContextNotifications, false) {
 		apiContexts = append(apiContexts, apimodel.FilterContextNotifications)
 	}
-	if util.PtrValueOr(filter.ContextPublic, false) {
+	if util.PtrOrValue(filter.ContextPublic, false) {
 		apiContexts = append(apiContexts, apimodel.FilterContextPublic)
 	}
-	if util.PtrValueOr(filter.ContextThread, false) {
+	if util.PtrOrValue(filter.ContextThread, false) {
 		apiContexts = append(apiContexts, apimodel.FilterContextThread)
 	}
-	if util.PtrValueOr(filter.ContextAccount, false) {
+	if util.PtrOrValue(filter.ContextAccount, false) {
 		apiContexts = append(apiContexts, apimodel.FilterContextAccount)
 	}
 	return apiContexts
@@ -2154,7 +2129,7 @@ func (c *Converter) FilterKeywordToAPIFilterKeyword(ctx context.Context, filterK
 	return &apimodel.FilterKeyword{
 		ID:        filterKeyword.ID,
 		Keyword:   filterKeyword.Keyword,
-		WholeWord: util.PtrValueOr(filterKeyword.WholeWord, false),
+		WholeWord: util.PtrOrValue(filterKeyword.WholeWord, false),
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/internal/typeutils/internaltofrontend_test.go b/internal/typeutils/internaltofrontend_test.go
index 9fd4cea46..e9f53e100 100644
--- a/internal/typeutils/internaltofrontend_test.go
+++ b/internal/typeutils/internaltofrontend_test.go
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ func (suite *InternalToFrontendTestSuite) TestStatusToFrontendUnknownAttachments
   "muted": false,
   "bookmarked": false,
   "pinned": false,
-  "content": "\u003cp\u003ehi \u003cspan class=\"h-card\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://localhost:8080/@admin\" class=\"u-url mention\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e@\u003cspan\u003eadmin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e here's some media for ya\u003c/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci lang=\"en\"\u003eℹ️ Note from localhost:8080: 2 attachments in this status could not be downloaded. Treat the following external links with care:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://example.org/fileserver/01HE7Y659ZWZ02JM4AWYJZ176Q/attachment/original/01HE7ZGJYTSYMXF927GF9353KR.svg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e01HE7ZGJYTSYMXF927GF9353KR.svg\u003c/a\u003e [SVG line art of a sloth, public domain]\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://example.org/fileserver/01HE7Y659ZWZ02JM4AWYJZ176Q/attachment/original/01HE892Y8ZS68TQCNPX7J888P3.mp3\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e01HE892Y8ZS68TQCNPX7J888P3.mp3\u003c/a\u003e [Jolly salsa song, public domain.]\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e",
+  "content": "\u003cp\u003ehi \u003cspan class=\"h-card\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://localhost:8080/@admin\" class=\"u-url mention\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e@\u003cspan\u003eadmin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e here's some media for ya\u003c/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci lang=\"en\"\u003eℹ️ Note from localhost:8080: 2 attachments in this status were not downloaded. Treat the following external links with care:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://example.org/fileserver/01HE7Y659ZWZ02JM4AWYJZ176Q/attachment/original/01HE7ZGJYTSYMXF927GF9353KR.svg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e01HE7ZGJYTSYMXF927GF9353KR.svg\u003c/a\u003e [SVG line art of a sloth, public domain]\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://example.org/fileserver/01HE7Y659ZWZ02JM4AWYJZ176Q/attachment/original/01HE892Y8ZS68TQCNPX7J888P3.mp3\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e01HE892Y8ZS68TQCNPX7J888P3.mp3\u003c/a\u003e [Jolly salsa song, public domain.]\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e",
   "reblog": null,
   "account": {
     "id": "01FHMQX3GAABWSM0S2VZEC2SWC",
@@ -1070,30 +1070,30 @@ func (suite *InternalToFrontendTestSuite) TestStatusToWebStatus() {
     {
       "id": "01HE7ZFX9GKA5ZZVD4FACABSS9",
       "type": "unknown",
-      "url": "http://localhost:8080/fileserver/01FHMQX3GAABWSM0S2VZEC2SWC/attachment/original/01HE7ZFX9GKA5ZZVD4FACABSS9.svg",
-      "text_url": "http://localhost:8080/fileserver/01FHMQX3GAABWSM0S2VZEC2SWC/attachment/original/01HE7ZFX9GKA5ZZVD4FACABSS9.svg",
-      "preview_url": "http://localhost:8080/fileserver/01FHMQX3GAABWSM0S2VZEC2SWC/attachment/small/01HE7ZFX9GKA5ZZVD4FACABSS9.jpg",
+      "url": null,
+      "text_url": null,
+      "preview_url": null,
       "remote_url": "http://example.org/fileserver/01HE7Y659ZWZ02JM4AWYJZ176Q/attachment/original/01HE7ZGJYTSYMXF927GF9353KR.svg",
       "preview_remote_url": null,
       "meta": null,
       "description": "SVG line art of a sloth, public domain",
       "blurhash": "L26*j+~qE1RP?wxut7ofRlM{R*of",
       "Sensitive": true,
-      "MIMEType": "image/svg"
+      "MIMEType": ""
     },
     {
       "id": "01HE88YG74PVAB81PX2XA9F3FG",
       "type": "unknown",
-      "url": "http://localhost:8080/fileserver/01FHMQX3GAABWSM0S2VZEC2SWC/attachment/original/01HE88YG74PVAB81PX2XA9F3FG.mp3",
-      "text_url": "http://localhost:8080/fileserver/01FHMQX3GAABWSM0S2VZEC2SWC/attachment/original/01HE88YG74PVAB81PX2XA9F3FG.mp3",
-      "preview_url": "http://localhost:8080/fileserver/01FHMQX3GAABWSM0S2VZEC2SWC/attachment/small/01HE88YG74PVAB81PX2XA9F3FG.jpg",
+      "url": null,
+      "text_url": null,
+      "preview_url": null,
       "remote_url": "http://example.org/fileserver/01HE7Y659ZWZ02JM4AWYJZ176Q/attachment/original/01HE892Y8ZS68TQCNPX7J888P3.mp3",
       "preview_remote_url": null,
       "meta": null,
       "description": "Jolly salsa song, public domain.",
       "blurhash": null,
       "Sensitive": true,
-      "MIMEType": "audio/mpeg"
+      "MIMEType": ""
     }
   ],
   "LanguageTag": "en",
@@ -1357,13 +1357,19 @@ func (suite *InternalToFrontendTestSuite) TestVideoAttachmentToFrontend() {
       "height": 404,
       "frame_rate": "30/1",
       "duration": 15.033334,
-      "bitrate": 1206522
+      "bitrate": 1206522,
+      "size": "720x404",
+      "aspect": 1.7821782
     },
     "small": {
       "width": 720,
       "height": 404,
       "size": "720x404",
       "aspect": 1.7821782
+    },
+    "focus": {
+      "x": 0,
+      "y": 0
     }
   },
   "description": "A cow adorably licking another cow!",
diff --git a/internal/typeutils/util.go b/internal/typeutils/util.go
index d674bc150..f28cd2554 100644
--- a/internal/typeutils/util.go
+++ b/internal/typeutils/util.go
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ package typeutils
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
+	"math"
 	"net/url"
 	"path"
 	"slices"
@@ -35,6 +36,26 @@ import (
 	"github.com/superseriousbusiness/gotosocial/internal/text"
 )
 
+// toAPISize converts a set of media dimensions
+// to mastodon API compatible size string.
+func toAPISize(width, height int) string {
+	return strconv.Itoa(width) +
+		"x" +
+		strconv.Itoa(height)
+}
+
+// toAPIFrameRate converts a media framerate ptr
+// to mastodon API compatible framerate string.
+func toAPIFrameRate(framerate *float32) string {
+	if framerate == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	// The masto api expects this as a string in
+	// the format `integer/1`, so 30fps is `30/1`.
+	round := math.Round(float64(*framerate))
+	return strconv.Itoa(int(round)) + "/1"
+}
+
 type statusInteractions struct {
 	Favourited bool
 	Muted      bool
@@ -92,7 +113,7 @@ func misskeyReportInlineURLs(content string) []*url.URL {
 	return urls
 }
 
-// placeholdUnknownAttachments separates any attachments with type `unknown`
+// placeholderAttachments separates any attachments with missing local URL
 // out of the given slice, and returns a piece of text containing links to
 // those attachments, as well as the slice of remaining "known" attachments.
 // If there are no unknown-type attachments in the provided slice, an empty
@@ -104,62 +125,61 @@ func misskeyReportInlineURLs(content string) []*url.URL {
 // Example:
 //
 //	<hr>
-//	<p><i lang="en">ℹ️ Note from your.instance.com: 2 attachments in this status could not be downloaded. Treat the following external links with care:</i></p>
+//	<p><i lang="en">ℹ️ Note from your.instance.com: 2 attachment(s) in this status were not downloaded. Treat the following external link(s) with care:</i></p>
 //	<ul>
 //	   <li><a href="http://example.org/fileserver/01HE7Y659ZWZ02JM4AWYJZ176Q/attachment/original/01HE7ZGJYTSYMXF927GF9353KR.svg" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">01HE7ZGJYTSYMXF927GF9353KR.svg</a> [SVG line art of a sloth, public domain]</li>
 //	   <li><a href="http://example.org/fileserver/01HE7Y659ZWZ02JM4AWYJZ176Q/attachment/original/01HE892Y8ZS68TQCNPX7J888P3.mp3" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">01HE892Y8ZS68TQCNPX7J888P3.mp3</a> [Jolly salsa song, public domain.]</li>
 //	</ul>
-func placeholdUnknownAttachments(arr []*apimodel.Attachment) (string, []*apimodel.Attachment) {
-	// Extract unknown-type attachments into a separate
-	// slice, deleting them from arr in the process.
-	var unknowns []*apimodel.Attachment
+func placeholderAttachments(arr []*apimodel.Attachment) (string, []*apimodel.Attachment) {
+
+	// Extract non-locally stored attachments into a
+	// separate slice, deleting them from input slice.
+	var nonLocal []*apimodel.Attachment
 	arr = slices.DeleteFunc(arr, func(elem *apimodel.Attachment) bool {
-		unknown := elem.Type == "unknown"
-		if unknown {
-			// Set aside unknown-type attachment.
-			unknowns = append(unknowns, elem)
+		if elem.URL == nil {
+			nonLocal = append(nonLocal, elem)
+			return true
 		}
-
-		return unknown
+		return false
 	})
 
-	unknownsLen := len(unknowns)
-	if unknownsLen == 0 {
-		// No unknown attachments,
-		// nothing to do.
+	if len(nonLocal) == 0 {
+		// No non-locally
+		// stored media.
 		return "", arr
 	}
 
-	// Plural / singular.
-	var (
-		attachments string
-		links       string
-	)
+	var note strings.Builder
+	note.WriteString(`<hr>`)
+	note.WriteString(`<hr><p><i lang="en">ℹ️ Note from `)
+	note.WriteString(config.GetHost())
+	note.WriteString(`: `)
+	note.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(len(nonLocal)))
 
-	if unknownsLen == 1 {
-		attachments = "1 attachment"
-		links = "link"
+	if len(nonLocal) > 1 {
+		// Use plural word form.
+		note.WriteString(` attachments in this status were not downloaded. ` +
+			`Treat the following external links with care:`)
 	} else {
-		attachments = strconv.Itoa(unknownsLen) + " attachments"
-		links = "links"
+		// Use singular word form.
+		note.WriteString(` attachment in this status was not downloaded. ` +
+			`Treat the following external link with care:`)
 	}
 
-	var note strings.Builder
-	note.WriteString(`<hr>`)
-	note.WriteString(`<p><i lang="en">`)
-	note.WriteString(`ℹ️ Note from ` + config.GetHost() + `: ` + attachments + ` in this status could not be downloaded. Treat the following external ` + links + ` with care:`)
-	note.WriteString(`</i></p>`)
-	note.WriteString(`<ul>`)
-	for _, a := range unknowns {
-		var (
-			remoteURL = *a.RemoteURL
-			base      = path.Base(remoteURL)
-			entry     = fmt.Sprintf(`<a href="%s">%s</a>`, remoteURL, base)
-		)
+	note.WriteString(`</i></p><ul>`)
+	for _, a := range nonLocal {
+		note.WriteString(`<li>`)
+		note.WriteString(`<a href="`)
+		note.WriteString(*a.RemoteURL)
+		note.WriteString(`">`)
+		note.WriteString(path.Base(*a.RemoteURL))
+		note.WriteString(`</a>`)
 		if d := a.Description; d != nil && *d != "" {
-			entry += ` [` + *d + `]`
+			note.WriteString(` [`)
+			note.WriteString(*d)
+			note.WriteString(`]`)
 		}
-		note.WriteString(`<li>` + entry + `</li>`)
+		note.WriteString(`</li>`)
 	}
 	note.WriteString(`</ul>`)
 
diff --git a/internal/util/ptr.go b/internal/util/ptr.go
index d7c30da85..8a89666c4 100644
--- a/internal/util/ptr.go
+++ b/internal/util/ptr.go
@@ -43,10 +43,19 @@ func PtrIf[T comparable](t T) *T {
 	return &t
 }
 
-// PtrValueOr returns either value of ptr, or default.
-func PtrValueOr[T any](t *T, _default T) T {
+// PtrOrZero returns either value of ptr, or zero.
+func PtrOrZero[T any](t *T) T {
+	if t == nil {
+		var z T
+		return z
+	}
+	return *t
+}
+
+// PtrOrValue returns either contained value of ptr, or 'value'.
+func PtrOrValue[T any](t *T, value T) T {
 	if t != nil {
 		return *t
 	}
-	return _default
+	return value
 }
diff --git a/testrig/testmodels.go b/testrig/testmodels.go
index efd4785a5..c0cf47b81 100644
--- a/testrig/testmodels.go
+++ b/testrig/testmodels.go
@@ -1188,20 +1188,11 @@ func NewTestAttachments() map[string]*gtsmodel.MediaAttachment {
 			Description: "SVG line art of a sloth, public domain",
 			Blurhash:    "L26*j+~qE1RP?wxut7ofRlM{R*of",
 			Processing:  2,
-			File: gtsmodel.File{
-				Path:        "01FHMQX3GAABWSM0S2VZEC2SWC/attachment/original/01HE7ZFX9GKA5ZZVD4FACABSS9.svg",
-				ContentType: "image/svg",
-				FileSize:    147819,
-			},
-			Thumbnail: gtsmodel.Thumbnail{
-				Path:        "01FHMQX3GAABWSM0S2VZEC2SWC/attachment/small/01HE7ZFX9GKA5ZZVD4FACABSS9.jpg",
-				ContentType: "image/jpeg",
-				FileSize:    0,
-				URL:         "http://localhost:8080/fileserver/01FHMQX3GAABWSM0S2VZEC2SWC/attachment/small/01HE7ZFX9GKA5ZZVD4FACABSS9.jpg",
-			},
-			Avatar: util.Ptr(false),
-			Header: util.Ptr(false),
-			Cached: util.Ptr(false),
+			File:        gtsmodel.File{},
+			Thumbnail:   gtsmodel.Thumbnail{RemoteURL: ""},
+			Avatar:      util.Ptr(false),
+			Header:      util.Ptr(false),
+			Cached:      util.Ptr(false),
 		},
 		"remote_account_2_status_1_attachment_3": {
 			ID:          "01HE88YG74PVAB81PX2XA9F3FG",
@@ -1216,20 +1207,11 @@ func NewTestAttachments() map[string]*gtsmodel.MediaAttachment {
 			Description: "Jolly salsa song, public domain.",
 			Blurhash:    "",
 			Processing:  2,
-			File: gtsmodel.File{
-				Path:        "01FHMQX3GAABWSM0S2VZEC2SWC/attachment/original/01HE88YG74PVAB81PX2XA9F3FG.mp3",
-				ContentType: "audio/mpeg",
-				FileSize:    147819,
-			},
-			Thumbnail: gtsmodel.Thumbnail{
-				Path:        "01FHMQX3GAABWSM0S2VZEC2SWC/attachment/small/01HE88YG74PVAB81PX2XA9F3FG.jpg",
-				ContentType: "image/jpeg",
-				FileSize:    0,
-				URL:         "http://localhost:8080/fileserver/01FHMQX3GAABWSM0S2VZEC2SWC/attachment/small/01HE88YG74PVAB81PX2XA9F3FG.jpg",
-			},
-			Avatar: util.Ptr(false),
-			Header: util.Ptr(false),
-			Cached: util.Ptr(false),
+			File:        gtsmodel.File{},
+			Thumbnail:   gtsmodel.Thumbnail{RemoteURL: ""},
+			Avatar:      util.Ptr(false),
+			Header:      util.Ptr(false),
+			Cached:      util.Ptr(false),
 		},
 	}
 }